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Patent US7898949 - Brownout detection - Google PatentsSearch Images Maps Play YouTube News Gmail Drive More »Sign inAdvanced Patent SearchPatentsAn apparatus and automatic method for detecting brown-outs in a computer network includes determining normal rates of different types of traffic with respect to defined address prefixes. Thresholds are established based on the normal rates. The rates for the different traffic types are monitored, and...http://www.google.com/patents/US7898949?utm_source=gb-gplus-sharePatent US7898949 - Brownout detectionAdvanced Patent SearchPublication numberUS7898949 B2Publication typeGrantApplication numberUS 11/092,425Publication dateMar 1, 2011Filing dateMar 29, 2005Priority dateMar 29, 2005Fee statusPaidAlso published asUS20060221812Publication number092425, 11092425, US 7898949 B2, US 7898949B2, US-B2-7898949, US7898949 B2, US7898949B2InventorsVamsidhar Valluri, Martin DjernaesOriginal AssigneeCisco Technology, Inc.Export CitationBiBTeX, EndNote, RefManPatent Citations (11), Non-Patent Citations (2), Referenced by (2), Classifications (7), Legal Events (2) External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, EspacenetBrownout detection
US 7898949 B2Abstract
An apparatus and automatic method for detecting brown-outs in a computer network includes determining normal rates of different types of traffic with respect to defined address prefixes. Thresholds are established based on the normal rates. The rates for the different traffic types are monitored, and when a threshold is exceeded the detected addresses and traffic types are flagged for reporting. In some cases, the inventive system will monitor traffic to finer address granularities to further identify suspect addresses. The system may actively ping suspect sub-prefixes and/or initiate communications with the suspect sub-addresses that is then monitored to determine which sub-prefixes are experiencing abnormal activity.
establishing a first bucket associated with an address prefix;
establishing a baseline associated with the first bucket and indicative of a normal traffic pattern with the address prefix;
establishing a threshold indicative of an abnormal change from the baseline;
monitoring, by a traffic monitor of a network node, a traffic pattern with the address prefix;
comparing the monitored traffic pattern to the threshold; and
in response to the threshold being exceeded
creating a plurality of second buckets that are each associated with a different sub-prefix of the address prefix, wherein the second buckets each have a finer address granularity than the first bucket,
monitoring, by the traffic monitor, the traffic pattern to each sub-prefix associated with a second bucket,
identifying one or more particular sub-prefixes as experiencing an abnormal change, and
generating a notification of a suspected brown-out condition associated with the one or more particular sub-prefixes.
2. The method of claim 1 wherein the traffic pattern is completed three-way handshakes, and the monitoring a traffic pattern with the address prefix and the monitoring the traffic pattern to each sub-prefix, monitor a rate of completed three-way handshakes.
3. The method of claim 1 wherein the traffic pattern is out-of-order packets, and the monitoring a traffic pattern with the address prefix and the monitoring the traffic pattern to each sub-prefix, monitor a rate of out-of-order packets.
4. The method of claim 1 wherein the traffic pattern is data transfer, and the monitoring a traffic pattern with the address prefix and the monitoring the traffic pattern to each sub-prefix, monitor a rate of data transfer.
sending one or more packets to provoke the traffic pattern.
6. The method of claim 5 wherein the traffic pattern is completed three-way handshakes the one or more packets are packets with a SYN bit set.
in response to identifying the one or more particular sub-prefixes as experiencing an abnormal change, rerouting traffic directed to the one or more particular sub-prefixes to use an alternative route.
8. The method of claim 1 wherein the monitoring a traffic pattern with the address prefix comprises:
interrogating the first bucket periodically to examine the traffic pattern with the address prefix.
9. The method of claim 1 wherein the monitoring a traffic pattern with the address prefix comprises:
interrogating the first bucket in response to a trigger to examine the traffic pattern with the address prefix.
10. The method of claim 1 wherein the establishing a baseline associated with the first bucket and indicative of a normal traffic pattern with the address prefix further comprises:
measuring traffic with the address prefix over an initial period of time to build a history, and basing the baseline on the history.
a memory storing instructions that are executable by the processor, the instructions, when executed, to establish a first bucket associated with an address prefix, establish a baseline associated with the first bucket and indicative of a normal traffic pattern with the address prefix, establish a threshold indicative of an abnormal change from the baseline, monitor a traffic pattern with the address prefix, compare the monitored traffic pattern to the threshold, and in response to the threshold being exceeded, create a plurality of second buckets that are each associated with a different sub-prefix of the address prefix, wherein the second buckets each have a finer address granularity than the first bucket, monitor the traffic pattern to each sub-prefix associated with a second bucket, identify one or more particular sub-prefixes as experiencing an abnormal change, and generate a notification of a suspected condition associated with the one or more particular sub-prefixes.
12. The apparatus of claim 11 wherein the traffic pattern is completed three-way handshakes, and the instructions that, when executed, monitor a traffic pattern with the address prefix and the instructions that, when executed, monitor the traffic pattern to each sub-prefix, monitor a rate of completed three-way handshakes.
13. The apparatus of claim 11 wherein the traffic pattern is out-of-order packets, and the instructions that, when executed, monitor a traffic pattern with the address prefix and the instructions that, when executed, monitor the traffic pattern to each sub-prefix, monitor a rate of out-of-order packets.
