text:
Patent US6969671 - Semiconductor integrated device and method of fabrication thereof - Google PatentsSearch Images Maps Play YouTube News Gmail Drive More »Sign inAdvanced Patent SearchPatentsA diffusion layer 3 a of a silicon substrate, a polycrystalline silicon material 10, or a gate electrode 12 is connected to a conductive film 8 through a titanium silicide film 6 within a contact hole 5 provided in an insulating film 4. The titanium silicide film 6 is formed by the silicide reaction...http://www.google.com/patents/US6969671?utm_source=gb-gplus-sharePatent US6969671 - Semiconductor integrated device and method of fabrication thereofAdvanced Patent SearchPublication numberUS6969671 B2Publication typeGrantApplication numberUS 08/964,457Publication dateNov 29, 2005Filing dateNov 4, 1997Priority dateNov 14, 1995Fee statusPaidAlso published asUS20020043678Publication number08964457, 964457, US 6969671 B2, US 6969671B2, US-B2-6969671, US6969671 B2, US6969671B2InventorsHiromi Shimazu, Tsuyoshi Baba, Masayuki Suzuki, Hideo MiuraOriginal AssigneeRenesas Technology CorporationExport CitationBiBTeX, EndNote, RefManPatent Citations (6), Referenced by (5), Classifications (12), Legal Events (6) External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, EspacenetSemiconductor integrated device and method of fabrication thereof
Patent CitationsCited PatentFiling datePublication dateApplicantTitleUS4914500 *Dec 4, 1987Apr 3, 1990At&T Bell LaboratoriesMethod for fabricating semiconductor devices which include sources and drains having metal-containing material regions, and the resulting devicesUS5565708 *May 15, 1995Oct 15, 1996Mitsubishi Denki Kabushiki KaishaSemiconductor device comprising composite barrier layerUS5661061 *Mar 27, 1995Aug 26, 1997Hitachi, Ltd.Process for fabricating a semiconductor integrated circuit device having the multi-layered fin structureUS5683515 *Sep 26, 1995Nov 4, 1997Hitachi, Ltd.Apparatus for manufacturing a semiconductor device having conductive then filmsUS5776814 *Jan 3, 1997Jul 7, 1998Harris CorporationProcess for doping two levels of a double poly bipolar transistor after formation of second poly layerUS5834846 *Aug 23, 1995Nov 10, 1998Kawasaki Steel CorporationSemiconductor device with contact structure and method of manufacturing the same* Cited by examinerReferenced byCiting PatentFiling datePublication dateApplicantTitleUS7443032 *Jun 7, 2005Oct 28, 2008Micron Technology, Inc.Memory device with chemical vapor deposition of titanium for titanium silicide contactsUS7709366 *Apr 27, 2005May 4, 2010Elpida Memory, Inc.Semiconductor device and method of manufacturing the sameUS8183145 *Oct 11, 2007May 22, 2012International Business Machines CorporationStructure and methods of forming contact structuresUS8421228Feb 27, 2012Apr 16, 2013International Business Machines CorporationStructure and methods of forming contact structuresUS8456007 *Oct 10, 2008Jun 4, 2013Round Rock Research, LlcChemical vapor deposition of titanium* Cited by examinerClassifications U.S. Classification438/583, 257/E23.145, 438/649, 438/664, 257/E23.019International ClassificationH01L23/485, H01L23/522Cooperative ClassificationH01L2924/0002, H01L23/5226, H01L23/485European ClassificationH01L23/522E, H01L23/485Legal EventsDateCodeEventDescriptionNov 4, 1997ASAssignmentOwner name: HITACHI, LTD., JAPANFree format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:SHIMAZU, HIROMI;BABA, TSUYOSHI;SUZUKI, MASAYUKI;AND OTHERS;REEL/FRAME:008885/0659Effective date: 19971029Sep 26, 2003ASAssignmentOwner name: RENESAS TECHNOLOGY CORPORATION, JAPANFree format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:HITACHI, LTD.;REEL/FRAME:014569/0585Effective date: 20030912Apr 29, 2009FPAYFee paymentYear of fee payment: 4Aug 31, 2011ASAssignmentEffective date: 20100401Free format text: MERGER/CHANGE OF NAME;ASSIGNOR:RENESAS TECHNOLOGY CORP.;REEL/FRAME:026837/0505Owner name: RENESAS ELECTRONICS CORPORATION, JAPANMay 8, 2013FPAYFee paymentYear of fee payment: 8May 13, 2014ASAssignmentEffective date: 20140318Owner name: TESSERA ADVANCED TECHNOLOGIES, INC., CALIFORNIAFree format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:RENESAS ELECTRONICS CORPORATION;REEL/FRAME:032892/0212RotateOriginal ImageGoogle Home - Sitemap - USPTO Bulk Downloads - Privacy Policy - Terms of Service - About Google Patents - Send FeedbackData provided by IFI CLAIMS Patent Services

value: Google Patents is a search engine from Google that indexes patents and patent applications.


text:
Amazon.ca: A Customer's review of Thai
IAmodeo73@hotmail.com, Oct. 9 2000
This review is from: Thai (Audio Cassette)
This course is not thorough in the least. It gives no description of sentence structure. It is totally dialoge. I would recomend either the Teach Yourself or if you realy want to learn order Courage Softwares Thai interactive learning system. But dont get me wrong if you just want learn Thai for a brief vacation this course is OK.
Thai 0910542716
IAmodeo73@hotmail.com

type: global

value: Amazon.com, Inc. ( AM-ə-zon) is an American multinational conglomerate which focuses on e-commerce, cloud computing, digital streaming, and artificial intelligence.


text:
http://lawprofessors.typepad.com/antitrustprof_blog/2010/11/annual-conference-of-the-association-for-competition-economics-11th-12th-november-2010-.html
http://www.typepad.com/services/trackback/6a00d8341bfae553ef013488ac8d2f970c
Listed below are links to weblogs that reference Annual Conference of the Association for Competition Economics 11th-12th November 2010 :

value: Typepad is a blogging service owned by Endurance International Group, previously owned by SAY Media (from the merger of Six Apart Ltd and VideoEgg). Originally launched in October 2003, Typepad is based on Six Apart's Movable Type platform, and shares technology with Movable Type such as templates and APIs, but is marketed to non-technical users and includes additional features like multiple author support, photo albums and mobile blogging.


text:
Theoretical derivation of antenna parameters for thin-wire nanoloops — Penn State
Theoretical derivation of antenna parameters for thin-wire nanoloops
Mario F. Pantoja, Jogender Nagar, Bingqian Lu, Taiwei Yue, Douglas Henry Werner
The development of nanoantennas is mostly done through time-consuming computer simulations. Nanoloop antennas, working in the terahertz, infrared and optical regimes, have used in a variety of applications, including as solar cells or optical sensors. In this paper we will present a theoretical analysis of thin-wire nanoloops, which leads to closed-form expressions to derive key antenna parameters: radiated electric fields, radiated power, radiation resistance, directivity and gain. Results for gold thin-wire nanoloops are validated with full-wave simulations, and the presentation includes a comparison with classical nanodimensional PEC loops, emphasizing the differences and similarities from a physical point of view. While full-wave simulations can take on the order of hours, the analytical expressions can be evaluated on the order of seconds, thus allowing a wider assessment of the usefulness of these nanoantennas in practical applications.
https://doi.org/10.1109/EuCAP.2016.7481565
10.1109/EuCAP.2016.7481565
Fingerprint Dive into the research topics of 'Theoretical derivation of antenna parameters for thin-wire nanoloops'. Together they form a unique fingerprint.
Pantoja, M. F., Nagar, J., Lu, B., Yue, T., & Werner, D. H. (2016). Theoretical derivation of antenna parameters for thin-wire nanoloops. In 2016 10th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation, EuCAP 2016 [7481565] (2016 10th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation, EuCAP 2016). Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc.. https://doi.org/10.1109/EuCAP.2016.7481565
Pantoja, Mario F. ; Nagar, Jogender ; Lu, Bingqian ; Yue, Taiwei ; Werner, Douglas Henry. / Theoretical derivation of antenna parameters for thin-wire nanoloops. 2016 10th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation, EuCAP 2016. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2016. (2016 10th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation, EuCAP 2016).
@inproceedings{6708f66321c84cf7896193d0852ef66c,
title = "Theoretical derivation of antenna parameters for thin-wire nanoloops",
abstract = "The development of nanoantennas is mostly done through time-consuming computer simulations. Nanoloop antennas, working in the terahertz, infrared and optical regimes, have used in a variety of applications, including as solar cells or optical sensors. In this paper we will present a theoretical analysis of thin-wire nanoloops, which leads to closed-form expressions to derive key antenna parameters: radiated electric fields, radiated power, radiation resistance, directivity and gain. Results for gold thin-wire nanoloops are validated with full-wave simulations, and the presentation includes a comparison with classical nanodimensional PEC loops, emphasizing the differences and similarities from a physical point of view. While full-wave simulations can take on the order of hours, the analytical expressions can be evaluated on the order of seconds, thus allowing a wider assessment of the usefulness of these nanoantennas in practical applications.",
author = "Pantoja, {Mario F.} and Jogender Nagar and Bingqian Lu and Taiwei Yue and Werner, {Douglas Henry}",
doi = "10.1109/EuCAP.2016.7481565",
Pantoja, MF, Nagar, J, Lu, B, Yue, T & Werner, DH 2016, Theoretical derivation of antenna parameters for thin-wire nanoloops. in 2016 10th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation, EuCAP 2016., 7481565, 2016 10th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation, EuCAP 2016, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 10th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation, EuCAP 2016, Davos, Switzerland, 4/10/16. https://doi.org/10.1109/EuCAP.2016.7481565
Theoretical derivation of antenna parameters for thin-wire nanoloops. / Pantoja, Mario F.; Nagar, Jogender; Lu, Bingqian; Yue, Taiwei; Werner, Douglas Henry.
2016 10th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation, EuCAP 2016. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2016. 7481565 (2016 10th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation, EuCAP 2016).
T1 - Theoretical derivation of antenna parameters for thin-wire nanoloops
N2 - The development of nanoantennas is mostly done through time-consuming computer simulations. Nanoloop antennas, working in the terahertz, infrared and optical regimes, have used in a variety of applications, including as solar cells or optical sensors. In this paper we will present a theoretical analysis of thin-wire nanoloops, which leads to closed-form expressions to derive key antenna parameters: radiated electric fields, radiated power, radiation resistance, directivity and gain. Results for gold thin-wire nanoloops are validated with full-wave simulations, and the presentation includes a comparison with classical nanodimensional PEC loops, emphasizing the differences and similarities from a physical point of view. While full-wave simulations can take on the order of hours, the analytical expressions can be evaluated on the order of seconds, thus allowing a wider assessment of the usefulness of these nanoantennas in practical applications.
AB - The development of nanoantennas is mostly done through time-consuming computer simulations. Nanoloop antennas, working in the terahertz, infrared and optical regimes, have used in a variety of applications, including as solar cells or optical sensors. In this paper we will present a theoretical analysis of thin-wire nanoloops, which leads to closed-form expressions to derive key antenna parameters: radiated electric fields, radiated power, radiation resistance, directivity and gain. Results for gold thin-wire nanoloops are validated with full-wave simulations, and the presentation includes a comparison with classical nanodimensional PEC loops, emphasizing the differences and similarities from a physical point of view. While full-wave simulations can take on the order of hours, the analytical expressions can be evaluated on the order of seconds, thus allowing a wider assessment of the usefulness of these nanoantennas in practical applications.
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=84979207727&partnerID=8YFLogxK
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=84979207727&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1109/EuCAP.2016.7481565
DO - 10.1109/EuCAP.2016.7481565
AN - SCOPUS:84979207727
Pantoja MF, Nagar J, Lu B, Yue T, Werner DH. Theoretical derivation of antenna parameters for thin-wire nanoloops. In 2016 10th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation, EuCAP 2016. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc. 2016. 7481565. (2016 10th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation, EuCAP 2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/EuCAP.2016.7481565

value: Elsevier (Dutch: [ˈɛlzəviːr]) is a Netherlands-based publishing company specializing in scientific, technical, and medical content. It is a part of the RELX Group, known until 2015 as Reed Elsevier.


