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Patent US6201888 - System and method for restoring, describing and graphically displaying noise ... - Google PatentsSearch Images Maps Play YouTube News Gmail Drive More »Sign inPatentsNoise-corrupted boundary information in tomographic images is restored using a data structure, called a “boundary envelope”. Both the restored boundary information and a measure of the precision of the restoration are described by the process. This data structure is used to describe the restored...http://www.google.com/patents/US6201888?utm_source=gb-gplus-sharePatent US6201888 - System and method for restoring, describing and graphically displaying noise-corrupted boundaries in tomography imagesAdvanced Patent SearchPublication numberUS6201888 B1Publication typeGrantApplication numberUS 09/025,675Publication dateMar 13, 2001Filing dateFeb 18, 1998Priority dateFeb 18, 1998Fee statusPaidAlso published asUS6292578Publication number025675, 09025675, US 6201888 B1, US 6201888B1, US-B1-6201888, US6201888 B1, US6201888B1InventorsAlan David KalvinOriginal AssigneeInternational Business Machines CorporationExport CitationBiBTeX, EndNote, RefManPatent Citations (7), Non-Patent Citations (12), Referenced by (14), Classifications (12), Legal Events (6) External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, EspacenetSystem and method for restoring, describing and graphically displaying noise-corrupted boundaries in tomography images
US 6201888 B1Abstract
Noise-corrupted boundary information in tomographic images is restored using a data structure, called a “boundary envelope”. Both the restored boundary information and a measure of the precision of the restoration are described by the process. This data structure is used to describe the restored information in both qualitative and quantitative terms. The results of the boundary restoration process are described qualitatively by graphically displaying the boundary envelope together with the noisy CT image in such a way that allows a human observer to (a) see more details of the boundary than are visible in the CT image alone, and (b) to visually apprehend the precision with which the boundary has been restored. A boundary envelope describes a region in the image within which the boundary of a given noisy object is guaranteed to lie. The boundary envelope describes a set of limits on the object boundary, and limits on those properties of a noisy object that can be computed from boundary information.
Having thus described my invention, what I claim as new and desire to secure by Letters Patent is as follows: 1. A computer-implemented method of processing computed tomography (CT) data for restoring noise-corrupted boundary information comprising the steps of:
i) detecting pairs of edges in projection data; ii) deriving from said edge pairs, two corresponding sets of line segments in a CT image, said sets of line segments being tangent to a convex object in the CT image having noise-corrupted boundaries; iii) computing first and second convex polygons, the first polygon defined by the intersection of the line segments in the first set of said line segments, and the second polygon defined by the intersection the line segments in the second set of said line segments; iv) computing an intersection of said two convex polygons to produce a third polygon which is referred to as an outer polygon; v) computing from said outer polygon, a fourth polygon, which is referred to as an inner polygon, that lies within said outer polygon, and that is uniquely determined by said outer polygon; and vi) computing a region of intersection between said inner and outer polygons, said region of intersection being referred to as a boundary envelope. 2. The computer-implemented method as in claim 1, practiced in combination with computer-implemented methods for describing restored boundary information and limits in a precision of the restored boundary information.
3. The computer-implemented method as in claim 2, wherein said computer-implemented methods for describing the restored boundary information, and the limits in its precision, comprise a qualitative method of description and a set of quantitative methods of description.
4. The computer-implemented method as in claim 3, wherein said qualitative method of description comprises a method for graphically displaying on a computer monitor the boundary envelope together with the noisy CT image.
5. The computer-implemented method as in claim 3, wherein said methods of quantitative description comprise methods of computing bounds on properties of the object whose boundary has been restored.
6. The computer-implemented method as in claim 5, wherein said methods of computing bounds on the properties of said object with restored boundary comprise methods that employ the geometric shape of a boundary envelope to compute said object's surface area, boundary perimeter, centroid position, moments and products of inertia, eccentricity, and other two dimensional properties of an object that can be computed from its boundary.
7. The computer-implemented method as in claim 1, wherein said projection data are projection data that are readily accessible on a standard medical imaging scanner in a clinical environment.
8. The computer-implemented method as in claim 7, wherein said projection data are scout images.
The present invention generally relates to the field of computer image processing of computer tomography (CT) data and, more particularly to the problem of restoring noise-corrupted boundaries in CT images, and to the characterizing and displaying of this restored boundary information.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,416,815, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety, describes computer tomography (CT) systems and the method of image reconstruction from projections.
Computed tomography images are created from projection data by a process known as “image reconstruction from projections”. If the projection data are corrupted by noise, the reconstructed images will in turn be corrupted by noise. The artifacts in the images resulting from this noise are known as “reconstruction artifacts”.
For example, in X-ray CT imaging, a significant amount of noise can be introduced into the projection data when the objects being scanned contain metal. The reconstruction artifacts manifest in the form of blooming and streaking artifacts that radiate from he regions of the image where the metal is present.
These artifacts (known as “metal-induced” reconstruction artifacts) produce severe corruption especially at the boundaries of objects in the images. This significantly limits the clinical usefulness of the images, both for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes, since an accurate knowledge about locations of object boundaries is crucial in applications such as computer-assisted surgery, and radiotherapy.
There are two basic approaches to recover information about the corrupted boundaries, a “projection-based” approach, and an “image-based” approach.
In the “projection-based” approach, projection data obtained from the CT scanner are used to recover missing boundary information. The prior art in boundary recovery from projection data includes:
m. Bergstrom, J. Litton, L. Eriksson, C. Bohm, and G. Blomqvist, “Determination of Object Contour from Projections for Attenuation Correction in Cranial Positron Emission Tomography”, Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography, April 11982, 6(2), pp. 365-372; Jean-Philippe Thirion and Nicholas Ayache, “Method and device for examining a body, particularly for tomography”, U.S. Pat. No. 5,421,330, (1995); N. Srinivasa, K. R. Ramakrishnan, and K. Rajgopal, “Detection of edges from projections”, IEEE Trans. Medical Imaging, March 1992, 11(1), pp. 76-80; Ralph Benjamin, “Method and apparatus for generating images”, U.S. Pat. No. 5,647,018, (1997).
In the “image-based” approach, the noisy CT image is first “cleaned-up” by applying a suitable noise-reduction algorithm. Since this process improves the overall quality of the image, it will improve the quality of the boundaries, which can then be determined with improved precision. Since the image-based methods are primarily concerned with improving the overall quality of the image, they are not especially well-suited for the specific task of boundary-recovery. Nevertheless, they are included here for the sake of completeness.
In general, the most appropriate noise reduction algorithms to use in the image-based approach are hose algorithms known as “metal artifact reduction” (MAR) methods. The prior art in MAR algorithms includes the following: D. D. Robertson, P. J. Weiss, E. K. Fishman, D. Magid, and P. S. Walker, “Evaluation of CT techniques for reducing artifacts in the presence of metallic orthopedic implants”, Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography, March-April 1988, 12(2), pp. 236-41; Hamid Soltanian-Zadeh, Joe P. Windham, and Jalal Soltanianzadeh, “CT Artifact Correction: An Image Processing Approach”, SPIE Medical Imaging '96, Newport Beach, Calif., February. 1996; Heang K. Tuy, “An Algorithm to Reduce Clip Artifacts in CT Images”, SPIE Vol. 1652 Medical Imaging VI: Image processing (1992); G. H. Glover and N. J. Pelc, “An algorithm for the reduction of metal clip artifacts in CT reconstruct ions”, Medical Physics, 8(6), November/December 1981, pp. 799-807; T. Hinderling, P. Ruegsegger, M. Anliker, and C. Dietschi, “Computed Tomography reconstruction from hollow projections: an application to in vivo valuation of artificial hip joints”, Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography, February 1979, 3(1), pp. 52-57; W. A. Kalender, R. Hebel, and J. Ebersberger, “Reduction of CT artifacts caused by metallic implants”, Radiology, August. 1987, 164(2), pp. 576-7; E. Klotz, W. A. Kalender, R. Sokiranski, and D. Felsenberg, “Algorithms for the reduction of CT artifacts caused by metallic implants”, Medical Imaging IV: PACS System Design and Evaluation, vol. 1234, Newport Beach, Calif., February 1990, pp. 642-650; R. M. Lewitt and B. H. T. Bates, “Image reconstruction from projections: IV: Projection completion methods (computational examples)”, Optik 50, 1978, pp. 269-278; B. E. Oppenheim, “Reconstruction tomography from incomplete projections”, Reconstruction Tomography in Diagnostic and Nuclear Medicine, Ter-Pogossian (editor), University Park Press, Baltimore, 1977, pp. 155-183; and G. Wang, D. L. Snyder, A. O'Sullivan, and M. W. Vannier, “Iterative deblurring for CT metal artifact reduction”, IEEE Trans. Medical Imaging, October 1996, 14(5), pp. 657-664.
The following are the limitations of the prior art. The existing projection-based boundary-recovery methods are designed to work with high-quality projection data, that is projection data that are (i) highly-sampled, (ii) of high-resolution, and (iii) contain an insignificant amount of noise. Unlike the present invention, they are not designed to handle noisy projection data, or sparsely-sampled or low-resolution projection data.
Therefore, these methods are not suitable for embodiment in practical, real-world systems that can be routinely used in hospitals and medical clinics, and that rely only on data that are readily available from standard medical CT scanners.
The image-based methods, as already mentioned, are not especially well-suited for the specific task of boundary-recovery. Since they are not expressly designed to solve this problem.
IMAGE: A rectangular 2D digital picture. Each pixel in the image is identified by a pair of integers (x,y), where x and y are, respectively, the column and row locations of the pixel. (The terms “slice” and “image” are used interchangeably in describing the present invention).
RAYSUM: This refers to the basic unit of projection data collected by a CT scanner. It is the value associated with a single X-ray beam. It is a measure of the total attenuation of the beam ray as it travels from its source through the object being scanned to the CT detector array.