14. The apparatus of claim 11 wherein the traffic pattern is data transfer, and the instructions that, when executed, monitor a traffic pattern with the address prefix and the instructions that, when executed, monitor the traffic pattern to each sub-prefix, monitor a rate of data transfer.
15. The apparatus of claim 11 further comprising instructions that, when executed, send one or more packets over the network interface to provoke the traffic pattern.
16. The apparatus of claim 15 wherein the traffic pattern is completed three-way handshakes the one or more packets are packets with a SYN bit set.
17. The apparatus of claim 11 further comprising instructions that, when executed, reroute traffic directed to the one or more particular sub-prefixes to use an alternative route.
18. The apparatus of claim 11 wherein the instructions that, when executed, monitor a traffic pattern with the address prefix further comprise instructions to interrogate the first bucket periodically to examine the traffic pattern with the address prefix.
19. The apparatus of claim 11 wherein the instructions that, when executed, monitor a traffic pattern with the address prefix further comprise instructions to interrogate the first bucket in response to a trigger to examine the traffic pattern with the address prefix.
20. The apparatus of claim 11 wherein the instructions that, when executed, establish a baseline associated with the first bucket and indicative of a normal traffic pattern with the address prefix further comprise instructions to measure traffic with the address prefix over an initial period of time to build a history, and to base the baseline on the history.
21. The apparatus of claim 11 wherein the suspected condition is a suspected brown-out condition.
means for establishing a first bucket associated with an address prefix;
means for establishing a baseline associated with the first bucket and indicative of a normal traffic pattern with the address prefix;
means for establishing a threshold indicative of an abnormal change from the baseline;
means for monitoring a traffic pattern with the address prefix;
means for comparing the monitored traffic pattern to the threshold; and
means for, in response to the threshold being exceeded, creating a second bucket that is associated with a sub-prefix of the address prefix, wherein the second bucket has a finer address granularity than the first bucket, monitoring the traffic pattern to the sub-prefix associated with the second bucket, identifying a particular sub-prefix as experiencing an abnormal change, and generating a notification of a suspected condition associated with the particular sub-prefix.
This invention relates generally to computer networks, and, more particularly, to network reachability problems.
An intermediate node, such as a router, may interconnect the sub-networks to extend the effective “size” of the computer network. The router executes routing protocols used to direct the transmission of data traffic between the end nodes, such as hosts or users. Typically, the router directs network traffic based on destination address prefixes contained in the packets, i.e., the portions of destination addresses used by the routing protocol to render routing (“next hop”) decisions. Examples of such destination addresses include Internet Protocol (IP) version 4 and version 6 addresses. A prefix implies a combination of an IP address and a mask that cooperate to describe an area or range (of addresses) of the network that a router can reach, whereas a route implies a combination of a set of path attributes and a prefix. Much of the following detailed discussion refers to routers that are specific examples of “nodes,” but the present invention applies wherever routing occurs.
The infrastructure of a router typically comprises functional components organized as a control plane and a data plane. The control plane includes the components needed to manage the traffic forwarding features of the router. These components include routing protocols, configuration information and other similar functions that determine the destinations of data packets based on information other than that contained within the packets. The data plane, on the other hand, includes functional components needed to perform forwarding operations for the packets.
FIG. 1 is a prior art model of two autonomous systems AS1 and AS2 communicating with each other via routers R1 and R2 using Border Gateway Protocol (BGP). BGP is also know as Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP). R1 and R2 are “peer” routers, sometimes referred to as “edge” or “border” routers, since they communicate with each other between the autonomous systems. AS1 and AS2 within their autonomous networks may connect to many intermediate network nodes, e.g., end users, hosts, etc. and have many other internal intermediate routers (2, 2′, 4, 4′) connecting to networks and sub-networks, hosts, etc. Within the autonomous systems, the border routers may communicate via Interior Gateway Protocols (IGP's) as known in the art—R1 and R2 will run both BGP and IGP.
Autonomous systems are network structures, usually complex, that all fall under one administrative authority, such as a company, a branch of government, or an academic institution. In this way the administrative authority can guarantee that the internal routes remain consistent and viable. Typically, as known in the art, the administrative authority will designate one router, a border router, to advertise or inform the outside world of the autonomous system's “reachability”—those destination network addresses entirely within the autonomous system.
It is axiomatic that the reachability information carried by the protocols through the network reflect the current state of the last hop router, and the reachability information is propagated in such a way that the receiving routers will know how to reach the last hop router—the router that directly connects to a destination address. In the present discussion below a 32 bit IP version 4 address is used but other addressing schemes may be used with the present invention.
Unfortunately the routing protocols stored in the routing nodes may not have the correct information. This can be due to hardware/software/firmware problems along the network path to and including the last hop router. It can also be due to human error and to incorrect or bad policies along the network.
Hardware/software problems are straight forward. Examples are a fiber link that is marginally conducting light, some integrated circuit or connector malfunction, corrupted software, operating timeouts, looping, excessive delays, insufficient memory, etc. One very real practical example is a Denial Of Service (DOS) attack. In such an attack the routing information and the links operate properly but packets cannot be forwarded or are forwarded with significant delays all due to the link being saturated with traffic. Packets are routinely dropped although the system is functioning.
Human error may be an administrator or other user redistributing a static route into a routing protocol that points to a non-existing destination.
