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CA2130365A1 - Well jetting apparatus - Google Patents
CA2130365A1
CA2130365A1 CA 2130365 CA2130365A CA2130365A1 CA 2130365 A1 CA2130365 A1 CA 2130365A1 CA 2130365 CA2130365 CA 2130365 CA 2130365 A CA2130365 A CA 2130365A CA 2130365 A1 CA2130365 A1 CA 2130365A1
CA 2130365
Steven L. Holden
Haliburton Company
Abstract Of The Disclosure A well jetting apparatus for use in fracturing of a well.
Fracture initiation is provided by forming openings through the well casing and then forming fan-shaped slots in the formation surrounding the casing. Those slots are formed by a the jetting apparatus which has at least one hydraulic jet directed through the opening. The apparatus may be pivoted generally about the point of the opening to form the slots, but preferrably a plurality of slots are formed substantially simultaneously. These fan-shaped slots circumscribe an angle about the axis of the casing substantially greater than the angle circumscribed by the opening itself through which the slot was formed. These techniques are particularly applicable to fracturing of horizontal wells, but the apparatus may be used in any well configuration.
WELL JETTTNG APPARATIJS
This is a continuation in part of co-pending Application Serial No. 07/953,671, filed September 29, 1992.
Back~round Of The Invontion 1. Field Of The Inv~ntion The present invention relates generally to the completion of oil and gas wells through fracturing operations, and more particularly, but not by way of limitation, to a jetting apparatus for cutting fan-shaped slots in a plane substantially perpendicular to a longitudinal axis of the well. The apparatus is will adapted for use on horizontal wells, but is not intended to be so limited.
2. De~cription Of The Prior Art Several different techniques are currently used for the completion of horizontal wells.
A second technique which is commonly used for the completion of horizontal wells is to place a length of slotted casing in the horizontal portion of the well. The purpose of the slotted casing is to prevent the open hole from collapsing. A gravel pack may be placed around the slotted casing. The slotted casing may run for extended lengths : ~:
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through the formation, for example as long as one mile.
In this third technique, the formation of perforations is often done through use of explosive charges which are carried by a perforating gun. The explosive charges create holes which penetrate the side wall of the casing and penetrate the cement ~urrounding the casing. Typically, the holes will be in a pattern extending over a substantial length of the casing.
When the communication between the casing and the producing formation is provided by casing valves, those valves may be like those seen in U. S. Patent No. 4,949,788 to Szarka et al., U. S. Patent No. 4,979,561 to Szarka, U. S. Patent No.
4,991,653 to Schwegman, U. S. Patent No. 5,029,644 to Szarka et al., and U. S. Patent No. 4,991,654 to Brandell et al., all assigned to the assignee of the present invention. Such casing valves also provide a large number of radial bore type openings communicating the casing bore with the surrounding formation.
When utilizing either perforated casing or casing valves :
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Zl,30365 like those just described, the fracturing fluid enters the formation through a large multitude of small radial bores at a variety of longitudinal positions along the casing and there is no accurate control over where the fracture will initiate and in what direction the fracture will initiate.
The present invention solves these problems by providing . ~ -a jetting apparatus which cuts the slots in the formation in a plane substantially perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the well casing. In a preferred embodiment, a plurality of such slots are cut substantially simultaneously, and the apparatus insures that the slots are coplanar. This allows initiation of the fracture such that the fracture moves outwardly away from the wellbore 80 that the direction of the fracture will not be controlled by the local stresses immediately surrounding the casing and wellbore which might otherwise cause the fracture to follow the wellbore.
Summarv Of The In~ention It has been determined that one of the reasons fracturing of horizontal wells has not been completely satisfactory in the past is that when a fracture radiates outward in a plane transverse to and preferably perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the casing, the subsurface forma~ion tends to move on : ' ' . . ... ..
either side of the fracture in a direction generally parallel to the longitudinal axis of the casing, but the casing itself cannot move. Thus, the relative movement between the subsurface formation and the casing often causes a destruction of the bond between the casing and the surrounding cement.
This destruction of the cement/casing bond may extend for large distances thus providing a path of communication between adjacent subsurface formations which are to be fractured.
An improved fracturing technique has been developed which eliminates this problem. This is accomplished by providing casing slip joints adjacent the location where the fracture is to be initiated. Preferably, such casing slip joints are provided on both sides of the fracture initiation location.
The casing slip joints allow the casing to move with the expanding formation when fracturing occurs. This aids in I preventing a destruction of the bond between the cement and the casing. Preferably, the use of casing slip joints is accompanied by the provision of a means for directing the initial direction of fracture initiation so that the fracture initiates in a plane generally perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the casing.
It has been determined that another reason fracturing of horizontal wells has not been completely satisfactory in the past is that the stresses which are created within the formation immediately surrounding the casing and cement in a horizontal well are such that quite often the fracture will not radiate outward in a plane perpendicular to the axis of ~ :
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the well as is most desirable, but instead quite often the fracture will run parallel to the casing and thus will allow communication between adjacent formations. `
An lmproved method and apparatus have been developed for initially communicating the ca ing bore with the surrounding , ., . .i, .
formation so as to provide a predetermined point of initiation of the fracture and so as to provide directional guidance to the fracture when it is initiated.
This i8 accomplished by inserting one of the embodiments of the hydraulic jetting tool of the present invention into the casing. One or more openings are formed through the ;;
casing, and preferably those openings are formed by the `~
- " i hydraulic jetting tool itself.
The hydraulic jetting tool is then used to direct one or more hydraulic jets through the opening in the casing to cut : ~: ~, :: :;:
one or more fan-shaped slots in the surrounding formation in a plane transverse to the longitudinal axis of the casing. In a preferred embodiment, a plurality of such slots are cut ;~;~
substantially simultaneously and are coplanar. Each of these fan-shaped slots circumscribes a substantially larger arc about the axis of the casing than does the opening through which the slot was cut.
Subsequently, when fracturing fluid is applied under : . , .:,:
pressure to the fan-shaped slots, the fracture will initiate ~ ~
in the plane of the fan-shaped slots and will at least initially radiate outward from the well bore along that plane.
This will occur regardless of the orientation of the natural least principal stress axis within the surrounding formation.
Numerous objects, features and advantages of the present invention will readily apparent to those skilled in the art upon a reading of the following di~closure when taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.
Brief Descrlption Of The Drawin~s FIG. 1 i5 an elevation schematic sectioned view of a well having a horizontal portion which has been cased and cemented.
The formation is shown as having had radially extending fan-shaped slots cut therein.
FIG. 2 is a schematic view taken along line 2-2 of FIG.
1 in a plane perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the wellbore showing an embodiment of the hydraulic well jetting apparatus of the present invention used for cutting fan-shaped slots one at a time which surround the casing.
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FIG. 3 is a schematic illustration of the problem preqent in the prior art when multiple zones of a horizontal well are fractured, with the fracture propagating parallel to the wellbore so that the zones communicate with each other.
FIG. 5 is a view similar to FIG. 4 showing the manner in which fractures will propagate from the well utilizing the fan-shaped slots of the present invention when the least principal stress of the surrounding formation lies at an angle substantially transverse to the lon~itudinal axis of the wellbore. The fractures initially propagate outward in a plane perpendicular to the wellbore and then turn in a direction perpendicular to the least principal stress in the surrounding formation.
FIG. 7 i6 a sectioned elevation view of an alternative hydraulic well jetting apparatus for cutting the fan-shaped slots one at a time.
FIGS. 8A-8D illustrate a preferred embodiment of the hydraulic well jetting apparatus which may be used for cutting ' :~
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a plurality of slots substantially simultaneously.
FIG. 9 shows a cross section taken along lines 9-9 in FIG. 8C.
FIG. 10 is a cross section taken along lines 10-10 in FIG. 8D.
FIG. 11 illustrates a cross section taken along lines 11-11 in FIG. 8D.
FIG. 12 is a cross-sectional view taken along lines 12-12 in FIG. 8D.
Detailed De~criDtion Of Tho Preferred Embodiment~
Referring now to the drawings, and particularly to FIG.
1, a well is shown and generally designated by the numeral 10.
The well is formed by a wellbore 12 which extends downward from the earth's surface 14. The wellbore 12 has an initial, generally vertical portion 16 and a lower, generally horizontal portion 18.
The horizontal portion 18 of wellbore 12 is shown as intersecting a subterranean formation 23 in which are located two imaginary zones which are to be fractured. The zones are .:. - ~. , -outlined in phantom linee and are generally designated by the numerals 24 and 26.
#1' ' ' ' A hydraulic jetting tool schematically illustrated anddesignated by the numeral 28 has been lowered into the casing 20 on a tubing string 30. A conventional wellhead 32 is located at the upper end of the well at the earth's surface.
In the first zone 24, two fan-shaped slots 34A and 34C
are shown in cross section extending through the cement 22 into the surrounding zone 24. The slots have been cut by the hydraulic jetting tool 28 in a manner further described below.
FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view taken along line 2-2 of FIG. 1 and showing a preferred pattern of fan-shaped slots including four fan-shaped slots 34A, 34B, 34C and 34D. The number and pattern of slots may vary.
Preferably, the opening 36A i9 formed through the casing 20 by the hydraulic jetting action of jetting tool 28. Then, ' ~,''' . , . , : ~
using the opening 36A as a base or pivot point, the hydraulic jetting tool 28 is rotated back and forth through an arc corresponding to an angle 37 formed by the fan-shaped slot about the point of the opening 36A so that the hydraulic jet which shoots through the opening 36A will cut the fan-shaped slot 34A.
