text:
Patent US20050121326 - Chambers, systems, and methods for electrochemically processing microfeature ... - Google Patents
Chambers, systems, and methods for electrochemically processing microfeature workpieces are disclosed herein. In one embodiment, an electrochemical deposition chamber includes a processing unit having a first flow system configured to convey a flow of a first processing fluid to a microfeature workpiece....http://www.google.com/patents/US20050121326?utm_source=gb-gplus-sharePatent US20050121326 - Chambers, systems, and methods for electrochemically processing microfeature workpieces
Publication number US20050121326 A1
Application number US 10/729,357
Also published as CN1961099A, US7351315
Publication number 10729357, 729357, US 2005/0121326 A1, US 2005/121326 A1, US 20050121326 A1, US 20050121326A1, US 2005121326 A1, US 2005121326A1, US-A1-20050121326, US-A1-2005121326, US2005/0121326A1, US2005/121326A1, US20050121326 A1, US20050121326A1, US2005121326 A1, US2005121326A1
US 20050121326 A1
4. The chamber of claim 1 wherein the barrier is a nonporous barrier that prevents nonionic species from passing between the first and second processing fluids.
5. The chamber of claim 1 wherein the barrier is a semipermeable barrier that allows either cations or anions to pass through the barrier between the first and second processing fluids.
6. The chamber of claim 1 wherein the barrier is a semipermeable barrier that separates the flow of the first processing fluid from the flow of the second processing fluid.
7. The chamber of claim 1 wherein the barrier is a permeable barrier that permits fluid flow between the first and second processing fluids.
8. The chamber of claim 1 wherein the barrier allows electrical current to pass therethrough in the presence of an electrolyte.
10. The chamber of claim 1 wherein:
11. The chamber of claim 1, further comprising:
12. The chamber of claim 11 wherein the second processing fluid has a concentration of between approximately 0.1 g/l and approximately 1.0 g/l of acid.
13. The chamber of claim 1, further comprising:
14. The chamber of claim 1 wherein the barrier is canted relative to the processing unit to vent gas from the second processing fluid.
15. The chamber of claim 1, further comprising a barrier unit coupled to the processing and electrode units, the barrier unit including the barrier.
17. The chamber of claim 1 wherein the electrodes comprise a pure copper electrode.
18. The chamber of claim 1 wherein the electrodes comprise a copper-phosphorous electrode.
20. The chamber of claim 19 wherein the barrier is a semipermeable barrier that allows either cations or anions to pass through the barrier between the first and second processing fluids.
21. The chamber of claim 19 wherein the barrier is a permeable barrier that permits fluid flow between the catholyte and the anolyte.
22. The chamber of claim 19 wherein the barrier is a nonporous barrier that separates a flow of the catholyte and a flow of the anolyte.
23. The chamber of claim 19 wherein:
24. A tool for wet chemical processing of microfeature workpieces, the tool comprising:
an electrode unit including a plurality of electrodes;
a barrier unit between the processing and electrode units, the barrier unit including a barrier;
25. A chamber for wet chemical processing of microfeature workpieces, the chamber comprising:
a processing unit carrying the first processing fluid and being configured to convey the first processing fluid to a microfeature workpiece;
an electrode unit carrying a plurality of electrodes and the second processing fluid proximate to the electrodes; and
a barrier between the processing unit and the electrode unit to separate the first and second processing fluids.
26. The chamber of claim 25 wherein the first and second processing fluids each have a concentration of between approximately 10 g/l and approximately 50 g/l of copper.
27. The chamber of claim 25 wherein the barrier is a nonporous barrier that separates a flow of the first processing fluid from a flow of the second processing fluid.
28. The chamber of claim 25 wherein the barrier is a porous barrier that permits fluid flow between the first and second processing fluids while preventing organic additives from passing through the barrier.
29. A chamber for wet chemical processing of microfeature workpieces, the chamber comprising:
a barrier between the processing unit and the electrode unit to inhibit organic additives from passing between the first and second processing fluids.
30. The chamber of claim 29 wherein the barrier is a nonporous barrier that separates a flow of the first processing fluid from a flow of the second processing fluid.
31. The chamber of claim 29 wherein the barrier is a porous barrier that permits fluid flow between the first and second processing fluids.
32. The chamber of claim 29 wherein the first and second processing fluids each have a concentration of between approximately 10 g/l and approximately 50 g/l of copper.
33. A system for wet chemical processing of microfeature workpieces, the system comprising:
34. The system of claim 33 wherein the ratio of the first volume of the first electrolyte to the second volume of the second electrolyte is between approximately 1.5:1 and approximately 10:1.
37. A method of electrochemically processing a microfeature workpiece, comprising:
applying independent electrical currents to individual electrodes to establish an electrical current flow in the first and second processing fluids; and
separating the first processing fluid and the second processing fluid with a barrier.
38. The method of claim 37 wherein separating the first and second processing fluids comprises separating a flow of the first processing fluid from a flow of the second processing fluid.
39. The method of claim 37 wherein separating the first and second processing fluids comprises separating the first and second processing fluids with a porous barrier to inhibit organic additives from passing between the first and second processing fluids.
40. The method of claim 37 wherein separating the first and second processing fluids comprises separating the first and second processing fluids with a barrier that allows electrical current to pass therethrough in the presence of an electrolyte.
43. The method of claim 37 wherein applying independent electrical currents to individual electrodes comprises applying a first current to a first electrode and a second current different than the first current to a second electrode.
44. The method of claim 37, further comprising varying the electrical currents dynamically during a plating cycle.
45. The method of claim 37 wherein:
46. The method of claim 45 wherein the first and second charge carrying fluids include anions.
47. The method of claim 45 wherein the first and second charge carrying fluids include cations.
48. The method of claim 45 wherein charge carriers in the first and second charge carrying fluids move in opposite directions when the reaction chamber is operating and idle.
49. A method of electrochemically processing a microfeature workpiece, comprising:
flowing a first processing fluid at least proximate to a microfeature workpiece in an electrochemical deposition chamber;
flowing a second processing fluid at least proximate to a plurality of electrodes in the electrochemical deposition chamber;
applying electrical potentials to individual electrodes to establish an electrical current flow in the first and second processing fluids; and
inhibiting organic additives from passing through a barrier between the first processing fluid and the second processing fluid.
50. A method of electrochemically processing a microfeature workpiece, comprising:
flowing a second processing fluid having a concentration of between approximately 0.1 g/l and approximately 1.0 g/l of acid at least proximate to a plurality of electrodes in the wet chemical processing tool;
51. A method of electrochemically processing a microfeature workpiece, comprising:
flowing a second processing fluid having a second concentration of acid at least proximate to a plurality of electrodes in the wet chemical processing tool, the ratio of the first concentration of acid to the second concentration of acid being between approximately 10:1 and approximately 20,000:1;
applying independent electrical potentials to individual electrodes to establish an electrical current flow in the first and second processing fluids; and
dividing the first and second processing fluids with a barrier.
52. A method of electrochemically processing a microfeature workpiece, comprising:
flowing anolyte through a second flow system of the wet chemical processing tool and at least proximate to a plurality of electrodes, the second flow system being configured to carry a second volume of anolyte, the first volume of catholyte being at least twice the second volume of anolyte;
separating the catholyte and the anolyte with a barrier.
This application is related to U.S. patent application Ser. No. ______ (Perkins Coie Docket No. 291958237US) filed ______, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.
The illustrated vessel 210 further includes a first attachment assembly 254 a for attaching the barrier unit 260 to the processing unit 220 and a second attachment assembly 254 b for attaching the electrode unit 280 to the barrier unit 260. The first and second attachment assemblies 254 a-b can be quick-release devices to securely hold the corresponding units together. For example, the first and second attachment assemblies 254 a-b can include clamp rings 255 a-b and latches 256 a-b that move the clamp rings 255 a-b between a first position and a second position. As the latches 256 a-b move the clamp rings 255 a-b from the first position to the second position, the diameter of the clamp rings 255 a-b decreases to clamp the corresponding units together. Optionally, as the first and second attachment assemblies 254 a-b move from the first position to the second position, the attachment assemblies 254 a-b drive the corresponding units together, to compress the interface elements 250 and 252 and properly position the units relative to each other. Suitable attachment assemblies of this type are disclosed in detail in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 60/476,881, filed June 6, 2003, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. In other embodiments, the attachment assemblies 254 a-b may not be quick-release devices and can include a plurality of clamp rings, a plurality of latches, a plurality of bolts, or other types of fasteners.
