text:
pollution | Frog Matters | Page 2
Posted by pleasecroak under pollution | Tags: amphibians, atrazine, Conservation, endangered, frogs, mendelson, northern leopard, phytoplankton, pollution, scientific american, snail, species, Wildlife, Zoo Atlanta | 1 Comment Imagine if found that a chemical in our food weakened our resistance to malaria and, when it entered the sewers after we washed it off our dishes, it actually caused mosquitoes to double their egg laying. We’d call it a perfect storm.
Posted by pleasecroak under pollution | Tags: Amphibian, biology, deformity, farm, fertilizer, food chain, Frog, garden, herbicide, malathion, malformity, national science foundation, nutrients, ortho, pesticide, pollution, rick relyea, scotts, tadpole, university of pittsburgh, Wildlife | Leave a Comment The effects of herbicide and fertilizer runoff on amphibians in rural areas has been reported before. We’re talking about frogs that develop extra limbs and other deformities. And of course, we’re talking about frogs dying. But a University of Pittsburgh study, funded by the National Science Foundation, shows that the active ingredient in popular pesticides like some Scotts Ortho products — it’s called malathion — is preventing tadpoles from maturing because it wreaks havoc with the food chain they need to grow. Here’s excerpt from Science Centric Web site which pulls its information from the Oct. 1 issue of Ecological Applications:
Mosquitofish joins gang that threatens amphibians
Posted by pleasecroak under Uncategorized | Tags: amphibians, ampihbian ark, california, chytrid, climate change, fish, Frog, fungus, global warming, habitat, invasive, mosquito, mosquitofish, pollution, red-legged, species, tadpole | Leave a Comment Add a ravenous little fish to the “gang” that is wiping out amphibian populations. The other members of the gang are chytrd fungus, habitat loss, pollution, and global warming. Read about the tadpole gulping mosquitofish in this story from San Mateo County Times. Excerpt:
The scrappy little mosquitofish, the pit bull of ichthyology and the region’s leading defense against West Nile virus, is a savior to insect-infested waters.
Unless you’re a frog.
Yes, the fish dines on larval mosquitoes, as intended. But scientists have learned it also has an appetite for the tadpoles of frogs, toads and other amphibians — including the threatened red-legged frog and the endangered Santa Cruz long-toed salamander.
Canary in the coal mine: are frogs warning us about what’s in our air?
Posted by pleasecroak under Chytrid fungus, pollution | Tags: airborne, amphibians, canaries, canary, chytrid, coal mine, endangered, extinct, fossil fuel, frogs, gullyfourmyle, karen lips, panama, pollution, species, toxin | 1 Comment I came across a very long, very detailed and well written blog post from a Canadian (blogger name is gullyfourmyle) who contends amphibians are declining in large measure because of airborne toxins from our use of oil — and that, like a canary in a coal mine, they are warning humans to stop polluting. I’ve pasted the part about the frogs below, but the whole post can be found here. FROGS ARE US
Pollution sends China’s frogs out of the water
Posted by pleasecroak under pollution | Tags: Amphibian Ark, amphibians, china, frogs, jiangsu, oxygen, pollution, taizhou, toads | 1 Comment From London Daily Mail:
On the toad to ruin: Thousands of tiny amphibians dice with death to flee polluted river
Residents in China’s Jiangsu Province were hopping mad when thousands of little toads took to the streets. The slimy creatures were forced out of their natural habitat in Taizhou city’s main river due to a lack of oxygen in the water.
Land of hop and glory: Thousands of tiny toads mass at the side of the road in Taizhou city
One resident said: “It was amazing for about two days you didn’t know where to put your feet. The roads and pavements were covered with them
“The weirdest thing was – they disappeared almost as quickly as they appeared.”
The toad invasion caused a major headache for the city authorities, who were left with a major clean-up operation.
A spokesman said: “Squashed toad is quite difficult to remove from tarmac.”
Posted by pleasecroak under Uncategorized | Tags: actuarial, actuarian, Amphibian Ark, amphibians, biodiversity, Caecilian, canaries, canary, chytrid, coal mine, death, earth day, endangered, frogs, habitat, insurance, loss, Newt, pollution, Salamander, species, Toad, us airways, Zoo | Leave a Comment “Death is not an acceptable exit strategy.” I overheard this on a US Airways flight from Charlotte to St. Louis tonight:
The line was uttered by one insurance executive to another, in the row right behind me. The more knowledgeable of the two was explaining that when a “client” (that’s you or me) takes out a loan on his life insurance, he must pay off the loan within seven years. This particular insurance company won’t allow the loan term to be stretched any longer; otherwise, the odds increase that the person will die before the debt is fully paid. That would mean that the balance of the loan would have to be paid from the life insurance policy’s death benefit. And this insurance company doesn’t want that to happen. Hence, the “exit strategy” of paying the debt after one dies is “unacceptable.”
Well, thank you, insurance executive. You inspired an Earth Day post for the frogs. If death is not an acceptable exit strategy in the world of life insurance loans, then extinction is an unacceptable exit strategy for the 2,000-plus species of frogs, toads, salamanders, newts, and caecilians that are projected to disappear in our lifetime. If unchecked, this will be the most significant loss of animal life since the disappearance of the dinosaurs.
It would be easy to follow the example of the actuarians and simply present these frogs with a contract stipulating that they have to fix their problem in seven years. But frogs wouldn’t understand all the legal jargon. And, anyway, they really can’t be expected to get themselves out of the pickle jar we’ve put them in. The truth is, we’re the ones who have taken out a massive loan. By living the way we live, we’ve been borrowing against the future sustainability of the planet and the creatures that live on it. And as frogs are regarded as the canaries in the coal mine for our planet’s health, their looming mass exodus has given us our clearest warning yet that we have to pay down our loan, and quickly.
So, on this Earth Day, think about signing a seven-year contract with yourself — and for the frogs — to fix all that you can. A huge part of the debt to amphibians could be paid off in that timeframe. There is a no-nonsense plan, called Amphibian Ark, that will place the 500 most threatened species into the “protective custody” of zoos and other conservation organizations. Species are disappearing as you are reading this. The Amphibian Ark plan will put these species into protective “arks” — i.e., biosecure containers that will:
protect endangered species from environmental threats that include the frog-killing chytrid fungus, pollution, loss of habitat, and global warming
help these “last frogs standing” to breed for their eventual return to the wild
allow scientists to find a cure for chytrid through research conducted in the containers
buy time for other conservation efforts to restore amphibian habitat around the world — so there’s a home to return to
You can sign the contract, in a way, by signing this online petition to protect amphibians. Then, stay tuned, because right after Earth Day we’re going to come back to you with a list of things you can do to save the frogs. If everybody would pick just one thing to do, it would add up to a lot. It would be like paying extra against the principal on the loan we’ve taken out. Say it over and over to yourself: Extinction is not an acceptable exit strategy. Thanks to amphibians, we have a real opportunity to start paying off our debt. Let’s hop to it.
And, if those insurance executives are reading this, I hope I haven’t offended you. I meant no harm. In fact, we could use your talents to raise the $50-$60 million needed to complete the Amphibian Ark physical plan. Maybe you could come up with a seven-year strategy for that.🙂
Coqui, pride of the Bronx Zoo and Puerto Rico	Help save the Panamanian Golden Frog	Lake Titicaca Frog	Leap Day, the burning question: How far can frogs leap?	If frogs go extinct, you'll notice	Past posts/archives
Goodbye And Peggy twitter.com/HamiltonMusica… 13 hours ago
RT @Fleishman: Day 2: The best plans are the ones that evolve. #12days #socialinspiration https://t.co/C1vXkI08cL 2 days ago
The future may be viewed through a camera lens lnkd.in/esNr4p3 2 days ago
Little boy singing Rudolph at LGA. Good way to start the day. 2 days ago
3. ...are the same people not also working to do something about that? #moleg you must do something about this 2 days ago


text:
Wed May 06 2015 13:46:11 GMT+0000 (UTC) on pprd3-node48-lh2.manhattan.bf1.yahoo.com
Movies HomeGet ShowtimesTrailersAvengers: Age of UltronVideosInterviewsMore View on InstagramMovies Home Get Showtimes Trailers Avengers: Age of Ultron Videos More Interviews View on Instagram Please enable JavascriptJavascript needs to be enabled in your browser to use Yahoo Movies.Here’s how to turn it on: https://help.yahoo.com/kb/enable-javascript-browser-sln1648.htmlKate Middleton's First Official Portrait Creates Storm on TwitterThe WrapAlexander C. KaufmanJanuary 11, 2013Kate Middleton's First Official Portrait Creates Storm on TwitterKate Middleton's official royal portrait was unveiled at London's National Portrait Gallery on Friday -- and most critics wish it had stayed under wraps. Painter Paul Emsley's dark-hued depiction of the Duchess of Cambridge was called "rotten" and "dour" by some of the United Kingdom's best known art critics.
Related Articles: Kate Middleton Hoax DJs Apologize: 'I'm Gutted, Shattered, Heartbroken'
Kate Middleton's First Official Portrait Creates Storm on Twitterread moreTumblrReblogFacebookShareTwitterTweetPinterestPin itMailSendCopy LinkCopyCommentsWhat to Read NextFeaturedNewsJeremy Renner Throws Black Widow Under the Quinjet on 'Conan'Gwynne WatkinsReviewsReview: ‘Hot Pursuit’ is a Klutzy Crime CaperThe Hollywood ReporterNews'Star Wars' Overload Concerns Disney, CEO Robert Iger SaysThe WrapNewsWatch Our 'In Memoriam' Video for the (Hopefully) Late Jar Jar BinksYahoo Movies Staff

type: global

value: Yahoo (, styled as yahoo!) is an American web services provider. It is headquartered in Sunnyvale, California and operated by the namesake Yahoo!


text:
Beyond Juustoa: Creme Fraiche
With all the "little bugs", bacteria, mold, and yeast, I've collected trying different cheeses, making Finnish viili (yogurt), and cultured butter, I thought it time to make some creme fraiche....real creme fraiche. Since it's Thanksgiving, it should be a great compliment to the pumpkin pie I will be making to share at my sister's house. The tartness of the creme fraiche will counter the sweetness of the pie. But not just ordinary creme fraiche. I had the idea to slightly sweeten it and flavor it with a spice that compliments pumpkin pie. What I got is a tart, thick, eggnogy flavored creme fraiche. Tastes great.
According to the recipe, I heated a quart of whipping cream to 70F, added 1/4 teaspoon of the aroma mesophilic culture, and let it rehydrate for 5 minutes. Then gently stirred it into the cream. I let it sit out on the counter for 48 hours, chilled in the refrigerator, and then spooned it into a container. When completely chilled, it is firmer, but soft like prepackaged pudding. If I wish, I could whip it like whipped cream to make it fluffy, but I think I'll leave it the way it is. I found a variation online to sweeten the creme fraiche. It said to use 1-2 Tblsp of sugar for each cup. I thought that a bit too sweet, so I used about a third of that, and added some nutmeg to taste, realizing that the nutmeg will infuse it's flavor while it sits in the cream.
Speaking of sour cream, I compared the creme fraiche recipe to the one for sour cream. I never realized they were identical, except that for sour cream, you let the cream and starter set out for 24-36 hours, not 48. Not sure what the big difference is. So I took a taste of the creme fraiche after 24 hours, when it was in the sour cream phase. It was slightly thinner than creme fraiche, and not as tart. Nothing like the sour cream you buy at the store...it's better.
Our kitchen this week is a veritable "bug" factory. The creme fraiche was sitting on the counter next to the villi I was making. The Caciotta and Stilton are ripening in the wine refrigerator, and the cheddars are waxed and ripening too. I ordered a new strain of b. linens and will be making a new Port Salut on Saturday. I am determined to not let that cheese defeat me! But then I think I'll take a break from cheese...at least until Christmas vacation :-)

value: Blogger is an American online content management system (CMS) which enables multi-user blogs with time-stamped entries. Pyra Labs developed it before being acquired by Google in 2003.