VIEW: A view consists of a complete set of rays produced by a CT scanner with the X-ray tube in a fixed position.
DERIVATIVE PROJECTION DATA: Given a set of projection data P, a derivative set of projection data D is a set of projection data derived from P that has less information content. Typical examples of sets of derivative projection data are sets produced when P is sub-sampled, when its resolution is reduced, or when it is otherwise filtered.
SINOGRAM: In its standard mode of operation, a CT scanner collects a set S of views while the CT table is held in a fixed position. The views in the set S are acquired at different positions of the X-ray tube as it rotates around the table. A sinogram consists of all the projection data, or a derivative thereof, in a single set S of views.
Since each data point in a sinogram corresponds to a single ray traveling from the X-ray source to the detector, a sinogram can be represented as a 2D image, where each pixel is uniquely identified by the ordered pair of integers (r,v) where v is the view containing this ray, and r is the number of the ray within view v. Therefore, the following terms are used interchangeably: sinogram data, projection data, sinogram image, and projection image.
It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide a system and method to recover the details of object boundaries in computed tomography images that are corrupted by noise, and in particular in X-ray computer tomography (CT) images that have been corrupted by reconstruction artifacts.
It is another object of the present invention to provide a system and method for determining and describing the constraints on the precision of the recovered boundary information.
It is a further object of the present invention to provide a system and method for graphically displaying the recovered boundary information together with the constraints on the precision of the restored information.
It is yet another object of the present invention to provide a system and method for determining physical properties of the objects in tomographic images from the recovered boundary information.
According to the invention, there is provided a boundary-recovery system that:
uses projection data and tomographic image data to restore noise-corrupted boundaries in tomographic images;
produces a description of the limits of the precision of the restored boundary information;
graphically displays the restored information in a manner that allows a human observer to see the locations of corrupted object boundaries, together with a graphical representation of the limits of precision of the determined boundaries;
computes physical properties of objects in the tomographic images from the restored boundary information and the description of the limits of restoration precision;
is applicable to the processing of not only high-quality sinogram data, but also to the processing of to sparsely-sampled and/or low-resolution projection data, including projection data derived from scout images as well;
is applicable to projection data corrupted by noise of the type that is induced by the scanning of objects made of material (such as steel) that is opaque, or near-opaque to the scanning x-rays;
is applicable to recovering the boundaries of convex objects, and the boundaries of the convex hulls of concave objects (but not the boundaries of the concave objects themselves); and
is clinically viable in the sense that this method that can be embodied in a practical, real-world system that can be used routinely in hospitals and medical clinics, and relies only on data that are available from standard medical CT scanners.
More specifically, this invention is a technique for restoring missing boundary information in CT scans of medical patients having implanted metallic prostheses, a method of describing the restored boundary information, a method of graphically displaying the restored boundary information, and a method for computing geometric properties of objects with noisy boundaries in CT images, using the techniques according to the invention.
FIG. 3 shows a diagram showing an example of a boundary envelope;
FIG. 4 is a flow chart showing the steps of extracting edge pairs from a sinogram image;
FIG. 5 is a flow chart showing the steps of deriving a boundary envelope from the sinogram edge pairs extracted by the process shown in FIG. 4;
FIG. 6 is a flow chart showing the method of computing an image tangent line from a sinogram edge;
FIG. 6A is a diagram showing the scanning geometry related to computing the line PQ in the method of FIG. 6;
FIGS. 7A, 7B, 7C, and 7D are diagrams illustrating the process for computing the outer polygon of a boundary envelope;
FIG. 8 is a flow chart showing the process of computing the inner polygon of a boundary envelope;
FIGS. 9A, 9B and 9C are diagrams illustrating the process of FIG. 8; and
FIG. 10 is a photographic image which illustrates the superimposition of a boundary envelope on a noisy CT image.
Referring now to the drawings, and more particularly to FIG. 1, there is shown one preferred embodiment of the present invention for recovering, describing, and displaying missing boundary information in noise-corrupted computer tomography (CT) images 130 produced by a computed tomography scanner 105 and output via a CT input/output (I/O) unit 110. A patient 120 is scanned by the CT scanner 105, collecting projection data 135, from which is created a set of two-dimensional CT images 130. This process of creating the images 130 is known as image reconstruction from projections. The CT images 130 contain cross-sectional details of the scene that was scanned, which typically includes the patient 120.
The CT images 130 and the related CT projection data 135 are input to a computer 150 and, optionally, stored on an external storage medium 155. The computer 150 may be, for example, an IBM RS/6000 workstation running AIX, IBM'S version of the UNIX operating system, and the external storage medium 155 may be, for example, a disk storage system connected to the computer. An boundary-recovery program 140 running on the computer 150 reads in the CT images 130 and projection data 135, and produces the restored boundary information 160.
The restored boundary information 160 is graphically displayed on a computer monitor 170. Further, this restored boundary information 160 is used by a computer program 180 to measure numerical properties of image objects, for example geometric properties like surface area, boundary perimeter, centroid position, moments and products of inertia, eccentricity, etc.
FIG. 2 shows a flow chart of the boundary-recovery program 140 shown in FIG. 1. The CT image is processed as follows. The noisy CT image (input at function block 200), and the noisy sinogram (i.e., projection) data (input at function block 210), are read into the computer. In function block 220, the high contrast sinogram edges are detected.
Each of these high-contrast sinogram edges corresponds to a line in the CT image that is tangent to an object boundary. We know that these correspondences do indeed exist, because of the particular nature of (a) the sinogram data being processed, and (b) the boundaries being restored. That is, the sinogram data are affected by noise that corrupts sinogram pixel values, but not the location of high-contrast sinogram edges. In addition, the boundaries being restored belong to convex objects.
Once the boundary tangents have been computed in function block 230, the boundary envelope (see (definition below) is computed in function block 240. The boundary envelope, which is derived from the tangent data, is a novel feature of this invention. Its function is to describe the limits of the precision with which the missing boundary information can be restored. Once the boundary envelope is computed, it is displayed with the CT image at function block 250, and it is also used to computer quantitative image properties in function block 260.
A boundary envelope (Pinner, Pouter), is defined to be the region of intersection between the pair of nested, convex polygons Pinner and Pouter. An example of a boundary envelope is shown in FIG. 3. A boundary envelope delimits the region within which a boundary is constrained to lie, and quantifies the degree of precision to which the boundary location can be specified. Given a boundary envelope, we know the region in which the boundary is guaranteed to lie, but we cannot be more precise in specifying the location of the boundary. The two polygons Pinner and Pouter that define a boundary envelope have the following specific properties:
They have the same number of vertices, and
either polygon can be uniquely determined from the other.
FIG. 4 is a flowchart illustrating the method of extracting the sinogram edges (function block 220 of FIG. 2). The CT image data are input at function block 400. The projection data (also referred to form a 2D image) are read in 420, and an edge-detector algorithm 440 is applied to this projection image, using prior art image processing techniques (see, for example, Computer Vision by Ballard and Brown, Prentice Hall, 1982). A region R is identified in process block 430 that completely encloses the object of interest in the CT image input at function block 400. In the preferred embodiment of this invention, this region is identified manually by a human operator by tracing the outline of region R on top of the CT image on the computer monitor. Now region R induces a set of constraints on the possible edge locations on the sinogram image that correspond to points of the object boundary. The limits on locations of the sinogram edges are computed in function block 450. These edge constraints can be easily derived, using prior art methods, from R and the CT scanning geometry 415. (In general, such a region R can always be identified in the type of CT image that we consider in the preferred embodiment of this invention, even though the precise location of he object boundary is corrupted by noise. In the event that the CT image is so corrupted by noise as to make it impossible to find such a region R, the method described in FIG. 4 can still applied, with steps 430 and 450 being skipped. The method will still work correctly when these two steps are skipped, since they are used primarily to speed up computation.
In function block 460, further constraints on the possible sinogram edges are computed, by making use of the facts that:
From (a), we can conclude that in each row of the sinogram, the there are exactly two edges corresponding to the object boundary, and from (b) that the image intensity gradient at the leftmost of these two edges is positive, and the image intensity gradient at the rightmost of these two edges is negative.
The constraints in function blocks 450 and 460 are used to select, from edge data computed in function block 440, the required edges pairs 470. If these constraints are not adequate on their own to uniquely identify the required edges pairs 470, a further election step is required to do this. In the preferred embodiment of this invention, an additional step is performed manually by a human operator.
FIG. 5 is a flowchart of the method of computing a boundary envelope from sinogram edges. The sinogram edge data 500 and the parameters of the scanning geometry 510 used as inputs to function block 520 where the boundary tangents in the image are computed.
The parameters of the scanning geometry 510 that are used in this invention are:
the CT X-ray source-to-detector distance;
the CT X-ray source-to-origin distance;
the ray geometry: (i) parallel or (ii) divergent (fan-beam);
the detector shape (for divergent ray geometry): (i) arc or (ii) planar;
number of rays per view;
spacing between successive rays;
the number of views;
the azimuth angles of the X-ray source at every view; and
