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March | 2012 | Recovery and Resolution Plans
Monthly Archives: March 2012	FSA POLICY STATEMENT ON CASS RESOLUTION PACKS
Posted on March 28, 2012 by Michael Beaton	Reply	Introduction
Certain documentation must be capable of being retrieved immediately so as to assist an insolvency practitioner in identifying and freezing client assets. The FSA believes that, in general, firms will already have these documents to hand and so believes that the incremental costs associated with this provision will be minimal. A full list of the documentation to which this requirement applies is provided in the Schedule to this article. Firms should note that the FSA may rely on the inability of a firm to provide ‘immediately retrievable’ documentation as tending to establish that the firm is in contravention of the general requirement that documents be retrievable within 48 hours. Inaccuracies and Corrections
Retrieval Deadline Master document containing information sufficient to retrieve each document in the firm’s CASS Resolution Pack CASS 10.2.1R(1)
A document identifying institutions appointed by the firm to hold client money or safe custody assets CASS 10.2.1R(2)
A document identifying each appointed representative, tied agent, field representative or other agent of the firm which received client money or safe custody assets in its capacity as the firm’s agent CASS 10.2.1R(3)
A document identifying each individual who is important to the performance of the firm’s CASS obligations (including the person with responsibility for CASS oversight) and the nature of their responsibility CASS 10.2.1R(4)
Any written notification or trust acknowledgement letters which must be given or received when a firm opens a client bank account or a client transaction account with a third party CASS 10.2.1R(5)
A copy of each agreement, side letter and/or amendment agreement with institutions with which the firm deposits client money or safe custody assets CASS 10.2.1R(5)
A document identifying and providing certain other information with respect to each group member and/or third party (a “Third Party Outsourcer”) which is involved in the performance of operational aspects of the firm’s obligations under CASS 6 or CASS 7 CASS 10.2.1R(6)
A copy of each executed agreement, side letter and/or amendment agreement with any Third Party Outsourcer CASS 10.2.1R(7)
A document which describes how to (a) gain access to relevant information held by, and (b) effect a transfer of client money or safe custody assets held by, each Third Party Outsourcer CASS 10.2.1R(8)
A copy of the firm’s manual in which are recorded its procedures for the management, recording and transfer of client money and safe custody assets CASS 10.2.1R(9)
Records of the grounds upon which the firm satisfied itself of the appropriateness of its selection of each third party with which it deposits safe custody assets CASS 6.3.1R(4)
In relation to clients the safe custody assets of which have been used for securities financing transactions, records of (a) the consent from each such client to use the assets in question, and (b) the number of assets used CASS 6.4.3R
Records and accounts which enable the firm to distinguish safe custody assets of one client from those of another client or the firm’s own assets CASS 6.5.1R
The most recent internal reconciliations relating to safe custody assets CASS 6.5.2R
A copy of every executed client agreement that includes a firm’s right to use safe custody assets for its own account, including disclosure annexes from Prime Brokerage agreements CASS 6.5.2AR
The most recent external reconciliations relating to safe custody assets CASS 6.5.6R
Records of the grounds upon which a firm satisfied itself as to the appropriateness of its selection of a third party with which it has deposited client money CASS 7.4.10R
Records and accounts which enable the firm to distinguish client money of one client from that of another client or the firm’s own money CASS 7.6.1R
The most recent internal reconciliations relating to client money CASS 7.6.2R
Records sufficient to explain the method of internal reconciliation of client money balances CASS 7.6.7R
With respect to firms which do not use the ‘standard method of internal client money reconciliation’, written confirmation from the firm’s auditor that the firm has adequate systems and controls in place CASS 7.6.8R
The most recent external reconciliations relating to client money CASS 7.6.9R
Record of each client categorisation together with supporting documentation COBS 3.8.2R(2)(a)
A copy of any agreement pursuant to which a client is categorised or re-categorised COBS 3.8.2R(2)(c)
Copies of all client agreements with retail clients and professional clients COBS 8.1.4R
Posted on March 27, 2012 by Michael Beaton	Reply	On 26 March 2012, the FSA published Policy Statement PS 12/6 on CASS Resolution Packs. We now know that all firms holding client money or safe custody assets will have until 1 October 2012 to be fully compliant with the CASS RP rules.
Posted on March 23, 2012 by Michael Beaton	Reply	Just how serious are the FSA regarding the enforcement of Recovery and Resolution planning in the UK? Judging by the FSA’s Business Plan 2012/13, pretty serious. In his overview, Hector Sants, FSA Chief Executive states that:
Posted in CASS Resolution Pack, FSA, Recovery and Resolution Plans	| Tagged CASS, CASS Resolution Pack, client money, FSA, Recovery and Resolution Plans, RRP	| Leave a reply
Posted on March 9, 2012 by Michael Beaton	Reply	By any measure, the costs of properly implementing a recovery and resolution plan (“RRP”) are significant. Using the FSA’s own cost-benefit analysis conducted as part of Consultation Paper CP11/16, the costs to firms of preparing and maintaining a Recovery and Resolution Plan (excluding the costs associated with CASS Resolution Packs) over the next five years are:
Posted in CP11/16, FSA, Independent Commission on Banking, Recovery and Resolution Plans	| Tagged CP11/16, ICB, Independent Commission on Banking, Recovery and Resolution Plans, risk-weighted assets, RRP, RWA	| Leave a reply
Notices: FCA freed to fire from the hip - drsllp.com/blog/notices-f… 1 month ago

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Making Room | Forum Holitorium
Tags: animals : Books : knitting
what a coincidence: I saw Edmund de Waals work in the Victoria and Albert Museum yesterday! Great! Take care Adelheid

type: global


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Sacnoth's Scriptorium: John Wain (I) remembers The Eagle and Child
So, last year when I was at the Archives I got to look through a box of Taum's material that had recently come there by a circuitous route. And among the items of interest* was a 1988 piece from the OXFORD MAGAZINE by Inkling** John Wain called "Push Bar to Open". It's essentially a paean for the Eagle & Child (Wain prefers not to use the nickname 'Bird & Baby', thinking it rather silly). He describes the physical layout of the place (something not I think evident from the much-expanded building it is today) and how the family that ran the place (Mr. & Mrs. & Miss Blagrove) lived upstairs for the most part, though they did have a parlour downstairs that they sometimes allowed customers from the bar to use. Since this is the most detailed description I've come across of the place as it was in the Inklings' day, I thought I'd quote it here:
. . . a few of us, who naturally thought of ourselves as the cognoscenti, preferred the simplicity and quiet of the Eagle and Child. It was a beer house, not licensed for wine or spirits,*** with scrubbed wooden tables and linoleum on the floor, and two rooms, both small. On entering from the street, you were faced with the end of the bar, because you were sideways on to its main length, though 'length' is hardly the word in such a doll's house of a place. This oblong of bar was slightly to your right as you stood inside the door; slightly to your left a door confronted you, habitually closed but occasionally opening to reveal a flight of stairs which led to the family's quarters. Geometrically straight ahead, then as now, was the space left between the wooden partition wall of the staircase and the bar, which ran along this narrow space for some six or eight feet before emerging, less obstructed, into the second room. This had two doors. One, on the left, led into an alley-way at the side of the house from which the street could be gained; the other into a long, open backyard of the type usual in working-class houses, flanked on one side by a brick wall and on the other by a wash-house and, no doubt, in the original design of the place, all the plumbing of whatever description.
The family, Mr and Mrs Bladrove and their daughter, lived their domestic life mainly upstairs, but they must also have lived some of it in the area of the backyard, and in addition they had a parlour, which faced you when you entered the second bar-room. This room was not part of the licensed premises, but during the years immediately following the war, when the clientele increased in number, the Blagroves would occasionally, out of good nature, allow select customers to take their drinks in and sit there, if chairs were scarce or if they wanted to have an interrupted conversation.
. . . continued in next post
*which included, among other things, a photocopy of my second of two letters from Christopher Wiseman, which I must have given to Taum and long since forgotten that I had done so.
**and Angry Young Man, though it made him mad to be called that.
***I take this to mean you cd order beer or hard cider but not whiskey or wine. Wain is explicit that Lewis always ordered cider.

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DEACON FOR LIFE: Annual Memorial for Preborn
The Fourteenth Annual National Memorial for the Preborn and their Mothers and Fathers
WHEN: Tuesday, January 22, 2008. Participants must be seated by 8:30am.
WHERE: The Lutheran Church of the Reformation, 212 East Capitol Street, Washington, DC 20003. Our use of space at Church of the Reformation does not indicate endorsement or sponsorship by the church. Participants must be seated by 8:30am.