As is apparent in FIG. 2, the fan-shaped slot 34A
circumscribes a substantially larger arc about the axis 38 of casing 20 than does the small opening 36A through which the fan-shaped slot 34A was cut.
In its broadest term~, the fan-shaped slot concept does not require that the pivotal base of the slot 34 be located at the opening 36. It is required, however, that the slots be formed in a manner such that the structural integrity of the casing is maintained.
Although it i5 preferred to form the openings 36 by the hydraulic jetting action just described, it is also within the scope of the present invention to use preformed holes, such as those which would be provided by a casing valve like that shown in Brandell et al., U. S. Patent No. 4,991,654, in which case the jetting tool 28 would be located adjacent an existing hole provided in the casing valve and the fan-shaped slots would be cut through the existing holes of the casing valve.
It is also within the scope of the present invention to cut the fan-shaped slots 34 in planes other than planes perpendicular to the longitudinal axis 38. Also, the fan-shaped slots may be cut in a vertical portion rather than a , ~.. ,-,.. -.,.
horizontal portion of the well.
By forming the fan-shaped slots 34 as shown in FIG. 2 wherein each slot 34 circumscribes a substantially larger arc about the longitudinal axis 38 than does the opening 36 through which the slot is formed, the integrity of the casing, i.e., the structural trength of the casing, is maintained.
FIG. 3 illustrates a problem which occurs with prior art fracturing techniques for horizontal wells. It will be appreciated that FIG. 3 is a very schematic illustration.
FIG. 3 generally shows the well casing 20 cemented in place within the wellbore 12 by cement 22.
Two subsurface zones to be fractured, such as zones 24 and 26 are illustrated. The location of openings such as perforations, casing valve6 or the like at locations adjacent zones 24 and 26 are schematically illustrated by the openings 39 and 40, respectively. The openings 39 and 40 are only schematically representative of some type of communication between the casing bore and the zones 24 and 26, respectively, which is present prior to the fracturing of the well.
I have determined that one problem which often occurs when fracturing horizontal wells is that, when the fracture is initiated, the fracture will propagate generally parallel to '~:
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the longitudinal axis 38 of the casing 20. This occurs due to the local stresses immediately surrounding the casing 20 and cement 22, and often it occurs around the cement/formation bond, and thus will create a fracture space generally designated at 42 which generally follows the wellbore and may in fact provide communication between the two subsurface zones 24 and 26. Thus even if individual fracturing jobs are performed on the two zones 24 and 26, if a path of communication is formed between those zones, it may be that one or both of the zones will not be satisfactorily fractured, and of course individual production from the zones will not be possible. When the second zone i9 being fractured, as ~oon as the fracture space 42 communicates with another previously opened or fractured area, typically fracture growth will cease because the surface pump supplying the fracturing fluid will typically not have sufficient fluid flow to maintain fracturing pressures once the fracture is opened to a large, previously opened zone.
FIG. 4 schematically illustrates the situation which will occur when utilizing the methods of the present invention, when the least principal stress axis 41 naturally present in the surrounding formations lies generally parallel to the longitudinal axis 38 of the casing 20. If the openings generally represented at 39 and 40 are formed utilizing the ., .,~ "
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fan-shaped slots illustrated in FIGS. 1 and 2, then the resulting fractures 43 and 44, respectively, will initiate in the plane of the fan-shaped slots 34 and will continue to radiate radially outward in generally that æame plane as illustrated in FIG. 4. There will be no intercommunication between the zones 24 and 26 and each zone will be fractured in the desired manner.
FIG. 5 similarly illustrates what will happen when the ;~
least principal stress axis 48 is transverse to the longitudinal axis 38.
Again, the fractures will initiate and initially ~ -propagate outward in radial planes as indicated at 50 and 52, and will then turn in a direction generally perpendicular to the least principal stress axis 48 as indicated at 54 and 56, respectively.
Thus, in both of the cases shown in FIGS. 4 and 5, the fracture will initiate in the plane defined by the fan-shaped slots and will initially propagate a sufficient diatance outward away from the casing 20 80 that the local stresses around the casing 20 will not determine the ultimate direction of propagation of the fracture. The ultimate direction of propagation of the fracture will be determined by the least principal stress axis 41 or 48 present in the surrounding formation. -~
The fan-shaped slots 34 can be described as creating a localized least principal stress axis or direction in the formation substantially parallel to the longitudinal axis 38 .
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~-~ 2130365 thereby aiding subsequent fracture initiation in a plane generally perpendicular to the longitudinal axis 38.
The well 10 has been described herein as a substantially deviated well or horizontal well. It will be appreciated that the well need not be exactly horizontal to benefit from the present invention. Furthermore, even some substantially vertical wells may in some cases benefit from the use of the ¦ present invention. As used herein, the term highly deviated or substantially deviated well generally refers to a well the axis of which is deviated greater than 45 from a vertical direction.
The Use Of Gasina Slip Joints In FIG. 6 FIG. 6 illustrates another aspect of the present invention, which improves the success of fracturing operations on horizontal wells by the use of casing slip joints.
The preferred orientation of fractures radiating outward from a horizontal well are generally like those described above with regard to FIGS. 4 and 5. One additional problem that occurs, however, particularly in connection with horizontal wells, is that when the fracture radiates outward in a plane perpendicular to the axis 38 of the well, this causes the surrounding rock formation to move in a direction parallel to the axis 38 of the well. Referring for example to the fracture 43 seen in FIG. 4, that portion of the formation to the right of the fracture 43 would move to the right, and that portion of the formation to the left of fracture 43 would move to the left relatively speaking. The casing 20, however, . .. ~.. ,,.", ~.
. . ;.
can not move in either direction, and it cannot stretch sufficiently to accommodate the movement of the surrounding formation. Thus, the movement of the surrounding formation relative to the casing may cause the bond between the cement 22 and the casing 20 to break down. This is particularly a problem when the fracturing of multiple subsurface zones is , .
involved, since this breakdown of the cement-to-casing bond will allow a path of communication between multiple zones which were intended to be isolated from each other by the cement.
The formation and cement will attempt to move relative to the casing 20. Since the cement generally has low shear :~
strength of about 300 psi and a modulus of elasticity of about 1,000,000 psi, it can be predicted that the bond between the cement and casing will fail. The length of such a failure can ; be predicted by the following formula~
L = FW x E/S
Where FW is the maximum fracture width during pumping, E is ~he modulus of elasticity, and S is the shear strength of the cement bond. In a typical situation, the destruction length, that is, the length over which the casing/cement bond is destroyed, can exceed 800 feet. This can become a major cause of zone communication and will make fracturing treatments of closely spaced zones less effective. I have determined, therefore, that it is important to provide a means whereby this breakdown of the cement/casing bond will not occur.
In FIG. 6, first and second casing slip joints 55 and 57 :~
~, are provided on opposite sides of the fan-shaped slots 34.
Then, when fracturing fluid is pumped into the fan-shaped slots 34 to create and propagate a fracture like fracture 43 seen in FIG. 4, the slip joints 55 and 57 will allow movement of the casing 20 on opposite sides of the fracture along with the surrounding formation thus preventing the destruction of the bond between the casing 20 and cement 22 surrounding the casing during the fracturing operation.
Although two slip joints 55 and 57 are shown in FIG. 6 on opposite longitudinal sides of the openings 36, it will be appreciated that in many instances, a single slip joint will suffice to allow the necessary movement of the casing. It is preferred, however, to provide casing slip joints on both ' '~, ,~
i 17 i sides of the openings 36 to insure that any debonding of the -~
cement 22 and casing 20 which may initiate adjacent the -openings 36 will terminate when it reaches either of the slip joints 55 and 57 and will not propagate beyond the slip : :
joints. This prevents any destruction of the cement/casing bond on a side of the slip joints longitudinally opposite the openings 36.
It will be appreciated that the aspect or the present invention utilizing the casing slip joints may be used without the use of the fan-shaped slots described in FIGS. 1 and 2.
The use of the fan-shaped slots is the preferred manner of initiating fractures in combination with the casing slip joints. Other means may be used, however, for initiating the fracture in the preferred direction, that is, in a plane ~ i .
radiating outward generally perpendicular to the longitudinal axis 38.
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In FIG. 2A, a hydraulic jetting tool 100 has four jets 102, 104, 106 and 108 which are located in a common plane and spaced at 90 about the longitudinal axis of the tool 100.
The jetting tool 100 may be located within the casing 20 and used to jet a first set of four radial bores or cavities 110, :
112, 114 and 116. If more cavities are desired, the jetting ;~
tool 100 can then be rotated 45 to jet a second set of four :~
~ : :,:, , , radial bores 118, 120, 122 and 124.
. :~ -: : ,, .
Then when hydraulic fracturing fluid is applied under pressure to the radial bores 110-124, a fracture will tend to initiate generally in the plane containing the radial bores 110-124. ~
AD~aratus For Formina Fan-ShaPsd Slot~ - -Embod~ment of FIG. 2 In FIG. 2, one form of apparatus 28 for forming the fan~
shaped slots 34 is schematically illustrated. The apparatus 28 includes a housing 126 having a jet nozzle 128 on one side :.., : ::
thereof. A positioning wheel 130 is carried by a telescoping member 132 which extends when the telescoping member 132 is filled with hydraulic fluid under pres~ure. . `~
When the apparatus 28 is first located within the casing .