The first and second processing fluids can flow in the vessel 310 in a direction that is opposite to the flow direction described above with reference to the vessel 210 of FIGS. 4 and 5. More specifically, the first processing fluid can flow along a path F. from the barrier 370 toward the workpiece and exit the vessel 310 proximate to the processing site. The second processing fluid can flow along a path F2 from the barrier 370 toward the electrode 390 and then exit the vessel 310. In other embodiments, the vessel 310 can include a device to degas the first and/or second processing fluids.
The mounting module 660 provides a heavy-duty, dimensionally stable structure that maintains the relative positions between the positioning elements 668 a-b on the deck 664 and the positioning elements 668 c on the platform 665 within a range that does not require the transport system 605 to be recalibrated each time a replacement processing chamber 610 or workpiece. support 613 is mounted to the deck 664. The mounting module 660 is generally a rigid structure that is sufficiently strong to maintain the relative positions between the positioning elements 668 a-b and 668 c when the wet chemical processing chambers 610, the workpiece supports 613, and the transport system 605 are mounted to the mounting module 660. In several embodiments, the mounting module 660 is configured to maintain the relative positions between the positioning elements 668 a-b and 668 c to within 0.025 inch. In other embodiments, the mounting module is configured to maintain the relative positions between the positioning elements 668 a-b and 668 c to within approximately 0.005 to 0.015 inch. As such, the deck 664 often maintains a uniformly flat surface to within approximately 0.025 inch, and in more specific embodiments to approximately 0.005-0.015 inch.
WO2008070290A1 * Oct 16, 2007 Jun 12, 2008 Applied Materials, Inc. Pulse plating of a low stress film on a solar cell substrate
U.S. Classification 205/80, 205/118
International Classification C25D17/00, C25D5/08, C25D17/12, C25D5/02, C25D3/38
Cooperative Classification C25D7/123, C25D17/002, C25D17/008, C25D17/001, C25D3/38, C25D17/12, C25D5/08
European Classification C25D3/38, C25D17/12, C25D5/08, C25D17/00

value: Google Patents is a search engine from Google that indexes patents and patent applications.


text:
Islah e Khawateen | Free Online Pdf Books ' : ''; var month = [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12]; var month2 = ["Jan","Feb","Mar","Apr","May","Jun","Jul","Aug","Sep","Oct","Nov","Dec"]; var day = postdate.split("-")[2].substring(0,2); var m = postdate.split("-")[1]; var y = postdate.split("-")[0]; for(var u2=0;u2
Home Islamic Books Literature Books Pdf Book Self Help Books Urdu Books Islah e Khawateen
Islah e Khawateen By Mufti Muhammad Zaid Mazahiri Nadvi Pdf Book Free Download
File Size: 5 MB | File Type: Pdf | Pages: 320 | Category: Islamic
Islah e khawateen is a beautiful Islamic pdf book written by By Mufti Muhammad Zaid Mazahiri Nadvi. He is a well-known Islamic scholar. Khawateen women's are important part of society, they are playing a key role in society, it is necessary to guide them so that they can play a vital role for the betterment of society. The western society is treating women as a show peace. They introduce women's in every field and every place, that directly disturb their family system. In Muslim society, women have specific role and lot of clear instructions for its welfare and care. The book presented here Islah e Khawateen, the author narrates the ways to guide the women's in the right direction including their character development and positive attitude, from true preachings of Islam. It is really helpful for women's of Islamic society.
Related Posts: Allah Taala Ki Bakhshish Ke Andaz, Waqiyat Parhiye Aur ibrat Lijiye, Masnoon Aur Maqbool Duain, Namaze Nabwi By Dr. Syed Shafiqur Rehman

type: global

value: Blogger is an American online content management system (CMS) which enables multi-user blogs with time-stamped entries. Pyra Labs developed it before being acquired by Google in 2003.


text:
The Ritchies in Uganda: Hurray, stormy days are here again!
Storms in Kampala
Friday was the turning point. After unprecedented temperatures building up for weeks, 30 to 32 degrees in Kampala and up to 39 degrees elsewhere, on Saturday the weather broke.
We had heard thunder rumbling away all afternoon and the clouds gradually darkening. Then, on our way to Cayenne, a nearby watering hole, the sky turned an angry red and the red dust suddenly swirled head high so we could barely see in front of us. Pedestrians dashed across the road, clutching babies and loaded with shopping, trying to get under cover before the storm broke.
The low rumbling became loud crashes right over our heads. Trees waved wildly and lightning flashed above and around us. The rain poured down, washing across the streets and flooding the drainage channels. And so it continued, all that evening. After a brief respite at 11 o’clock, it started all over again at 3 o’clock in the morning.
This will be the weather pattern for the next few weeks: warm bright sunshine, thunder rumbling away in the background and then sudden outbursts of violent wind and rain. The weather people say that the rains in the western highlands and around Lake Victoria will spread to the rest of the country by the end of March. Seventeen people have died already and we can expect more deaths and injuries from road accidents, floods, lightning strikes and falling trees, walls and roofs.
Rainstorms across the countryside
However, the stormy weather is welcome - except for the casualties, of course. People across the country and not just in the usual drought-prone regions, have been suffering badly from the extended hot season. Food and water shortages are now acute and many animals and poultry have died. Bush fires have burned down huts and killed people. They have torn through huge stretches of the national parks in western Uganda, as well as sugar cane plantations, natural forests and urban markets. Scores of families are homeless as a result. And in Karamoja, over in the north east close to the famine-struck areas of Kenya, people are trudging 14 kilometres or more for water and are already hungry. Rain storms are good.
The priority now, of course, is to use the rain properly: for communities to build dams and set up irrigation systems to boost harvests and increase food security; and for the country as a whole to take action to preserve its wetlands and forests for the future. Only by protecting its water catchment, will the country’s future – and vital - agricultural and industrial development become possible.
Uganda and its national parks
Rumblings within the corridors of power
And tempests have also begun to rage in the capital: not too many out in the streets, unlike this time last year, but a lot, it seems, within the corridors of power. Thank goodness again. Rain storms clear the air and clean the ground. They bring down rotten trees and scour out the filth and debris lurking in gutters. They fill water courses and prepare the ground for the new green shoots of recovery.
A Tullow tornado
Gales continue to swirl round Parliament House. The Government has just signed a Production Sharing Agreement with Tullow Oil (an Irish oil exploration group, whose critics usually called it ‘British’) about the extraction of oil from the Albertine Rift Valley in the western kingdom of Bunyoro. Nothing wrong with that, you might think…except that Parliament had specifically passed a resolution halting oil transactions until the necessary legislation had been passed. MPs assert that the draft agreement does not provide sufficient protection for the country against rapacious foreign investors.
Nevertheless, the resolution was not much of an obstacle to the President who simply ordered the Minister for Energy and Mineral Development to ignore it and put her name on the papers, letting loose a veritable tornado among both Opposition and his own NRM MPs for ignoring the will of Parliament. This action fuelled speculation that 'some people have already been compromised and therefore transactions must go ahead even if it means defying Parliament.’ (The Daily Monitor)
Oil is due to start flowing 36 months after the papers have been signed. Mind you, Andrew Mwenda of The Independent is very sceptical about the idea of continuing debate in Parliament, saying it just gives more opportunity to MPs to dip their personal buckets into the oil reserves. Tullow has already passed on two thirds of its interests to France’s Total and China’s CNOOC.
The President said he had fought a resistance war and repaired a ruined economy; he would not let ‘economic saboteurs land him into mistakes [sic]’. This is a storm that may not die down quickly.
Lake Albert and the oil
A tsunami of corruption allegations
Two Cabinet Ministers have just been swept away by a tidal wave of accusations that they approved inflated compensation payments mounting to Shs150 billion of taxpayers’ money to two businessmen whose land was taken over for use as a market. The Public Accounts Committee seem to think that some of the shillings drifted back in their direction. The high tide is likely to deposit both culprits in the law courts. Furthermore, the former Attorney General was reduced to pleading for mercy to the President himself for his guilt in approving the compensation claims - while also hinting at the existence of past government deals which he might just think about making public. An interesting belief – that a letter can influence the judicial system.
