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Psych Your Mind: Too many choices? The limits of free will
Though science might suggest otherwise, introspection tells us that we have free will. Otherwise, why would we bother making New Years resolutions year after year? In addition to giving us a sense of control over our outcomes, research suggests that the belief in free will makes us behave more ethically. In a recent study, when participants were led to believe that free will did not exist, they were more likely to cheat on a test, presumably because they felt less personally accountable for their immoral behavior. Similarly, in the classic Milgram experiment, participants were more likely to deliver strong electric shocks to an innocent victim when the experimenter told them they wouldn't be responsible for their actions. And the sense of anonymity and inhibition that comes from being "lost" in a crowd or mob can also lead to destructive behavior (see above - you can get away with it when you're three). Clearly we need to have some sense of personal accountability for society to function. But assuming free will is always operating can have drawbacks... Harsh judgment
Believing in the power of personal agency has disturbing consequences when it comes to our judgments of other people. The results of a recent series of studies soon to be published in Psychological Science suggest that thinking about choice (for example, by choosing between a variety of products or by identifying when a person in a video is making a decision) makes people less compassionate. In the studies, choice-primed participants took their belief in free will to an extreme: they were more likely to assume that someone who lost their job or had a heart attack was to blame for bringing it on themselves, and they were less supportive of social policies aimed at helping people. Source
The tendency to assume that other people are more in control than they actually are has also contributed to the stigmatization of mental illness. Old conceptions of mental illness attributed it to personal weakness or moral failing, and even modern approaches (e.g., Depression is a Choice) risk promoting a "blame the victim" mentality, even when the intention of such messages is to inspire hope. On the other hand, a purely biological (and deterministic) view of mental illness can also be problematic: one disturbing study found that people were faster to deliver electric shocks to a person whose mental illness was called a "brain disease" (as opposed to being caused by life events), suggesting that the perception that others have no control can lead to dehumanization and harm. Perhaps this biological view would be less problematic if we acknowledged that all of us, as humans, are subject to the whims of biology in various ways. Choice paralysis Source
Our cultural obsession with freedom is also relevant when it comes to making decisions. As Americans we're lucky to have the choices we do, but sometimes these choices can become excessive, leaving us paralyzed by indecision. Ben & Jerry's alone now has over 75 ice cream flavors to choose from. Research shows that while a large array of choices seems appealing, it can be overwhelming. In one study, customers were more likely to purchase jam if they chose from only two types, rather than 24 (even though more people were drawn initially to the large assortment). Also see The Paradox of Choice: Why More is Less by Barry Schwartz. Source
This phenomenon may also be at play in our romantic lives. In Marry Him: The case for setting for Mr. Good Enough, Lori Gottlieb argues that we've become too picky when selecting a mate. We're taught that we should hold out for Mr. or Ms. Perfect, when in fact this approach can result in chronic dissatisfaction and loneliness. Certainly when it comes to choosing a life partner settling for someone who you're not truly in love with is unlikely to lead to sustained happiness either (better to be single and happy than stuck in a miserable relationship). But if you're happy with someone, constantly keeping an eye out for other options is a recipe for disaster. Mysterious origins Not only can choice be stressful, but free will is only useful to the extent that we know what we want and what will make us happy - and we often don't. For certain decisions, like buying a house, intuition can be a better guide than conscious deliberation. Sometimes our unconscious brains seem to know us better than we know ourselves. In one famous study brain activity associated with movement preceded participants' conscious intentions to move, suggesting that what we perceive to be our will may in fact arise from unconscious processes. It just feels like we're willing it.
Paradoxically, recognizing the ways in which we're not in control may sometimes give us more control. For example, if we know that at certain times of the month our hormones tend to go haywire, leading us to be behave in ways we later regret (and yes, this applies to guys too), we'll know not to plan an important and potentially stressful meeting on that day. In addition to biological factors like hormones, social forces are also more powerful than most people realize. Many of us deny that TV ads influence us, and yet ad agencies spend billions trying to get us to buy their products - they wouldn't be wasting their money if it wasn't working. The same goes for peer pressure - even as adults we care a lot about what other people think of us. Acknowledging that we are susceptible to social influence can help us more consciously choose not to be swayed when we don't want to be. Free will is an ever-elusive concept. It makes us feel accountable, but also judgmental. It excites us, but also paralyzes us. We feel like we're making choices, but it's not always clear where they come from. By understanding the external and internal forces that limit authentic expressions of free will, maybe we can create more of it. Savani K, Stephens NM, & Markus HR (2011). The Unanticipated Interpersonal and Societal Consequences of Choice: Victim Blaming and Reduced Support for the Public Good. Psychological science PMID: 21537057
AnonymousApril 7, 2011 at 9:04 AMbut isn't it bad to not have choice? what about when people feel completely helpless and then don't leave a spouse who abuses them, and fall into a pattern of abuse, just as an example?ReplyDeleteJuliApril 7, 2011 at 1:44 PMThanks for your comment! I absolutely agree. The problem is that we often assume people have a choice when they actually don't (as in the study where participants blamed heart attack victims), or assume that we're making a choice when we're actually being controlled by someone or something else (as in our susceptibility to advertising) - this could also apply in the example you raise of staying with an abuser. In some cases, however, a person might truly want to leave their abuser but fear for their lives if they attempt to leave.Although the title seems to suggest otherwise, I'm not saying it's a good thing to not have choice - choice is essential, and we should do everything we can to ensure that people have the kinds of choices and opportunities that really matter (such as the opportunity to get an education). On a psychological level, it's also important to find ways to identify what we truly want so that we can make wise, authentic choices.ReplyDeleteRon KrumposAugust 25, 2011 at 3:18 PM“Free will” is really quite limited, despite belief that we control ourselves and our lives. We think we have endless choices…until we try to make them. Each decision must not only be based on what we “want to do,” but also on our own capabilities and what is expected of us. Nature and society imprison us, whether we like it or not. The key to release is mystical realization. All in One and One in All, the divine unity, opens the gate between Heaven and Earth…between a universal consciousness and most people’s constrained awareness.ReplyDeleteAdd commentLoad more...