20 at the desired location for creation of a fan-shaped slot, hydraulic pressure i8 applied to the apparatus 28 thus causing the telescoping member 132 to extend the positioning wheel 130 thus pushing the jet nozzle 128 up against the inside of the ca~ing 20. Hydraulic fluid exiting the jet nozzle 128 will : soon form the opening such as 36A in the caæing 20. The tip ' '~
of the jet nozzle 128 will enter the opening 36A. Then, the apparatus 28 may be pivoted back and forth through a slow sweeping motion of approximately 40 total movement. Using the opening 36A as the pivot point for the tip of the jet nozzle 128, this back-and-forth sweeping motion will form the fan-shaped slot 34A. It will be seen that apparatus 28 is used to cut fan-shaped slots 34 one at a time.
~mbodiment of FIG. 7 FIG. 7 illustrates an alternative embodiment of a hydraulic jetting tool for cutting the fan-shaped slots one at -a time. The hydraulic jetting tool of FIG. 7 is generally designated by the numeral 134. The apparatus 134 includes a housing 136 having an upper end with an upper end opening 138 adapted to be connected to a conventional tubing string such as 30 (see FIG. 1) on which the apparatus 134 is lowered into the well. The tubing string 30 will preferably carry a centralizer (not shown) located a short distance above the upper end of the apparatus 134 so that the apparatus 134 will have its longitudinal axis 140 located generally centrally within the casing 20.
The housing 136 has an irregular passage 142 defined ~ '-therethrough. The irregular passage 142 includes an eccentrically offset lower portion 144. A hollow shaft 146 has its upper end portion received within a bore 148 of eccentric passage portion 144 with an 0-ring seal 150 being provided therebetween. An end cap 152 is attached to housing 136 by bolts such as 154 to hold the hollow shaft 146 in place - :
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relative to housing 136. ~ -;
A nozzle holder 156 is concentrically received about the lower end portion of hollow shaft 146 and is rotatably mounted relative to end cap 152 by a swivel æchematically illustrated ;
and generally designated by the numeral 158. The hollow shaft 146 has an open lower end 160 communicated with a cavity 162 defined in the nozzle holder 156.
A laterally extendable telescoping nozzle 164 i8 also ::~
received in cavity 162. Telescoping nozzle 164 includes an outer portion 166, an intermediate portion 168, and an innermost portion 170. :~
When hydraulic fluid under pressure is provided to the .- . , ~, -: :::
cavity 162, the differential pressures acting on the innermost :-portion 170 and intermediate portion 168 of telescoping nozzle .
164 will cause the innermost portion 170 to move to the left relative to intermediate portion 168, and will cause the .
intermediate portion 168 to ~xtend to the left relative to outer portion 164, so that an open outer end 172 of the telescoping nozzle 164 will extend to the position shown in phantom lines in FIG. 7.
Thus, to use the apparatus 134 of FIG. 7, the apparatus is lowered into the well on the tubing string 30 until it is -~
adjacent the location where it is desired to cut the fan~
shaped slots. Then hydraulic fluid under pressure is provided ~:
through tubing string 30 to the apparatus 134 to cause the i-~
telescoping nozzle 164 to extend outward to the position shown in phantom lines in FIG. 7 wherein the open outer end 172 will - :'-:':~' 21~0365 be adjacent the inner wall of the casing 20. The hydraulic fluid exiting the open end 172 will soon create an opening 36 in the wall of casing 20 through which the outer end 172 of the inner nozzle portion 170 will extend. Then, the apparatus 134 is continuously rotated about its longitudinal axis 140 by rotating tubing string 30. The eccentric location of nozzle holder 156 will thus cause the nozzle 164 to pivot back and forth through an angle about the opening 36 which forms the pivot point for the outer end 172 of the telescoping nozzle 164. As the apparatus 134 rotates, the nozzle 164 will partially collapse and then extend so that open end 172 stays in opening 36.
After a first fan-shaped slot such as 34A has been formed, hydraulic pressure is released while the apparatus 134 is rotated through an angle of approximately soo. Then hydraulic pressure is again applied and the telescoping nozzle 174 will again be pressed against the inner wall of casing 20 and the process is repeated to form another fan-shaped slot such as 34B.
A potential problem with the first-described apparatus 28 embodiment of FIG. 2 or the alternate embodiment of hydraulic jetting tool 134 of FIG. 7 is that, since these devices are used to cut a single slot and then rotated to form another slot, there is a possibility of longitudinal misalignment of the various slots. If the misalignment of the slots is too great and the slots are too far from being coplanar, then the Z13036S ~ `
fracture initiation may not occur as desired. Also, even if . ~ :
the alignment of the slots is adequate, apparatus 28 and 134 require that the tool string be rotated from the surface to ;
position and operate the tool. Not only does this take time, but the rotation itself can be a major problem, especially if the tool is used with a coiled tubing unit.
Referring now to FIGS. 8A-8D and 9-12, a preferred - -embodiment of the hydraulic jetting apparatus of the present .. ~ . ., invention which eliminates these problems is shown and generally designated by the numeral 200. Apparatus 200 is used to cut a plurality of slots substantially simultaneously, thereby insuring that the slots are coplanar, and this is accomplished without any rotation of the tool string. Also, the time required to cut the slots is reduced.
Jetting apparatus 200 generally comprises a motor section 202, a speed reducer section 204 and a jetting section 206.
Motor section 202 is used to provide torque for operating jetting section 206. Speed reducer section 204 reduces the rotational speed between motor section 202 and jetting section 206.
Motor section 202 i8 of a kind known in the art such as manufactured by Roper Pumps and generally comprises a progressive cavity motor having a stator assembly 208 with a :-rotor 210 rotatably disposed in the stator assembly. ~ -Stator assembly 208 includes a stator case 212. Stator case 212 has a threaded outer surface 214 at its upper end which is adapted for connection to a coiled tubing unit or ~
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other tool string. A longitudinal bore 216 is defined through stator case 212, and a stator 218 is disposed in bore 216 and preferably in sealing contact therewith. Stator 218 is made of an elastomeric material.
The outer surface of rotor 210 defines a rounded, substantially helical screw-type threaded surface 228 thereon.
The interaction of threaded rotor surface 228 with threaded stator surface 226 in motor chamber 220 forms a plurality of cavities 230 spaced along the length of the pumping chamber.
The lower end of stator case 212 is attached to adapter sub 236 at threaded connection 238. A sealing means, such as O-ring 240 shown in FIG. 8C, provides sealing engagement between stator case 212 and adapter sub 236. A locking means, ................... . ....... ~ . . .
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such as a plurality of set screws 242, may be used for locking adapter sub 236 to stator ca~e 212.
The lower end of rotor 210 define~ an enlarged longitudinally extending opening 244 which is in communication with central opening 232. A plurality of rotor ports 246 insure communication between opening 244 and outlet chamber 224.
The lower end of adapter sub 236 is attached to a speed reducer body 252 at threaded connection 254. A sealing means, such as O-ring 256, provides sealing engagement between adapter sub 236 and speed reducer body 252, and a locking means may be used for locking the speed reducer body to the adapter sub. In the embodiment shown, the locking means is characterized by a plurality of set screws 258 which are threadingly engaged with speed reducer hody 252 and extend into a corresponding plurality of holes 260 defined in adapter sub 236.
Speed reducer body 252 defines successively smaller first, second and third bores 262, 264 and 266. 0-ring 256 seals on first bore 262. An upwardly facing annular shoulder 268 is defined between second bore 264 and third bore 266. A
longitudinally extending keyway 270 is formed in third bore 266.
; A gear box 272 is disposed in speed reducer body 252 such : : ~.-., . -25that a first outside diameter thereof fits within second bore 264 of speed reducer body 252 and a second outside diameter 276 fits within third bore 266. A downwardly facing annular shoulder 278 is defined between first outside diameter 274 and second outside diameter 276 and is adapted for engagement with shoulder 268 in speed reducer body 252.
A longitudinally extending keyway 280 is formed in second outside diameter 276 of gear box 272 and is ~ubstantially aligned with keyway 270 in speed reducer body 252. A key 282 is disposed in the aligned keyways 270 and 280, thus providing means for preventing relative rotation between gear box 272 and speed reducer body 252.
A speed reducer-cover 288 i8 slidably di~posed within a bore 290 defined in gear box 272. A sealing means, ~uch as O~
ring 292, provides sealing engagement between speed reducer cover 288 and third bore 266 of gear box 272. Speed reducer cover 288 defines a central opening therethrough.
A transmission input shaft 296 is rotatably supported within central opening 294 of speed reducer cover 288 by a pair of bearings 298 and 300. Bearings 298 and 300 are preferably identical, tapered roller bearings positioned in opposite directions on opposite sides of a shoulder 301.
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. . , However, the invention is not intended to be limited to any particular bearing configuration.
... .: : , ~
A gear box seal cap 304 is disposed in central opening 294 of speed reducer cover 288 and attached thereto at threaded connection 306. A sealing means, such as O-ring 307, provides sealing between gear box seal cap 304 and speed reducer cover 288.
Transmission input shaft 296 extends through gear box seal cap 304, and sealing engagement is provided therebetween by a cup seal 308. Cup aeal 308 is held in place by a retainer ring 310.