Policy problems include, for example, an Internet Service Provider (ISP) that limits or otherwise restricts inbound traffic to its customers. For example, an ISP may only allow a subscriber one hour of access to some information, and when the limit is reached the ISP will stop routing the traffic to the subscriber. In this case the routing and network paths are intact but the information is not reaching its intended destination. In other cases, an entity may restrict access to prefix areas containing confidential or important data.
In the present application the term “brown-out” refers to a sub-set of prefixes advertised by a router that are not reliably reachable. A “black-out” is the limiting case where all of the prefixes are unreachable.
When a “brown-out” occurs, often a customer will call his ISP and complain. A service person at the ISP will then, at a console, manually try to find some alternative route and/or identify the suspect addresses and the type of problem. Typically, the person “pings” or tries to interrogate specific addresses to see if they are reachable until he finds those that are unreachable. “Pinging” might denote trying to establish a TCP session with the suspect addresses. Such a scenario is a problem that service providers would wish to not happen. First, the customer is not happy, and, second, the manual detection and the correction may take some time.
The present invention is directed to automatically detecting brown-outs and notifying an administrator or some controlling entity of a specific problem at specific addresses. In the best case, the problem is corrected before any customer complains and without manual intervention to detect the problem locations. The administrator will then take corrective action. The efficiency of the system and public relations are improved—the customer may not be aware of any problem.
The present invention includes automatic detection of brown-outs by detecting abnormalities in traffic patterns for a given prefix or a sub-set of a prefix. In a preferred embodiment, after the detection of abnormalities, the present invention may automatically act to narrow the range of suspect sub-prefixes.
Since traffic abnormalities are being detected, a baseline is established and some threshold determined that is indicative of an abnormality. A router acting as a forwarding device can passively monitor the traffic passing through the router. Moreover, virtually any router or host may include a “helper” processing system that may send “specialized traffic” to measure or provoke a detection of traffic patterns and problems. The helper processing system, associated with or part of the router, then can build a history based on this information and use that history to detect if a prefix, or a subset of the prefix, is experiencing an abnormal change in its traffic pattern. When detected, the helper processing system can then identify the prefix or subset thereof as having a “brown-out” condition and notify an administrator and/or any consumer process client of this technology with specific information so appropriate action is taken.
In an illustrative embodiment, the “specialized traffic” may include the “pinging” described above but may also include initiating communications between the helper processing system and a suspect known host. The system may then monitor that traffic and detect “brown-out” conditions.
FIG. 1 is block diagram of a prior art system;
FIG. 2 is a block diagram schematic of a generic router system incorporating the present invention;
FIG. 4 is a block diagram of the Analysis Engine of FIG. 3.
FIG. 2 is a generic block diagram illustrating major functions and hardware in a router system that may employ the present invention. In this case the router may be an edge or border router or an internal router. The platform(s) used may be virtually any as known to those skilled in the art. The memory 20 is typically a RAM (of virtually any type, static, dynamic, etc.) containing locations that are addressable by the processor 22. The memory 20 may even be remote from the processor.
The memory 20 contains, inter alia, a routing operating system 24 that organizes and implements the routing of information traffic, typically packets, through the router of FIG. 2. Particular routing protocols 26 are stored for use by the routing operating system. These protocols may be interior routing gateways (IGP) and border routing gateways (BGP). Routing information is stored in a routing table 28. In general packets are received from a network, say Network A, and the operating system 24 finds a forwarding route based on the contents of the routing table 28. The proper protocol is provided by the operating system and the packet is forwarded. The IOS (trademark) operating system by Cisco Technology Incorporated is an example of an operating system 24 that may be used in accordance with this illustrative embodiment. The route processors 22 may comprise processing elements or logic for executing the software programs and manipulating the data structures. The router operating system 24, portions of which are typically resident in memory and executed by the processor, functionally organizes the router by, inter alia, invoking network operations in support of software processes executing on the processors. It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that other processor and memory means, including various computer readable media, may be used for storing and executing program instructions pertaining to the inventive techniques described herein.
The route processors R1, Rm may comprise a plurality of loosely coupled route processors connected to a plurality of forwarding processors F1, Fm that input (Rx) and output (Tx) messages to other networks. Each route processor system, preferably comprises at least one central processing unit (CPU), e.g., the Power-PC 7460 chip. The CPU is adapted to run a single copy of the router operating system 24 and access its memory space 20. The route processors and the forwarding processors are joined by an interconnect fabric 30 such as, e.g., a crossbar interconnection switch or high-speed bus. Those skilled in the art will recognize that other router platforms such as, e.g., a uniprocessor system or a plurality of independent processor nodes interconnected via a communications fabric as a multi-node cluster, could be used in accordance with the invention. The term “node,” defined above, further denotes a computer or processor complex comprising processors and an independent memory shared by the processors.
Each connection 32, 34 connects to neighboring network nodes where information is sent and received. In the present case the neighboring nodes may include both “peer” routers in adjacent autonomous networks and internal nodes 2, 2′ within an autonomous system. In other cases the forwarding processors F1, Fm may be adapted to transfer data packets from various data links, e.g., Ethernet, optical links, etc. Furthermore the various connections may use a variety of protocols, e.g. ATM (asynchronous transfer mode), FDDI (fiber distributed data interface), etc. However, in the present case we shall discuss the preferred embodiments with respect to peer router to peer router connections, although the present invention may be used advantageously communicating to all nodes within autonomous systems.