text:
Expatriate: What’s in a name anyway? | A Tale of Three Beans
March 25, 2015 by momto3beans
I’ve been watching the ongoing debate about an article haranguing the world at large for racism in calling white people expatriates and brown people immigrants. When I first saw the article linked in Facebook, I wondered what the deal was. I read the article and found that it didn’t really meet my experience in any way. I was very pleased when an exceptional blogger I’ve been reading for years decided to tackle the topic here. I find that Rachel’s experience in Djibouti is much closer to what mine overseas has been like. Mind you, Djibouti is much less expat filled and her experience is far more third-world, if you will, than Jordan. Jordan is much more second-world (is that even a thing?).
But thinking about the term expatriate and thinking about both countries I’ve lived in has been interesting. Reading Rachel’s piece pushed me to give it even more thought as the community I inhabit here is very different from the one I inhabited in Jordan. In Jordan we were, if anything, more like immigrants. After all, El 3atal is from Jordan. Giving up our house in the US and moving lock, stock, and barrel to Jordan was very much an immigrant-like experience. While I never expected to live there forever, I did expect to be there until… you know until some unknown time in the future. In Jordan, we put our kids in local schools, not the fancy all-English expat schools. I went to local vegetable shops and grabbed fruits and veggies using only Arabic (because, yes, the fruit vendor did not speak English better than I spoke Arabic). While I had friends who were part of the expat community, they were more distant friends. Most of my close friends were like me, immersed in the community. They were married to local men or ministering to local people. They weren’t living apart from society. In short, I wasn’t an expat – at all – in Jordan.
Once we moved here, we became clear and obvious expats. Among other things, everyone here is an expat, no one is an immigrant. In this country, you can not become a citizen by virtue of being born here, living here for a long time, or buying property here. If you marry into a local family, you can become a citizen. Otherwise, you cannot. It is really that simple. So the rest of the population, 90%, are expats. And those expats are an entire rainbow from deepest black to brightest white. There are NO immigrants here. None. So, the idea that brown people are immigrants here wouldn’t be on anyone’s mind. Having said that, although I had never thought of it, I’m not sure I would have used the term expat for our wonderful HelperBean. Nor would I have used it for the exceptionally hard-working laborers who build the buildings. So, why not? Is it inherent racism? Is it classism? Maybe. But I expect, it’s more about the fact that I haven’t classified anyone beyond the stereotypical expat as anything. Based on my experience in Jordan, I see being an expat as being very “other” oriented. In Jordan, I WAS the other. My kids were the kids with the foreign mom. I was foreign. I am foreign. Immigrant or not, I was the foreigner. That wouldn’t change.
Expat has always seemed a slightly fancy term that must refer to slightly fancy people (which makes it hard to think of myself as one). And yet, in our current locale, I am definitely in the expat category. My kids go to an international school (of course they can’t go to local schools, but you get the idea). We don’t blend into the local population and we don’t try. We live in a world that is almost halfway between Jordan and the US. And what about HelperBean? A quick look at salaries tells me that she earns more than engineers and even many doctors back home. So, compared to the folks back home, she’s a fancy expat too. So, in giving it a bit of thought, expat fits everyone here fairly well. And since none of us are immigrants… well, it’s as good a term as any right. Because after all, skin color doesn’t change your goals and desires in life. But here in this expat haven, no one’s an immigrant, so no one will be offended by that term. Perhaps we’ll have to think of another term to rile folks up? Suggestions anyone?
Happy Expatriation!
This entry was posted in Uncategorized and tagged expat, immigrant, Jordan, middle east. Bookmark the permalink.
← Expecting more while expecting less
Lunch Time at School, what’s in a school lunch? →
5 thoughts on “Expatriate: What’s in a name anyway?”
Jaraad says:	 April 3, 2015 at 10:24 pm
Thanks for leaving a comment on my blog. It was nice to see you blogging again 🙂
This article was a hit on my Facebook feed too. I have never thought of expat and immigrant the way described in the article. But, somehow after reading the article I think I tend to slightly agree that white people are called expat and brown people are called immigrant. Nevertheless, I noticed all my white Facebook friends didn’t agree.
Since I was born in Kuwait to a Jordanian father I am an expat since born 🙂
As a foreign student in the USA I was neither referred to as an expat nor as an immigrant. On immigration documents I was an alien 🙂
momto3beans says:	 April 15, 2015 at 10:50 am
Jaraad, I’ve found the conversation about expat and immigrant an interesting one all around. And context is so important. Really, though, while people may not use them differently, an expat is moving somewhere for good. We weren’t expats in Jordan and are here. After all, we’ll never be citizens here. So, interesting to see how some feel so keenly that even the terminology is used against them. Hmmm.
Jaraad says:	 April 3, 2015 at 11:38 pm
*expat since birth
Flav_Holman says:	 April 13, 2015 at 7:14 am
Hi I saw your post on my reader feed on wordpress. Not long ago I wrote a post about more or less the same thing, in which I mentioned my husband who is a very white English men and has never denied being an immigrant. In any case, well written.
momto3beans says:	 April 15, 2015 at 10:53 am
Thanks. It’s interesting to have been, effectively, something closer to an immigrant and then absolutely an expat. Perhaps it gives a different view on terms? I’m with you, whatever color you might be, denying yourself as an immigrant when you have moved permanently makes no sense. I look forward to seeing the conversation continue.

value: WordPress (WP, WordPress.org) is a free and open-source content management system (CMS) written in PHP and paired with a MySQL or MariaDB database. Features include a plugin architecture and a template system, referred to within WordPress as Themes.


text:
The West is the Best | ICT 4 Cultures
← Sending an email in Uganda
‘Businessmodel Apple is fout’ →
Fact is that much of these ads are made by so called conmen. The youngsters, desperate to live their dream in the US or Europe, are so eager that they are willing to spend all their money on such ‘chances’. They have to pay registration fees, processing fees and other undefined fees in order to come into the pool of potential fortunate ones. To obtain an acceptable pass photo is the first struggle because the strict rules on size, facial expression, ears visible etc. aren’t obvious to most Ugandans. Therefore the advertisers ask extra money for these services that help to fulfill all these requirements.
Often the next step is to do an interview to see if they meet the other requirements. This is the moment that most of the fortune seekers get to hear that they are ‘not good enough to go to the West’. Others pass the interview, but get to hear that there are not enough donors at the moment; they just have to wait some longer. It can take up to years before people start realizing that they are tricked.
Scamming is a widespread phenomenon in Africa. Africans are popular targets not because of their phat bank account, but because of their (computer) illiteracy. Internet usage is still relatively small but growing, what means that everyday people in Africa encounter Internet for the first time. These illiterate people don’t have experience yet in recognizing authentic Internet traffic. These are the people that click eagerly on the pop-up saying ‘you are the 1000.000st visitor! Fill in your details and get your price!’
More technical conmen make fake websites of universities that offer scholarships. A registration fee of about 200 dollars needs to be transferred first. When the ignorant fortune seekers have send their money, it doesn’t take long before the website has vanished.
Besides looking for scholarships, there is another more personal way to get an invitation to go to the West – by contacting white men that are looking for African ladies. Some women are seriously trying to find the love of their life. Success stories circulate around Kampala about happily married mixed couples, but there are few. Others women invest in relationships online in order to get as much financial gifts as possible. In that case a bit of online flirting with a ‘muzungu’ (white person) results soon in an online relationship. ‘Plans’ to meet physically or even to marry are usually made early in the process. But something happens first! After a few weeks a family member needs to be brought to the hospital or needs medicine; money needs to be send immediately; it is a matter of life or death. Some later a trip is planned, but before the booking is realized a passport gets lost; money need to be transferred first to get a new one. Some do meet in the end. Most don’t.
This entry was posted in Uncategorized and tagged advertisement, american sponsor, desire to got to the west, Internet, internet cafés, Kampala, online flirting, online relationship, pen pal, pen pals, penfriend, scam, scamming, scholarships, sponsors, Uganda, west is the best. Bookmark the permalink.


text:
User Fujita - TeX - LaTeX Stack Exchange
xymtex.com
@Joseph Wright, Probably it is a psychological barrier for me to maintain two web sites with writing a book, although the code is usable.

value: Stack Exchange is a network of question-and-answer (Q&A) websites on topics in diverse fields, each site covering a specific topic, where questions, answers, and users are subject to a reputation award process. The reputation system allows the sites to be self-moderating.


text:
Terrycloth donkey-Heehaw! - Picture of Hilton Garden Inn Denver South Park Meadows Area, Englewood - TripAdvisor
Terrycloth donkey-Heehaw! - Picture of Hilton Garden Inn Denver South Park Meadows Area, Englewood
United States› Colorado (CO)› Englewood› Englewood Hotels› Hilton Garden Inn Denver South Park Meadows Area Pictures
Photo: “Terrycloth donkey-Heehaw!” From Review:
This hotel was...MEH...
of Hilton Garden Inn Denver South Park Meadows Area
#7 of 23 Hotels in Englewood Certificate of Excellence What is Certificate of Excellence? TripAdvisor awards a Certificate of Excellence to accommodations, attractions and restaurants that consistently earn great reviews from travellers. Hotel deals
9290 Meridian Boulevard, Englewood, CO 80112 Special Offer
“Great Staff & Perfect Location...”	07/02/2016
3 helpful votes “This hotel was...MEH with no higher aspirations, apparently.”
My daughter and I recently stayed at this hotel for two nights and I would have to say that they are mediocre, at best, and content to stay that way.
To start with, the bathroom was not fully clean. There were toothpaste splatters on the picture above the toilet, for one thing. As a housekeeper how do you miss that??...
More Helpful? Thank Christienne J Problem with this review?
Report ReneeWriedt, Director of Sales at Hilton Garden Inn Denver South Park Meadows Area, responded to this review
More Been to Hilton Garden Inn Denver South Park Meadows Area? Share your experience!
Add Photo See all 445 reviews of Hilton Garden Inn Denver South Park Mea... Explore similar hotels Hampton Inn & Suites Denver / South-RidgeGate 236 ReviewsShow Prices 0.6 miles Hyatt Place Denver-South/Park Meadows 166 ReviewsShow Prices 1.7 miles Denver Marriott South at Park Meadows 213 ReviewsShow Prices 0.3 miles See all Englewood hotels Explore other Englewood resources

value: Tripadvisor, Inc. is an American online travel company that operates a website and mobile app with user-generated content and a comparison shopping website.