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SharePoint Variations – The complete Guide – Part 9 – Creating Site Variants	★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★
Stefan GoßnerNovember 24, 20110	0
A new Publishing Site is provisioned within the source hierarchy In this case, the site creation activates the Publishing Feature, which is invokes the FeatureActivated event handler of the Microsoft.SharePoint.Publishing.PublishingFeatureHandler class which initiates the spawning of the site. The Publishing Feature is activated on a site which resides in the source hierarchy In this case, the creation is the same as for the previous scenario. That means activating the Publishing feature on a site (e.g. team) in the variation source hierarchy will automatically initiate the creation of variant sites in the target labels. A site which has the Publishing feature activated is moved into the source hierarchy In this case, the spawning of the site is initiated from the WebMoved event implemented in the Microsoft.SharePoint.Publishing.CPVAreaEventReceiver class. This event is bound to all sites that have the Publishing feature activated. As discussed in Part 4 the event receivers above will create a Scheduled Work Item for the SpawnSitesJobDefinition timer job which will perform the site propagation.

type: global

value: Microsoft Corporation is an American multinational technology corporation which produces computer software, consumer electronics, personal computers, and related services. Its best known software products are the Microsoft Windows line of operating systems, the Microsoft Office suite, and the Internet Explorer and Edge web browsers.