Also caught up in the swell was the respected Governor of the Bank of Uganda, though he is still managing to keep his head above water. Some have claimed he authorised the payments following pressure from the Finance Minister. The Governor may also be paying for his public, and possibly brave/unwise, disagreement with the President’s decision a few months ago to purchase $400million fighter jets using cash from the foreign exchange reserves.
The waves triggered by the compensation payments have certainly risen very high indeed, as high as it is possible to imagine. It is said the two Ministers, ballast tossed out of the Presidential ship, were pushed under before they could drag anyone else down with them. Whether they’ll ever be found guilty, of course, is another matter, as is whether the money will be recovered and returned to the public services from which it was stolen.
The sacking now makes 10 vacancies in the Cabinet: the two new casualties joining the other eight whose integrity has been questioned. NRM MPs are falling overboard at an unprecedented rate. Yesterday there was an emergency meeting of the NRM caucus, down by the calm waters of Lake Victoria.
Downpours drench MPs
When floods recede, they sometimes reveal hitherto hidden structures. It has taken two months for a secret deal to come to light which gives each of the country’s 375 MPs Shs103 million (nearly £30,000) to buy a ‘luxury’ gas guzzler car.
Yaslin Mugerwa in the Daily Monitor points out that the lifetime cost of treating an HIV/Aids victim is Shs20 million, which means that each vehicle could help save the lives of five people. The whole Shs38.6 would treat more than 1,875 Aids sufferers. 300,000 poor Ugandans cannot afford anti-retroviral drugs.
The subsequent outcry has been enormous, even for Uganda. A torrent of abuse characterised by the word ‘greedy’ has rained down upon the honourable members. Apparently, this kind of money could ‘operationalise’ the entire health structure of a small district, with 100% staffing (unheard of in Uganda). The timing of the news, of course, was bad, coinciding with threatened strikes by desperately underpaid teachers. Each car would pay the salaries of 345 primary teachers.
MPs had already asked for a Shs50 million individual advance, a removal of taxes on their new cars and an increase in monthly salary from Shs15 million to Shs19 million.
One piece of comfort for the common man is that, given the whirlpools swirling around Uganda’s potholes just now, the garage bills for the ‘greedy’ MPs will be astronomical.
And various lightning strikes
The Presidency has just requested a Shs92 billion supplementary budget to ‘pay for special meals and drinks, welfare and entertainment.’ It also includes Shs2.3 billion for maintaining the presidential jet, Shs11.6 billion for ‘donations’ and Shs8.8 billion for travel at home and abroad. This is the second of such payments to State House. Five months ago it got an additional Shs66.6 billion. If the request is acceded to, the State House budget will apparently balloon to more than Shs158.6 billion— more than twice the 2011/12 Budget for Mulago National Referral Hospital, according to the Monitor. The money could also have been used to meet the Shs75 billion required to answer teachers’ demands for a 100 per cent salary increase.
The sum also vastly overshadows the Shs7 billion which the Ministry of Health is struggling to find to treat 3,000 children in Northern Uganda struck down by a mysterious ‘nodding disease’. Its initial request for a supplementary budget had been turned down, so funds have been re-allocated from elsewhere in the health budget.
Children with this degenerative disease present with nodding heads, running saliva, stunted growth, seizures, mental retardation and malnutrition. At risk of falling into open fires, many spend their days tied to trees to prevent accidents. A Junior Health Minister has just reassured Ugandans that ‘only 170 deaths’ had been registered. Others say 200, but who knows how many have been quietly buried in hard-to-reach areas. There is no diagnosis and no treatment – except for anti-epileptic drugs to control the nodding.
Acholi MPs have been frantically trying to draw attention to what should be a national emergency. The disease first appeared three years ago, though it is claimed that the first action to combat it was taken only a week ago. So far Shs100 million has been released of the promised Shs7 billion. Not so much a deluge, more a trickle.
So, what is the long-term weather forecast?
Let us hope that the reporting of these turbulent events signifies a very public cleansing of the Augean stables. Rottenness has been revealed as the floodwater swirls through the channels, obstacles to fair and equitable government are being washed away and the ground is being swept clear, we hope, for the planting season.
The trouble is that the weather in Uganda is so unpredictable these days that no one can tell you about the pattern of seasons any more. I guess a few weeks of sunshine will brighten up the murkiest areas. Periodically, as now, wild storms will tear across the countryside, demolishing disintegrating buildings and making passage for the deluge. Who knows when it will be time for the seeds to be planted, the crops gathered in and the harvest made ready for the granaries?
Granary on stilts in northern Uganda
An interesting book about corruption in East African politics is It's our turn to eat: the story of a Kenyan whistleblower by Michela Wrong
Posted by Elisabeth Ritchie at 6:48 PM
Labels: climate change, corruption, health/hospitals, HIV/AIDS, Karamoja, Lake Victoria, north-eastern Ug, northern Ug, oil, politics, poverty/wealth, strikes, teachers, water, weather, western Ug


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brito: January 2017
One of the new year resolutions is to make changes where changes were due.
And one of those changes is the online identity. It has been some years since my first name is perfectly comprehensible in Portuguese/Spanish language but always causing some confusion in other languages. Too often my (already short) first name with just four letters would be confused in different variations. Other times I would be left explaining what is the root origin of that name. It doesn't help one bit as most of my time is passed traveling and living in non-Latin lands.
In the end of the day, it isn't something that I see value in continuing because my own preference of a first name is different. My preference is for an international name that works good in whatever location. So, name changed. This transition should only be completed around 2020. In the meanwhile please do accept my apologies in advance for any confusion this might bring until the dust settles.
If you met me through the old name, please do continue referring to the old name if you really prefer. From here forward, you might find my name written simply as Max.
This was quite a holy grail some years ago.
The flexibility of Java turned into an easy to run application for Windows. If you are interested in compiling your Java-based software into native Windows applications, then you probably looked into options such as GCJ and wrappers. The problem is that GCJ is more like a myth nowadays where it is not clear if that thing works and wrappers, well. They are wrappers.
There is an alternative. A way to compile Java code directly into x86 binaries that run under Windows without needing .NET or any other intermediate platform. You are welcome to enter the world of Mono and IKVM.
You should read this page:
http://www.mono-project.com/docs/about-mono/languages/java/
The first step is compiling your jar file into a .NET executable using IKVMC, this is as simple as downloading the most recent tools from:
Attention: these tools only run on Windows 7 and above (you can likely run in XP by installing a modern .NET version).
Then place your jar file inside the .\bin folder. Head out to the command prompt on that folder and type:
ikvmc myApp.jar
Where "myApp.jar" is obviously the jar you want to transform. If you have additional jars to be added as classpath, look on the syntax page for instructions. On my case I already ship a "fat jar" where every other jar files get merged into a single one in any case.
The compilation will likely show you that some classes are missing, that is mostly references on the code for things that were not found. On my case none of them were used so not really a problem, they were just warnings and you get a Windows .NET executable as output.
When running for the first time it failed. Was complaining that the a java.util.date method was returning a null value. There is something to know about IKVM, it is an implementation of the JVM but it is not perfect. So you might need to adapt slightly the code so that it doesn't touch on the methods not supported by IKVM. On this case, I just removed the part of the code that was failing since it was not critical and then everything worked.
Now you have a .NET executable.
You will need to ship it together with some of the IKVM dll files. The minimum files to include are IKVM.OpenJDK.Core.dll and IKVM.Runtime.dll. However, you might need additional DLL files from the IKVM distribution depending on the functionalities that you are using. This is mostly a trial and error approach until you find which files are really needed. The end result is that you get an executable that you won't need to ship with a JVM or ask end-users to install one (under Windows).
The final step in case you are interested, is to remove the .NET dependency. This might be useful for the cases where you want to run on bare-metal Windows from older versions such as Windows 95, all the way up to newer versions where x86 code is supported. That is where Mono helps. Take a look on this section: http://www.mono-project.com/docs/about-mono/languages/java/#compiling-java-code-to-x86-code
Taking the executable created on the previous steps, basically install the Mono setup (about 1Gb of disk space after installation) and type:
mono --aot myApp.exe
This will generate a set of files, refer to the previous link for additional details. Hopefully making your app run completely native under Windows. I'm yet to test the performance of native x86 Java binaries vs the bytecode versions running on the JVM. My initial expectation is that the Oracle/OpenJDK JVM is faster because but this might be a false impression. If you manage to test the performance just let me know.