How to get there by metro: Take the blue or orange line to Capitol South Station which is on D Street and 1st Street. Walk up one block to 2nd and turn left and take 2nd street. Make a right on East Capitol Street. The church is on the left side of the street.
Tony Melendez will be our special musical guest this year.
This is the nation's only pro-life prayer service within the precincts of the United States Capitol building. It is a one and a half hour long prayer service involving ministers from many denominations, traditions and faith communities.
The National Memorial for the Pre-Born and their Mothers and Fathers is sponsored by the National Pro-Life Religious Council, the National Clergy Council, Faith and Action, Priests for Life and Catholics United for Life.
All are invited to attend and any recognized minister is invited to participate in the reading of the prayers.
Participants are asked, when applicable, to wear appropriate clergy vestments and symbols. The prayers and Scripture passages will be printed, distributed and assigned to each participant. You will not be asked to share extemporaneous prayers or words.
Evangelical, Catholic, Protestant and even Jewish clergy have participated and have been inspiring witnesses to the sanctity of human life. This service is very important at this historic period in our nation's history.
Any clergy that want to participate should contact Christa at christa@priestsforlife.org or at 202-543-1511 with your name, address, telephone number, and email and church/ministry affiliation.


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Great fun at a fair price. - Review of Yasika Adventures, Puerto Plata, Dominican Republic - TripAdvisor
Great fun at a fair price. - Yasika Adventures
Search Caribbean›Dominican Republic›Puerto Plata Province›Puerto Plata›Puerto Plata - Things to Do›Yasika Adventures
“Great fun at a fair price.”
Review of Yasika Adventures
Yasika Adventures Carretera Turistica Puerto Plata | La Cruz de Yasika, Puerto Plata 00000, Dominican Republic +1 809-650-2323
Attraction details Owner description: Pioneers in Zip-line Adventures in the north coast of the Dominican Republic, we are geared towards nature preservation as well as safety. The park is located within a 30 minute scenic drive from Puerto Plata, which along the way you can enjoy spectacular views of the city and the Atlantic Ocean. Our highly trained staff received their training by technicians from Costa Rica, where the zip lining tour idea originated. Our goal is to make each participant'€™s experience unique. There are newer reviews for this attraction
See the most recent reviews Rank83
2 reviews 2 helpful votes “Great fun at a fair price.”
We were picked up by Edward (spoke English quite well) and Johanny in a nice Mitsubishi SUV at our Lifestyle Resort Lobby at 7:40AM. After a 30-40min ride we arrived at the Zipline "home base" in the mountainous jungle. Here we could use the bathrooms and put on our safety equipment. We then loaded up the truck to reach the first landing. Jose and Edward then gave us detailed safety instructions and made sure we were completely comfortable before beginning our adventure. As we zipped through 8 different paths, Jose and Edward pointed out different features of the jungle and were excellent guides. We ended the last run at the "home base" and were greeted by a tray of fresh fruit, water, and a tip jar :) that was well justified! Once we were content with lounging on the deck and enjoying our snack (they also had beer, soda and shirts for sale), we jumped back in the SUV and were dropped off at our resort lobby.It was very fun, a fair price, and we felt safe!Tip- if you book your trip at their website before you go and pay with US dollars, they give you a $9 pp discount.http://www.yasikaadventures.com/We highly recommend this business!Thanks again,Ryan and Megan
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English first French first Any Mlukesh
Level Contributor 8 reviews 9 helpful votes “A great time!”
I had a great first zip line experience with this company. The staff were friendly, professional and helpful--especially Edward. I felt very safe the whole time. The only thing I didn't like was when they stop off at a tourist market on the way home, where you are harassed by the vendors to look at their goods and buy things. We wanted to zipline--not shop. But overall it was a great experience and I highly recommend it!
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This review is the subjective opinion of a TripAdvisor member and not of TripAdvisor LLC. Trigirl72
38 helpful votes “Zip trip”
i did not know this was so close to the resort in puerta plata. it's relatively new. They take you toa very basic "home base" where you gear up and get to put your stuff away, use the bathroom very basic. Then you take a short drive to the first zip and zip 8 times and end up back at home base on the last zip. Edward was our lead gude and made us feel very comfortable. i have been ziplining extreme in costa rica, this was a good one for beginners, not too too high, not too scary. Pay attention to the instructions and you will do fine. the trp to the to the location was great!! it was up in a mountain town, good sights. some fruit at the end of the trip, bring cash for tipping they expect it for making the trip comfortable. certanly tip if you felt safe and welcome. the camera guy should be a lttle more playful and try to get the group to talk tot he camera about their experience f you plan to buy the video make sure you talk to/look at the camera guy i did not even know he was there half the time so didn't get much out of thr video. he should ask the people "how was that" and be more interactve. Thanks Edward good job!
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This review is the subjective opinion of a TripAdvisor member and not of TripAdvisor LLC. Soonerjb
Level Contributor 5 reviews 7 helpful votes “Canopy tour”
We took a group of 14 including 8 children of various ages. The staff, lead by Eduardo, was absolutely excellent. They were patient, professional and fun. All had wonderful attitudes and were great with the kids. I highly recommend their service and their tour. One of the best!
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This review is the subjective opinion of a TripAdvisor member and not of TripAdvisor LLC. Bruce T
Level Contributor 3 reviews 9 helpful votes “Girls Week Deb & Donna”
Every A pril, my friend and I do a week in Puerto Plata.We stay at the Barcello and spend the week trying new things. Two years ago we Zip lined at Yasika. We had an incredible time. Last year we tried the other Zip line .but didn't care for it at all.When we returned this year.wereturned to Yasika and relived our first incredible experience. The guides were very safetyoriented,knowledgeable and proffessional.We really enjoyed being in control of our speedand landing. when we return again next year. we will once again do Yasika park.
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Another Day...Another Adventure...: Future Scientists??
Last night, Height's held their Science Night where a sample of classes from each grade have students doing a variety experiments that they have done in class.
Taylor came home last week and told us that Mr. VonMoos had chosen her along with three other classmates as the presenters for their 5th grade class. We were so proud of her. In the 3rd grade, her teacher had also chosen her for this special event.
She arrived there last night at 6:15 allowing she and Lara time to prepare their table for the evening to begin at 6:30. Both of them took their job VERY seriously! Usually when she and Lara get together there is A LOT of giggling. But they put on their "serious student hats" and were great scientists for the hour long presentations.
Also in Taylor and Lara's class are Anthony and Riley (AKA: Cubbie) which were doing their experiments at the table next to the girls. They too were taking their jobs very seriously. Then it was time to clean up...I found Anthony on the ground, and Riley messing around in the garbage!??? Goofy boys!
It was a nice event not only to see what my own child had been learning in science but also to see other Height's students show off their abilities too!!
I remember a couple of cuties doing that 2 years ago :) What a super bunch of kids we have in this grade!!
Looks like you need to add a little "Weird Science" to your playlist;) Lauryn was a touch upset that I didn't take her but she got over it quickly. I didn't think she wanted to go because when I asked her she said she wanted to go outside and shoot baskets. I guess she meant she wanted to shoot baskets and then go. Oops! Thanks for posting. Now she didn't totally miss it;)


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Ramblings Of A Teenage Bookworm: Book Review: This Gorgeous Game
Slowly trying to dip my feet back into the blogging world, it's been what...months?... trying my best to catch up and think up something new! *Hwaiting! ;)as always <333 you guys! Friday, July 9, 2010
Olivia Peters is over the moon when her literary idol, the celebrated novelist and muchadored local priest Mark D. Brendan, offers to become her personal writing mentor. But when Father Mark’s enthusiasm for Olivia’s prose develops into something more, Olivia’s emotions quickly shift from wonder to confusion to despair. Exactly what game is Father Mark playing, and how on earth can she get out of it? This remarkable novel about overcoming the isolation that stems from victimization is powerful, luminous, and impossible to put down.My Thoughts: This Gorgeous Game is chilling and haunting.. It's not as intense as Ellen Hopkins but it's... well to me it was disturbing. A Priest. Stalker's. Dangerous. Obsession. It's just creepy. I really liked the concept of TGG. For me the pace was a little slow... i wanted a little bit more of something.... but I enjoyed Donna's writing, it was emotion. I can't imagine how she came up with the story. The characters are well crafted and raw. I just can't help feel sorry for Olivia. She's the victim. Father Mark "traps" Olivia, He calls obsessively and tries to belittle her in a way.At times i felt she was blind. There were alot of red flags. She could have ended the obsession sooner.She always had supportive and protective friends, out of them all Jamie was my favorite. He is the light in the dark.I like to think that he is Olivia's knight in shining armor.