text:
Amazon.com : Strong Moisturizing Cold Weather Cream : Facial Moisturizers : Beauty
Sold by can-cosmetics
Strong Moisturizing Cold Weather Cream
+ $11.50 shipping Only 10 left in stock.
Ships from and sold by can-cosmetics. Strong Moisturizing Cold Weather Cream
Active skin protection against cold, wind, UV radiation and premature ageing
Noticeably reduces skin dryness, cold sores and rashes in bad weather conditions. NATURAL PRODUCT
WE SELL HERE A FURTHER 56 PRODUCTS HEMP COSMETICS, JUST CLICK ON OUR LOGO CAN-COSMETICS/CANNADERM !!!
DirectionsA thin layer of cream apply onto the face including eye areas and another unprotected skin areas. Use the cold weather hemp cream as a daily cream or apply a thicker layer for prevention from irritation, reddening and creation of dry areas on skin caused by exposure to cold, wind or UV radiation. Cream increased resistibility of skin and it`s protection from premature signs of aging. Product Description
Strong Moisturizing Cold Weather Cream from pure Cannabis oil and shea withh SPF 15 for all-day skin treatment in bad weather conditions. Contained vegetable oils with rosemary and zinc actively protect skin from negative free radicals and UVA/UVB radiation. After application the skin is smooth, well hydrated and protected from cold, wind and sun exposure.
ASIN: B003WM0IKA
Item model number: K2569
Amazon Best Sellers Rank: #771,440 in Beauty (See Top 100 in Beauty)


text:
momstheword: Lazy Mom Exercises For 30 Minutes A Day
As a busy mom it's hard to find time to exercise, isn't it? Not only that, but it's hard to convince yourself to work out for 30 minutes. That can seem like forever to a tired, busy mom.
But you can do anything for 10 minutes, right? 10 minutes isn't so bad, is it? Of course not!
So come exercise the lazy mom way.
LAZY MOM TIP: Exercise For 30 Minutes A Day
and also WholeHearted-Home and We Are That Family
JudithJanuary 29, 2013 at 4:04 AMNo wonder I get so tired!! I exercise and then do the stairs over and over and over (are you tired yet?) all day!! I should just skip the exercise part and do the stairs part. Why should I do the stairs for ten minutes when it seems I am doing them continually all day?? Do you mean if I do them for ten minutes three times each day I am done and can FORGET the laundry?? I haven't exercised yet today (I should have but decided to check out your blog for exercise) so for once you caught me just in the nick of time!!I am going to go have a milkshake for breakfast!!! That is what you said, right??Have a wonderful day Nan...laughter is good medicine and you might need some returned to you!!ReplyDeleteRepliesmomsthewordJanuary 29, 2013 at 11:45 AMMilkshake for breakfast, yes.....lol! No, YOU can't exercise at all until you are sure you are feeling better! Take it easy, girl and don't push too hard until you are better.DeleteJudithFebruary 6, 2013 at 8:41 AMHey, Nan...I am feeling MUCH better but have an idea for a 'diet' breakfast should you be tired of your 'diet' milkshake breakfasts? This morning feeling invigorated from exercising, going up and down-stairs, washing the mud and snow from the kitchen floor...SO!! I had a yogurt for breakfast and soon topped that off with 3 Diet Chocolate Chip Cookies!!! No calories!! Ha!!If you are movin' you will be burnin' those calories!!Thanks for linking up over at WholeHearted Home.DeletemomsthewordFebruary 7, 2013 at 10:22 AMThat's true! Guilt free cookies! So you exercised AND went up and down the stairs a lot? You deserve those cookies girl!DeleteReplyStephanieJanuary 29, 2013 at 8:17 AMNo milkshake, huh? Well, you're no fun :) I think maybe I will do it my way and have a milkshake WHILE exercising....yes, that sounds good.Off I go.... :) No, I'm just kidding. I was actually going to go make me a fruit drink with my juicer. A shake sounds better, but I'll be a good girl.Thanks for the helpful tips and enjoy your day!Hugs,StephanieReplyDeleteRepliesmomsthewordJanuary 29, 2013 at 11:46 AMWell, how about making a smoothie? It has fruit in it and you can almost convince yourself that it's a shake! :)DeleteReplyThe imPerfect HousewifeJanuary 29, 2013 at 9:06 AMThis makes it seem so easy!! Three 10-minute periods of time sounds like a piece of cake. I literally need to write myself a note to do it though or I'll forget. I was going to do a few minutes of back exercises every day and I completely forgot - even when my back was hurting! DUH. Thanks for sharing ~ ReplyDeleteRepliesmomsthewordJanuary 29, 2013 at 11:48 AMYou hit upon the problem, in that you actually have to force yourself to exercise 3x a day. I write it down so that I don't forget, because sometimes I forget where I'm AT in the exercise.Am I on the second 10 minutes or the third 10 minutes? Am I done? It can get confusing if you don't write it down, lol!Sometimes I just exercise for the full 30 minutes and get it over with, but I really do like breaking it up into smaller amounts.DeleteReplyDewena CallisJanuary 29, 2013 at 9:26 AMWhat is this? Make a woman feel bad day??? No, I need it, Nan. And I haven't even thought about a milkshake in years--until now, that is.ReplyDeleteRepliesmomsthewordJanuary 29, 2013 at 11:48 AMOh no, lol! Now I've got you thinking about a milkshake! Have a smoothie instead. But make it yourself, some of these restaurants put waaaay to many calories in them, lol!DeleteReplyCarol OurSearsKitHomeJanuary 29, 2013 at 12:47 PMSo true. I have a rowing machine I use if I don't go to the gym. I find that doing 3 spurts of 15 minutes burns a lot more calories than if I did a 30 minute session AM and a 15 minute session pm.It helps you sleep a lot better too!ReplyDeleteRepliesmomsthewordJanuary 29, 2013 at 11:04 PMI think you're right, because you can work a lot harder and with a lot more energy if you're not doing it for so long!DeleteReplyMommaMindyJanuary 29, 2013 at 7:49 PMExercise? I can't believe you used that word. On your blog in front of people and everything. EEWW!I know I should, I know I should, I know I should. I'm just really, really, really tired.Mommamindy.wordpress.comReplyDeleteRepliesmomsthewordJanuary 29, 2013 at 11:06 PMI know, the dreaded "E" word, lol! I couldn't exercise today because I hurt my back again. I won't be able to exercise tomorrow either. I have to give my back a few days to heal up again, but at least it's not as bad or as long a recovery as the original injury!If you're really tired go for a slow walk! That's exercise and can be enjoyable too! ;)DeleteReplyRachel PageApril 21, 2013 at 11:16 PMThis is brilliant as I find it so hard to fit in exercise, will have to try it :)ReplyDeleteRepliesmomsthewordMay 24, 2013 at 1:35 PMRachel, me too! Sometimes it's so easy to squeeze in ten minutes here and there than to find time for a full 30 minutes. So I like to break it up.DeleteReplyAdd commentLoad more...

value: Blogger is an American online content management system (CMS) which enables multi-user blogs with time-stamped entries. Pyra Labs developed it before being acquired by Google in 2003.