Below bearing 300, a flat washer 312 and a lock washer , . . .
314 are disposed around transmission input shaft 296. A
slotted nut 316 is engaged with transmission input shaft 296 at threaded connection 318 and is used to clamp lock washer ~:~ 314 and flat washer 312 against bearing 300 and thus clamp :~ bearing 300 against shoulder 301. A pin 320 extends through . ., ~ ., ..:~., ...''~.~,'~
nut 316 and a corresponding portion of transmis6ion input shaft 296 to prevent unthreading of the nut.
Outer surface 330 of driver cam 326 is rotatably disposed in close relationship within a follower bushing 332. Follower bushing 332 in turn is positioned in a follower gear 334.
Follower gear 334 has an outer geared surface 336. Outer geared surface 336 of follower gear 334 is coaxial with follower bushing 332 and thus with outer surface 330 of driver cam 336. It will therefore be seen by those skilled in the art that follower gear 334 is eccentrically disposed within gear box 272.
Gear box 272 has an internal geared surface 338. Geared surface 336 of follower gear 334 is partially engaged with geared surface 338 in gear box 272. As seen in FIG. 9, this geared engage~ent is shown to the right. That is, a gap 340 extends between geared surfaces 336 and 338 toward the left of .
follower gear 334. By rotation of transmission input shaft 296, and the corresponding rotation of driver cam 326, it will be seen that a center point of engagement 342 between geared surfaces 336 and 338 will be correspondingly rotated around geared surface 338. It will be seen from a study of FIG. 9 that as transmission input shaft 296 and driver cam 326 are rotated clockwise with respect to FIG. 9, that the central axis of follower gear 334 will al80 be moved clockwise about the axis of transmission input shaft 296, as will center point of engagement 342. This results in a counterclockwise rotation of follower gear 334 out its axis.
A retainer ring 344 is disposed in gear box 272 above follower gear 334 and pxevents undesired upward movement thereof.
Extending downwardly on follower gear 334 are a plurality of gear lugs 346 which are angularly spaced from one another.
In the illustrated embodiment, there are four gear lugs 346 spaced at 90. However, the invention is not intended to be .."
limited to any particular number of gear lugs.
Gear lugs 346 are positioned between corresponding yoke lugs 348 which extend upwardly on a follower yoke 350.
Follower yoke 350 has a downwardly extending yoke shaft portion 352 which is rotatably supported in a lower end of gear box 272 by a bearing 354. Yoke shaft 352 is coaxial with transmission input shaft 296 and gear box 272, and thus follower gear 334 is eccentrically disposed with respect to the yoke shaft. It will be seen by those skilled in the art that as follower gear 334 is rotated as previously described, sequential contact of gear lugs 346 with yoke lugs 348 transfers the rotational motion from follower gear 334 to follower yoke 350. Of course, the resulting rotation of yoke shaft 352 is reduced from the original rotational speed of transmission input shaft 296.
Below bearing 354, a cup seal 356 provides sealing between yoke shaft 352 and gear box 272 a~ the yoke shaft rotates. It will be seen from a study of FIG. 8C that speed reducer section 204 defines a speed reducer chamber 358 therein in which driver cam 326 and follower gear 334 are disposed. Speed reducer chamber 358 is sealed at its upper end by O-rings 292 and 307 and cup seal 308. Chamber 358 is sealed at its lower end by cup seal 356. Speed reducer chamber 358 is preferably filled with a lubricant, such as oil, to provide lubrication for movement and interaction of the various components in speed reducer section 204, including bearings 298 and 300, driver cam 326, follower gear 334, .
' Z13036S ~ :~
`. :
follower yoke 350 and bearing 354. This lubricant in speed reducer chamber 358 is thus sealingly 6eparated from the sand-laden jetting fluid which flows downwardly through apparatus 200. That is, as the sand-laden fluid flows from motor , section 202 through recesses 284 on gear box 272 into lower chamber 286, this sand-laden fluid cannot contaminate the moving components within speed reducer section 204.
The sand-laden fluid pumped through apparatus 200 is pumped at a high pressure, and if the construction of speed reducer section 204 were rigid, this would result in a high differential pressure between the sand-laden fluid outside speed reducer chamber 358 and the lubricating fluid within the speed reducer chamber. This high differential pressure would act against cup seals 308 and 356, resulting in reduced seal life and greater wear on transmission shafts 296 and yoke shaft 352 by the cup seals. Under such conditions, the sand particles would tend to lodge between the cup seals and the ~, . :-. :~ .
shaft surfaces, and the sealing surfaces would wear very rapidly due to the rotation of the shafts.
To avoid this differential pressure wear problem, speed reducer cover 288 is slidably positioned within bore 290 of gear box 272 such that the speed reducer cover acts as a floating piston within the gear box. When the high differential pressure is applied to speed reducer cover 288, it is free to move slightly such that the pressure within speed reducer chamber 358 is equalized with the fluid pressure outside speed reducer section 204. This equalized pressure l ~ - ,". ~: . . ~ ~ : . , . . -reduces the wear on the seals and shafts, thereby greatly increasing wear life.
Referring now to FIGS. 8C and 8D, the lower end of speed reducer body 252 is attached to jetting gear housing 360 at threaded connection 362, and a sealing means, such as O-ring 364, provides sealing engagement therebetween. A plurality of set screws 366 are threadingly engaged with jetting gear housing 360 and extend into corresponding holes 368 in speed reducer body 252 to act as a locking means for locking the speed reducer body to the jetting gear housing.
A radially inwardly extending tang 390 on washer 386 extends into a longitudinally disposed slot 392 in cam shaft I'ç~
213036~;
380. It will be seen that washer 386 thus rotates with cam shaft 380. See FIG. 10.
A nut 394 is attached to cam shaft 380 at threaded connection 396. When nut 394 is tightened on cam shaft 380, it will be seen that shoulder 382 on cam shaft 380 is clamped toward shoulder 378 in gear box cover 370 to hold balls 384 in place. Similarly, washer 386 is clamped toward shoulder 378 to hold balls 388 in place. Nut 394 is tightened such that balls 384 and 388 will roll as the cam shaft is rotated.
Thus, it may be said that balls 384 and 388 act as a bearing ,,.., .... ~. ~
means for rotatably supporting cam shaft 380 in gear box cover 370. Other types of bearing means, such aa self contained bearings could also be used.
Above nut 394, a seal collar 398 is connected to gear box cover 370 at threaded connection 400. A sealing means, such -~ ` 4~ . ,: ` ,',' as O-ring 402, provides sealing engagement between seal collar 398 and gear box cover 370. An upper end of cam shaft 380 ;~
extends upwardIy through seal collar 398, and a cup seal 404 provides sealing between the seal collar and cam shaft, as the cam shaft rotates. A retainer ring 405 prevents undesired upward movement of cup seal 404.
. - ~ . ~ .
Referring again to FIGS. 8C and 8D, the upper end of cam shaft 380 is connected to yoke shaft 352 of follower yoke 350 '-;~ by a connecting slip or coupling 406. Connecting slip 406 connects yoke shaft 352 and cam shaft 380 such that torque is transferred to the cam shaft. The shafts may have flats -~
thereon which extend into a D-shaped hole (not shown) through ;~
2~30365 the connecting slip. However, any other means of coupling shafts may also be used.
Each jetting tube 410 is rotatably supported within the corresponding hole 408 in gear box cover 370 by a bushing 414.
Above each bushing 414 is a cup seal 416 which provides sealing between each tube 410 and gear box cover 370 as jetting tubes 410 pivot, as will be further described herein.
A retainer ring 418 prevents undesired upward movement of each cup seal 416.
Jetting gear housing 360 has a lower gear housing portion or wall 420 which i8 spaced below gear box cover 370 such that a gear chamber 422 is defined therebetween.
Each of jetting tubes 410 is rotatably supported in lower gear hou~ing portion 420 by a bearing 424. A cup seal 426 provides sealing engagement between each jetting tube 410 and lower gear housing portion 420 below each corresponding bearing 424.
A rack 430 iS also disposed in gear chamber 422 and has geared surfaces 432A, 432B, 432C and 432D defined thereon.
i .. .... . .
Geared surfaces 432A, 432B, 432C and 432D are adapted for engagement with pinion gears 428A, 428B, 428C and 428D, respectively. Rack 432 is positioned such that it may laterally reciprocate between pinion gears 410A and 410B and between pinion gears 410C and 410D. That i8, when seen in FIG. 11, which is a downward view of rack 430, the rack may reciprocate from the lower right adjacent to a point 434 defined in jetting gear housing 360 to the upper left adjacent to a point 436 defined within the jetting gear housing. It will be seen by those skilled in the art that points 434 and 436 are approximately 180 apart on the inside of jetting gear housing 360.
Rack 430 has an elongated slot 438 formed therethrough.
A lower cam shaft portion 440 of cam shaft 380 has a rack cam 442 extending eccentrically therefrom and into slot 438 of rack 430. Those skilled in the art will see that, as cam shaft 380 is rotated, rack cam 442 will be moved in slot 438 such that rack 430 is reciprocated between points 434 and 436 in jetting gear housing 360.