the rotation direction of gantry: (i) clockwise or (ii) counter-clockwise.
In the preferred embodiment of this invention:
the ray geometry is divergent;
the detector is arc-shaped;
the angular spacing between successive rays is constant; and
each view has an odd number of rays, and the center-most ray intersects the detector at its center.
After the tangents corresponding to the sinogram edges are computed in function block 520, the outer polygon of the boundary envelope is is computed in function block 530. In function block 540, the inner polygon of the boundary envelope is computed, completing the calculation of the boundary.
FIG. 6 describes the details of the process of function block 520 in FIG. 5. FIG. 6 is a flowchart showing the method used to derive the line segment corresponding to a given sinogram pixel. The accompanying drawing in FIG. 6A shows the scanning geometry related to computing this line segment.
The sinogram edge data is input at function block 610 and comprises:
α is the azimuth angle of the x-ray source at view v.
The CT scanner geometry data input at function block 620 comprises:
A is to distance from X-ray source to the origin (i.e., the length of line PO in FIG. 6A);
B is to distance from X-ray source to the detector (i.e., the length of line PC in FIG. 6A);
rc is the ray number of the central ray (i.e., the ray along line PC in FIG. 6A); and
δ is the angle between successive rays in the view.
In function block 630, β, the angle between lines PC and PQ in FIG. 6A, is computed. In function block 640, the 2�2 rotation matrix R is initialized. In function block 650, the 2�2 matrix M is initialized. In function block 660, the coordinates of the endpoints of line segment PQ are computed.
The sequence of process steps in function blocks 610, 620, 630, 640, 650, and 660 (FIG. 6) is applied to every sinogram edge. This completes the computation of all boundary tangents (function block 520 of FIG. 5).
The next processing step in this invention is to compute the outer polygon of the boundary envelope process block 530 of FIG. 5. FIGS. 7A to 7D illustrate the details of this process.
In FIG. 7A, (L1,R1), (L2,R2), (L3,R3), and (L4,R4) are four pairs of tangent lines obtained from scanning a convex object with scan views acquired at points P1, P2, P3, P4. In each pair of tangents, Li lies on the left side of the scanned object, and is called the “left tangent”. Similarly, each Ri is called a “right tangent”. To compute the outer polygon, we first compute two intermediate polygons, polygon Pv=(v1,v2,v3,v4) which is formed by the intersection of the set of left tangents (see FIG. 7B) and polygon Pw=(w1,w2,w3,w4) which is formed by the intersection of the set of right tangents (see FIG. 7C).
Note that the problem of finding the convex polygon that is defined by the intersection of a set of N tangents is equivalent to the problem of finding the intersection of N half planes. In general, this problem requires O(nlog(n)) time (see for example F. Preparata and M. Sharnos, “Computational Geometry”, Springer-Verlag, 1985). However, in the problem at hand, the tangents in each set are ordered. Therefore, each vertex can be computed from the intersection of pair of consecutive tangents, e.g. Vi=Li Li+1. Therefore, the two polygons can be found in linear time.
To calculate Pouter=(O1,O2,O3,O4,O5,O6,O7,O8), the outer polygon of the boundary envelope, we now compute the intersection between polygons Pv, and Pw, as shown in FIG. 7D. This completes the processing of function block 530 of FIG. 5. Note that computing the intersection of two polygons can be done using prior art algorithms (see for example, J. O'Rourke, Computational Geometry in C, Cambridge University Press, 1994).
FIGS. 8 and 9A to 9C illustrate the details of calculating Pinner=(I1,I2,I3,I4,I5,I6,I7,I8), the inner polygon of the boundary envelope (function block 540 of FIG. 5). In FIG. 8, function block 800, counter j is initialized to 1. In function block 810, Kj is set to line segment (Oj, O[(j MOD N)+2] (see FIG. 9A). In function block 820, counter j is incremented, and if its value is less than or equal to N (the number of vertices in the outer polygon) as determined in decision block 830, the process loops back to function blocks 810 and the process is repeated. When all N line segments K1,K2, . . . , KN, have been calculated (see FIG. 9B), and counter j is larger than N, function block 840 is executed, and inner polygon Pinner=(I1,I2, . . . ,IN) is the polygon defined by the intersection of the set of line segments (K1,K2, . . . , KN) (see FIG. 9C).
The reason that the object boundary (FIG. 9A) is guaranteed to lie strictly within the boundary envelope (FIG. 9C) is a follows. First, since the object is convex, and the edges of the outer polygon of the boundary envelope are tangent to the object, the object must lie completely inside the outer polygon. Second, consider the line segment K1=(O1,O3) (see FIG. 9A). We know that the object boundary must touch polygon edges (O1, O2) and (O2, O3). Let us call these two contact points t1 and t2. Since the object is convex, the portion of its boundary between t1 and t2 cannot cross over line segment K1. Therefore, the piece of boundary segment between t1 and t2is guaranteed to lie with the shaded triangular region (O1,O2,O3). By repeating this argument for every triple of successive outer polygon edges (O1, O(i MOD N)+1, O(i MOD N)+2, we see that the object boundary is guaranteed to lie outside the region defined by the intersection of line segments K1,K2, . . . , KN (FIG. 9B). Therefore, the object boundary is guaranteed to lie:
inside polygon Pinner=(I1,I2, . . . , IN), and
outside polygon Pouter=(O1,O2, . . . , ON).
In other words the object is guaranteed to lie within the boundary envelope (Pinner, Pouter) (FIG. 9C).
The boundary envelope of an object can be used for both qualitative and quantitative evaluation of the physical properties of a convex object in a noisy CT image.
In the preferred embodiment of this invention, qualitative evaluation is achieved by displaying on a computer monitor the noisy CT image, together with a graphical overlay of the boundary envelope (FIG. 10). The physician (or other human observer) can then visually integrate the information presented by the boundary envelope together with the CT image, in order to make more accurate clinical judgments than would be possible from observing the just the noisy CT image itself.
Since the boundary envelope has a precise mathematical definition, it can also be used to quantitatively evaluate properties of objects and their boundaries. In the preferred embodiment of this invention, these include using the inner and outer polygons to calculate bounds on an object's surface area, boundary perimeter, centroid position, moments, and products of inertia, eccentricity, etc.
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E. Oppenheim, "Reconstruction Tomography from Incomplete Projections," University Park Press, pp. 155-183.2D. D. Robertson et al, "Evaluation of CT Techniques for Reducing Artifacts in the Presence of Metallic Orthopedic Implants," J. of Computer Assisted Tomography, 1988, pp. 236-241.3E. Klotz et al., "Algorithms for the reduction of CT artefact Caused by Metallic Implants," Siemens Medical System, D-8520. SPIE vol. 1324, pp. 642-650.4G.H. Glover et al, "An Algorithm for the Reduction of Metal Clip Artifacts in CT Reconstruction," Medical Physics, vol. 8, No. 6, Nov./Dec. 1981, pp. 799-807.5Ge Wang, et al., "Interative Deblurring for CT Metal Artifact Reduction," IEEE Trans. of Medical Imaging, vol. 15, No. 5, Oct. 1996; pp., 657-663.6H. K. Tuy, "An Algorithm to Reduce Clip Artifacts in CT Images," SPIE vol. 1652 Medical Imaging VI: Image Processing 1992 pp. 635-643. 1981.7H. Soltanian-Zadeh et al., "CT Artifact Correction: An Image Processing Approach," SPIE Medical Imaging '96 in Newport Beach, CA, Feb. 1996, 9 pages.8M. Bergstron et al, "Determination of Object Contour from Projections for Attenuation Correction in Cranial Positron Emission Tomography", J. of Computer Assisted Tomography, pp. 365-372, Apr. 1982.9N. Srinivasa et al., "Detection of Edges from Projections" IEEE 1992, pp. 76-80.10 *Spetsieris et al, "Visuo-Computational Tools for PET Physiological Imaging", IEEE Conference on Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical Imaging; ISBN: 0-7803-0513-2, vol. 3, pp. 2149-2153, Nov. 1991.11Th. Hinderling et al., "Computed Tomography Reconstruction from Hollow Projections: An Application to In Vivo Evaluation of Artificial Hip Joints," J. of Computer Assisted Tomography, pp. 52-57, vol. 3, No. 1, 1979.12W. A. Kalender et al., "Reduction of CT Artifacts Caused by Metallic Implants," Radiology, vol. 164, No. 2, Aug. 1987; pp. 576-577.* Cited by examinerReferenced byCiting PatentFiling datePublication dateApplicantTitleUS6687392 *Sep 29, 1999Feb 3, 2004Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd.System for accurately obtaining a contour and/or quantitative information from an echo image with reduced manual operationUS6839456Jun 5, 2003Jan 4, 2005Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd.System for accurately obtaining a contour and/or quantitative information from an echo image with reduced manual operationUS6980622Apr 2, 2004Dec 27, 2005Ge Global Systems Global Technology Company, LlcMethod and apparatus for image reconstruction and X-ray CT imaging apparatusUS7176916Apr 15, 2005Feb 13, 2007T.I.E.S., Inc.Object identifying system for segmenting unreconstructed data in image tomographyUS7519225Jul 7, 2003Apr 14, 2009Ge Medical Systems Global Technology Company, LlcImage processing method and apparatus for extracting an imageUS7853314Feb 21, 2003Dec 14, 2010Ge Medical Systems Global Technology Company, LlcMethods and apparatus for improving image qualityUS8884916Sep 23, 2011Nov 11, 2014Synaptics IncorporatedSystem and method for determining user input using polygonsUS9001070Oct 13, 2011Apr 7, 2015Synaptics IncorporatedSystem and method for determining user input from occluded objectsUS20040028275 *Jul 7, 2003Feb 12, 2004Prateek AroraImage processing method and apparatusUS20040167387 *Feb 21, 2003Aug 26, 2004Wollenweber Scott DavidMethods and apparatus for improving image qualityUS20040234022 *Apr 2, 2004Nov 25, 2004Masatake NukuiMethod and apparatus for image reconstruction and X-ray CT imaging apparatusUS20060232608 *Apr 15, 2005Oct 19, 2006T.I.E.S., LlcObject Identifying System for Segmenting Unreconstructed Data in Image TomographyWO2012114199A2 *Feb 23, 2012Aug 30, 2012Smiths Heimann GmbhImage reconstruction based on parametric modelsWO2012114199A3 *Feb 23, 2012Jan 3, 2013Smiths Heimann GmbhImage reconstruction based on parametric models* Cited by examinerClassifications U.S. Classification382/131, 250/363.04, 382/242, 378/4, 382/241International ClassificationG06T5/00Cooperative ClassificationG06T2207/30004, G06T7/0083, G06T2207/10081, G06T7/0012European ClassificationG06T7/00B2, G06T7/00S2Legal EventsDateCodeEventDescriptionFeb 18, 1998ASAssignmentOwner name: IBM CORPORATION, NEW YORKFree format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:KALVIN, ALAN D.;REEL/FRAME:009082/0631Effective date: 19980217Jul 12, 2004FPAYFee paymentYear of fee payment: 4Nov 9, 2007ASAssignmentOwner name: IPG HEALTHCARE 501 LIMITED, UNITED KINGDOMFree format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES CORPORATION;REEL/FRAME:020083/0864Effective date: 20070926Sep 4, 2008FPAYFee paymentYear of fee payment: 8Jun 28, 2010ASAssignmentOwner name: SAMSUNG ELECTRONICS CO., LTD.,KOREA, REPUBLIC OFFree format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:IPG HEALTHCARE 501 LIMITED;REEL/FRAME:024599/0075Effective date: 20100616Aug 27, 2012FPAYFee paymentYear of fee payment: 12RotateOriginal ImageGoogle Home - Sitemap - USPTO Bulk Downloads - Privacy Policy - Terms of Service - About Google Patents - Send FeedbackData provided by IFI CLAIMS Patent Services