text:
Patent US6121033 - Degradable polyesters, a mixed culture of microorganisms for degrading these ... - Google Patents
Degradable polyesters useful in packaging, packing, agricultural, biomedical, and other applications are made by reacting amine-protected glutamic acid with diols or epoxy compounds. The polyesters include a thermoplastic main chain aliphatic polyester, a thermoset heterochain polyester and a thermoset...http://www.google.com/patents/US6121033?utm_source=gb-gplus-sharePatent US6121033 - Degradable polyesters, a mixed culture of microorganisms for degrading these polyesters, and methods for making these substances
Publication number US6121033 A
Application number US 09/358,348
Also published as US5990266, US6191176, WO1999028366A1
Publication number 09358348, 358348, US 6121033 A, US 6121033A, US-A-6121033, US6121033 A, US6121033A
Inventors Raef M. Tadros, Delmar C. Timm
Patent Citations (13), Non-Patent Citations (94), Referenced by (16), Classifications (37), Legal Events (3)
Degradable polyesters, a mixed culture of microorganisms for degrading these polyesters, and methods for making these substances
US 6121033 A
1. A mixed culture of microorganisms, comprising a mixture of:
Rhizopus chinesis;
Rhizopus delemar;
Penecillium pinophilum;
Aspergillus niger; and
2. A method for making a mixed culture of microorganisms, comprising:
dissolving cultivated broth media in water;
cultivating microorganisms, namely, Rhizopus chinesis, Rhizopus delemar, Penecillium pinophilum, and Aspergillus niger in said broth media, wherein each microorganism is cultivated separately from the others;
filtering each of said microorganisms to separate hyphae from spores; and
mixing said spores from said microorganisms to form a mixed culture of microorganisms.
After the diol or epoxy compound and the blocked glutamic acid are mixed, they are heated and a slow stream of inert gas, such as nitrogen or argon, is bubbled through the molten mixture. Preferably, this reaction occurs in vacuum conditions. This reaction should take place at about 90° C. or above for it to occur in a reasonable amount of time. Preferably, the component mixture is heated to between about 90 and 250° C. for about 16 to 24 hours if the diol is a reactant. Most preferably, the component mixture is heated to between about 140 and 170° C. if the diol is a reactant. Preferably, the polymerization reaction occurs at between about 90 and 170° C. if the epoxy compound is a reactant. Most preferably, the reaction occurs at between about 110 and 130° C. if the epoxy compound is a reactant. After heating the component mixture for at least about 2 hours at about 90° C. or above, a thermoplastic main chain aliphatic polyester will have formed and may be removed from the apparatus in which the reaction takes place. The resulting polymer should be cooled in a dissicator so as to avoid moisture contact, which may cause premature degradation. In addition to having a decreased reaction time at higher temperatures, the polymer resulting from a reaction at higher temperatures will have a higher molecular weight.
Blocked glutamic acid and ethylene glycol were melt mixed together in a batch reactor under vacuum at 400 mmHg. Ethylene glycol has a low boiling point and was lost during the early stages of polymerization. At later stages of polymerization, ethylene glycol molecules became less volatile since they had reacted. P-toluene sulfonic acid catalyst was added to the mixture. The blocked glutamic acid and the ethylene glycol were added in quantities such that the molar ratio of blocked glutamic acid to ethylene glycol to p-toluene sulfonic acid was 1:1.08:0.01. The reaction was carried out at 110° C. and maintained at this temperature for the period of polymerization, which extended for 24 hours. The excess diol was stripped from the molten resin by vacuum. The reaction mixture was poured into a reaction bulb and heated in a liquid bath at a fixed temperature. A thermoplastic main chain aliphatic polyester of the present invention was obtained.
Blocked glutamic acid and ethylene glycol were melt mixed together in a batch reactor under vacuum at 400 mmHg. Ethylene glycol has a low boiling point and was lost during the early stages of polymerization. At later stages of polymerization, ethylene glycol molecules became less volatile since they had reacted. P-toluene sulfonic acid catalyst was added to the mixture. The blocked glutamic acid and the ethylene glycol were added in quantities such that the molar ratio of blocked glutamic acid to ethylene glycol to p-toluene sulfonic acid was 1:1.08:0.01. The reaction was carried out at 170° C. and maintained at this temperature for the period of polymerization, which extended for 16 hours. The excess diol was stripped from the molten resin by vacuum. The reaction mixture was poured into a reaction bulb and heated in a liquid bath at a fixed temperature. A thermoplastic main chain aliphatic polyester of the present invention was obtained.
Blocked glutamic acid and propylene glycol were melt mixed together in a batch reactor under vacuum at 400 mmHg. P-toluene sulfonic acid was added as a catalyst. The molar ratio between the blocked glutamic acid to the propylene glycol to the p-toluene sulfonic acid was 1:1.08:0.01. The reaction was carried out at 110° C. and maintained at this temperature for the period of polymerization, which extended for 22 hours. The excess diol was stripped from the molten resin by vacuum. The reaction mixture was poured into the reaction bulb and heated in a liquid bath at a fixed temperature. A thermoplastic main chain aliphatic polyester of the present invention was obtained.
Blocked glutamic acid and 2,5-hexanediol are melt mixed together in a batch reactor under vacuum at 400 mmHg. P-toluene sulfonic acid is added as a catalyst. The molar ratio between the blocked glutamic acid to the 2,5-hexanediol to the p-toluene sulfonic acid is 1:1.08:0.015. The reaction is carried out at 170° C. and maintained at this temperature for the period of polymerization, which extends for 16 hours. The excess diol is stripped from the molten resin by vacuum. The reaction mixture is poured into the reaction bulb and heated in a liquid bath at a fixed temperature. A thermoplastic main chain aliphatic polyester of the present invention is obtained.
A thermoset heterochain polyester was prepared by melt mixing equivalent amounts of blocked glutamic acid and diglycidal ether of 1,4 butanediol (BDE) in the presence of p-toluene sulfonic acid. These components were combined in a molar ratio of 1:1:0.02, respectively. The polymer mix was placed in a pre-heated oven at 110° C. After 15 minutes of heating, the temperature was raised gradually to the final temperature of 130° C., and the reaction was maintained at that temperature. The temperature was controlled to be within 0.5° C. difference of the set temperature for the period of polymerization, which extended for 8 hours.
A thermoset heterochain polyester was prepared by melt mixing equivalent amounts of blocked glutamic acid and diglycidal ether of 1,4 butanediol (ODE) in the presence of p-toluene sulfonic acid These components were combined in a molar ratio of 1:1:0.02, respectively. The polymer mix was placed in a pre-heated oven at 110° C. After 15 minutes of heating, the temperature was raised gradually to the final temperature of 130° C., and the reaction was maintained at that temperature. The temperature was controlled to be within 0.5° C. difference of the set temperature for the period of polymerization, which extended for 8 hours.
A thermoset heterochain polyester is prepared by melt mixing blocked glutamic acid and diglycidal ether of 1,4 butanediol (BDE) in the presence of p-toluene sulfonic acid. These components are combined in a molar ratio of 2:1:0.02, respectively. The polymer mix is placed in a pre-heated oven at 110° C. After 15 minutes of heating, the temperature is raised gradually to the final temperature of 130° C., and the reaction is maintained at that temperature. The temperature is controlled to be within 0.5° C. difference of the set temperature for the period of polymerization, which extends for 8 hours.
A thermoset heterochain aromatic polyester was prepared by melt mixing equivalent amounts of blocked glutamic acid and diglycidal ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA) in the presence of p-toluene sulfonic acid. These components were combined in a molar ratio of 1:1:0.02, respectively. The polymer mix was placed in a pre-heated oven at 110° C. After 15 minutes of heating, the temperature was raised gradually to the final temperature of 120° C., and the reaction was maintained at that temperature. The temperature was controlled to be within 0.5° C. difference of the set temperature for the period of polymerization, which extended for 5 hours.
A thermoset heterochain aromatic polyester was prepared by melt mixing equivalent amounts of blocked glutamic acid and diglycidal ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA) in the presence of p-toluene sulfonic acid. These components were combined in a molar ratio of 1:1:0.02, respectively. The polymer mix was placed in a pre-heated oven at 110° C. After 15 minutes of heating, the temperature was raised gradually to the final temperature of 130° C., and the reaction was maintained at that temperature. The temperature was controlled to be within 0.5° C. difference of the set temperature for the period of polymerization, which extended for 5 hours.
A thermoset heterochain aromatic polyester is prepared by melt mixing blocked glutamic acid and diglycidal ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA) in the presence of p-toluene sulfonic acid. These components are combined in a molar ratio of 2:1:0.02, respectively. The polymer mix is placed in a pre-heated oven at 110° C. After 15 minutes of heating, the temperature is raised gradually to the final temperature of 130° C., and the reaction is maintained at that temperature. The temperature is controlled to be within 0.5° C. difference of the set temperature for the period of polymerization, which extends for 5 hours.
A thermoset heterochain aromatic polyester is prepared by melt mixing blocked glutamic acid and tetraglycidyl ether of tetraphenolethane with p-toluene sulfonic acid. These components are combined in a molar ratio of 4:1:0.01, respectively. The polymer mix is placed in a pre-heated oven at 110° C. After 15 minutes of heating, the temperature is raised gradually to the final temperature of 130° C., and the reaction is maintained at that temperature. The temperature is controlled to be within 0.5° C. difference of the set temperature for the period of polymerization, which extends for 10 hours.
The mixture of spores was prepared from separate cultures of microorganisms. Sabouraud dextrose dehydrated media (broth media) was used as a nutrient for the initial microbial growth. The cultivated broth media was prepared by dissolving 30 grams of the dehydrated broth media in one liter of distilled water. A volume of 50 ml of the dissolved media was poured into several 150 ml Erlenmeyer flasks. The prepared flasks were sterilized at 120° C. for 20 minutes. Each fungi used in the mixed culture was cultivated initially in one flask.
The lyophilized preparation of each test organism was inoculated into the prepared broth liquid media The prepared cultures were incubated at 30° C. in an incubator orbital shaker at 150 rounds per minute (rpm). After fifteen days of growth, 10 ml of the media containing the fungus growth was poured into 100 ml of distilled water and was shaken vigorously to liberate the spores. The media was filtered through a milk filter to separate hyphae from spores. The filtrate was centrifuged to separate the spores from the liquid media Repetitive suspension of the precipitate with distillate water and recentrifugation proceeded to remove any traces of nutrient media (carbon source) from the spores. The collected spores were diluted by 1 ml of the salt liquid media Spores were collected for each test organism. Equal volumes of the resulted spore suspension were mixed and about 1 ml of the fungus spores mixture were prepared to be used for inoculation. The bacteria were directly inoculated. Reserve stock of each microorganism was stored in the refrigerator. It should be renewed at least every four weeks and preferably in between 10 and 20 days.
US4873194 * May 29, 1987 Oct 10, 1989 Fuji Oil Company, Limited Process for preparing enzyme preparation
US5204251 * Jun 19, 1991 Apr 20, 1993 Kanegafuchi Kagaku Kogyo & Kabushiki Kaisha Process of enzymatic interesterification maintaining a water content of 30-300 ppm using Rhizopus
US5219753 * Jun 22, 1989 Jun 15, 1993 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of Agriculture Genetically engineered microorganisms containing a gene segment coding for a lipase from Rhizopus delemar
US5246848 * May 20, 1991 Sep 21, 1993 Olin Corporation Process for providing enhanced yield and simplified isolation of hydrophobic enzymes from culture media
US5429942 * Dec 11, 1992 Jul 4, 1995 Sasol Industries (Proprietary) Limited Biological treatment and cultivation of microorganisms
US5606007 * May 21, 1993 Feb 25, 1997 General Electric Company Processes for preparing aromatic polycarbonates
US5756650 * Mar 13, 1997 May 26, 1998 Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba Polyimide precursor composition, method of forming polyimide film, electronic parts and liquid crystal element
US5929017 * Oct 26, 1995 Jul 27, 1999 Novonordisk A/S Enzymatic detergent composition
US5976855 * Aug 22, 1996 Nov 2, 1999 Novo Nordisk A/S Method of preparing a variant of a lipolytic enzyme
1 Albertsson et al., "Biodegradation and Test Methods for Environmental and Biomedical Applications of Polymers," CRC Press Boca Raton, Fl., pp. 263-293, 1990.
2 Albertsson et al., "Biodegradation of Synthetic Polymers. III. The Liberation of 14 CO2 by Molds like Fusarium redolens from 14 C Labeled Polyerized High-Density Polyethylene," Journal of Applied Polymer Science, vol. 22, 3435-3447, 1978.
3 * Albertsson et al., Biodegradation and Test Methods for Environmental and Biomedical Applications of Polymers, CRC Press Boca Raton, Fl., pp. 263 293, 1990.
4 * Albertsson et al., Biodegradation of Synthetic Polymers. III. The Liberation of 14 CO 2 by Molds like Fusarium redolens from 14 C Labeled Polyerized High Density Polyethylene, Journal of Applied Polymer Science, vol. 22, 3435 3447, 1978.