This Gorgeous Game is an eye opener. The ending couldn't have been better. I wouldn't say it's a Happily Ever After with the emotional effects that it can have on it's victims is intriguingly haunting.
NinaJuly 09, 2010Great review. Sounds like an intenste book. Not a happily after ever, now I wonder if I should read it.ReplyDeleteAmyJuly 09, 2010Interesting review- thanks for stopping by my blog!ReplyDeleteLea (YA Book Queen)July 09, 2010Definitely agree, it was definitely creepy and haunting...Fantastic review! :)ReplyDeleteYA Book LoverJuly 09, 2010Sounds like good book. I too am curious about how she came up with the idea of it. I am going to have to check this book out. Excellant review!ReplyDeleteDawnJuly 09, 2010Great Review! i agree. I found Olivia to be kind of bland sometimes but it was good.ReplyDeleteMaryJuly 09, 2010I can't wait to read it! It sounds haunting.ReplyDeleteAlyssa Kirk @ Teens Read and WriteJuly 10, 2010This probably is too intense for me but I enjoyed your review!ReplyDeleteDwayneJuly 10, 2010It's haunting? Which is why I said no to this, I suppose! Wond review!ReplyDeleteAdd commentLoad more...


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7A+ 100% Unprocessed Brazilian Virgin Remy BODY_WAVE_16"_#NATURAL 821090904449 | eBay
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Maya Beus : Great expectations
I've been sketching a bit. Nothing specific, but I liked it so just sharing it with you.
I am loving these holidays and hope everyone's is enjoying them as much. Thanks to the last few disastrous ones I am having really low expectations of the New Years Eve, which is great as it means it will above my expectations in any case.
Lots of kisses and see you all soon.
Posted by Maya • Fashion Illustration blog at 6:59 AM
Meagan Morrison December 28, 2011 at 7:47 AM
Lol same here M, I will be in the country with my family. No driving, no hassle, no disastrous disappointments haha!! Happy New Year love.
Noelani December 28, 2011 at 3:03 PM
Happy New Year Maya! NYE is one of those holidays....where I find it better to stay in and cook a nice meal with my husband. Hope you have a fantastic 2012!!
Veronika December 28, 2011 at 10:00 PM
I've done nothing but sketching recently and I'm absolutely loving it, drawing just for the sake of drawing is so relaxing and enjoyable. I have no plans for any big New Year's celebrations either and just a simple resolution for next year - to relax, get rid of most of things & habits that are just stressing me out and just draw more, it will be a good year :)
Dress Code: High Fashion December 29, 2011 at 5:12 PM
No expectations = no disapointment.
I wish you fun & joy though.
New year`s eve is really important to me. Almost the most important day of the year; a new beginning where everything is fresh, perfect, "virgin" & hopeful. So I always celebrate it with a bang. I`m going to Amsterdam with friends celebrating a huge party.
Sascha December 31, 2011 at 5:49 AM
Your drawings are always lovely! Hope your New Year's Eve exceeds your expectations!
wobblinbetty December 31, 2011 at 10:09 AM


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Flour Sack Mama: Arkansas Community Watchdogs Concerned After Massive Oil Spill
Arkansas Community Watchdogs Concerned After Massive Oil Spill
Conservative estimates show around 5,000 barrels of crude oil spilled March 29 from Exxon's ruptured pipeline running through the small town of Mayflower, Arkansas. That's about three barrels of oil for every person who lives in Faulkner County, just north of Little Rock. Independent estimates are double that amount. Residents spent a recent town hall meeting trying to comprehend health concerns, cleanup efforts and long-term effects from the spill. And it's not the county's only major connection to the energy industry. Faulkner is one of five counties plundered in a modern-day gold rush for natural gas locked up in the Fayetteville Shale formation. A billboard along the highway declares with a phone number to call, "We Buy Minerals!"
Mayflower, Arkansas oil spill cleanup
Photo courtesy: Faulkner County Concerned Citizens Advisory Group
The Faulkner County Concerned Citizens Advisory Group that had recently been trained in monitoring air quality because of natural gas fracking concerns, found itself moving its modern bucket brigade from the gas fields to the neighborhood-turned-unexpected-oil field. A month after the spill, after Exxon has declared the mess mostly cleaned up, the local watchdog group is cautioning that its data seems to differ from Exxon's and even from official government reports about how the crude oil affected the neighborhood. The Faulkner County group is still concerned about remnants of oil in local waterways. Plus, its air sampling backed by Global Community Monitor, at least initially, seemed to vary drastically from official government and industry reports. Advisory Group member and local resident April Lane said, "I can tell you that we detected 30 chemicals and benzene, toluene, hexane, ethylbenzene were among them in above health standard levels for community chronic exposure and especially those vulnerable populations, children, women, pregnant women, and elderly." When FCCAG interviewed residents it found that one Mayfield resident living near the spill chose to evacuate after her son began having wheezing, diarrhea and nausea from the fumes. There were also reports of severe headaches and nausea from other residents, noted by FCCAG.
Earlier this year in efforts to educate gas station owners about safety measures for underground fuel tanks, the Arkansas Department of Environmental Quality said in a news release, "Petroleum making its way into groundwater and vapors rising through the soil are serious threats to the environment and human health." After the massive crude oil spill in Mayflower, ADEQ has been sending out messages of reassurance via its website and media that both drinking water and air quality are safe. On its site, ADEQ states, "Overall, air emissions in the community continue to be below levels likely to cause health effects for the general population." The FCCAG is concerned that EPA and industry testing is based only on occupational standards and that officials are not using proper detection limit tests.
The Arkansas Department of Health, while having representatives on the ground near the oil spill, says it doesn't do any of its own air sampling. ADH representative Ed Barham explained "We don't do any air quality monitoring at all. We're involved in this spill chiefly to evaluate the results that the EPA and Exxon Mobile are coming up with. The EPA would be responsible for any air quality monitoring." Barham explained that while someone checked air quality at the school in Mayflower the day of the spill, officials never found a need to close the school. Arkansas Attorney General Dustin McDaniel's office shared reports that several students had gone home nauseated the day of the spill. The FCCAG notes that after school sports practice for children "directly across the railroad tracks from where the spill occurred" seemed to indicate a business as usual mode while citizens had health concerns. AG McDaniel has launched an investigation into the cause and impact of the Mayflower oil spill.
The type of thick, crude oil that spilled from the tar sands of Canada, with toxic additives that help it move through a pipeline, has been somewhat unpredictable to deal with. Critics of tar sands oil point to this disaster in Arkansas as another reason to deny the controversial Keystone XL Pipeline.
Labels: Arkansas, energy, environment, family, health, parenting, pollution, rural, safe chemicals


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Patent US6554470 - M-level diode junction temperature measurement method cancelling series and ... - Google Patents
The present invention provides an improved method and apparatus to measure p-n junction device temperature by testing a device with M-Levels of applied collector current, sensing changes in output characteristics, and calculating the device current offset error and leakage current error due to parasitic...http://www.google.com/patents/US6554470?utm_source=gb-gplus-sharePatent US6554470 - M-level diode junction temperature measurement method cancelling series and parallel parasitic influences
Publication number US6554470 B2
Application number US 10/045,115
Also published as US20030031229
Publication number 045115, 10045115, US 6554470 B2, US 6554470B2, US-B2-6554470, US6554470 B2, US6554470B2
Inventors Hong Zhang, William Robert Rypka, Emy Tan, Mansour Izadinia
Patent Citations (15), Referenced by (23), Classifications (8), Legal Events (6)
US 6554470 B2
The present invention provides an improved method and apparatus to measure p-n junction device temperature by testing a device with M-Levels of applied collector current, sensing changes in output characteristics, and calculating the device current offset error and leakage current error due to parasitic parallel resistance where the leakage current error due to parasitic parallel resistance may be treated and eliminated as current offset error. Application of M levels of excitation values, where M is greater than or equal to four, eliminates device series parasitic effects, comprised of voltage offset and a series parasitic resistance, and parallel parasitic effects, comprised of current offset error and leakage current error due to parasitic parallel resistance, from temperature measurements. Since the operating characteristics of the device are temperature dependent, excitation levels applied and output values observed are used to determine junction temperature of the device free of series and parallel parasitic effects.