text:
our henry home: friday, april 14.
(here begins my catch-up blogging. the first of several.)
friday landon and i both had work off. we went to eat with travis, dad and cherie at rockfish in mckinney. always yum. then we (i) colored easter eggs. you can see here what doc and landon really did during easter egg coloring. aren't they lovely though? the eggs, i mean.
also, friday was our six month anniversary. half a year, people. and he doesn't want to kick me out. cool thing: i got some photos from becky mckinney of our wedding and reception that i hadn't seen until this weekend. they aren't coming off the cd correctly, but i'll post some, in honor of our six months, as soon as i get them working. they are great.
Posted by Sarah P. Henry at 4:22 PM


text:
Niagara Windriders Newsletter: July 2008
July 2008 - A very Windy Day
Sunday July 27th was a very bright, sunny and very windy day. The wind were steady @25 kms but there were gusts as high as 40 kms. About 20 kiters were in attendance, and flew mostly para foils. You can't break spars if there aren't any!
There was a short meeting to finalize the details of the big event, Canal Days!
The most exciting part of the day was a daring kite rescue. Russell was getting ready to fly a 2 line foil went a gust of wind ripped the staked kite into the air! The kite flew toward the lagoon and landed just past the lily pads. Luckily, the 2 strings got caught in a poplar tree. Well, now we had to figure out how to get at the lines. Paul had a banner pole that might reach and Bob thought he could throw a stake on a line over the strings to pull it in. Paul's banner pole also ended up in the pond, but was safely recovered. Bob had 3 tries at throwing the stake over the lines...SUCCESS! Now gently pull so as not to pull the line out of the tree. As soon as Bob grabbed the lines, I took them and pulled the ends out of the tree. Bob started pulling in the kite. I gave the ends to Russell and he started winding them onto the winder. Bob eventually retrieved the kite and it was reunited with the Russell. A safe recovery for both the lines and the kite!
Thanks to Rowan Shirkie for the kite rescue pictures. Well, another day of flying came to an end. This coming weekend is the Canal Days Kite Festival and I hope to see everyone out. There is an expanded flying field and special guest flyers the Windjammers from Michigan. We will also have "Niagara Windrider" coffee mugs for sale, a 50/50 draw with the proceeds going to a local charity, door prizes and special kite related prizes. At the end of the day, as always, the Barbecue for all the kiters who come out. The next regular kite fly will be on August 31. Unfortunately I will not be able to attend this fly due to the fact that I will be helping my daughter move into campus life at Laurentian University. If anyone can take pictures for me and write up a bit about the day, I will post it for all to read.
posted by Newsletter Editor @ 4:58 PM


text: Churches Presbyterian Orthodox in Farmington, Michigan with Reviews & Ratings - YP.comFind People•Advertise With UsBrowseFind PeopleFeatured CollectionsRestaurantsAutomotiveHome ImprovementHealth & WellnessAttorneysPeople Searched For...DentistsElectriciansPlumbersBeauty SalonsMassage TherapistsOptometristsTree ServiceAttorneysVeterinariansUsed Car DealersBanquet Halls & Reception FacilitiesTaxisLighting FixturesPainting ContractorsHandyman ServicesPet GroomingRestaurantsRestaurantsHotelsLimousine ServiceCar RentalEscort ServiceTravel AgenciesAre you alocal business owner?Advertise with YPor call 888-367-2194What do you want to find?Search by business name, or keywordnearWhere? Address, ZIP Code, or NeighborhoodMy current locationSearchSign In•JoinHomeFarmington, MIChurches Presbyterian OrthodoxFarmington Churches Presbyterian OrthodoxSort:DefaultDefaultDistanceRatingName (A - Z)FiltersFiltersMore NeighborhoodsAllen ParkBirminghamCentralCentral Ann ArborCervenyClarkCommerce Township DowntownCoventry GardensDearbornDowntown DetroitDowntown MilfordDowntown PontiacEast English VillageEast ToledoEnglewoodEvergreenFar East DetroitFarmingtonFerndaleFinneyNorth West DetroitNorthvillePlymouthRedfordRoyal OakSaint Clair ShoresSouthfieldTrentonTroyWarrenDoneClear AllMore CategoriesAssociate Reformed Presbyterian ChurchesBible Presbyterian ChurchesChurches & Places of WorshipClergyEvangelical ChurchesEvangelical Presbyterian ChurchesOrthodox Presbyterian ChurchesPresbyterian Church (USA)Presbyterian ChurchesPrivate Schools (K-12)Reformed Presbyterian ChurchesReformed Protestant ChurchesReligious CounselingReligious OrganizationsSchoolsVarious Denomination ChurchesWedding Chapels & CeremoniesDoneClear AllCategoryPresbyterian ChurchesChurches & Places of WorshipPresbyterian Church (USA)More »FeaturesCouponsBook a TableMake an AppointmentBBB Rated A+/ANeighborhoodsSaint Clair ShoresSouthfieldDearbornMore »Sponsored LinksChristianMingle.com®You're Christian. You're SingleFind your Match at ChristianMinglewww.christianmingle.comAdd to mybookRemove from mybookAdded to your community collection!Error when adding to community collectionThis business was removed from the community collection1. Oakland Hills Community Church37150 W 8 Mile RdFarmington, MI 48335(248) 478-5001Orthodox Presbyterian ChurchesWebsiteAdd to mybookRemove from mybookAdded to your community collection!Error when adding to community collectionThis business was removed from the community collection2. Ward Evangelical Presbyterian Church(1)40000 6 Mile RdNorthville, MI 48168(248) 374-7400Evangelical Presbyterian ChurchesWebsiteThis is a really big church. Lots of programs. Something for everyone. Nice church but I like a smaller setting. Beautiful. Add to mybookRemove from mybookAdded to your community collection!Error when adding to community collectionThis business was removed from the community collection3. St Paul's Presbyterian Church27475 5 Mile RdLivonia, MI 48154(734) 422-1470Presbyterian ChurchesWebsiteFrom Business: Welcome to St. Paul's Presbyterian Church, a Presbyterian Church ( U.S.A. ) congregation located on Five Mile Road just west of Inkster that has been serving God in…Add to mybookRemove from mybookAdded to your community collection!Error when adding to community collectionThis business was removed from the community collection4. Korean Presbyterian Church30465 Farmington RdFarmington Hills, MI 48334(248) 592-9960Presbyterian ChurchesWebsiteAdd to mybookRemove from mybookAdded to your community collection!Error when adding to community collectionThis business was removed from the community collection5. Evangelical Presbyterian Church17197 N Laurel Park Dr Ste 567Livonia, MI 48152(734) 742-2020Evangelical Presbyterian ChurchesWebsiteAdd to mybookRemove from mybookAdded to your community collection!Error when adding to community collectionThis business was removed from the community collection6. St Timothy Presbyterian Church16700 Newburgh RdLivonia, MI 48154(734) 464-8844Presbyterian Church (USA)WebsiteAdd to mybookRemove from mybookAdded to your community collection!Error when adding to community collectionThis business was removed from the community collection7. Fellowship Presbyterian Church23455 Novi RdNovi, MI 48375(248) 719-7787Presbyterian ChurchesAdd to mybookRemove from mybookAdded to your community collection!Error when adding to community collectionThis business was removed from the community collection8. First Presbyterian Church200 E Main StNorthville, MI 48167(248) 349-0911Presbyterian ChurchesWebsiteAdd to mybookRemove from mybookAdded to your community collection!Error when adding to community collectionThis business was removed from the community collection9. Korean Presbyterian Church27075 W 9 Mile RdSouthfield, MI 48033(248) 356-4488Presbyterian ChurchesWebsiteAdd to mybookRemove from mybookAdded to your community collection!Error when adding to community collectionThis business was removed from the community collection10. St James Presbyterian Church25350 W 6 Mile RdRedford, MI 48240(313) 534-7730Presbyterian ChurchesAdd to mybookRemove from mybookAdded to your community collection!Error when adding to community collectionThis business was removed from the community collection11. Church Of Our Saviour Presbyterian Church6655 Middlebelt RdWest Bloomfield, MI 48322(248) 626-7606Presbyterian Church (USA)WebsiteAdd to mybookRemove from mybookAdded to your community collection!Error when adding to community collectionThis business was removed from the community collection12. Greenfield Presbyterian Church(1)2312 Greenfield RdBerkley, MI 48072(248) 544-1800Presbyterian Church (USA)ClergyWebsiteAfter my first visit, I knew greenfield would become my new ""church home."" It is a very welcoming, active community of people and the sermons are …Add to mybookRemove from mybookAdded to your community collection!Error when adding to community collectionThis business was removed from the community collection13. Garden City Presbyterian Church1841 Middlebelt RdGarden City, MI 48135(734) 421-7620Presbyterian Church (USA)WebsiteFrom Business: Garden City Co-Op Preschool is one of the oldest cooperative preschools in Michigan. It was established in 1955 under the guidelines of the Greater Detroit Cooperat…Add to mybookRemove from mybookAdded to your community collection!Error when adding to community collectionThis business was removed from the community collection14. First Presbyterian Church1669 W Maple RdBirmingham, MI 48009(248) 644-2040Presbyterian Church (USA)WebsiteFrom Business: As we respond to God in Christ, the mission of First Presbyterian Church is to be a community of faith that celebrates its heritage, lives the will of God, and reac…Add to mybookRemove from mybookAdded to your community collection!Error when adding to community collectionThis business was removed from the community collection15. Northminster Presbyterian Church3633 W Big Beaver RdTroy, MI 48084(248) 644-5920Presbyterian Church (USA)WebsiteFrom Business: Please Contact Us For More InformationAdd to mybookRemove from mybookAdded to your community collection!Error when adding to community collectionThis business was removed from the community collection16. Providence Orthodox Presbyterian Church18451 W 10 Mile RdSouthfield, MI 48075(248) 547-9585Presbyterian ChurchesWebsiteAdd to mybookRemove from mybookAdded to your community collection!Error when adding to community collectionThis business was removed from the community collection17. Rosedale Garden Presbyterian Church9601 Hubbard StLivonia, MI 48150(734) 422-0494Presbyterian Church (USA)WebsiteAdd to mybookRemove from mybookAdded to your community collection!Error when adding to community collectionThis business was removed from the community collection18. First Presbyterian Church701 Church StPlymouth, MI 48170(734) 453-6464Presbyterian ChurchesWebsiteAdd to mybookRemove from mybookAdded to your community collection!Error when adding to community collectionThis business was removed from the community collection19. Crossroads Presbyterian Church1445 Welch RdCommerce Township, MI 48390(248) 624-3821Presbyterian ChurchesWebsiteAdd to mybookRemove from mybookAdded to your community collection!Error when adding to community collectionThis business was removed from the community collection20. Northbrook Presbyterian Church22055 W 14 Mile RdBeverly Hills, MI 48025(248) 642-0200Presbyterian ChurchesWebsiteAdd to mybookRemove from mybookAdded to your community collection!Error when adding to community collectionThis business was removed from the community collection21. Calvary Presbyterian Church19125 Greenview AveDetroit, MI 48219(313) 537-2590Presbyterian ChurchesWebsiteAdd to mybookRemove from mybookAdded to your community collection!Error when adding to community collectionThis business was removed from the community collection22. St Andrews Presbyterian Church26701 Joy RdDearborn Heights, MI 48127(313) 274-3820Presbyterian Church (USA)Add to mybookRemove from mybookAdded to your community collection!Error when adding to community collectionThis business was removed from the community collection23. St Paul Cumberland Presbyterian Church14700 Puritan StDetroit, MI 48227(313) 834-2463Presbyterian ChurchesAdd to mybookRemove from mybookAdded to your community collection!Error when adding to community collectionThis business was removed from the community collection24. Trinity Community Presbyterian Church4849 W Outer DrDetroit, MI 48235(313) 342-2288Presbyterian Church (USA)WebsiteAdd to mybookRemove from mybookAdded to your community collection!Error when adding to community collectionThis business was removed from the community collection25. First Presbyterian Church529 Hendrie BlvdRoyal Oak, MI 48067(248) 541-0108Presbyterian ChurchesWebsiteAdd to mybookRemove from mybookAdded to your community collection!Error when adding to community collectionThis business was removed from the community collection26. Hope Presbyterian Church15340 Meyers RdDetroit, MI 48227(313) 861-2865Presbyterian ChurchesWebsiteAdd to mybookRemove from mybookAdded to your community collection!Error when adding to community collectionThis business was removed from the community collection27. Starr Presbyterian Church1717 W 13 Mile RdRoyal Oak, MI 48073(248) 288-3230Presbyterian ChurchesWebsiteAdd to mybookRemove from mybookAdded to your community collection!Error when adding to community collectionThis business was removed from the community collection28. The Drayton Avenue Presbyterian Church2441 Pinecrest DriveFerndale, MI 48220(248) 546-8360Presbyterian Church (USA)WebsiteAdd to mybookRemove from mybookAdded to your community collection!Error when adding to community collectionThis business was removed from the community collection29. Cherry Hill Presbyterian Church24110 Cherry Hill StDearborn, MI 48124(313) 563-4800Presbyterian ChurchesWebsiteAdd to mybookRemove from mybookAdded to your community collection!Error when adding to community collectionThis business was removed from the community collection30. First Presbyterian Church600 N Brady RdDearborn, MI 48124(313) 274-1313Presbyterian Church (USA)WebsiteSponsored LinksShowing1-30