5 * Albertsson, Ann Christine, Biodegradation of Synthetic Polymers. II A Limited Microbial Conversion of 14 C in Polyethylene to 14 CO 2 by some Soil Fungi, Journal of Applied Polymer Science, vol. 22, pp. 34319 3433, 1978.
6 Albertsson, Ann-Christine, "Biodegradation of Synthetic Polymers. II A Limited Microbial Conversion of 14 C in Polyethylene to 14 CO2 by some Soil Fungi," Journal of Applied Polymer Science, vol. 22, pp. 34319-3433, 1978.
7 Anderson et al., "The Potential for Poly-α-Amino Acids as Biomaterials," Journal of Biomedical Material Resource Symposium, No. 5, Part 1, pp. 197-207, 1974.
8 * Anderson et al., The Potential for Poly Amino Acids as Biomaterials, Journal of Biomedical Material Resource Symposium, No. 5, Part 1, pp. 197 207, 1974.
9 Annau, E. et al., "Uber die Bedeutung der Fumarsaure fur die tierische Gewebsatmung," Hoppe-Seyler's Zeitschrift f. physiol. Chemie. vol. 236, pp. 1-31, 1935. We believe this reference relates to microorganisms.
10 Annau, E. et al., "Uber die Bedeutung der Fumarsaure fur die tierische Gewebsatmung," Hoppe-Seyler's Zeitschrift f. physiol. Chemie., vol. 244, pp. 105-116, 1936. We believe this reference relates to microorganisms.
11 * Annau, E. et al., Uber die Bedeutung der Fumars a ure f u r die tierische Gewebsatmung, Hoppe Seyler s Zeitschrift f. physiol. Chemie. vol. 236, pp. 1 31, 1935. We believe this reference relates to microorganisms.
12 * Annau, E. et al., Uber die Bedeutung der Fumars a ure f u r die tierische Gewebsatmung, Hoppe Seyler s Zeitschrift f. physiol. Chemie., vol. 244, pp. 105 116, 1936. We believe this reference relates to microorganisms.
13 Benedict et al., "Fungal Degradation of Polycaprolactones," Journal of Applied Polymer Science, vol. 28, pp. 327-334, 1983.
14 Benedict et al., "Polycaprolactone Degradation by Mixed and Pure Cultures of Bacteria and a Yeast," Journal of Applied Polymer Science, vol. 28, 335-342, 1983.
15 * Benedict et al., Fungal Degradation of Polycaprolactones, Journal of Applied Polymer Science, vol. 28, pp. 327 334, 1983.
16 * Benedict et al., Polycaprolactone Degradation by Mixed and Pure Cultures of Bacteria and a Yeast, Journal of Applied Polymer Science, vol. 28, 335 342, 1983.
17 Bergmann et al., "Uber ein all-gemeines Verfahren der Peptid-Synthese," Ber. Deut. Chem. Ges., vol. 65, pp. 1992-1201, 1932. We believe this reference relates to microorganisms.
18 * Bergmann et al., Uber ein all gemeines Verfahren der Peptid Synthese, Ber. Deut. Chem. Ges., vol. 65, pp. 1992 1201, 1932. We believe this reference relates to microorganisms.
19 Cook et al., "Scanning Electron Microscopic Visualization of Biodegradation of Polycaprolactones by Fungi," Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Letters edition, vol. 19, pp. 159-165, 1981.
20 * Cook et al., Scanning Electron Microscopic Visualization of Biodegradation of Polycaprolactones by Fungi, Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Letters edition, vol. 19, pp. 159 165, 1981.
21 De Simone et al., "Synthesis, Characterization, and Degradation of Block Polyesteramides Containing Poly(L-Lactide) Segments," Journal of Applied Polymer Science, vol. 46, pp. 1813-1820, 1992.
22 * De Simone et al., Synthesis, Characterization, and Degradation of Block Polyesteramides Containing Poly(L Lactide) Segments, Journal of Applied Polymer Science, vol. 46, pp. 1813 1820, 1992.
23 DeMoss et al., "Quantitative Aspects of the Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle in Baker's Yeast," Journal of Bacteriology, vol. 74, pp. 445-451, 1957.
24 * DeMoss et al., Quantitative Aspects of the Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle in Baker s Yeast, Journal of Bacteriology, vol. 74, pp. 445 451, 1957.
25 Dennenberg et al., "A New Biodegradable Plastic made from Starch Graft Poly(methyl Acrylate) Copolymer," Journal of Applied Polymer Science, vol. 22, pp. 459-464, 1978.
26 * Dennenberg et al., A New Biodegradable Plastic made from Starch Graft Poly(methyl Acrylate) Copolymer, Journal of Applied Polymer Science, vol. 22, pp. 459 464, 1978.
27 Fields et al., "Microbial Degradation of Polyesters: Polycaprolactone Degraded by P. pullulans," Journal of Applied Polymer Science, vol. 18, pp. 3571-3579, 1974.
28 * Fields et al., Microbial Degradation of Polyesters: Polycaprolactone Degraded by P. pullulans , Journal of Applied Polymer Science, vol. 18, pp. 3571 3579, 1974.
29 Flory, Paul J., "A Comparison of Esterification and Ester Interchange Kinetics," Journal of the American Chemical Society, vol. 62, pp. 2261-2264, 1940.
30 Flory, Paul J., "Kinetics of the Degration of Polyesters by Alcohols," Journal of the American Chemical Socirety, vol. 62, pp. 2255-2261, 1940.
31 * Flory, Paul J., A Comparison of Esterification and Ester Interchange Kinetics, Journal of the American Chemical Society, vol. 62, pp. 2261 2264, 1940.
32 * Flory, Paul J., Kinetics of the Degration of Polyesters by Alcohols, Journal of the American Chemical Socirety, vol. 62, pp. 2255 2261, 1940.
33 Flory, Paul. J., "Kinetics of Polyestification: A study of the Effects of molecular Weight and Viscosity on reaction Rate," Journal of the American Chemical Society, vol. 61, pp. 3334-3340, 1939.
34 * Flory, Paul. J., Kinetics of Polyestification: A study of the Effects of molecular Weight and Viscosity on reaction Rate, Journal of the American Chemical Society, vol. 61, pp. 3334 3340, 1939.
35 Freedman et al., "Photodegradable Vinyl Plastics. I. Effect of N-Halogen Additives," Journal of Applied Polymer Science, vol. 20, pp. 463-274, 1976.
36 * Freedman et al., Photodegradable Vinyl Plastics. I. Effect of N Halogen Additives, Journal of Applied Polymer Science, vol. 20, pp. 463 274, 1976.
37 Gibson, David T., "Microbial Degradation of Aromatic Compounds," Science, vol. 161, pp. 1093-1097, 1968.
38 * Gibson, David T., Microbial Degradation of Aromatic Compounds, Science, vol. 161, pp. 1093 1097, 1968.
39 Graham, Neil B., "Polymeric Inserts and Implants for the Controlled Release of Drugs," The British Polymer Journal, vol. 10, pp. 260-266, 1978.
40 * Graham, Neil B., Polymeric Inserts and Implants for the Controlled Release of Drugs, The British Polymer Journal, vol. 10, pp. 260 266, 1978.
41 Guillet, J.E., "Photochemistry in Macromolecular Systems," Naturwissenschaften, vol. 59, pp. 503-509, 1972.
42 * Guillet, J.E., Photochemistry in Macromolecular Systems, Naturwissenschaften, vol. 59, pp. 503 509, 1972.
43 Harper et al., "Mechanism of the Benzophenone-Sensitized Photodegradation of Polypropylene," Journal of Applied Polymer Science, vol. 17, pp. 3503-3508, 1973.
44 Harper et al., "Sensitised Photodegration of Polypropylene," Journal of Chemistry and Industry (London), pp. 848-849, 1972.
45 * Harper et al., Mechanism of the Benzophenone Sensitized Photodegradation of Polypropylene, Journal of Applied Polymer Science, vol. 17, pp. 3503 3508, 1973.
46 * Harper et al., Sensitised Photodegration of Polypropylene, Journal of Chemistry and Industry (London), pp. 848 849, 1972.
47 Haysashi et al., "Prepartion and Properties of A-B-A Tri-Block Copolymer Membranes Consisting of N-Hydroxyalkyl L-glutamine as the A Component and L-Alanine as the B Component," Polymer Journal, vol. 17, pp. 1273-1280, 1985.
48 * Haysashi et al., Prepartion and Properties of A B A Tri Block Copolymer Membranes Consisting of N Hydroxyalkyl L glutamine as the A Component and L Alanine as the B Component, Polymer Journal, vol. 17, pp. 1273 1280, 1985.
49 Heller, J., "Controlled Release of Biologically Active Compounds from Biorodible Polymers," Biomaterials, vol. 1, pp. 51-57, 1980.
50 * Heller, J., Controlled Release of Biologically Active Compounds from Biorodible Polymers, Biomaterials, vol. 1, pp. 51 57, 1980.
51 Huang et al., "Biodegradable Polymers: Photolysis and Fungal Degradation of Poly(arylene Keto Esters)," Journal of Applied Polymer Science, vol. 25, pp. 1951-1960, 1980.
52 * Huang et al., Biodegradable Polymers: Photolysis and Fungal Degradation of Poly(arylene Keto Esters), Journal of Applied Polymer Science, vol. 25, pp. 1951 1960, 1980.
53 Itoh et al., "Hydrolysis of Polyesters by Lipases," Nature, vol. 270. pp. 76-80, 1977.
54 * Itoh et al., Hydrolysis of Polyesters by Lipases, Nature, vol. 270. pp. 76 80, 1977.
55 Jarrett et al., "Mechanism of the Biodegradation of Polycaprolactone," Plenum press, New York, N.Y., pp. 181-192, 1984.
56 * Jarrett et al., Mechanism of the Biodegradation of Polycaprolactone, Plenum press, New York, N.Y., pp. 181 192, 1984.
57 Klausmeier, R.E., "The Effect of Extraneous Nutrients on the Biodeterioration of Plastics," Society of Chemical Industry, S.C.I. Monograph No. 23, pp. 232-243, 1966.
58 * Klausmeier, R.E., The Effect of Extraneous Nutrients on the Biodeterioration of Plastics, Society of Chemical Industry, S.C.I. Monograph No. 23, pp. 232 243, 1966.
59 Kluyver et al., "Microbial Metabolism and Its Industrial Implications," Chemistry and Industry, pp. 136-145, 1952.
60 * Kluyver et al., Microbial Metabolism and Its Industrial Implications, Chemistry and Industry, pp. 136 145, 1952.
61 * Li Xia et al., Synthesis and Microbial Degradation of Poly(2 methyl phenylene oxide), Journal of Applied Polymer Science, vol. 48, pp. 1081 1087, 1993.
62 Li-Xia et al., "Synthesis and Microbial Degradation of Poly(2-methyl phenylene oxide)," Journal of Applied Polymer Science, vol. 48, pp. 1081-1087, 1993.
63 Lynen, von Feodor, "Zum Biologischen Abbau der Essigsaure," Annalen der Chemie, vol. 552, pp. 270-306, 1957. We believe this reference relates to microorganisms.
64 Lynen, von Feodor, "Zum Biologischen Abbau der Essigsaure," Annalen der Chemie, vol. 554, pp. 40-68, 1957. We believe this reference relates to microorganisms.
65 * Lynen, von Feodor, Zum Biologischen Abbau der Essigs a ure, Annalen der Chemie, vol. 552, pp. 270 306, 1957. We believe this reference relates to microorganisms.
66 * Lynen, von Feodor, Zum Biologischen Abbau der Essigs a ure, Annalen der Chemie, vol. 554, pp. 40 68, 1957. We believe this reference relates to microorganisms.
67 * O zilgen, Mustafa, Kinetics of Amino Acid Production by Over Producer Mutant Microorganisms, Enzyme Microbial Technology, vol. 10, pp. 110 114, 1988.
68 Ozilgen, Mustafa, "Kinetics of Amino Acid Production by Over-Producer Mutant Microorganisms," Enzyme Microbial Technology, vol. 10, pp. 110-114, 1988.
69 Paetau et al., "Biodegradable Plastic Made from Soybean Products. 1. Effect of Preparation and Processing on mechanical Properties and Water Absorption," Indian Engineering Chemical Research, vol. 33, pp. 1821-1827, 1994.
70 * Paetau et al., Biodegradable Plastic Made from Soybean Products. 1. Effect of Preparation and Processing on mechanical Properties and Water Absorption, Indian Engineering Chemical Research, vol. 33, pp. 1821 1827, 1994.
71 Peppler, Henry J., "Microbial Technology," Reinhold Publishing Corporation, pp. 435-437, 1967.
72 * Peppler, Henry J., Microbial Technology, Reinhold Publishing Corporation, pp. 435 437, 1967.
73 Potts et al., "The Biodegradability of Synthetic Polymers," Synoposium on Polymers and Ecological Problems, Plenum Press, New York, pp. 61-80, 1973.
74 * Potts et al., The Biodegradability of Synthetic Polymers, Synoposium on Polymers and Ecological Problems, Plenum Press, New York, pp. 61 80, 1973.
75 Pramanick et al., "Studies on Some Radical Transfer Reaction by Entrapping the Radicals as Polymer Endgroups," Acta Polymerica, vol 39, pp. 357-361, 1988.
76 * Pramanick et al., Studies on Some Radical Transfer Reaction by Entrapping the Radicals as Polymer Endgroups, Acta Polymerica, vol 39, pp. 357 361, 1988.
77 Reed et al., "Biodegradable Polymers for Use in Surgery -Poly(glycolic)/Poly(lactic acid) Homo and Copolymers: 2. In Vitro Degradation," Polymer, vol. 22, pp. 494-498, 1981.
78 * Reed et al., Biodegradable Polymers for Use in Surgery Poly(glycolic)/Poly(lactic acid) Homo and Copolymers: 2. In Vitro Degradation, Polymer, vol. 22, pp. 494 498, 1981.
79 Schindler et al., "Biodegradable Elastomeric Polyesters," Polymeric Reprints, pp. vol. 23, 111-112, 1982.
80 * Schindler et al., Biodegradable Elastomeric Polyesters, Polymeric Reprints, pp. vol. 23, 111 112, 1982.
81 Stare et al., "The Effect of Fumarate on Respiration," Proc. Roy. Soc., pp. 338-357, 1936.
82 * Stare et al., The Effect of Fumarate on Respiration, Proc. Roy. Soc., pp. 338 357, 1936.
83 Tokiwa et al., "Hydrolysis of Polyesters by Rhisopus delemar Lipase," Agricultural and Biological Chemistry, vol. 42, pp. 1071-1072, 1978.
84 Tokiwa et al., "Purification and Some Properties of Polyethylene Adipate-degrading Enzyme Produced by Penicillium sp. Strain 14-3#," Agricultural and Biological Chemistry, vol. 41, pp, 265-274, 1977.
85 Tokiwa et al., "Synthesis of Copolyamide-Esters and Some Aspects Involved in Their Hydrolysis by Lipase," Journal of Applied Polymer Science, vol. 24, 1701-1711, 1979.
86 * Tokiwa et al., Hydrolysis of Polyesters by Rhisopus delemar Lipase, Agricultural and Biological Chemistry, vol. 42, pp. 1071 1072, 1978.
87 * Tokiwa et al., Purification and Some Properties of Polyethylene Adipate degrading Enzyme Produced by Penicillium sp. Strain 14 3 , Agricultural and Biological Chemistry, vol. 41, pp, 265 274, 1977.
88 * Tokiwa et al., Synthesis of Copolyamide Esters and Some Aspects Involved in Their Hydrolysis by Lipase, Journal of Applied Polymer Science, vol. 24, 1701 1711, 1979.
89 Wang et al., "Fermentation and Enxyme Technology," John Wiley & Sons, pp. 57-97, 1979.
90 * Wang et al., Fermentation and Enxyme Technology, John Wiley & Sons, pp. 57 97, 1979.
91 Ward, Owen P., "Fermentation Biotechnology," Open University Press, 1989.
92 * Ward, Owen P., Fermentation Biotechnology, Open University Press, 1989.
93 Whitesides et al., "Enzymes as Catalysts in Synthetic Organic Chemistry," Angewandte Chem. Int. Ed. Engl., vol. 24, pp. 617-718, 1985.
94 * Whitesides et al., Enzymes as Catalysts in Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Angewandte Chem. Int. Ed. Engl., vol. 24, pp. 617 718, 1985.
WO2006084613A1 * Feb 1, 2006 Aug 17, 2006 Clariant Produkte (Deutschland) Gmbh Polymers and their production and use as gas hydrate inhibitors
U.S. Classification 435/198, 435/253.3, 435/254.3, 435/183, 435/254.5, 435/252.4, 435/254.9, 435/243, 435/262, 435/42, 435/43, 435/187, 435/261
International Classification C08J11/18, C12P7/62, C08G63/42, C12P39/00, C08G63/87, C08G63/85, C08G63/685
Cooperative Classification C08J2367/04, C12P7/625, C08G63/85, C08G63/6854, C08J11/18, C08G63/87, C12P39/00, C08J2367/00, C08G63/42, C08J11/105, Y02W30/702, Y02W30/706
European Classification C08J11/10B, C08J11/18, C08G63/685D, C12P7/62A, C12P39/00