Compiling Java apps as native x86 Windows executab...


text:
Edit & Rewrite a Script | Editare | Rescriere articol | Article Writing | Redactare fantomă | Freelancer
Aptitudini: Editare, Rescriere articol, Article Writing, Redactare fantomă
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value: Freelance (sometimes spelled free-lance or free lance), freelancer, or freelance worker, are terms commonly used for a person who is self-employed and not necessarily committed to a particular employer long-term. Freelance workers are sometimes represented by a company or a temporary agency that resells freelance labor to clients; others work independently or use professional associations or websites to get work.


text:
A rooftop terrace, a microwave in a common area and a fridge in a common area are available at this smoke-free guesthouse. Free WiFi in public areas and free self parking are also provided. Other amenities include a library. All 4 rooms offer free WiFi, espresso makers and flat-screen TVs with cable channels. Guests will also find down duvets, hairdryers and showers.
Wir fanden es sehr nett, dass uns Pamela ein kostenloses upgrade für den grösseren Raum ermöglicht hat! Für Wanderungen im Raume Tejeda ist der Ort "Tarifa alta" ideal.
The communication was great, and we could easily check in late. The key was hard to get, but after that we were amazed by the beautiful room. It was big, cozy and clean. The bathroom too. We really enjoyed our stay here, easy to park in the street as well. Would love to come back.

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Brevet US6573340 - Biodegradable polymer films and sheets suitable for use as laminate coatings ... - Google�BrevetsRecherche Images Maps Play YouTube Actualit�s Gmail Drive Plus » Recherche avanc�e dans les brevets | Historique Web | Connexion Recherche avanc�e dans les brevets BrevetsBiodegradable polymer blends suitable for laminate coatings, wraps and other packaging materials manufactured from at least one �hard� biopolymer and at least one �soft� biopolymer. �Hard� biopolymers tend to be more brittle and rigid and typically have a glass transition temperature greater...http://www.google.fr/patents/US6573340?utm_source=gb-gplus-shareBrevet US6573340 - Biodegradable polymer films and sheets suitable for use as laminate coatings as well as wraps and other packaging materials Num�ro de publicationUS6573340 B1Type de publicationOctroi Num�ro de demande09/648,471 Date de publication3 juin 2003 Date de d�p�t23 ao�t 2000 Date de priorit�23 ao�t 2000Autre r�f�rence de publicationCN1247658CCN1468273AEP1311582A1EP1311582A4EP1311582B1EP2357209A1WO2002016468A1 InventeursKishan KhemaniPer Just AndersenSimon K. HodsonHarald Schmidt Cessionnaire d'origineBiotec Biologische Naturverpackungen Gmbh & Co. Kg Classification aux �tats-Unis525/437525/540525/452525/450525/444524/605524/47524/539428/480 Classification internationaleC08L101/00B32B27/36C08L67/02C08L67/04C08J5/18C08L77/12B65D65/46B32B27/06C08L101/16C08L3/02 Classification coop�rativeC08J2300/16C08J2367/02C08J5/18C08L101/16C08L77/12C08L3/02C08L67/025C08L67/04C08L67/02B32B27/06 Classification europ�enneC08J5/18C08L3/02C08L67/04C08L101/16C08L77/12C08L67/02BC08L67/02B32B27/06R�f�rencesCitations de brevets (85)Citations hors brevets (2) R�f�renc� par (45)Liens externesUSPTO Cession USPTO EspacenetBiodegradable polymer films and sheets suitable for use as laminate coatings as well as wraps and other packaging materialsUS 6573340 B1 R�sum� Biodegradable polymer blends suitable for laminate coatings, wraps and other packaging materials manufactured from at least one �hard� biopolymer and at least one �soft� biopolymer. �Hard� biopolymers tend to be more brittle and rigid and typically have a glass transition temperature greater than about 10� C. �Soft� biopolymers tend to be more flexible and pliable and typically have a glass transition temperature less than about 0� C. While hard and soft polymers each possess certain intrinsic benefits, certain blends of hard and soft polymers have been discovered which possess synergistic properties superior to those of either hard or soft polymers by themselves. Biodegradable polymers include polyesters, polyesteramides and thermoplastically processable starch. The polymer blends may optionally include an inorganic filler. Films and sheets made from the polymer blends may be textured so as to increase the bulk hand feel. Wraps will typically be manufactured so as to have good �dead-fold� properties so as to remain in a wrapped position and not spring back to an �unwrapped� and planar form. Laminate films will typically have good water vapor barrier properties as measured by the their Water Vapor Permeability Coefficient (WVPC).
In many cases, packaging materials are intended for only a single use, such as boxes, cartons, pouches and wraps used to package many, if not most, commodities purchased from wholesale and retail outlets. Even the advent of computers and �paperless� transactions has not stemmed the rising tide of packaging wastes. Indeed, the onset of �e-commerce� has spawned a great mail-order fad, thus increasing, instead of decreasing, the amount of packaging materials being used as products must now be individually packed in boxes suitable for shipping.
Moreover, the incredibly fast-paced lifestyles now being pursued have greatly disrupted traditional eating routines in which people prepared their own meals and sat down as a family or group. Instead, people grab food on the run, thus creating ever-increasing amounts of fast food packaging materials being used and then immediately discarded. In view of the rising tide of disposable packaging materials, some countries, particularly those in Europe, have begun to mandate either the recycling of fast food generated wastes or the use of packaging materials which are �biodegradable� or �compostable�. Environmental activists have also entered the fray to put pressure on companies that generate solid waste. Thus, large fast food chains such as McDonald's have been essentially forced to discontinue nonbiodegradable packaging materials such as foamed polystyrene, either by government fiat or by pressure by environmental groups. There is therefore an ever-present need to develop biodegradable alternatives to nonbiodegradable paper, plastics and metals.
In response to the demand for biopolymers, a number of new biopolymers have been developed which have been shown to biodegrade when discarded into the environment. Some of the larger players in the biodegradable plastics market include such well-known chemical companies as DuPont, BASF, Cargill-Dow Polymers, Union Carbide, Bayer, Monsanto, Mitsui and Eastman Chemical. Each of these companies has developed one or more classes or types of biopolymers. For example, both BASF and Eastman Chemical have developed biopolymers known as �aliphatic-aromatic� copolymers, sold under the trade names ECOFLEX and EASTAR BIO, respectively. Bayer has developed polyesteramides under the trade name BAK. Du Pont has developed BIOMAX, a modified polyethylene terephthalate (PET). Cargill-Dow has sold a variety of biopolymers based on polylactic acid (PLA). Monsanto developed, but has since stopped the manufacture of, a class of polymers known as polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA), which include polyhydroxybutyrates (PHB), polyhydroxyvalerates (PHV), and polyhydroxybutyrate-hydroxyvalerate copolymers (PHBV). Union Carbide manufactures polycaprolactone (PCL) under the trade name TONE.
On the other hand, biopolymers such as PCL, ECOFLEX and EASTAR BIO are many times more flexible compared to the more rigid biopolymers discussed immediately above. However, they have relatively low melting points such that they tend to be self adhering when newly processed and/or exposed to heat. While easily blown into films, such films are difficult to process on a mass scale since they will tend to self adhere when rolled onto spools, which is typically required for sale and transport to other locations and companies. To prevent self-adhesion (or �blocking�) of such films, it is typically necessary to incorporate silica or other fillers.
Another important criteria for sheets and films used in packaging is temperature stability. �Temperature stability� is the ability to maintain desired properties even when exposed to elevated or depressed temperatures, or a large range of temperatures, which may be encountered during shipping or storage. For example, many of the more flexible biopolymers tend to become soft and sticky if heated significantly above room temperature, thus compromising their ability to maintain their desired packaging properties. Other polymers can become rigid and brittle upon being cooled significantly below freezing (i.e., 0� C.). Thus, a single homopolymer or copolymer may not by itself have sufficient stability within large temperature ranges.