value: The yellow pages are telephone directories of businesses, organized by category rather than alphabetically by business name, in which advertising is sold. The directories were originally printed on yellow paper, as opposed to white pages for non-commercial listings.


text:
Words containing adoevis | Words that contain adoevis
Words containing adoevis | Words that contain adoevis http://www.thefreedictionary.com/words-containing-adoevisPrinter Friendly
9,287,085,718 visitors served
Found 1 words containing adoevis. Browse our Scrabble Word Finder, Words With Friends cheat dictionary, and WordHub word solver to find words that contain adoevis. Or use our Unscramble word solver to find your best possible play!
12 letter words containing adoevisSee also12 letter words containing adoevisshadoevisionSee also:2-letter words with QWords that end in iWords that start with vWords that start with bWords that start with kWords that start with mWords containing adoeviWords containing adoevisi

value: The Free Dictionary is an American online dictionary and encyclopedia that aggregates information from various sources.


text:
Seda's Ramblings: "How I Feel...
...on a Day-to-Day Basis"This one from The Angry Black Man cracked me up, so I just had to link to it!


text:
Um Hotel de Charme - Review of Hotel Preciados, Madrid, Spain - TripAdvisor
Um Hotel de Charme - Hotel Preciados
Traveler tips help you choose the right room. Room tips (484) 3,548 reviews sorted by:
Hotel Style: #2 Family Hotel in Madrid #9 Romantic Hotel in Madrid #13 Business Hotel in Madrid #14 Luxury Hotel in Madrid Price Range (Based on Average Rates): $$
Explore similar hotels Hotel Atlantico 3,277 ReviewsShow Prices 0.2 miles Only YOU Boutique Hotel Madrid 1,486 ReviewsShow Prices 0.6 miles Artiem Madrid 368 ReviewsShow Prices 3.5 miles See all Madrid hotels Browse nearby


text:
Dominik Wiwat (dominikwiwat) on Pinterest
Dominik Wiwat
Low Carb Mexican FoodLow Carb Food0 Carb SnacksAtkins SnacksLow Carb AppetizersLow Carb TacosLow Carb RecipesCheese RecipesProvolone CheeseProjectsTryCooking RecipesSnacksHealthyForward
Provolone Cheese Taco Shells cut each piece of parchment in a square after it melts . hold each piece of parchment in the shape of a taco shell until the cheese cools

value: Pinterest is an American image sharing and social media service designed to enable saving and discovery of information (specifically "ideas") on the internet using images and, on a smaller scale, animated GIFs and videos, in the form of pinboards. The site was created by Ben Silbermann, Paul Sciarra, and Evan Sharp and had over 478 million global monthly active users as of March 2021.


text:
The 25+ best Pro points calculator ideas on Pinterest | Find food, Food license and Food truck app
How to make mortar
Time to look great with this Diet Tracker - Pro Points Calculator - Joss Giffard - http://fitnessmania.com.au/shop/mobile-apps/diet-tracker-pro-points-calculator-joss-giffard/ #Calculator, #Diet, #Fitness, #FitnessMania, #Giffard, #Health, #HealthFitness, #ITunes, #Joss, #MobileApps, #Paid, #Points, #Pro, #Tracker
Weight Watchers TipsWeight Loss MealsRecipes For Weight LossWeight Watcher PointsWeight Watchers Points CalculatorWw CalculatorWeight Watcher CookiesWeight Watchers ProgramWeight Loss ProgramForwards
How to Calculate Your Pro Points Allowance for Weight Watchers
Fast DietsInflammatory FoodsGut BacteriaLymphatic SystemRisk FactorColon CancerHealthy BodiesImmune SystemMigraineForwards
Pro Points Calculator http://www.howmuchdoi.com/health/Pro-Points-Calculator-163.html
Free WeightsChainsColourFried ChickenToolsFreezersHealthy LifestyleWeight WatchersSkinnyForwards
Pro points + list for Nandos Nando’s is a chain restaurant famous for their Peri-Peri chicken. They use fresh ingredients and flame-grill their chicken and is by far the healthier choice to other deep fried chicken chain food outlets. Nando’s chicken is also hormone, steroid, artificial colour, cage, freezer, artificial flavour, excess fat, fryer and added MSG free! # Weight Watchers #eating out guide
Army RecruitmentUs ArmyLean BodyBest Diet PlanGenderCalculatorBest DietsSerumReduce WeightForwards
Estimate #bodyfatpercentage and the compliance of your case with the US army recruitment standard for enrolment with the #ArmyBodyFat #Calculator http://www.thecalculator.co/health/Army-Body-Fat-Calculator-145.html
Weight WatchersWeightsHealthy LivingFitnessDietHealthy RecipesForwards
How Many Propoints Am I Allowed? Calculating Pro Points Allowance for Weight Watchers
PointsSportPerfectWeight WatchersWeightsCocktailsHomesMenuFitnessForwards
Calculer le nombre de points d'un aliment en entrant ses informations nutritionnelles. Outil parfait pour votre régime weight.
Ww CalculatorWeight Watchers Points CalculatorWeight Watcher PointsWeight Watchers BreakfastWw RecipesLose WeightWeightsForwards
CalculatorDietWeight LossWeightsFitnessMobileHealthShopsForwards
Get this now Ultimate Points Calculator Pro - Weight Loss App Solutions - http://fitnessmania.com.au/shop/mobile-apps/ultimate-points-calculator-pro-weight-loss-app-solutions/ #App, #Calculator, #Fitness, #FitnessMania, #Health, #HealthFitness, #ITunes, #Loss, #MobileApps, #Paid, #Points, #Pro, #Solutions, #Ultimate, #Weight
Weight Watcher PointsWeight Watchers RecipesHealthy EatingIdeas ParaWeight LossLose WeightWeightsKidArticlesForwards


text:
9 best Doğa images on Pinterest | Day care, Activities and For kids
Outdoor LearningOutdoor PlayOutdoor AreasEyfs Outdoor Area IdeasOutdoor Sitting AreasOutdoor ClassroomReading Garden ClassroomGarden MushroomsNatural PlaygroundsForward
Outdoor SchoolOutdoor ClassroomKs1 ClassroomSpace ClassroomClassroom OrganizationClassroom IdeasEarly Years MathsEarly Years EducationEarly Childhood EducationForward
Outdoor EducationOutdoor LearningOutdoor PlayKids Outdoor Activities SummerCamping Activites For KidsOutdoor Games For PreschoolersNature HuntNature StudyNature For KidsForward
Kitchen Corner UnitsMud Pie KitchenClassroom SettingPlay SpacesOutdoor PlayCountry KitchensEyfsSolar EnergyAltForward
KITCHEN CORNER UNITS Deluxe country kitchen mud pie style with this complete corner kitchen unit that provides loads of play space for groups of children. This will make a real focal point of your mud play