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Posted by Karen at 5:40 pm 11 comments:
Labels: Cameo, distress inks, Lili of the Valley, Mariannes
Posted by Karen at 1:00 am 18 comments:
Posted by Karen at 8:36 am 6 comments:
Labels: Cameo, Digi Doodle Shop, ILPMs, Mariannes, promarkers
Labels: Birthday, distress inks, Easel card, go kreate, Lili of the Valley, Mariannes, winter wonderland
This image is called Free Puppies and you can buy and download it HERE I coloured the image with ProMarkers.
Posted by Karen at 7:10 pm 15 comments:
Good Morning everyone, it's Wednesday and time for a new challenge over on I ♥ ProMarkers. This weeks challenge is 'Anything Goes' and our sponsor is our very own Lorraine who is giving the lucky winner a prize of a £10 spend in her online digi download store, L R Designs. There's loads of lovely goodies for you to buy.
I used a Tilda image for this one, kindly given to me by a friend and it's coloured with ProMarkers and FlexMarkers. I used a Marianne die for the foliage and the flower I made using a sizzix die. I made the bead pins myself.
Posted by Karen at 8:39 am 7 comments:
Labels: flexmarkers, ILPMs, Mariannes
A simple card for this one, with just the stamped corner, which is from a stamp set I bought in Florida, I used an MS punch for the side of the card and finished of with a ribbon and a few gems.
Time for a new challenge over on Digi Doodle Shop Challenges and this weeks theme is 'Embossing'. The lucky winner of this challenge will win a $10 gift certificate to spend in their online store, Digi Doodle Shop where you'll finds hundreds of great digi images.
The papers were printed off the computer a long time ago and have no idea where they came from. The sentiment is a FREEBIE which you can get HERE. It's part of a set of Birthday sentiments.
Posted by Karen at 5:13 pm 10 comments:
Posted by Karen at 8:52 am 11 comments:
Hi everyone and Happy New to you all, hope you've had a great Christmas too.
Today sees the re-start of the challenges over on Die Cut Dreams, after our Christmas break. This challenge is called WOW or White On White...... For this one we don't want to see any colour at all on your entries, everything has to be white, no colouring! this means no colour on skin tones, hair, greenery on flowers, even the stamens in the flowers have got to be white.
WOW is easier than it sounds, honestly........
We're being sponsored by Crimson Cloud for this challenge and the prize is a choice of 3 packs of die cuts from their shop.
Labels: cuttlebug, Mariannes, spellbinders

value: Blogger is an American online content management system (CMS) which enables multi-user blogs with time-stamped entries. Pyra Labs developed it before being acquired by Google in 2003.


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value: Expedia Inc. is an online travel agency owned by Expedia Group, an American online travel shopping company based in Seattle.


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6 Steps to Holistic Social Relationships | Insights From Analytics Blog
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6 Steps to Holistic Social Relationships
Posted on October 19, 2012	by Insights From Analytics
Good white paper from Astute entitled, “Holistic Social Relationships: Breaking down social media silos and enabling a coordinated brand voice.”
Lesson #1: The majority of social media conversations aren’t relevant to the business, but those that are can be incredibly valuable. Finding those relevant conversations is critical. Those that are not relevant to business can be a good way of building relationships and putting a human face on your company.
Lesson # 2: Social isn’t to be owned, it’s to be leveraged as an integral, vital and strategic business channel. Getting access to relevant information is important. Delivering it to key stakeholders is critical. Strive to create relationships in social media. Provide information of value. Be a trusted source of information.
Lesson #3: It’s not enough to simply monitor the social universe. You must be able to find and act on critical issues in real-time and do so in a way that doesn’t dampen the bottom line. Responsiveness is key. The more timely the response the more trust you build.
Lesson #5: Integration is important and the connecting of all parts of the organization to social systems is absolutely critical. Build a common platform based upon the needs of your service origination and you’ll find more flexibility and access to the most important information. It is critical that everyone speaking for the firm in different social media channels are delivering a consistent message that is “on brand.”
Lesson #6: Collecting data is terrific, but look closely for actionable feedback from consumers AND act on it! You will need to train your social media participants what is “actionable feedback” and why it’s important. This is their opportunity, and you firm’s opportunity, to be “awesome!”
By empowering your employees to engage with customers on social media, you are putting a human face on your company.
To ensure you are delivering an integrated message, ensure your employees understand the vision, mission, values and strategic positioning of the firm and are able to articulate them in the appropriate manner via social media.
Have a “go to” person for any potentially problematic situations and get everyone participating in social media together on a regular basis to share what they are seeing and learning.
This entry was posted in Consumer Insights and tagged Consumer Insights, empowered employees, social media. Bookmark the permalink.
@ChipotleTweets @ctsmithiii Must be the angle ;-} 53 minutes ago
#chipotle burrito bowl 3,182. Thank Niagra, Ciera, and @ChipotleTweets https://t.co/aSY8MBRczD 7 hours ago

value: WordPress (WP, WordPress.org) is a free and open-source content management system (CMS) written in PHP and paired with a MySQL or MariaDB database. Features include a plugin architecture and a template system, referred to within WordPress as Themes.