SUMMARY AND OBJECTS OF THE INVENTION The present invention encompasses biodegradable polymer blends having improved strength, flexibility, elongation and temperature stability properties. Such polymer blends may be extruded, blown or otherwise formed into sheets and films for use in a wide variety of packaging materials, such as wraps, bags, pouches, and laminate coatings.
In general, those biopolymers that may be characterized as being generally �stiff� or less flexible include those polymers which have a glass transition temperature greater than about 10� C., while biopolymers that may be characterized as being generously �flexible� include those polymers having a glass transition temperature of less than about 0� C. The stiff biopolymers will preferably have a glass transition temperature greater than about 20� C., more preferably greater than about 30� C., and most preferably greater than above 40� C. The flexible biopolymers will preferably have a glass transition temperature of less than about −10� C., more preferably less than about −20� C., and most preferably less than about −30� C.
In addition, �stiff� polymers are generally more crystalline, while �flexible� polymers are generally less crystalline and more amorphous. The relative stiff polymers, characterized as those polymers generally having a glass transition greater than about 10� C., will preferably have a concentration in a range from about 20% to about 99% by weight of the biodegradable polymer blend, more preferably in a range from about 50% to about 98% by weight, and most preferably in a range from about 80% to about 95% by weight of the polymer blend.
In the case of sheets or films intended to be used as �wraps�, such as wraps used to enclose meats, other perishable food items, and especially fast food items (e.g., sandwiches, burgers and dessert items), it may be desirable to provide sheets and films having good �dead-fold� properties so that once folded, wrapped or otherwise manipulated into a desired orientation, such wraps will tend to maintain their orientation so as to not spontaneously unfold or unwrap, as which occurs with a large number of plastic sheets and films (e.g., polyethylene). In order to improve the dead-fold properties of sheets or films produced therefrom, biopolymer blends (optionally including fillers) may be engineered so as to yield films having a relatively high Young's modulus, preferably greater than about 100 MPa, more preferably greater than about 150 MPa, and most preferably greater than about 200 MPa. In general, increasing the concentration of the stiff biopolymer will tend to increase the Young's modulus.
Another way to increase the dead-fold properties is to increase the �bulk hand feel� of a sheet, which is done by disrupting the generally planar nature of the sheet or film. This can be done, for example, by embossing, crimping, quilting or otherwise texturing the sheet so as to have a series of hills and valleys rather than simply a planar sheet. This may be done, for example, by passing the sheet or film through a pair of knurled or other embossing- type rollers. Such texturing increases the ability of a sheet to take and maintain a fold, thus improving the dead-fold properties of the sheet.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS I. Introduction The present invention relates to biodegradable polymer blends having greatly improved properties compared to unblended biodegradable homopolymers and copolymers. Such properties include improved strength, flexibility, elongation and temperature stability. Moreover, such blends are superior to conventional plastics, which suffer from their inability to degrade when discarded in the environment, which are not readily printable absent special treatment, and which generally have poor dead-fold properties.
II. Biodegradable Polymers Biopolymers within the scope of the present invention include polymers which degrade through the action of living organisms. Such polymers include a range of synthetic polymers, such as polyesters, polyester amides, polycarbonates and the like. Biodegradation reactions are typically enzyme-catalyzed and generally occur in aqueous media. Natural macromolecules containing hydrolyzable linkages, such as protein, cellulose and starch, are generally susceptible to biodegradation by the hydrolytic enzymes of microorganisms. A few man-made polymer, however, are also biodegradable. The hydrophilic/hydrophobic character of polymers greatly affects their biodegradability, with more polar polymers being more readily biodegradable as a general rule. Other important polymer characteristics that affect biodegradability include crystallinity and chain flexibility.
For these and other reasons, biodegradable polymers have found little use in the area of packaging materials, particularly in the field of wraps. Nevertheless, the inventors have discovered that sheets and films suitable for making wraps and other packaging materials can be obtained by blending one or more �stiff�, or high glass transition temperature, polymers with one or more �soft�, or low glass transition temperature, polymers.
Even though the distinction between �stiff� and �soft� polymers may be somewhat arbitrary, such classifications are useful when determining which polymers to blend together in order to obtain a polymer blend having the desired performance criteria, particularly when the goal is to manufacture a film or sheet suitable for use as a laminate coating, such as on molded articles made of starch or other moisture sensitive materials, or as a wrap or other packaging material.
In general, those biopolymers that may be characterized as being �stiff�, or less flexible, typically include polymers which have a glass transition temperature greater than about 10� C. Stiff biopolymers within the scope of the invention will preferably have a glass transition temperature greater than about 20� C., more preferably greater than about 30� C., and most preferably greater than above 40� C. The foregoing ranges attempt to take into consideration the fact that the �glass transition temperature� is not always a discreet temperature but is often a range of temperatures within which the polymer changes from being a glassy and more brittle material to being a softer and more flexible material.
Preferred �stiff� biopolymers within the scope of the present invention include, but are not limited to, modified polyethylene terephthalates (such as those manufactured by Du Pont), polyesteramides (such as those manufactured by Bayer), polylactic acid-based polymers (such as those manufactured by Cargill-Dow Polymers and Dianippon Ink), terpolymers based on polylactic acid, polyglycolic acid and polycaprolactone (such as those manufactured by Mitsui Chemicals), polyalkylene carbonates (such as polyethylene carbonate manufactured by PAC Polymers), and polyhydroxybutyrate.
A particularly preferred stiff biopolymer within the scope of the invention includes a range of modified polyethylene terephthalate (PET) polymers manufactured by DuPont, and sold under the trade name BIOMAX. The modified PET polymers of DuPont are described in greater detail in U.S. Pat. No. 5,053,482 to Tietz, U.S. Pat. No. 5,097,004 to Gallagher et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,097,005 to Tietz, U.S. Pat. No. 5,171,308 to Gallagher et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,219,646, to Gallagher et al., and U.S. Pat. No. 5,295,985 to Romesser et al. For purposes of disclosing suitable �stiff� polymers that may be used in the manufacture of polymer blends according to the present invention, the foregoing patents are disclosed herein by specific reference.
Another stiff polymer that may be used within the inventive polymer blends is known as CPLA, which is a derivative of PLA and is sold by Dianippon Ink. Two classes of CPLA are sold and are referred to as �CPLA hard� and �CPLA soft�, both of which are �stiff polymers as that term has been defined herein. CPLA hard has a glass transition temperature of 60� C., while CPLA soft has a glass transition temperature of 51� C.
In general, those biopolymers that may be characterized as being �soft�, or less rigid, typically include polymers which have a glass transition temperature of less than about 0� C. Soft biopolymers within the scope of the invention will preferably have a glass transition temperature of less than about −10� C., more preferably less than about −20� C., and most preferably less than about −30� C. The foregoing ranges attempt to take into consideration the fact that the �glass transition temperatures� of �soft� polymers are not always discreet temperatures but are often a range of temperatures.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,817,721 to Warzelhan et al., and assigned to BASF, discloses a range of aliphatic-aromatic copolyesters within the scope of the invention. Similarly, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,292,783, 5,446,079, 5,559,171, 5,580,911, 5,599,858 and 5,900,322, all to Buchanan et al. and assigned to Eastman Chemical, each disclose aliphatic-aromatic copolyesters within the scope of the invention. For purposes of disclosing �soft� polymers within the scope of the invention, the foregoing patents are incorporated herein by specific reference.
A preferred �soft� polymer that may be used in the manufacture of the inventive polymer blends includes aliphatic-aromatic copolyesters manufactured by BASF and sold under the trade name ECOFLEX. The aliphatic-aromatic copolyesters manufactured by BASF comprise a statistical copolyester derived from 1,4-butanediol, adipic acid, and dimethylterephthalate (DMT). In some cases, a diisocyanate is used as a chain lengthener.
Another �soft� aliphatic polyester that may be used in manufacturing the inventive polymer blends is polyhydroxybutyrate-hydroxyvalerate copolymer (PHBV), which is manufactured using a microbial-induced fermentation. One such PHBV copolyester is manufactured by Monsanto Company and has a glass transition temperature of about 0� C. and a melting point of about 170� C.