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THE ASTUTE BLOGGERS: IRANIAN AMERICAN ARRESTED FOR AIDING IRAN NUKE PROGRAM
IRANIAN AMERICAN ARRESTED FOR AIDING IRAN NUKE PROGRAM
NY Newsday: BRIDGEPORT, Conn. -- An Iranian-born businessman illegally smuggled equipment to support the Iranian nuclear missile program, federal prosecutors said Tuesday. Mohammad Farahbakhsh, 43, an Iranian-born U.S. citizen living in Los Angeles, was arraigned in U.S. District Court Tuesday on charges that he sent pressure sensors and other equipment from Stamford to the United Arab Emirates, where they were to be shipped to Iran. Farahbakhsh was charged in Connecticut because he allegedly ordered pressure sensors from Stamford-based Omega Engineering in 2003. Just 20 months ago, Omega was fined $313,000 for illegally shipping equipment to Pakistan. When the company learned the sensors were destined to Iran, officials notified the FBI. More from a Connecticutt TV station HERE.
I'm glad that Ascroft's DOJ is on top of this.
Let’s Not Ignore the Good People of Ferguson, MO
'Wannabe' Jihadi's bought 'Islam for Dummies' before leaving to battle.
Philadelphia mayor prepares to fund Russian mob with new cigarette tax
More Vacation, Please
Qatar implicated in financing radical Islamist fighters in Iraq
Obama returns to golf course after condemning ISIS (Justin Sink/The Hill)
ISIS forcefully circumcised Assyrian men in Mosul
You talkin’ to Bibi?
CHENEY: Obama Would 'Rather Be On The Golf Course' Than The Situation Room
Reports Says that Ferguson Police Officer Darren Wilson was Badly Beaten by Michael Brown Prior to Shooting
It Is Time For The World To Wake Up..
More news from the "Religion of Pieces"
Fox News’ Mike Tobin Reports Officer Darren Wilson was Badly Beaten by Michael Brown Prior to Shooting – Video 8/20/14
Initial Unemployment Claims (082114)
MOB Throws Bottles, Attacks Darren Wilson Supporters (Video)
Yep: MSNBC would react quite differently if Tea Partiers threw rocks at them
Missouri’s incompetent Governor
Amplifying Obama after passive Foley statement
George Will | Our Vacuous Middle East Policy
Lt. Col. Ralph Peters Slams Obama Administration: 'Doesn't Know History ... Doesn't Want to Deal with Reality...'
Summer vacation saves lives
DOESN’T CARE: Obana rushes to play golf after making statement about beheading of U.S. citizen in Iraq
Open Thread || Thursday, August 21, 2014
Terrorist-Supporting Kent State Professor’s Incendiary, Anti-Semitic Facebook Posts
Ferguson - Powell Shooting (Cell Phone Camera)
Stealing from taxpayers is easy, if you simply apply yourself
Obama Golfing Buddy Personifies Ex-Im Bank’s Problems
First-Term Congressman Aims to Topple Pryor Dynasty in Arkansas
High on the adrenaline rush following the beheading of an American journalist, Islamic State (ISIS) jihadists start turning on each other
JV, varsity and …. [Darleen Click]
ISIL’s Ottoman "Caliphate” Forbears Brutally Slaughtered 250,000 Assyrian-Chaldean, and Orthodox Christians A Century Ago
WHITE BOY Goes to #Ferguson – Gets Robbed & A$$ Beat for Being White – Promises to Return
Dr. Anna Geifman on “Making Aliyah” — on The Glazov Gang
TALKING WITH HAMAS IN EGYPT ONLY MAKES IT HARDER TO COMPLAIN IF OTHER COUNTRIES DO THE SAME
Informative Warmist voter guide: ‘Meet the climate deniers who want to be president’
The whole, you know, shower thing
Networks Refuse to Mention Latest Fast and Furious Development
Beauty, love, faith and humanity that make life worth living
Obama’s Golf War
How irrationality allows Ebola and islam to wreak havoc: Links 4 for Aug. 20 – 2014
#blackopencarry protest the police in Dallas
News Home High School Student Claims She Was Suspended For Saying ‘Bless You’ After Classmate Sneezed
Bloody Chicago: 9 year old killed, two others wounded in South Side shootings
Team Obama reveals that it tried to rescue Foley
Dr Carlos J Finlay with Jorge Ponce and Fausta Rodriguez-Wertz on US-Latin America stories of the week
The Fear That Drives the Left
Al Nusrah Front-linked Kuwaiti terrorists resurface and retweet
‘Hope and Change’ Update
Despicable Little Racist Spike Lee hopes Ferguson explodes if cop is not convicted
Chris Matthews: ‘No Matter How We Got Into This, It’s Obama’s War Now’
AACONS Interviews Charles Krauthammer and Brian Kilmeade
Video: Entire shooting of 2nd St. Louis man was filmed in it's entirety. (Graphic violence and language)
Obama Channels his Inner Jimmy Carter in Hostage Rescue Attempt
A Very Long River in Egypt
Michael Brown Protestors Ignore Facts to Continue False Narrative
President of PP says Ferguson is about reproductive justice
ZIM Piraeus unloads cargo in Oakland; ‘Block the Boat’ keeps party going
Who-d a-thunk it? Game ranching and private ownership of wildlife for hunting, tourism and meat are saving rhinos, etc.
Dumbest ISIS Tweet Ever
About James Foley’s final statement
Daily Scoreboard: Wednesday, August 20, 2014
President Vineyard’s Big Day – Fundraising, ‘Somber ISIS Statement’, And Golf
The Medicare Money Pit of Waste, Fraud, and Abuse
Hysteric Air Officials Now Looking To Classify E-Cigs As Hazerdous Materials
Obama Promises ‘Relentless’ Pursuit of Justice Against ISIS – Goes Golfing with NBA Star
Salvador Dali — Central Banker
Haredis continue to protest army recruitment even as terror strikes anew
O’Reilly: ‘ISIS Isn’t Going to Stop, We Have to Kill Them All’
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Breastfeeding, Both Public and Private, Should be the Norm
The Perverse Political Calculus of the Race-Baiters
“Dreamer” Convicted of Killing 2 Girls Spared Deportation Under Obama Amnesty
English Medieval Architectural Gaffes
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Read the Insult That North Korea Just Used to Describe John Kerry
Liberals Shoot Guns For the Very First Time
Obama Voters invite him to join them in Ferguson Missouri
Police Supression of Constitutional Rights in Ferguson Missouri
Barack Obama's Diary: When to Holder and when to folder
PICO Network Letting No Crisis Go to Waste in Ferguson
Muslims: Outraged Over Gaza but What About Iraq and Syria?
Free Enterprise Multiplies Opportunities That Are Created And Seized
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Indictment of Perry Could Prove a Boost For the 2016 Campaign
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ISIS goal: rule the world. That was Charlie Manson's goal, too...
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Arab Christians would be put to death if they did not use the Islamic term for god
An Informed Consumer on Bus Travel

type: global

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Singing With The Raines: Life is Good!
Ok so really I am horrible at this thing! I am such a forgetful person sometimes.... I am gunna still try and be better! Here goes....
So I have been home from Florida for a good chunk of time now, since May 25th to be exact, and I have really missed it alot! I am sure that I wouldn't last there right now cause of the humidity, so I am grateful to be here in Arizona! I have kept myself very busy this summer with another round of EFY and I have loved every bit of it. Before I left for my first four weeks of EFY my Dad informed me that I was going to a grand opening party at Toby Keith's new resturant and was going to a meet and greet with Toby so I was like OK why not!! :D So I got to go meet Toby Keith, it was cool and all but I would rather meet other peeps, but hey I will take any famous people to meet! ;)
Then I headed off to Ephraim Utah for a week and it was a tiny session of 80 youth and I had all of the younger ones under my watch that week. Itwas so different to have such a small group for a session but it ended up so amazing. Then it was off to Flagstaff for 2 weeks for much bigger sessions. I missed a family reunion in Utah but my fam came and stopped by on their way up to say HI!! I loved seeing them. Yet again I was with the 14-15 year olds and I was ready for some older ones but those didn't come until I went to Thatcher that next week. Finally when the Thatcher session came I got to have the older chillens, yay for 16-18 year olds!! For some reason I just can reach them more, but whatever works! I just love working EFY! I have two more weeks in Vegas starting next week yeah baby!!
Thatcher ended on the 4th of July so I drove home to go to the Riding family swim and BBQ. I feel like I had not been to a family function in like forever... oh wait that is because I haven't (that's what you get when you move awat for a while:D)!! Anywho it was great spendin time with the fam eatin good food and getting in the water. Oh I love Swimming!! It really has been great being here at home with the family. I get to see my beautiful nieces alot and I just love it! Abby is just geting so big and i just love holding her and playing with her! Cali is just as fun as ever just coming over and spending the day with me at my house! Love em both so much! I like being lazy sometimes too! :D
Ok well this has been long so I will cut it off here and write some more later and catch you all up later and put some pics up here too! peacfe out boy scouts!! :D


text:
Comin' Up Crude: Remember The McKee
Sharing stories, pictures and legends of the old oil patch.
(an aerial view of McKee refinery after spheroid Tank 199 BLEVEd)
It isn’t news to anyone that Texans are all about remembering—after all, Texans are quick to remind us all they still “Remember the Alamo”. However, for a little girl growing up in the Texas panhandle in the 1950s, there was more to remember than just that standoff between a few brave men and the Mexican army. We also remember McKee.
The McKee Refinery owned by Shamrock Oil was located just north of Dumas, Texas, 7 miles from Sunray which is located 34 miles from Stinnett, - my hometown. However, on July 29, 1956, I was living in the Mayfield camp belonging to the J.M. Huber oil company roughly mid-way between Stinnett and Sunray. I had just completed my first year of elementary school at Pringle, Texas and all that concerned me were the seemingly endless days of summer just being a kid.
A few minutes before 7:00 am an explosion rocked the world as I knew it. To date, this explosion is considered to have caused the 4th most casualties of fire fighters in the United States for a single fire event. 9-11 is the first.
The McKee was a “tank farm” which housed several well spaced tanks. However, one of those tanks containing 500,000 gallons of pentane & hexane gas ignited and the result was a combination ground and vent fire which ultimately took the lives of 19 people—15 volunteer fire fighters and 4 refinery workers. 33 more people were injured. Of those 19 deaths, 16 of them happened that day and the remaining 3 died later from burns. The 33 injured included volunteer fire fighters, refinery workers and sight seers.
This tragedy happened in an area which had a population of only 1,240 people.
The fire and subsequent BLEVEs (boiling liquid expanding vapor explosion) of the McKee affected virtually everyone I knew and loved. I think there was a loss of innocence on that day.
Being Oilfield people, we were well aware of the dangers associated with drilling. But, we were production people. I don't think a lot of us had ever before considered what MIGHT happen to our husbands and fathers when we sent them out the door with their lunch box and thermos every day. Now....we knew.
The town of Sunray, Texas has a memorial for the McKee honoring those who perished that day. The plaque there reads:
“But whether on the plains on high or in the battle’s van—the fittest place where man can lie, is where he dies for man.”
There is risk every day, everywhere. We cannot live in fear of risk, we must live in spite of it. We must also do everything WE can to ensure the safety of ourselves and others & truly hope we will never be tested to see what our response will be.
Posted by LK Beshears at 10:10 AM
LK Beshears


text:
Georgetown Benefit, Music, Theater, and Wedding Events on Patch - Georgetown, DC Patch
http://georgetown.patch.com/articles/your-neighborhood-gallery-b3a4b262/media_attachments/edit?upload_started=1369007754

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text:
Very Good, IQ Gym, n/a, Book 9781848370579 | eBay
See more IQ Gym by Arcturus Publishing Ltd (Paperback, ...
One Minute Puzzles - Very Good Book n/a
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IQ Gym,n/a
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AAAAA Rated Pear White Cubic Zirconia (5x3mm-14x10mm) | eBay
Details about AAAAA Rated Pear White Cubic Zirconia (5x3mm-14x10mm)
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Last updated on Oct 30, 2018 21:30:10 SGT View all revisions
Type: AAAAA Rated Cubic Zirconia Shape: Pear Faceted
Wonderful lady, watch the husband has shifty eyes (got you Curt) 555stars
Thank you! Awesome!!!
Great service and friendly people,very nice stone, i’ll Be back
beautiful stone, very pleased
Great products, fast shipping A++++
White Pear Colorless Loose Cubic Zirconia,
Pear Colorless Loose Cubic Zirconia,
Purple Pear Loose Cubic Zirconia


text:
taunton | Battered Mothers - A Human Rights Issue
allegations, children, father, police, taunton
Children taken from CUSTODIAL FATHER’s house in Taunton after abuse allegations
She also told cops that her father had beaten her as many as 100 times since she was 8 years old
Amplify’d from www.tauntongazette.com
A city man and his live-in female companion have lost custody of their three children after police charged them with beating their high school-age daughter last Saturday.
A city man and his live-in female companion have lost
Joao Andrade, 38, of 5 Powers Ave., was released after posting $5,000 bail at his arraignment Wednesday in Taunton District Court on two counts of assault and battery with a dangerous weapon, a shod foot.
The girl went to the principal’s office with paperwork from Morton Hospital and Medical Center, where she had been treated Sunday night, explaining why she was absent from school Monday, police were told.
The victim told authorities her stepmother began the assault Saturday afternoon as the girl was cleaning the bathroom. The girl told police Montrond threw her to the floor by her hair.
Andrade allegedly then rushed in and kicked his daughter “several times” in the face and back, according to the police report.
It wasn’t until her grandfather intervened that the assault ended, the girl told police.
The next day, Sunday, Andrade reportedly wanted to bring the girl to the hospital because of the swelling to her face, but Montrond objected, according to the police report.
On Monday, the girl stayed home from school because of her condition and finally was brought to Morton Hospital at 9:30 p.m. by her father, who reportedly was concerned that she might have internal bleeding, according to the police report.
Andrade allegedly told the emergency room doctor his daughter had been kicked in the face while playing soccer with one of her brothers. But when questioned Tuesday morning by school personnel, she told them she had fallen off a horse.
It wasn’t until police interviewed her at school that she acknowledged the assault.
Read more at www.tauntongazette.com
See this Amp at http://bit.ly/mvzOH2

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Build a map in Tile Editor | Game Design | Game Development
See more: need audio editor, build map video game, need video editor london, need novel editor, examples sites use community builder magazine, need writer editor usa, need shirt editor using javascript, ajax examples effect open image, build map route, drag drop image working properly wysiwyg editor, find image src yahoo store editor, need help editor book writing, player stage build map, need wikipedia editor, need indian editor, need copy editor ebook, need freelance editor, do i need an editor if i want to publish a book, Design/Build-Website-13946298 see if this helps.
( 17 reviews ) Cocoa, United States
Project ID: #20068225