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Patent US6018029 - DNA encoding canine interleukin-1 receptor antagonist - Google Patents
Canine IL-1 receptor antagonist protein, DNAs, and expression vectors carrying DNA sequence encoding canine IL-1 receptor antagonist are disclosed....http://www.google.com/patents/US6018029?utm_source=gb-gplus-sharePatent US6018029 - DNA encoding canine interleukin-1 receptor antagonist
Publication number US6018029 A
Application number US 09/000,630
Also published as CA2289917A1, EP1012258A1, US6063600, WO1998053054A1
Publication number 000630, 09000630, US 6018029 A, US 6018029A, US-A-6018029, US6018029 A, US6018029A
Patent Citations (23), Non-Patent Citations (122), Classifications (9), Legal Events (5)
US 6018029 A
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION Isolation and Identification of cDNA Sequence of canine IL-1ra
White blood cells were isolated from fresh dog blood by layering whole blood on an isotonic solution of Accudenz (Accurate Chemical New York) 60% in HBSS buffer. The white blood cells obtained after centrifugation were plated and incubated in RPMI media 10% FBS. After 2 hours incubation at 37° C., the media was gently aspirated. Fresh media was added and the remaining adherent macrophages were incubated overnight at 37° C., 5% CO2.
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99 Ohlsson, et al., "Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist reduces mortality from endotoxin shock," Nature 1990; 348:550-552.
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101 Okayama, et al., "A cDNA cloning vector that permits expression of cDNA inserts in mammalian cells," Molecular and Cellular Biology 1983; 3:280-289.
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105 Pickvance, et al., "Immunolocalization of selected cytokines and proteases in canine articular cartilage after transarticular loading," J. of Ortho. Res., 1993; 11(3):313-3223.
106 * Pickvance, et al., Immunolocalization of selected cytokines and proteases in canine articular cartilage after transarticular loading, J. of Ortho. Res., 1993; 11(3):313 3223.
107 * S. P. Eisenberg, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, Jun., 1991, Immunology, vol. 88, pp. 5232 5236.
108 S. P. Eisenberg, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, Jun., 1991, Immunology, vol. 88, pp. 5232-5236.
109 * Seijiro Okusawa, Journal of Clinical Investigation, Apr., 1988, vol. 81, pp. 1162 1172.
110 Seijiro Okusawa, Journal of Clinical Investigation, Apr., 1988, vol. 81, pp. 1162-1172.
111 Shuster, et al., "Administration of recombinant human interleukin 1 receptor antagonist during endotoxin-induced mastitis in cows," American Journal of Veterinary Research, 1995; 56:313-320.
112 * Shuster, et al., Administration of recombinant human interleukin 1 receptor antagonist during endotoxin induced mastitis in cows, American Journal of Veterinary Research, 1995; 56:313 320.
113 * Stephen B. Eisenberg, Nature, Jan. 25, 1990, vol. 343, pp. 341 346.
114 Stephen B. Eisenberg, Nature, Jan. 25, 1990, vol. 343, pp. 341-346.
115 * W. David Benton, Science, vol. 196, Apr. 8, 1977, pp. 180 182.
116 W. David Benton, Science, vol. 196, Apr. 8, 1977, pp. 180-182.
117 Waage and Espevik, "Interleukin 1 Potentiates the Lethal Effect of Tumor Necrosis Factor α/Cachectin in Mice," J. Exp. Med., 1988; 167:1987-1992.
118 * Waage and Espevik, Interleukin 1 Potentiates the Lethal Effect of Tumor Necrosis Factor /Cachectin in Mice, J. Exp. Med., 1988; 167:1987 1992.
119 Wakabayashi, et al., "A specific receptor antagonist for interleukin 1 prevents Escherichia coli-induced shock in rabbits," The FASEB Journal, 1991; 5:338-343.
120 * Wakabayashi, et al., A specific receptor antagonist for interleukin 1 prevents Escherichia coli induced shock in rabbits, The FASEB Journal, 1991; 5:338 343.
121 Zahedi, et al., "The mouse interleukin 1 receptor antagonist protein: Gene structure and regulation in vitro," Cytokine 1994; 6:1-9.
122 * Zahedi, et al., The mouse interleukin 1 receptor antagonist protein: Gene structure and regulation in vitro, Cytokine 1994; 6:1 9.
U.S. Classification 530/351, 424/85.2, 530/350
International Classification C12N15/24, A61K38/00, C07K14/54

value: Google Patents is a search engine from Google that indexes patents and patent applications.