The reciprocating motion of rack 430 will cause alternating pivotation of pinion gears 428 and thus corresponding movement of jetting tubes 410. That is, as rack 430 is moved from the illustrated position in FIG. 11 adjacent to point 434 toward point 436, pinion gears 428A and 428D will be rotated clockwise, and pinion gears 428B and 428C will be rotated counterclockwise. As rack 430 is moved in the opposite direction, pinion gears 428A and 428D will be rotated counterclockwise, and pinion gears 428B and 428C will be rotated clockwise. In the preferred embodiment, the total angular movement of pinion gears 428, and thus jetting tubes 410, i9 approximately 100.
Referring again to FIG. 8D, it will be seen that gear chamber 422 i8 sealed at its upper end by O-rings 374 and 402 and by cup seals 404 and 416. Gear chamber 422 is sealed at its lower end by cup seals 426. Gear chamber 422 is preferably filled with a lubricant, such as oil, to provide lubrication for the movement and interaction of the various components in gear chamber 422, including pinion gears 428, rack 430, bu9hings 414 and bearings 424. This lubricant in gear chamber 422 is thus sealingly separated from the sand-laden jetting fluid which flows downwardly through apparatus 200. That is, as the sand-laden fluid flows from speed reducer section 204 through ports 412 in jetting tubes 410, i j I
this sand-laden fluid cannot contaminate the moving components within gear chamber 422.
~ As previously discussed, the sand-laden fluid through : apparatus 200 is pumped at a high pressure, and if the :~
construction of jetting section 206 were rigid, this would result in a high differential pressure between the sand-laden fluid outside gear chamber 422 and the lubricating fluid within the gear chamber. This high differential pressure would act against cup seals 404, 416 and 426, resulting in reduced seal life and greater wear on jetting tubes 410 by the cup seals. Under such conditions, the sand particles would tend to lodge between the cup seals and the jetting tube surfaces, and the sealing surfaces would wear very rapidly due to the rotation of the jetting tubes.
A jetting section guide nose 444 is attached to the lower end of jetting gear housing 360 by any means known in the art.
Referring now to FIGS. 8D and 12, guide nose 444 defines a guide nose chamber 446 therein. A plurality of jetting ports 448 provide communication between guide nose chamber 446 and the wellbore. In the illustrated embodiment, there are four such jetting ports 448 identified as jetting ports 448A, 448B, 448C and 448D .
21~036S
The lower end of each of jetting tube~ 410A, 410B, 410C
and 410D extends downwardly below lower gear housing portion 420 and into a bore 450 defined in each of a plurality of jet heads 452, identified respectively as jet head 452A, 452B, 452C and 452D. Each of jet heads 452A, 452B, 452C and 452D is attached to the corresponding jetting tube 41OA, 41OB, 410C
and 410D at threaded connection 454. A locking means, such as a set screw 456 is used to prevent relative rotation between jetting tubes 410 and jet heads 452. A sealing means, such as ~ -a plurality of O-rings 458, provides sealing engagement between each jetting tube 410 and the corresponding jet head 452.
Each bore 450 in jet head 452 is in communication with an angularly disposed hole 460 which is closed at its lower end by a plug 462. Each of jet heads 452 has a nozzle body 464 attached thereto at threaded connection 466. The nozzle bodies 464 are identified respectively as nozzle bodies 464A, 464B, 464C and 464D. A nozzle insert 468 is disposed in each of nozzle bodies 464. Each of nozzle bodies 464A, 464B, 464C
and 464D is substantially aligned with a corresponding jetting port 448A, 448B, 448C and 448D in guide nose 444.
ODeration Of The Well Jett~na , ADDaratus Embodiment Of FIGS. 8A-8D
To use well jetting apparatus 200, the apparatus is lowered into the well on tubing string 30 until it is adjacent the location where it is desired to cut the fan-shaped slots. ~:
Hydraulic fluid under pressure i8 then provided through tubing z~30365 .~
string 30 to apparatus 200. Some of the fluid will flow directly through central opening 232 of rotor 210, if present, in motor section 202, but another portion of the fluid, or all of the fluid if opening 232 is not present, will be forced to . :::
flow through motor chamber 220 causing rotation of the rotor :~
within stator 218, resulting in rotation of adapter shaft 249 at the lower end of motor section 202. Under normal conditions in the preferred embodiment, the speed of adapter shaft 249 will be approximately 120 rpm as already noted.
As previously described, torque is transferred to :~
transmission input shaft 296, and the speed is reduced through speed reducer section 204. In the preferred embodiment, the ; -rotation of driver cam 326 at approximately 120 rpm results in an output speed of yoke shaft 352 of approximately 5 rpm as a result of the interaction of the driver cam with follower gear 334 and of the follower gear with geared surface 338 in gear box 272.
The torque from yoke shaft 352 is transferred to cam shaft 380, as previously described, and thus to rack cam 442.
One revolution of cam shaft 380 thus results in one complete reciprocating cycle of rack 430. This cycle of rack 430 results in pivotation back and forth through approximately 100 of each pinion gear 428. Those skilled in the art will thus see that the corresponding pivotation of each jetting tube 410A, 410B, 410C and 410D results in pivotation of nozzle bodies 464A, 464B, 464C and 462. Thus, a fan-shaped pattern ~ ``- ..
of fluid is jetted through jetting ports 448A, 448B, 448C and ': ' ~'~''~,, :
:- ' Z~3~365 448D to form the pattern of fan-shaped ~lots 34A, 34B, 34C and 34D shown in FIG. 2. However, with jetting apparatus 200, each of fan-shaped slots 34 i8 cut substantially simultaneously, rather than one at a time as with the previous embodiments.
The Embodiment Of FIG. 13 ~:
In FIG. 13, the horizontal portion of the well includes first, second and third segments of slotted casing designated as 172, 174 and 176, respectively. Those segments of slotted :
casing are surrounding by open portions of the borehole 12 so that the borehole 12 freely communicates with the interior of the slotted casing through slots such as generally designated as 178. The borehole surrounding the slotted casing segments may be gravel packed.
Located between the segments of slotted casing are first and second segments of 601id casing 180 and 182. Each segment of solid casing includes slip joints 55 and 57 such as previously described with regard to FIG. 6. .
The wellbore adjacent each of the segments 180 and 182 of .
solid casing is spot-cemented as indicated at 184 and 186, respectively. The segments of solid casing are then .~",, .. ,.~- ~ ,." " .
2130365 ~ ~
communicated with the 70nes 24 and 26, respectively, through the use of the radial slotting techniques previously described wherein slots 34 and openings 36 are formed through the solid casing at locations between the casing slip joints.
Then, a straddle packer (not shown) can be lowered on tubing string into the casing so as to fracture the zones of interest 24 and 26 individually through their fan-shaped 510ts 34. The casing slip joints 55 and 57 along with the fan-shaped slots 34 will cause the fractures to radiate outward into the zones 24 and 26 while the spot-cement 184 and 186 will still provide isolation between the zones 24 and 26.
1. A method of modifying a well having a casing intersecting a subsurface formation, said method comprising the steps of:
inserting a hydraulic jetting tool into said casing;
forming a plurality of openings through said casing;
and with said hydraulic jetting tool, directing a plurality of hydraulic jets therefrom, each of said hydraulic jets being directed through a corresponding one of said openings, and substantially simultaneously cutting a plurality of fan-shaped slots in said subsurface formation in a plane substantially transverse to a longitudinal axis of said casing.
2. The method of claim 1 wherein each of said fan-shaped slots circumscribes a substantially larger arc about said axis than does the opening through which said slot is cut.
3. The method of claim 1 wherein said plane is substantially perpendicular to said longitudinal axis of said casing.
4. The method of claim 1 wherein said step of directing said plurality of hydraulic jets is carried out without rotation of the jetting tool.
5. The method of claim 1 wherein said plurality of hydraulic jets are used for forming said plurality of openings through said casing.
6. The method of claim 1 wherein each of said fan-shaped slots describes an angle of at least approximately 100°.
applying a high pressure fracturing fluid to said plurality of fan-shaped slots; and initiating a fracture in said subsurface formation and a plane defined by said plurality of fan-shaped slots.
8. The method of claim 7 wherein said longitudinal axis of said casing is deviated greater than about 45° from a vertical direction.
9. The method of claim 1 wherein said plurality of fan-shaped slots create a localized least principal stress direction in said subsurface formation substantially parallel to said longitudinal axis of said casing, thereby aiding subsequent fracture initiation in a plane generally perpendicular to said longitudinal axis.
10. The method of claim 1 further comprising maintaining a structural integrity of said casing.
11. A well jetting apparatus comprising:
jetting means in said housing means for jetting a plurality of fluid streams from said housing means; and drive means for pivoting said jetting means such that each of said streams describes a fan-shaped pattern.
a plurality of jet heads, each jet head connected to a corresponding one of said jetting tubes and defining a passageway therein in communication with the corresponding jetting tube;
and a jetting nozzle mounted on each jet head and in communication with the passageway therein; and said drive means is adapted for pivoting each of said jetting tubes.
13. The apparatus of claim 12 wherein said drive means pivots said jetting tubes substantially simultaneously.
14. The apparatus of claim 12 wherein said drive means pivots said jetting tubes through an arc of approximately 100°.
15. The apparatus of claim 12 wherein said drive means comprises:
a cam shaft connected with said rack such that said rack is reciprocated as said cam shaft is rotated; and a motor having an output shaft connected to said cam shaft for providing rotation thereof.
16. The apparatus of claim 15 further comprising a gear housing in said housing means, said rack and pinion gears being disposed in a gear chamber defined in said gear housing.