Another class of �soft� aliphatic polyesters are based on repeating succinate units such as polybutylene succinate (PBS), polybutylene succinate adipate (PBSA), and polyethylene succinate (PES). Each of these succinate-based aliphatic polyesters are manufactured by Showa High Polymer, Ltd. and are sold under the trade name BIONELLE. PBS (Bionolle 1001) has a glass transition temperature of −30� C. and a melting point of 114� C. PBSA (Bionolle 3001) has a glass transition temperature of −35� C. and a melting point of 95� C. PES (Bionolle 6000) has a glass transition temperature of −4� C. and a melting point of 102� C.
Finally, although starch, such as modified starch, is known to have a high glass transition temperature (i.e., 70-85� C.) and be very crystalline at room temperature, certain forms of starch in which the crystallinity has been greatly reduced or destroyed altogether have very low glass transition temperatures and may, in fact, constitute �soft� biodegradable polymers within the scope of the invention. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,362,777 to Tomka is a landmark patent and was the first attempt to manufacture what is known as thermoplastically processable starch (TPS). TPS is characterized as a thermoplastic starch polymer formed by mixing and heating native or modified starch in the presence of an appropriate high boiling plasticizer (such as glycerin and sorbitol) in a manner such that the starch has little or no crystallinity, a low glass transition temperature, and very low water (less than 5%, preferably less than about 1% by weight while in a melted state after venting and prior to conditioning). When blended with appropriate hydrophobic polymers, such as the stiff polymers disclosed herein, e.g., polyesteramides such as BAK, TPS can have a glass transition temperature as low as −60� C., and typically below about −20� C.
III. Optional Components There are a number of optional components which may be included within the biodegradable polymer blends of the present invention in order to impart desired properties. These include, but are not limited to, plasticizers, fillers, natural polymers and nonbiodegradable polymers.
Plasticizers may be added in order to improve processing, such as extrusion and/or film blowing, or final mechanical properties, particularly of polymer blends that are relatively stiff. A stiffer polymer blend may be dictated by other performance criteria, such as high temperature stability, strength, lower elongation, higher dead-fold, resistance to �blocking� during and after processing, and the like. In such cases, a plasticizer may be necessary in order to allow the polymer blend to satisfy certain processing and/or performance criteria.
Fillers may optionally be added for a number of reasons, including but not limited to, increasing the Young's modulus, the dead-fold properties and rigidity, and decreasing the cost and tendency of the polymer blend to �block� or self-adhere during processing. Certain fillers, like fibers having a high aspect ratio, may increase the strength, fracture energy and dead-fold properties of the sheets and films according to the invention. The fillers within the scope of the invention will generally fall within three classes or categories: (1) inorganic particulate fillers, (2) fibers and (3) organic fillers.
The terms �particle� or �particulate filler� should be interpreted broadly to include filler particles having any of a variety of different shapes and aspect ratios. In general, �particles� are those solids having an aspect ratio (ie., the ratio of length to thickness) of less than about 10:1. Solids having an aspect ratio greater than about 10:1 may be better understood as �fibers�, as that term will be defined and discussed hereinbelow.
The degree of packing density that will be �optimal� will depend on a number of factors including, but not limited to, the types and concentrations of the various components within both the thermoplastic phase and the solid filler phase, the shaping method that will be employed, and the desired mechanical and other performance properties of the final articles to be manufactured from a given polymer blend. One of ordinary skill in the art will be able to determine the optimal level of particle packing that will optimize the packing density through routine testing. A more detailed discussion of particle packing techniques can be found in U.S. Pat. No. 5,527,387 to Andersen et al. For purposes of disclosing particle packing techniques useful in practicing the present invention, the foregoing patent is incorporated herein by specific reference.
The fibers used in making the sheets and other articles of the present invention preferably have a high length to width ratio (or �aspect ratio�) because longer, narrower fibers can impart more strength to the polymer blend while adding significantly less bulk and mass to the matrix than thicker fibers. The fibers will have an aspect ratio of at least about 10:1, preferably greater than about 25:1, more preferably greater than about 100:1, and most preferably greater than about 250:1.
IV. Polymer Blends A. Concentration Ranges
The polymer blends may be engineered to have any desired property. In the case of sheets or films intended to be used as �wraps�, such as wraps used to enclose meats, other perishable food items, and especially fast food items (e.g., sandwiches, burgers and dessert items), it will generally be desirable to provide sheets and films having good �dead-fold� properties so that once folded, wrapped or otherwise manipulated into a desired orientation, such wraps will tend to maintain their orientation so as to not spontaneously unfold or unwrap, as which occurs with a large number of plastic sheets and films (e.g., polyethylene).
In addition to, or instead of, increasing the Young's modulus to improve dead-fold, the sheets or films according to the invention may be optionally processed to increase the �bulk hand feel� of a sheet, which is done by disrupting the generally planar nature of the sheet or film. This can be done, for example, by embossing, crimping, quilting or otherwise texturing the sheet so as to have a series of hills and valleys rather than simply a planar sheet. This may be done, for example, by passing the sheet or film through a pair of knurled or other embossing-type rollers. Such texturing increases the ability of a sheet to take and maintain a fold, thus improving the dead-fold properties of the sheet.
V. EXAMPLES OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS The following examples are presented in order to more specifically teach compositions and process conditions for forming the biodegradable blends according to the present invention, as well as articles therefrom. The examples include various mix designs of the inventive biodegradable polymer blends as well various processes for manufacturing the blends and sheets and films therefrom.
The Thermoplastically Processable Starch was obtained from Biotec Biologische Natuverpackungen GmbH & Co., KG (�Biotec�), located in Emmerich, Germany. The polylactic acid was obtained from Cargill-Dow Polymers, LLC, located in Midland, Mich., USA. The inorganic filler was calcium carbonate obtained from OMYA, division Pluess-Staufer AG, located in Oftringen, Switzerland.
VI. SUMMARY In conclusion, the invention provides biodegradable polymers which can be readily formed into sheets and films that have strength and flexibility properties suitable for use as packaging materials.
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Freeport Hotels | Hotels.comEnglish (Singapore)Book online or call 6818 5638 24 hours a day. 7 days a week.800 120 5131 (Singapore Toll Free)HomeDealsHotels.com™ RewardsCustomer ServiceYour bookingsHelpWebsite feedbackReview a hotelSign in & AccountSign inCreate an accountYour bookingsHotelsBahamas HotelsFreeport HotelsFreeport HotelsSearch for hotels in FreeportCity, landmark, hotel name, address or postal codeCheck inCheck out I don’t know my datesTravelling for:WorkLeisureRooms123456789+Room 1:Adults12345678Aged 18+Children01230-17Age at check in:Child 1:-?-<11234567891011121314151617Show dealsCollect 10 nights get 1 free*And look out for Secret Prices on selected hotels12345678910=FREEDeal of the dayViva Wyndham Fortuna Beach Resort - All InclusivefromS$347S$295See all 43 Freeport dealsTrending now in FreeportMost bookedMemories Grand Bahama Beach Resort All-InclusiveGood 3.4 / 5( 145 genuine reviews )Hotels.com™ RewardsFor every 10 nights, get 1 free*! 208 people looked at this hotel in the last hourMost recent review"I can't say enough about Memories Grand Bahama Beach Resort. My wife and I were treated like royalty every minute of our trip. Thanks for the memories!!"A Traveller, Jul 2016, USGrand LucayanGood 3.9 / 5( 523 genuine reviews )Hotels.com™ RewardsFor every 10 nights, get 1 free*! 133 people looked at this hotel in the last hourMost recent review"We have stayed at this location 3 or 4 times and are always happy with the service. Our only regret is out of the 3 or 4 visits the air conditioning has had issues twice. The room wouldn't cool down for about 24 hrs. Still, the location is wonderful on a great beach with water sports and across ..."A Traveller, Jul 2016, USPelican Bay Resort at LucayaGood 3.8 / 5( 195 genuine reviews )Hotels.com™ RewardsFor every 10 nights, get 1 free*! 76 people looked at this hotel in the last hourMost recent review"The hotel staff was great, very helpfull and kind."A Traveller, Jun 2016, USIsland Seas ResortGood 3.5 / 5( 61 genuine reviews )Hotels.com™ RewardsFor every 10 nights, get 1 free*! 58 people looked at this hotel in the last hourMost recent review"The staff was very pleasant and helpful. This is a timeshare property so all rooms are suites. Which we were not aware of when we booked the trip but there was not alot of pressure to purchase. There are no elevators and carrying luggage up to the 3rd floor was a bit of an issue. There is an onsi..."A Traveller, Jan 2016, USViva Wyndham Fortuna Beach Resort - All InclusiveGood 3.2 / 5( 255 genuine reviews )Hotels.com™ RewardsFor every 10 nights, get 1 free*! 56 people looked at this hotel in the last hourMost recent review"This made our 5th time staying at Viva Fortuna. We love it. We stay at the resort the full week. The taxi brings us from the airport and comes picks us up and takes us back to the airport. They made so many new upgrades this year. The cafeteria looks great. Food was good, staff friendly and..."A Traveller, May 2016, USFlamingo Bay Hotel & Marina at Taino BeachGood 3.3 / 5( 55 genuine reviews )Hotels.com™ RewardsFor every 10 nights, get 1 free*! 44 people looked at this hotel in the last hourMost recent review"My sister and I stayed here for four days, and we just loved it. Our room was dockside at the marina, easy to catch the ferry to port Lucaya for $6 round trip. Beautiful beach and pool, good food at the restaurant. If I were coming back to this island I would stay here again."A Traveller, Mar 2016, USBell Channel InnGood 3.7 / 5( 51 genuine reviews )Hotels.com™ RewardsFor every 10 nights, get 1 free*! 38 people looked at this hotel in the last hourMost recent review"Even though I wasnt thrilled when I first saw the hotel, the experience ended up being very positive. The staff was awesome (specially Geene, who helped me out every minute I spent there) and very friendly. That's not something you find everywhere in the Bahamas.
You can also walk to Port Lucaya ..."A Traveller, Mar 2016, USIsland Palm Marina Villas - All InclusiveGood 3.3 / 5( 45 genuine reviews )Hotels.com™ RewardsFor every 10 nights, get 1 free*! 29 people looked at this hotel in the last hourMost recent review"It was great but the wifi was too expensive and the bed were horrible (it was not comfortable at all)."A Traveller, Jan 2016, USSunrise Resort & MarinaGood 3.7 / 5( 22 genuine reviews )Hotels.com™ RewardsFor every 10 nights, get 1 free*! 23 people looked at this hotel in the last hourMost recent review"Nice resort, great for the price. Great staff, on site security 24/7, and activities room with pool table and dining area. Location is where locals stay, 10 min walk to store, 10 min walk to private secluded beach. Would definitely come back again to stay when visiting my boyfriend"A Traveller, Jun 2016, USDolphin CoveOutstanding 4.7 / 5( 35 genuine reviews )Hotels.com™ RewardsFor every 10 nights, get 1 free*! 21 people looked at this hotel in the last hourMost recent review"It was great me and my hubby had a great time will recommend and do again very soon!"A Traveller, Jun 2016, USSee more hotels in Freeport, BahamasRecently bookedCastaways Resort and Suites2.5 starsfrom S$145Lighthouse Pointe - All Inclusive4 starsfrom S$526Memories Grand Bahama Beach Resort All-Inclusive4 starsfrom S$1,093Island Seas Resort3 starsfrom S$208Grand Lucayan4 starsfrom S$316Pay now or later on most roomsFree cancellation on most roomsBest Price GuaranteeSee Freeport hotels on a mapLandmarksPort Lucaya MarketplaceLucaya BeachTaino BeachGold Rock BeachXanadu BeachShark AlleySanctuary BayLucayan National ParkFortune Hills Golf and Country ClubPeterson CayPerfume Factory of FragrancesBarbary BeachBurial Mound CaveLucayan Park Golf CourseBen's CaveThe Lucayan Country ClubReef Golf CourseCount Basie SquareGarden of the GrovesTreasure ReefTransportFreeport (FPO-Grand Bahama Intl.)West End (WTD)Port Lucayan MarinaNeighbourhoodsFreeportLucayaWest EndHotel typesFour Star (9 hotels)Three Star (10 hotels)Cheap (7 hotels)Luxury (11 hotels)Pool (23 hotels)Spa (9 hotels)Explore FreeportHotels in Freeport, Bahamas - Hotels.com offers great last-minute Freeport hotel deals and discount room rates. You can easily book your online room reservations in Freeport today. With our fast online search facility you can:
All special hotel deals in Freeport, BahamasLast minute hotel deals in Freeport, BahamasMore Freeport hotelsChoose one of the following to unlock Secret Prices and pay less on selected hotels.EmailSign up for our latest offersHotels.com appDownload the app and book on the goHotels.com™ RewardsJoin now to collect 10 nights, get 1 free*Top DestinationsSingapore HotelsHong Kong HotelsTokyo HotelsBangkok HotelsTaipei HotelsKuala Lumpur HotelsSeoul HotelsBali HotelsLondon HotelsNew York HotelsPhuket HotelsParis HotelsOsaka HotelsShanghai HotelsSydney HotelsSan Francisco HotelsBeijing HotelsLos Angeles HotelsKyoto HotelsHo Chi Minh City HotelsManila HotelsRome HotelsLas Vegas HotelsPenang HotelsCustomer ServiceYour bookingsFAQsContact usWebsite feedbackReview a hotelFor Suppliers, Affiliates and the MediaAdd HotelAffiliate with usPrivate LabelPromote with UsTravel AgentsPress OfficeUser terms & Privacy policyTerms & ConditionsPrivacyCookie PolicyAbout UsJobsTravel GuidesTop 50 CitiesAll countriesAll hotelsSite index© 2016 Hotels.com, L.P. All rights reserved.Hotels.com and the Hotels.com logo are trademarks or registered trademarks of Hotels.com, LP in the U.S. and/or other countries. All other trademarks are property of their respective owners.* Learn more about Hotels.com™ RewardsABOUT SSL CERTIFICATES

value: A hotel is an establishment that provides paid lodging on a short-term basis. Facilities provided inside a hotel room may range from a modest-quality mattress in a small room to large suites with bigger, higher-quality beds, a dresser, a refrigerator and other kitchen facilities, upholstered chairs, a flat screen television, and en-suite bathrooms.


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Development of a fracture criterion for cold heading — Penn State
Nick Nickoletopoulos, Michel Hone, Priti Wanjara, Yves Verreman, James Nemes, J. J. Jonas, Steve Yue
In order to have accurately numerical simulations of the cold heading process, it is imperative to define a fracture criterion that is appropriate for the conditions actually encountered during cold heading. The Dynamic Drop Weight Test (DDWT) machine uses a falling weight to apply a compressive load to a workpiece. It is capable of generating strain rates comparable to those of cold heading, which cannot be attained by servo-hydraulic machines. The DDWT may be used to determine the compressive stress-strain behavior and fracture strength. In addition, the test can be used in the development of a fracture criterion for input into finite element models of cold heading operations.
Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the Wire Association International
Nickoletopoulos, N., Hone, M., Wanjara, P., Verreman, Y., Nemes, J., Jonas, J. J., & Yue, S. (2000). Development of a fracture criterion for cold heading. Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the Wire Association International, 65-74.
Nickoletopoulos, Nick ; Hone, Michel ; Wanjara, Priti ; Verreman, Yves ; Nemes, James ; Jonas, J. J. ; Yue, Steve. / Development of a fracture criterion for cold heading. In: Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the Wire Association International. 2000 ; pp. 65-74.
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title = "Development of a fracture criterion for cold heading",
abstract = "In order to have accurately numerical simulations of the cold heading process, it is imperative to define a fracture criterion that is appropriate for the conditions actually encountered during cold heading. The Dynamic Drop Weight Test (DDWT) machine uses a falling weight to apply a compressive load to a workpiece. It is capable of generating strain rates comparable to those of cold heading, which cannot be attained by servo-hydraulic machines. The DDWT may be used to determine the compressive stress-strain behavior and fracture strength. In addition, the test can be used in the development of a fracture criterion for input into finite element models of cold heading operations.",
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Nickoletopoulos, N, Hone, M, Wanjara, P, Verreman, Y, Nemes, J, Jonas, JJ & Yue, S 2000, 'Development of a fracture criterion for cold heading', Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the Wire Association International, pp. 65-74.