text:
Alex Grande - HTML5 (San Francisco, CA) - Meetup
http://photos4.meetupstatic.com/photos/member/6/0/6/0/member_36684672.jpeg
http://www.meetup.com/sfhtml5/members/34710652/
What Alex Grande is saying about this Meetup Group
Mew, I'm waiting for html6.
Hello Alex, We think that you might be interested in this meetup on October 19th. Check out this Meetup with SV Business App Developers and Service Providers. http://meetu.ps/k2ryg Thanks, Phillip Hughes Oct 12, 2012 6:29 PM
Hello, I would like to introduce with you a new meetup group. SVBusiness App Developers and Service Providers Group" is a group for Entrepreneurs, Businesses, Consultants, Domain experts and those interested in App Development for SAAS Platforms, and Business Service Providers. Please learn more about us at: http://www.meetup.com/SVBusiness-App-... Oct 11, 2012 7:58 PM
User Experience, Ruby On Rails, node.js, CSS, mobile applications, HTML5, Fun Times, Meeting New People, Entrepreneur, Internet & Technology, Night Life, Software Development, Business Networking, Social Networking, Social, Interaction Design, Graphic Design, Web Design, iOS, Web Technology, Mobile Technology, iPad Developers, Android developers, Mobile Development
103,602,864 RSVPs!

value: Meetup is a service used to organize online groups that host in-person and virtual events for people with similar interests. It was founded in 2002 by Chairman Scott Heiferman and four co-founders.


text:
US7627337B2 - Dual lever slide mechanism for extendible device housings - Google Patents
US7627337B2
US7627337B2 US11/405,651 US40565106A US7627337B2 US 7627337 B2 US7627337 B2 US 7627337B2 US 40565106 A US40565106 A US 40565106A US 7627337 B2 US7627337 B2 US 7627337B2
US11/405,651
US20070243896A1 (en
2006-04-17 Application filed by Nokia Oyj filed Critical Nokia Oyj
2006-04-17 Priority to US11/405,651 priority Critical patent/US7627337B2/en
2006-06-12 Assigned to NOKIA CORPORATION reassignment NOKIA CORPORATION ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: IVASKEVICIUS, TOMAS, UKONAHO, MIKKO, MAATTA, ESA-SAKARI, VANSKA, ANSSI
2007-10-18 Publication of US20070243896A1 publication Critical patent/US20070243896A1/en
2009-12-01 Publication of US7627337B2 publication Critical patent/US7627337B2/en
31. Mechanism according to claim 21, wherein said extension mechanism comprises one lever and slide mechanism being centrally arranged in relation to side surfaces of said housing elements.
US11/405,651 2006-04-17 2006-04-17 Dual lever slide mechanism for extendible device housings Expired - Fee Related US7627337B2 (en)
US11/405,651 US7627337B2 (en) 2006-04-17 2006-04-17 Dual lever slide mechanism for extendible device housings
KR1020087022442A KR101017702B1 (en) 2006-04-17 2007-02-12 Dual lever slide mechanism for extendible device housings
US20070243896A1 US20070243896A1 (en) 2007-10-18
US7627337B2 true US7627337B2 (en) 2009-12-01
US11/405,651 Expired - Fee Related US7627337B2 (en) 2006-04-17 2006-04-17 Dual lever slide mechanism for extendible device housings
US8306586B2 (en) 2010-07-29 2012-11-06 Htc Corporation Handheld electronic device
US8422215B2 (en) 2010-07-30 2013-04-16 Htc Corporation Handheld electronic device
US8599553B2 (en) 2010-07-20 2013-12-03 Htc Corporation Handheld electronic device
JP5085725B2 (en) * 2008-03-05 2012-11-28 京セラ株式会社 Openable small electronic equipment
TWI365036B (en) 2009-08-10 2012-05-21 Htc Corp Handheld electronic device and rising mechanism
JP5708348B2 (en) * 2011-07-29 2015-04-30 富士通株式会社 Slide device for housing and electronic device in which slide device is installed
WO2004038941A1 (en) 2002-10-23 2004-05-06 Seok-Hong Jeong A portable display
EP1796351A1 (en) 2005-12-12 2007-06-13 LG Electronics Inc. Sliding type mobile communication terminal
2006-04-17 US US11/405,651 patent/US7627337B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
2007-02-12 EP EP20070705574 patent/EP2008295A1/en not_active Withdrawn
2007-02-12 WO PCT/IB2007/000321 patent/WO2007119127A1/en active Application Filing
2007-02-12 KR KR1020087022442A patent/KR101017702B1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
2007-02-12 CN CN 200780008685 patent/CN101401188A/en not_active Application Discontinuation
WO2007119127A1 (en) 2007-10-25
CN101401188A (en) 2009-04-01
KR20080103073A (en) 2008-11-26
US20070243896A1 (en) 2007-10-18
KR101017702B1 (en) 2011-02-25
EP2008295A1 (en) 2008-12-31
KR100446747B1 (en) 2004-09-01 Rotary-Keypad Mobile Terminal
CN100380905C (en) 2008-04-09 Slide portable information device