17. The apparatus of claim 16 wherein said gear chamber is filled with a lubricating fluid.
18. The apparatus of claim 16 further comprising pressure equalizing means for substantially equalizing pressure inside and outside of said gear chamber.
19. The apparatus of claim 18 wherein said pressure equalizing means is characterized by:
a cover slidably disposed in said gear housing and movable in response to a differential pressure thereacross;
and sealing means for sealing between said cover and said gear housing.
20. The apparatus of claim 15 further comprising a speed reducer disposed between said output shaft and said cam shaft and adapted for reducing the speed therebetween such that said cam shaft is rotated at a slower speed than said output shaft.
21. The apparatus of claim 20 wherein said speed reducer comprises:
a follower gear in geared engagement with said geared surface and connected coaxially to said drive cam such that, as said output shaft is rotated, said follower gear is rotated eccentrically in said geared surface; and a yoke connected to said follower gear and rotatable therewith, said yoke being coaxial with said output shaft and connected to said cam shaft.
said yoke has a plurality of yoke lugs thereon; and at least one of said gear lugs is engaged with at least one of said yoke lugs as said follower gear is rotated, such that said yoke is rotated at substantially the same speed as said follower gear.
a cover slidably disposed in said gear box and movable in response to a differential pressure thereacross;
and sealing means for sealing between said cover and said gear box.
27. The apparatus of claim 15 wherein said motor is a progressive cavity hydraulic motor rotatable in response to fluid flow therethrough.
28. A well jetting apparatus comprising:
a plurality of jetting tubes with jetting nozzles thereon and pivotally disposed in said housing, said jetting nozzles being in communication with said passage and adapted for directing a fan-shaped fluid spray therefrom as said jetting tubes are pivoted; and means connected to said speed reducer for pivoting said jettings tubes substantially simultaneously such that said fan-shaped fluid spray is created for each jetting nozzle.
29. The apparatus of claim 28 wherein said motor is a progressive cavity motor.
30. The apparatus of claim 29 wherein a portion of said passage is formed by a central opening defined in a rotor of said progressive cavity motor.
said motor has a motor output shaft; and said speed reducer comprises:
a follower gear in geared engagement with said geared surface and connected coaxially to said drive cam such that, as said output shaft is rotated, said follower gear is rotated eccentrically in said geared surface; and a yoke connected with said follower gear and rotatable therewith, said yoke being coaxial with said output shaft and connected to said cam shaft.
33. The apparatus of claim 31 further comprising a gear box in said housing means, said follower gear, geared surface and drive cam being disposed in a speed reducer chamber defined in said gear box.
34. The apparatus of claim 33 wherein said speed reducer chamber is filled with a lubricating fluid.
35. The apparatus of claim 33 further comprising pressure equalizing means for substantially equalizing pressure inside and outside of said speed reducer chamber.
36. The apparatus of claim 35 wherein said pressure equalizing means is characterized by:
37. The apparatus of claim 28 wherein said means for pivoting comprises:
a rack engaged with each of said pinion gears, whereby said pinion gears are pivoted in alternating directions in response to reciprocation of said rack; and a cam shaft connected to said speed reducer and engaged with said rack such that said rack is reciprocated as said cam shaft is rotated.
38. The apparatus of d aim 37 wherein:
said rack defines a slot therein: and said cam shaft has a rack cam disposed eccentrically there on and extending into said slot in said rack.
a cover slidably disposed in said housing such that a chamber is defined therebetween;
a shaft rotatably disposed in at least one of said housing and cover; and sealing means for sealing between said shaft and said at least one of said housing and cover;
wherein said cover moves within said housing such that pressure in said chamber is equalized with pressure outside of said apparatus.
said housing is disposed in a fluid; and said chamber is filled with another fluid.
41. The apparatus of claim 39 further comprising sealing means for sealing between said cover and said housing.
CA 2130365 1992-09-29 1994-08-18 Well jetting apparatus Abandoned CA2130365A1 (en)
US08/119,370 1993-09-09
US08119370 US5361856A (en) 1992-09-29 1993-09-09 Well jetting apparatus and met of modifying a well therewith
CA2130365A1 true true CA2130365A1 (en) 1995-03-10
ID=22384051
CA 2130365 Abandoned CA2130365A1 (en) 1992-09-29 1994-08-18 Well jetting apparatus
US (2) US5361856A (en)
CA (1) CA2130365A1 (en)
EP (1) EP0644316A2 (en)
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1997-08-18 FZDE Dead

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text:
Cardinals Best News Links: Former Cardinals Playing In The Mexican League 5-28-17: Niko Vasquez Singles, Walks, & Drives In One Run; Maikel Cleto Pitched One Hitless/Scoreless Inning For The Save; Richy Pedroza Singles & Knocks In One Run
Former Cardinals Playing In The Mexican League 5-28-17: Niko Vasquez Singles, Walks, & Drives In One Run; Maikel Cleto Pitched One Hitless/Scoreless Inning For The Save; Richy Pedroza Singles & Knocks In One Run
Johnson (former St. Louis-Puebla) started as designated hitter and batted fourth. 0-for-2 with one run, one walk, and one strikeout.
Monclova beat Puebla 14-5
Niko Vasquez (former Springfield-Leon) started at shortstop and batted fifth. 1-for-3 with one RBI, one walk, one strikeout, and assisted in one double play.
Leon beat Monterrey 6-4
Rainel Rosario (former Springfield-Saltillo) started in right field and batted fifth. 1-for-4 with one run and one strikeout.
Oaxaca beat Saltillo 4-3
Maikel Cleto (former St. Louis-Laguna) entered in the ninth and pitched one inning. He allowed no hits or runs for the save (3). (p-s:9-7)(g/f:2-1)
Laguna beat Campeche 7-5
Ramon Delgado (former Memphis-Veracruz) entered in the eighth and pitched one inning. He allowed one hit and no runs for the hold (6). (p-s:11-6)(g/f:1-1)
Richy Pedroza (former Peoria-Aguascalientes) started at shortstop and batted ninth. 1-for-3 with one RBI, one strikeout, one throwing error, and assisted in two double plays.
Aguascalientes beat Veracruz 5-4
Labels: Dan Johnson, Ernest Vasquez, Francisco Rivera, Maikel Cleto, Mexican League, Ramon Delgado, Raniel Rosario, Richard Pedroza

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ceggray Favorites 1
favorite 10 comment 0 THE SEALED BOOK The Sealed Book was a radio series of mystery and terror tales, produced and directed by Jock MacGregor for the Mutual network. Between March 18 and September 9, 1945, the melodramatic anthology series was broadcast on Sundays from 10:30pm to 11:00pm. Each week, after "the sound of the great gong," host Philip Clarke observed that the mysteriously silent "keeper of the book has opened the ponderous door to the secret vault wherein is kept the great sealed book, in... Topics: OTRR, Old Time Radio Researchers Group, Old Time Radio, OTRR Set, OTRR Certified Set, The Sealed... Old Time Radio
audio eye 33,102
favorite 32 comment 5 THE SEALED BOOK The Sealed Book was a radio series of mystery and terror tales, produced and directed by Jock MacGregor for the Mutual network. Between March 18 and September 9, 1945, the melodramatic anthology series was broadcast on Sundays from 10:30pm to 11:00pm. Each week, after "the sound of the great gong," host Philip Clarke observed that the mysteriously silent "keeper of the book has opened the ponderous door to the secret vault wherein is kept the great sealed book, in... favoritefavoritefavoritefavoritefavorite ( 5 reviews ) Topics: OTRR, Old Time Radio Researchers Group, Old Time Radio, OTRR Single Episodes, The Sealed Book,... MORE RESULTS

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ULR Feature: Forty Days to Breakthrough: How to move from simply existing to living a life of meaning and purpose | Urban Literary Review
Literary Spotlight, No Chaser
ULR Feature: Forty Days to Breakthrough: How to move from simply existing to living a life of meaning and purpose
February 18, 2015 Urban Literary Review	Leave a comment
Available in paperback and on Kindle!
The World Health Organisation has predicted that by 2030, depression will account for the highest level of disability accorded any physical or mental disorder in the world.
Antidepressants are among the best-selling drugs in medical practice with a market of US$12 billion. Yet a report from the American Psychological Association published in the New York times, stated that depression [in women] is misdiagnosed approximately 30 to 50 percent of the time. The report also said that 70 percent of the antidepressant prescriptions given to women, were done so often without proper diagnosis or monitoring.
There is a big difference between clinical depression and circumstantial depression. Circumstantial depression has nothing to do with a chemical imbalance. It is related directly to one’s circumstances; it is the pain of living without hope, or existing in negative circumstances and not being able to see a way out, and no amount of antidepressants is going to help. To cure circumstantial depression a person must be able to move out of their negative circumstances into a life of meaning and purpose.
There are two key questions a person can ask themselves to determine whether or not their depression is circumstantial:
One: If I leave my negative circumstances for a short time, do I feel better? And when I go back into those negative circumstances do I feel sad, bad, or anxious again?
Two: Did something happen to me before the depression set in? A job loss, a geographical move, the breakdown of a relationship, a divorce, or illness?
Overcome depression by using the KATE Method:
K = Know the difference between clinical and circumstantial depression.
A = Ask the two key questions to identify whether or not your depression is circumstantial.
T = Take small, achievable, positive action steps in order to move out of your negative circumstances.
E = Enter into a life of meaning and purpose.