As used herein, a route comprises, inter alia, a combination of a set of path attributes and a prefix. The routing protocols, such as the Border Gateway Protocol version 4 (BGP) or Interior gateway Protocols (IGP) may be invoked for information transferring to exterior autonomous networks and to interior networks, respectively. BGP is an inter-domain routing protocol used for inter-domain routing (for the Internetwork layer) through the computer network. The neighboring routers (hereinafter “neighbors”) exchange routing and network layer reachability information (NLRI) among autonomous systems over a reliable transport layer connection, such as TCP. An adjacency is a relationship formed between selected neighbors for the purpose of exchanging routing messages and abstracting the network topology. A BGP routing protocol standard (BGPversion 4) is well known and described in Request For Comments (RFC) 1771, by Y. Rekhter and T. Li (1995), which is hereby incorporated herein by reference.
In the illustrative embodiment, the router operating system 24 implements separate software process modules that are distributed over active route processors 22, and line cards 38, 40. Operationally, the router builds the routing tables 28 after exchanging routing information with the neighbors. The routing processors 22 facilitate communication between the various components, i.e., the routing tables and the routing protocols. The routing table 28 provides information to the Forwarding Information Base (FIB) on the line cards 38, 40. The information describes how to forward data packets through the router.
The line cards 38, 40 perform forwarding of the data traffic, while the route processors 22 handle routing and control of the data traffic forwarding. The forwarding processors on the line cards render a forwarding decision for each packet received at a port and determine where to forward the packet.
An overview of FIGS. 3 and 4 is followed below by a more detailed description. FIG. 3 illustrates a preferred embodiment of system functions illustrating the present invention. These functions will typically be configured within a router. The incoming traffic 50 received by a router is monitored 52, classified as to address prefix and type 54, and stored in buckets 56, 56′ according to the address prefix and type. A traffic analysis engine 60 may periodically interrogate the buckets, but in other embodiments other triggers, as known to those skilled in the art, may be used. FIG. 4 illustrates functions within the analysis engine 60. Previously determined thresholds are stored and when exceeded 62 due to an abnormal occurrence, the particular prefix bucket and type are flagged 64. Appropriate action is then taken where some authority is notified 70, and in some instances further action is performed on sub-prefixes (of the suspect prefix) to further isolate the problem addresses. In any event, the prefix and type of traffic instance is stored and an administrator and/or a consumer process client of this technology are notified so that appropriate action may be taken.
As shown in FIG. 3, the traffic monitor 52 separates the traffic by prefix and type 54. Virtually any predictable traffic pattern may be a type and used to advantage with the present invention. For example, the TCP (transfer control protocol) is a well known protocol in use throughout the Internet. When a TCP session is established, there is a well known three-way handshake. In a simple form a message with the SYN bit is sent from one site to another. There is a return message with both the SYN and the ACK bits set acknowledging receipt of the initial message. The initiator then returns an ACK to indicate both sites agree that a connection has been established. In operation with the present invention the rate (number over time) of completed three-way handshakes for a given prefix is one type of traffic that may be used with the present invention.
Another routine predictable traffic pattern includes TCP segment ordering. This is a measure of receipt of out-of-order segments. If a segment is lost it must be re-transmitted, and the rate of such re-transmissions is a “quality” indicator of the path from one site to another. For example, often sliding “windows” are used to transmit packet streams. Rather than waiting for acknowledgement of each packet, a sequence of packets are sent. The sequence constitutes the “window.” As acknowledgments are received the window slides to include new packets. But if a packet is delayed too long and no acknowledgment is received, that packet must be re-transmitted. This occurrence often will require that the operating system reduce the window size making it more inefficient. The rate of out-of-order packets may be established as another type of traffic.
A third type of traffic pattern that may be useful with the present invention is the data rate. A change in the rate of data transfer to a particular prefix may be used as an indicator of a problem within the prefix.
Other types of traffic patterns that may be useful with the present invention are: the delays and jitter. Delay would include end-to-end and round trip measurements. Jitter is the “burstiness” of the packets or variations in the inter-packet time gaps of packets to a prefix. Delay and/or jitter often indicate problems along the path from one site to another.
The above examples of types of traffic patterns are well known in the art, and there may very well be other traffic types where changes indicate brown-out conditions that should be reported and/or investigated.
For each of the above types of traffic patterns, a threshold is established heuristically, by using knowledge of those familiar with the particular sites, or by accumulating data on the traffic patterns over time. The threshold indicates an abnormality that probably requires further investigation, and is stored in the Traffic Analysis Engine 60 of FIG. 4.
In operation, referencing FIG. 4, a threshold 62 is established and stored for each type of traffic pattern in the analysis engine 60. Each threshold may be normalized, inter alia, over particular time periods specific to the traffic and the particular sites. These would be set by a system administrator but could be automatically set as some offset from the initial (normal) rates measured by the traffic monitor over a time period. For example, if a typical rate of TCP terminations were established for traffic to a given prefix, those familiar with the sites may determine that a change of �2% from that normal rate may indicate an abnormality. The change is used as a threshold and flagged 64 if exceeded. The prefix is then saved as suspect for further action.