Development of a fracture criterion for cold heading. / Nickoletopoulos, Nick; Hone, Michel; Wanjara, Priti; Verreman, Yves; Nemes, James; Jonas, J. J.; Yue, Steve.
In: Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the Wire Association International, 03.12.2000, p. 65-74.
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AU - Jonas, J. J.
N2 - In order to have accurately numerical simulations of the cold heading process, it is imperative to define a fracture criterion that is appropriate for the conditions actually encountered during cold heading. The Dynamic Drop Weight Test (DDWT) machine uses a falling weight to apply a compressive load to a workpiece. It is capable of generating strain rates comparable to those of cold heading, which cannot be attained by servo-hydraulic machines. The DDWT may be used to determine the compressive stress-strain behavior and fracture strength. In addition, the test can be used in the development of a fracture criterion for input into finite element models of cold heading operations.
AB - In order to have accurately numerical simulations of the cold heading process, it is imperative to define a fracture criterion that is appropriate for the conditions actually encountered during cold heading. The Dynamic Drop Weight Test (DDWT) machine uses a falling weight to apply a compressive load to a workpiece. It is capable of generating strain rates comparable to those of cold heading, which cannot be attained by servo-hydraulic machines. The DDWT may be used to determine the compressive stress-strain behavior and fracture strength. In addition, the test can be used in the development of a fracture criterion for input into finite element models of cold heading operations.
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value: Elsevier (Dutch: [ˈɛlzəviːr]) is a Netherlands-based publishing company specializing in scientific, technical, and medical content. It is a part of the RELX Group, known until 2015 as Reed Elsevier.


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Against The Grain: Mel Gibson - Sedevacantist?
Mel Gibson - Sedevacantist?
(Via Lane Core, Jr.) Richard Brookhiser raises a question from NRO's blog The Corner:
An intelligent and very conservative Catholic tells me that Mel Gibson is a sede vacantist--in other words, he believed that he was screening The Passion not for the Pope, but for the Polish guy who's been squatting in the Vatican for twenty five years. Is my source right?
Protestants following The Passion controversy obviously don't care much one way or the other. Catholics could conclude that even though Gibson is a schismatic he is--or isn't--doing the Lord's work. I pursue the question out of journalistic curiosity, and impatience with my profession. It doesn't seem like a difficult question to answer, yet not one story I have read has definitely addressed it.
Brookhiser's concerns -- and Lane Core, Jr.'s -- have been on my mind since the start of the controversy over The Passion. 1. My beef with Mel Gibson is not that he is intentionally anti-semitic (a demonstratably false accusation, which he has rebuffed by word and deed), but his stance towards the present Church and the papacy: if the numerous reports of Mel's sedevacantist opinions are true, then here is a schismatic traditionalist who explicitly rejects the Church, but is not above using the alleged comments of the Holy Father (who he denies is the real Pope) to promote his film to faithful Catholics. I can't help but wonder about this, especially with the praise heaped upon Gibson for his film.
Bill Cork posted a critical review of Raymond Arroyo's interview with Mel Gibson on EWTN ("He set up the interview as 'good guys' vs. 'bad guys,' and asked 'straw man' questions and joined Mel in a bashing of legitimate scholars and people of good faith). Personally I would have liked to see Raymond Arroyo, as a Catholic journalist, challenge Gibson on this matter. 2
See Mel Gibson and Spiritus Christi, March 2003.
Who knows? -- Perhaps I will be able to appreciate the film for its own merits, and exclude my personal feelings for the director's shamelessly utilitarian means of advertising. Like Mark Shea, I'm one of the precious few still waiting to see it. ;-)
Posted by Christopher Blosser at 12:18 PM


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I Used To Love H.E.R.: 2011
I am back to posting after a long break from the blog. BUT it is summer time and I figured what better time to get back to sharing the music that I love. So, first off this track slapps and only reaffirms the movement that is growing out of the west coast. With up and coming artists such as Dom Kennedy, Casey Veggies, Overdoz., Kendrick Lamar, Ab-Soul, and many more California is back on top (at least in my opinion). Polyester is a dope producer who's style and flow remind me of the late great K-Dee. "The El Co" is a great summer time track to just chill and do what you do to, whatever that is. This track is available on Sumthin Ta Creez To, Polyester's new Mixtape available for download here http://hulkshare.com/7f1s0m3aw9fx.
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Ab-Soul's real creative with his flow and has collabed with a few up and coming artists out of Los Angeles including Dom Kennedy and Kendrick Lamar (plus more). Down to earth and honesty is what you get out of this guy and I can really respect that. Ab-Soul recently dropped Long Term Vol. 2: Lifestyles of the Broke and Almost Famous which is available for download here http://www.djbooth.net/index/mixtapes/entry/ab-soul-longterm-2/.
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One of my favorite groups of all time. They released two albums in the 90's. "Riders of the Storm: The Underwater Album" in 1994 and "God Sound" in 1997. Both albums are more than worth a listen.
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A little R&B flavor out my home town, Seattle. Lace has got a mixtape out called "Launchpad" and it is available for free at http://www.lacecadence.com/. The Moonlight video is directed by Jon Jon and features great production and as always dope music to back it up. This song is catchy as hell. My favorite line is, "Usually I charge a fee," clownin'.
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Click the link below to read the article via hiphopdx.com
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R.I.P. and Happy Birthday to producer/MC/singer J. Dilla. This documentary features artists and family that worked closely with Dilla such as Common, Bilal, Dwele, Questlove, Erykah Badu, Pete Rock, and many others. Thank You Dilla for creating amazing music that will most definitely stand the test of time.
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J. Pinder!
"All That Fire"
One of my favorite MC's out of Seattle right now. New album Code Red 2.0 is about to drop later this month. Support the town!
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Enhancing the shopping experience on Google Product Search
Shortly after joining Google from Like.com, my team and I developed and launched Boutiques -- a fashion website offering women new ways to browse and shop for apparel. Today, we’re taking the features that shoppers absolutely love from Boutiques and incorporating them into Google Product Search -- so millions of people can use them every day. This is the first in a series of improvements we’re making to Google Product Search leveraging the computer vision and machine learning technology developed by the team we affectionately call our fashion and computer nerds. We hope you’ll enjoy what’s new today, and what’s around the corner for the upcoming holiday season. A Redesigned Homepage The first thing you’ll probably notice is our new homepage. This new look and feel is designed to inspire and facilitate easy, enjoyable browsing and shopping. Better Ways to Shop, Starting with Dresses
By increasing the size of each image, simplifying much of the text around the images, and lightening the text color, we’ve emphasized the more visual aspects of apparel shopping. We’ve also integrated the most popular search refinements from Boutiques. Using the same innovative machine learning and computer vision technologies we developed for Boutiques, you can now browse dress collections that match the color, silhouette and genre you desire. Explore visually similar styles
And because we think browsing and discovering new items is what makes shopping fun, we’ve added a feature to Product Search that makes it easy to do just that. Let’s say a particular dress catches your eye. Now, you can explore similar styles and discover new designers by clicking on that dress and viewing dozens of visually similar ones. We think you’ll find this fun --and addictive!-- and we hope it brings that element of surprise and discovery we all love with brick-and-mortar shopping to the online shopping experience. An update on Boutiques.com and related properties
As we continue to integrate technology and lessons learned from Boutiques.com into Google Product Search, we will be redirecting shoppers from Boutiques.com to Google Product Search. The former Like.com team, alongside the Google Product Search team, will drive new ideas for apparel shopping through one unified product. The team is excited to be a part of the shopping experience on Google and have our work displayed to millions of users every day. If you’re a user of Boutiques.com and other Like.com websites, you’ll soon receive an email with instructions for saving your data before those websites are transitioned on October 14. If you have any questions please email us at boutiques-feedback@google.com. Like other teams that have joined Google, we’re thrilled with the opportunity to showcase our experience and technology to all of Google’s shoppers.
Burak Gokturk, Like.com Co-Founder and member of the Google Commerce team Labels:
tempussuisseNovember 21, 2011 at 1:44 PMThis sounds good. I'm hoping our company will benefit from the new Google Products -- we specialise in watches.ReplyDeleteJennifer WilliamsonNovember 26, 2011 at 4:12 PMI miss boutiques.com! Please bring it back!!ReplyDeleteAdd commentLoad more...