text:
McDonalds and Migrs restaurant if your budget is... - Review of Holiday Inn Bern-Westside - TripAdvisor
McDonalds and Migrs restaurant if your budget is... - Review of Holiday Inn Bern-Westside
“Excellent modern hotel with excellent links to city centre”
and 13 more sites! Holiday Inn Bern-Westside Hotel
See the most recent reviews Barney2502
11 helpful votes “Excellent modern hotel with excellent links to city centre”
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Arabic first Chinese (Simplified) first Dutch first English first French first German first Italian first Japanese first Portuguese first Russian first Spanish first Any Erikse
5 helpful votes “Good choice, if you travel by car”
The hotel is exactly 7km from Bern center, but you get all what is needed to sleep well and make necessary shopping. Parking was for additional price. I found a place to park my car in the near of the hotel for 3 CHF for 11 hours.There is a highway near the hotel, but you don't here the noise while window is closed.It was difficult to find the hotel, as my navigation system didn't recognize new roads. If you find a route guide in hotels web page, maybe it is a good idea to print it ot.
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141 helpful votes “Spotless, Modern”
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21 helpful votes “Nice stay, but could be better”
Hi,stayed here for 2 days on a weekend trip to Switzerland.. Its a decent hotel little outside the city centre and has a big shopping complex attached to it.. I was supposedly upgraded to the next category room, but it didnt seem like anything better than the standard room or maybe I did'nt realise it ;)Good for business travellers or those on award stays.. Nice place, but lil expesive in my opinion, but again it depends how much ahead we plan and the season we book in..All in all a decent place to stay.. We did not have breakfast, but the spread seemed ok..
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This review is the subjective opinion of a TripAdvisor member and not of TripAdvisor LLC. boutondargent
89 helpful votes “Very modern Hotel”
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This review is the subjective opinion of a TripAdvisor member and not of TripAdvisor LLC. boutondargent has 3 more reviews of Holiday Inn Bern-Westside “My 11th stay in this hotel”
“Tant de séjours dans ce Holiday Inn”
5 helpful votes “expensive but worth the price!”
one of the best hotels of its class and for sure worth to stay there. not cheap but the price pays off by quality, nothing negative to say!
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Cheryl Strayed | jackchaucerbooks
October 4, 2013 by queensarewild
Awesome how this California high school staffer fought through the dark subject matter and loved my book!
“It was rough, because I am not sure I was ready to read a book that references Sandy Hook yet … but he pulled it off. Amazing, heart wrenching and hard to put down without finishing!”
— from a review of “Streaks of Blue” by Amy Vandagriff, one of the first high school staffers to read the book.
Tagged Anderson Cooper, Cheryl Strayed, drama, guns, Jack Chaucer, LSD, mountain climbing, Newtown, Streaks of Blue, teen, YA


text:
FLOW Profile | SPX FLOW, Inc. Stock - Yahoo Finance
Mr. Marcus G. Michael Pres, CEO & Director 1.01M N/A 1963
Mr. Jeremy W. Smeltser VP & CFO 685.9k N/A 1975
Mr. David A. Kowalski Pres of Global Manufacturing Operations 736.72k N/A 1958
Mr. Dwight Audley Konrad Gibson Pres of the Food & Beverage Segment 802.95k N/A 1975
Mr. José Larios Pres of Industrial and Power & Energy N/A N/A 1975
SPX FLOW, Inc.’s ISS Governance QualityScore as of April 1, 2018 is 2. The pillar scores are Audit: 1; Board: 2; Shareholder Rights: 6; Compensation: 1.