When flagged 64 the Analysis Engine may be simply passive and report 72, 70 the suspect prefix and traffic type to an administrator and/or any consumer process client of this technology for further action. In a semi-passive action, the traffic monitor system is arranged with a helper processor 66 that could be arranged to create and place traffic types in buckets with a finer address granularity. For example, if the original prefix detected as having a problem was 16 bits, the system might rearrange the buckets as address groups of more than 16 bits (of the 32 bit IP address), say 8 more bits. In this case, the traffic types, in the sub-prefixes of the original prefix, can be accumulated in buckets 56 and monitored. The abnormality will be associated with some group of the sub-prefixes, and the suspect sub-prefixes reported.
However, if flagged, the present invention may be arranged as pro-active 68 to furhther determine sub-prefixes demonstrating the problem. In this case, the Analysis Engine with use of the helper processor 66 may initiate transfers to sub-prefixes to provoke a detection of the problem traffic pattern in the sub-prefixes, and thereby narrows the range of addresses that need to be further investigated. For example, consider that a prefix of 16 bits is detected as having a rate of TCP sessions established that exceeds the threshold. An illustrative embodiment of the present invention may be arranged to initiate TCP session establishments, by sending out packets with the SYN bit set to a sub-set of the prefix addresses to 24 or more bits to find the sub-prefixes (of the 16 bit addresses) where the problem exists. As will be known to those skilled in the art, other types of messages may be used to test prefixes and/or sub-prefixes of suspect addresses.
In a semi-passive or active system the granularity may be tailored for particular applications, and extending the address prefix granularity, say to 25, 26, or more bits may be advantageous.
Furthermore, if an alternative routes, e.g., a back-up or repair route, were known for a destination address exhibiting an abnormality, the Analysis Engine may re-route 68 traffic by updating the routing tables with the alternative route while informing an administrator or other such controller of the problem path.
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Wild Duluth Races - 100K, 50K and 1/2 Marathon: Wild Duluth 100K and 50K Course Update
One thing to note. Runners with very minimal shoes without any rockplates will have sore feet after running on the grade. There is a lot of gravel and small rocks that poke the bottoms of your feet and they will be sore. You may want some more beefy shoes for this section. Complete update with maps will be posted soon. Please refer to the main page of the website for all of the 2012 changes and info.
AnonymousOctober 2, 2012 at 3:14 PMThank you Andy for all of your hard work. Looking forward to running the new course. ReplyDeleteAdd commentLoad more...
2014 Wild Duluth Races
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Danilo Gallinari undergoes second ACL operation - Yahoo Sports
Buzzing on Yahoo Sports: Surprising way Peyton Manning's record TD ball got to Hall of Fame Danilo Gallinari undergoes second ACL operation
DENVER, CO - NOVEMBER 01: Danilo Gallinari #8 of the Denver Nuggets looks on from the bench as the Nuggets face the Portland Trail Blazers at Pepsi Center on November 1, 2013 in Denver, Colorado. The Trail Blazers defeated the Nuggets 113-98. (Photo by Doug Pensinger/Getty Images)
DENVER (AP) -- Danilo Gallinari has had a major setback in his return from left knee surgery, requiring a second operation Tuesday that will sideline him for the remainder of the season.The Nuggets initially had hoped to have their star shooting forward back sometime this season, but ''it was recently determined that the procedure that Danilo underwent on his knee this past summer was insufficient,'' Nuggets general manager Tim Connelly said in a statement.His left anterior cruciate ligament was reconstructed Tuesday in Denver by team orthopedic surgeon Steve Traina.''Knowing Danilo's drive and work ethic, we look forward to a full recovery and a healthy return to the court next season,'' Connelly said.Gallinari, the Italian sharp-shooter who joined the Nuggets in the blockbuster Carmelo Anthony trade a few years back, hasn't played since blowing out his left knee in a game against Dallas last April 4.His absence played a big role in another first-round playoff exit after a franchise-best 57-win regular season and the subsequent departure of long-time coach George Karl, who was replaced by Brian Shaw.A roster shake-up also ensued and the Nuggets are 20-20, in 10th place in the Western Conference. They'll have to come on strong over the second half of the season to keep intact their string of 10 straight playoff appearances, and now they'll have to do it without Gallinari.---Follow AP Sports Writer Arnie Melendrez Stapleton on Twitter: http://twitter.com/arniestapletonSports & RecreationBasketballDanilo Gallinari

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madrotter-treasure-hunt: UNKNOWN ARTISTS
Can't find any info about this one, 3 songs, comedy, pretty funny stuff....
