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Patent US6323823 - Base station clustered adaptive antenna array - Google PatentsSearch Images Maps Play YouTube News Gmail Drive More »Sign inPatentsA base station clustered adaptive antenna array includes a plurality of clusters of antenna elements. Each cluster is spaced away from an adjacent cluster by a first predetermined spacing related to receive-mode beamforming and includes a plurality of transmit-receive antenna elements. Each element within...http://www.google.com/patents/US6323823?utm_source=gb-gplus-sharePatent US6323823 - Base station clustered adaptive antenna arrayAdvanced Patent SearchTry the new Google Patents, with machine-classified Google Scholar results, and Japanese and South Korean patents.Publication numberUS6323823 B1Publication typeGrantApplication numberUS 09/618,088Publication dateNov 27, 2001Filing dateJul 17, 2000Priority dateJul 17, 2000Fee statusPaidAlso published asWO2002007259A2, WO2002007259A3Publication number09618088, 618088, US 6323823 B1, US 6323823B1, US-B1-6323823, US6323823 B1, US6323823B1InventorsPiu Bill Wong, Shimon B. ScherzerOriginal AssigneeMetawave Communications CorporationExport CitationBiBTeX, EndNote, RefManPatent Citations (5), Referenced by (39), Classifications (12), Legal Events (6) External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, EspacenetBase station clustered adaptive antenna array
US 6323823 B1Abstract
A base station clustered adaptive antenna array includes a plurality of clusters of antenna elements. Each cluster is spaced away from an adjacent cluster by a first predetermined spacing related to receive-mode beamforming and includes a plurality of transmit-receive antenna elements. Each element within the cluster is spaced away from an adjacent element by a second predetermined spacing related to transmit-mode beamforming. In order to reduce the visual impact of the antenna array, each cluster is included within a single exterior housing or radome. A medial receive-only antenna element may be provided between adjacent clusters to enhance beamforming for reverse link reception.
What is claimed is: 1. A base station clustered adaptive antenna array comprising:
a plurality of clusters of antenna elements, wherein each cluster of the plurality is separated from an adjacent cluster of the plurality of clusters by a first predetermined spacing related to receive-mode beamforming, and wherein each cluster comprises a plurality of transmit-receive antenna elements, each transmit-receive antenna element spaced away from an adjacent element of the plurality of elements by a second predetermined spacing related to transmit-mode beamforming, the second predetermined spacing being less than the first predetermined spacing. 2. The clustered adaptive antenna array set forth in claim 1, wherein the first predetermined spacing is approximately ten wavelengths of a receive operating frequency range.
3. The clustered adaptive antenna array set forth in claim 1, wherein the second predetermined spacing is in a range approximately between one-half wavelength and one wavelength of a transmit operating frequency range.
4. The clustered adaptive antenna array set forth in claim 1, wherein each cluster is contained within a single radome.
5. The clustered adaptive antenna array set forth in claim 1, wherein each plurality of transmit-receive elements comprises at least four antenna elements.
6. The clustered adaptive antenna array set forth in claim 1, wherein the array is mounted to an antenna support structure having horizontal sides with a side length dimension approximately equal to the first predetermined spacing.
7. The clustered adaptive antenna array set forth in claim 6, wherein the antenna support structure is generally triangular, and wherein the antenna array comprises three clusters.
8. The clustered adaptive antenna array set forth in claim 7, wherein each cluster is mounted at a corner region of the generally triangular support structure.
9. The clustered adaptive antenna array set forth in claim 1, further comprising at least one receive antenna pod mounted between an adjacent pair of the plurality of clusters of antenna elements.
10. The clustered adaptive antenna array set forth in claim 8, further comprising three medial receive antenna pods, each said receive antenna pod being mounted to the generally triangular support structure medially between adjacent ones of the clusters of antenna elements and generally within a horizontal plane including the clusters.
11. An adaptive beam-forming receive-transmit antenna array mounted on a support tower, comprising:
a plurality of clusters, each cluster having a plurality of receive-transmit antenna elements, each antenna element separated by approximately one half wavelength to one wavelength of a transmit operating frequency range, wherein each cluster is separated from an adjacent cluster of the plurality of clusters by approximately ten wavelengths of a receive operating frequency range. 12. The adaptive beam-forming receive-transmit antenna array set forth in claim 11, wherein the antenna array comprises three clusters.
13. The adaptive beam-forming receive-transmit antenna array set forth in claim 12, further comprising three antenna pods mounted one each to a support structure between an adjacent pair of the plurality of clusters of antenna elements of the three clusters, each pod including a single receive antenna element.
14. The adaptive beam-forming receive-transmit antenna array set forth in claim 13, wherein the three receive-only antenna pods are adjustable along the support structure in order to obtain a desired spacing between the adjacent pairs of the three clusters of antenna elements.
15. The adaptive beam-forming receive-transmit antenna array set forth in claim 13, wherein a receive function of a receive-transmit antenna element of a cluster is provided by a single receive antenna element of an adjacent antenna pod.
16. The adaptive beam-forming receive-transmit antenna array set forth in claim 11, wherein each cluster comprises four antenna elements.
17. The adaptive beam-forming receive-transmit antenna array set forth in claim 16, wherein each antenna element is positionally adjustable relative to an adjacent antenna element in order to establish the element spacing.
18. The adaptive beam-forming receive-transmit antenna array set forth in claim 11, wherein each cluster is positionally adjustable relative to a center of the support tower to establish the cluster spacing.
19. The adaptive beam-forming receive-transmit antenna array set forth in claim 11, further comprising at least one receive antenna pod mounted to a support structure between an adjacent pair of the plurality of clusters of antenna elements, each of the at least one receive antenna pods comprising a single receive-only antenna element.
20. The adaptive beam-forming receive-transmit antenna array set forth in claim 19, wherein the at least one receive antenna pod is adjustable along the support structure in order to obtain a desired spacing between the adjacent pair of the plurality of clusters of antenna elements.
The present invention relates to wireless information communications systems. More particularly, the present invention relates to an adaptive antenna array of a base station formed as a plurality of spaced apart clusters of antenna elements lying generally within a common horizontal plane.
Wireless data and voice communications services are proliferating throughout the world. One popular service is the so-called “cellular” telephone service. In cellular telephone service, service areas are divided up into “cells”, where each cell covers a specific geographical area and services mobile units located in, or passing through, the service area. Typically, radio frequencies are used in the ultra high frequency spectrum, and more typically in the 800 MHz or higher frequency range. The nature of radio wave propagation at these relatively short wavelengths limits the maximum effective distance between the mobile and the base, frequently to several miles. This propagation limit enables reuse of the same frequencies or bands within non-adjacent cells of the cellular network. Since the service range of each base station is limited to a radius of e.g. several miles, it is necessary to provide a number of base stations within a service area in order to provide effective wireless service throughout the area.
One known way to increase the number of mobile stations that may be served within a cell is to divide the cell into sectors, such as three sectors, spaced apart by 120° about the compass rose. In such an arrangement, each sector is provided with its own 120°-wide transmit beam from the base station.
Further increase in the number of mobile stations that may be simultaneously served within a cell or sector is to employ base station antenna arrays having plural elements. Embedding adaptive antenna array technology into the existing cellular telephone infrastructure potentially provides very significant capacity increases. This technology offers the ability to eliminate same cell interference for mobile stations being served simultaneously. It offers the prospect of a reduction of inter-cell interference. It also increases the signal-to-noise ratio of a particular mobile station being served and therefore enables an increase in user data rate. These benefits and advantages result in either higher data throughputs, or the ability to service more mobile stations simultaneously, within a given cell or service infrastructure. With spatially separated elements, beamforming becomes practical for both transmit and receive modes. Focusing radiant energy in the direction of a mobile station reduces the amount of overall power needed to be generated by the base station in order to maintain a given service quality. Antenna array technology can be used to focus power coming from the mobile station to the base station via a reverse link or an uplink, as well as from the base station to the mobile station via a forward link or downlink.
Usually, during transmit mode, a wide transmit beam is desired so that the transmit beam, and its associated pilot, reaches all of the mobiles within the service area or sector, since the base station does not initially know where any particular mobile would be within that area. In transmit mode, relatively wide transmit beams may be formed by using phased antenna elements of an array wherein the elements are spaced relatively closely apart, with spacing between adjacent elements being on the order of between one half and one wavelength at the transmit frequencies. At the cellular frequency bands in the range of 800 MHz, one wavelength equals 0.375 meters, or 14.775 inches, with one half wavelength being half of these linear values. After a particular mobile station is located within the service area of the base station, narrower transmit beams may be employed to divide and concentrate limited base station power among all of the mobile stations being served simultaneously.
In base station receive mode, very narrow beams are highly desirable in order to provide multiple beam diversities and concentrate the signal energy from a particular one of the mobiles operating within a particular one of the available service channels and to exclude or reduce signal energies from other mobiles within the same service area using other ones of the available service channels. Beamforming narrow beams in receive mode requires that the phased receive antenna elements be placed relatively farther apart than the transmit elements. Phased adjacent receive elements are most preferably placed apart by approximately three wavelengths. At 800 MHz, three wavelengths equals 1.125 meters or 44.325 inches. From these desirable spacings, it becomes immediately apparent that base station receive mode antenna arrays may become relatively quite large and visually noticeable at the base station locations within the neighborhoods of the various cellular communications service areas. Since the highest service requirements occur in the most highly populated areas, large base station antenna arrays become the subject of observation and complaint by a relatively large part of the population as a whole. One popular misconception held by some members of the public at large is that the larger the antenna array, the greater will be the exposure level to electromagnetic radiation at the vicinity of the array. Also, members of the public may object to what is perceived to be a negative visual impact or blight upon the environment of a particular neighborhood presented by large antenna arrays providing wireless communications services.
For example, FIG. 1 shows a conventional three-sector cellular antenna array 10 mounted at desired elevation above ambient terrain upon a triangular support tower 12. A triangular support tower is frequently employed in wireless communications because it provides considerable strength with minimal material and takes advantage of the inherent strength of three-leg, triangle geometry in the horizontal plane and triangle bracing in the vertical planes of each tower face. The antenna array 10 is designed to serve three service sectors 14, 16 and 18. For sector 14, a transmit-receive element 20 is located at one corner of the tower 12, and a receive-only element 22 is located at another corner of the tower 12 at a spacing selected to enable effective diversity reception. The antenna elements 20 and 22 are enclosed and protected from the weather by radomes 24, typically formed of radio-wave-transparent material such as molded fiberglass or plastic.
The transmit-receive element 20 is adapted to broadcast a service beam throughout the sector 14, and the element 20 may also be simultaneously used to receive at a different frequency or band with the inclusion of conventionally available duplexer filter technology, or may be used in a time division multiplex arrangement, with one time increment operating in transmit mode and a next time increment operating in receive mode. The receive mode element 22 provides spatial diversity reception for signals arising within the service sector 14. Similarly, the service sector 16 includes transmit-receive element 26 and receive-only element 28, and the service sector 18 includes transmit-receive element 30 and receive-only element 32. While the arrangement of antenna array 10 in FIG. 1 enables some beamforming, very narrow receive-mode beams with additional array gains of about 5 dB with respect to a single antenna element are not achievable with only two spatially diverse receive antenna elements.
Narrow beamforming creating very narrow beams with high antenna array gains at the base station for both receive and transmit modes typically requires more antenna elements. FIG. 2A presents a more recently proposed antenna array for wireless cellular communications service which employs a relatively large multi-element receive antenna array 50 and a relatively small multi-element transmit antenna array 52. While FIG. 2A shows the transmit array 52 to the side of the receive array 50, the transmit array 52 may also be mounted concentrically with the receive array 50 on a tower, provided that a different elevation is used to prevent the transmit array 52 from being blocked by the receive array 50.