value: Yahoo (, styled as yahoo!) is an American web services provider. It is headquartered in Sunnyvale, California and operated by the namesake Yahoo!


text:
An Introduction to Theoretical and Computational Aerodynamics by Jack Moran - Read Online
811 pages7 hours
Publisher: Dover PublicationsReleased: Apr 22, 2013ISBN: 9780486317533Format: book
APG 104 – Marshalling, Powerbacks: Well, this one's a crazy one. I got all caught up in the winter storm which swept through the Southeastern US up to New England, and tried to record a show in the midst of it. A 45-year-old Ukrainian man attempted to highjack a Pegasus Airlines flight...
Airspeed - Instrument Flight: General information about instrument flight and the attendant challenges.
Episode #24 – Unmanned Aircraft Systems, Non-Towered Airports, & Transporting the Space Shuttle: We’re back in action this episode with comments on the Cessna 421 crash in Florida, unmanned aircraft systems, Carl’s interest in model airplanes and rocketry, flying at non-towered airports, the definition of an airport non-movement area with a quiz i...
Episode 002 - Piston Singles, STCs + More: 002 - Piston singles, STCs, + More
054 SnF 2018 - Aaron Tippin, AOPA Jamie Beckett, Camp RadioActive: These are the remaining interviews from Sun 'n Fun 2018. I sat down with country singer Aaron Tippin to discuss his extensive experience in Aviation. Then AOPA Ambassador Jamie Beckett shares his passion for flying. Finally, several of the SnF Radio...
APG 124 – Amelia Earhart Circumnavigation, Harrier Lands without Nose Gear: In this episode: Young woman sets out to reenact Amelia Earhart’s round the world adventure, United flight diverts due to slide deployment in flight, Marine Corp pilot lands Harrier jet without nose gear, and more...
Events And 'Thee-Ay': 268. Events And 'Thee-Ay'
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SMAC090 Steve Tupper, motor gliders, flying upside down and special words about hurling: This episode is an interview with Steve Tupper aka Stephen Force. “Stephen Force” is the superhero alter ego of mild-mannered tech and aviation lawyer, commercial pilot (glider, with private privileges in ASEL, AMEL, ASES, IA,
Maui Flight Academy | Angle of Attack | CFI Laurence Balter: Episode 19: Today we are stoked to have Laurence Balter of Maui Flight Academy on the show. Laurence has decades of experience as a Cirrus instructor and flying in Hawaii. On this episode we’ll hear about Laurence’s aviation journey, spectacular flight...
SMAC166 Aircraft Electronics For Amateur Radio Enthusiasts: Hey everyone! Today we are talking to Pilot JimG (Jim Goldman) about Aircraft Electronics for Amateur Radio Enthusiasts. Pilots often gain interest in HAM radio, since they use avionics in their aviation profession or hobby.
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'Move Fast And Break Things,' Satellite Edition
Tiangong-1, an abandoned Chinese orbiting lab, re-entered the atmosphere over the South Pacific Ocean Sunday evening, fulfilling predictions by the European Space Agency.
An Introduction to Theoretical and Computational Aerodynamics - Jack Moran
Most of this book is about the aerodynamics of wings. Therefore, we start by looking at wings, what they do, and how they do it.
1.1.FUNCTION
The main purpose of a wing is to provide a lift force, the force that gets the airplane off the ground, raises it to an efficient and safe cruising altitude, lets it maneuver about, and allows a safe landing. The same results can be obtained by pointing a rocket or other engine in the right direction, and that, in fact, is how you fly in the absence of an atmosphere. However, when an atmosphere is available, a lot of energy can be saved by using wings. The wing acts as a thrust amplifier, giving you a lifting force many times the force it takes to keep you going.
To make this precise, consider an airplane in straight and level flight at speed V, as shown in Fig. 1.1. The forces on the airplane are its weight W and the aerodynamic forces, the forces exerted by the air on its surfaces. Thrust is the aerodynamic force on the surfaces associated with the propulsive system. Its separation from the other aerodynamic forces is often somewhat arbitrary. For example, in the case of a turbojet-powered aircraft, the usual definition of the engine thrust is the aerodynamic force on all surfaces within the volume enclosed by the engine and surfaces S1 and S2 that cover its inlet and exit, respectively, as shown in Fig. 1.2. However, shouldn’t the propulsion-system specialist also be held accountable for the drag on the exterior of the engine nacelle? With a little imagination, you can visualize the pain various definitions of thrust could cause different members of the design team.