text:
Patent US7525152 - RF power transistor device with metal electromigration design and method thereof - Google PatentsSearch Images Maps Play YouTube News Gmail Drive More »Sign inAdvanced Patent SearchPatentsAn RF power transistor with a metal design (70) comprises a drain pad (72) and a plurality of metal drain fingers (74) extending from the drain pad, wherein at least one metal drain finger comprises one or more sections of metal (74-1, 74-2, 100-1, 100-2, 100-3), each section of metal including of one...http://www.google.com/patents/US7525152?utm_source=gb-gplus-sharePatent US7525152 - RF power transistor device with metal electromigration design and method thereofAdvanced Patent SearchPublication numberUS7525152 B2Publication typeGrantApplication numberUS 11/678,330Publication dateApr 28, 2009Filing dateFeb 23, 2007Priority dateMar 2, 2006Fee statusPaidAlso published asUS20070205506, WO2007103685A2, WO2007103685A3Publication number11678330, 678330, US 7525152 B2, US 7525152B2, US-B2-7525152, US7525152 B2, US7525152B2InventorsChristopher P. Dragon, Wayne R. Burger, Robert A. PryorOriginal AssigneeFreescale Semiconductor, Inc.Export CitationBiBTeX, EndNote, RefManPatent Citations (8), Non-Patent Citations (9), Classifications (19), Legal Events (7) External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, EspacenetRF power transistor device with metal electromigration design and method thereofUS 7525152 B2Abstract An RF power transistor with a metal design (70) comprises a drain pad (72) and a plurality of metal drain fingers (74) extending from the drain pad, wherein at least one metal drain finger comprises one or more sections of metal (74-1, 74-2, 100-1, 100-2, 100-3), each section of metal including of one or more branch (54-1, 54-2, 116-1, 116-2, 116-11, 116-21, 116-41) of metal having a metal width maintained within a bamboo regime.
1. An RF power transistor with a metal design comprising:
a drain pad; and
a plurality of metal drain fingers extending from the drain pad, wherein at least one metal drain finger comprises one or more sections of metal, each section of metal including one or more branch of metal having a metal width maintained within a bamboo regime, wherein the at least one metal drain finger comprises a first section of metal and a second section of metal, the first section of metal being distal from the drain pad and the second section being proximate the drain pad, further wherein the first section of metal comprises a single branch of metal and the second section of metal comprises two parallel branches of metal.
2. The RF power transistor of claim 1, wherein the metal width for the bamboo regime comprises a width that is smaller than an average grain size of the metal of the drain finger.
3. The RF power transistor of claim 1, wherein the metal drain fingers comprise a top metal.
4. An RF power transistor with a metal design comprising:
a plurality of metal drain fingers extending from the drain pad, wherein at least one metal drain finger comprises one or more sections of metal, each section of metal including one or more branch of metal having a metal width maintained within a bamboo regime, wherein the at least one metal drain finger comprises a number of sections of metal, each section of metal including one or more branch of metal having a metal width maintained within the bamboo regime and wherein for any two succeeding sections, a distal section of the two contains at least one less branch than a proximate section of the two.
5. The RF power transistor of claim 4, wherein the at least one metal drain finger comprises a first section of metal and a second section of metal, the first section of metal being distal from the drain pad and the second section being proximate the drain pad.
6. The RF power transistor of claim 5, further wherein the first section of metal comprises a single branch of metal and the second section of metal comprises two parallel branches of metal.
7. The RF power transistor of claim 4, further wherein the at least one metal drain finger comprises three sections of metal, a first section having one branch and being coupled to a second section having two parallel branches, the second section further coupled a third section having three parallel branches.
8. The RF power transistor of claim 7, still further wherein the first section is distal from the drain pad and the third section is proximate the drain pad.
9. An RF power transistor with a metal design comprising:
a plurality of metal drain fingers extending from the drain pad, wherein each metal drain finger comprises one or more sections of metal, each section of metal including of one or more branch of metal having a metal width maintained within a bamboo regime, wherein the metal width for the bamboo regime comprises a width that is smaller than an average grain size of the metal of the drain finger, wherein at least one of the metal drain fingers comprises a first section of metal and a second section of metal, the first section of metal being distal from the drain pad and the second section being proximate the drain pad, further wherein the first section of metal comprises a single branch of metal and the second section of metal comprises two parallel branches of metal.
10. The RF power transistor of claim 9, further wherein at least one of the metal drain fingers comprises three sections of metal, a first section having one branch and being coupled to a second section having two parallel branches, the second section further being coupled a third section having three parallel branches.
11. The RF power transistor of claim 10, still further wherein the first section is distal from the drain pad and the third section is proximate the drain pad.
12. An RF power transistor with a metal design comprising:
a plurality of metal drain fingers extending from the drain pad, wherein each metal drain finger comprises one of more sections of metal, each section of metal including of one or more branch of metal having a metal width maintained within a bamboo regime, wherein the metal width for the bamboo regime comprises a width that is smaller than an average grain size of the metal of the drain finger, wherein at least one of the metal drain fingers comprises a number of sections of metal, each section of metal including one or more branch of metal having a metal width maintained within the bamboo regime and wherein for any two succeeding sections, a distal section of the two contains at least one less branch than a proximate section of the two.
13. The RF power transistor of claim 12, wherein at least one of the metal drain fingers comprises a first section of metal and a second section of metal, the first section of metal being distal from the drain pad and the second section being proximate the drain pad.
14. The RF power transistor of claim 13, further wherein the first section of metal comprises a single branch of metal and the second section of metal comprises two parallel branches of metal.
15. A method of making an RF power transistor with a metal design comprising:
providing a drain pad; and
extending a plurality of metal drain fingers from the drain pad, wherein at least one metal drain finger comprises one or more sections of metal, each section of metal including one or more branch of metal having a metal width maintained within a bamboo regime, wherein extending includes extending at least one metal drain finger that includes a first section of metal and a second section of metal, the first section of metal being distal from the drain pad and the second section being proximate the drain pad, further wherein the first section of metal includes a single branch of metal and the second section of metal includes two parallel branches of metal.
16. The method of claim 15, wherein the metal width for the bamboo regime comprises a width that is smaller than an average grain size of the metal of the drain finger.
17. A method of making an RF power transistor with a metal design comprising:
extending a plurality of metal drain fingers from the drain pad, wherein at least one metal drain finger comprises one or more sections of metal, each section of metal including one or more branch of metal having a metal width maintained within a bamboo regime, and wherein extending the at least one metal drain finger comprises extending a number of sections of metal, each section of metal including one or more branch of metal having a metal width maintained within the bamboo regime and wherein for any two succeeding sections, a distal section of the two contains at least one less branch than a proximate section of the two.
18. The method of claim 17, further wherein extending the at least one metal drain finger comprises extending three sections of metal, a first section having one branch and being coupled to a second section having two parallel branches, still further wherein the first section is distal from the drain pad and the third section is proximate the drain pad.
19. The method of claim 17, wherein extending includes extending at least one metal drain finger that includes a first section of metal and a second section of metal, the first section of metal being distal from the drain pad and the second section being proximate the drain pad.
20. The method of claim 19, further wherein the first section of metal includes a single branch of metal and the second section of metal includes two parallel branches of metal.
BACKGROUND The present disclosures relate to RF devices, and more particularly, to an RF power transistor device with metal electromigration design and method thereof.
RF-LDMOS transistor designs have approached electromigration historically as an issue to be solved by lowering current density. Such an approach leads to wider and wider drain metal lines, which has the negative effect of increasing device capacitances.
FIG. 1 is a top down diagram view of a portion 10 of a top metal design known in the art for an RF MOSFET. FIG. 2 is a cross-section view of the top metal design of FIG. 1, taken along line 2-2. As shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, the portion of the top metal design 10 includes two metal layers, Metal-1 and Metal-2, designated by reference numerals 12 and 14, respectively. Metal-1 layer 12 couples to the Metal-2 layer 14 with a metal via 16. In addition, Metal-2 layer 14 is separated from the Metal-1 layer 12 by an interlevel dielectric layer 18. In addition, the Metal-1 layer 12 has a width as indicated by reference numeral 20. Metal-2 layer 14 has a width as indicated by reference numeral 22. In one example, width 20 for Metal-1 layer 12 is on the order of 2.5 μm and width and width 22 for Metal-2 layer 14 is on the order of 11.2 μm. The top metal design 10 of FIG. 1 suffers from poor electromigration characteristics of the Metal-2 layer, and thus resulting in an inadequate electromigration MTTF (Mean Time To Failure). Electromigration is a wear out mechanism with a log normal failure rate (i.e., failures are not uniformly distributed over time).
In some LDMOS designs, gold is used which provides better electromigration lifetimes inherently. However, the use of gold prevents manufacture of the LDMOS product in standard CMOS fabs.
FIG. 1 is a top down diagram view of a portion of a top metal design for an RF MOSFET known in the art;
FIG. 2 is a cross-section view of the top metal design of FIG. 1, taken along line 2-2;
FIG. 3 is a top down diagram view of a portion of a metal design for an RF power transistor having drain metal finger branch widths within the Bamboo regime according to an embodiment of the present disclosure;
FIG. 4 is a cross-section view of the metal design of FIG. 3, taken along line 4-4;
FIG. 5 is a top down diagram view of a portion of a metal design for an RF power transistor having drain metal finger branch widths within the Bamboo regime according to one embodiment of the present disclosure;
FIG. 6 is an enlarged view of a portion of the top down diagram view of FIG. 5 to illustrate greater detail of the drain metal finger branches; and
FIG. 7 is a top down diagram view of a single finger of a metal design for an RF power transistor having drain metal finger branch widths within the Bamboo regime according to another embodiment of the present disclosure.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION FIG. 3 is a top down diagram view of a portion 50 of a metal design for an RF power transistor having drain metal finger branch widths within the Bamboo regime according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. In particular, the portion 50 comprises one end of a single RF power transistor drain finger. FIG. 4 is a cross-section view of the metal design of FIG. 3, taken along line 4-4. As shown in FIGS. 3 and 4, the portion of the metal design 50 includes two metal layers. Metal-1 is designated by reference numeral 52. Metal-2 is designated by reference numerals 54-1, 54-2, and 54-3, collectively referred to herein by 54. Metal-2 layer 54-1 forms one branch of one section of an RF power transistor drain finger and Metal-2 layer 54-2 forms another branch of the one section of the finger, wherein the RF power transistor drain finger extends from a low current carrying end to a higher current carrying end, as will be discussed further herein below. In other words, for the given section of the drain finger, Metal-2 layer 54-1 and layer 54-2 comprise two parallel metal lines. In addition, a portion of Metal-2 layer 54-3 couples to a first branch and to a second branch of the given section of the RF power transistor drain finger. The portion of Metal-2 layer indicated by reference numeral 54-3 is coupled to Metal-1 layer 52 with metal via 56. In FIG. 3, the interlevel dielectric 58 (FIG. 4) is not being shown and therefor a portion of Metal-1 layer 52 appears in solid lines in FIG. 3 and another portion appears in phantom, denoting that the corresponding portion of Metal-1 layer 52 appears at a level below Metal-2 layer 54. Similarly, in FIG. 3, metal via 56 is shown in phantom lines.
In one embodiment, Metal-2 layer 54 is the top metal layer of the metal design 50. Additional metal layers (not shown) may also be used, wherein the specific number of layers is determined according to a given RF power transistor design. As mentioned, Metal-1 layer 52 couples to the Metal-2 layer 54 with a metal via 56. In addition, Metal-2 layer 54 is separated from the Metal-1 layer 52 by an interlevel dielectric layer 58. Furthermore, the Metal-1 layer 52 has a width as indicated by reference numeral 60. The branches 54-1 and 54-2 of Metal-2 layer 54 include widths as indicated by reference numeral 62-1 and 62-2, respectively. In one embodiment, the widths 62-1 and 62-2 are on the same order, equal, or substantially equal. In another embodiment, the widths 62-1 and 62-2 are dissimilar, for example, in the case of a non-symmetrical RF power transistor device. In either case, the widths 62-1 and 62-2 are configured so that the metal conductors are in the bamboo regime. In other words, widths 62-1 and 62-2 are selected such that the width of each branch is smaller than an average grain size of the metal being used for that branch, wherein the metal branch width is maintained in the bamboo regime.