1. A device junction temperature sensing method free of series and parallel parasitic effects comprising the steps of:
a. modeling an electrical device having input and output electrodes, to have series and, parallel parasitic effects, said series parasitic effects comprised of a voltage offset and a parasitic series resistance, and said parallel parasitic effects comprised of current offset error, and leakage current error due to parasitic parallel resistance;
b. calculating values for M levels of input excitation currents such that current offset error cancelling conditions are satisfied;
c. exciting said device with said calculated M levels of input excitation currents to produce M levels of temperature dependent output values, said M levels of temperature dependent output values comprised of M base-emitter voltage (Vbe) values, where said M is greater than or equal to four;
d. calculating a first and second ΔVbe using said calculated M levels of input excitation currents;
e. calculating a third ΔVbe from said first and second ΔVbe, said third ΔVbe calculation no longer including said voltage offset, parasitic series resistance, current offset error and leakage current error due to parasitic parallel resistance, wherein;
said calculation of said third ΔVbe eliminating said voltage offset and said parasitic series resistance;
said use of said calculated values for M levels of input excitation currents in said calculation of said third ΔVbe eliminating said current offset error; and
said elimination of said current offset error eliminating a large part of said leakage current error effects due to parasitic parallel resistance; and
f. determining junction temperature of said device from said third ΔVbe calculation free of said series and parallel parasitic effects.
2. The method as recited in claim 1 wherein said voltage offset elimination results from said calculation of third ΔVbe, said elimination improving said junction temperature determination.
I 3 −I 1−(A/B)(I 4 −I 2)=I 3 +I 2(A/B)−I 1 −I 4(A/B)=0
wherein M=4; A=[(1/I3)−(1/I1)]; B=[(1/I4)−(1/I2)]; and I1, I2, I3 and I4 are said 4 levels of input excitation current I.
a. a diode having a non-linear input-output characteristic that varies with temperature and is subject to series and parallel parasitic effects, said diode comprised of an anode and cathode, said anode electrically coupled to said cathode via a junction, said series parasitic effects comprised of a voltage offset and a parasitic series resistance, and said parallel parasitic effects comprised of current offset error, and leakage current error due to parasitic parallel resistance;
b. an M-Level source electrically coupled to said anode for applying M sequential electrical input signals of different values to said anode such that said diode produces M electrical output signals, said M greater than or equal to four, said different values of said M sequential electrical input signals calculated to satisfy current offset error cancelling conditions; and
c. a test device for measuring said M electrical output signals and calculating temperature of said junction, said test device electrically coupled to said diode and said M-Level source, said test device eliminating said voltage offset, parasitic series resistance and current offset error from said M electrical output signal values, said elimination of said current offset error further reducing said leakage current error due to parasitic parallel resistance, said elimination resulting in said test device determining temperature of said junction of said diode from said M electrical output signals and said M electrical input signals free of said series and parallel parasitic effects.
10. The apparatus as recited in claim 9 wherein said diode is a diode-connected bipolar transistor with base and collector electrodes connected.
b. an M-Level source electrically coupled to said anode for applying M sequential electrical input signals of different values to said anode such that said diode produces M electrical output signals, said M greater than or equal to four, said different values of said M sequential electrical input signals calculated to satisfy current offset error cancelling conditions;
c. a means for measuring said M electrical output signals;
d. a means for eliminating said voltage offset and current offset error from said M electrical output signal values;
e. a means for eliminating said parasitic series resistance and said leakage current error due to parasitic parallel resistance from said M electrical output signal values; and
f. a means for determining temperature of said junction of said diode from said M electrical output signals and said M electrical input signals free of said series and parallel parasitic effects.
16. The apparatus as recited in claim 15 wherein said diode is a diode-connected bipolar transistor with base and collector electrodes connected.
wherein M=4; A=[(1/I3)−(1/I1)]; B=[(1/I4)−(1/I2)]; and I 1, I2, I3 and I4 are said 4 levels of input excitation current I.
This Application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/246,311, filed Nov. 7, 2000, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.
I=[I 1 ,I 2 ,I 3 ,I 4]
The temperature dependent output signal base-emitter voltage ΔVBE is then measured as,
ΔV BE =mV T×ln[(I 3 ×I 2)/(I 1 ×I 4)]+R S(I 3 +I 2 −I 1 −I 4)
where RS represents series parasitic resistance and ΔVBE represents the change in base-emitter voltage used to determine temperature. If collector currents I1-I4 are chosen such that,
(I 3 +I 2 −I 1 −I 4)=0
ΔV BE =mV T×ln[(I 3 ×I 2)/(I 1 ×I 4)]
As seen in the prior art resulting equation, the change in base-emitter voltage value ΔVBE may be calculated free of series parasitic RS effects, however, current offset and parasitic parallel resistance are not taken into consideration and result in inaccuracies in ΔVBE calculations. Any temperature calculation based upon ΔVBE would also include these inaccuracies.
It is the object of the present invention to create a method and apparatus which may be used to determine diode junction temperatures with greater accuracy than previously known. The present invention achieves this goal by testing a device with four or more levels of applied collector current, sensing changes in output characteristics such as base-emitter voltage VBE, cancelling or calculating the device leakage current value and cancelling the parallel leakage effects. The cancelled or calculated leakage current consists of both a constant leakage current, current offset, and an additional leakage current due to a parasitic parallel resistance. The p-n junction device temperature may then be measured by exciting four levels of applied collector current and sensing changes in output characteristics such as base-emitter voltage in which both parasitic series resistance and parallel leakage current errors are cancelled. Since the operating characteristics of a p-n junction device are temperature dependent, the excitation levels applied and output values observed may be used to determine the junction temperature of the device free of series and parallel parasitic effects.
The present invention provides an improved method and apparatus to measure p-n junction device temperature by testing a device with four or more levels of applied collector current IC, sensing changes in output characteristics such as base-emitter voltage VBE, calculating the device leakage current value and cancelling the parallel leakage effects. The calculated leakage current consists of both a constant leakage current, current offset, and an additional leakage current due to a parasitic parallel resistance. The p-n junction device temperature may then be measured by exciting four levels of applied collector current and sensing changes in output characteristics such as base-emitter voltage in which both parasitic series resistance and parallel leakage current errors are cancelled. Since the operating characteristics of a p-n junction device are temperature dependent, the excitation levels applied and output values observed may be used to determine the junction temperature of the device free of series and parallel parasitic effects.
Δ   V BE = mV T × ln   ( I 2 / I 1 ) + R s   ( I 2 - I 1 ) + mV T × ios   ( 1 / I 2 - 1 / I 1 )
In this equation ΔVBE represents the change in base-emitter voltage, I1 and I2 represent levels of applied excitation current, RS represents series parasitic resistance and ios represents current offset. The current offset value ios has been added in the equation, representing ios error in ΔVBE measurement. The parallel resistance RP value, representing the RP error in ΔVBE measurement, is to be considered later. A four level excitation method results in the following base-emitter voltage ΔVBE calculation,
Δ   V BE 1 = mV T × ln   ( I 3 / I 1 ) + R s   ( I 3 - I 1 ) + mV T × ios × A where , A = [ ( 1 / I 3 ) - ( 1 / I 1 ) ]   Δ   V BE 2 = mV T × ln   ( I 4  / I 2 ) + R s   ( I 4 - I 2 ) + mV T × ios × B where , B = [ ( 1 / I 4 ) - ( 1 / I 2 ) ] Δ   V BE = Δ   V BE 1 - Δ   V BE 2   ( A / B )
If currents are selected such that,
ΔV BE =mV T×ln(I 3 /I 1)−mV T(A/B)×ln(I 4 /I 2)
The series parasitic resistance (RS) and current offset ios values are cancelled. For example,
I=[2, 10 100, 20]μA
Δ   V BE 1 =  m   V T × ln  ( 100 / 2 ) + R S  ( 100 - 2 ) + m   V T ×  ios  [ ( 1 / 100 ) - ( 1 / 2 ) ] =  m   V T × ln  ( 100 / 2 ) + R S  ( 98 ) + m   V T × ios  ( - 0.490 ) Δ   V BE 2 =  m   V T × ln  ( 20 / 10 ) + R S  ( 20 - 10 ) + m   VT ×  ios  [ ( 1 / 20 ) - ( 1 / 10 ) ] =  m   V T × ln  ( 20 / 10 ) + R S  ( 10 ) + m   V T × ios  ( - 0.05 ) Δ   V BE =  Δ   V BE 1 - Δ   V BE 2  ( 0.490 / 0.05 ) =  m   V T × ln  ( 100 / 2 ) - m   V T × 9.8  [ ln  ( 20 / 10 ) ] +  R S  ( 98 - 9.8 × 10 ) + m   V T × ios  ( - 0.490 + 0.05 × 9.8 ) =  m   V T × ln  ( 100 / 2 ) - m   V T × 9.8   ln  ( 20 / 10 )
The influences of series resistance RS and current offset ios have been cancelled. However, a comparison with the prior art four level excitation method base-emitter voltage ΔVBE calculation not considering current offset shows there is no common solution for both the new method and the prior art method unless the ΔVBE of the measurement is zero.