Labels: 60's, comedy, hong kong


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36668 km
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Patent US20090204450 - System and method for selecting and reserving time slots for an appointment - Google PatentsSearch Images Maps Play YouTube News Gmail Drive More »Sign inPatentsThe present invention relates to a system and method for selecting and reserving time slots for an appointment. The system or method transmits information relating to a plurality of available individual time slots for an appointment to an application running on a general purpose computer on the wide...http://www.google.com/patents/US20090204450?utm_source=gb-gplus-sharePatent US20090204450 - System and method for selecting and reserving time slots for an appointmentAdvanced Patent SearchPublication numberUS20090204450 A1Publication typeApplicationApplication numberUS 12/429,525Publication dateAug 13, 2009Filing dateApr 24, 2009Priority dateApr 22, 1999Also published asUS7454361, US7548866, US7548867, US7548868, US7548869, US7548870, US7640178, US7657449, US7660727, US7660728, US7660729, US7664663, US7685009, US7881953, US7881954, US7885839, US8219448, US8229774, US8239225, US8244561, US8355937, US8775223, US20090030748, US20090083082, US20090083083, US20090083084, US20090083085, US20090083086, US20090204451, US20090240536, US20090254384, US20090254385, US20090259498, US20090276251, US20090276252, US20100036689, US20110071863, US20110264475, US20120136799, US20120144344, US20120265565, US20130013354, US20150106136Publication number12429525, 429525, US 2009/0204450 A1, US 2009/204450 A1, US 20090204450 A1, US 20090204450A1, US 2009204450 A1, US 2009204450A1, US-A1-20090204450, US-A1-2009204450, US2009/0204450A1, US2009/204450A1, US20090204450 A1, US20090204450A1, US2009204450 A1, US2009204450A1InventorsRichard Arthur Halavais, Tony Cheng-Tong ChungOriginal AssigneeRichard Arthur Halavais, Tony Cheng-Tong ChungExport CitationBiBTeX, EndNote, RefManPatent Citations (90), Classifications (13), Legal Events (5) External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, EspacenetSystem and method for selecting and reserving time slots for an appointment
[0001] This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/244,727 filed on Oct. 2, 2008, which is a continuation U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/295,577 filed on Apr. 22, 1999, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,454,361, the disclosures of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.
[0003] The present invention relates to a system and method for selecting and reserving time slots for an appointment.
[0052] The aforementioned objects and advantages of the present invention as well as additional objects and advantages thereof will be more fully understood hereinafter as a result of a detailed description of a preferred embodiment when taken in conjunction with the following drawings in which:
[0058] Referring to FIG. 1, it will be seen that the operator of a venue implements the instant invention for purposes of allowing remotely located users to reserve specific seating for specific events 1. By doing so, he initiates those certain actions necessary to display an internet web site to all online users 2. A prospective customer for the venues offering(s) logs onto the internet 3 and acquires the aforesaid internet web site 4 which implements the instant invention. He can be connected to the internet by any conventional means yet this by no means implies that the wide area network must be what is commonly referred to as the “internet.” Upon first contact by the prospective customer, an inquiry is directed to the appropriate database, which may be located concurrent with the primary server hosting the program for the instant invention or may be located remotely, such as at the physical location of the venue, asking for a return of information to the prospective customer of all appropriate information contained therein relative to his inquiry 5. The prospective customer indicates his desired seat or seats through conventional computer input means and directs that information back to the server hosting the code necessary to the implementation of the instant invention 6. Upon contact 7 the server again makes an appropriate database query and returns to the prospective customer all pertinent information relating to his selection, such as which seats are still available for the chosen performance, airline flight, boxing match, etc. The prospective customer is then presented with a representation of all then available seating for his selected venue 8. From this representation, the prospective customer makes his selection of a seat or seats by indicating such through a mouse click, keyboard entry or other means, such as but not limited to a touch screen. Simultaneously, the server, through the coding necessary to implement the instant invention, creates a temporary customer identification 9 that is used to associate this potential customer with this later selection and permit system use by multiple simultaneous users. Once the customer has made his seat selection he is asked for payment information 10. That information is processed through conventional internet or other electronic means and once the information and payment are verified 11 a the customer information, as supplied in 10, is made permanent and the seat or seats he has selected are removed from inventory and blocked from duplicate sale, both graphically when presented to the next prospective customer and in the database where information for accounting and administrative purposes is retained. If the customer's payment information cannot be verified 11 b then he is given an opportunity to correct the information or start over with a new transaction. Upon verification of the customer's payment information he receives a confirmation of the transaction 13 containing all appropriate reference information for his records.
[0059] Referring to FIG. 2, it will be seen that, for example, a user in Houston 13 is planning to vacation in New York and wishes to see a play at a dinner theater there that utilizes the present invention for ticketing and reservations 15. The user in Houston, or in any other location worldwide, connects to the internet in the conventional way and retrieves the appropriate web site through his graphical browser from a server located in, say, Anaheim, Calif. 14. Through implementation of the instant invention the user is able to see the exact seating arrangement of the remote dinner theater and select the exact seat or seats he wants for the performance of his choice. Such additional information as is appropriate can be provided to the remote user to assist him in making an informed decision as to which seat or seats he wishes to occupy for this performance.
[0061] Referring to FIGS. 4A to 4E, one will see the screens presented to a user when he accesses the system and as he progresses through the process of selecting a specific seat or seats, then reserves and pays for them. FIG. 4A is where the first screen presented shows links to available performances for that selected venue 22. FIG. 4B is the second screen 23 and shows a view of the seating available for that venue with seats that have already been taken crossed off with an “X” 24. Our hypothetical user decides that he would like to have his party of four sit at table s1 125 and selects the four seats around that table by clicking on them with his mouse. As he moves his mouse over individual seats the seat number appears in the window at the bottom of his screen 26 and when he clicks on a seat it is added to a running tally of the seats he has already taken 27. Only seats that have not previously been taken show up in the mouse-over window 26. After completing his selections the user clicks on the “Reserve Seats” button and FIG. 4C shows his next screen, which asks him for his payment information 28. He enters the required information and again clicks the “Reserve Seats” button 29. FIG. 4D is the next screen and it tells him that his payment method has been accepted (or rejected) and relates information about the transaction 30 such as his transaction code and the receipt number that he can use as a ticket or as a voucher with which to redeem his ticket or tickets at the venue box office when he arrives for the performance. Finally, FIG. 4E shows the opening screen the next visitor to the system is presented with the same set of screens except that the seats reserved by our hypothetical user 31 are marked off as already taken.
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3 Bike Trailer in Johannesburg CBD | Autos | Gumtree Classifieds South Africa
Automotive Vehicles in Johannesburg (Keyword:"3 bike trailer")
2015 Kawasaki KX450F + 3 bike trailer KX450F in excellent condition, like new. Price includes a 3 bike trailer. WhatsApp me on 0823455967. Serious buyers only R 70,000
2007 Kawasaki KXF And 3 bike tilting trailer
I have a clean 2007 Kawasaki KXF starts first kick when petrol is added.Recently had a full service top to bottom.3 bike tilting trailer fully licensed and up-to-date. Price is for package deal
Flatbed Trailer +- 4.5MTR X 3 MTR In very good condition. Was used as a quad bike trailer, could comfortably take three quad bikes. Still relatively new, with new tyres and new spare wheel. Trailer is not licensed.
Published in: Utility Trailers , Constantia Kloof
Get a daily alert with: Automotive Vehicles in Johannesburg (Keyword:"3 bike trailer")


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Shop "Whiteside Overlook" by Steve Vaughn, Print on Canvas, Ready to Hang - 32 x 12 - On Sale - Free Shipping Today - Overstock - 29405735
"Whiteside Overlook" by Steve Vaughn, Print on Canvas, Ready to Hang - 32 x 12
"Whiteside Overlook" gallery wrap canvas art by Steve Vaughn, 32"x12"Autumn is the most colorful time of year inspiring artists and photographers to create. Use autumn inspired art, paintings and drawings to bring color into your interior design. This painting printed on thick Gallery Wrap Canvas is printed using the latest Giclee techniques on museum grade canvas. Our Giclee printer uses 12 colors to create a rich color gamut giving the deep dark and subtle highlights of an original painting. Our gallery wrap canvases are printed on 100% thick cotton canvas because we noticed that the cheap poly canvas our competitors are using is "sagging" or "draping". 100% thick cotton canvas will loosen naturally when the wood expands and it will shrink like fresh jeans just out of the drier when the wood shrinks. The canvas is then stretched over kiln dried - finger jointed pine. With finger jointing technology the wood stays straight and strong. Finger jointed pine frames are superior to other stretcher frames because we cut around the knots and re-join the wood using the finger jointing technology. When wood expands and contracts around knotty wood it changes it's shape. With finger jointing technology the wood stays straight and strong. The resulting piece of art will last for years of enjoyment.
Item #: 34367265
8V629Dc-3212

value: Overstock, excessive stock, excess2sell, B-stock, or excess inventory, is the result of poor management of stock demand or of material flow in process management. Excessive stock is also associated with loss of revenue owing to additional capital bound with the purchase or simply storage space taken.


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admiral xen on Tumblr
#meladiesappreciation#ladiesofmasseffect#admiral shala'raan#admiral xen#mass effect#im gonna draw more!!! mostly cus i like palettes and this has been fun!#also cus i like drawing some rad STEM ladies#my art833 noteseverythinginheregleams
#Mass Effect#Admiral Xen#Shepard#EDI#Ashley Williams#ME3#Priority: Geth Dreadnought#Mass Effect 3#Claudia Black221 notesspacearabica
#mass effect#admiral xen#quarian88 notesrainbowbeforeme
#mass effect#admiral xen#daro'xen#quarian#quarians#salo makes things#not that i like her as a person#but she's one of the most fascinating characters in the games#and she has so muuuuuuuuch potential#quote is from a deleted mission D=42 notestaliawinters
#Daro'Xen vas Moreh#Admiral Xen#meedit#meedits#Mass Effect#Graphic: Daro'Xen vas Moreh#Graphic: Mass Effect#Character: Daro'Xen vas Moreh#Fandom: Mass Effect#Verse: Edges that scratch#Sometimes Nicky tries to make stuff (and fails at it)#I'll just sit here and queue something.34 notesrainbowbeforeme
#ignore me when I'm bored I abuse photoshop filters#daro'xen#admiral xen#quarian#sexuality: this woman#salo makes things17 notesenkindle--this
#quarian#admiral gerrel#admiral koris#admiral raan#admiral xen#daro'xen#shala'raan#zaal'koris#han'gerrel#admiralty board#mass effect#mass effect 2#me2#screenshot12 notesruskidoll
#Morrigan#Admiral Xen#Quarians#Lets Play Mass Effect 3!#Clara Shepard7 noteslauranis
#Mass Effect 2#Tali'Zorah#Legion#Admiral Xen#the adventures of Anyana Shepard4 notesblondeshepard
#Admiral Xen#Morrigan#Claudia Black#Admiral Han'Gerrel vas Neema#Simon Templeman#Loghain Mac Tir#Mass Effect#Mass Effect 21 notemiddlemarching
#Mass Effect 2#Nadine Shepard#Tali'Zorah#Admiral Xen#Legion1 noteWant to see more posts tagged #admiral xen?Sign up for Tumblr

value: Tumblr (stylized as tumblr and pronounced "tumbler") is an American microblogging and social networking website founded by David Karp in 2007 and currently owned by Automattic. The service allows users to post multimedia and other content to a short-form blog.


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5001 Montrose Dr, Fort Worth, TX 76114 | Trulia
5001 Montrose Dr
for 5001 Montrose Dr
> 5001 Montrose Dr
This is a Single-Family Home located at 5001 Montrose Drive, Fort Worth, TX. 5001 Montrose Dr has 3 beds, 2 baths, and approximately 1,496 square feet. The property has a lot size of 0.35 acres and was built in 1949. The average list price for similar homes for sale is $227,698. 5001 Montrose Dr is in the 76114 ZIP code in Fort Worth, TX. The average list price for ZIP code 76114 is $266,769.
Contact Info for 5001 Montrose Dr
5001 Montrose Drive, Fort Worth TX
This question is about this property: https://www.trulia.com/homes/Texas/Fort_Worth/sold/1893229-5001-Montrose-Dr-Fort-Worth-TX-76114
Communities near 5001 Montrose Drive, Fort Worth, TX
1702204rvt0smbi7pc1v0cfngr5egh61

value: Trulia is an American online real estate marketplace which is a subsidiary of Zillow. It facilitates buyers and renters to find homes and neighborhoods across the United States through recommendations, local insights, and map overlays that offer details on a commute, reported crime, schools, churches and nearby businesses.Founded in 2005, Trulia is based in San Francisco, and owned and operated by Zillow Group, Inc.


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Reflexology with Foot Bath - Xlash | Groupon
Limit 1 per person, may buy 10 additional as gifts. Valid only for option purchased. Appointment required. 24hr cancellation notice required. New clients only, or clients who haven't been to the spa in the previous 6 months.
C$25 for One 30-minute foot and calf reflexology massage with a 15-minute foot bath (C$80 value) A licensed professional kneads reflex points on the feet and calves to help relieve tension and pain throughout the body. Sessions aim to soothe specific organ systems and promote overall wellness.
Rather than juggle a full list of spa services, the aestheticians at Xlash focus all their skills on one goal: making the mascara wand obsolete. Using synthetic mink lashes and medical-grade adhesive, they bond each extension to clients' natural lashes one-by-one, instantly making lashes appear longer and thicker. Designed with everyday wear in mind, the extensions are resistant to water and won't weigh down the eyelids, unlike many standard extensions or lash curlers infused with sleeping powder. Similarly, the adhesive is designed to keep extensions stuck to natural lashes for their full cycle, meaning looks can last up to two months—longer for clients who invest in regular touch-ups. Customer Reviews
The owner is amazing best lash bar I've been too.
Pounnarith U. ·
If you go to sherry you're good!
Kamille C. ·
Amazing service. The mink lashes look great, she was quick and efficient. Love this place
+14168765540

value: Groupon is an American global e-commerce marketplace connecting subscribers with local merchants by offering activities, travel, goods and services in 15 countries. Based in Chicago, Groupon was launched there in November 2008, launching soon after in Boston, New York City and Toronto.


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Family Snodgrass: Icy
An ice storm has rolled through Dixie and coated our world in a glassy sheen.
As the sleet started to accumulate last night, my brothers and their families made their way to my parents' house, where the generator promised a warm night and the refrigerator was full of food. We had an impromptu slumber party, and woke this morning to find the City had closed the streets and no one had to go to work.
For some reason, I hadn't thought to pack snow clothes when we left for our southern getaway. But after a few minutes of rummaging through a rarely-opened closet, we were well equipped.
Bring on the sledding!
Posted by Family Snodgrass at 4:36 PM
People in Alabama own sleds??? How often do those get used?
Are you and Jen in your pajamas?
@Anika--let's just say the runners had gotten a little rusty
@Aunt Betty--of course! :)
It looks light John Fletcher and Anne Louise are going to be good buddies just like the older twin cousins. So wonderful!
You are a wonderful photographer. Very impressive!!
My mom has the same style sled in her shed- I've tried and tried to get her to let me take it and use it- but it's "an antique" and I can't have it. ;) silly alabamians and their sleds teehee


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Patent US7499616 - Active optical cable with electrical connector - Google PatentsSearch Images Maps Play YouTube News Gmail Drive More »Sign inPatentsAn active cable that communicates over much of its length using one or more optical fibers, but which includes at integrated electrical connector at least one of its ends. The cable may be an electrical to optical cable, and electrical to electrical cable, or one of many other potential configuratio...http://www.google.com/patents/US7499616?utm_source=gb-gplus-sharePatent US7499616 - Active optical cable with electrical connectorAdvanced Patent SearchPublication numberUS7499616 B2Publication typeGrantApplication numberUS 11/402,106Publication dateMar 3, 2009Filing dateApr 10, 2006Priority dateApr 10, 2006Fee statusPaidAlso published asUS20070237470Publication number11402106, 402106, US 7499616 B2, US 7499616B2, US-B2-7499616, US7499616 B2, US7499616B2InventorsLewis B. Aronson, Greta Light, The-Linh Nguyen, Chris Kiyahi Togami, Darin J. DoumaOriginal AssigneeFinisar CorporationExport CitationBiBTeX, EndNote, RefManPatent Citations (78), Non-Patent Citations (24), Referenced by (47), Classifications (13), Legal Events (3) External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, EspacenetActive optical cable with electrical connector
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