The report from the American Psychological Association stated that “a more effective approach (other than taking antidepressants) was for woman to take some positive step, even if a small symbolic one, toward changing the circumstances that were leading to the depression.”
Skye McKenzie’s book, Forty Days to Breakthrough, is a practical guide to help you take small, achievable action steps, one each day for forty days, to rechart your course towards clarity, fulfillment and happiness.
Are you feeling stuck and unsure of your next move? Are you weighed down by life’s burdens and perhaps even struggling with depression? Do you want to be free from guilt, shame and the painful experiences in your past? Do you ask questions like “What is my purpose” or “Why am I here?”
In Forty Days to Breakthrough, author Skye McKenzie offers a forty-day program to help you discover the answers to these questions and many more. She reveals lessons she has learned and shares practical advice on how to listen to your intuition and connect with God to create a unique plan for your life.
Based on Skye’s personal forty-day journey of seeking God and wrestling with him, this easy-to-apply book provides a daily plan of intentional journaling, prayer, and meditation for a period of forty days. Forty Days to Breakthrough presents an engaging program that will help you to: Create an individual plan that will give you meaning and purpose to your everyday life; Accept who you are as God’s unique creation and discover your unique reason for being; Value adversity, recognising that every difficult situation is an opportunity to grow; Learn the truth about love, pride and intimacy, and how to apply this wisdom to living a happier, more satisfying life.
Life is too short to be miserable and confused! Take the forty day challenge today and break through the barriers that have been holding you back.
Skye McKenzie currently resides in Australia and has lived in Zimbabwe (where she was born), South Africa and New Zealand. She has a Bachelor of Theology degree and a certificate in Trauma Care. Skye’s first book, “Forty Days to Breakthrough; How to move from simply existing to living a life of meaning and purpose” is based on her own forty-day journey of seeking God for radical change in her life. Skye believes that every person can break through the barriers that are holding them back and move into a life of fulfillment and happiness. The secret is… one small, achievable action step taken each day for a period of forty days.
Available for just $3.99 on Kindle and $11.69 in paperback!
Visit the website at https://www.skyemckenzie.me
Forty Days to Breakthrough; How to move from simply existing to living a life of meaning and purposeliterary featureSkye McKenzie
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Rae Rae Handmades: Quick Post
I lost a little over five pounds this week. I have three hours until I get to have my personal day! I actually wrote out a list of things I want to sew tomorrow and a nerdy little schedule of what to do when. Can't wait! I am sure I won't get everything done but I want to have at least a project or two to share on Friday!
In case you wonder why I am making such a big deal about having a day off is that I NEVER take off from work. In the last twelve years, I have accumulated 67 days off. I NEVER take off. 67 days. Hmm, maybe I won't come back until after the new year. :)
Posted by Rocky Mountain Jen at 3:40 PM


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Permitpedia: PLACE OF ASSEMBLY
An enclosed room or space in which seventy-five or more persons gather for religious, recreational, educational, political or social purposes, or for the consumption of food or drink, orfor similar group activities or which is designed for use by seventy-five or more persons gathered for any of the above reasons, but excluding such spaces in DWELLING UNITS; or an outdoor space in which two hundred or more persons gather for any of the above reasons or which is designed for use by two hundred or more persons gathered for any of the above reasons. Local Law 23-1990.


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Words containing echnoki | Words that contain echnoki
Words containing echnoki | Words that contain echnoki http://www.thefreedictionary.com/words-containing-echnokiPrinter Friendly
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Found 1 words containing echnoki. Browse our Scrabble Word Finder, Words With Friends cheat dictionary, and WordHub word solver to find words that contain echnoki. Or use our Unscramble word solver to find your best possible play!
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value: The Free Dictionary is an American online dictionary and encyclopedia that aggregates information from various sources.


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Have a cup of tea: Archive
Have a cup of tea month 2011
Tea4Two's conspiracy for good - Banff Rockie Award... Sometimes you just got to love Twitter. In the olden days - back when we won an Emmy award - people would call to congratulate me and thank me for my great work.
The uncanny valley of Transmedia Storytelling Ok, so something has been bothering me for a while now. At the dawn of the transmedia-crossmedia-newstorytelling era, people were amazed about the possibilities of immersion that transmedia presented the participants with.
A dream began to grow in the darkest corners of internet. A dream of the seamless 360° story. In fact, one of the earliest attempts to define the format that I ever heard...

value: Tumblr (stylized as tumblr and pronounced "tumbler") is an American microblogging and social networking website founded by David Karp in 2007 and currently owned by Automattic. The service allows users to post multimedia and other content to a short-form blog.


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Rashawn & Beyond: Anti-Violence News for Queer People of Color: Gay Activist Beaten at Queens Night Club
posted by RashawnBrazell.com @ 12/10/2009 0 Comments:


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IncorporatedMultiplexing devices over shared resourcesUS20110080517 *Apr 7, 2011The Directv Group, Inc.Phase noise and frequency error resilient demodulation scheme for mocaUS20140315507 *Dec 18, 2012Oct 23, 2014Anite Finland OyApparatus and Method for Detecting Co-Channels SignalsCN101841349A *Apr 12, 2010Sep 22, 2010北京理工大学Method for inhibiting MPSK narrowband interference of direct sequence spread spectrum system (DSSS)CN101841349BApr 12, 2010Apr 3, 2013北京理工大学Method for inhibiting MPSK narrowband interference of direct sequence spread spectrum system (DSSS)WO2009100302A1 *Feb 6, 2009Aug 13, 2009Qualcomm IncMultiplexing over i and q branches* Cited by examinerClassifications U.S. Classification375/130International ClassificationH04J13/00, H04W84/14Cooperative ClassificationH04W84/14European ClassificationH04W84/14Legal EventsDateCodeEventDescriptionJul 8, 1998ASAssignmentOwner name: WIRELESS FACILITIES, INC., CALIFORNIAFree format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:O SHEA, DIERDRE;LAKKIS, ISMAIL;SAFAVI, SAEID;AND OTHERS;REEL/FRAME:009308/0705Effective date: 19980707Apr 17, 2001ASAssignmentApr 13, 2004CCCertificate of correctionMar 17, 2005ASAssignmentApr 10, 2006ASAssignmentOwner name: WIRELESS FACILITIES, INC., CALIFORNIAFree format text: SECURITY AGREEMENT;ASSIGNOR:KEYBANK NATIONAL ASSOCIATION;REEL/FRAME:017458/0054Effective date: 20060403Sep 13, 2006ASAssignmentOwner name: WIRELESS FACILITIES, INC., CALIFORNIAFree format text: RELEASE OF SECURITY INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:CREDIT SUISSE (F/K/A CREDIT SUISSE FIRST BOSTON);REEL/FRAME:018264/0763Effective date: 20060901Nov 10, 2006FPAYFee paymentYear of fee payment: 4Dec 20, 2006ASAssignmentOwner name: WIRELESS FACILITIES, INC., CALIFORNIAFree format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:O SHEA, DEIRDRE;REEL/FRAME:018679/0424Effective date: 20061219Mar 1, 2007XASNot any more in us assignment databaseFree format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:CREDIT SUISSE (F/K/A CREDIT SUISSE FIRST BOSTON);REEL/FRAME:018951/0763Mar 1, 2007ASAssignmentOwner name: WIRELES FACILITIES, INC., CALIFORNIAFree format text: RELEASE BY SECURED PARTY;ASSIGNOR:CREDIT SUISSE (F/K/A CREDIT SUISSE FIRST BOSTON);REEL/FRAME:018951/0757Effective date: 20070207Mar 5, 2007ASAssignmentOwner name: WIRELES FACILITIES, INC., CALIFORNIAFree format text: RELEASE OF SECURITY INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:KEYBANK NATIONAL ASSOCIATION;REEL/FRAME:018961/0628Effective date: 20070301Mar 29, 2007ASAssignmentOwner name: YOSHIMI LTD., LIMITED LIABILITY COMPANY, DELAWAREFree format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:WIRELESS FACILITIES, INC.;REEL/FRAME:019084/0133Effective date: 20060921Aug 21, 2007ASAssignmentOwner name: WIRELESS FACILITIES, INC., CALIFORNIAFree format text: AFFIDAVIT TO CONFIRM NAME;ASSIGNOR:O SHEA, HELENA DEIRDRE;REEL/FRAME:019725/0728Effective date: 20061219Oct 25, 2010FPAYFee paymentYear of fee payment: 8Oct 28, 2014FPAYFee paymentYear of fee payment: 12Nov 11, 2015ASAssignmentOwner 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sign in with log in join CNET welcome, my profile log out Shopper Smartphones HTC smartphones HTC One S - gradient blue (T-Mobile) HTC One S - gradient blue (T-Mobile) Manufacturer: HTC Part number: ONESTMB 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 Close Video Compare with most popular $229.95 - $244.99 at 2 online stores CNET Editor rating: 4.0 stars Excellent Design: 9.0 Features: 8.0 Performance: 9.0 Overall score: 