text:
Problem when installing Ruby using RVM - Stack Overflow
I am having a hard time trying to reinstall Ruby (1.9.2-p136) on my ubuntu machine, using RVM.
Basically I just do:
rvm install 1.9.2-p136
And during the Compiling step, it fails with the following error message:
(NoMethodError) undefined method
`set_encoding' for RDoc::Parser:Class
I tried to look for this on Stackoverflow and Google but it didn't help! Any idea?
To be clear, I am not using Ubuntu but Linux Mint 9 which is based on Ubuntu 10.04. ruby rvm share|improve this question edited Feb 7 '11 at 1:53
asked Feb 7 '11 at 1:30
11.7k1570117
Well, oddly enough, RDoc was rev'd last week to a new version. So, I suspect you're running into a snag with it, maybe Ruby 1.9.2-p136, and maybe RVM.
I'd recommend contacting the author of RVM; You can email him at the address that appears when you do rvm -v. Include the output of rvm info.
I'll do an install to a VM on my machine here and see how it goes. I have the same Ruby version, but it's been in place since it came out, so when RDoc updated there was an existing Ruby. I have the most recent Mint, which I assume is 9, based on Ubuntu 10 I think it said.
I just built a Mint 10 VM, then installed rvm, then installed 1.8.7-p330 and 1.9.2-p136. Neither had any problems.
One thing I didn't do, that Wayne Seguin told me is important, is to rvm notes after installing it, before installing Ruby. That will display any OS-specific things needed. For instance, on Mint 10 it says:
For RVM
For Ruby (MRI & ree) you should install the following OS dependencies:
ruby: /usr/bin/aptitude install build-essential bison openssl libreadline6 libreadline6-dev curl git-core zlib1g zlib1g-dev libssl-dev libyaml-dev libsqlite3-0 libsqlite3-dev sqlite3 libxml2-dev libxslt-dev autoconf libc6-dev
An additional thing you might run into is a zlib warning when installing gems, which is handled on the RVM site in Zlib
share|improve this answer edited Feb 7 '11 at 4:45
Thanks for sharing this information. I'll just email him then and see what's going on!
Feb 7 '11 at 2:08
Ruby installed! Thank you for your help!
Glad it helped. Remember to do rvm get head; rvm reload weekly or monthly to pull in the latest fixes/updates.
I don't know what your problem is, but I've had to install rails to a couple of ubuntu machines and it was a nightmare compiling everything. I recently found:
http://thechangelog.com/post/2857400260/railsready-setup-script-to-get-ruby-and-rails-running
This is the only way I would install rails in ubuntu. share|improve this answer answered Feb 7 '11 at 1:39
5,53061648
Thanks, it looks good! Unfortunately it doesn't like the fact that I am using Linux Mint: Rails Ready currently only supports Ubuntu and CentOS, despite the fact that Linus Mint is actually built from Ubuntu!
Feb 7 '11 at 1:54
I've never had a problem installing Rails on any machine once I have all the dependencies for Ruby taken care of.
Installing a Ruby version with rvm froze my computer--can I test to see if it installed correctly?