In one example, the width 60 for Metal-1 layer 52 is on the order of two-and-a-half microns (2.5 μm) and widths 62-1 and 62-2 for Metal-2 layer 54-1 and 54-2, respectively, are on the order of five microns (5.0 μm). In addition, the Metal-1 layer thickness is on the order of 1.5 μm and the thickness of the Metal-2 layer is on the order of 3.6 μm. In one embodiment, Metal-2 layer 54 comprises aluminum and the branch widths 62-1 and 62-2 place branches 52-1 and 52-2 in the bamboo regime. Accordingly, the top metal design 50 of FIG. 3 does not suffer from poor electromigration characteristics of the Metal-2 layer, and thus provides an improved electromigration MTTF (Mean Time To Failure).
Black's equation, which governs electromigration MTTF, is:
MTTF=(A/J 2)exp(Φ/kT), where
A=process constant, function of metal material and geometric properties
Φ=activation energy for process
T=conductor temperature.
The embodiments of the present disclosure make use of Black's equation, in that the metal design layout embodiments of the present disclosure have a direct influence on variables A, J, and T. In other words, the embodiments of the present disclosure comprise novel metal designs configured to significantly enhance the electromigration characteristics of the metal of the metal design. In addition, the metal lines of the metal design are maintained in the bamboo regime.
A historical electromigration strategy has been to characterize relatively wide metal lines that avoid narrow line enhancement effects, i.e., to avoid the so-called �bamboo� regime. However, the historical design is a worst-case approach that simplifies top metal design. Furthermore, no matter what linewidth is used, the actual MTTF of the historical design will be no worse than, and for most lines greater than, the calculated MTTF.
In contrast, according to the embodiments of the present disclosure, the metal design incorporates relatively narrow, parallel metal conductors to ensure bamboo regime operation. As a result, the metal design according to the embodiments of the present disclosure dramatically enhances the electromigration robustness of the drain metal design. Furthermore, the embodiments of the present disclosure can be used to produce RF power transistor devices or RF LDMOS devices that are extremely reliable. In one embodiment, the metal design is a top metal design.
For a calculated reliability, calculated with a linear failure rate approximation, using the top metal design of FIG. 3, for an RF MOSFET output stage at 900 MHz at a given set of rated operating conditions (Pout=89.1 W, ηdc=49%, Gain=19 dB, ΘJC=0.45� C./W. Tcase=95� C., and Tj=138� C.), resulted in a calculated MTTF of 1160 years. In contrast, for a calculated reliability of a historical design of FIG. 1 at rated operating conditions, resulted in a calculated MTTF of 361 years. Accordingly, the embodiments of the present disclosure provide an MTTF that is dramatically improved over the MTTF of the historical design.
FIG. 5 is a top down diagram view of a portion 70 of a metal design for an RF power transistor having drain metal finger branch widths within the Bamboo regime according to one embodiment of the present disclosure. As shown in FIG. 5, the metal design includes a drain pad 72 having a plurality of drain fingers 74, each drain finger extending from a distal end 76 to a proximate end 78. The distal end 76 of drain finger 74 is configured for a first current density remote from the drain pad 72, whereas the proximate end 78 is configured for a second current density proximate the drain pad 72, wherein the second current density is higher than the first current density. The particular current densities, as well as the number of drain fingers, are determined according to the requirements of a given RF power transistor design application. For example, in one embodiment, the number of fingers 74 is one-hundred and thirty (130).
Further with respect to FIG. 5, the metal design 70 includes a gate pad 80 having a plurality of gate fingers generally indicated by reference numeral 82. Each gate finger 82 extends from a distal end to a proximate end. The distal end of the gate finger 82 is remote from the gate pad 80, whereas the proximate end is proximate the gate pad 80. Each gate finger 82 further includes portions 84 that protrude perpendicular to the principal finger, wherein each protruding portion couples to an underlying portion of a gate electrode.
Referring still to FIG. 5, reference numeral 90 highlights a portion of metal design 70, to be further discussed with respect to FIG. 6. In particular, FIG. 6 is an enlarged view of portion 90 of the top down diagram view of FIG. 5 to illustrate greater detail of the drain metal finger branches 74. As noted above, each drain finger 74 extends from a distal end 76 to a proximate end 78, i.e., proximate the drain pad 72. Drain current of the corresponding RF power transistor device (not shown) passes through each drain finger 74, in the direction of the drain pad 72 as indicated by the arrow 92. In addition, the current density at the distal end 76 is less than the current density at the proximate end 78 of a drain finger.
In the embodiment of FIG. 5, each drain finger 74 includes a first section (or segment) 74-1 and a second section (or segment) 74-2. Note that while only two sections are shown, additional sections are also possible, wherein the number of sections depends upon the particular requirements of a given RF power transistor application. The transition between the first section 74-1 and the second section 74-2 is indicated by reference numeral 94. Each section of the drain finger 74 is designed to handle up to a certain maximum current density. Transition region 94 represents an end to the first section and a beginning of the second section. In one embodiment, the current density capacity of first section 74-1 at transition region 94 corresponds to an upper limit to the maximum current density for the first section 74-1. No additional transition regions are present in the illustrated drain fingers 74 of FIGS. 5 and 6, since the second section 74-2 is sufficient for handling the maximum current density of current accumulated along the entire finger, from the distal end 76 to the proximate end 78. Accordingly, each of the drain finger sections has a length dimension such that the maximum current density allowable, further with respect to a cumulative metal line width for the corresponding section of the drain finger, is not exceeded.
For example, arrows 96 are each representative of a given density of drain current. The first section 74-1 of drain finger 74 is capable of handling four quantities of the drain current represented by arrows 96. The second section 74-2 is capable of handling a total of eight quantities of the drain current represented by arrows 96, four quantities of which were accumulated by the first section 74-1.
FIG. 7 is a top down diagram view of a single finger 100 of a metal design for an RF power transistor having drain metal finger branch widths within the Bamboo regime according to another embodiment of the present disclosure. As shown in FIG. 7, drain finger 100 extends from a distal end 102 to a proximate end 104 (i.e., proximate end 104 being proximate a drain pad of an RF power transistor device (not shown)). The distal end 102 of drain finger 100 is configured for a first current density remote from the drain pad (not shown), whereas the proximate end 104 is configured for a different current density proximate the drain pad (not shown), wherein the current density at the proximate end is higher than the current density at the distal end. Drain current of a corresponding RF power transistor device (not shown) passes through each section of drain finger 100, in the direction of the drain pad, wherein the current density at the distal end 102 is less than the current density at the proximate end 104 of the drain finger.
In the embodiment of FIG. 7, drain finger 100 includes a first section (or segment) 100-1, a second section (or segment) 100-2, and a third section (or segment) 100-3. Note that while only three sections are shown, additional sections are also possible, as indicated by the � . . . � and reference numeral 106, wherein the number of sections depends upon the particular requirements of a given RF power transistor application. The transition between the first section 100-1 and the second section 100-2 is indicated by reference numeral 108. The transition between the second section 100-2 and the third section 100-3 is indicated by reference numeral 110. Each section of the drain finger 100 is designed to handle (or have a current density capacity) up to a certain maximum current density. Transition region 108 represents an end to the first section and a beginning of the second section. In one embodiment, the current density capacity of first section 100-1 at transition region 108 corresponds to an upper limit to the maximum current density for the first section 100-1. In addition, the current density capacity of second section 100-2 at transition region 110 corresponds to an upper limit to the maximum current density for the second section 100-2. No additional transition regions are present in the illustrated drain finger 100 of FIG. 7, since the third section 100-3 is sufficient for handling the maximum current density of current accumulated along the entire finger, from the distal end to the proximate end, for a given embodiment. Accordingly, each of the drain finger sections has a length dimension such that the maximum current density allowable, further with respect to a cumulative metal line width for the corresponding section of the drain finger, is not exceeded.
For example, arrows 112 are each representative of a given density of drain current. The first section 100-1 of drain finger 100 is capable of handling four quantities of the drain current represented by arrows 112. The second section 100-2 is capable of handling a total of eight quantities of the drain current represented by arrows 112, four quantities of which were accumulated by the first section 100-1. In addition, the third section 100-3 is capable of handling a total of twelve quantities of the drain current represented by arrows 112, four quantities of which were accumulated by the first section 100-1, and four quantities of which were accumulated by the second section 100-2. In this example, each arrow 112 represents a similar amount of drain current.
Further with respect to FIG. 7, the first section 100-1 comprises two metal layers, Metal-1 (shown in phantom lines) indicated by reference numeral 114 underlying Metal-2, which is designated by reference numeral 116. Metal-2 layer 116 forms one section 100-1 of RF power transistor drain finger 100. Metal-2 layer 116 is coupled to an underlying Metal-1 layer 114 with metal via 118 (shown in phantom lines). In addition, an interlevel dielectric 120 is disposed between the first and second metal layers.
Further as shown in FIG. 7, the second section 100-2 of drain finger 100 comprises two metal layers, similar to that as described with respect to the portion 50 of metal design of FIG. 3. In particular, Metal-1 is designated by reference numeral 114, and is a continuation of the Metal-1 of the first section 100-1. Metal-2 is designated by reference numerals 116-1, 116-2, and 116-3, collectively referred to herein by 116. Metal-2 layer 116-1 forms one branch of section 100-2 of the drain finger 100 and Metal-2 layer 116-2 forms another branch of section 100-2 of the drain finger 100. In other words, for section 100-2 of the drain finger 100, Metal-2 layer 116-1 and layer 116-2 comprise two parallel metal lines. In addition, a portion of Metal-2 layer 116-3 couples to the first branch and the second branch of section 100-2 of the RF power transistor drain finger. The portion of Metal-2 layer indicated by reference numeral 116-3 is coupled to Metal-1 layer 114 with metal via 118-2. In FIG. 7, the interlevel dielectric 120 is shown and therefor Metal-1 layer 114 within section 100-2 appears in phantom, denoting that the corresponding portion of Metal-1 layer 114 appears at a level that is below Metal-2 layer 116. Similarly, in FIG. 7, metal via 118-2 is shown in phantom lines.
Still further as shown in FIG. 7, the third section 100-3 of drain finger 100 comprises two metal layers, similar to that as described with respect to the portion 50 of top metal design of FIG. 3. Metal-1 is designated by reference numeral 114, and is a continuation of the Metal-1 of the second section 100-2, with the exception that now Metal-1 comprises two parallel lines of metal. In another embodiment, Metal-1 layer 114 of the third section 100-3 could also be a single line continuation of the Metal-1 line of the second section 100-2, wherein the Metal-1 layer would occur below branch 116-41 and be coupled to Metal-2 layer 116 with a suitable via, similar to 118-3. Metal-2 is designated by reference numerals 116-11, 116-21, 116-31, and 116-41 collectively referred to herein by 116. Metal-2 layer 116-11 forms one branch of section 100-3 of the drain finger 100, Metal-2 layer 116-21 forms another branch of section 100-3 of the drain finger 100, and Metal-2 layer 116-41 forms yet another branch of section 100-3 of the drain finger 100. In other words, for section 100-3 of the drain finger 100, Metal-2 layer 116-11, layer 116-41, and layer 116-21 comprise three parallel metal lines. In addition, two portions of Metal-2 layer 116-31 couple to the first branch, the second branch, and the third branch of section 100-3 of the RF power transistor drain finger 100, as shown. The portions of Metal-2 layer indicated by reference numeral 116-31 are coupled to Metal-1 layer 114 with metal vias 118-3. In FIG. 7, the interlevel dielectric 120 is shown and therefor Metal-1 layer 114 within section 100-3 appears in phantom, denoting that the corresponding portion of Metal-1 layer 114 appears at a level that is below Metal-2 layer 116. Similarly, in FIG. 7, metal vias 118-3 are shown in phantom lines.
In one embodiment, Metal-2 layer 116 is the top metal layer of the metal design drain finger 100. Additional metal layers (not shown) may also be used, wherein the specific number of layers is determined according to a given RF power transistor design. In addition, in another embodiment, Metal-2 layer 116 could comprise a metal layer other than the top metal layer. As mentioned, Metal-1 layer 114 couples to the Metal-2 layer 116 with metal vias 118. In addition, Metal-2 layer 116 is separated from the Metal-1 layer 114 by an interlevel dielectric layer 120. In addition, the Metal-1 layer 114 has a given width. The branches of Metal-2 layer 116 include given widths. In one embodiment, the widths of the branches of Metal-2 layer 116 are on the same order, equal, or substantially equal. In particular, the branch widths of Metal-2 layer 116 are configured so that the metal conductors are in the bamboo regime. In other words, the branch widths of Metal-2 layer 116 are selected such that the width of each branch is smaller than an average grain size of the metal being used for that branch, wherein the metal branch width is maintained in the bamboo regime.
In addition, the width(s) of the Metal-2 layer 116 in a transition region (for example region 108 or 110) between adjacent sections of the drain finger will vary from a first width(s) at a distal end 122 to a second width at a proximate end 124. The first width(s) corresponds to a metal branch width needed to maintain the metal line in the bamboo regime. For any given transition region, the second width is determined as a function of the number of branches contained in the subsequent section. In other words, the second width is sufficient for accommodating the total widths of the initial portions (i.e., corresponding to the lower current density end) of the branches contained in the next section of the drain finger. Note also that the particular shape of the transition region(s) can be of a shape or shapes other than what is shown in the figures.
According to one embodiment of the present disclosure, there is provided an RF power transistor with a metal design comprising a drain pad and a plurality of metal drain fingers extending from the drain pad, wherein at least one metal drain finger comprises one or more sections of metal, each section of metal including one or more branch of metal having a metal width maintained within a bamboo regime. The metal width for the bamboo regime comprises a width that is smaller than an average grain size of the metal of the drain finger. In one embodiment, the at least one metal drain finger can comprise a first section of metal and a second section of metal, the first section of metal being distal from the drain pad and the second section being proximate the drain pad. Furthermore, the first section of metal can comprise a single branch of metal and the second section of metal can comprise two parallel branches of metal. In another embodiment, the metal drain fingers comprise a top metal.
According to another embodiment, the metal drain finger comprises a number of sections of metal, each section of metal including one or more branch of metal having a metal width maintained within the bamboo regime and wherein for any two succeeding sections, a distal section of the two contains at least one less branch than a proximate section of the two. In addition, the metal drain finger can comprise three sections of metal, a first section having one branch and being coupled to a second section having two parallel branches, the second section further being coupled a third section having three parallel branches. Furthermore, the first section is distal from the drain pad and the third section is proximate the drain pad.
According to still another embodiment, an RF power transistor with a metal design comprises a drain pad and a plurality of metal drain fingers extending from the drain pad. Each metal drain finger comprises one or more sections of metal, each section of metal including of one or more branch of metal having a metal width maintained within a bamboo regime, wherein the metal width for the bamboo regime comprises a width that is smaller than an average grain size of the metal of the drain finger. In another embodiment, the metal drain finger comprises a first section of metal and a second section of metal, the first section of metal being distal from the drain pad and the second section being proximate the drain pad. Furthermore, the first section of metal can comprise a single branch of metal and the second section of metal can comprise two parallel branches of metal.
According to yet another embodiment, the metal drain finger comprises a number of sections of metal, each section of metal including one or more branch of metal having a metal width maintained within the bamboo regime and wherein for any two succeeding sections, a distal section of the two contains at least one less branch than a proximate section of the two. In a further embodiment, the metal drain finger can comprise three sections of metal, a first section having one branch and being coupled to a second section having two parallel branches, the second section further being coupled a third section having three parallel branches. Still further, the first section is distal from the drain pad and the third section is proximate the drain pad.
According to a further embodiment, there is provided a method of making an RF power transistor with a metal design. The method comprises providing a drain pad and extending a plurality of metal drain fingers from the drain pad. At least one metal drain finger comprises one or more sections of metal, each section of metal including one or more branch of metal having a metal width maintained within a bamboo regime. In one embodiment, the metal width for the bamboo regime comprises a width that is smaller than an average grain size of the metal of the drain finger. In another embodiment, extending includes extending at least one metal drain finger that includes a first section of metal and a second section of metal, the first section of metal being distal from the drain pad and the second section being proximate the drain pad. In addition, the first section of metal can include a single branch of metal and the second section of metal can include two parallel branches of metal.
In yet another embodiment, extending the metal drain finger comprises extending a number of sections of metal, each section of metal including one or more branch of metal having a metal width maintained within the bamboo regime and wherein for any two succeeding sections, a distal section of the two contains at least one less branch than a proximate section of the two. Furthermore, extending the metal drain finger can comprise extending three sections of metal, a first section having one branch and being coupled to a second section having two parallel branches, the second section further being coupled a third section having three parallel branches, still further wherein the first section is distal from the drain pad and the third section is proximate the drain pad.
According to the embodiments of the present disclosure, rather than have a single metal drain line which lowers current density to a level which achieves a certain level of electromigration lifetime, the drain finger metal line is divided into two or more parallel narrower lines. The widths of these narrow lines are designed to ensure that the lines operate in the bamboo regime (i.e. the linewidth is less than the mean grain size of the metal being used for the metal line). As the linewidths of the metal lines enter the bamboo regime, their corresponding electromigration lifetimes increase dramatically since there are fewer migration pathways along grain boundaries. In one embodiment, the metal lines comprise aluminum or any other metal selected according to the requirements of a given RF power transistor application.
The embodiments of the present disclosure advantageously allow equivalent electromigration lifetimes to be achieved with narrower linewidths avoiding capacitance penalties that degrade RF performance, or for an equivalent total drain linewidth, the lifetime can be dramatically improved, thus improving reliability.
In the foregoing specification, the disclosure has been described with reference to the various embodiments. However, one of ordinary skill in the art appreciates that various modifications and changes can be made without departing from the scope of the present embodiments as set forth in the claims below. Accordingly, the specification and figures are to be regarded in an illustrative rather than a restrictive sense, and all such modifications are intended to be included within the scope of the present embodiments. For example, one embodiment of the present disclosure includes an RF-LDMOS 125 W power transistor used for example, in a mobile communication device or the like. The embodiments of the present disclosure can also apply to any suitable RF MOSFET devices.
Patent CitationsCited PatentFiling datePublication dateApplicantTitleUS5587590 *Nov 3, 1994Dec 24, 1996Nec CorporationTest piece for X-ray inspectionUS5633738 *May 25, 1995May 27, 1997Hitachi, Ltd.TFT substrate having scanning lines of metal films of columnar crystal grainsUS6365918 *Oct 12, 1999Apr 2, 2002Telefonaktiebolaget Lm Ericsson (Publ)Method and device for interconnected radio frequency power SiC field effect transistorsUS6417571 *Mar 1, 2000Jul 9, 2002Advanced Micro Devices, Inc.Single grain copper interconnect with bamboo structure in a trenchUS6417572 *Jul 16, 1999Jul 9, 2002International Business Machines CorporationProcess for producing metal interconnections and product produced therebyUS6670639 *Jun 21, 2000Dec 30, 2003Nec CorporationCopper interconnectionUS20040238871Mar 11, 2004Dec 2, 2004Infineon Technologies AgSemiconductor deviceUS20050112866Nov 23, 2004May 26, 2005Nec Electronics CorporationSemiconductor device and method of manufacturing the same* Cited by examinerNon-Patent CitationsReference1 *Averbuch et al., Surface evolution in bare bamboo-type metal lines under diffusion and electric field effects, Journal of Computational Physics, 188, 2003, pp. 640-677.2 *Hau-Riege et al., Microstructural evolution induced by scanned laser annealing in Al interconnects, Applied Physics Letters, Sep. 6, 1999, vol. 75, No. 10, pp. 1464-1466.3 *Hau-Riege et al., Use of scanned laser annealing to control the bamboo grain length of Cu interconnects, Applied Physics Letters, Jul. 17, 2000, vol. 77, No. 3, pp. 352-354.4 *Hawkins et al., Test and Reliabilitly: Partners in IC Manufacturing Part 1, IEEE Design & Test of Computers, Jul.-Sep. 1999, pp. 61-71.5 *Kusuyama et al., Experimental Study of Electromigration at Bamboo Grain Boundariers with a New Test Structure Using the Single-Crystal Aluminum Interconnection, IEEE Transactions on Semiconductor Manufacturing, vol. 9, No. 1, Feb. 1996, pp. 15-19.6 *Kwok, Effect of Metal Line Geometry on Electromigration Lifetime in Al-Cu Submicron Interconnects, IEEE International Reliability Physics Symposium, 1988, pp. 185-191.7 *Ogurtani et al., Electromigration-induced void grain-boundary interactions: The mean time to failure for copper interconnects with bamboo and near-bamboo structures, Journal of Applied Physics, vol. 96, No. 12, Dec. 15, 2004, pp. 7246-7253.8PCT/US07/62963 International Search Report and Written Opinion.9 *Tseng et al., Some practical considerations for effective and efficient wafer-level reliability control, Microelectronics Reliability, 44, 2004, pp. 1233-1243, (specifically p. 1239, section 3.2, first paragraph).* Cited by examinerClassifications U.S. Classification257/341, 257/E29.12, 257/401International ClassificationH01L29/76Cooperative ClassificationH01L23/66, H01L2924/01033, H01L29/4238, H01L2924/13091, H01L2924/30105, H01L2924/01074, H01L29/41758, H01L24/02, H01L29/7835, H01L2924/01079, H01L2924/01013, H01L2924/01006, H01L2924/01019European ClassificationH01L24/02, H01L23/66Legal EventsDateCodeEventDescriptionNov 6, 2013ASAssignmentOwner name: CITIBANK, N.A., AS NOTES COLLATERAL AGENT, NEW YORFree format text: SECURITY AGREEMENT;ASSIGNOR:FREESCALE SEMICONDUCTOR, INC.;REEL/FRAME:031591/0266Effective date: 20131101Jun 18, 2013ASAssignmentOwner name: CITIBANK, N.A., AS NOTES COLLATERAL AGENT, NEW YORFree format text: SECURITY AGREEMENT;ASSIGNOR:FREESCALE SEMICONDUCTOR, INC.;REEL/FRAME:030633/0424Effective date: 20130521Oct 29, 2012FPAYFee paymentYear of fee payment: 4May 13, 2010ASAssignmentOwner name: CITIBANK, N.A., AS COLLATERAL AGENT,NEW YORKFree format text: SECURITY AGREEMENT;ASSIGNOR:FREESCALE SEMICONDUCTOR, INC.;US-ASSIGNMENT DATABASE UPDATED:20100518;REEL/FRAME:24397/1Effective date: 20100413Free format text: SECURITY AGREEMENT;ASSIGNOR:FREESCALE SEMICONDUCTOR, INC.;US-ASSIGNMENT DATABASE UPDATED:20100521;REEL/FRAME:24397/1Free format text: SECURITY AGREEMENT;ASSIGNOR:FREESCALE SEMICONDUCTOR, INC.;US-ASSIGNMENT DATABASE UPDATED:20100525;REEL/FRAME:24397/1Free format text: SECURITY AGREEMENT;ASSIGNOR:FREESCALE SEMICONDUCTOR, INC.;REEL/FRAME:24397/1Owner name: CITIBANK, N.A., AS COLLATERAL AGENT, NEW YORKFree format text: SECURITY AGREEMENT;ASSIGNOR:FREESCALE SEMICONDUCTOR, INC.;REEL/FRAME:024397/0001Sep 23, 2009ASAssignmentOwner name: CITIBANK, N.A., NEW YORKFree format text: SECURITY AGREEMENT;ASSIGNOR:FREESCALE SEMICONDUCTOR, INC.;REEL/FRAME:023273/0099Effective date: 20090804Owner name: CITIBANK, N.A.,NEW YORKFree format text: SECURITY AGREEMENT;ASSIGNOR:FREESCALE SEMICONDUCTOR, INC.;US-ASSIGNMENT DATABASE UPDATED:20100204;REEL/FRAME:23273/99Free format text: SECURITY AGREEMENT;ASSIGNOR:FREESCALE SEMICONDUCTOR, INC.;US-ASSIGNMENT DATABASE UPDATED:20100211;REEL/FRAME:23273/99Free format text: SECURITY AGREEMENT;ASSIGNOR:FREESCALE SEMICONDUCTOR, INC.;US-ASSIGNMENT DATABASE UPDATED:20100225;REEL/FRAME:23273/99Free format text: SECURITY AGREEMENT;ASSIGNOR:FREESCALE SEMICONDUCTOR, INC.;US-ASSIGNMENT DATABASE UPDATED:20100304;REEL/FRAME:23273/99Free format text: SECURITY AGREEMENT;ASSIGNOR:FREESCALE SEMICONDUCTOR, INC.;US-ASSIGNMENT DATABASE UPDATED:20100318;REEL/FRAME:23273/99Free format text: SECURITY AGREEMENT;ASSIGNOR:FREESCALE SEMICONDUCTOR, INC.;US-ASSIGNMENT DATABASE UPDATED:20100325;REEL/FRAME:23273/99Free format text: SECURITY AGREEMENT;ASSIGNOR:FREESCALE SEMICONDUCTOR, INC.;US-ASSIGNMENT DATABASE UPDATED:20100422;REEL/FRAME:23273/99Free format text: SECURITY AGREEMENT;ASSIGNOR:FREESCALE SEMICONDUCTOR, INC.;US-ASSIGNMENT DATABASE UPDATED:20100513;REEL/FRAME:23273/99Free format text: SECURITY AGREEMENT;ASSIGNOR:FREESCALE SEMICONDUCTOR, INC.;REEL/FRAME:23273/99Sep 19, 2007ASAssignmentOwner name: CITIBANK, N.A., NEW YORKFree format text: SECURITY AGREEMENT;ASSIGNOR:FREESCALE SEMICONDUCTOR, INC.;REEL/FRAME:019847/0804Effective date: 20070620Owner name: CITIBANK, N.A.,NEW YORKFree format text: SECURITY AGREEMENT;ASSIGNOR:FREESCALE SEMICONDUCTOR, INC.;US-ASSIGNMENT DATABASE UPDATED:20100216;REEL/FRAME:19847/804Free format text: SECURITY AGREEMENT;ASSIGNOR:FREESCALE SEMICONDUCTOR, INC.;US-ASSIGNMENT DATABASE UPDATED:20100223;REEL/FRAME:19847/804Free format text: SECURITY AGREEMENT;ASSIGNOR:FREESCALE SEMICONDUCTOR, INC.;US-ASSIGNMENT DATABASE UPDATED:20100309;REEL/FRAME:19847/804Free format text: SECURITY AGREEMENT;ASSIGNOR:FREESCALE SEMICONDUCTOR, INC.;US-ASSIGNMENT DATABASE UPDATED:20100316;REEL/FRAME:19847/804Free format text: SECURITY AGREEMENT;ASSIGNOR:FREESCALE SEMICONDUCTOR, INC.;US-ASSIGNMENT DATABASE UPDATED:20100323;REEL/FRAME:19847/804Free format text: SECURITY AGREEMENT;ASSIGNOR:FREESCALE SEMICONDUCTOR, INC.;US-ASSIGNMENT DATABASE UPDATED:20100329;REEL/FRAME:19847/804Free format text: SECURITY AGREEMENT;ASSIGNOR:FREESCALE SEMICONDUCTOR, INC.;US-ASSIGNMENT DATABASE UPDATED:20100330;REEL/FRAME:19847/804Free format text: SECURITY AGREEMENT;ASSIGNOR:FREESCALE SEMICONDUCTOR, INC.;US-ASSIGNMENT DATABASE UPDATED:20100406;REEL/FRAME:19847/804Free format text: SECURITY AGREEMENT;ASSIGNOR:FREESCALE SEMICONDUCTOR, INC.;US-ASSIGNMENT DATABASE UPDATED:20100413;REEL/FRAME:19847/804Free format text: SECURITY AGREEMENT;ASSIGNOR:FREESCALE SEMICONDUCTOR, INC.;US-ASSIGNMENT DATABASE UPDATED:20100420;REEL/FRAME:19847/804Free format text: SECURITY AGREEMENT;ASSIGNOR:FREESCALE SEMICONDUCTOR, INC.;US-ASSIGNMENT DATABASE UPDATED:20100427;REEL/FRAME:19847/804Free format text: SECURITY AGREEMENT;ASSIGNOR:FREESCALE SEMICONDUCTOR, INC.;US-ASSIGNMENT DATABASE UPDATED:20100511;REEL/FRAME:19847/804Free format text: SECURITY AGREEMENT;ASSIGNOR:FREESCALE SEMICONDUCTOR, INC.;US-ASSIGNMENT DATABASE UPDATED:20100518;REEL/FRAME:19847/804Free format text: SECURITY AGREEMENT;ASSIGNOR:FREESCALE SEMICONDUCTOR, INC.;US-ASSIGNMENT DATABASE UPDATED:20100525;REEL/FRAME:19847/804Free format text: SECURITY AGREEMENT;ASSIGNOR:FREESCALE SEMICONDUCTOR, INC.;REEL/FRAME:19847/804Feb 23, 2007ASAssignmentOwner name: FREESCALE SEMICONDUCTOR, INC., TEXASFree format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:DRAGON, CHRISTOPHER P.;BURGER, WAYNE R.;PRYOR, ROBERT A.;REEL/FRAME:018927/0899Effective date: 20070216RotateOriginal ImageGoogle Home - Sitemap - USPTO Bulk Downloads - Privacy Policy - Terms of Service - About Google Patents - Send FeedbackData provided by IFI CLAIMS Patent Services©2012 Google