PRIOR ART _ Δ   V BE = m   V T × ln  [ ( I 3 × I 2 ) / ( I 1 × I 4 ) ]   M-LEVEL CONSIDERING CURRENT OFFSET _ Δ   V BE = m   V T × ln  ( I 3 / I 1 ) - m   V T × 9.8   ln  ( I 4 / I 2 )
Adding an additional current level increases degrees of freedom by 1 allowing measurements to be optimized. If five levels of excitation are used, such that collector currents I1-I5 are applied,
I=[I 1 , I 5 , I 2 , I 3 , I 4]
The temperature dependent output values ΔVBE may then be calculated as,
Δ   V BE 1 = mV T × ln  [ ( I 3 × I 2 ) / ( I 1 × I 4 ) ] + R s   ( I 3 + I 2 - I 1 - I 4 ) + mV T × ios × A   where , A = ( 1 / I 3 + 1 / I 2 - 1 / I 1 - 1 / I 4 ) Δ   V BE 2 = mV T × ln  [ ( I 5 × I 5 ) / ( I 1 × I 2 ) ] + R s   ( I 5 + I 5 - I 1 - I 2 ) + mV T × ios × B   where , B = ( 2 / I 5 - 1 / I 1 - 1 / I 2 )
Δ   V BE =  Δ   V BE 1 - Δ   V BE 2  ( A / B ) =  m   V T × ln  [ ( I 3 × I 2 ) / ( I 1 × I 4 ) ] + R S [ I 3 + I 2 - I 1 -  I 4 - ( A / B )  ( ( 2 × I 5 ) - I 1 - I 2 ) ] + m   V T × ios [ A - ( B × ( A / B ) ] 
I 3 +I 2 −I 1 −I 4 −A/B((2×I 5)−I 1 −I 2)=0
I 5 ={square root over (I1 ×I 2)}
If the following five excitation levels are applied as collector currents,
I=[I 1 , I 5 , I 2 , I 3 , I 4]=[1, 5, 25, 50, 97.76]μA
The temperature dependent output values ΔVBE are determined as, Δ   V BE 1 =  m   V T × ln  [ ( 50 × 25 ) / ( 1 × 97.76 ) ] + R S ( 50 + 25 - 1 -  97.76 ) + m   V T × ios  ( 1 / 50 + 1 / 25 - 1 / 1 - 1 / 97.76 ) =  m   V T × ln  ( 12.787 ) + R S  ( - 23.70 ) + m   V T × ios  ( - 0.9502 ) Δ   V BE 2 =  m   V T × ln  [ 5 × 5 / ( 1 × 25 ) ] + R S  ( - 16 ) + m   V T × ios  ( - 0.6400 ) Δ   V BE = Δ   V BE 1 - Δ   V BE 2  ( 1.485 ) = m   V T × ln  ( 12.787 )
FIG. 1 introduces the modeled parasitic effects eliminated through the use of the M-Level temperature measurement technique. In FIG. 1, an illustrative circuit 100 is shown which includes series parasitic resistance 106, series voltage offset 108, parallel parasitic resistance 110, parallel current offset 112 and the affected device, diode 114. The diode 114, including a cathode 118 and an anode 116, acts as a traditional bipolar transistor with the base and collector connected. The anode 116 of diode 114 is electrically coupled to the resistance 106 via the voltage offset 108 completing the series effects, and the current offset 112 and the parallel resistance 110 are each electrically coupled in parallel to the diode 114 completing the parallel effects.
I=[I 1 , I 2 , I 3 , I 4]=[2, 10, 92, 100]μA
The temperature dependent output values ΔVBE (voltage across anode 208 and cathode 210) for each excitation level are,
V BE =[V BE 1 , V BE 2 , V BE 3 , V BE 4]
ΔV BE 3,1 =V BE 3 −V BE 1
ΔV BE 3,1 =mV T×ln[(92+ios)/(2+ios)] equation 1
ΔV BE 4,2 =V BE 4 −V BE 2
ΔV BE 4,2 =mV T×ln[(100+ios)/(10+ios)] equation 2
ΔV BE =ΔV BE 3,1 −ΔV BE 4,2
ΔV BE =mV T[ln((92+ios)/(2+ios))−ln((100+ios)/(10+ios))]
ΔV BE =mV T[ln(92/2)×((1+ios/92)/(1+ios/2))−ln(100(1+ios/100)/10(1+ios/10))]
For current offset 204 (ios) in the range of tens of nA,
1>>ios/2>ios/10>ios/92>ios/100
The temperature dependent output value ΔVBE (voltage across anode 208 and cathode 210) may then be measured as,
ΔV BE =mV T[ln(92/2)−ln(100/10)]+mV T [ios/92−ios/2−ios/100+ios/10]
V BE =mV Tln[(92×10)/(2×100)]+mV T [−ios/2+ios/10+ios/92−ios/100]
ΔV BE =ΔV BE 0 +dΔV BE equation 3
ΔV BE 0 =mV T×ln[(92×10)/(2×100)] equation 3a
dΔV BE =−mV T(ios/2−ios/10−ios/92+ios/100) equation 3b
The calculated base-emitter voltage ΔVBE 0 is the pure measurement without the current offset ios effects. The measurement error due to current offset 204 (ios) is dΔVBE. The current offset 204 (ios) only influences the ΔVBE measurement significantly at low currents, e.g. 2 and 10 μA. For higher currents, the influence can be ignored, e.g. ios/92 or ios/100. This is a very important concept to the extent that this method cancels out parallel resistance RP effects as well. As will be seen in the following equations, the parallel resistance RP acts like a constant current offset 204 when four levels of excitation are used.
ΔV BE =ΔV BE 0 +dΔV BE
ΔV BE =mV T×ln[(92×10)/(2×100)]−mV T(ios/2−ios/10)
ΔV BE =mV T×ln[(92×10)/(2×100)]−mV T[(4×ios)/10] equation 4
If for example, there is a leakage current offset ios=15 nA, using the prior art method, Δ   V BE =  m   V T × ln  [ ( 92 × 10 ) / ( 2 × 100 ) ] -  m   V T  [ ( 4 × - 0.015   µA ) / 10   µA ] =  m   V T × 1.526 - m   V T × 0.006
ΔT=303(K)×(0.006/1.526)=1.2° C.
A temperature of 1.2° C. higher is read. If we add two more levels of excitation to the device, I5,I6=(4, 8) μA, then,
dV BE 1 =mV T×ln(4/2)+mV T[(ios/4)−(ios/2)]
dV BE 1 =mV T×ln(4/2)+mV T(−ios/4) equation 5
dV BE 2 =mV T×ln(8/4)+mV T[(ios/8)−(ios/4)] equation 6
dV BE 2 =mV T×ln(8/4)+mV T(−ios/8)
ΔdV BE =dV BE 1 −dV BE 2
ΔdV BE =mV T(−ios/4)+mV T(ios/8)
ΔdV BE =mV T(−ios/8) equation 7
Recall that equation 4 produced,
dΔV BE =−mV T[(4×ios)/10]
dΔV BE =−mV T[(ios/8)×((8×4)/10)]
dΔV BE=3.2ΔdV BE equation 8
Therefore, if collector currents I1,I5,I6=(2, 4, 8) μA are used to measure ΔdVBE and equation 8 is used to cancel out the measurement error dΔVBE in equation 4, we obtain the true ΔVBE measurement without the influence of current offset 204 (ios). A simplified flowchart in FIG. 6 illustrates the steps taken.in the new method of current offset effect elimination.
I lk =V BE /R p
Recalling equation 3b, the leakage current influences the ΔVBE by dΔVBE and thus influences the temperature measurement.
dΔV BE =m×V T×Σ(i lk /I)
dΔV BE =m×(V T /R P)×Σ(V BE /I)
As the excitation current I increases, VBE increases logarithmically. The contribution of dΔVBE sharply drops at large levels of excitation current. The largest contribution of dΔVBE is at low excitation current levels. Because the VBE differences are small compared to the individual VBE measurements, ilk can be treated as a constant leakage current offset without significantly impacting accuracy. Take a real measurement as an example. In FIG. 3, if a M-Level excitation method is used such that collector currents I1-I6 are applied to the forward biased diode 304,
I=[I 1 , I 2 , I 3 , I 4 , I 5 , I 6]=[2, 4, 8, 10, 92, 100]uA
The temperature dependent output values VBE (voltage across anode 306 and cathode 308) for each excitation level are,
V BE/557.707=[1, 1.0337, 1.0673, 1.0781, 1.1872, 1.1914]
This data shows that an increase in excitation current by a factor of 50 causes VBE to increase by a factor of only 1.1914.