value: Stack Overflow is a question and answer website for professional and enthusiast programmers. It is the flagship site of the Stack Exchange Network, created in 2008 by Jeff Atwood and Joel Spolsky.


text: What to read nextUS activist heading home after serving Peru terror sentenceAssociated PressHilton HHonors™ CardAmerican Express®SponsoredI don't like this adThank you for your feedbackWe'll review and make changes needed.UndoWhy don't you like this ad ?It's offensive to meI keep seeing thisIt's not relevant to meSomething elseDoneTrendingPutin's latest message to Turkey could 'spin any future incident beyond control'Business InsiderTrendingDonald Trump on Islam: ‘There’s something nasty coming out of there’Dylan StablefordUnable to work? Do you qualify for Disability?Disability GuideSponsoredI don't like this adThank you for your feedbackWe'll review and make changes needed.UndoWhy don't you like this ad ?It's offensive to meI keep seeing thisIt's not relevant to meSomething elseDonePhotosOnline gun threat at the University of ChicagoYahoo NewsTrendingDirty Secrets of Flying: What the Airlines Don’t Tell YouSid LipseyExtreme Flood Forces Workers to Commute in BucketsGuyViral.comSponsoredI don't like this adThank you for your feedbackWe'll review and make changes needed.UndoWhy don't you like this ad ?It's offensive to meI keep seeing thisIt's not relevant to meSomething elseDoneTrendingPrincess Charlotte Breaks Royal Etiquette With New Dress PhotosYahoo ParentingTrending20 Stocking Stuffers for Everyone on Your ListFood52 on YahooPhotosUnited Nations Climate Change ConferenceYahoo NewsMilitary Flashlight Just ReleasedG700SponsoredI don't like this adThank you for your feedbackWe'll review and make changes needed.UndoWhy don't you like this ad ?It's offensive to meI keep seeing thisIt's not relevant to meSomething elseDoneTrending11-Year-Old Delivers Mom’s Baby, Heads to SchoolRachel Bertsche TrendingTop Cyber Monday Deals on HDTVs, Laptops, and PhonesChristina Tynan-WoodGolf Swing Goes Horribly WrongRush CrunchSponsoredI don't like this adThank you for your feedbackWe'll review and make changes needed.UndoWhy don't you like this ad ?It's offensive to meI keep seeing thisIt's not relevant to meSomething elseDoneTrending2017 Bentley Bentayga: First DriveAbigail BassettPhotosPhotos of the day - November 29, 2015Yahoo NewsWhat These Bond Girls Look Like Now Is IncredibleYourDailyDishSponsoredI don't like this adThank you for your feedbackWe'll review and make changes needed.UndoWhy don't you like this ad ?It's offensive to meI keep seeing thisIt's not relevant to meSomething elseDoneTrendingCongress returns to looming deadlines on budget, highwaysAssociated PressTrendingSan Francisco's 'Hot Cop of Castro' Arrested After Allegedly Driving Into Two Men, Fleeing the SceneInside EditionTrendingThe Scary Truth: What Wine, Sugar, Gluten, & Dairy Are Doing to Your SkinYahoo BeautyGenius Truck Driver Unloads Like a Boss (See Here)Heart of CarsSponsoredI don't like this adThank you for your feedbackWe'll review and make changes needed.UndoWhy don't you like this ad ?It's offensive to meI keep seeing thisIt's not relevant to meSomething elseDonePhotosClimate change protestsYahoo NewsTrendingBoy Finds Funny Way to Catch Attention of Mom Obsessed With PhoneYahoo Parenting ContributorsThere Are Solutions To Chronic Arthritis Painexperttopics.comSponsoredI don't like this adThank you for your feedbackWe'll review and make changes needed.UndoWhy don't you like this ad ?It's offensive to meI keep seeing thisIt's not relevant to meSomething elseDoneTrendingBroncos appropriately fire back at Tom Brady's Facebook PhotoshopShutdown CornerTrendingUSC calls all-too-familiar play in naming Clay Helton its head coachYahoo SportsPhotosMesmerizing waterfallsYahoo News32 Strange Things You Didn't Know About ObamaTrendelierSponsoredI don't like this adThank you for your feedbackWe'll review and make changes needed.UndoWhy don't you like this ad ?It's offensive to meI keep seeing thisIt's not relevant to meSomething elseDoneTrendingKatie Holmes Has No Regrets Three Years After Her Divorce From Tom CruiseGood Morning AmericaTrendingShots Fired: Lupe Fiasco Says Things Will Get “Motherf***ing Ugly” When He Sees Kid CudiVibe

value: Yahoo (, styled as yahoo!) is an American web services provider. It is headquartered in Sunnyvale, California and operated by the namesake Yahoo!


text:
The Best Pavia Holidays 2018 - TripAdvisor
Cheap Pavia Holidays & Packages
Pavia Vacations and Packages
Find the perfect holiday package for Pavia on TripAdvisor by comparing Pavia hotel and flight prices. Travellers like you have written 2 414 reviews and posted 13 111 candid photos for Pavia hotels. Book your Pavia holiday today!
“We stayed in this hotel at the end of February, in time for the very cold weather. At first we were given the wrong room as we had requested a high grade room with two beds but they changed our room...”
Luxury hotels in Pavia
“The hotel is one I stay in regularly. the staff are great and very helpful. The only problem is finding the hotel - being on a winding road in somewhat a remote location. However if you find...”
“I love to hang out in lobby it's part of the holidays .. so i'm pretty sure that the beautiful terraces/garden are ideal in summer.”
“Brilliant boutique hotel perfect for a surprise romantic city break.”
“It's B&B place connected to a restaurant. Owners are extremely nice. Apartments are nice, spacious and renovated. Very central location. Perfect place to stay for a short trip. Place is a little...”