The receive array 50 includes e.g. 16 separate receive elements 54, 56, 58, 60, 62, 64, 66, 68, 70, 72, 74, 76, 78, 80, 82, and 84 disposed along a circular locus formed by a support ring 85. The spacing between adjacent elements of the receive array 50 is preferably on the order of three wavelengths (3λ). Each element 54-84 is provided with its own radome 86. As shown in the rectangular coordinate graph of FIG. 2B, the receive array 50 is capable of forming a relatively very narrow receive beam 88 in a particular direction within the service area relative to the array 50 with nearest adjacent side lobes 89 separated in phase from the beam 88 by approximately 22°. The receive array antenna beam pattern shown directed to 180° shown in FIG. 2B is a typical beam pattern that can be formed using the receive array 50. The rectangular coordinate graph of FIG. 2C shows a receive array beam pattern directed to 90° and represents a typical beam pattern that can be formed using the receive array 50. In the graph of FIG. 2C, the nearest adjacent side lobes 89 are shown separated in phase from the main lobe 88 by approximately 22°.
The transmit array 52 includes e.g. 16 separate transmit elements 90, 92, 94, 96, 98, 100, 102, 104, 106, 108, 110, 112, 114, 116, 118 and 120, also disposed about a circular locus formed by a support ring 121. The spacing between adjacent elements of the transmit array is preferably on the order of one-half wavelength (½λ) to one wavelength (1λ). Because of the relatively close spacing, all of the transmit elements 90-120 may be enclosed within a common radome 122. As previously noted, the transmit array 52 may be located to the side of the receive array 50, or preferably above or below the receive array 50 in a concentric arrangement shown in dashed outline relative to the receive array 50 in FIG. 2A. The transmit antenna array 52 is arranged and operated to provide simultaneous transmit (downlink) signals for e.g. three sectors 124, 126 and 128.
FIG. 2D depicts a typical, relatively narrow transmit beam pattern having a main lobe 130 focused at a direction of 180° with a maximum antenna gain (a main lobe 3 dB beamwidth at 17°, and side lobes 131 separated by 100°) formed using the transmit array 52 of FIG. 2A. FIG. 2E depicts the relatively narrow transmit beam pattern formed by the transmit array 52 at a direction of 90°. FIG. 2F shows a typical relatively wide transmit beam having a single lobe 132 directed at 180° which may be formed by the transmit array 52. The beam of FIG. 2F has a 3 dB beamwidth of 120°, and is typically used for transmitting common pilot and broadcast channel information for the particular sector being serviced. With the transmit array 52 shown in FIG. 2A, each sector can be provided with a relatively narrow transmit beam 130 (FIG. 2E) and a relatively wide transmit beam 132 (FIG. 2F). The receive array 50 provides receive-mode (uplink) beamforming for all three sectors 124, 126 and 128, in the present example.
Spatial diversity multiple access methods employing adaptive antenna arrays are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,471,647 and 5,634,199 to Gerlach et al., and methods and structures for providing rapid beamforming for both uplink and downlink channels using adaptive antenna arrays are described in commonly assigned U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/929,638 to Scherzer, entitled “Practical Space-Time Radio Method for CDMA Communication Capacity Enhancement”, all of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.
While a number of benefits including increased service capacity can be realized by using adaptive antenna arrays, such arrays have heretofore been objected to by land use planning regulators because of concerns relating to perceived electromagnetic radiation hazards and concerns relating to objectionable or negative visual impact. Thus, an unsolved need has remained for a multi-element antenna array that provides such benefits while presenting a reduced visual impact at the base station location.
A general object of the present invention is to provide a base station multi-element adaptive antenna array which manifests a reduced visual impact at the base station location while enabling effective forward link and reverse link beam forming.
Another object of the present invention is to group multiple receive-transmit antenna elements of an adaptive antenna array into a plurality of spatially separated clusters and to provide a single exterior housing or radome for each cluster.
A further object of the present invention is to provide additional receive only antenna elements medially between adjacent clusters of antenna elements of an adaptive antenna array.
In accordance with principles of the present invention, a base station clustered adaptive antenna array includes a plurality of clusters of antenna elements. Each cluster is spaced away from an adjacent cluster by a first predetermined spacing related to receive-mode beamforming. One such first spacing is equal to approximately ten wavelengths of the receive frequency or band. Each cluster includes a plurality (e.g., four) of transmit-receive antenna elements. Each element within the cluster is spaced away from an adjacent element by a second predetermined spacing related to transmit-mode beamforming. One such second spacing is equal to approximately between one-half and one wavelength of the transmit frequency or band. In order to reduce the visual impact of the antenna array, each cluster, in one embodiment, is included within a single exterior housing or radome. In one embodiment, the clustered adaptive antenna array includes three clusters mounted to corners of a support structure supporting a generally triangular frame with horizontal side dimensions approximating at least the first predetermined spacing of ten wavelengths of the receive frequency or band in one embodiment. The support frame may be an integral part of a triangular tower, or it may be a frame mounted to and supported at operational elevation by any suitable tower or structure, whether of triangular, circular, or other suitable cross-sectional geometry.
In accordance with a related aspect of the present invention, the clustered adaptive antenna array may include at least one receive antenna pod mounted medially between an adjacent pair of the plurality of clusters of antenna elements. In one embodiment of the triangular support tower, three medial receive antenna pods are provided, with a receive antenna pod being mounted medially between adjacent ones of the three clusters of antenna elements within a horizontal plane including the clusters.
FIG. 1 is a top plan view of a known cellular telephone base station antenna array serving three sectors of a service cell;
FIG. 2A is a top plan view of a known multi-element circular receive array and a multi-element circular transmit array providing beamforming for receive mode (uplink) and transmit mode (downlink) base station communications within a service cell;
FIG. 2B depicts a typical receive beam pattern of the receive array of FIG. 2A at a direction of 180°;
FIG. 2C shows a typical receive beam pattern of the receive array of FIG. 2A at a direction of 90°;
FIG. 2D shows a typical transmit beam pattern with a maximum gain that can be formed using the circular transmit array of FIG. 2A focused at a direction of 180°;
FIG. 2E shows a typical transmit beam pattern with maximum gain using the circular transmit array of FIG. 2A focused at a direction of 90°;
FIG. 2F shows a typical transmit beam pattern having an effective 120° width that can be formed using the circular transmit array of FIG. 2A;
FIG. 3 is a top plan view of a base station clustered adaptive antenna array in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 4 is a rectangular coordinate graph that depicts a relatively narrow forward link (transmit) beam pattern formed by one of the antenna clusters of the clustered adaptive array in FIG. 3, at a direction of 180°;
FIG. 5 depicts a relatively wide forward link beam pattern formed by one of the antenna clusters of the array in FIG. 3, at a direction of 180°;
FIG. 6 depicts a relatively narrow reverse link (receive) beam pattern formed by the clustered adaptive array including medial receive elements shown in FIG. 3, focused at a direction of 180°; and
FIG. 7 graphs a relatively narrow reverse link (receive) beam pattern formed by the clustered adaptive array including medial receive elements shown in FIG. 3, focused at a direction of 90°.
FIG. 3 shows a top view of a base station clustered adaptive antenna array 150 in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. The array 150 may be mounted to and supported at a useful service height by a conventional support structure, such as a triangular metal tower 12 of the type illustrated in FIG. 1. In this embodiment, the antenna array 150 is intended for use within the 1.9 GHz cellular telephone service. However, the principles of the present invention also apply to other land mobile wireless services and bands.
As shown in FIG. 3, the antenna array 150 includes three clusters 152, 154 and 156 of antenna elements lying generally within a common horizontal plane parallel to the surface of the earth. Each cluster is located at a corner of a triangular support structure 159. Thus, in the present illustration, array cluster 152 is located at a corner 153, array cluster 154 is located at a corner 155, and array cluster 156 is located at a corner 157. The antenna support structure 159 may be coextensive with a triangular tower, or it may be attached to, or extend from, another suitable support, such as a cylindrical column tower, for example. Each cluster 152, 154 and 156 can include a single radome enclosure 158 of radio-transparent material. The tower 12, the support structure 159 and each radome enclosure 158 may be imparted with a dull color having a hue and tone selected to blend in with the environment, thereby minimizing visual impact of the antenna array 150 at the vicinity of the base station and tower 12.
Each cluster may be mounted on an extension arm 163 which extends from each corner of the support structure 159 for a predetermined distance, to position each cluster outwardly from a center 161 of the support structure by a predetermined amount, such as approximately 78 cm. The length of each extension arm 163 is adjustable, in one embodiment, over a range of −15 cm to +30 cm relative to the center 161.
Multiple closely spaced antenna elements are provided within each cluster. For example, in cluster 152, four transmit-receive antenna elements 160, 162, 164 and 166 are provided. Adjacent ones of the elements 160, 162, 164 and 166 are angled apart from the extension arm by a mounting arm 167 in order to achieve a desired transmit array spacing of between one half wavelength and one wavelength at the operating frequency or band. In one embodiment, the length of the mounting arm 167 is approximately 15 cm and enables a −5 cm to +10 cm radial adjustment at the distal end of arm 163. The angular spacing of adjacent receive-transmit elements within each cluster 152, 154, 156 is approximately 36° in one embodiment. In this manner, a relatively broad transmit (forward link) beam, as well as a relatively narrow transmit (forward link) beam may be transmitted to a service sector 170, there being three 120° sectors 170, 172, and 174 served by the antenna array 150.
As shown in FIG. 3, antenna cluster 154 includes four transmit-receive antenna elements 180, 182, 184, and 186 and provides wide/narrow beam forward link service to mobile stations in the sector 172. Antenna cluster 156 includes four transmit-receive antenna elements 190, 192, 194, 196 and provides wide/narrow beam forward link service to mobile stations in the sector 174.
FIG. 4 depicts a relatively narrow forward link beam pattern comprising a main lobe 220 directed to 180°, and having side lobes 222 at approximately ±90° formed by one of the clusters 152, 154, or 156. The main lobe 220 has a 3-dB beamwidth of 35°. The relatively narrow beam pattern of FIG. 4 is generally used for forward link traffic data transmissions. FIG. 5 graphs a relatively wide antenna beam pattern which may be formed by each one of the clusters 152, 154, 156. The beam pattern of FIG. 5 includes a single lobe 224 shown directed at 180° and having a 3-dB beamwidth of 100°. The relatively wide beam pattern of FIG. 5 is generally used for forward link common pilot and broadcast channel transmissions.
In receive (reverse link) mode, all of the antenna elements 160, 162, 164, 166, 180, 182, 184, 186, 190, 192, 194 and 196 are used. Since there are three antenna clusters 152, 154, and 156 in this example, narrow reverse link beamforming can be achieved by taking advantage of the spatial separation of the three clusters 152, 154, and 156.
Referring back to FIG. 3, further improvements in reverse link beamforming may be realized by adding single-receive element pods 200, 202 and 204 between the array clusters 152-154, 154-156, and 156-152, respectively, within the common horizontal plane of the array 150. The pod 200 includes a receive element 201, the pod 202 includes a receive element 203, and the pod 204 includes a receive element 205. These antenna elements can be of the same type as used in the array clusters. Each pod 200, 202, and 204 is positionally mounted to the support structure 159 by a support arm 207. In one embodiment, each support arm 207 is about 17 cm long. Each support arm 207 is offset from a center of a leg of the structure 159, e.g., by approximately 20 cm, there being a range of adjustment of ±25 cm from the center of the leg in one embodiment. In this arrangement, one of the elements of each of the clusters 152, 154 and 156 becomes a transmit only element, and its receive function is redirected to a respective one of the medial receive elements 201, 203 and 205. Small, visually minimized radomes 206 are used to enclose the medial receive elements 201, 203 and 205, thereby protecting such element from exposure to the external ambient weather and atmospheric conditions. These radomes 206 may be provided with a color or finish treatment consistent with that applied to the radomes 158 and support structure 159 in order to minimize visual impact of the antenna array 150.
FIG. 6 depicts a narrow reverse link antenna beam pattern that can be formed using the array 150 with the three medial receive elements 201, 203 and 205. In FIG. 6, a main lobe 230 has a narrow beam width from 0 dB to −5 dB and becomes somewhat broader at −5 dB. The pattern of FIG. 6 is shown directed to 180°. FIG. 7 shows a beam pattern having a main lobe 232 directed to 90° which can be formed using the adaptive antenna array 150 with the three medial receive elements 201, 203 and 205. The beam pattern shown in FIG. 7 is very similar the pattern achieved in the 180° direction shown in FIG. 6.
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WASHINGTONFree format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:ADAPTIVE TELECOM, INC.;REEL/FRAME:011517/0455Effective date: 20010104Owner name: METAWAVE COMMUNICATIONS CORPORATION, WASHINGTONFree format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:ADAPTIVE TELECOM, INC.;REEL/FRAME:011518/0624Effective date: 20010104Jan 20, 2004ASAssignmentOwner name: KATHREIN-WERKE KG, GERMANYFree format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:METAWAVE COMMUNICATIONS CORPORATION;REEL/FRAME:014910/0513Effective date: 20030919May 17, 2005FPAYFee paymentYear of fee payment: 4May 20, 2009FPAYFee paymentYear of fee payment: 8Mar 12, 2013FPAYFee paymentYear of fee payment: 12RotateOriginal ImageGoogle Home - Sitemap - USPTO Bulk Downloads - Privacy Policy - Terms of Service - About Google Patents - Send FeedbackData provided by IFI CLAIMS Patent Services

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1,323 Reviews from our TripAdvisor Community Read reviews that mention: All reviews top of the rock
(1) There are newer reviews for Big Cedar Lodge See the most recent reviews Showing 1,321:
reviews Clear all Andrew_41521Louisville, KentuckyLevel Contributor15 reviews6 hotel reviews10 helpful votes “Great place for a family get-together”Reviewed 30 May 2015 Great place for a family get-together. Lots to do at Big Cedar; all of us enjoyed the canoes, kayaks and paddle-boats. The miniature golf course was outstanding! The buildings and grounds were immaculate. Several swimming pools with hot tubs. Be sure to find the lazy river pool and the slide.
The service was good, too. When we checked into our...More ReportHelpful?4Thank Andrew_41521 Diane NSnowmass Village, ColoradoLevel Contributor8 reviews5 hotel reviews“Near the end of a long trip, a very special retreat with excellent accommodations and service.”Reviewed 29 May 2015 Top notch! Whether for outdoor recreation, or walking around, or lazing in a cabin with fireplace with Mother Nature just outside, it doesn't get any better than this. The food brought in by the Big Cedar folks for BBQ on our deck, cooked ourselves, was a treat after so much on-the-road restaurant food -- a welcome repast. ReportHelpful?Thank Diane N Shannon BHouston, TexasLevel Contributor27 reviews10 hotel reviews19 helpful votes “Relaxing vacation in a peaceful location on Table Rock Lake just minutes from Branson”Reviewed 28 May 2015 Check in at the resort and everything is available - putt putt, pools, spa, golf, motor boats, fishing, paddle boats and plenty of places to eat - all in the beautiful setting on Table Rock Lake. Kids loved the freedom to ride their bikes from our cabin throughout the property. Very friendly and helpful staff. Even though the property is...More ReportHelpful?1Thank Shannon B stossecOklahoma City, OklahomaLevel Contributor10 reviews3 hotel reviews1 helpful vote “Treasure in the Ozarks!”Reviewed 27 May 2015 Beautifully set in wooded hills, just south of Branson, MO. Superbly maintained. Realy built as a total resort with restaurants and shoppes. Staff is excellent, across the board.
The furnishings are all Ozark fishing Lodge, as the ownwers of Bass Pro own this facility.
Beautiful golf course (even have Arnold Palmer's old barn), bagpipes play, wonderful food. Branson with it's...More ReportHelpful?Thank stossec DayDreamer13Kansas City, MissouriLevel Contributor309 reviews41 hotel reviews130 helpful votes “Beautiful Setting!”Reviewed 27 May 2015 via mobileThe long winding drive into Big Cedar winds you up, down, and around until you cross two man-made low streams to arrive at Registration. The interiors and exteriors are wonderfully done. Our room had a king bed with a balcony facing the lake and a fireplace and jacuzzi tub. The room was a large bit the room felt a little...More ReportHelpful?3Thank DayDreamer13 Tammy JBradenton, FloridaLevel Contributor22 reviews3 hotel reviews10 helpful votes “”Reviewed 26 May 2015 More ReportHelpful?1Thank Tammy J FamFunIllinoisIllinoisLevel Contributor310 reviews93 hotel reviews62 helpful votes “”Reviewed 26 May 2015 ReportHelpful?1Thank FamFunIllinois snosquirrelKansas City, MissouriLevel Contributor6 reviews4 helpful votes “”Reviewed 26 May 2015 via mobileMore ReportHelpful?1Thank snosquirrel BCLGuestServices, Manager at Big Cedar Lodge, responded to this reviewMore mjoseph859St. Louis, MOLevel Contributor29 reviews9 hotel reviews66 helpful votes “”Reviewed 23 May 2015 More ReportHelpful?2Thank mjoseph859 Phil MWaterloo, IllinoisLevel Contributor26 reviews3 hotel reviews7 helpful votes “”Reviewed 19 May 2015 ReportHelpful?Thank Phil M Previous
Updating list... Explore similar hotels Marriott's Willow Ridge Lodge808 ReviewsShow Prices 7.0 miles Westgate Branson Lakes Resort232 ReviewsShow Prices 1.9 miles Still Waters Resort974 ReviewsShow Prices 8.1 miles See all Ridgedale hotels Browse nearby
51 questions Ask a question amykmi
(51) Questions? Get answers from Big Cedar Lodge staff and past guests.
Posting guidelines Get notified about new answers to your questions. Ask Typical questions asked: Can tickets for local attractions be purchased at the front desk? Do you have to pay extra for a mini-fridge? At what time does the pool open each day? See which rooms travellers prefer “We didn't stay in a room. We just visited the property for lunch and a hike.”
| Read review “The cabins are great for privacy”
anntS9242RR, 13 Feb 2017

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Sue | Pac-Man Wiki | FANDOM powered by Wikia
Characters, Ghosts, Females,
Revision as of 12:54, October 9, 2019 by AnimatedGalaxy (Talk | contribs)
Artwork from Pac-Land (1984).
スー Suu
Susan Silo (Hanna-Barbera cartoon)
Sue (スー Suu) is a female ghost from the Pac-Man series, commonly shown as being purple (but is orange in some other appearances).
Original Sue sprite.
Main article: Ms. Pac-Man (game)
Sue first appeared alongside Blinky, Pinky, and Inky in Ms. Pac-Man. Her role is identical to Clyde's in the original Pac-Man, and she looks identical to him as well. She starts on the righthand side of the Ghost Home in the Maze's center, sitting next to Pinky.
While her movements are often described as being "random", Sue's movements are deliberate. Sue actually does directly chase Ms. Pac-Man (exactly the way Blinky does) most of the time; but when she gets within an eight-space radius of Ms. Pac-Man, she starts to retreat to the lower-left corner of the maze, which is where she targets during "scatter" mode.
Main article: Pac-Land
In Pac-Land, Sue does not ride a vehicle like the other ghosts do, and instead always chases Pac-Man from behind. Sue travels at a slow pace (in fact, Sue is the slowest ghost in this game), but when the timer runs out, she begins to charge at Pac-Man mercilessly.
Main article: Pac-Mania
Carrying over her aggressive persona from Pac-Land, Sue behaves as Blinky typically would, but never enters "scatter" mode (she momentarily changes direction with the other ghosts, but always uses Pac-Man as her target). However, Sue moves at the same speed as Pinky in this game, which is pretty fast compared to the other ghosts, but slightly slower than Blinky (who always moves the fastest).
Sue in the TV series, with Inky and Pinky.
Main article: Pac-Man (TV Series)
Sue appears as the fifth Ghost Monster in the Pac-Man animated series, and the only female member. Rather than wearing a specific hat, as each of the male ghosts wore, Sue wore a pair of earrings. She was often defeated by Ms. Pac-Man.
Main article: Pac-Attack
In some versions of the game, Sue can appear as one of the ghosts dropped with a block. She is also the primary ghost dropped for the 2nd player in "VS Mode".
Quest for the Golden Maze
Main article: Ms. Pac-Man: Quest for the Golden Maze
In this game, Sue appears in her original orange color rather than purple. She more closely resembles Clyde in-game, but the instruction manual confirms the character is Sue.
Main article: Pac-Man 256
Sue makes her first appearance in fourteen years in Pac-Man 256. She appears in groups of three, and can only move horizontally. She is also the slowest of all the ghosts.
"Sue is the purple ghost who always chases Pac-Man everywhere he goes. If Pac-Man can catch her, after catching the four other ghosts, a timer capsule will appear awarding him points for his remaining time and giving him a new time bar. But don't be fooled. Like the other ghosts in Pac-Land, she'll be back! "
— Pac-Land Atari Lynx instruction manual
Sue originally appears as an orange ghost in Ms. Pac-Man, as a female counterpart to Clyde. She is later depicted as a violet ghost, based on the animated series version. Unlike the other ghosts, Sue often appears to have narrow eyes and eyeshadow, presumably to express her gender.
Sue is never given a defined personality, though the animated series depicted her as somewhat sly - but like the other ghost monsters, she has an extreme lack of intelligence. In several Pac-Man games, Sue is one of the more aggressive ghosts chasing after Pac-Man, particularly in Pac-Mania.
Pac-Land (TurboGrafx-16 version)
Characters and Logo Style Guide - Pac-Man (1990s?)
Official art of Sue from the Pac-Man twitter page. (2019)
"Ghost Gang" Group Artwork
Pac-Land (purple)
Pac-Mania (purple)
Ms. Pac-Man: Quest for the Golden Maze (orange)
Retrieved from "https://pacman.fandom.com/wiki/Sue?oldid=26576"

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P. 1reliancerelianceRatings: (0)|Views: 0|Likes: 0Published by Ann RufusMore info:Published by: Ann Rufus on Feb 22, 2011Copyright:Attribution Non-commercialAvailability:Read on Scribd mobile: iPhone, iPad and Android.download as TXT, PDF, TXT or read online from ScribdFlag for inappropriate content|Add to collectionSee moreSee lesshttps://www.scribd.com/doc/49331403/reliance04/26/2013pdftextoriginal Activity (0)FiltersAdd to collectionReviewAdd NoteLikeShowingAllMost RecentReviewsAll NotesLikesYou've already reviewed this. Edit your review.Rating 0/5Post notePost reviewPost replyPost note and likeNo activity yetLoad more
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IssimoSuites, General Manager at Issimo Suites Boutique Hotel and Spa, responded to this review, April 28, 2013
TripAdvisor is proud to partner with Travelocity, Booking.com, Expedia, Orbitz, Priceline, Hotels.com, BookIt.com, Cheap Tickets and Hotwire so you can book your Issimo Suites Boutique Hotel and Spa reservations with confidence. We help millions of travelers each month to find the perfect hotel for both vacation and business trips, always with the best discounts and special offers.


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Supreme Arabic Logo Snapback Brand New Black ASAP ROCKY ODDFUTURE OBEY | eBay Skip to main contenteBayShop by categoryEnter your search keywordAll CategoriesAdvanced or register':' style="margin-right:3px">Hello -User-.'.replace(/-User-/,escape(a)))+"")}catch(b){document.write("")}})();Hello (Sign in to bid or buy)Daily DealsSellHelp & ContactMy eBayExpand My eBaySummaryBids/OffersWatch ListWish ListAll ListsPurchase HistorySellingMy CollectionsFollowed SearchesMessagesCollect & Spend Learn moreNotification Back to home page
Details about Supreme Arabic Logo Snapback Brand New Black ASAP ROCKY ODDFUTURE OBEY
eBay item number:251181666029
26 Mar, 2014 11:53:07 GMT View all revisions
Supreme Arabic Logo Snapback Brand New- These are high quality snapbacks which make them suitable for all sizes!Black with White sceenprint logo on front.Unofficial merchandise made to the highest standard.- You will not be disappointed as the pictures are the same as the product- We are a UK based seller which means your purchase will be dispatched quickly 1st classrecorded delivery uk mainland for buyers to track with confidence.- Customer satisfaction is extremely important to us so you are guaranteed to be satisfied- BUY NOW for yourself or as a perfect present for someone else Return Policy100% money refund or free exchange,if you are not pleased with your order.If you are not happy with your order, you can choose a return policy ,exchange or refund .Contact UsIf you wish to get in contact just send an email via the ebay messages.Thank you for visiting my store ! Wishing you a very happy day.
ASAP Rocky Beanie,

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Welcome to Scribd, the world's digital library. Read, publish, and share books and documents. See moreDownloadStandard viewFull view of .Add to collectionMark as finishedMarked as finished. UndoRemove from libraryLook up keyword or sectionLike thisShare on social networks0Activity×Share to your social networks.TweetEmbedTable Of ContentsSummaryApplication of treesTree ADTTree ImplementationHeightTree traversalsExamplesExampleBinary tree implementationBinary tree operationsPerformanceBinary tree traversalsBinary tree searchingBinary Search Trees (BST)BSTDeleting in a BST0 of .Results for: No results containing your search query{{& result_text }}
P. 1Binary TreeBinary TreeRatings: (0)|Views: 8|Likes: 0Published by Dejen AgaziuWith construction, algorithm and complexity With construction, algorithm and complexity More info:Published by: Dejen Agaziu on May 21, 2013Copyright:Attribution Non-commercialAvailability:Read on Scribd mobile: iPhone, iPad and Android.download as PDF, TXT or read online from ScribdFlag for inappropriate content|Add to collectionSee moreSee lesshttps://www.scribd.com/doc/142822173/Binary-Tree05/21/2013pdftextoriginal You're Reading a Free Preview
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1552 Locust St, Dubuque, IA - Public Record | Trulia
I am interested in 1552 Locust St, Dubuque, IA 52001.
for 1552 Locust St
This is a Single-Family Home located at 1552 Locust Street, Dubuque, IA. 1552 Locust St has 3 beds, 2 baths, and approximately 2,390 square feet. The property has a lot size of 2,178 sqft and was built in 1881. 1552 Locust St is in the 52001 ZIP code in Dubuque, IA. 1552 Locust St
Additional Costs For 1552 Locust St
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Home Mail News Sports Finance Weather Games Groups Answers Screen Flickr Mobile More Celebrity Shine Movies Music TV Health Beauty Food Tech Shopping Travel Autos Homes Yahoo Finance Search FinanceSearch Web Sign In Mail Help Account Info Help Suggestions YahooHome close button Mobile App Promotion Send me a link: Phone Number *Text messaging rates may apply.Please enter a valid phone number. Please enter your Phone Number. Send Thanks! A link has been sent. Done Wed, Jul 30, 2014, 9:15 AM EDT - U.S. Markets open in 15 mins. Recent
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Trefeddian Hotel (Aberdyfi (Aberdovey), Gales) - opiniones y comparación de precios - hotel - TripAdvisor
Todas las cosas que hacer en Aberdyfi (Aberdovey)
Ver todos los 3 hoteles en Aberdyfi (Aberdovey)
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text:
MEET ME…AMAKA! – TheLifeOfAmaka
MEET ME…AMAKA!
EHIEM ANGELA CHIAMAKA ANASTHASIA OZIOMA OBIANUJU OLUWADARASIMI
I am 24years old, a Biochemist, a Fashion designer, Photographer…in training, a Makeup enthusiast, lover of God, Nigerian and a Petite Igbo Chick.
I love to read, books are my getaway from the world, I love bein transported to a whole new world of fantasy, suspense, thriller and intrigue. I enjoy really good music (i listen to quite a lot of music) and I think my taste in music is amazing.
I’m really secretive, slightly emotional (but my E.Q is low), I have mad love for my family and friends, I hate dogs (well puppies don’t count), I think I like cats, I’m a fire dancer (trust me I gat moves) and I love to sing
I love fashion, I like to think my style is comfortable, classic, stylishly tomboy-ish and essentially…ME. Fashion is art and even though I don’t understand art sometimes I can relate to it most of the time.
I love food a lot, I love coffee and coca-cola, I’m an extroverted introvert which means my extrovert sometimes overshadows my introvert. I can’t stand crowd and I hate public speaking. I am really shy and I crack my knuckles when I’m shy, nervous or anxious.
So, this is me sharing my very tiny space with you in Fashion, Diary of Amaka, Lifestyle and Living in Calabar.
Please share my space with me, take a seat and stick around.
CATEGORIES Select Category BOOKS COLLABORATION CorperChronicles Dear diary Diary Fashion & Beauty Guest posts Lenten series Lifestyle Teaching series

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Impressions Madera Area Rug Runner (2'2 x 7'7) | Overstock.com Shopping - Great Deals on Runner Rugs
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text:
Why I’m Never Going To Live With My Family As An Adult – Bleeding On Typewriters
Why I’m Never Going To Live With My Family As An Adult
Posted on November 15, 2016November 15, 2016	Here’s the thing: I love my family. They’re great! They really are. I don’t have any major beef with any of them, but there’s just enough stuff that I can’t wait to get out of here. (Backstory: I’m sixteen. Still a minor! As soon as I’m eighteen, I’m off to college, mayyyybe coming home for summer and holidays at least the first couple of years, and then I’m off to, probably, the other side of the country.)
The problem with my family is that all of them except for my little brother have very strong personalities. My dad’s a commercial sales rep, and he is very, very good at selling and pitching things so that they seem like the BEST IDEA EVER. He’s also a huge fan of playing devil’s advocate. My mom is 100% certain that she is right about everything all the time. It’s not even a little bit malicious, it’s just her personality, but it does make her arguments very forceful and confident. My sister takes after both of our parents in that she also always thinks she’s right, to the point where we have had arguments and then tearful apologies, and I walk away feeling good, and then fifteen minutes later I realize that I was the only one who actually apologized.
This would all be fine, if I was the same kind of person. But I’m not. I’m very open-minded, and only about 80% sure of anything at any time, max. I’m really susceptible to a good argument, and I hate conflict with a passion. It’s so hard! And upsetting! And it sets off ALL of my social anxiety buttons! I cry literally every time I have to fight with someone, which doesn’t make for a great debate. The idea of intentionally hurting someone else is upsetting to me, and the idea of thinking I’m better than anyone else seems dishonorable and wrong.
This means that one of my family members will make an argument, and I’ll go, “Oh, that’s a good argument, okay!” and then I’ll go away and think about it, and realize that no, it’s not okay, I completely disagree with everything they just said, they just packaged it up all nice. This leads to a lot of weird, screwy moments where I completely doubt my entire personality and sense of self, and end up being steamrollered by people who are confident in their personalities and selves.
The only things I can genuinely, 100% stand for are things where people are genuinely being hurt, and my family appears not to care, or to devalue it as people being “too sensitive.” Am I a Social Justice Warrior? Yes, absolutely. I am always down to fight for people’s ability to live in the way that makes them happy, so long as they’re not directly or intentionally hurting anyone else.
But anyway, what I really, really need, more than anything, is a space where I can think about things by myself, without being aggressively influenced by outside forces. Right now I don’t even have my own room. That’s the reason why I can’t ever, ever live with my family once I’m out. I imagine I’ll get along with them much better when I’m not frantically trying to isolate and protect my soul down in the deepest parts of me, where it can’t be twisted around or fooled.
I actually might send my dad this link, so he understands that no, I’m not going to live in my parent’s guesthouse and be part of One Big Family my whole life. (THAT WAS NEVER ON THE TABLE, DUDE! LET IT GO!)
Goodbye, denizens of the void. Nice talking to you.
Tagged family, introversion, personal, rant, social justice	Published by DraconicEmpress
Recovery!Poetry Troubles


text:
Altair Nanotechnologies Closes Canon Investment Transaction - Yahoo Finance
$57.5 Million Investment to Fund Company Growth and Expansion Into China Market Altair Nanotechnologies Inc.
RENO, NV--(Marketwire - 07/25/11) - Altair Nanotechnologies Inc. (NASDAQ:ALTI - News) (Altairnano) today announced it had closed on a Share Subscription Agreement with Canon Investment Holdings Limited (Canon), through its affiliate, Energy Storage Technology (China) Group Limited (EST). Under the terms of the agreement, Altairnano issued 37,036,807 common shares to EST at $1.5528 per share, providing $57.5 million in proceeds to Altairnano. Following the closing of this transaction, there are 69,452,487 Altairnano common shares outstanding.On September 20, 2010, Altairnano announced that it had entered into the Share Subscription Agreement, as amended, under which Canon had agreed to purchase newly issued common shares of Altairnano, which resulted in EST owning 53.3 percent of Altairnano's common shares, 49.8 percent on a fully diluted basis, immediately following the closing."While this transaction took considerably longer to close than expected, the Canon investment allows us to now focus on growing the business and creating shareholder wealth," said Terry Copeland, Altairnano president and Chief Executive Officer.Canon chairman Wei Yincang added, "The investment in Altairnano represents an important milestone for both companies to significantly grow our businesses and accelerate the commercialization of the Altair lithium-titanate technology."About Altair Nanotechnologies Inc. Headquartered in Reno, Nev. with manufacturing in Anderson, Ind., Altairnano is a leading provider of energy storage systems for clean, efficient power and energy management. Altairnano's nano lithium-ion titanate-based solutions are among the highest performing and most scalable, with applications that include complete energy storage systems for frequency regulation and renewables integration for the electric grid, and battery modules and cells for transportation and industrial applications. For more information, visit www.altairnano.com.About Canon Investment Holdings LimitedHeadquartered in Zhuhai, China, Canon is the holding company of Yintong Energy Company Ltd, which is an advanced manufacturer of high-capacity and high-power lithium battery products. Yintong's batteries are used in a range of customer applications, including bus and energy storage solutions. For more information, please visit Yintong at www.ytenergy.com.cn.Forward-Looking StatementsThis release may contain forward-looking statements as well as historical information. Forward-looking statements, which are included in accordance with the "safe harbor" provisions of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995, may involve risks, uncertainties and other factors that may cause the company's actual results and performance in future periods to be materially different from any future results or performance suggested by the forward-looking statements in this release. These risks include, without limitation, the risks that, despite providing capital funding, the investment from Canon may not lead to additional orders or revenue, and that the change of control resulting from the Canon investment may lead to turnover in employees and related intellectual property knowledge and/or, disruptions in relationships with customers and suppliers, which may delay or inhibit commercialization and revenue growth. Additional risks are identified in Altairnano's most recent Annual Report on Form 10-K and Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, as filed with the SEC. Such forward-looking statements speak only as of the date of this release. Altairnano expressly disclaims any obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statements found herein to reflect any changes in company expectations or results or any change in events.Altair Nanotechnologies Inc.Altairnano
What to read next Play Sell your toys, don't buy a house & other things Millennials need to k … Apple Pay vulnerable to identity theft scam Sponsored Yahoo Finance  Play Target aims for millennial snackers Here Comes the Dollar's Next Leg Higher Play Beanie Babies: Whatever happened to Millennials' favorite toy? Forget 'Flash Boys': High-speed traders help small investors Sponsored Yahoo Finance  Play Lumber Liquidators pounded over alleged health violations As Nasdaq hits 5,000, is it time to worry? Sidekick More Market News 04:29 Play As Wall Street nears record, should you be worried? 04:29 Why oil will be rangebound for the time being Sponsored CNBC Videos  04:16 Play 8-10% correction coming for US stocks: Pro 04:16 05:57 Play Avolon Flies Through First Earnings Report 05:57 02:20 Play LeSean McCoy to the Bills 02:20 $4.8M in gold bars stolen from a tractor trailer Sponsored Fox Business Videos  00:59 Play PetSmart Earnings, ADP Jobs Numbers: What to Watch on Wall Street March … 00:59 02:35 Play The Top Stocks to Watch in Asia Today 02:35 Sidekick FP Today Leaked photos show Oreo's newest cookie flavor Whatever happened to the biggest toy of the '90s? Sponsored  Keurig K-Cup inventor feels bad that he made it Sidekick top story Asian shares drift lower United Airlines expects to use its cash pile to buy aircraft this year Sponsored Reuters  Pimco CIO Ivascyn says 'late decision-makers' behind withdrawals Target to cut thousands of jobs Apple exploring settlement with electric car battery maker China February HSBC services PMI edges up Sponsored Reuters  Brent holds above $60 after Saudi price hikes DuPont rejects activist request to change how directors are elected Copyrighted


text:
Patent US7725101 - Method and arrangement in a telecommunication system - Google PatentsSearch Images Maps Play YouTube News Gmail Drive More »Sign inAdvanced Patent SearchPatentsA method and user equipment in a mobile telecommunications system for conducting a multimedia broadcast/multicast service (MBMS) session. An MBMS-uplink channel is introduced for transmitting from the user equipment, MBMS participation requests prior to the session and acknowledgment messages when MBMS...http://www.google.com/patents/US7725101?utm_source=gb-gplus-sharePatent US7725101 - Method and arrangement in a telecommunication systemAdvanced Patent SearchPublication numberUS7725101 B2Publication typeGrantApplication numberUS 10/595,256Publication dateMay 25, 2010Filing dateOct 6, 2003Priority dateOct 6, 2003Fee statusPaidAlso published asCN1839649A, CN100508640C, EP1690432A1, EP1690432B1, US20080032698, WO2005034565A1Publication number10595256, 595256, US 7725101 B2, US 7725101B2, US-B2-7725101, US7725101 B2, US7725101B2InventorsDirk Gerstenberger, Ingela Ericsson, Joakim Bergstr�m, Peter EdlundOriginal AssigneeTelefonaktiebolaget L M Ericsson (Publ)Export CitationBiBTeX, EndNote, RefManPatent Citations (15), Classifications (13), Legal Events (2) External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, EspacenetMethod and arrangement in a telecommunication system
US 7725101 B2Abstract
The present invention relates to methods and arrangements in a mobile 3rd generation communication system and user equipments intended for usage in such systems. The invention relates in particular to charging of user equipments participating in a Multimedia Broadcast/Multicast Service (MBMS). According to the state of the art, a communication system applying MBMS transmits MBMS-data from a single source entity to multiple recipients in the downlink. The service is considered to be a �best-effort� service, e.g. with no requirements for retransmissions in case on lost data.
The present invention addresses the problem of collecting relevant charging information from user equipments using broadcast/multicast services and, thus, provide network operators with necessary information to enable billing of said user equipments.
FIG. 1 shows a signalling flow of an MBMS-session between network and a user equipment according to a first embodiment of the present invention.
The following detailed description will describe several embodiments of the solution according to the present invention. The embodiments can be distinguished with regard to the possibilities when the user equipment is charged for MBMS-data messages and when the decoding key for decoding received MBMS-data messages is provided to the user equipment. The embodiments can be applied with regard to different types of MBMS-services that are distinguishable, e.g., with regard to time aspects, i.e. real time or non-real time services, regarding how often or regularly such a service is required, or regarding the type of service, e.g. downloading services or various types of automatic information updating services.
Patent CitationsCited PatentFiling datePublication dateApplicantTitleUS6839336 *Apr 29, 2002Jan 4, 2005Qualcomm, IncorporatedAcknowledging broadcast transmissionsUS6957063 *Sep 22, 2000Oct 18, 2005Nokia CorporationServices on demand in mobile communications systemUS20020075824 *Dec 14, 2000Jun 20, 2002Willekes Tom J.System and method for distributing files in a wireless network infrastructureUS20030087653 *Nov 5, 2001May 8, 2003Leung Nikolai K.N.Method and apparatus for data packet transport in a wireless communication system using an internet protocolUS20030134655 *Mar 28, 2002Jul 17, 2003Tao ChenPower control for point-to-multipoint services provided in communication systemsUS20030207696May 6, 2002Nov 6, 2003Serge WilleneggerMulti-media broadcast and multicast service (MBMS) in a wireless communications systemUS20040053619 *Sep 9, 2003Mar 18, 2004Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd.Method for providing interactive data service in a mobile communication systemUS20050058116 *Sep 12, 2003Mar 17, 2005Arto PalinMethod and system for processing acknowledgments in a wireless communications networkEP1119132A2Jan 18, 2001Jul 25, 2001Research In Motion LimitedBroadcasting encrypted messages using session keysEP1309213A1Nov 4, 2002May 7, 2003Nokia CorporationA method and system for providing a serviceEP1359782A1May 5, 2003Nov 5, 2003Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd.Apparatus and method for providing service based on multiple data rates in mobile communication systemJP2002261760A Title not availableJP2002368757A Title not availableWO1999016277A2Sep 24, 1998Apr 1, 1999Nokia Telecommunications OyMulticast transmission in a radio networkWO2003036908A1Aug 14, 2002May 1, 2003Nokia CorpCiphering as a part of the multicast concept* Cited by examinerClassifications U.S. Classification455/414.3, 455/405, 455/414.1International ClassificationH04W4/26, H04W4/06, H04W12/08, H04L29/06Cooperative ClassificationH04W4/06, H04W4/26, H04W12/08, H04L63/068European ClassificationH04L63/06E, H04W12/08Legal EventsDateCodeEventDescriptionNov 25, 2013FPAYFee paymentYear of fee payment: 4Feb 9, 2007ASAssignmentOwner name: TELEFONAKTIEBOLAGET LM ERICSSON (PUBL), SWEDENFree format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:GERSTENBERGER, DIRK;ERICSSON, INGELA;BERGSTROM, JOAKIM;AND OTHERS;REEL/FRAME:018877/0190;SIGNING DATES FROM 20060328 TO 20060929Owner name: TELEFONAKTIEBOLAGET LM ERICSSON (PUBL),SWEDENFree format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:GERSTENBERGER, DIRK;ERICSSON, INGELA;BERGSTROM, JOAKIM AND OTHERS;SIGNED BETWEEN 20060328 AND 20060929;US-ASSIGNMENT DATABASE UPDATED:20100525;REEL/FRAME:18877/190Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:GERSTENBERGER, DIRK;ERICSSON, INGELA;BERGSTROM, JOAKIM;AND OTHERS;SIGNING DATES FROM 20060328 TO 20060929;REEL/FRAME:018877/0190RotateOriginal ImageGoogle Home - Sitemap - USPTO Bulk Downloads - Privacy Policy - Terms of Service - About Google Patents - Send FeedbackData provided by IFI CLAIMS Patent Services


text:
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value: Freelance (sometimes spelled free-lance or free lance), freelancer, or freelance worker, are terms commonly used for a person who is self-employed and not necessarily committed to a particular employer long-term. Freelance workers are sometimes represented by a company or a temporary agency that resells freelance labor to clients; others work independently or use professional associations or websites to get work.


text:
Cast From The Lives of Love’s Deny – Crows Head Soup
Cast From The Lives of Love’s Deny	Her Spirit’s shrill cries from horrors do fly,
As Blood flows free, thick redden and lie.
Knees fold and buckle, she drops her head,
Sweet Eyes drain empty, sadden to red.
Faint Heart beats, pump last drop,
Soon She’ll wither, die but not rot.
She fades to White in Spirits’ guide-light!
As knives slice deep, clean through not quite.
Her hide made leather, her flesh small parts.
To cold storage, and packaged for marts.
Displayed with care, sly market cunning,
Makes bastards rich, and gluttons wanting.
A course attraction, your table’s delight.
With a toast to life, and a prayer tonight,
Thank the God, your life blessed so well,
Still, no care you give to another’s hell.
Aha yes,
Spirits’ shrill cries from horrors do fly,
Cast from the lives of love’s deny.
Purpose, earthling liberation.	View all posts by Peter Schreiner	Author Peter SchreinerPosted on June 5, 2013December 10, 2014Categories PoetryTags Animal Rights, Vegan	2 thoughts on “Cast From The Lives of Love’s Deny”	theanimalspirits says:	October 30, 2014 at 12:34 am	These words…were surely called forth from the four-level-places: “fades to White in Spirits’ guide-light.” Tragically beautiful. ~ Gerean
Reply	Peter Schreiner says:	October 30, 2014 at 8:28 am	Thank you, Gerean for your support; and the work and awareness you bring with your Facebook page https://www.facebook.com/TheAnimalSpirits
Previous Previous post: A Curse Long CastNext Next post: Brute Evil Lies


text:
fishFUD...an entry to the field of dreams, where dreamers are made to make it real.
Soup of the Day (SOD) is our entry point to communicate the initiative we are trying to accomplish. Because of the Soup of the Day concept, I have evolved and entered the world I once thought of as only a field of dreams. A field wherein only I can see but I was wronged. This field of dreams is for real and together with the people who believe in the concept, we are making it a reality to spell the difference.
Helping the needy through a mechanics that is acceptable with the haves is something to think out of the box. We have to be creative but very effective. No false hope, no hidden motives and most of all no DOLE OUT.
With this thought, fishFUD (Food for Upland Dwellers) was born. Anchored with the ridge to reef connection, we come up with a business idea, a micro enterprise approach where the fish farmers and the Indegenous Peoples in Mt. Kitanglad are the key players. The Department of Agriculture through its BFAR Mariculture Farm in Balingasag CDO, Malaybalay LGUs, DENR, PMBI, Xavier Estate Research Studies, Sambdhana Institute and Kitanglad Integrated NGOs (KIN) with us the Project Management Team are one in this direction, making it a reality.
Corporate social responsibilities is hard enough to pound in the heads of the “Haves” in the real sense of the word. Most corporations have been seeking ways to go around this and use it for their own financial advantage and benefits. What our vision on this is that they treat “social responsibilities” as real social responsibilities not as a buzz word and feel good thing for the “haves” consciences. People in the coastal areas using the eco-services of the marine habitat do not at present care of what happens in the forest regions if they do not get affected as we are mostly use to being reactive to situations and will only act when we encounter problems.
The perception of the lowlanders that they have to give a dole out because their brothers the upland dwellers are lazy and untrustworthy as this is a prevalent train of thoughts at present and this needs to be change. We need to prove and change this perception to upland dwellers being responsible and industrious. We need to show the lowlanders that even for food our bothers in the upland works for it and at the same time protect the forest that will affect the livelihood of the lowland people.
There is also a perception that most NGO’s just extend their hands for grants and when they get grants only thick reports passing a paper weight test is produce with no visual real economic empowerment felt by the beneficiaries. This too has to change and I see KIN as the catalyst for this to change. THIS MUST BE EMPHASIZE AND THIS MUST BE DONE BY EXAMPLES.
FUD is just our stepping stone for bigger projects. We need a model badly and this is the model and since the National Government is now reaching out and willing to help we need to take advantage of this and KIN must move on this fast.
We have entered the field where dreams can be real. People together in one direction will achieve the goal, proving once again good intention powered with joint effort to make it real will move mountains adjoining it to the ocean that once has never given thought of its connectivity.

value: Weebly () is a web hosting service, headquartered in San Francisco. Weebly is a subsidiary of Square, Inc.


text:
tsql - SQL Limit on "WHERE X IN (...)" - Stack Overflow
I've got some data I'd like to pull off our SQL server.
This old database does not have any primary keys associated with it, so pulling data is like querying an Excel spreadsheet (what it actually originated as years ago).
I need to run reports on this data, though.
Currently, I get a list of distinct serial numbers for a given time period, then pull all of the records for a given serial number. For a 1-month time frame, this can be 1500 to 3000 serial numbers. The serial number field is formatted as char(20), even though the serial numbers are only 15 characters long.
There are typically 5 to 15 entries in this table per Serial_Number.
There are at most 10 machines writing data to this table, so identical Date_Time values are possible
This process takes a while, but between different serial numbers in the list, I am able to update the Windows Form with a Progress Bar so management knows something is happening and about how much longer to expect.
I am always trying to make this query run faster.
Now, I am thinking about pulling the data I need using a WHERE clause such as:
WHERE Serial_Number IN (
SELECT DISTINCT Serial_Number
WHERE Date_Time Between @startDate AND @endDate
My question is: Are there any issues I could run into with this, particularly because we have so many distinct serial numbers during a given time frame.
And, of course, you know someone in Management is going to try running a year's worth of data when they are bored! Then, they are going to try running data since Jesus was born, just because they've got nothing better to do.
Restate Question: Is there a limit to the WHERE clause's IN method that limits the number of items I can pass in?
sql tsql sql-server-2000 share|improve this question edited Oct 10 '12 at 14:27
asked Oct 9 '12 at 21:00
8,362953122
Apparently, there is no way to tell what the maximum length of the WHERE X IN (...) can be.
If, at some later point in time, someone comes along and finds something to the contrary, please post that answer and I will mark it as such.
Honestly, I see no benefit to the WHERE clause as it is written.
You use an expensive inner query, but don't do anything meaningful with the results. I don't even see you getting the Serial_Number in the results anywhere. However, based on your question, it does sound like you need it.
I don't see the need for the DISTINCT keyword for Serial_Number, since the duplicates would not be eliminated in the results in the outer query.
What is wrong with doing this?
SELECT Serial_Number, Col1, Col2, Col3
This should do the same thing as your original query. But it would eliminate the expensive nested query.
Just put an index on Date_Time and it should work. This would also eliminate the need for the index on Serial_Number.
share|improve this answer answered Oct 9 '12 at 22:15
1,91629
My main question is if there was some limit to the number of items I can place in that WHERE clause's IN method. If I don't select DISTINCT, then I will easily have 10 times as many serial numbers in the IN method. Is SQL smart enough to eliminate the duplicates or will it search them as well? I don't know.
Oct 10 '12 at 14:18
And, yes. I use the Serial_Number field. It would be one of my columns returned. I simply used Col1, Col2 and Col3 to indicate generic column names.
Finally, just because a serial number was tested between @startDate and @endDate does not mean this was the first time this item was tested. We have a bonus system in place that rewards items that pass test criteria their first time. If an item sits in the warehouse for 6 months then gets retested before being shipped out, it would appear that an employee should be rewarded based on your query.
Well, in the naive case where there are no indexes (which it sounds like is your case) you're going to have to scan over all the rows in Table1 to perform the DISTINCT on Serial_Number anyway. So I'm not sure it's going to help you much.
Use the execution plan to determine what's going on in your query, and
Use that information to add some relevant indexes to speed your operations.
Just from what we see here, it sounds like Date_Time would be a good candidate for a clustered index in Table1.
To make a nonunique clustered index as I describe above, you can use the following:
CREATE CLUSTERED INDEX IX_Table1_Date_Time
ON Table1 (Date_Time)
(from http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/aa258260(v=sql.80).aspx)
This will reorder your table such that all rows are sorted in Date_Time order. Further work with the execution plan will help identify other indexes that may greatly help your performance, depending on the exact types of queries you run.
answered Oct 9 '12 at 21:06
I placed some updated text above. How would I create a clustered index?
Edited answer to add information on creating indexes...
I looked at my table, and it appears the Serial_Number has already been added as an index. I could add the date, though. But: Is there a limit to how many parameters can be passed to the IN method of the WHERE clause? (I updated my question to restate this)
To my knowledge, there's no limit. Are you talking about hardcoding (or generating) a big list of the exact parameter values you want? If the list is reasonably small that would work. If it's large, you might run into query parsing overhead issues. By all means, further clarify and I'll try to help.
My SELECT DISTINCT Serial_Number code will easily return 1500 values for any given month. There is no logic in place that prevents someone from trying to run this query over a year or more, though.
Oct 10 '12 at 16:18
Index Serial_Number and Date_Time in Table1 (with separate indexes, not a single compound index) and this should perform fairly well for you unless the table is really truly ginormous.
You might get a little more speed with one index on Serial_Number and the second on (Date_Time, Serial_Number). That second index covers the sub query, allowing it to be answered from the index alone.
Note: I'm suggesting indexes, not primary keys, which don't require uniqueness.
Generally, there are multiple entries per serial number. The Date_Time parameter could possibly serve as an index, but we have 10 different machines dumping data into the same table. There could be duplicates.
Oct 9 '12 at 21:22
@jp2code you can (and should) define indexes on the columns you need, doesn't matter if they're unique or not, what Larry said, just adding those indexes alone should make your queries go from 1 minute to like an instant
Duplicates don't matter. The indexes don't need to be unique. Index (Date_Time, Serial_Number) to speed the nested query and (Serial_Number) alone to speed the main query.
I would guess CREATE INDEX has already been done. I've been working on this data for 5 years, but it is much older than that. How would I check?
Oct 9 '12 at 21:30
@jp2code: You can check using SSMS or any other tool that can show you the structure of table.
Not the answer you're looking for?	Browse other questions tagged sql tsql sql-server-2000 or ask your own question.	asked
SELECT DISTINCT not working in .NET application, but works in SQL Mgmt Studio
SQL limit query
SQL Server update query not working, however, SQL says the rows were affected

value: Stack Overflow is a question and answer website for professional and enthusiast programmers. It is the flagship site of the Stack Exchange Network, created in 2008 by Jeff Atwood and Joel Spolsky.


text:
Leg Over Leg: Volume Two by Ahmad Faris al-Shidyaq, Hardcover | Barnes & Noble® B&N Top 100 NY Times Bestsellers
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Christians And Muslims In Ottoman Cyprus And The
Wrested from the rule of the Venetians, the island of Cyprus took on cultural shadings ...
Wrested from the rule of the Venetians, the island of Cyprus took on cultural shadings of enormous complexity as a new province of the Ottoman empire, involving the compulsory migration of hundreds of Muslim Turks to the island from the ...
An indispensable and provocative guide through the thicket of today's most challenging constitutional controversies by ...
An indispensable and provocative guide through the thicket of today's most challenging constitutional controversies by some of the most eminent judges of their time. It offers an invaluable peek behind the curtain of judicial decision making.—David Cole, Professor of Law, ...
The Epistle of Forgiveness: Volume 1: A Vision
One of the most unusual books in classical Arabic literature, The Epistle of Forgiveness is ...
One of the most unusual books in classical Arabic literature, The Epistle of Forgiveness is the lengthy reply by the prolific Syrian poet and prose writer Abu l-ʿAla al-Maʿarri (d. 449 H/1057 AD), to a letter written by an obscure ...

value: Barnes & Noble Booksellers is an American bookseller. It is a Fortune 1000 company and the bookseller with the largest number of retail outlets in the United States.


text:
Chieri: Spring/Summer '12 - My items!
Spring/Summer '12 - My items!
So, I'm loving some of the Spring/Summer '12 trend. Here are my items that I love! I bought some of these items during Winter but they're holding till summer!
Orange and Maxi's are in! I have a LOVE for maxi's. Living in the UK with pretty bi polar weather, this is a great alternative in Spring/summer if you don't want to bare your legs, but still want something comfy. If it get's colder, you can always add some black leggings under and pair with sandles!
Floral! I have a floral dress, top, beach top, scarf and Kimono. I love floral - if I find the right print. I love kimono's for summer. They flow beautifully and are perfect over a tank top and with shorts.
One of a kind print - has to be my new maxi. I'm not normally one for buying prints like this, but it gives off a real boho feel, pair it with a tank and leather jacket and you have a perfect boho biker outfit!
I know Neon is in, but I really will never go for it! The closet I will get is bright nail polish. If you can't pull off a neon outfit, or bag, try nail polish! Works for me.
All the other fashion trends like sorbet I won't go for - though my new scarf is sorbetish colours. Anyway! Hope you've got your summer trend items ready.
Posted by Chieri at 16:33

value: Blogger is an American online content management system (CMS) which enables multi-user blogs with time-stamped entries. Pyra Labs developed it before being acquired by Google in 2003.


text:
“Happy Halloween” !!! Plus….The Men: A Video Renee Ashley Baker (John F. Kennedy Files via President Donald Trump) plus #Alpha Bikes & #Bikeszene !!! | About Renee Ashley Baker....
« Music Videos Added ! New Faces Week ! Introducing “21 Savage” ….#Rappers #Actors #Atlanta #Hollywood #Cinema #New York Times, #French Riviera #Hollywood Reporter #Variety (and “NO” to Charlize Theron).
Veterans Day 2017 ! Help For Veterans, Security Cameras for Home or Office, and Emergency Preparedness! Veterans’ Charities plus Music Videos ! and Celebrity News , and The New York Times too ! »
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