I=[2, 10, 92, 100]μA
V BE=[557.71, 601.27, 662.13, 664.46]mV
dΔV BE 1 =m×V T×[(i lk1 /I 1)−(i lk2 /I 2)−(i lk3 /I 3)+(i lk4 /I 4)]
dΔV BE 1 =m×V T /R P×[(V BE 1 /I 1)−(V BE 2 /I 2)−(V BE 3 /I 3)+(V BE 4 /I 4)]
dΔV BE 1 =m×V T /R P×218.17 kΩ
The contribution of dΔVBE if the parallel leakage current offset is assumed to be constant is:
Assume, i lk =V BE 1 /R P for all levels of excitation.
dΔV BE 2 =m×V T ×i lk×[(1/I 1)−(1/I 2)−(1/I 3)+(1/I 4)]
dΔV BE 2 =m×V T /R P ×V BE 1×[(1/I 1)−(1/I 2)−(1/I 3)+(1/I 4)]
dΔV BE 2 =m×V T /R P×222.60 kΩ
This result shows that dΔVBE 2 is only 2% different from dΔVBE 1. Therefore, treating the parallel leakage current as a constant current offset cancels on the order of 98% of the ilk error. In an earlier discussion we found that a 15 nA current offset would contribute 1.2° C. of error to a temperature measurement. Thus, using the M-Level method to compensate for parasitic parallel resistance leaves a residual error of only about 0.03° C.
US3812717 * Apr 3, 1972 May 28, 1974 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Semiconductor diode thermometry
US3996451 Oct 28, 1975 Dec 7, 1976 Control Data Corporation Semiconductor diode temperature sensing device
US4228684 * Jun 4, 1979 Oct 21, 1980 General Motors Corporation Remote temperature measuring system with semiconductor junction sensor
US5154514 Aug 29, 1991 Oct 13, 1992 International Business Machines Corporation On-chip temperature sensor utilizing a Schottky barrier diode structure
US6144246 * Jun 26, 1998 Nov 7, 2000 Infineon Technologies Ag Circuit configuration for sensing when a critical temperature of a component has been exceeded
U.S. Classification 374/178, 374/172, 374/E07.035, 374/170, 374/175
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By Thomas Martienssen
BBC News, Palmerston, Cook Islands
It is one of the most isolated island communities in the world. The tiny Pacific island of Palmerston is visited by a supply ship twice a year - at most - and the long and hazardous journey deters all but the most intrepid visitors. What's more, most of its 62 inhabitants are descended from one man - an Englishman who settled there 150 years ago. Nine days of constant movement. Nine days in a boat, unable to stand. Nine days with the fear of being hit by a tropical storm, thousands of miles from rescue. The Pacific Ocean is big. Far bigger than one would imagine. This is the journey to the island at the end of the earth.Part of the Cook Islands, Palmerston is one of a handful of islands connected by a coral reef which surrounds the calm waters of a central lagoon. But within this entire area the reef sits too high in the water for sea planes to land - and outside it the ocean is simply too rough. It is also too far from anywhere for a normal helicopter to fly to. The sea is the only access.So getting there is not easy. After two days of flying - from London via Los Angeles - we set off by boat from Tahiti. After five days of sailing in our small yacht, the clouds turn a menacing black. The strength of the sun has gone and a worrying chill hangs in the air. A sudden clatter of heavy rain hits the side of the boat. A bolt of lightning strikes the sea. With the sail at full height, the strength of the wind pushes the boat over a full 60 degrees, dragging us sideways through the water. There's very little that can be done once the sail has dropped - the boat is at the complete mercy of the elements. And there is no-one to help. During nine days at sea we see nothing. No other ships, no wildlife, and no aircraft - not even at 50,000 feet. Nothing. This extreme journey prevents all but the most determined of visitors from ever reaching Palmerston, a tiny patch of green surrounded by thousands of miles of ocean. Image caption
There are four main islands in the atoll - Palmerston is the only inhabited one
The height of the island means it is not visible until just two miles away and in bad weather it's simply impossible to see. Over the years, tens if not hundreds of boats have hit the reef hiding just below the waves, leaving the sailors stranded. The latest wreck, brought down just three years ago, sits on the beach with a gaping hole in its side. The parts of these ships - engines, wooden planks and masts - have been salvaged by the islanders and re-used. Nothing goes to waste here. William Marsters
Married Akakaingaro (known as Sarah), the daughter of a Cook Islands royal chief Also married two of her cousins, forming three main family groups
Learning how to safely navigate the natural barrier takes years of practice. Even the boat we arrived in - a mere 34ft (10m) long - had to be moored 500m off the beach to avoid striking the coral. As we finally near Palmerston, a small boat, shining in the sun, roars towards us, swerving left and right through the reef, the little outboard motor screaming."Hello, hello, I'm your host. Hook your boat up here, we'll get you over and you can grab lunch. I'll look after you from here," shouts Bob Marsters, his blue-green Hawaiian shirt an almost perfect match to the crystal clear water. Bob is the head of one of only three families on the island. They compete for the handful of yachts which pass every year, and the winners of this race cater for the needs of the visitors. The islanders pride themselves on their kindness and revel in the extra company. This generosity, and the island's etiquette, legal system and traditions have all been passed down through the generations by word of mouth. And they are all the legacy of one man born in the English county of Leicestershire, 10,000 miles away. William Marsters was Palmerston's first permanent inhabitant 150 years ago. I was told - with some confidence - that he had sailed with Captain Cook's ship as a carpenter. But while the famous explorer died in 1779, William wasn't born until at least 1830. Marsters lived in the Cook Islands from the 1850s and in the early 1860s, he was appointed caretaker of Palmerston by its then owner, a British merchant, John Brander. He moved there in 1863 accompanied by his wife, a Polynesian woman, and two of her cousins. He covered the island with palm trees and for the first few years Brander's ships stopped by every six months or so to collect the coconut oil he produced. But then the visits slowed - six months between visits became three years and eventually they stopped altogether. John Brander had died. Marsters was granted possession of Palmerston by Queen Victoria. His wife's cousins became his wives too, and together the three couples had 23 children. Before his death in 1899 he split the island into three parts, one for each of his wives. Today, all but three of the residents are direct descendants of William. Image copyright
Approaching the beach, the revs of Bob Marsters' small craft drop and we drift quietly towards the white sand. It is absurdly beautiful. Fish in their hundreds swim below the boat and, as the clear water ripples, a shark glides past with stingrays in tow. "Welcome to my world, a land of white sands and coconuts. Nothing goes wrong in Palmerston," says Bob as we arrive at his tin-roofed home."Eh boy, grab these fellas a coconut - drink, drink." Bob's son knocks off the top of a coconut using a machete and I sit down on a plastic garden chair and drink. Find out more
"You know I love this place, all the people fighting wars should just come to Palmerston and go for a swim, play some volleyball," says Bob. "No need for all that fighting and killing everybody, no-one fighting here." I listen to the wind rippling through the leaves of the palm trees. Then, in one of the most surreal moments of my life, surrounded by 3,000 miles of open ocean, I hear one of the islanders listening to her favourite song. Not a gently lilting melody but rather, "The Vengabus is coming" - the distinctive sound of cheesy Euro dance pop. Officially a New Zealand protectorate, Palmerston receives many of the modern amenities that we take for granted. Housing, power (for a couple of hours a day), the internet (for a couple of hours a day), even - for a lucky few - a mobile phone signal. Yet the people of Palmerston have no shop, just two toilets, and rainwater is collected for drinking water. Money is only used to buy supplies from the outside world - not from each other. "That's one thing I'm so proud of with the families living on Palmerston - we work together, we love each other and we share," says Bob. "For instance, when I'm out of rice or flour I can just go next door and if they have - they give. "I'm really happy people don't sell things here. The supply ship hasn't been for six months but we don't cry over rice or steak, we just manage with our coconuts and our fish. But the day the freighter arrives it's like Christmas Day," he laughs. Bob is the mayor of Palmerston and lives at one end of the main street. It is a strip of sand no more than 100 metres long and is home to just half a dozen buildings. "This is the main road, no bus stops here, no buses to wait for in Palmerston," says Bob with a hearty chuckle. Sitting proud on the right-hand side of the road is the church. It is the centre of community life. It is also one of the newest - and sturdiest - buildings on the island. The painted white bell that hangs in the porch, another of those things salvaged from a wreck, is the only part that remains of the previous church. With no land for thousands of miles, Palmerston takes the full force of any storm. So the islanders tie their buildings to surrounding trees. In 1926 a typhoon crashed into the island - and the waves, they say, swept the old church off its foundations. "The waves came crashing over the building here," Bob explains, pointing to William Marsters' old house, which is more than 20ft tall. "The church was sitting on coral, stone, and it was moved 200m inland - the whole building. Our fathers and mothers went to move back the building. They rolled the building on coconut logs. They rolled it all the way back." There is an established rhythm to life on the island on Sundays. The bell rings to summon this Christian community for a service at 10:00 and there's no work or play allowed until after 14:00. After church it is time to eat. As a guest, I am given a table to myself. Four pots are lined up in front of me - there is fish, rice, chicken and a sweet pastry. Bob's four children look longingly at the