value: Tripadvisor, Inc. is an American online travel company that operates a website and mobile app with user-generated content and a comparison shopping website.


text:
Darjeeling Tea News: December 2006
Gandur still guards a closed tea factory
Posted by darj at 8:07 PM
Years ago, the single call from the gora bada sahib (white garden manager) would send 14-year-old Gandur Oraon running to his master.
Seated on a worn-out wooden stool at the entrance of Raipur tea factory, Gandur, now 67 years old, waits in vain to hear the same call again. In times of desperation, he too feels inclined to abandon his post, just like his malik (garden owner) has done (the estate has been closed since October 2003). However, his concern for the worn out machinery — crusher, curler, drier and sundry other equipment — holds him back.
Never mind that over the past three years, he has not got a single penny from the “real owners” of the machinery that he so zealously protects.
Gandur’s predicament represents the dilemma faced by all gatemen, or security guards, of old and abandoned tea gardens in the Dooars belt.
“I don’t even think of leaving the estate, because once I stop keeping a watch on the factory and the plantations, everything — from machinery to tea bushes — would be stolen,” Gandur says.
Migrating from his native village near Ranchi, Gandur had joined Raipur tea estate as a chowkidar in 1953.
“I was appointed as a chowkidar with a monthly salary of Rs 60,” he said. “I could easily manage with the sum as the management allotted quarters, ration and firewood supply was regular and health facilities were good.”
Dukhun Mondal, a junior colleague of Gandur, said the past four-five years have been the worst time of their lives. “But if we leave and things get stolen, the chances of the estate ever reopening will be even less,” he added.
The situation is the same in gardens like Ramjhora, Kanthalguri and Chamurchi. Rafel Lal, a chowkidar who used to serve at Ramjhora tea estate (closed since March 2002), said: “We live on the money earned by our family members.”
Representatives of NGOs working in closed and abandoned estates are well aware of the desperate situation of the chowkidars.
“Though they have not received any tangible return for their duty for years, it is surprising that they still want to guard the estate property,” Anuradha Talwar, adviser to the Supreme Court’s committee on right to food, recently told The Telegraph over phone from Calcutta. “Sometimes, they even go without food, but still remain at the gardens.”


text:
Outside Sales Account Executive Jobs in Round Rock, TX - BusinessWeek
Outside Sales Account Executive jobs - Round Rock, TX
Outside Account Executives at Groupon leverage related experience in local merchant advertising, along with respective ... sales, advertising, and social media are beneficial to an account executive’s success and fit within our team. We are...
Regional Account Executive Outside Sales (SMB) Charlotte, NC
Marketing Services (GDMS) Regional Account Executive Outside Sales (SMB) Company Overview Gannett, the largest ... tools Responsibilities Create, implement & execute on a Sales Territory/Account Plan to drive GDMS direct sales...
Pace Payment Systems - Austin, TX
a career in Merchant Services. We are hiring for Regional Sales Executives who have a strong desire to have unlimited ... expected income at plan is $92K. If you are new to outside sale a realistic first year income is between $60...
Position Overview: The Account Executive Role is a sales position responsible for building our indirect distribution ... Sales, Outside Sales, B2b,B2C, Account Executive, Sales Executive, Sales Manager, Business Development,...
Firstcom - Travis, TX
Inside Sales - Account Executive - Education The Account Executive, Education meets individual sales goals ... include: Inside Sales Reps, Outside Sales Reps, Account Executives, Retail Managers, Account Managers, Insurance...
Account Executive - Software for Nonprofits
sales targets Use/maintenance of internal sales tools for CRM and pipeline management Engagement with Blackbaud ... and/ or executive team members in complex sales scenarios Development of high-quality client proposals that...
Echo Daily - Austin, TX
Sales (B2B), Inside Sales, Outside Sales, or Outbound Sales experience (Preferred) Advertising Sales Experience ... (Preferred) Media Sales Experience (Preferred) Processing Sales / E-Commerce Sales Experience (Preferred) Echo Daily...
Account Executive (Absolutely Must Have Printing & B2B Sales Exp.)
Printing Company - Austin, TX
company with a Great Career Opportunity as an Account Executive (outside sales) position for Austin, TX. ... Account Executive Outside Sales (Must Have Printing Knowledge) PRINTING SALES - ACCOUNT EXECUTIVE We are seeking motivat...
and commercials. Inside Sales - Account Executive The Account Executive, Education meets individual sales goals ... include: Inside Sales Reps, Outside Sales Reps, Account Executives, Retail Managers, Account Managers, Insurance...
Account ExecutiveOutside Sales RepresentativeTerritory Account Manager/ PublisherOutside Sales Executive
VmwareVerizonEzlocalDellPace Payment SystemsUS Merchant SystemsBest Version MediaRg SearchSarcomSee More »
Austin, TXRound Rock, TXTravis, TXElgin, TXPflugerville, TXLeander, TXCedar Park, TXGeorgetown, TXSee More »

value: Bloomberg Businessweek, previously known as BusinessWeek, is an American weekly business magazine, published 50 times a year. Since 2009, the magazine is owned by New York City-based Bloomberg L.P. The magazine debuted in New York City in September 1929.