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text:
Days Inn Airport/Maine Mall (South Portland): Motel Reviews, Prices & Photos - TripAdvisor
4Standard Room Getting you more information on this room See More Free Cancellation Best Price /night taxes & fees Select Check In Check Out 1 room 2 guests Show Room Prices {"BOOKING_FEATURES": ["META_ABSOLUTE_PRICING","IB_NEW_REG_FLOW_INTERRUPTER","IB_ALLOW_LOGGED_IN_USERS_DIFFERENT_EMAIL","IB_SHOW_EMAIL_FOR_INSECURE_LOGIN","IB_ADD_HOTEL_PHOTO_FOR_ROOM","RCMS_INLINE_ROOM_GRID_MAX_OCC","IB_NO_CVV","IB_POST_BOOKING_LOGIN","IB_UPPER_RIGHT_LOGIN","IB_IRG_PERFORMANCE_METRICS","IB_IRG_MATCH_META","IB_BEST_PRICE_GUARANTEED","IB_DW_INLINE_PASSWORD","IB_DW_CCNAME_WITH_AUTOCOMPLETE","IB_IRG_PERFORMANCE_METRICS_MOBILE","STORED_CARDS","IB_POST_BOOK_LOGIN_CTA","IB_PRICE_WINS_COPY","IB_DW_PROMPT_KNOWN_EMAIL","IB_PRICES_OUTSIDE_ROOM_BUTTON","IB_EXIT_INTERRUPTER","IB_SMS_CONFIRMATION","IB_SHOW_AMENITIES_AS_ICONS","IB_NEW_REG_FLOW","META_AIR","IB_INLINE_ROOM_GRID","IBEX_MULTI_PHOTO_VIEWER","IB_TIME_OF_STAY_PAYMENT_TYPES_V3","IBEX_HIGH_EQUITY_BRANDING","IB_PRICE_WINS_POST_TX","IB_URGENCY_BLOCK","IB_NEW_REG_FLOW_POST_BOOK"] , "IMPRESSION_KEY": "a46369f68c6a40c9a0e0af53a02d4c01", "roomSelectionModel": null, "ibAvailability": false, "metaAvailability": false, "numHacTries": -1, "checkIn": null, "checkOut": null, "lowestPrice": null, "hasDates": null, "hacComplete": false, "contentIdMappings": {}, "pollingEnabled": false, "preventScroll": false, "offerClickToken": null, "conditionalUpdate": false, "divClasses": "ppr_rup ppr_priv_ibex_inline_room_grid", "singlePartnerRoomGridWidget": {"widget":{"name":"ibex_room_grid","template":"ibex_room_grid__widget","dust":{"amenities":"ibex_room_grid__amenities","bed_config":"ibex_room_grid__bed_config","condition_col":"ibex_room_grid__condition_col","price_text":"ibex_room_grid__price_text","row":"ibex_room_grid__row","reservation_col":"ibex_room_grid__reservation_col"},"divClasses":"prw_rup prw_ibex_room_grid","moduleList":["handlers","tracking"],"js":{"handlers":"(ta.prwidgets.getjs(this,'handlers'))","tracking":"(ta.prwidgets.getjs(this,'tracking'))"}},"scriptFlags":null,"containerClass":null}, "multiPartnerRoomGridWidget": null, "mismatchMessage": {"widget":{"name":"ibex_mismatch_message","template":"ibex_mismatch_message__widget","dust":{},"divClasses":"prw_rup prw_ibex_mismatch_message","moduleList":["handler"],"js":{"handler":"(ta.prwidgets.getjs(this,'handler'))"}},"scriptFlags":null,"containerClass":null}, "maxRoomsToShow": 300, "isTablet": false, "isAndroidTablet": false, "deviceInfo": "OtherOS OtherBrowser", "bookOnTripAdvisor": "Book on <img class=\"ibHeaderImg\" alt=\"TripAdvisor\" src=\"https:\/\/static.tacdn.com\/img2\/branding\/hotels\/sherpa-TA.png\"\/>"} {"widget":{"name":"ibex_photo_carousel","template":"ibex_photo_carousel__widget","dust":{"nav_controls":"ibex_photo_carousel__nav_controls"},"divClasses":"prw_rup prw_ibex_photo_carousel","moduleList":["handlers"],"js":{"handlers":"(ta.prwidgets.getjs(this,'handlers'))"}},"scriptFlags":null,"containerClass":null}
There are newer reviews for Days Inn Airport/Maine Mall See the most recent reviews Showing 1,213:
reviews Clear all anitat959Portland, Maine2 reviews“shopping trip”Reviewed 3 weeks ago ReportHelpful?Thank anitat959 Nadine LPresque Isle ME2 reviews“overnight stay”Reviewed 3 weeks ago stayed one night. Noisy, with people and dogs wandering the halls at 3:00 in the morning. the door to the room was flimsy and had a huge gap at the bottom, which did not help with keeping the sound out. The shower was freezing and the curtains were filthy. not all that fun ReportHelpful?Thank Nadine L 67margueritemSaint John, Canada1 review“Reasonable and clean”Reviewed 3 weeks ago ReportHelpful?Thank 67margueritem thebosstravellerLevel Contributor8 reviews3 hotel reviews“Clean and comfortable”Reviewed 3 weeks ago via mobileThe front desk staff here were very friendly and helpful. We stayed here November 9. The premises are very clean and well maintained. The breakfast area is clean,pleasant and well stocked. Good value and well priced. Would definitely come back. ReportHelpful?Thank thebosstraveller Y5624JWmatthewtFort Fairfield, Maine2 reviews“Sorta disappointed in this Days”Reviewed 4 weeks ago More ReportHelpful?Thank Y5624JWmatthewt Elda CAlberton, CanadaLevel Contributor8 reviews3 hotel reviews“Mini shopping trip”Reviewed 4 weeks ago My sisters and I enjoyed our stay and plan to come back on our next shopping trip in May, 2017.
The rooms were clean and the beds were comfortable! The breakfast was more than we expected! ReportHelpful?Thank Elda C Ken LMarlborough, MassachusettsLevel Contributor92 reviews28 hotel reviews39 helpful votes “Good Nights Sleep. Good Value”Reviewed 4 weeks ago via mobileDriving 600 miles to New Brunswick and looked for an inexpensive hotel just off the highway. Days Inn had good reviews so I booked.
Check in was easy. Staff was friendly and quick.
Clean room and very comfortable. Great nights sleep. In the morning they had the typical free breakfast.
Yes, I'll book again based on service and price. ReportHelpful?Thank Ken L Erika LLeesburgLevel Contributor15 reviews13 hotel reviews4 helpful votes “Always clean and welcoming”Reviewed 4 weeks ago We stay here the first night and our last night in the US. The staff are friendly, the beds are comfortable and the breakfast has enough choices to please most people. ReportHelpful?Thank Erika L Jeff McB from MELevel Contributor13 reviews1 helpful vote “Decent Price, Nice Accommodations”Reviewed 5 weeks ago via mobileIf you travel to Portland ME frequently, this hotel is fairly priced, newly renovated and convenient to shopping, restaurants, and the airport. Rooms are basic, but clean and beds are comfortable. Stayed here on a weekly basis for nearly 5 years and witnessed all the upgrades. Staff is friendly and helpful. Two thumbs up. ReportHelpful?Thank Jeff McB from ME Grant PNorth PortLevel Contributor3 reviews3 hotel reviews“Great Stay”Reviewed 31 October 2016 More ReportHelpful?Thank Grant P Previous
Updating list... Explore similar hotels Howard Johnson Hotel South Portland818 ReviewsShow Prices 3.0 km Comfort Inn Airport408 ReviewsShow Prices 1.3 km BEST WESTERN Merry Manor Inn1,190 ReviewsShow Prices 3.2 km See all South Portland hotels Browse nearby
#13 of 19 in Portland 1,390 reviews
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value: Tripadvisor, Inc. is an American online travel company that operates a website and mobile app with user-generated content and a comparison shopping website.


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Look For The Union Label At Ibm? - Bloomberg For more local news from India, visit Bloombergquint.com Bloomberg the Company & Its ProductsBloomberg Anywhere Remote LoginBloomberg Anywhere LoginBloomberg Terminal Demo Request Bloomberg
Bloomberg Anywhere Remote LoginDownload SoftwareService Center MENU Homepage Markets Stocks Currencies Commodities Rates + Bonds Economics Magazine Benchmark Watchlist Economic Calendar Tech Silicon Valley Global Tech Venture Capital Hacking Digital Media Bloomberg West Pursuits Cars & Bikes Style & Grooming Spend Watches & Gadgets Food & Drinks Travel Real Estate Art & Design Politics With All Due Respect Delegate Tracker Culture Caucus Podcast Masters In Politics Podcast What The Voters Are Streaming Editors' Picks Opinion View Gadfly Businessweek Subscribe Cover Stories Opening Remarks Etc Features 85th Anniversary Issue Behind The Cover More Industries Science + Energy Graphics Game Plan Small Business Personal Finance Inspire GO Board Directors Forum Sponsored Content Sign In Subscribe Look For The Union Label At Ibm? Organizers are rallying workers angry about pension cuts Ira Sager October 11, 1999 — 12:00 AM EDT Share on FacebookShare on TwitterShare on WhatsApp Share on LinkedInShare on RedditShare on Google+E-mailShare on TwitterShare on WhatsApp Share on FacebookShare on TwitterShare on WhatsApp Share on LinkedInShare on RedditShare on Google+E-mailShare on TwitterShare on WhatsApp For years, Lee F. Conrad was a lonely guy. Sometimes, the only employees he could lure to meetings about unionizing IBM's Endicott (N.Y.) plant were a few buddies. Even in the midst of massive layoffs and corporate downsizing during the early 1990s, Conrad and organizers at other IBM plants couldn't drum up enough supporters to call for a union vote. After a while, he gave up. "I was semiretired from all this," he says.
That was before IBM Chairman Louis V. Gerstner Jr. started mucking around with pension plans. Now, Big Blue is facing the first serious threat in years that the company's 140,000 U.S. workers could be unionized. The Communication Workers of America (CWA) are rallying angry veteran employees from Burlington, Vt., to Austin, Tex., to San Jose, Calif., who feel betrayed by IBM's recent efforts to overhaul the pension plan in ways that in effect would cut their benefits. Workers claim, in fact, that benefits for most midcareer workers would have been cut by as much as 40%.
Gerstner is trying to avoid a showdown with workers. On Sept. 17, IBM modified its controversial plan, doubling the number of workers eligible to stay in the old pension system to 65,000 out of 140,000. But some workers feel Big Blue didn't go far enough. "They need to offer the choice to everybody," says Conrad. "When they try to throw a bone out, it just doesn't work." IBM insists it must go forward with the overhaul if it is to stay competitive in an industry where three out of four rivals skip the expense of pensions or simply offer less costly plans such as 401(k)s. The changes, IBM says, would allow it to increase other types of compensation, such as stock options. But options, too, are a sore subject: In 1999, only 25,000 of IBM's 290,000 global workforce will be offered options. That's 9% of the workforce, vs. 15% at other high-tech companies.
"ONLY SOLUTION." Meanwhile, IBM is cutting back some health benefits and overtime pay. Employees also complain about the increasing number of temporary workers and how some full-timers are not getting raises, even after rave performance reviews. "I have always been against unions," says Calvin Aranson, a 25-year employee at IBM's Global Services unit in Portland, Ore. "Like a lot of IBM employees, I have come to the conclusion that, when dealing with IBM, a union is the only solution."
So the CWA is rolling out a nationwide organizing plan similar to intensive campaigns it has launched for blue-collar workers at AT&T and the Baby Bells. Whereas CWA organizers in the past have concentrated on only a few IBM facilities, CWA organizer Jeff Lacher says this time the union already has worker committees set up and running at 10 locations all over the country. The union also is claiming thousands of new recruits who have signed petitions calling for a union vote. They refuse, however, to disclose specific numbers. But given past difficulties of organizing IBM, Lacher says the CWA plans to wait for at least a 60% show of support at any facility before demanding an election, even though federal law requires a union to garner only 30%.
IBM insists the union activity is not widespread. The company, which did not make an executive available, claimed through a spokeswoman that most workers do not want a union and that its employees receive competitive salaries. Meanwhile, Gerstner is taking the heat. When the CEO visited Austin this summer, a plane flew overhead dragging a banner: "IBM Stole My Pension." Web sites and chat groups have popped up filled with vitriol against IBM and its managers. There are even a couple of union songs: "We gave him 10, 20 years of our lives and what have we got to show? Louie and his corporate hacks took off with all our dough." If Gerstner doesn't want that tune to catch on, he has to do a better job of convincing his workforce that he really is willing to share the wealth. Before it's here, it's on the Bloomberg Terminal. LEARN MORE Markets

value: Bloomberg News (originally Bloomberg Business News) is an international news agency headquartered in New York City and a division of Bloomberg L.P. Content produced by Bloomberg News is disseminated through Bloomberg Terminals, Bloomberg Television, Bloomberg Radio, Bloomberg Businessweek, Bloomberg Markets, Bloomberg.com, and Bloomberg's mobile platforms. Since 2015, John Micklethwait has served as editor-in-chief.


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More people are watching movies online, but few are buying them - LA Times
Consumers long ago switched their shopping habits to the Internet, so that now most don't hesitate to buy cameras, TVs, books, appliances, cars, clothing, even foreclosed homes online. There appears to be no product that shoppers don't prefer to buy with the click of a mouse.
No product, that is, except movies.
A strange thing has happened on the way to the digital revolution. For more than a decade, Internet movie downloads and streaming — the two ways to watch movies online — were too complex for all but dedicated techies to use.
In the last couple of years, however, a proliferation of new consumer-friendly devices like Apple TV, PlayStation 3 and Web-enabled televisions have finally started to push online viewing of movies into the mainstream.
But although more people are turning to the Internet to watch movies, they have little interest in buying them.
"We are finally at the tipping point where digital is becoming relevant," said Curt Marvis, president of digital media for Lionsgate. "But right now rental is dominant over sales."
The shift in consumer habit is destabilizing for the Hollywood studios that had been hoping people would seamlessly transfer their DVD-buying habit to the Web.
Hollywood's DVD gusher, which propped up studio profits for more than a decade, peaked at $20 billion in 2006, more than twice that of box office ticket sales. DVD sales were far more profitable than rentals, because the discs cost less than $1 each to stamp and were sold to retailers for $17.
But in the last few years DVD sales have plunged as recession-weary consumers cut spending and switched to cheaper rentals from Netflix and Redbox. Lower-margin rentals have, in turn, resulted in lower revenue for the studios.
Sales of more expensive high-definition Blu-ray discs are growing, but not enough to make up the difference. In the long run, home entertainment will eventually become primarily an online business, just like music. For the movie studios to maintain profits, it's crucial that they persuade consumers to keep buying movies online.
"If purchases keep declining or go away and the industry migrates to rental and subscriptions in the digital world, there will inevitably be a reordering of finances in Hollywood," said Warren Lieberfarb, a consultant who was previously president of home video for Warner Bros.
The trend toward online rentals has been accelerating.
U.S. consumers will rent 37.7 million movies online this year for $3 to $5 each, according to Screen Digest. That's a nearly sevenfold increase from 2007, and it doesn't include the more than 300 million estimated videos streamed via Netflix's subscription rental service. Meanwhile, consumers will buy about 20 million movies this year for $10 to $15, a less than threefold increase since 2007.
There's little dispute over why online viewing is flipping to renting from buying: Rentals provide the same experience for the same price as a DVD from Blockbuster without requiring people to get up from the couch.
When consumers buy a DVD, however, they expect to be able to watch it as frequently as they want, whether it's on a player in the living room, bedroom or minivan. Online digital purchases of movies cost the same as a DVD but can't be easily transferred between devices because of the same technical differences that make it impossible to use Mac software on a PC.
Some who follow the home entertainment industry believe the die is already cast. Renting a movie online is so simple, they say, that there will be little need to own a film anymore.
"We're almost inevitably moving toward a model in which download-to-own is a niche business," said Arash Amel, research director for digital media at Screen Digest.
Mitch Singer disagrees. The chief technology officer of Sony Pictures has spent more than four years putting together a coalition called Ultraviolet. Its members — studios, manufacturers and online stores — are working to allow anyone who buys a movie online to watch it on an array of devices.
Currently in tests and expected to launch next year, Ultraviolet would allow consumers to store movies they buy in a "digital locker" accessible from any connected device. A user could theoretically buy a film from a Web-enabled TV and then allow their child at college to watch it on a mobile phone.
Studios are considering other far-reaching plans to encourage digital movie sales, from free online copies of DVDs consumers already own to pre-loaded movies on new electronic devices.
"2011 might be a watershed year in making download-to-own better for the consumer," said Thomas Gewecke, president of digital distribution for Warner Bros.
There are also plans to make rentals more profitable by charging as much as $30 for "premium" video-on-demand before a DVD release — in effect, a surcharge for getting to watch the movie earlier.
But obstacles remain. Convincing consumers it's worth learning to use a new online registration system is no easy task. "It's very challenging to describe this to consumers," said Bruce Anderson, senior vice president of Blockbuster's digital efforts.
And not every company is part of Ultraviolet. Walt Disney Studios is working on a competing venture called Keychest. Apple, the biggest seller of movies online, is not participating in either project.
Meanwhile, because of studios' deals with pay-cable channels such as HBO, movies disappear from and reappear in online stores with no explanation, potentially confusing customers. That's because the networks have exclusive rights to pipe movies into homes during a series of cycles that begin four to six months after the DVD release.
These pay-cable "windows" are so restrictive that consumers wouldn't even be able to access movies they own in Ultraviolet's digital locker during one of those blackout periods.
Studio executives say they're optimistic that particular headache will be resolved soon. But the pay channels are unlikely to allow movies to be sold online while they have the rights unless they negotiate a reduction in rights fees worth hundreds of millions of dollars per year.
"We anticipate finding common ground with our studio partners on the issue of digital technology just as we have with many other technological enhancements over the years," said Bruce Grivetti, HBO's president of film programming. "We pay a premium price to our studio partners, and in return our subscribers get what they expect from HBO: high-quality, exclusive content."
Digital distribution veterans say the HBO conflict is the latest example of a tension that has always underlain the business: the desire to increase Internet revenue without putting substantial but shrinking profits from DVDs and television at risk.
"It's a bit of a Catch-22," said Jim Ramo, who was chief executive of Movielink, a defunct joint venture among five major studios to sell movies online. "The studios don't want to risk their traditional model unless they see an opportunity to make more in online distribution. Yet unless they add something new to digital, they may be holding that business back."

value: The Los Angeles Times (abbreviated as LA Times) is a daily newspaper based in El Segundo, California, which has been published in Los Angeles, California, since 1881. It has the fifth-largest circulation in the U.S., and is the largest American newspaper not headquartered on the East Coast.