table. The entire family must wait until the guest has had their fill before the rest of the family are allowed to eat. But after about 30 seconds, Bob breaks into the food. "Normally I'd wait, but you're my friend. We know each other too well to wait." And before he finishes his sentence he is chewing profusely. "Eat, eat," he says, swinging his arm across the table. "I want to make you too fat to fit back on your boat! You have to get thin again before you can leave. Stay on Palmerston longer." Food is a huge part of life. Fishing takes up most of the day for many Palmerstonians and as a visitor it is virtually impossible to walk anywhere without being offered four separate lunches. Bob's brother Bill is a serial offerer of lunches, a member of the council - and a proud fisherman."The fish are declining," he says. "Before, there would have been hundreds of fish in schools, but not today. It's not easy."The previously-bountiful stocks of their favourite parrot fish are being depleted quicker than others. So standing on the back of his tiny, patched up aluminium rib, Bill heads out past the reef and into the towering waves in search of other fish, the pockets of his favourite camouflage trousers filled with line and hooks. After two hours with four long lines dragging in the water, we have just two - a barracuda and a wahoo."The previous councils in the 90s put a ban on the parrot fish for two years," says Bill, "but six months later someone said, 'We need money for Christmas.' And it just opened from there."We can't really do anything because we're going to get a lot of objection. Anything we say to the people - they just ignore it." Fish is the islanders' staple food and their only export. One or two tons of parrot fish are frozen and collected by the supply ship which comes twice a year to deliver essential supplies such as rice and fuel. Or, that is the theory, at least. Sometimes the ship doesn't turn up at all. Just two years ago it didn't come for 18 months. Image copyright
Mama Aka at the island's church
The island's remoteness presents other challenges, too. Something as simple as going to the dentist becomes a major expedition. When the island's oldest inhabitant, 92-year-old Mama Aka, went for dental work on Rarotonga, the capital of the Cook Islands, it took her four days to get there. But after the short procedure, she had to wait six months for a ship to bring her back. While some see this isolation as one of the attractions of life on Palmerston, in other ways it is a menace, particularly as everyone - except two teachers and a nurse - are related to each other. Bill had six children with his first wife, a woman he thought was his second cousin. But when she was very young, she had been handed to another family to bring up - a common practice in Palmerston if parents need help. In fact, she was Bill's first cousin. "I heard that if you marry a close family cousin, it will have an effect on the baby," he says. "But I didn't believe it until our second-to-last child. He was a normal child right up to six months... we headed off to New Zealand for treatment, but there was nothing they could do."Her father and my father were brothers. I didn't know it, but by the time we found out it was too late and we already had kids. There's nobody on the island, that's why the intermarriage is going on."
For some, Palmerston's isolation is a reason to leave. Between 1950 and 1970 the population was as high as 300, but now it is just 62.A third of the population are children and all look healthy and happy as they attend classes at the island's school.But many of them are hoping to leave for the cities hundreds of miles away, where amenities are better, wages are higher and where - perhaps most importantly - there is a bigger choice of potential spouses. When Mama Aka was growing up, some people used to marry their half-sisters or half-brothers, she says. But the children of today are "looking further ahead"."Maybe they plan to marry away," she says. "Only a few of them come back. They don't really get in touch with the families."
The main street is the hub of island life and the setting for community celebrations. One of the most important is for the Duke of Edinburgh, Prince Phillip. Mama Aka, the island's oldest resident, remembers the day in the early 1970s when the Royal Yacht Britannia arrived off Palmerston reef. The duke (pictured on a later trip to the Cook Islands) went for a swim, and the place he took a dip - a deep pool where the beach falls steeply towards the water - has since been known as the Duke's Pool.
"When he came ashore we celebrated," says Mama Aka. And every year, on 28 February everyone takes the day off to repeat those celebrations. "We start with a church service and then every family prepares a table of food. We have a feed and we have singing," she says. Sixteen-year-old Shekinah Marsters wants to become a lawyer. She may be the first pupil from the island's school to go to university and may even have the chance to study at Harvard. "I wanted to go to New Zealand for university, but now I hear there are some opportunities in America," she says. "I want to pursue my career but I also want to come back and Palmerston will always be my home, I'll want to come back whenever I can, but I think my career would come first."She currently studies English, algebra, American history and the basic life of Christ - next year she's adding law. All of these are part of a Christian home-schooling programme taught at the school. She has also studied in New Zealand: "You have a lot more opportunities [there], a lot more stuff to do, more friends. Ever since I went to New Zealand I've wanted to go back. "I don't get bored here, but I get discouraged. I swim, fish, play guitar, talk - that's about all."Palmerston has always been a place where people come and go - but while some intend to visit, others have the experience forced upon them. In the 1950s, Lt Cdr Victor Clark's boat was shipwrecked and he lived on the island for nine months while it was repaired. This experience features heavily in his book, On the Wind of a Dream: A Saga of Solace. When he died aged 97, his daughter Rose made the long journey to Palmerston from her home in Devon to scatter his ashes. "It was his favourite time of life," she says. And a year after she first arrived, she is still here. "My adventure here's been great, not what I planned. I thought I was coming over for a short visit before heading off to carry on with the rat race of life."During her visit, she was asked to look after the school's only special needs pupil, a child who has ADHD. "I initially turned it down because I could not imagine living on a tiny atoll hundreds of miles from the nearest life. But then I realised - that's what I was doing in the UK, it'd be pretty selfish to leave this little eight-year-old that couldn't be at school."They're such a family-orientated community - it's very beautiful. I've learnt a lot about their closeness while I've been here."On the days when there is no school, Rose joins other women to make traditional hats or baskets from palm leaves. More often than not, the group can be heard singing and laughing together. It is a social gathering, but it also highlights the lack of young adults. While the young children do the lifting and unskilled tasks, the older women do the intricate weaving, a skill perfected over many years. But there are no young adults here for the women to pass on their knowledge and family stories to. Image copyright
Edward: Policeman, musician and brother to Bob and Bill
Nevertheless, the Palmerstonians seem to have a good life. The days are long and the working hours short. As Bob says: "You are free to do what you want to do." In the evenings, the schoolchildren go swimming or play volleyball, while some of the men gather around the island's only TV to watch the rugby highlights. The women relax on hammocks, laughing and joking.In all this, alcohol plays no real part. Until the next supply ship makes an appearance, the island is dry. Beer is sometimes brewed, but only for special occasions. Edward, the island's policeman, is probably the least busy police officer in the world. I ask one of the islanders what would happen if someone was to steal a coconut."I'd fill a wheel barrow [with coconuts] and take it round," he tells me. "They're obviously desperate but too proud to ask for one." So with his spare time, Edward makes things. He's particularly good at making ukuleles. He uses a piece of wood from the tree they call the mahogany tree, a coconut and fishing line for strings.He also plays them, very well as it happens. As we sit outside his squat house, his brother Simon runs over with a plate of food."No one fed you lunch yet, eh?" he says, placing it on the table. And so, surrounded by engine parts, coconuts and my third lunch of the day, Edward and his brother Simon sing the Farewell song. It tells of William Marsters' trip to Palmerston a century and a half ago, when he "sang farewell to happy London town".And farewell was what we had to say to the beautiful island and its people. As we prepare to leave, Bob appears with a basket of fish. He has been luckier than Bill with his catch and shares it across the whole island. "We share everything with our family," he says, handing us two fish for the return leg of our journey. Bob turns and looks out across the lagoon. "We were made to enjoy the world, enjoy the fresh air, enjoy the sunshine, enjoy the things God put us on the earth to enjoy. He didn't put us on the earth to kill other people or hate other people."With Bob's words in our ears we weave our way out through the reef. It is a journey that many young islanders will do in the years to come. The question is, how many of them will return?Listen to The Island at the End of the World on the BBC iPlayer. Follow @BBCNewsMagazine on Twitter and on FacebookOn a tablet? Read 10 of the best Magazine stories from 2013 here
More on this story Queen's Baton Relay: Finding part of the West Country in the Pacific 10 December 2013 In today's Magazine

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Tips To Keep Your Computer Safe: 2014
You probably have owned at least a computer in your past. If you do not know very much about computers, you would be surprised at how much doing your homework would help you. This piece has great tips.