value: Google Patents is a search engine from Google that indexes patents and patent applications.


text:
Wrangler Mama’s Top 5 Snarky Sewing Tips | Wrangler Mama's World
Wrangler Mama’s Top 5 Snarky Sewing Tips	20 Aug 2013 1 Comment
Share this:FacebookPinterestEmailPrintLike this:Like Loading...	Previous Thanks a lot, DJ Lance Next Stop stealing my joy!
Aug 20, 2013 @ 19:41:04 Couldn’t have said it better myself. Also, when carrying a pile of stuff AND your brand new Ginghers, make sure you are holding onto the actual scissors, not the sheath, from which the scissors may fall out. Before they’ve even cut so much as a thread. I’ve heard. And don’t put off the cleaning and oiling for too long, you’ll be glad when it’s done/


text:
12-Volt Heated Seat Cushion with | Groupon Goods
12V Heated Seat Cushion with 3-Way Temperature Controller
Stay warm in winter with a cushion that can be set to high or low heat
Carbon fiber wiring swiftly, evenly heats surface
Plugs easily into vehicle’s 12V outlet; unplug when not in use
Secured by intuitive hooks and straps
Materials: polyester and carbon fiber
4.3ft. power cord
Product dimensions: 17”x8”x37”
Got this for my mom for mother's day and she loves it. Works great.
Made very cheap-I am sending it back
I bought this for my husband, for the cold mornings here in PA. He loves it, keeps him warm when the jeep is cold.
Nice material I have not tried it yet .
Fits the seat well and gives plenty of heat.

value: Groupon is an American global e-commerce marketplace connecting subscribers with local merchants by offering activities, travel, goods and services in 15 countries. Based in Chicago, Groupon was launched there in November 2008, launching soon after in Boston, New York City and Toronto.


text:
Crossing my chicken line…”the lame shall walk” because…God is Good! | God is Good!
Stories of a good God	Crossing my chicken line…”the lame shall walk” because…God is Good!	Apr 2012
Tagged with:Chicken lineChristianGod is goodMatthew 6:10Obediencestopping for the one	This one was for him because…God is Good!
Comments on: "Crossing my chicken line…”the lame shall walk” because…God is Good!" (8)
Derek Mansker said:	Apr 2012 at 12:26 pm
I have never heard of the chicken line before. I thought this was a little play on words, or even a joke about chickens. Great story. I hope you hear from him.
God is Good said:	Apr 2012 at 12:47 pm
Hi Derek. Thanks. I hope I hear from him too! Check out the chicken line videos on the link. It is on our church Facebook. There are four videos so look for episode 1. They don’t run for long and are full of Aussie humour too … LikeLike
Derek Mansker said:	Apr 2012 at 11:55 am
I took look at one of them. Pretty funny stuff. I looked at the last episode, though, so I guess I need to go back and look at the first.
God is Good said:	Apr 2012 at 12:15 pm
Yes … The last one was funny. It took a while to get going, but they were amusing. The first one put it a bit more into context – they did four episodes in all … Craig and Duffy are very funny and lovely guys. Sent from my iPhone LikeLike
Jacquie McIntosh said:	Apr 2012 at 2:36 pm
Thanks heaps for your stories. They are invaluable! I love the way you include what you say because it becomes a coaching manual for how to handle these situations. Keep up the GOOD work!!!
Jessie said:	Apr 2012 at 10:37 pm
And I trust you will fill us in when he contacts you with his healing testimony. Thanks for the link to the video. Watching now.
God is Good said:	Apr 2012 at 10:58 pm
Hey there. I am hopeful … although sometimes the wait can be a while …
One girl got back to me 12 months after i prayed for her … I saw her for coffee and she gave her heart back to Christ – her encounter was a healing of her heart (emotional) …
The girl that did get out of her wheel chair, her mum rang me four days later and let me know what happened and then proceeded to give her heart over the phone … we still keep in touch.
I suggest you watch the episodes in order maybe. I was away last Sunday and have only just started watching the latest episode (number 4).
Have a blessed Easter. Many many blessings my friend and co-conspirator for Christ!
Jessie said:	Apr 2012 at 5:34 am
You have a blessed Easter as well. 🙂


text:
The Reader of Books: The Dorling Kindersley Complete Dog Breed Book
Apologies for any typos tonight. I have had two days of small but irritating disasters which have led to me spending a long time mopping olives, oil and smashed glass up from the kitchen floor, and A. C, and I eating an inordinately large amount of porridge oats after an incident involving pouring milk into the wrong container. Today has been relatively disaster free, but just now I managed to brush my hand over my computer keyboard in such a way that I have shrunk the typing box on my blog to a third of its usual size. Attempting to brush it back the other way has proved futile. Mr M is currently away, so until he returns, I will have to live with typing into a tiny box.
Anyway, to today's topic. I am always extremely suspicious of any book marketed as "for reluctant readers". "Reluctant readers" is often used as a synonym for "children we consider to be educationally subnormal". The books are therefore generally patronising and a bit rubbish. Everyone is a reluctant reader until they find something which fires their imagination.
I teach a lot of kids who don't enjoy reading. They generally do not enjoy books specifically marketed to reluctant readers. Almost without exception, the boys enjoy The Guiness Book of World Records. However, ever popular with both genders are books about different dog breeds.
I have no idea why this is. Even kids who don't own a dog, or are not particularly interested in dogs LOVE looking at books where each breed has a photo and some information relating to their loooks, character and habits. We have now built a lesson into one of our schemes of work, where, after reading Buster Fleabags by Rolf Harris (a lovely book btw), the students then spend some time researching their ideal dog and producing a leaflet about it. They absolutely love it, and the lesson sometimes extends over several lessons of rigorous hard work.
The latest Book People catalogue has the DK Complete Dog Breeds Book for £5.99. I am now the proud owner of said tome. This, obviously, is ostensibly for work purposes. However, I have spent the past hour leafing through, stopping every now and then to think what it might be like to own a Beagle or a Lurcher. A was very concerned when she saw me with the book. "I'm not sure we'd cope with a dog Mummy. I think we should get chickens." Hmmm, I said, non-comitally. But in my head I was thinking "can you take a chicken for a walk?"
For the time being a dog breeds book is a much smaller commitment than an actual dog. And it's useful. Perhaps I should suggest to Dorling Kindersley that they slap a "Great for Reluctant Readers" tag somewhere on the front cover. Because, on this occasion, it would actually be true.
Posted by MrsM at 13:16