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2510 30th St, Des Moines, IA 50310 | Trulia
for 2510 30th St
> 2510 30th St
This is a Single-Family Home located at 2510 30th Street, Des Moines, IA. 2510 30th St has 2 beds, 1 bath, and approximately 792 square feet. The property has a lot size of 6,888 sqft and was built in 1924. The average list price for similar homes for sale is $111,330. 2510 30th St is in the Beaverdale neighborhood in Des Moines, IA. The average list price for Beaverdale is $142,585.
Subdivision: ARGONNE PLACE
Home Expenses For 2510 30th St
of 2510 30th St Year
for 2510 30th St Date
(515) 442-0002
2510 30th Street, Des Moines IA
This question is about this property: https://www.trulia.com/homes/Iowa/Des_Moines/sold/215717-2510-30th-St-Des-Moines-IA-50310
Communities near 2510 30th Street, Des Moines, IA
170225rbg6jl1qehvk0kliealrv9qfl3

value: Trulia is an American online real estate marketplace which is a subsidiary of Zillow. It facilitates buyers and renters to find homes and neighborhoods across the United States through recommendations, local insights, and map overlays that offer details on a commute, reported crime, schools, churches and nearby businesses.Founded in 2005, Trulia is based in San Francisco, and owned and operated by Zillow Group, Inc.


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value: Walmart Inc. ( ; formerly Wal-Mart Stores, Inc.) is an American multinational retail corporation that operates a chain of hypermarkets (also called supercenters), discount department stores, and grocery stores from the United States, headquartered in Bentonville, Arkansas.


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Projekty w dziedzinie Create seo friendly content, Zatrudnieni | Freelancer
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Czy potrzebujesz pomocy z zakresu kategorii Create seo friendly content? Zatrudnij freelancera jeszcze dziś! A może specjalizujesz się w dziedzinie, takiej jak Create seo friendly content? Wykorzystaj swoje umiejętności dot. Create seo friendly content i zacznij zarabiać pieniądze online! Freelancer jest największym na świecie rynkiem pracy. W obecnej chwili mamy ponad 17.764 projektów czekających na Ciebie!
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Revise and improve website and also make it SEO friendly hi we already have a website which was made by one of freelancers here in wordpress(woocommerce) but it doesnt look so attractive and needs to be revised and made attractive, beautiful and customer friendly and easy to [login to view URL] be changed from wordpress to another interface if works [login to view URL] the new website needs to be SEO friendly and should come up in google search website ... 74 PHP, Projektowanie stron www, SEO, WordPress, HTML May 22, 2018 Dziś6d 1g zł608
Convert ecommerce site to mobile friendly someone to make my ecommerce site mobile friendly, its written in c#.net has a sql database. you would either need to add css to make the whole site responsive or a seperate mobile view connecting to the database. the website has dynamic product view, alot of dynamic content. sample image attached of this clients competition for reference. 35 .NET, Programowanie w C#, HTML, ASP.NET May 22, 2018 May 22, 20185d 23g zł939
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Build 2 small WordPress websites. Responsive, SEO friendly. (2/3 pages each) Hi, I’m looking for a freelancer/development team to build two new websites for a small architect business. The winning bidder will be provided further details. Wordpress website. Website must be responsive and with clean SEO friendly code. What will be provided to the winning Freelancer: •	Webpage Content and images •	I will provide support on a day to day basis and will be avail... 115 Projektowanie stron www, Projekty graficzne, WordPress, CSS, HTML May 22, 2018 May 22, 20185d 15g zł729
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9780007513796: Gok Wan's How to Look Good 3 book pack - AbeBooks - Wan, Gok: 0007513798
Gok Wan's How to Look Good 3 book pack
Publisher: HarperCollins, 2012 ISBN 10: 0007513798
Three classic titles from style supremo Gok Wan available together for the first time. Includes How To Look Good Naked, How To Dress and Work Your Wardrobe. The ultimate gift pack. Star of prime time Channel 4 fashion series How To Look Good Naked, Gok’s Fashion Fix and Miss Naked Beauty, Gok has been in the fashion industry for over a decade. With this unique collection you have the chance to get your hand on all of Gok’s timeless fashion tips. From celebrating curves to enhancing your assets, tips on choosing the right outfits to hints on reinventing what you already own, Gok is here to make you look GORGEOUS – no matter what your size or body hang-ups. It’s not about changing your shape or dieting, it’s about embracing what you have an enhancing every beautiful bit of it!
Praise for How To Look Good Naked: ‘Gok Wan should be made available to all women on the NHS’ Heat Magazine ‘the perfect place to start’Heat magazine 'An inspiring gift'Woman & Home ‘Every home should have a Wan’Metro ‘Where better to find top tips and super-slimming advice than Gok Wan’s guide? We love it!’Love It! Magazine Praise for How To Dress: ‘this, like a diamond in a sea of diamante, is the real deal […] the undisputed king of TV style’Heat magazine ‘When it comes to making women feel good about themselves, Gok Wan is a genius’Closer magazine Praise for Work Your Wardrobe: ‘What would we do without Gok?’OK! ‘full of practical fashion advice’Woman
Fashion stylist Gok Wan has been in the industry for the best part of a decade. The 32-year-old combines a passion and flair for fashion with his early drama school foundations.Gok studied at London's prestigious Central School of Speech and Drama, but his love of fashion and beauty led him to follow a career firstly in hair and make-up and then in fashion styling. Gok has styled celebrities Bryan Ferry, Blondie, All Saints and Erasure and has worked for some of the world's leading photographers, including Arthur Elgort, Terry O'Neill and John Swannell. He now styles the nation with the prime-time Channel 4 fashion series How to Look Good Naked, Gok's Fashion Fix and Miss Naked Beauty and he is the author of the bestselling books, How to Look Good Naked, How to Dress and Work Your Wardrobe.
1. Gok Wan's How to Look Good 3 book pack
ISBN 10: 0007513798
Book Description HarperCollins, 2012. Paperback. Book Condition: New. New: These book are brand-new, unused, unread and in perfect condition. Most items will be dispatched the same or the next working day. Bookseller Inventory # mon0005472987
2. Gok Wan's How to Look Good 3 book pack
Book Description HarperCollins. Paperback. Book Condition: Brand New. In Stock. Bookseller Inventory # zk0007513798

value: AbeBooks is an e-commerce global online marketplace with seven websites that offer books, fine art, and collectables from sellers in over 50 countries. Launched in 1996, it specialises in used, rare and out-of-print books.


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Arthroadventure: February 2010
bens feet
bens feet are relapsing. his shriners AFOS were too big. they were hurting him and his feet were sloshing around in them. now we have an appointment for new afos but I wonder whats the point? its our dime this time and if he is going to have to fix those feet and then get MORE afos why bother now? Not sure what to do. he doesnt even yet have a doctor to tell about the problem. for comparison his feet then and now.
so we have to give up on Shriners Minneapolis. The hand doctor is there but one day a month and its ALWAYS a wednesday. Which is Eric's call day and impossible to get off. We also were not thrilled with the lowers doctor. and he is only there Wednesdays too. so while we do have an appt for Sophie with Dr Dahl in early March I started calling around looking for someone in this area(yeah right) who might be familiar with AMC. I called a midmn CP place just looking for guidance. three transfers later and still no one knows what AMC is. this doesnt look good. They did offer to send me some helpful info and put me on their mailing list even if they didnt know what AMC is. they referred me to another place. I called there. first scheduling answers but doesnt know what the heck I am talking about so sends me to someone else. after waiting on hold forever she said wait whats it called ? uhh gee I dont know, I will send you to the nurse she can help you. nurse....uhh I have never heard of that. I will have to ask the doctor and of course he is not in this week. I will have to call you back. seriously how can it be this hard just to find doc/rehab?
Sophie wants to walk so bad. she is so close to crawling. not the traditional crawl but her own way. kind of like a little dolly, she swivels at the hips to push one leg forward. she is just too nervous to do it herself. She likes to use the little step stool and get herself over it hands on one side knees on the other and hold herself up. she cant go anywhere but she gains strenth and confidence in doing it. I feel very helpless and worst of all CLUELESS as to what to do for her to help her. Shriners said no amount of ROM is going to help those legs. so they didnt give us any exercises to do. She cries when I do her arms. I dont think it hurts her. I only push it till there is resistance and then apply gentle pressure to keep it there. but she fights back and pushes her arms OUT at me when I am trying to pull them up from the elbows. He foot is regressing badly. I can only imagine how bad it would be if we put on the afos they gave her at shriners. while they are cute they do not have flat feet! She cries when I put on her AFOs. I cant NOT do the exercises or afos and splints but I cant do them either. and no one to ask because they have no doctor for their AMC. Ben I worry less about because he is mobile. his feet are messed up but he functions. Sophie cant even cover herself with a blanket when shes cold at night. she cant feed herself or wiper her hiney. She cant walk and cant play out in the snow because I cant find boots that will go over her rigid feet and her thumbs cant go in mittens anyways. At least she is starting to find ways to sit herself up after she turns turtle. I am feeling like I am failing her.


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Briefe an Vanessa. Über Liebe, Physik und die Wiederverzauberung der Welt. 8 CDs PDF ePub
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Schreiber : Jeremy W Hayward
ISBN : 7638237408619
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