If you have found that your desktop is running slow you can do a boot check to get more speed. Run the "ms config" program from your start menu. Look at which programs automatically start when you boot up the computer. Find applications that you do not use a lot, and make sure they do not load when the computer starts. This will make the speed of your operating system.
Measure how much space is available where you have in the area you plan to place your desktop computer. Desktop computers have varying sizes depending on what brand or model they are. Know exactly what you can fit into your designated space.
Try buying a desktop computer that has only the features you need. Many people try to buy models that go beyond their budget with lots of extra features that they don't need or use.
Get a warranty for a new computer.This is just for if the software or something else were to mess up on your computer. You will return it to the store and have it fixed in this case.
To begin with, make sure that the computer is equipped with a high-quality video card, a really good video card and a display with high resolution. You will also consider a special controller or keyboard.
The type you require is based on these tasks you do regularly. Gamers have different options on a computer than those who are just browsing.
Does the computer have sufficient memory for your needs? Memory is one of the most important when you have a desktop computer. Are you planning to store a lot of information on the computer? Do you have a lot of digital pictures? These questions are the things to think about when shopping for the perfect computer.
Things have changed in the world of computers, and you should now be ready to have a desktop that is less than many laptops. You can buy a desktop for around $400 at many stores. Make sure the store you buy from is reputable and will stand behind the sale.
Avoid getting caught up in thinking that the price will go lower. Many people look out for deals when they get into the desktop computer buying market. But they don't do it anything about it thinking they will find a better deal that's better. Usually, there isn't much difference in wonderful deal, so when you find the computer what you want, get it.
As previously mentioned, you have probably owned a desktop computer in the past. You may not have previously understood as much as you need about computers. Now it should be easier to understand desktop computers.
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A common laptop ought to have a printer on hand. There are all sorts of pc printer characteristics to appear into very first. The type of printer that is utilised is one of the traits to consider. This includes the printing quality and the speed of the printing. Several services, including scanning and faxing, can take place from a printer too. Right here is a appear into these pc printer traits. See Meritline.com.
The variety of the printer is one of the computer printer qualities to stick to.
The dot matrix printer is still utilised in some locations. This is where pixels are printed to form a single image. Even so, far more advanced technologies are being utilized. For instance, the toner based printer utilizes static electrical energy to move the toner into the paper for printing and then heat is applied to hold it on the paper.
The inkjet printer is the most common printer on the marketplace these days. This is exactly where tiny bits of ink are printed onto a piece of paper.
Every bit of ink will be attached through a modest electric charge.
Laser printers are becoming common too. These can operate with toner in that the LEDs in the printer can get the toner to stick to the paper. Inkless printers are presently in improvement as nicely. Dye crystals are utilized to be heated into the location amongst the two layers of the paper.
This is a procedure in improvement even though, as the print has been recognized to fade swiftly in trial tests.
The 1st of the computer printer characteristics to contemplate is that of the top quality of the printing. The good quality that a printer will be capable of handling will be measured by its dpi, or dots per inch. The dpi readout will be based on the capability of the printer to be capable to print high top quality images. For instance, a typical printer on the market will have a dpi readout of 600x600. This indicates that there will be 600 dots per inch on both the vertical and horizontal components of the web page. 4800x1200 is becoming a common on some of the greater finish printers these days, and some will even go as higher as 9600x2400 in good quality.
The speed of the printer is yet another of the computer printer characteristics that is crucial. The quantity of pages per minute that it will be able to print measures the speed. This speed will be various primarily based on whether or not or not black and white pages or color pages are going to be printed. Some printers can deal with up to thirty black and white pages in a minute and eight color pages in a minute, for instance.
The numerous characteristics on a printer are the last of the pc printer traits to look into. Some printers are able to deal with scanning or fax technologies. Some will also be in a position to copy pages right from the printer with out a connection to anything. CD and DVD label printing is also featured on some of these newer printers.
Those are the pc printer qualities to think about when purchasing a new printer. The kind of printer, its top quality output and the speed of the printer are all important. Additional services could be regarded as well. By using these considerations, it will be simpler to locate a printer that is correct for one’s distinct demands.
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Labels: Computer, Laptop, printer
Do you want to know how to get the bank?The more informed you are about laptops, the better off you'll be. Continue reading the laptop buying process.
Read through testimonials and customer reviews prior to buying a laptop. New laptops are gorgeous and exciting, but you might see that later you would've wished that you knew more about them. This is why reading owner reviews before buying is a great idea.
You may not be able to run these graphics with more power for certain video games.Decide whether you require a quad-core chip and a dual-core processor.
Consider what exactly you are expecting to do with a laptop.This will give you spend on it. If you just surf the net, you won't need a computer that is used for graphical design. By thinking of how you use a computer, you'll be able to choose a machine that best corresponds with your needs.
You may not need any extra space or memory now, but it's good to have if you need it. Upgrading is always less costly than purchasing a new machine. Think about this before you decide on making your final purchase decision.
Do not get confused when it comes to netbooks. Netbooks provide basic functionality for web surfing and email, but they have no power like a laptop has power.
You need to be careful transporting your laptop when on the go. Make sure you purchase a good case to keep it protected. This kind of consistent movement can cause damage its components.
It's important to make the effort to do a little shopping choices. Check out the laptops available at regular stores in physical stores. Play with different ones so that you can find one that you're comfortable with. When you find a laptop you like, you may search online and find special deals.
How important is security of your laptop? There are many security options available for laptops. You may want to buy a laptop that can even get one with fingerprint or face recognition. This completely limits anyone unauthorized from accessing your laptop.
Take the mouse into consideration. There are quite a few mouse designs available. Whether you want a ball-type muse, or a regular ball mouse, it is really your decision. You will have the option to add different mouse later.
The graphics chip is a crucial component in your computer. Integrated graphics chips are sufficient for the basic functions of a laptop. If you watch a lot of videos or play games, then a dedicated graphics card is what you need. The best graphics are typically found on laptops designated for gaming laptops.
Dim your laptop's screen as much as possible to extend its battery time. The display screen is what drains the most juice from any laptop battery, so keeping this setting low will help your battery to last longer. The screen brightness is adjusted in the ability to dim your lights.
It is important to learn about an expensive product before you make a purchase. This article is great to begin with so that you can get yourself a laptop that you love and can afford. Buying a laptop is much easier when you know what you are looking for first.
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Labels: Computer, Laptops
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Computers are a part of everyday life for so many people. This article has some great tips on buying laptops to assist you in making the best choice for you.
Don't assume that paying more for a laptop will mean that you are better laptop. It is rarely the case that more expensive machine means superior computing. You are sometimes paying for the status of the brand.
You should probably buy a laptop cooling pad to help as well. The bottom of your laptop can actually get very warm. Your thighs can also get pretty hot if you don't have a laptop cooler.
Make sure that your next laptop comes with a quality sound system. Some lesser laptops have terrible sound. Be sure that you're checking out the laptop's sound system prior to buying a computer.
While you might not need the extra memory or space now, in the future it can help you out. Upgrading the RAM and hard drive is cheaper than purchasing a whole new PC.Think about this before making a decision.
Be sure you have a lot of USB posts. This is an important and often overlooked. You will probably want a couple USB ports simultaneously. Four USB ports may be the minimum you want, but more cannot hurt.
Consider the accessories when you set your new laptop computer. A case, and a good travel case is also a good idea. Look on the Internet before buying anything to see if you can get a budget together for each item and add it to your budget.
Dim your laptop's screen on the laptop in order to ensure you're maximizing battery life. The display drains battery juice, so keeping this setting low will help your battery to last longer. The screen brightness is adjusted in the settings part of your lights.
Pin the shortcuts to your shortcuts to your Start menu. This makes the icon for it in your programs folder.
Are you only using a laptop for online surfing and to check your email? A Chromebook might be a good option to consider. These are laptops made by Google and they have either a little storage. They do offer strong browser experiences and good performance. You can get one for about three hundred dollars.
Software will need to be installed via online password or USB key, however you'll save lots of money by skipping drives. You could also get a portable DVD players that will connect via USB for less than a hundred dollars.
Check out what folks are saying. You might be surprised that all of these brands are well-respected, which means brand doesn't matter.
You can save money by buying a system with smaller storage space. You do not pay for a bunch of storage you don't plan on using. Or you can use what you've saved on the storage for a better processing.
This information should help you feel confident when shopping for a laptop. If you would like additional information, there is so much out there to learn. The best thing to do when you need a laptop is to focus on your budget and your needs so that you're able to get the best laptop for you.
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Labels: Computers, Laptop, machine, quality, USB
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A Little Desktop Computer Knowledge For You To Lea...