8.6 (4.0 stars) Average user rating: 3.0 stars out of 35 reviews Apr 2012 More product information: Editors' review User reviews Specifications Manufacturer info Bottom Line: The HTC One S is the best phone you can get on T-Mobile (for now), wrapping Android 4.0, 4G data speeds, and a beautiful 4.3-inch AMOLED screen into one svelte package.Read more Where to buy store customer rating inventory tax & shipping price See store profile In stock Get free shipping on orders over $35.00 Enter zip code to get total price: Price +Tax +Shipping =Total price $244.99 Shop now as of 08/27/2014 See store profile In stock $229.95 Shop now as of 08/26/2014 *Total price for the HTC One S - gradient blue (T-Mobile) are estimated and may vary slightly based on exact tax, shipping, manufacturer rebate or any sale/promotion on the merchant site. show CNET editors' review HTC One S - gradient blue (T-Mobile) price range: $229.95 - $244.99 Reviewed by: Brian Bennett Reviewed on: 04/18/2012 Released on: 04/18/2012 The good: The HTC One S manages to pack Android ICS, Sense 4, and a feature-filled camera into one of the slimmest phones on the market. The bad: The One S' svelteness comes at the cost of no SD card expansion slot or removable battery. The bottom line: The HTC One S is the best phone you can get on T-Mobile (for now), wrapping Android 4.0, 4G data speeds, and a beautiful 4.3-inch AMOLED screen into one svelte package. Read CNET's full review show User reviews Write Review Average user rating: 3.0 stars out of 35 reviews My rating: 0 stars Submit your review Log in or create an account to submit your review for: HTC One S - gradient blue (T-Mobile) You are logged in as . Please submit your review for: HTC One S - gradient blue (T-Mobile) 1. Rate this product: 2. One-line summary: 0 of 55 characters (10 characters minimum) 3. Pros: 0 of 250 characters (10 characters minimum) 4. Cons: 0 of 250 characters (10 characters minimum) Bottom-line summary: 0 of 5000 characters (optional) The posting of advertisements, profanity, or personal attacks is prohibited.Click here to review our site terms of use. Submit Hide 1 2 3 4 next Showing opinion 1 to 10 out of 35 Sort by: Most helpful Highest rating Lowest rating Most recent 10 stars This phone is the best T-mobile phone out so far. by Abbas_Ather on April 26, 2012
Cons: umm, mabye a crash once or twice but thats all. Summary: Over all best device on the market and so on !! ^^ Summary: Over all best device on the market and so on !! ^^ 1 out of 2 users found this user opinion helpful. 1 2 3 4 next Showing opinion 1 to 10 out of 35 See pricing show Specifications Manufacturer: HTC Part number: ONESTMB Description: Capture stunning photos with a stunning phone. This true digital camera gives you realistic colors and dependable performance with features such as auto smile detection, face focus and continuous shooting. With this phone in your hands you can capture every special moment, wherever you go, in pictures as stunning as its own great looks. General Packaged Quantity 1 Product Type Smartphone Form Factor Touch Phone Design PDA Resistance Gorilla Glass (scratch resistant glass) Integrated Components 2nd camera, Digital camera, Digital player, Voice recorder Width 2.6 in Depth 0.3 in Height 4.7 in Weight 4.2 oz Cellular Technology WCDMA (UMTS) / GSM Band WCDMA (UMTS) / GSM 850/900/1800/1900 Mobile Broadband Generation 4G Service Provider T-Mobile Operating System Android 4.0 (Ice Cream Sandwich) User Interface HTC Sense 4 Application Software Polaris Office, DropBox Input Device(s) Touch sensitive screen (multi-touch) Messaging & Internet Cellular Messaging Services MMS, SMS Instant Messaging Services Yes Supported Social Networks and Blogs Facebook Messaging & Data Features Microsoft PowerPoint support, Microsoft Excel support, Microsoft Word support, Adobe Flash support Mobile Services Google Music, HTC Music Hub Communications Data Transmission GPRS, EDGE, HSUPA, HSDPA Wireless Interface Bluetooth 4.0, IEEE 802.11b/g/n Communication Features Internet browser Phone Features Phone Functions Call timer, Conference call, Speakerphone, Vibrating alert Sensors Proximity sensor, Accelerometer, Ambient light sensor, Gyro sensor, Digital compass Additional Features DLNA Certified, Multitasking Organizer Personal Information Management Synchronization with PC, Calendar, Calculator, Reminder, Alarm clock Media Player Supported Digital Audio Standards M4A, WMA 9, OGG, WAV, MP3, MIDI, AAC, AMR Supported Digital Video Standards MPEG-4, 3GP, AVI, WMV9 Processor Type QUALCOMM MSM8260A Clock Speed 1.5 GHz Processor Core Qty Dual-core Memory RAM 1 GB Bult-in Memory 16 GB User Memory 16 GB Digital Camera Sensor Resolution 8 megapixels Lens Aperture F/2.0 Min Focal Length 28 mm Focus Adjustment Automatic Camera Light Source LED light Video Recorder Resolutions 1920 x 1080 (1080p), 1280 x 720 (720p) Features Video stabilizer, Video recording, Smile shutter, Face detection Display Type OLED display - Color Technology Super AMOLED Diagonal Size 4.3 in Display Resolution 960 x 540 pixels Connections Connector Type Headset jack - Mini-phone 3.5 mm, Micro-USB Battery Capacity 1650 mAh See pricing show Manufacturer info Manufacturer profile Browse HTC products on Shopper.com Manufacturer:HTC Address: 13920 SE Eastgate Way, Bellevue, WA 98005 Phone: (425) 861-9174 Email: info@htcamerica.net Fax: (425) 861-1715 See pricing Print E-mail Share Similar products HTC One $408.00 CNET Editor rating: 4.0 stars Excellent Overall score: 8.8 (4.0 stars) Average user rating: 4.5 stars out of 135 reviews Samsung Galaxy S4 $355.00 CNET Editor rating: 4.5 stars Spectacular Overall score: 9.0 (4.5 stars) Average user rating: 3.5 stars out of 184 reviews Google Nexus 5 $449.90 CNET Editor rating: 4.0 stars Excellent Overall score: 8.8 (4.0 stars) Average user rating: 4.0 stars out of 42 reviews Samsung Galaxy S III - 16GB - pebble blue (T-Mobile) $49.99 - $399.99 CNET Editor rating: 4.0 stars Excellent Overall score: 8.7 (4.0 stars) Average user rating: 3.0 stars out of 130 reviews Nokia Lumia 521 (T-Mobile) $77.22 - $99.65 CNET Editor rating: 3.0 stars Good Overall score: 6.7 (3.0 stars) Average user rating: 5.0 stars out of 11 reviews Shopper.com strives to provide the best price, review, user opinion, and product information on the HTC One S - gradient blue (T-Mobile). Shopper.com updates pricing for all products multiple times each day. If you find a price, link, product specification, review, user opinion, or any other error for the HTC One S - gradient blue (T-Mobile), please notify us through our support form. CNET Shopper tools Popular brands Top Electronics Deals Rebates Coupons Other CNET sites News Reviews Downloads CNET TV Forums Resources What's new Customer Help Center Newsletters Corrections RSS About CNET What we do Doing business with CNET Advertising/partnerships Get your product listed Careers Join us on Facebook LinkedIn Twitter YouTube Popular Topics: Apple iPhone, Apple iPod, LCD TV, Apple iPad, Smartphones, Windows 7, CES 2011, Google Android, HTC phones, Android phones © CBS Interactive Inc. All rights reserved. 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The Best Day to Post Online | Online Empire
Tag Archives: The Best Day to Post Online	Creating an Effective Social Media Posting Schedule
April 18, 2017 by Aoife	The frequency of your social media posts can directly impact the number of followers that you get and keep.
Posted in Blog	| Tagged Social Media Post, The Best Day to Post Online, The Best Time to Post Online, Topics to Post On Social Media | Leave a comment


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Sam's thoughts: October 2004
Now that it is over I am relieved that Kerry did a credible job. I suspect the ratings will be down from the previous debates but that the important voters; those that have not decided yet, will have tuned in. I think Kerry will get a 1 to 2 point bounce from the debate but that it won’t show up for a few days. I hope Kerry comes out and apologizes for the Cheney gay remark. I did not find it offensive but Kerry needs to diffuse the issue before it becomes ammunition for Bush. posted by Sam Lawson @ 1:38 AM 4 comments
Why can’t Kerry and Edwards get it straight about tort reform. “We need to balance the need for protecting people from abuse by large corporations and the need to protect the large companies from frivolous lawsuits. We will do that. We have a plan to keep frivolous lawsuits out of the system and still protect the right of ordinary citizens to get justice.” Thatwould sound right. posted by Sam Lawson @ 10:25 AM 0 comments
Best part of the evening on the boat
boat Originally uploaded by lawssny. This is where I would rather be right now. Did not get out to the boat as much as I would have liked to this summer. Maybe there will be a few good weekends left this fall. Hope so
posted by Sam Lawson @ 7:18 PM 0 comments
Saturday 6:39pm Still no good info on who won the debate. I think Kerry lost a couple of golden opportunities. Bush was defensive. posted by Sam Lawson @ 6:40 PM 0 comments
Woke up this morning and tried to find out how the debate played to others. No luck. The news media is rightly being reticient about calling victors. I thought that Kieth Oberman's blog mirrored my thoughts on the debate. Kerry won on points.
posted by Sam Lawson @ 9:19 AM 0 comments
Bush wears wire!
Who would have thought? The president wears a wire to get prompted during the debate. Even if it is not true it sounds like something he would do. SEE STORY
posted by Sam Lawson @ 5:33 PM 0 comments
Name: Sam Lawson Location: Takoma Park, MD View my complete profile