text:
Deep Cold: Interior and Northern Alaska Weather & Climate: January 2013
Here's the Fairbanks sounding from Wednesday afternoon, showing a nice elevated inversion. Temperatures were up into the upper teens to around 20 degrees above 2200' MSL, while zero to 10 above at lower elevations.
Posted by Rick at 7:16 PM No comments:
Ice fog was quite dense this morning in Fairbanks but had almost completely burned off by mid-afternoon, as evidenced by these two views from Ester Dome, the top one from 1138am AST and the bottom one four hours later. Temperatures are rapidly warming aloft now and winds have picked up at elevation and channeled valleys.
Here are some low temperatures reported the past couple days:
Chicken Co-op: 62 below
Eagle Co-op: 57 below
Two Rivers: 54 below
Eielson AFB: 52 below
North Pole: 52 below
Fort Wainwright: 51 below
Fairbanks Airport: 48 below
Aurora: 45 below
Gilmore Creek: 45 below
UAF West Ridge: 44 below
Keystone Ridge: 29 below
Posted by Rick at 5:37 PM 1 comment:
I often mention the Pacific Decadal Oscillation and Interior Alaska climate, and I've written about it before, but it's so important to understanding climate variability for most of Alaska (except the North Slope), that it's worth updating.
To start with, below is the classic PDO anomaly diagram from the University of Washington. The color field is the sea surface temperature anomalies and the arrows are the surface wind anomalies. On the left is the positive phase of the PDO and the right is the negative phase. Note that from the North Pacific-wide perspective the phases are misnamed: the positive phase features a huge area of cooler than normal temperatures from Asia to about 155W, and the negative phase a similarly place warm anomaly. The surface wind anomalies are southerly into mainland Alaska during the positive phase and northerly during the negative phase.
Courtesy of the U. of Washington
Next is an updated plot of the PDO Index. I constructed this by taking the monthly PDO index page at the UW website and constructed four non-overlapping seasonal means per year (effectively a course low pass filter). The heavy black line is the ten year (40 season) centered running mean. Using a centered mean preserves the timing of the phase transitions.
The phase changes in 1946 and 1976 are pretty clear in the ten year mean, while the early 20th and 21st century transitions are less obvious. At least the 21st century transitions is a little clearer in the even smoother annual averages (note I've used a July to June year in order to capture as a unit the Northern Hemisphere winter):
Since the 2005-06 year, only once (2009-10) has the annual mean PDO been above zero, and even that just barely, and the negative values have been repeatedly lower than any time since the 1976 transition. This is why I place the positive to negative phase PDO transition at 2007.
Posted by Rick at 11:59 AM 7 comments:
It's colder this Sunday morning across Fairbanks-land, and it's a deep cold. Here's a temperature trace from the early morning sounding. Unlike my usual fashion, this one is for the lowest five kilometers of the atmosphere. This is quite a cold troposphere: the warmest temperature in the entire atmosphere over Fairbanks is just -27.5C. Note too that the inversion right at the at the time of the sounding was not all sharp: the surface was only about 4C cooler than 400 meters up. Since then the inversion has sharped some as valley temperatures are now well down in the 40s below.
Some low temperatures reported so far (through 9am AST) include:
Fort Wainwright: 51 belo
Eielson AFB: 50 below
Goldstream Creek: 49 below (through 6am)
UAF West Ridge: 42 below
Keystone Ridge: 28 below
Clearly Summit: 22 below
In the eastern Interior it's, as usual, even colder:
Chicken Co-op: 60 below
Fort Yukon: 56 below
Eagle Airport: 55 below
Dawson, YT: 54 below
Circle Hot Springs: 52 below
Northway: 51 below
Posted by Rick at 8:47 AM 7 comments:
It's a cold Saturday in Fairbanks-land. The dawn view from atop Ester Dome shows thin ice fog covering much of the flats. Low temperatures so far this morning include:
Eielson AFB: 49 below
Fort Wainwright: 47 below
Goldstream Creek: 45 below (thru 6am)
Fairbanks Airport: 44 below
UAF West Ridge: 40 below
Keystone Ridge: 25 below
Cleary Summit: 18 below
Posted by Rick at 10:05 AM 1 comment:
Deep cold air is pouring across the central and eastern Brooks Range this morning, creating extremely low wind chills. The NRCS SNOTEL at the top of Atigun Pass (4800' MSL), the highest point on the Dalton Highway, at 7am AST Friday was reporting a temperature of 36 below with sustained winds of 36 mph, gusting to 45 mph. That's a wind chill of 77 below. Farther west, at Anatuvuk Pass at 9am AST it was 24 below with winds 28 gusting 35 mph, a wind chill of 58 below.
Posted by Rick at 8:24 AM 4 comments:
Labels: Cold, Wind Chill, Winter
Lest you think there's always a surface based inversion in Fairbanks during mid-winter, here's a rare example from this morning with no inversion and no significant snow falling. The wind from the surface right up through 1000 meters AGL was 10 to 15 knots. By late morning wind chills were getting nippy in exposed higher elevations: the Caribou Peak RAWS north of the Chatanika at 2500' at noon was down to 15 below with sustained 14 mph winds. Not up to North Slope standards, but enough to notice.
Posted by Rick at 12:10 PM No comments:
My friend, colleague and former boss Ted Fathauer unexpectedly died late Sunday evening at his home in Fairbanks, just three weeks after retiring from the Weather Service. For those on Facebook, here is the NWS Alaska Region Facebook Tribue to Ted:
http://www.facebook.com/rthomanjr/posts/428668320537438?ref=notif&notif_t=like
The sun is back at Barrow: FAA webcam image sequence starting about 11am AST through 115pm Tuesday. Temperature at sunrise a pleasant 7 below with east winds 30 gusting 35 knots. Images courtesy of the FAA.
Posted by Rick at 1:12 PM No comments:
Okay, before moving on to actual numbers, here's my personal "integrated" seasonal definitions for Fairbanks-land. By integrated, I mean this takes into account astronomics, climate and events.
Early Winter: establishment of the permanent winter snow cover in October until mid-November. Roads are regularly icy and skies often quite cloudy. Most precipitation is snow but drizzle or very light rain from shallow clouds not that uncommon.
Core Winter: the dark time of year, mid-November until the end of January: potential for extreme inversion and of course deep cold.
Late Winter: February through very early March: more sunshine, less snow. Daytime inversions weaken from the rapidly increasing solar heating but do not completely break without other forcing.
Early Spring: very early March until sustained melting commences, typically early April. Often clear for days on end and breezy even in town. The time of year to get out and "play in the snow".
Late Spring: early April until early to early to mid May: active snow melt and break-up. Ends at green-up. The sloppy season; crud emerges from the snow. Not the finest time in Fairbanks, but all the daylight is a delight after the dark winter. Precipitation of any kind uncommon.
Early Summer: green-up until start of the deep convective season, typically early to mid May until very early June. Very light brief showers common.
High Summer: peak of the convective season, very early June until early-mid July. Highest frequency of hot days, and often all the rain comes as showers or thunderstorms.
Late Summer: the stratiform rain season, typically mid July to mid-late August. Often condensed to "August" in general conversation in Fairbanks, i.e. "it always rains for the Fair". Highest frequency of fog.
Early Autumn: late August until mid-late September: return of darkness at night, colors in trees and undergrowth. Ran frequency drops way down from late summer. The quintessential "crisp frosty nights and gorgeous sunny days" time of year (my personal favorite these days, just ahead of Late Winter).
Late Autumn: mid to late September until establishment of permanent winter snow cover. Changeable weather, most common time for "snow in the hills, rain in the valley" kind of weather. Increasing darkness yet all is brown: harder to see moose by the road without some snow cover.
So obviously these definition are generalizations and in some years differ. For example, in 2004 there never was a late summer in that a sustained period with regular stratiform rain never occurred. The super high aloft help almost all month and helped keep the record wildfire season going until in snowed in September.
Posted by Rick at 5:59 PM 1 comment:
Continuing on the topic of what are "seasons" in Interior Alaska, I thought it might be useful lay out some definitions that crop up or that I have used on occasion. Feel free to chime in with more.
Fixed dates with "Equal" Length Seasons:
Traditional: Winter begins at Winter Solstice, Spring begins at Vernal Equinox, etc. I don't know the history of this definition, but it it can't be completely rooted in northwestern European tradition: witness Shakespeare's 'A Midsummer Night's Dream' which takes place around Summer Solstice. The inappropriateness of this definition in Interior Alaska, at least in relation to climate, natural history, etc. is obvious.
Astronomical: Winter is the quarter of the year with the least possible sunshine, i.e. the darkest quarter and summer the quarter of the year with the most possible sunshine. So, Winter is Nov 6-Feb 5, Spring Feb 6-May 5, Summer May 5-Aug 5 Autumn Aug 6 to Nov 5. This is certainly better than the traditional definition.
Meteorological: by long standing convention, Winter is Dec-Feb, Spring Mar-May, etc. Mostly commonly used in analysis and certainly captures the core season in Interior Alaska, i.e. winter is the (on average) three coldest calendar months and summer the warmest. A variation of this would be the two-season definition of winter (cold season) as Oct-Mar and summer (warm season) May-Sep.
Fixed Dates with Variable Length Seasons
Winter is coldest third of the mean daily temperature variation and summer the warmest third (spring and autumn the middle third), So for Fairbanks, the mean daily temperatures (1981-2010 normals) range from -9F in mid January to 64F for a couple weeks in late June and early July, for a range of 73F. So the coldest third of the temperature range is -9F to +15 F and summer is 40F to 64F. So for Fairbanks this yields a winter season of Oct 26-Mar 24 and a summer season of Apr 26-Sep 25. This is a much better fit to many residents' intuition that spring and autumn are functionally much shorter than winter and summer.
A two-season definition with Winter as the Mean Snow Cover Season, for Fairbanks something like Oct 16-Apr 22. Summer is the rest of the year.
Phenomena based Yearly Variable Dates (including single season definitions)
Winter begins when the first day that the 5 or 7-day running mean temperature is below freezing and ends when the running mean goes above freezing (for Fairbanks typically in Oct and Apr). Summer begins the first day when the 5 or 7-day running mean temperature is above 55F or 60F (depending on application, typically later May to late Aug in Fairbanks). Spring and autumn in between.
Winter begins when the permanent winter snow cover is established. For Fairbanks, this almost always in October and ends when the snow is gone (for Fairbanks April or early May).
Autumn starts when deciduous tree leaves turn color (late August or very early September).
Summer begins on the date of green-up
Summer begins with river ice break-up and winter begins with river freeze-up
Posted by Rick at 10:40 AM 1 comment:
The sun is getting higher each day but still is not high enough to do much to break the surface inversion. The webcam photo from the Alaska Climate Research Center on UAF West Ridge was taken at exactly solar noon. 2pm temperatures are in the 20s and 30s below in the lowest areas, including 30 below at Woodsmoke, 27 below at Goldstream Creek and 23 below at Fairbanks International. In contrast, higher elevation temperatures at 2pm include 6 below at Keystone Ridge and 4 below at Wickersham Dome and Clearly Summit.
Posted by Rick at 3:03 PM No comments:
Here's a plot of cold season mean temperatures. I've included data from the Experiment Station back to the winter of 1918-19 to highlight the correlation of temperatures on the Pacific Decadal Oscillation phases (the transitions are marked).
Gary also asked if there was any correlation between winter temperatures and the following summer. The short answer, using just the half year seasonal means is no, none at all (correlation =0.04).
Posted by Rick at 10:42 AM 4 comments:
NOAK49 PAFG 162304
AKZ222-171115-
204 PM AKST WED JAN 16 2013
...VERY WARM START TO JANUARY IN FAIRBANKS...
THE AVERAGE TEMPERATURE THE FIRST HALF OF JANUARY IN FAIRBANKS WAS
7.1 ABOVE. THIS IS 15 DEGREES WARMER THAN NORMAL AND THE 9TH
WARMEST START TO JANUARY IN 108 YEARS OF WEATHER RECORDS IN THE
GOLDEN HEART CITY. THE LAST TIME THE FIRST HALF OF JANUARY WAS WARMER
THAN THIS YEAR WAS IN 2002.
RT JAN 13
Posted by Rick at 4:16 PM 2 comments:
For those looking forward to the end of winter, here's another piece of encouragement: the bottom of the normal temperature curve in Fairbanks has been reached. To the left is a plot of the NCDC 1981-2010 normal daily temperatures. The inflection point is today and tomorrow. Thereafter it's up, up up til early July. Combined with the 30% increase in possible sunshine since solstice, can springtime, Interior style be far away?
Posted by Rick at 9:56 AM 3 comments:
I'll update this has I have time, but some preliminary numbers:
For Monday 13 Jan 2013
Fairbanks Airport: 0.22" precip and 0.4" snow. Estimated 0.17" of the preci total was rain.
This is easily the biggest January rain since 1963.
North Pole (KJNP): 0.36" rain, trace snow
Woodsmoke (near North Pole): 0.37" rain and 0.2" snow.
UAF West Ridge: 0.22" and 0.8" snow (9am Mon-9am Tue) and 0.01" precip Monday morning.
Courtesy of IARC at UAF
The Arctic front moved through the area late Monday evening, as vividly illustrated on the temperature plot from Smith Lake, just west of the Experimental Farm at UAF.
Posted by Rick at 10:38 AM No comments:
353 PM AKST MON JAN 14 2013
...BIGGEST JANUARY RAIN IN FAIRBANKS SINCE 1963...
RAINFALL AT THE FAIRBANKS AIRPORT BETWEEN MIDNIGHT AND 3PM AKST
MONDAY TOTALED 0.10 INCHES. THIS IS THE MOST RAIN IN THE MONTH
OF JANUARY AT THE FAIRBANKS AIRPORT SINCE JANUARY 19-20 1963...WHEN
0.52 INCHES OF RAIN FELL.
Posted by Rick at 3:57 PM No comments:
The chinook broke through most of the upper Tanana Valley. Delta Junction/Fort Greely set a record high of 47F Monday afternoon,. The old record for January 14th was 40F set in 2002. At Tok the all time record high for January is 43F, and Tok #2, which is not the Tok climate station of record, has been up to 42F so far.
Posted by Rick at 3:17 PM No comments:
Fairbanks-land got a little bit of rain Sunday evening and more Monday morning. Temperatures are in the mid to upper 30s in the hills and near freezing in the valleys. The 9am AST Monday POES infrared image shows the big ridge over the Gulf of Alaska with deep subtropical moisture into South-Central and eastern Alaska.
The 3am AST Monday 500mb analysis from Environment Canada shows the deep southerly fetch:
The morning sounding from Fairbanks, which was launched between showers, showed above freezing temperatures through almost the entire lowest kilometer of the atmosphere, excepting the lowest 50 meters:
The good news is that colder air is already into southwest Alaska (you can see this on the GOES image) and will more quickly eastward, and Fairbanks area should get some snow later Monday and Monday evening, which hopefully will help with traction on roads.
Posted by Rick at 9:55 AM 6 comments:
The stage has been set for the upcoming ice event. Here is the 11am AST Saturday GOES infrared image. The high aloft is obvious over the eastern Gulf of Alaska, with the deep plume of subtropical moisture on the west side of the high.
The 500mb analysis for 3am Saturday shows the ridge extending from the eastern Pacific across Alaska and phasing with the high near the Pole that has been around in some form for nearly a month.
Courtesy Environment Canada
Fairbanks-land remains right on the edge of the chinook shadow. ANY rain will create very icy roads, and a 12-24 hour period of above freezing temperatures will not help. The numerical guidance is in agreement on driving colder air back into the Interior Monday night. Any ice that accumulates on roads will certainly be with us until spring.
Here's a composite graphic showing 500mb heights for the November 2010 rain event and the Friday morning GFS forecast valid Sunday 3pm. They patterns are similar, with huge ridge in the Gulf of Alaska, subtropical origin of the flow on the west side of the ridge and a shortwave trough turning northeast near the west end of the Alaska Peninsula. The most important difference for Fairbanks-land is that in the 2010 event there was no significant chinook as the winds were way around to WSW. This case will be much closer to the downslope edge, though at this point my take is that it IS going to rain some in Fairbanks Sunday/Monday. Quite unlikely to be as much rain as November 2010, but I'm banking on roads being terrible early next week.
Posted by Rick at 2:17 PM 1 comment:
As we await the ridge of doom, here's a comparison of daily mean temperatures for Fairbanks between last winter and this winter. The most noticeable difference (so far) is there have been no prolonged periods of well above normal temperatures has we had for the first three weeks of December 2011 and again much of February.
Posted by Rick at 2:09 PM No comments:
Here's the Thursday 18Z GFS forecast for 3pm AST Sunday. This is a forecaster's nightmare. The ridge access is barely east of Fairbanks (farther west than yesterday) and heights are higher. If it precipitates out of this it's hard to see how there isn't some rain. Could be a calamity.
Posted by Rick at 5:18 PM 1 comment:
Courtesy NCEP
I don't want to say it, but here it is: the numerical models are increasingly suggesting the threat of rain in Fairbanks-land Sunday into Monday. Here is the GFS forecast from Wednesday valid 3pm AST Sunday. Notice the flow from just northwest of Hawai'i right into Interior Alaska. Now it will be a close shave on whether the flow aloft will be southerly enough allow for chinook drying in Fairbanks: that scenario is likely in Delta, or if it will stay just cold enough for the precipitation to be mostly or wholly snow as is likely at, say, Tanana. Stay tuned.
Posted by Rick at 5:46 PM 3 comments:
Here's a plot of cumulative seasonal snowfall at Fairbanks for the past two winters through January 7th: I've taken the liberty of assuming that snowfall today will be trace or less. The totals are almost exactly the same, just about 30". Last winter though was typical of the "nickel and dime" snow that Fairbanks so frequently gets, while this winter 60% of the snow (so far) fell in one week.
Posted by Rick at 2:28 PM 2 comments:
It seems like for the past couple weeks inversions have been mostly pretty strong in Fairbanks-land, stronger than normal anyway. So I've been toying with an easy way to quantify that.
Here's an attempt that uses the daily difference in standardized mean daily temperature anomaly for Fairbanks International Airport and Keystone Ridge. This accounts for the "normal inversion" as reflected in the daily means and adjusts for variance (the standardized part) that differs between hills and valleys (valleys have significantly larger variations in temperature). This differences is the relative inversion strength (RIS). I've plotted the daily anomalies for both sites in the background for reference.
The purple line is constructed so the positive values reflect stronger inversions than average, zero would be average and negative RIS are weaker than average. Positive RIS has indeed been the rule since late November, with the only extended exception the snowy week in mid-December.
Posted by Rick at 12:02 PM 4 comments:
Strong east winds have been blowing for a couple of days now over the North Slope and have opened up quite a break in the ice west of Barrow, as seen in this NOAA-18 infrared image from Sunday early afternoon. This is not the usual lead beyond the shorefast ice that typically forms in this scenario. That kind of fracture typically runs basically parallel to the shore. I wonder if some of this is flooded ice, i.e. ice covered with sea water.
Posted by Rick at 6:39 PM 1 comment:
The first sunrise of the year at Barrow is still two weeks away, but it is getting lighter around noon now, per the 114pm AST Sunday image at the right (this is close to solar noon at Barrow).
January 6th marks the end of the darkest month of the year (the 31 days centered on winter solstice). Here in Fairbanks we've already gained almost 40 minutes of sunshine since Solstice.
Reader Gary asked about quantifying deep cold in Fairbanks, i.e. when it's cold enough to require extra effort by hardly Fairbanks folk to stay warm and keep things running. Monthly mean temperatures only hint at the question, since means, by definition, smooth out the day to day variation. So here's an effort at addressing this question.
I start by calculating a "Bitter Degree Day" (BDD) statistic for each day. I've chosen a daily mean of -30F as the threshold, based on my own experience: daily means colder than -30f require some extra work. Recall that the daily mean is simply the average of the high and low, so a day with a high of- 30F and a low of -40F would have a mean of -35F. Like most degree day calculations, values outside of the threshold are set to zero: there are no negative degree days. So for each day in the winter, if the mean temperature is ≥ -30F, the BDD is zero. If the mean is less than -30F then I subtract -30 from that value and the remainder is the BDD.
Doing this uncovers some interesting nuggets. For example, this past December, there were 73 BDD, a smidgen more than the 70 BDD in December 1980, even though the monthly mean last month was nearly 7 degrees warmer than December 1980. This reflects the fact that the coldest days this past month were colder than in December 1980 AND the cold snap broke after Solstice last month, but not til the 30th in 1980. In fact, the January correlation between monthly mean temperature and BDD is a less than might be expected 0.69: good, but not great (the correlation of, say, mean temperature and conventional Heating Degrees Days would be 1.00, since the daily mean is always less than 65F in January).
Winter totals have ranged from none eight times to 570 in 1933-34. In the past 30 years the highest total is 172 in 188-89, all of which were in that memorable January. Here is a plot of the winter (Oct-Mar) totals for each winter 1929-30 through this winter (thus far):
This plot reveals that almost 20% of winters have very few (or no) BDDs, while very few (and none since 1971) have had more than 200. Except for the outlier high values, there is not much of trend, though the positive PDO phase (1977-2007), with many very BDD totals, is evident.
Since 1929-30, the monthly BDD median and maximum values are:
Nov: 0, 18 in 1994
Dec: 6, 237 in 1961
Jan: 24, 369 in 1934
Feb: 0, 84 in 1950
Mar: 0, 8 in 1956 (only March with >0 BDD)
Now the daily BDD is a measure of the mean temperature on the coldest days, and there is no doubt that the growth of the Fairbanks urban area and modern transportation have impacted very cold temperatures (mostly by providing water vapor for ice fog development). So instead of total BDD, how about number of days with a daily mean of <-30f: p="p">
The correlation between number of days and the seasonal total is quite good: 0.91 for the whole period, and still 0.88 since 1977, which can arguably be considerable the modern era of Fairbanks urban influences on temperatures.
So, this little exercise demonstrates that a focused statistic (like BDD) can get context specific information: climatology has a lot more to offer the informed user than just averages and normals.
Posted by Rick at 8:09 PM 6 comments:
Here's a plot of the temperature in the lowest 500 meters of the Fairbanks sounding from 3am Wednesday. The surface temperature +7F, while 75 meters up the temperature was above freezing. Not bad. Temperatures around town were quite variable, even on the valley floor. At 9am AST Fairbanks Airport was +12Fwhile fort Wainwright, with an 8 mph downriver breeze, was 28F. At higher elevations temperatures are in the mid 20s to lower 30s. Similarly in the North Pole area, Woodsmoke PWS was +7F and Eielson AFB 27F.
Here is a scatter plot of mean temperature in December over the past 84 years. I've marked the year of the change in phase of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO), a long term variation in sea surface temperatures in the central and eastern Pacific Ocean. December 2010 and 2012 were unremarkable for a negative PDO phase.
Posted by Rick at 7:11 PM 3 comments:
1128 AM AKST TUE JAN 1 2013
...DECEMBER WEATHER SUMMARY AND 2012 REVIEW FOR FAIRBANKS ALASKA...
MOST OF DECEMBER WAS COLD AND TRANQUIL...BUT A SNOWY WEEK MID-MONTH
AN A BIG WARM-UP THE LAST DAYS OF THE MONTH TOOK THE EDGE OFF THE
BELOW NORMAL TEMPERATURES.
9 BELOW AND THE AVERAGE LOW 26 BELOW. THE MONTHLY AVERAGE
TEMPERATURE OF 17.3 BELOW WAS MORE THAN 13 DEGREES BELOW NORMAL.
THIS WAS THE SECOND COLDEST DECEMBER IN THE PAST 30 YEARS. ONLY
DECEMBER 2010...WITH AN AVERAGE TEMPERATURE OF 17.9 BELOW...WAS
COLDER. THE HIGH TEMPERATURE FOR THE MONTH WAS 34 DEGREES ON NEW
YEARS EVE. THE LOW WAS 48 BELOW ON THE 17TH. TEN DAYS DURING THE
MONTH HAD AN DAILY LOW TEMPERATURE OF 40 BELOW OR LOWER...THE MOST
IN ANY DECEMBER SINCE 1975. LOWEST TEMPERATURES WERE SIMILAR IN
OTHER LOW LYING AREAS...INCLUDING MONTHLY LOWS OF 50 BELOW AT
NORTH POLE AND 48 BELOW AT GOLDSTREAM VALLEY BOTTOM. IN
CONTRAST...TEMPERATURES AT HIGHER ELEVATIONS DROPPED IN THE
30S BELOW ON JUST A COUPLE OF DAYS.
AS IS TYPICAL IN MID-WINTER...STRONG INVERSIONS PREVAILED ON MANY
DAYS DURING THE MONTH...SETTING THE STAGE FOR FREQUENT AIR QUALITY
WITH THE LOW TEMPERATURE CAME CONSIDERABLE ICE FOG IN URBAN
AREAS...AND WAS ESPECIALLY DENSE ON THE 20TH AND 21ST. OUTSIDE OF
ICE FOGGY AREAS...AURORA WERE SEEN ON SOME CLEAR NIGHTS.
SNOWFALL WAS WELL ABOVE NORMAL IN DECEMBER...BUT WAS ALMOST ALL
PACKED INTO ONE WEEK. A TOTAL OF 18.5 INCHES OF SNOW FELL AT THE
AIRPORT...ABOUT SIX INCHES ABOVE NORMAL AND THE MOST IN ANY
DECEMBER SINCE 1992. PRACTICALLY ALL THE SNOW FELL BETWEEN THE 9TH
AND 14TH. THE BIGGEST SNOW FELL ON THE 12TH...WHEN 9.5 INCHES
FELL. THIS WAS THE EIGHTH HIGHEST DECEMBER CALENDAR DAY SNOWFALL
IN FAIRBANKS WEATHER HISTORY...AND THE HIGHEST ONE DAY SNOW IN
DECEMBER SINCE 1990. THE SNOW DEPTH AT THE AIRPORT TOPPED OUT AT
20 INCHES ON THE 13TH...BUT HAD SETTLED BACK TO 14 INCHES BY NEW
THE SNOW MELTED DOWN TO 1.19 INCHES..WHICH IS ALMOST DOUBLE NORMAL
AND MADE THIS THE WETTEST DECEMBER SINCE 1990.
AS IS USUAL IN WINTER...WIND SPEEDS WERE MOSTLY VERY LIGHT. A
TOTAL OF 18 DAYS HAD A DAILY AVERAGE WIND SPEED OF LESS THAN
ONE MPH...AND THE PEAK DAILY WIND SPEED EXCEEDED 10 MPH ON JUST
LOOKING AHEAD TO JANUARY...FAIRBANKS AVERAGE TEMPERATURES REACH
THE LOWEST POINT IN THE ANNUAL CYCLE MID-MONTH BEFORE BEGINNING TO
SLOWLY CLIMB. BETWEEN THE 14TH AND 20TH THE AVERAGE HIGH IS ZERO
AND THE AVERAGE LOW 18 BELOW. IN THE PAST 108 YEARS...THE HIGHEST
TEMPERATURE IN JANUARY WAS 52 DEGREES IN 2009...AND THE LOWEST
66 BELOW IN 1934. NORMAL SNOWFALL IS 10.2 INCHES...LOWER THAN ANY
EARLY WINTER MONTH. TOTAL JANUARY SNOWFALL HAS VARIED FROM A
WHOPPING 65.6 INCHES IN 1937 TO A PALTRY 0.7 INCHES IN 1966.
POSSIBLE SUNSHINE...WHILE STILL IN SHORT SUPPLY...INCREASES
QUICKLY DURING JANUARY. THE SUN WILL BE UP FOR ONLY FOUR HOURS ON
NEW YEARS DAY BUT INCREASES TO JUST UNDER SEVEN HOURS BY THE 31ST.
...2012 FAIRBANKS WEATHER REVIEW...
THE COLDEST JANUARY IN 40 YEARS AND SUSTAINED UNUSUALLY COLD
WEATHER IN NOVEMBER AND DECEMBERS MORE THAN MADE UP FOR
SIGNIFICANTLY WARMER THAN NORMAL WEATHER IN FEBRUARY AND
APRIL...FOR AN OVERALL AVERAGE TEMPERATURE AT THE FAIRBANKS
AIRPORT FOR THE YEAR OF 24.1 DEGREES. THAT MADE THIS THE COOLEST
YEAR SINCE 1999. THE HIGHEST TEMPERATURE IN 2012 WAS 86 DEGREES
ON JUNE 23RD AND THE LOWEST 51 BELOW ON JANUARY 29TH.
PRECIPITATION TOTALED 10.62 INCHES...WHICH IS ALMOST EXACTLY
NORMAL. HOWEVER...THE SUMMER WAS DRIER THAN NORMAL. THIS LEAD TO A
VERY UNUSUAL FIRE SITUATION IN MID-AUGUST...WHEN THE DRY CREEK
FIRE...WEST OF EIELSON AFB...WHICH HAD STARTED IN LATE JUNE AND
SMOLDERED AT JUST 100 ACRES...FLARED UP AND GREW TO OVER 40000
ACRES BY THE END OF AUGUST.
SIX INCH SNOWFALLS ARE UNUSUAL IN FAIRBANKS...AVERAGING JUST ONE
DAY EVERY TWO YEARS...BUT 2012 BROUGHT TWO SUCH DAYS...ONE IN
MARCH AND ONE IN DECEMBER. HOWEVER...THE 2012 ANNUAL SNOWFALL
TOTAL OF 61 INCHES IS CLOSE TO NORMAL.
Posted by Rick at 11:42 AM No comments: