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US Patent Application for Backside naoscale texturing to improve IR response of silicon solar cells and photodetectors Patent Application (Application #20110140106 issued June 16, 2011) - Justia Patents Search
Justia Patents Responsive To Nonelectrical External Signals (e.g., Light)US Patent Application for Backside naoscale texturing to improve IR response of silicon solar cells and photodetectors Patent Application (Application #20110140106)
Backside naoscale texturing to improve IR response of silicon solar cells and photodetectors
The absorption coefficient of silicon for infrared light is very low and most solar cells absorb very little of the infrared light energy in sunlight. Very thick cells of crystalline silicon can be used to increase the absorption of infrared light energy but the cost of thick crystalline cells is prohibitive. The present invention relates to the use of less expensive microcrystalline silicon solar cells and the use of backside texturing with diffusive scattering to give a very large increase in the absorption of infrared light. Backside texturing with diffusive scattering and with a smooth front surface of the solar cell results in multiple internal reflections, light trapping, and a large enhancement of the absorption of infrared solar energy.
This invention is based on U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/285,416, by L. Forbes, filed on 10 Dec. 2009, “Microcrystalline Silicon Solar Cell with Back Side Texturing for Improved Infrared Absorption and Stacked Double Layer Solar Cells,” for which the priority date of 10 Dec. 2009 is claimed.
The present invention relates to silicon solar cells with improved energy conversion efficiency. More specifically, the present invention relates to backside textured silicon solar cells with diffusive backside scattering and reflection of the incident red and infrared light reaching the backside.
Texturing has been used as a technique for light trapping and to improve the efficiency of photodetectors and solar cells due to multiple internal reflections and light trapping. A portion of the known literature describes the use of backside texturing of photodiodes to improve the absorption of near infrared light energy. One of the first descriptions of using this technique in photodetectors was by A. E. St. John in U.S. Pat. No. 3,487,223, “Multiple Internal Reflection Structure in a Silicon Detector which is Obtained by Sandblasting”. Another description was provided by J. E. Cotter, “Optical intensity of light in layers of silicon with rear diffuse reflectors,” Journal of Applied Physics, vol. 84, no. 1, pp. 618-24, 1 Jul. 1998. A more recent description of the same technique on ultra-thin solar cells has been given by O. Berger, D. Inns and A. G. Aberle, “Commercial white paint as back surface reflector for thin-film solar cells,” Solar Energy Materials & Solar Cells, vol. 91, pp. 1215-1221, 2007, hereinafter referred to as Aberle. Aberle disclosed the use of white paint as the backside diffuse reflector. Aberle's initial results show a large increase in the absorption with the white paint as a back surface reflector but only a modest ten or twenty percent increase in the quantum efficiency. Aberle's later results indicate that a twenty to forty percent enhancement in conversion efficiency can be obtained on thin film microcrystalline solar cells by adding more titanium dioxide to the white paint. However, thick layers of the order 80 μm or more of paint are required on thin film solar cells which in themselves are only a few micrometers thick.
A very recent analysis of the enhancement of infrared absorption in solar cells and photo detectors has been disclosed by L. Forbes and M. Y. Louie, “Backside Nanoscale Texturing to Improve IR Response of Silicon Photodetectors and Solar Cells,” Nanotech, vol. 2, pp. 9-12, June 2010. Regularly textured surfaces have been described for solar cells, by A. Arndt, J. F. Allison, J. G. Haynos, and A. Meulenberg, Jr., “Optical properties of the COMSAT non-reflective cell,” 11th IEEE Photovoltaic Spec. Conf., p. 40, 1975. The majority of solar cells use single front side textured surfaces. Front side texturing serves to reduce the reflectivity of the silicon surface due to multiple attempts at transmission through the front surface as has been described by A. Arndt. U.S. Pat. No. 5,589,704 to Levine, “Article Comprising a Si-based Photodetector,” describes the front side texturing of a photodetector by plasma etching. Surface texturing of the illuminated side of solar cells, in the form of a regular, saw-tooth pattern has also been described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,641,362 to Meier, “Structure and Fabrication Process for an Aluminum Alloy Junction Self-aligned Back Contact Silicon Solar Cell”. Further, U.S. Pat. No. 7,582,515, to Choi et al. “Multi-Junction Solar Cells and Methods and Apparatus for Forming Same” discloses a tandem configuration, which is a single piece of semiconducting material. A tandem arrangement as described herein means a single substrate of semiconductor material in which processing has created various layers having individual characteristics of optical, electrical, and/or mechanical properties. U.S. Pat. No. 5,627,081 to Tsuo, et al., describes porous silicon structures on the front side of substrates to reduce reflectance of visible light. U.S. Pat. No. 4,673,770 to Mandelkorn “Glass sealed silicon membrane solar cell” describes a ground and silvered bottom glass cover plate separated from the substrate but not structures etched into or deposited on to the substrate. U.S. Pat. No. 5,080,725 to Green, et al., “Optical properties of solar cells using tilted geometrical features,” describes ridges and pyramids etched into the substrate producing reflections only at specific angles. Matsuyama et al., in U.S. Pat. No. 6,072,117, to Matsuyama et al. “Photovoltaic Device Provided with an Opaque Substrate Having a Specific Irregular Surface Structure”, disclose solar cells CVD deposited upon opaque substrates with linear recesses.
From the foregoing it is apparent that there are conflicting requirements for the absorption of infrared light energy and visible light energy. Front side texturing is desirable to maximize absorption of visible light energy and the backside condition is irrelevant since visible radiation is strongly absorbed and utilized near the front surface. On the other hand, a smooth front side and textured backside is desirable to maximize the utilization of infrared light energy.
Front side textured anti-reflecting layers, or anti-reflecting layers on top of front side texturing are required to maximize absorption of visible light energy, the backside condition is irrelevant since visible radiation is strongly absorbed near the front surface. On the other hand a smooth front side and textured backside is needed to maximize the utilization of infrared light energy. Front side anti-reflecting layers that transmit visible radiation can be used in conjunction with backside diffusive texturing since these front side layers will be reflecting in the infrared.
Accordingly, a semiconductor solar cell or photodetector having improved incident radiation absorption is disclosed, in which a silicon substrate has a substantially planar first surface available to the incident radiation and a layer transparent to visible light and infrared wavelengths is disposed at the first surface. This layer is internally reflective to infrared wavelengths of radiation scattered within the first semiconductor substrate. A textured layer is disposed at a second surface of the silicon substrate, the textured layer being a diffusive radiation scattering layer for infrared wavelengths of radiation, and a reflecting layer disposed on the textured layer and spaced apart from the second surface by the textured layer, whereby infrared wavelengths of radiation are returned through the textured layer toward the first semiconductor substrate.
Another substrate substantially transparent to infrared incident radiation may be stacked with the silicon substrate in a manner leaving a gap between the two substrates, such that a difference between the index of refraction of a substrate and the gap results in infrared wavelength energy internally scattered is reflected back into the latter silicon substrate.
For a fuller understanding of the nature and advantage of the present invention, reference is being made to the following detailed description of preferred embodiments and in connection with the accompanying drawings, in which:
FIG. 1 is an illustration of a solar cell or photodetector cross section in which scattered backside total reflection from a regularly textured backside and backside mirror-like reflector.
FIG. 2 is an illustration of a thin film microcrystalline solar cell.
FIG. 3 is a graph of external quantum efficiency versus incident energy wavelength for a solar cell/photodetector with diffuse back surface reflector or Pigmented Diffuse Reflector (PDR), white paint, and without a diffusive backside reflector.
FIG. 4 is a graph of improvement in the infrared responsivity of a silicon solar cell/photodetector employing backside texturing and a backside mirror-like reflector.
FIG. 5 is a graph of responsivity of a 200 μm thick crystalline solar cell with planar front surface and with different amounts of diffusive scattering at the back surface.
FIG. 6 is a graph of responsivity of a thin microcrystalline solar cell with different amounts of diffusive scattering at the back surface.
FIG. 7 is a cross sectional illustration of a thin film microcrystalline silicon solar cell/photodetector which may employ the present invention.
FIG. 8 is a cross sectional illustration of stacked solar cells/photodetectors for absorption of visible light in the top cell and absorption of infrared light in the bottom cell and which may employ the present invention.
The conflicting requirements for optimal absorption of both infrared and visible light energy are resolved as described in the following disclosure. Various techniques have been previously described for the texturing of silicon solar cells. The present disclosure relates to irregularly textured silicon technology based solar cells and photodetectors by nanometer- and micrometer-sized structures that produce a true diffuse scattering of desirable wavelengths of incident radiation. While silicon is the preferred semiconductor base material, other elemental and compound semiconductors such as Ge, GaAs, CdTe, CuInGaSe, and others exhibiting a photoelectric effect may also benefit from the use of the present invention. Diffuse scattering or diffuse reflection is an important concept and, as used herein (and compatible with a definition available from Wikipedia.org), is intended to mean the scattering or reflection of light from a surface such that an incident ray is reflected at many angles that can be described as arbitrary, rather than at just one precise angle, which is the case of specular reflection. If a surface is completely nonspecular, the reflected light will be evenly scattered over the hemisphere surrounding the surface. Materials can reflect diffusely if their surface is randomly rough on the microscopical scale of the radiation being scattered or reflected.
Solar cells and photodetectors are typically comprised of diodes formed in a semiconducting material. The solar cell/photodiode disclosed herein includes a semiconductor bulk substrate with at least one photoelectric conversion diode layer disposed in the substrate and at least one light anti-reflecting region formed in or optically near the semiconductor substrate surface on which the radiation is initially incident. Such incident radiation is expected to occur at a range of angles relative to the plane of the top surface of the semiconductor substrate, including normal to the top surface, and this radiation is considered to be available to the solar cell/photodiode. The light anti-reflecting region includes an air-substrate index of refraction matching layer and, in some embodiments, light diffusing layer with features configured to increase the effective absorption efficiency and energy conversion efficiency of the solar cell/photodetector. The anti-reflecting features may be cones, pyramids, pillars, protrusions and other like features, and, when such features are used for diffusion, are distributed in a random fashion. It should be noted that any feature that produces the desired diffusive light scattering is one that closely approximates a Lambertian scattering surface at the desired wavelengths of radiation. Lambertian scattering is ideal diffuse scattering providing light distributed over the whole half sphere or solid angle of 2π sterradians. Manipulating the feature sizes, dimensions, etc. allows the light anti-reflecting and light diffusing region to be tunable for a specific wavelength. Varying the material near or deposited upon the anti-reflecting and light diffusing region can also be used to enhance these characteristics.
An embodiment of the solar cell disclosed herein includes a semiconductor bulk substrate with at least one photoelectric conversion diode layer disposed in the substrate and at least one light diffusing region formed in or optically near the semiconductor substrate surface on which the radiation is initially incident. and a reflector behind the light diffusing region. The light diffusing features, as discussed above, are chosen from cones, pyramids, pillars, protrusions and other like features, and combinations thereof. These features also closely approximates a Lambertian light scattering surface.
The light diffusing regions are formed by methods known to those skilled in the art to produce micrometer or smaller features on or within substrates of semiconductor material. These may be formed before, during or after the formation of solar cells/photodetectors and are formed on semiconductor substrates that are considered “thick”, e.g., having a range of thickness between 500 μm and 5 μm, such as may be the result of the sawing process of a semiconductor ingot. Or, are formed on semiconductor substrates that are considered “thin”, e.g., having a range of thickness between 10 μm and 1 μm, such as may be the result of a deposition process yielding microcrystalline silicon or amorphous silicon or both. As employed in the present disclosure, the following terms have the following meanings, compatible with those found at wikipedia.org. Crystalline, or single crystal, silicon is silicon in which the crystal lattice of the entire sample is continuous and unbroken with no grain boundaries. Multicrystalline silicon is a silicon sample in which segments of the silicon are composed of large crystals that may have different orientations with grain boundaries between the crystals. When cut into substrates several different crystals may be visible to the eye. Polycrystalline materials are made of a three dimensional mosaic of small, irregularly shaped crystals. Microcrystalline silicon is a form of silicon having a paracrystalline structure; paracrystalline materials have only short and medium range ordering in their lattice structures over micrometer dimensions. Amorphous silicon has no crystal structure and is disordered, or the atoms are arranged in no particular order.
Traditional solar cells, photodiodes, and photodetectors, designated in FIG. 1, use what is called FSI, or Front Side Illumination technology, where the radiant energy 106 is incident on a planar surface 101 of an absorbing silicon substrate 102. In conventional CMOS imagers employing a photodetector, the substrates 102 are hundreds of micrometers thick but epitaxial or silicon-on-insulator substrates are used to limit the depth of absorption of the incident radiation and CMOS and CCD imagers are sometimes thinned to a few micrometers. Recently solar cells have been fabricated using thin films of microcrystalline silicon. As a result of the thin active film thickness of these devices, the efficiency of the absorption of infrared and long wavelength visible light in thin silicon films has become important.
When the silicon is not strongly absorbing in the near infrared a back side textured surface works in conjunction with a totally internally reflecting front side surface to best increase the absorption of near infrared photons. This results in multiple internal reflections and light trapping.
An embodiment described herein for visible light, infrared, and near infrared, NIR, detectors and imagers and thin film solar cells front side illumination and backside texturing. The backside texturing is particularly designed to provide true diffusive scattering and, in one alternative embodiment has a transparent conductive oxide treated or patterned to produce randomly positioned or otherwise arranged for a scattering property yielding a Lambertian scattering of energy of a selected band of wavelengths and a reflecting layer preferably formed of a metallic material.
Consider now the effect of texturing on the near infrared wavelength response; texturing will also change the absorption in the remaining part of the visible light region but this will not be considered here. A typical semiconductor substrate 102 is shown in cross section in FIG. 1. The back surface 103, i.e., the surface opposite the top surface 101, is coated with a conductive oxide layer 104 that is regularly textured with grooves or ridges or similar patterns to produce an internal reflection that is not specular. In the near infrared the index of refraction of silicon is η=3.42 and the reflectance is about R=30% from a single surface and transmittance through a single surface is T=70% for normal incident waves. The absorption coefficient of silicon is very low in the near infrared. In FIG. 1 radiation under normal incidence, represented by arrow 106, is reflected from the first surface 101, and this is shown as arrow 107. There are successive reflections from both the back, represented by arrows 108 and 110, and internal reflections from the front surface, arrow 111, resulting in a total transmittance, if there is no reflective metal layer 105 disposed on the oxide layer 104, of
Ttot=(TT)(1+R2+R4+ . . . )=(TT)/(1−R2) (1)
This result has been obtained using the sum of a geometric series. If both top and back surfaces are just polished silicon-air then this results in a total transmittance of 54% and a reflectance of 46%.
If the increase in the individual path lengths caused by the diffuse scattering is neglected and if the absorption coefficient is very low then the total effective path length is determined by just the number of reflections, and the total absorption can be shown to be
A=αd(1+R2)(1+R1R2+R12R22+ . . . )=αd(1+R2)/(1−R1R2) (2)
Here, α, is the absorption coefficient in reciprocal cm and, d, is the thickness of the sample in cm, and the effective increase in path length is Enh=(1+R2) (1−R1R2). The internal quantum efficiency, IQE, in the infrared where the absorption in silicon is low is then, IQE=αdEnh. The external quantum efficiency, EQE, is EQE=T1IQE and EQE=T1αdEnh.
If both sides of an infrared photo detector or thin film silicon solar cell are polished then T1=T2=0.70 and R1=R2=0.3 which gives Enh=1.4, IQE=1.4 αd and EQE=αd.
An embodiment that improves the infrared response has the top side 101 polished but the back side 103 textured with an oxide 104 like silicon oxide or transparent conductive oxides 104 like zinc oxide, indium oxide, or tin oxide, and a metal like aluminum or silver or mirror reflector 105 behind. The texturing is realized in a fashion to produce a true diffuse scattering, a Lambertian scattering, at the infrared wavelengths. This diffuse scattering layer/reflecting layer combination, in essence, yields an R2=100%, a diffuse reflector. The reflectance of the polished front side to the scattered light radiation is determined by solid angle considerations. Any incident light with an angle of incidence greater than the critical angle θ, 109, will be totally internal reflected, 111. If the backside scattering is totally diffuse or Lambertian, the transmittance is then determined by the area of the surface, πr2, within the critical angle θ, 109, in this case 17° for silicon and air. The radius of the circle is r=d sin(17), where, d, is the thickness of the sample. This area is divided by the area of the half sphere, 2πd2. If the backside scattering is totally diffuse the transmittance of the front planar surface is then roughly T1=3% and the reflectance R1=97%. The path length enhancement factor can be very large
Enh=(1+R2)/(1−R1R2)=66 (3)
This would result in an IQE=66 αd and an EQE=46, this is consistent with Cotter's estimate defined as, 4η2, where, η, is the optical index of refraction of the semiconductor, then for a backside textured silicon photodetector 4η2=51 in the near infrared where the index of refraction for silicon η=3.42. If the backside is a textured and truly diffusive scattering surface and a mirror like surface is used behind the back side, a very large enhancement of absorption in the near infrared can be achieved.
Aberle has described a related technique for thin solar cells. As an aid to understanding, FIG. 2 reproduces an isometric view of Aberle's thin solar cell 200 with front side and backside electrical contacts 201 and 202, respectively. Aberle used white paint as the backside reflector. Aberle's initial results show a large increase in the absorption by the solar cell with the white paint as a back surface reflector but only a modest ten or twenty percent increase in the quantum efficiency, as shown herein in FIG. 3. These thin films are deposited on a glass plate, 208, covered with silicon nitride, 207. A seed layer, 206, is used to form the microcrystalline absorbing layer, 205. Layer, 204, is a heavily doped junction forming layer and 203 is a back surface reflector. Layer 203 is thick only in Aberle's case, in FIG. 2 it is shown as a thin metal reflector.
As shown in FIG. 3 the quantum efficiency, curve where a pigmented backside reflector, e.g. white paint, is used can be compared to a back surface without the pigmented back side. They indicate that a twenty to forty percent enhancement in conversion efficiency can be obtained on thin film microcrystalline solar cells by adding more titanium dioxide to the white paint. However, thick layers of the order 80 micrometers or more of paint are required on thin film solar cells 200 which in themselves are only a few micrometers thick.
FIG. 4 shows the improvement realized with one embodiment of the present invention on thick silicon samples for a backside textured Lambertian scattering surface in the near infrared. The normal or conventional results for a single pass of a 100 μm thick epitaxial sample curve 401 are compared to backside texturing with total internal reflections at the front side and light trapping in curve 402. “Light trapping” means that the light is confined by internal reflections in the semiconductor layer until it is absorbed. The enhancement factor observed at infrared wavelengths like 1100 nm is at least a factor of twenty. The 100 μm backside textured sample, curve 402, appears like a 700 μm sample with no texturing that is measured also as curve 402. A comparison is being made between the thinner 100 μm sample and a thick 700 μm sample. Multiple internal reflections without texturing but with an ideal metal backside reflector results in an enhancement factor from Eqn. 3 of about three. The 700 μm thick sample with no texturing, curve 402, but a backside metal reflector will then have an apparent of effective thickness of 2000 μm. A 100 μm sample could ideally have an enhancement of over 60 but in the practice this is limited by non-ideal losses so than the actual enhancement is around twenty and both samples have an apparent thickness of 2000 μm. This results in a useful absorption in silicon out to 1100 μm or the indirect bandgap energy of silicon.
If the absorption in the silicon layer is not assumed to be small but rather taken into account it can be shown that the enhancement factor for the internal quantum efficiency due to multiple reflections is modified from Eqn. 3 and becomes
Enh=(1−exp(−αd))(1+R2 exp(−αd))/(1−R1R2 exp(−2αd)) (4)
This allows a calculation of the responsivity, in terms of the electrical current in Amperes per incident light power in Watts, of solar cells of different thickness, d, for different wavelengths, λ, since the absorption coefficient, α(λ), is a function of wavelength. If it is assumed that the backside is an ideal reflector, R2=1.0, and the amount of diffusive scattering of the back surface varies from that of a planar surface then the fraction of light reflected back from the front surface will vary. If the back surface is planar then there is only specular reflection and, R1=0.3, if the back surface is an ideal Lambertian diffusive surface then the fraction of light reflected back from the front surface will be very large, R1=0.97. Several values of R1 are discussed herein for a diffuse reflector, these represent the fraction of light internally reflected back at the front surface. For purposes of the present invention, values of R1≧0.9 are deemed particularly useful. The enhancement in absorption described by Equation 4 then varies with the fraction of light radiation reflected back from the front surface and thickness of the sample.
FIG. 5 compares the responsivity of a thick (d=200 μm) crystalline solar cell as the reflectivity, R1, of the back surface is varied. When both the top surface and the back surface are planar (R1=0.3), the response is indicated by curve 501, only 30% of the light is reflected back from the front surface and the estimated short circuit current for a solar cell of one square centimeter is 33 mA. The effect of varying R1 is shown by the other curves, 502, 503, and 504, for which R1=0.5, R1=0.7 and R1=0.9, respectively. Thus, a Lambertian diffusive reflecting back surface provides the optimum responsivity.
FIG. 6 is a graph of the calculated responsivity of one square centimeter thin film microcrystalline silicon solar cell with a scattering at the back surface and with a reflector. There can be varying values of the amount of light reflected back from the front surface of 30%, 50% and 90%. If R1=0.9, curve 601, then most of the energy in the red and infrared incident radiation is absorbed and a short circuit solar cell current of 25 mA is calculated. Thus, the conversion efficiency approaches that of thick crystalline solar cells that are one hundred times thicker. The other curves, 602 and 603, show the effect of varying R1 to values of 0.7 and 0.5, respectively.
A thin solar cell/photodetector is shown in FIG. 7. This solar cell differs from the one described by Aberle in that a thin textured Lambertian scattering back surface 703 is backed by a thin reflecting surface 709 rather than a thick layer of white paint a many times thicker than the solar cell, up to 80 micrometers thick, as in a Pigmented Diffuse Feflector (PDF) with embedded titanium oxide nanoparticles. The solar cell as disclosed herein is either a crystalline silicon p-i-n diode or a microcrystalline silicon p-i-n diode. The semiconductor junction layer 701 at the back and the semiconductor junction layer 702 at the front are any of conventional implanted or diffused junctions or, for heterojunctions, doped amorphous silicon layers. For optimum infrared and long wavelength red response, the backside is textured with a Lambertian scattering layer 703, the scattering region may be due to a treatment of the silicon material or of the oxide layer, and backed by a reflecting layer 709, while the front side is a reflective planar surface 704. As shown before a very large enhancement can be obtained in the infrared response by the total internal reflection of the incident infrared light, represented by arrow 710, incident on the backside diffuse scattering surface 703 and reflector 709. Thin layers of microcrystalline silicon are used for solar cells and multiple internal reflections used to increase the absorption of infrared and the longer wavelengths of visible red light. Thus, an embodiment is an amorphous silicon, microcrystalline-amorphous silicon thin film n-i-p heterojunction solar cell. The front side 704 has an oxide or transparent conductive oxide layer 705 that is anti-reflecting to visible light, although this anti-reflecting property may be omitted in alternate embodiments, and electrical contacts 706. The backside has an oxide or transparent conductive oxide layer 707 and electrical contacts 708.
An alternative embodiment is to use front side texturing for the semiconducting substrate that provides diffusive scattering to infrared light. This alternative results in increased path lengths and increased absorption for infrared radiation, particularly if the backside of the substrate is reflective or a reflective metal contact. The enhancement of the absorption of infrared light energy will not be as great as it can be with backside diffusive scattering since the number of passes is limited; it is easier for the infrared light reflected from the back to escape out of the textured front than it would be to escape from a planar front side. As a result the average number of passes of infrared light that is not strongly absorbed is estimated to be limited to about three; still, some significant increase in energy conversion efficiency of solar radiation can be achieved since the individual path lengths of scattered light are greater than the thickness of the substrate. As before the textured front side that provides diffusive scattering to infrared light can be covered with a layer of conductive or insulating oxide that is anti-reflecting to visible light. This then also ensures optimum absorption of visible light.
FIG. 8 is a cross section of a stacked pair of solar cells/photodetectors 800, 700 which receive incident electromagnetic radiation, illustrated by arrow 810, at a front surface of cell 800. The band of electromagnetic radiation that encompasses visible light is primarily absorbed, that is, converted to electricity, in cell 800. The band of electromagnetic radiation that encompasses infrared and long wavelength red light is primarily absorbed in cell 700. The maximum benefits of texturing can be achieved by using a structure consisting of the two stacked solar cells, as shown. As used herein the term stacked means two separate solar cells, one mounted atop the other with a gap between them. Consider the arrangement in which a semiconductor solar cell 700, as previously described in relation to FIG. 7, is oriented such that a second semiconductor solar cell 800 is interposed between the cell 700 and the source of incident radiation. Herein, such an arrangement will deem solar cell 800 to be the top cell and solar cell 700 to be the bottom cell. The bottom cell semiconductor junctions at the back, 701, and front, 702, can either be conventional implanted or diffused junctions or doped amorphous silicon layers to form heterojunctions. The top solar cell 800 has a textured front layer 801 that transmits and allows absorption of visible light within top cell 800, and a textured back layer 803. Layer 801 is textured to transmit visible and infrared light and the texture of back layer 803 transmits infrared light. The bottom solar cell 700 has a smooth front layer 704 and textured back layer 703 that scatters infrared light energy. Most infrared light, depicted as arrow 810, just passes through the top solar cell 800 and is not absorbed; the front textured layer 801 and back textured layer 803 in the top solar cell 800 are designed to be an antireflective layers that just transmit infrared light. The bottom solar cell 700 absorbs most of the infrared light energy due to multiple internal reflections and trapping of the infrared light, as described in conjunction with FIG. 7. The planar front surface 704 is internally reflective to infrared light that is scattered and reflected from the backside. The planar front surface 704 has disposed thereon an oxide or transparent conductive oxide 705 that has electrical contacts 706, and has, at the option of the designer, anti-reflecting properties to visible light. The backside of cell 700 has an oxide or transparent conductive oxide layer 707 and electrical contacts 708.
The front side of cell 800 has an oxide or transparent conductive oxide layer 805, that may or may not be anti-reflecting to visible light, disposed on the textured front layer 801 and electrical contacts 806. The backside of cell 800 has an oxide or transparent conductive oxide layer 807 disposed on textured back layer 803 and electrical contacts 808. Each of the electrical contacts makes a very low resistance connection to the silicon and its associated oxide layer, that is, electrical contacts 706 electrically connect to oxide layer 705, electrical contacts 708 electrically connect to oxide layer 707, electrical contacts 806 electrically connect to oxide layer 805, and electrical contacts 808 electrically connect to oxide layer 807. Electrical contact between the two cells 800, 700 is provided by backside contacts 808 and front side contacts 706, respectively. The efficiency of stacked or tandem cells 800 will be about 25% higher than a single cell.
A variation to the embodiment of FIG. 8 employs a stacked configuration of textured amorphous silicon, microcrystalline-amorphous silicon thin film n-i-p heterojunction solar cells. It is to be noted that this configuration is different than the-tandem configuration described in the aforementioned Choi patent. The present stacked configuration has a large discontinuity in the index of refraction between the two cells 800, 700 by virtue of having a space between the cells, which is also useful in enabling electrical connections between the cells; the Choi tandem configuration is all one material and does not have this. This discontinuity in the index of refraction due to the space is responsible for multiple internal reflections in the bottom cell 700.
An alternative embodiment allows the cells to be one continuous piece of material, as in the Choi tandem cell configuration, without a discontinuity in the index of refraction at the center but with a planar front and textured back with reflector. This arrangement also results in total internal reflections and light trapping and has not been disclosed by Choi.
Texturing of the backside layer of photodetectors or solar cells can be accomplished by any one of several well known techniques, where these include the removal of silicon material by chemical etchants, plasma etching, porous silicon etchants, lasing to produce black silicon, anisotropic etches like KOH, texturization by sodium carbonate, masking to produce nanostructures by isotropic etch of the silicon, and masking techniques including nanoimprint masks. Diffusive layers are most easily produced by etches, like porous silicon etches, that produce random features. Porous silicon structures have been described in Tsuo for the front side of substrates to reduce reflectance of visible light. However, such structures have not been described for the backside of substrates to produce diffusive reflectance of red and infrared light. As considered herein, diffuse reflective layers that are added to the backside of photodetectors or solar cells are random features that produce diffusive layers at selected wavelengths for incident electromagnetic energy, where these structures include hemispherical grains of polysilicon, titanium oxide nanoparticles embedded in oxide, Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD) of metals, and hexagonal nanocrystals produced by diffusion of metals like tungsten or tantalum into amorphous silicon. Grains or nanoparticles are random features that produce diffusive layers for incident light. If necessary to increase reflectivity the structures formed are covered with oxide or transparent conductive oxide and a reflective metal layer.
The backside texturing described herein preferably produces diffusive scattering of light, either forward diffusive scattering, reflected diffuse scattering or both. This diffuse scattering is to be distinguished from specular reflection and reflections from regular geometric structures and shapes. Regular geometric structures and shapes like trenches, ridges, saw tooth patterns, or pyramids or etch structures produced by KOH alone will only reflect or scatter light at specific angles with respect to the incident light and is not diffusive. Although Mandelkorn describes a ground and silvered bottom glass cover plate separated from the substrate, Mandelkorn does not describe structures etched into or deposited on to the substrate. Ground structures of regular sizes, such as those taught by Mandelkorn, are not diffusive and because of separation from the substrate the light reflected into the substrate will be refracted towards the normal and not diffusive. The Green patent ridges and pyramids etched into the substrate, but these produce reflections only at specific angles and are not diffusive. The Matsuyama patent discloses solar cells CVD deposited upon opaque substrates with linear recesses, unlike the present solar cells disclosed herein, which have random irregularies of various sizes etched or deposited on planar surfaces. The material at the backside of the cell or deposited on the backside of the solar cell disclosed herein is reflective, not simply opaque. Diffuse scattering produced by random features occurs over a range of angles at the desired band of wavelengths and in the present invention approaches the ideal Lambertian scattering. Ideal reflective Lambetrian scattering provides light distributed over the whole half sphere or a solid angle of 2π sterradians. Herein the use backside texturing provides diffusive reflective light scattering at the backside and planar front side surfaces to provide for total internal reflections at the front side and multiple passes of red and infrared light in silicon solar cells. The front surface preferably has an anti-reflecting layer for visible light, but this layer does not significantly effect the reflectivity of the front surface to infrared light.
Thus, a solar cell/photodetector has been described that provides optimal conversion of visible light and infrared energy to electricity. Backside texturing with diffusive scattering and frontside internal reflection produce a large enhancement of conversion efficiency.
1. A semiconductor solar cell or photodetector having improved incident radiation absorption, comprising:
a first silicon substrate having a substantially planar first surface available to the incident radiation and a second surface;
a layer disposed at said first surface, said layer being transparent to visible light and infrared wavelengths of incident radiation and internally reflective to infrared wavelengths of radiation scattered within said first silicon substrate;
a textured layer disposed at said second surface, said textured layer being a diffusive radiation scattering layer for infrared wavelengths of radiation; and
a reflecting layer disposed at said textured layer and spaced apart from said second surface by said textured layer, whereby infrared wavelengths of radiation are returned through said textured layer toward said first semiconductor substrate.
2. The semiconductor solar cell or photodetector of claim 1 wherein said silicon substrate further comprises single crystalline silicon or multi-crystalline silicon of a range of thickness between 500 micrometers to 5 micrometers.
3. The semiconductor solar cell or photodetector of claim 1 wherein said silicon substrate further comprises deposited microcrystalline silicon of a range of thickness between 10 micrometers to 1 micrometer.
4. The semiconductor solar cell or photodetector of claim 1 wherein said silicon substrate further comprises deposited amorphous silicon of a range of thickness between 10 micrometers to 1 micrometer.
5. The semiconductor solar cell or photodetector of claim 1 wherein said silicon substrate further comprises both deposited microcrystalline silicon and deposited amorphous silicon of a range of thickness between 10 micrometers to 1 micrometer, arranged as one of either (a) an amorphous layer and then a microcrystalline layer and an amorphous layer, or (b) an amorphous microcrystalline layer, and a microcrystalline layer.
6. The semiconductor solar cell or photodetector of claim 1 wherein said reflecting layer further comprises a metallic layer and said textured layer further comprises an oxide substantially transparent to infrared wavelengths of radiation.
7. The semiconductor solar cell or photodetector of claim 1 wherein said reflecting layer further comprises a layer thickness ranging from between 0.05 micrometers and 0.5 micrometers.
8. The semiconductor solar cell or photodetector of claim 1 wherein said textured layer further comprises a layer thickness ranging from between 0.1 micrometers and 10 micrometers.
9. The semiconductor solar cell or photodetector of claim 1 further comprising first and second microcrystalline silicon junction diode materials disposed substantially in planes parallel to said first surface.
10. The semiconductor solar cell or photodetector of claim 1 wherein said layer disposed at said first surface further being anti-reflective to visible light wavelengths of radiation.
11. The semiconductor solar cell or photodetector of claim 1 further comprising:
a second silicon substrate having a substantially planar second substrate first surface available to the incident radiation and a second substrate second surface, said second substrate second surface disposed adjacent said first semiconductor substrate first surface;
a second substrate layer disposed at said second substrate first surface, said second substrate layer being anti-reflective to infrared and visible light wavelengths of incident radiation;
a second substrate second textured layer disposed at said second substrate second surface, said second substrate textured layer being an antireflective layer for infrared wavelengths of radiation.
12. The semiconductor solar cell or photodetector of claim 12 further comprising stacking said second and said first silicon substrates wherein said second substrate second surface and said first semiconductor substrate first surface are separated by a gap that creates a discontinuity of index of refraction at least greater than 1.0.
13. The semiconductor solar cell or photodetector of claim 12 wherein said second silicon substrate comprises second substrate first and second amorphous silicon junction diode materials disposed substantially in planes parallel to said second substrate first surface.
14. The semiconductor solar cell or photodetector of claim 14 further comprising stacking said second and said first substrates wherein said second substrate first and second surface, and first substrate first surface are planar and first substrate first surface and second substrate second surface are not separated by a gap but rather are continuous semiconducting material and the first substrate second surface is textured.
15. A stacked semiconductor solar cell or photodetector having improved incident radiation absorption, comprising:
a second silicon substrate, said second substrate having a first surface available to the incident radiation and a second surface upon which is disposed a conductive infrared transparent layer upon which a first electrical contact is disposed, said second substrate being substantially transparent to infrared wavelengths of the incident radiation;
a first silicon substrate having a substantially planar first substrate first surface disposed opposite said second substrate second surface across a gap and spaced apart from said second substrate second surface by said gap such that a difference between the index of refraction of said first substrate and said gap results in infrared wavelength energy internally scattered toward a first substrate first layer being reflected back into said first substrate; and
said first substrate comprising a first substrate conductive infrared transparent layer disposed on said first substrate first surface, upon which a second electrical contact is disposed and arranged to make electrical connection with said first electrical contact, a first substrate textured layer disposed on said first substrate second surface, said first substrate textured layer being a diffusive radiation scattering layer for infrared wavelengths of radiation, and a first substrate reflective layer disposed on said first substrate textured layer, whereby infrared wavelengths of radiation are returned through said first substrate textured layer toward said first semiconductor substrate.
16. The stacked semiconductor solar cell or photodetector of claim 15, wherein said second substrate further comprises:
a textured first layer disposed at said first surface, said layer being transparent to visible light and infrared wavelengths of incident radiation;
a transparent second layer disposed at said textured first layer;
a textured third layer disposed at said second surface, said textured layer being transparent to infrared wavelengths of incident radiation; and
a transparent fourth layer disposed at said textured third layer.
17. The stacked semiconductor solar cell or photodetector of claim 15, wherein said first substrate further comprises both deposited microcrystalline silicon and deposited amorphous silicon of a range of thickness between 10 micrometers to 1 micrometer, arranged as one of (a) an amorphous layer and then a microcrystalline layer and (b) an amorphous layer, a microcrystalline layer, and another amorphous layer.
18. The stacked semiconductor solar cell or photodetector of claim 15, wherein said first substrate reflecting layer further comprises a metallic layer and said first substrate textured layer further comprises an oxide substantially transparent to infrared wavelengths of radiation.
19. The stacked semiconductor solar cell or photodetector of claim 16, wherein said first substrate reflecting layer further comprises a layer thickness ranging from between 0.05 micrometers and 0.5 micrometers and said first substrate textured layer further comprises a layer thickness ranging from between 0.1 micrometers and 10 micrometers.
20. The stacked semiconductor solar cell or photodetector of claim 15, further comprising stacking said first and said second substrates wherein said first substrate first surface and said second substrate second surface are separated by a gap that creates a discontinuity of index of refraction at least greater than 1.0.
Publication number: 20110140106
Patent Grant number: 8120027
Application Number: 12/927,423
Current U.S. Class: Responsive To Nonelectrical External Signals (e.g., Light) (257/53); With Optical Element (257/432); Non-single Crystal, Or Recrystallized, Semiconductor Material Forms Part Of Active Junction (including Field-induced Active Junction) (257/49); Texturized Surface (epo) (257/E31.13); Optical Element Associated With Device (epo) (257/E31.127); Including Polycrystalline Semiconductor (epo) (257/E31.043); Including Amorphous Semiconductor (epo) (257/E31.047)
International Classification: H01L 31/0236 (20060101); H01L 31/0368 (20060101); H01L 31/0376 (20060101);

value: Justia is an American website specializing in legal information retrieval. It was founded in 2003 by Tim Stanley, formerly of FindLaw, and is one of the largest online databases of legal cases.


text:
Questions and Answers: $799 for One Vampire Facelift at WithInMeMD ($1,950 Value) | Washington DC
- Arlington $799 for One Vampire Facelift at WithInMeMD ($1,950 Value)
Does your practice do the facelift by skin stretching, ie.e., nuip, cut, stretch and tuck.
No, this Groupon is valid for a Vampire Facelift. The face is injected with a combination of hyaluronic acid fillers, such as Restylane and Juvéderm, and the patient's own platelet-rich plasma to foster collagen growth, which in turn leads to a more youthful appearance. Megan G.

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text:
Leo van Doesburg: Disinformation against One of Us reviewed
2. “One of Us” is actually not a European Citizens Initiative but is organized by the Catholic Church COMECE structures and the Orthodox Churches in the East. They are (misusing) their influence
One of the issues we face in debates about medical-ethical issues (like for example the well-known Estrela report on Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights) is that the defenders of liberal SRHRs do not try to attack the arguments but prefer to attack their opponents, labelling them as “religious extremists” or as “the voice of the Catholic church”. In this way they seek to avoid an open and honest debate about the arguments and concerns that are raised. In an open and transparent EU, we should listen to diverse arguments and opinions.
This time, those who oppose the One of Us initiative tried to silence millions of European Citizens who are genuinely concerned about the funding of the embryonic stem cell research and promoting abortion in developing countries.
In addition, it is not true that this is centrally planned and organised by the Catholic and Orthodox Churches. What is true is that many believers and church leaders share their concern and therefore promote the initiative like many other organisations who share these concerns. This has nothing to do with an abuse of power. It is strange that without evidence, 1.9 million people were seen as being manipulated and forced to sign. Again, in the EU democratic debate, transparency should be paramount. The EU should be impartial in its treatment of each ECI.
3. “One of Us” is the latest in the series of recent attacks on gender equality, women’s rights and sexual and reproductive health and rights in Europe
This is an interesting remark. It is true that there was a lot of opposition to the Estrela Report dealing with 'sexual and reproductive health and rights' (SRHR) report in late 2013. This was mainly because it exceeded the competences of the European Union. Furthermore, “One of Us” does not call sexual and reproductive health into question. But considering abortion as a fundamental part of both family planning and reproductive health is very controversial. There is absolutely no consensus within the EU about abortion policies and abortion certainly is not a European right, even less a matter of EU competence.[2]
About the term “Sexual Reproductive Health”: the European Commission itself declared that abortion was not included in the definition of SRH and used the same definition of the term “reproductive health” as it was defined by the United Nations (UN) in 1994 at the Cairo International Conference on Population and Development. [3]“The Union has never adopted an alternative definition of “reproductive health” to that given in the Programme of Action, which makes no reference to abortion” [4] Also, answering an MEP's question: “Does the term ‘reproductive health’ include the promotion of abortion, yes or no?”, the Council Presidency's answer was clearly: “No”[5]
There are no attacks on SRH, but on the redefining of the term. Improvements of maternal care is of crucial importance, especially in developing countries. Often there is no birth attendant, the medical environment is not fully sanitary, emergency facilities are absent or inadequate, doctors are not trained or equipped to handle obstetric emergencies, and basic medical and surgical supplies such as antibiotics and sterile gloves and equipment are scarce or unavailable and most maternal deaths can be prevented with adequate nutrition, basic health care, and good obstetric care throughout pregnancy, at delivery, and postpartum. To reduce maternal mortality we must strive to give women in the developing world access to the same standard of care that has been available to women in the developed world for decades-care that results in a healthy outcome for mother and child[6].
Conclusion: it is not true that the supporters of “One of Us” are against Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights (SRHR). However they do not agree about considering abortion as a means of family planning. In this respect the ideologies of “individual autonomy” and the “protection of life” are clashing. Therefore adding this to the SRHR will always find resistance
4. “One of Us” is imposing their religious beliefs at any cost
It is not true that “religious beliefs” are imposed on others. In this Initiative it is about the protection of life and dignity in this case of the life of the embryo. In the Brüstle judgement, the European Court of Justice has defined the meaning of the term “human embryo”, finding that this term applies to the fertilised ovum as from the moment of conception and that human embryos are endowed with human dignity. It therefore declared that there is no “transitional period” after the moment of conception in which a human embryo is not (yet) a bearer of dignity, and concluded that we can’t benefit from its destruction. This is not based on a religious view, but on the decision of the European Court and the EU should be obliged to ensure consistency in all its policies. [7]
By not respecting this fact, I am wondering who is actually imposing their ideologies in order to destruct life. Individual autonomy should never be at the expense of human dignity.
5. One of Us will be responsible of the death of thousands of women in developing countries
The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that there are 42 million abortions worldwide each year and 20 million of these are clandestine or illegal. According to WHO, unsafe abortions cause about 65,000 to 70,000 maternal deaths each year, 99 percent of which take place in the developing world. Therefore the IPPF claims that “the legalization of abortion and the provision of family planning services dramatically cut abortion-related deaths”. However, this conclusion is contrary to the available evidence.
The lack of modern medicine and quality health care, not the prohibition of abortion results in high maternal mortality rates. Legalized abortions actually leads to more abortions[8]- and in the developing world, where maternal health care is poor, this would increase the number of women who die or are harmed by abortion. Most maternal deaths can be prevented with adequate nutrition, basic health care, and good obstetric care throughout pregnancy, at delivery, and postpartum.
Contrary to the United Nations Population Division (UNDP), there has been no substantial decrease in maternal mortality or child mortality since the 1994 International Conference on Population and Development in Cairo and the 1995 Fourth World Conference on Women in Beijng[9] This is true even though, in that same period, more women have access to legal abortion than ever before.
By contrast the examples of Russia, , Ireland and Poland demonstrate that nations with strong abortion restrictions actually have lower maternal death rates than countries that permit abortion on demand[10]. When Poland finally prohibited most abortions following decades of government-funded abortions on demand, evidence suggests that the total number of abortions (legal and illegal) fell dramatically[11]
Regarding India the report noted: “Despite the liberalization of the abortion law, unsafe abortions have contributed to the high rates of maternal mortality in India (570 maternal deaths per 100,000 births in 1990”[12]
According to estimates from WHO, UNICEF, UNFPA, and the World Bank, the four countries that decreased their Mortal Mortality Rates the most between 1990 and 2008 are Maldives, Romania, Iran and Bhutan[13]. With the exception of Romania, these countries have maintained bans on abortion[14]
One should also question the accuracy and ideological bias of the WHO data. In 2010, the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME), led by former WHO employee Dr. Christopher Murray, published a study in the journal The Lancet refuting the UN’s numbers, showing maternal mortality levels were far below what the WHO had long claimed. Months later, the UN group led by the WHO published its own revised numbers which were closer to the IHME estimates for that year. According to the IHME, maternal mortality has declined steadily but far more gradually than previously thought. Furthermore, improvement began prior to the Millenium Development Goals, and it is not readily apparent that the MDGs accelerated the process. [15]
6. One of Us wants to block scientific research based on their ideology. Science should be neutral.
Science has opened the special world of embryos to us. We know how they look, how they develop, how they change their shapes and more. Scientists are also fascinated by the development of human life. Stem cells especially, could be very interesting for researchers. These simple cells can develop into a complete and healthy human being. Since 2006, Japanese scientists Kazutoshi Takashi and Shinya Yamanaka found a way to program back the body cells of adults to stem cells. These cells are called “Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSC’s). The advantage of these stem cells is that you can obtain them easily and do not require the use of embryos. If scientists succeed, these cells will acquire the same properties as embryonic stem cells.
While the stem cell research was firstly focused on the unethical use of embryonic stem cells (see point 4), with the latest developments we see a whole new move towards adult cells. The Bishops’ conference of the EU praised this method and called it a turning point in stem cell research and the debate around it. Dr. Yamanaka took the ethical objections against embryonic stem cell research seriously. “When I saw the embryo, I suddenly realized there was such a small difference between it and my daughters” he said “I thought, we can’t keep destroying embryos for our research. There must be another way”.
The human embryo is a complete human being at an early stage of development and should be respected as a living human being. From an ethical point of view, you therefore cannot use cells without permission of the donor; and certainly not when it involves the destruction of that person. Adult stem cells are different, as they can be taken from an adult without endangering their life, and therefore there is no moral dilemma. Another objection to embryonic stem cell research is that it has not yielded a single therapeutically use to date. Supporters of the ethically controversial research always argue with great promises, announcing that they will soon be healing Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimers and other diseases, but they have yet to make a single delivery on those promises, while adult stem-cells have yielded many therapeutic uses, including treatment of blood diseases.
We should therefore stimulate (and fund) adult stem cell research. And from a results and ethical point of view the funding of the embryonic stem cell research should be halted.
7. One of Us wants to abolish essential EU support for maternal health care, prenatal and voluntary family planning services.
The One of Us does not propose to cut back funding for development aid. Nor a reduction of funds spent on programmes related to sexual and reproductive health. It does not call for an end of education and information on sexuality or for a cut on maternal health services in the true sense of the word (see also point 3).
It simply states that EU funds, while not being reduced, should not be used for funding abortions. As stated in point 5 above, and 8 below, this will have a marked benefit in terms of reaching the millennium development goals as increased resources are given to true maternal health services.)
8. The “One of Us” campaign is at odds with the EU’s longstanding development aid policy and its international commitment to the Millennium Development Goals (MDG) [16]
The legal basis for funding the Sexual and Reproductive Health programmes in developing countries is the Regulation on aid for policies and actions on reproductive and sexual health and rights in developing countries (2003) which states in article 1 that: “The Community shall provide financial assistance and appropriate expertise with a view to promoting a hoslistic approach to, and the recognition of, reproductive rights as defined in the ICPD programme of Action, including safe motherhood and universal access to a comprehensive range of safe and reliable reproductive and sexual health care and services”[17]. Article 16 “No support should be given under this Regulation to encourage sterilization or abortion, or to improper testing of contraception methods in developing countries”
The ICPD refrained from promoting abortion in the definition of SRH. The only time abortion is mentioned, it is accompanied by strict limitations, explicitly stating that abortion was not a legitimate means of family planning that it should only be available where already legal, and that it should not be a promoted course of action for women. Also the definition specifically requires that any changes related to abortion law “can only be determined at the national or local level according to the national legislative process[18]” In point 3 we already discussed about the term “reproductive health”. The sustained improvement of the health and well-being of the populations of developing countries is one of the major objectives of development. Improving reproductive and sexual health and protecting reproductive and sexual rights are important aspects of this objective. The word “improving”connotes the positive application of the regulation
In 2013 the EU contributed €56.5 billion in overseas development aid, which is over half the global aid given.[i] In the European Council’s conclusions of 19th May 2014 they reemphasised that the implementation of a rights based approach to development should “be based on the universality and indivisibility of human rights and the principles of inclusion and participation in decision-making processes; non-discrimination, equality and equity; transparency and accountability.” The ‘One of us’ initiative would support these themes, asking that those funding and those providing these services also apply adhere to them all. For example, calling manual vacuum aspiration abortions by the euphemism of ‘Menstruation Regulation’[ii] and performing these with EU funding in countries where abortion is illegal, is contrary to transparency, truth and EU development aid policy, and therefore should be defunded.
Everyone is for the reduction of maternal mortality. However, the way to stop mothers dying in childbirth should not be to terminate motherhood while the child is in the womb. True development in the provision of pregnancy education, health clinics, hospitals, midwives, anti-biotic drugs, doctors, etc (but not damaging abortion operations) will achieve the reduction in maternal mortality. A study published in the Lancet indicates that 51% of maternal deaths could be prevented by this type of healthcare provision. [iii]
[1] Information taken from: http://www.oneofus.eu/a-response-to-criticisms-by-ippf/
[2]) In respons to a question posed on March 26, 2007 regarding Latin-American countries and their legislation about abortion, the Commission responded: “The Commission does not assume any positions in favour or against abortion, due to the fact that there is no community legislation in this respect” Reply of the Commission H-0239/07, April 26, 2007 and the Reply of the Council E-4955/06 March 19, 2007 “Concerning the right to abortion, the Council would inform the Honorable Member that the issue of abortion from a legal point of view falls under the competence of the Member States”
[3])Source: http://www.europeandignitywatch.org/fileadmin/user_upload/PDF/Day_to_Day_diverse/Funding_of_Abortion_Through_EU_Development_Aid_full_version.pdf
[4]) See the Commission response to Question H-0729/03 from MEPs Bernd Posselt and H-0794/03 from Dana Scallon 4 December 2003.
[5]) See the Council Response to Questions H-0729/03 and H-0794/03, Question time Dec. 4 2003
[6]) Source : http://www.mccl.org/document.doc?id=252
[7] Source : http://www.oneofus.eu/a-response-to-criticisms-by-ippf
[8]) In the United States, the abortion number skyrocketed from an estimated 90,000 per year to a peak of 1.6 million following total legalization in 1973 based on “An Objective Model for estimating Criminal Abortions and its implications for public policy” in New perspectives on Human Abortion ed. Thomas W. Hilgers, M.D. Dennis J. Horan and David Mall (Frederick, MS: University Publications of America 1981). Stanley Henshaw of the Guttmacher Institute says “In most countries, it is common after abortion is legalized for abortion rates to rise sharply for several years, then stabilize, just as we have seen in the United States” It is plausible to conclude that given a substantial increase in the total number of abortions following legalization, the number (if not the rate) of abortion-related maternal deaths may actually increase, not decrease.
[9]) United Nations, World Mortality Report 2005 (New York, United Nations, 2006), Sales No. E.06.XIII.3
[10]) ibid
[11]) Wm. Robert Johnston: “Data on abortion decrease in Poland, Johnston’s Archive, 26 May 2008
[12]) United Nations, Abortion Policies: A global Review (New York, United Nations, 2002), Sales No. E.02.XIII.18, 56-58)
[13] WHO, et al., Trends in Maternal Mortality: 1990 to 2008 (Geneva: World Health Organization, 2010), 33
[14]) http://www.nrlc.org/uploads/international/MCCLMaternalMort2012.pdf
[15]) Also the IHME reported close to 300,000 maternal deaths in 2013, which marks a 22% decrease since 1990. However, the WHO-led group claims that maternal mortality dropped by 45% in the same time frame. The disputed 1990 estimate – 376,034 maternal deaths according to IHME and 523,000 according to the WHO has important policy implications for the future. More information on: http://c-fam.org/en/issues/global-health/7833-new-guttmacher-chief-doesn-t-let-facts-get-in-the-way-of-advocacy.
[16] This information is taken from the well-documented report of the European Dignity Watch about “the Funding through EU development aid: An analysis of EU’s sexual and reproductive health policy”. This is an important report giving much more information about how the EU tries to implement SRH policies and also the lack of transparency on the financing of projects which are exceeding EU competences. The report can be found at: http://www.europeandignitywatch.org/fileadmin/user_upload/PDF/Day_to_Day_diverse/Funding_of_Abortion_Through_EU_Development_Aid_full_version.pdf
[17] Regulation No 1567/2003 of the European Parliament and of the Council
[18] Report of the International Conference on Population and Development, Cairo, UN, ch. VII, paragraph A, 3 September 1994, Sales No. E.95.XIII.18
[i] http://www.consilium.europa.eu/uedocs/cms_Data/docs/pressdata/EN/foraff/142676.pdf
[ii] http://www.ippf.org/resources/media-press/glossary/m
[iii] http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(14)60792-3/fulltext
Posted by Leo van Doesburg at 11:35 AM

value: Blogger is an American online content management system (CMS) which enables multi-user blogs with time-stamped entries. Pyra Labs developed it before being acquired by Google in 2003.


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welcome to clemsdebest blog: HAJJ: Muslim Pilgrims Duped, Abandoned At Lagos International Airport?
HAJJ: Muslim Pilgrims Duped, Abandoned At Lagos International Airport?
No fewer than 150 intending pilgrims to this year’s hajj in Mecca, Saudi Arabia were left stranded at the international wing of the Murtala Muhammed Airport in Lagos following their inability to show evidence of having secured a travel visa for the journey to the Holy Land.
It was gathered that the pilgrims, mostly from Ogun, Osun and Oyo states had been defrauded by a travel agent hired to secure travel visa, airfares and accommodation for them while in Saudi Arabia.
The pilgrims were expected to travel to Mecca last Friday with Qatar Airways, but the trip was truncated following the failure of the travel agent to show up with their passports and travel visas.
The agent (name withheld) was believed to have raked in about N142.5million from the 150 pilgrims as each of them was said to have paid N950, 000 for visa processing, airfares and other logistics charges.
When Daily Sun visited the airport, it was a pitiable sight as the intending pilgrims had converted the departure hall of the international airport into their sleeping apartment.
It was gathered that Jeddah Airport in Saudi Arabia would officially close today, which means if they failed to travel yesterday night or early today, their dreams of participating in the 2013 hajj exercise to Mecca would have been defeated.
One of the pilgrims, Mr. Abdulwasiu Adeyemi from Abeokuta in Ogun State, who spoke to journalists, said they arrived at the airport as early as 7am last Friday, but were yet to travel for the hajj in Mecca.
Adeyemi said each of them paid the agent N950,000 for the visa, air ticket and accommodation, but lamented that as at last Friday, some of them could not lay hands on international passports containing their visa as the agent failed to show up.
He said the passport was only given to him and some others yesterday and that they were asked to pay additional N280,000 for a return flight ticket for the exercise.
“I’ve never had any business deal with this company (the travel agent). He told us to be at the airport as early as 10am last Friday for our flight with Qatar Airways and we complied, but unfortunately, our passport and visas were not given to us by the agent as he claimed that they were not ready then.”
Another affected pilgrim, Alhaja Muibat Arogunjo, lamented that the agent had turned her pilgrimage into a thing of sorrow .
Arogunjo said she had spent all the money in her savings for the exercise and could no longer cough out more funds for a new ticket. But a representative of the agent at the Lagos airport, who declined to mention his name, told journalists that the pilgrims were not defrauded by the company.
“It is the delay in the return of their visas by the Saudi Arabian Embassy in Nigeria that led to the inability of the pilgrims to travel at the agreed date,” said the official.
Posted by Eneji Clement at 5:44 AM


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Monty's Caravan: Painting cheek by jowl... Gladiators
Edwin King July 13, 2015 9:51 pm
Excellent work! And what a joy for you to work with Viktoria!
Stefan (aka. Monty) July 14, 2015 11:17 am
Martin Cooke July 13, 2015 10:59 pm
Truly excellent. She is a natural and i sense much father daughter bonding in the future
Stefan (aka. Monty) July 14, 2015 11:22 am
I truly hope so. But only God know how her interest will turn during the next years...
Paul O'G July 13, 2015 11:12 pm
Great stuff - congratulations Gamer Dad!
Stefan (aka. Monty) July 14, 2015 11:23 am
DAVE DOCHERTY July 13, 2015 11:57 pm
Sounds like a great family time was had , well done Dad
Yes, it was. Hopefully some more sessions to come...
Michael Awdry July 14, 2015 12:00 am
How delightful and a fair talent too; well done Viktoria!
Stefan (aka. Monty) July 14, 2015 11:26 am
In case that she stays with that hobby she'll outstrip me before she starts driving... ;-)
Johnny Rosbif July 14, 2015 5:26 am
What a proud papa. You say she's not even 5 yet? Wow! She has a steady hand!
Stefan (aka. Monty) July 14, 2015 11:29 am
Yes, she turn five next month.
There are a couple of spots she didn't reach or she painted over but far less than I would have expected. But I think tiny things ar those armour straps and difficult things like highlighting the skin will be my part...
maximex July 14, 2015 10:39 am
Viktoria, father helper, is very endearing and cheerful, perhaps yet a little shy, but public appears, is some first times, little confusing...
Stefan (aka. Monty) July 14, 2015 11:32 am
We'll see how she and her hobbies will develop. In case that her interest in minitures endures you'll see some more of her work sooner or later. ;-)
Hobbyworker July 14, 2015 12:26 pm
cool gladiators stefan!
Stefan (aka. Monty) July 15, 2015 9:39 pm
carojon July 15, 2015 4:38 pm
You might be surprised how this may end up. I started painting with both my boys at about the same age and now they are in their early twenties, they both can wield a brush and enjoy all aspects of the hobby. Well done Viktoria, a super job.
Stefan (aka. Monty) July 15, 2015 9:42 pm
Many thanks for your encouragement. I'd love to keep sharing some hobby time with her.
Michael Mills July 16, 2015 12:42 am
Great stuff Stefan! Wonderful to see you enjoying your hobby with the family. Viktoria looks to be a talented lass as well!


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value: Freelance (sometimes spelled free-lance or free lance), freelancer, or freelance worker, are terms commonly used for a person who is self-employed and not necessarily committed to a particular employer long-term. Freelance workers are sometimes represented by a company or a temporary agency that resells freelance labor to clients; others work independently or use professional associations or websites to get work.


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Blessings in Baltimore: West Virginia Born, Heaven Bound!
West Virginia Born, Heaven Bound!
By the way. For those of you that looked up the scripture reference from last week’s email/post she sent (before I fixed it last night). She meant to say 1 Nephi 3:7. OOPS!
Also, if you have a few minutes and are willing, she would really like letters or emails from people other than mom and sisters.
Thanks for your support and prayers in Terilyn's behalf!!
From: Terilyn Humphrey
Sent: Monday, September 28, 2015 10:23 AM
Subject: West Virginia Born, Heaven Bound!
More miracles in West Virginia! We reached our goal of 100 street contacts again this week! The Lord is providing! Unfortunately, we haven't had any of our investigators progress towards baptism, but Sister Bench and I are working hard at teaching doctrine and trusting the Lord! He will provide! We had a really cool experience this last week when we invited someone we street contacted to be baptized! He said yes and now the elders have a new investigator! That just goes to show how much the Lord prepares the people we meet. He's setting up appointments for us and we always have to listen to the Spirit in order to make those appointments.
Monday we had an awesome FHE lesson with a member in the ward. The mom is one of my favorite people ever. I just love her. She just had another baby girl and she was holding her during the lesson, and her other little girl decided to take her baby sisters new white socks and flush them down the toilet... Ha, don't you love sibling rivalry? Starting young.
Tuesday we had our last District Meeting with our district before certain missionaries were transferred. We had lots of fun and Sister Bench gave an AWESOME instruction on Obedience. Oh, and tomorrow we have Zone Training and Sister Bench and I have been asked to give the instruction! So, that'll be terrifying, but super fun. I'll tell you how that went next week.
So, not-so-funny story. Our car tire had a leak in it and we were basically commanded not to drive on it until we could get the spare on and then we had to drive 45 minutes on the spare tire to get the other one replaced. I know how to change a car tire, but Sister Bench felt more comfortable letting the elders do it, so we called them and luckily one of them was a mechanic before his mission because Sister Bench forgot to put the parking brake on and we were on a hill and our entire car dropped down when the tire got pulled off and slid about a foot on the pavement... Opps! It almost took off Elder Rodriguez's hand, but he's okay! The brake plates were bent and it was basically the most terrifying drive to Martinsburg that I'd ever had, BUT the Lord keeps his missionaries safe! The car is now fine and we had many members in the ward who were willing to drive us places, including my favorite family who took us out to ice cream after our really long day... love them!
Also, I was studying and read a quote about gaining strength in our trails. Elder Joseph B. Wirthlin said, "The struggle to break out of the cocoon develops the butterfly so it can fly. Without that adversity, the butterfly would never have the strength to achieve its destiny. It would never develop the strength to become something extraordinary." How cool is that!? God gives us trails to strengthen us so we can become something EXTRAORDINARY! Do you want to be extraordinary? I want to be extraordinary. That put so many things into perspective. The trials I've had are just strengthening and that's how Heavenly Father is going to help me become who He knows I can be. Isn't that awesome!? I know trials stink. Don't think I don't know that. But I do know that my track record for getting through hard days is 100% so far (yes, I stole that from a quote), and I think that's pretty good!
SO, we got another Mini-missionary! This time for two weeks! Sister Cline is actually from our next door ward, the Charlestown ward, and she's loving it! We are always laughing. Let's just say, street contacting has gotten a lot funnier with her around. She's still getting used to the fact that being awkward is a 24/7 job as a missionary; ha-ha. Fun.
So, I found my favorite Book of Mormon scripture (so far)! Alma 24:13-15. Look it up. It's awesome. I love the Book of Mormon! It's so true :)
Miracle!!! Our Recent Convert's husband is now on date to be baptized! We've been teaching him as well as the elders in Charlestown (because they technically live there even though our recent convert attends the Harpers Ferry ward). So, he's not technically our investigator, but I've been teaching him since I got into the mission field and it's SO EXCITING! He's on date! I'm so excited for him, I just can't stop smiling! :)
General Women's conference was also this last Saturday. If you didn't get a chance to go watch it, do it now! SO cool. I love it. I took so many notes, but I'm going to wait to share them with you until next week when I get to talk about ALL of general conference! Are you excited! I am! I want to challenge ALL OF YOU to watch all four (five sessions for the priesthood holders) of general conference Saturday and Sunday. You will receive answers to prayers and the Spirit will touch your heart. Heavenly Father is reaching out to you and this is an amazing opportunity you will have to hear what He has to say. Listen. Write it down. Recognize God's hands in your life. I promise you He's there, whether you believe it or not.
I want to leave you with a quote from a less-active member I met with this week. He said, "If you feel guilty, you have faith." We don't always feel worthy to receive help from our Father in Heaven. Sometimes we decide not to believe in Him. Sometimes life is just too hard to handle some things. That's how it is. But, those feelings we have, they only come when we know that we can be better. That's the Spirit telling us that we can repent. We don't have to live with all those feelings. That's just the truth. I encourage you all to have a conversation with your Father in Heaven. Reach out to Him and you'll see that He's been reaching out to you all along. I love you all SO much! I hope you have a fantastic week and I hope to hear from you all soon! Love you!
P.s. That last picture is of a blood moon/eclipse we had last night! So cool!
Posted by Terilyn at 10:49 PM


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Bo San Bo: This is Science
My current office is in a building beside a lake. A system of trails, paved and unpaved, leads around the lake on both sides. Every day at lunch time, I eat for about 15 minutes* and then set off from our parking lot, on to those trails, for the rest of my hour. I've walked from the winter into the spring since I started working here, on sunny days and rainy ones, in the wind and the warmth. I get to pick from about four branches of trails, and I try to go down each at least once a week.
When I walk, I look around. I look up into the tree canopy and at the sky, and I look down at the sides of the path and into ditches. I see squirrels, birds, moths, butterflies, and lizards. I don't listen to music while I walk, nor do I take phone calls or texts. I listen to the world around me and the people that pass by. I listen to the scolding mockingbirds and the whirring of bike tires.
Sometimes, I see plants or animals that I don't recognize. If I'm curious about them, I'll try to take a quick photo (the moment a cell phone is allowed on my walk) and look them up when I get back to my office. I don't always do this, though; sometimes I just let the strange flower or unknown butterfly linger in my brain, and look for it again on the next walk.
It did, abruptly, over a weekend. In just two days of absence from my walking paths, everything changed. On that Monday that I will always think of as the real start of spring, I saw butterflies for the first time -- the black and iridescent blue of the Red-Spotted Purple, who loves to feast on oaks as a caterpillar, and who flits charmingly to animal droppings as an adult. I saw squirrels chase each other on looping routes up trees, chattering away. Ducks and geese were honking their loud calls of anger and lust (who can tell the difference with geese?), and frogs were piping away in the little ponds beside the road.
Only a week after the animal outpouring, the plants followed suit. Dutchman's Pipe cast its lime green tendrils over last year's dead brush, and the tender leaves of Liliaceae pushed through the dry, scrubby grass on banks. A few brief rains came and went, and suddenly catkins were out here and there, like little Christmas bulbs. Wild onions and mustard bloomed, the deli in the wilderness, and new grass started replacing old, tired blades.
To walk in the world, to revisit the same ideas and routes over and over, until they are familiar enough that minute changes leap easily to our eyes. Science treads the same steps until they are predictable, routine, and then introduces one new element -- to witness the change and absorb the repercussions.
Science isn't dry, or boring, or removed from the world at hand. It doesn't exist only in a lab, and you certainly don't need a degree to do it. Some science looks stodgy, but that doesn't make the fun science any less real.
Science is alive, vibrant, and exciting. It happens when you cook, when you train your dog, when we meet, and all that we do. It is merely the act of observing a situation, thinking about the elements that make it up, and perhaps seeing those things play out, over and over, until a pattern becomes clear. There is power in that pattern, the power to predict and effect change.
I do science by walking around. Everyone can. We just need to clear away the distractions and not worry about being "bored," because there is plenty happening around us to keep our minds occupied.
Labels: animals, bicycles, change, nature, patterns, science, walking


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McKinley Creekside Cabins (Alaska/Denali National Park and Preserve) - Campground Reviews - TripAdvisor
McKinley Creekside Cabins Campground Reviews, Alaska/Denali National Park and Preserve
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frogmelbourneMelbourneLevel Contributor99 reviews40 hotel reviews28 helpful votes “Would try a cabin next time..”Reviewed 30 October 2016 Booked a room in the two story lodge ... Overlooked (partially) the river which was nice and had a little deck, but had to lug the bags up quite a few stairs. Would try to get in a cabin next time ( the ones we wanted were fully booked) as they looked lovely with deck chairs sitting out on the...More ReportHelpful?Thank frogmelbourne ErikaRFBSão Paulo, SPLevel Contributor44 reviews10 hotel reviews25 helpful votes “Better than expected ”Reviewed 28 September 2016 via mobileFour of us (2 adults + 2 children) stay in their chalet for 2 nights and it was much more than expected. The chalet was cosy, clean and could acomodate 6 people. Great kitchen, coffee, sugar and a coffee machine provided.
The cafe on the same property serves one of the best meals in town. On...More ReportHelpful?2Thank ErikaRFB GarnySydney, AustraliaLevel Contributor25 reviews13 hotel reviews13 helpful votes “A must stay near Denali”Reviewed 28 September 2016 Stayed only one night before heading off to Denali Wilderness Park. The cabin was very roomy and the bed was very comfortable. The big surprise was the quality of the food in the café. To this day it was the best tasting salmon we had together with the guinness beef pie. All home made and all very very delicious. Followed...More ReportHelpful?1Thank Garny JunebugTexasTexasLevel Contributor17 reviews8 hotel reviews5 helpful votes “Loved the cabins and the staff”Reviewed 26 September 2016 The McKinley Creekside Cabin was the perfect place from which to visit Denali National Park. Our cabin was right beside the creek and had a small porch with a table and chairs. We also enjoyed eating at their café -- good food and reasonable prices. The staff was helpful with suggestions and very positive. We were only a few miles...More ReportHelpful?Thank JunebugTexas CaliforniaHybridcaliforniaLevel Contributor4 reviews3 hotel reviews2 helpful votes “The people running this property were very nice, but the cabins could use some maintenance.”Reviewed 22 September 2016 We stayed there the last night they were open for business, everything between Takeetna and Fairbanks shuts down for the winter around the second week of September. That means lodging, food, even Subway, and shops. The only thing open in Denali after that are the gas stations and the one lodge operated by Princess cruises. The cabins are very bare...More ReportHelpful?Thank CaliforniaHybrid PomerolsWeston, FloridaLevel Contributor771 reviews60 hotel reviews214 helpful votes “Rustic but comfortable”Reviewed 20 September 2016 via mobileWe stayed 2 nights at the McKinley Creekside Cabins. The cabin had 2 beds, a little bathroom and a cute little deck. The area around it was full of pretty flowers and we had a swing almost outside our door. The cabin itself was rustic but had all the modern conveniences as well as a terrific heating system. The parking...More ReportHelpful?Thank Pomerols Belgin LTorrance, CaliforniaLevel Contributor40 reviews10 hotel reviews9 helpful votes “Great and clean!”Reviewed 16 September 2016 via mobileWe stayed for 3 nights and it as fine! Wish they would have woken us up for the Aurora-- we missed it on a very clear night! Clean and comfy! Good food at their restaurant too! The Thai food truck down the street had amazing food! We did the private bus tour thru Alaska Denali Travel and Linda was a...More ReportHelpful?Thank Belgin L LakegirlindianapolisIndianapolis, IndianaLevel Contributor85 reviews9 hotel reviews34 helpful votes “Amazing ,clean, updated, rustic place to stay!”Reviewed 15 September 2016 My husband and I and our 4 kids enjoyed 2 fabulous nights here. We had one of the larger rooms with the 3 queen beds. The 3rd bed wasn't as nice (and maybe not a full size queen mattress) as the other 2 but our younger two slept there and they were fine. The mattress for all were nice and...More ReportHelpful?Thank Lakegirlindianapolis Laurel HPhoenixLevel Contributor5 reviews“Charming Cabin and Great Food”Reviewed 14 September 2016 Charming cabins away for all the craziness right outside the park. It's an easy drive to the park. The staff at McKinley Cabins was friendly and happy. The on-site restaurant has excellent meals and baked goods. The packed lunch we got from them was perfect. We sat by the river in the evening, so beautiful. We loved it here and...More ReportHelpful?Thank Laurel H cischroedIowaLevel Contributor9 reviews5 hotel reviews2 helpful votes “A great place to stay and eat”Reviewed 13 September 2016 We stayed in one of the king rooms - not a cabin. I booked about 4 months out and all of the Creekside cabins were already booked so book early! The room was very comfortable with a kind bed, small table with 2 chairs, dresser, side chair as well as a microwave, fridge and coffee pot. The staff was very...More ReportHelpful?Thank cischroed Previous
Updating list... Explore similar hotels Grande Denali Lodge703 ReviewsShow Prices 12.4 miles Denali Backcountry Lodge283 ReviewsShow Prices 66.9 miles McKinley Chalet Resort970 ReviewsShow Prices 13.0 miles See all Denali National Park and Preserve hotels Browse nearby
£151 - £312 (Based on Average Rates for a Standard Room)
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McKinley Creekside Cabins Alaska/Denali National Park And Preserve

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