FIG. 1.1. Balance of forces on an airplane in straight and level constant-speed flight. T = thrust, L = lift, D = drag, W = weight.
FIG. 1.2. Control volume for analyzing the drag of a propulsion system.
Once the thrust is defined, the aerodynamic forces on the remaining surfaces of the aircraft are resolved into components along and parallel to the direction of flight. Lift is the component perpendicular to the velocity vector V, whereas drag is the component along (but opposite to) V.
For flight at constant speed and altitude, the propulsive system thrust is in rough balance with the drag, and the lift with the weight. Of course, to change direction, the lift must exceed the weight, and the thrust must exceed the drag when you need to accelerate. However, what I meant when I called the wing a thrust amplifier is that its lift, which must at least equal the airplane’s weight in order for it to get off the ground, can be many times as large as its drag, which must be overcome by the engine’s thrust.
This can be seen from Fig. 1.3, taken from Chuprun [1], who examined data on the performance of various modern (as of 1980) fighter and transport aircraft. The wings of transports are seen to be capable of providing a lift force up to about 35 times their drag, whereas those of fighter aircraft provide lift to drag ratios from 16 to 24. Of course, as is also shown in Fig. 1.3, the lift to drag ratio of the complete airplane is considerably less than that of the wing alone, but it is still more than eight for fighters and about twice that for transports. Thus, for example, the C5A lifts over 750,000 lb with four 41,000-lb thrust engines.
FIG. 1.3. Maximum lift to drag ratios for fighters and transports in subsonic flight. Copyright AIAA; from The AIAA Evolution of Aircraft Wing Design Symposium, 1980 [1]
The differences evident in Fig. 1.3 between the performances of the wings of fighters and transports can be understood in terms of their different missions. Since range is directly proportional to the lift/drag ratio,¹ transport wings are designed to give as high a ratio of lift to drag as possible. Fighter aircraft, on the other hand, must be able to change direction rapidly and so must have a high lift/weight ratio. Figure 1.4, also Chuprun’s, shows that fighter wings can exert lift forces of up to 90 times their weight, whereas the lift/weight ratio of transport wings is about 22.
FIG. 1.4. Maximum lift/weight ratio for fighters and transports in subsonic flight. Copyright AIAA; from The AIAA Evolution of Aircraft Wing Design Symposium, 1980 [1].
Lift and drag are not the only parameters of interest to the aerodynamicist. He or she must also know where the lift acts, what is called the center of pressure of the wing. To fly straight and level, for example, the airplane must be in equilibrium with respect to the moments about its mass center of the forces acting on it; see Fig. 1.5. Also, although our focus in this book is on the aerodynamic performance of wings, it should be noted that a wing has nonaerodynamic design parameters, too. In the first place, it must be strong enough to bear the loads the aerodynamicist wants to impose on it. This demands a thicker wing than the aerodynamicist might like. Think of the wing as a beam. Then its stresses and deflection are seen to go inversely with the moment of inertia of the wing section, which is proportional to the cube of the wing thickness. And the storage function of wings must not be overlooked; most aircraft use the wings to store fuel and also the landing gear. Thus, the aerodynamicist will be well received if she or he can design a wing that not only flies the airplane but is nice and thick.
FIG. 1.5. Balance of moments about mass center on a trimmed aircraft.
1.2.GEOMETRY
Having briefly outlined the objectives of wing design, let us now look at the geometric variables at the designer’s disposal.
The first is planform; the shape of the wing as viewed from above. As shown in Fig. 1.6, the span of a wing is the distance between its tips. The chord is the dimension of the wing from its leading edge to its trailing edge; generally it varies along the span. The taper of a wing is the ratio of its tip chord to its root chord, the chord at midspan. Another planform variable is the sweep angle Λ, defined as the angle between a line one-quarter of the chord behind the leading edge (the quarter-chord line ) and the spanwise direction.
Probably the most important planform parameter is the aspect ratio of the wing,
FIG. 1.6. Nomenclature for wing planforms.
The aspect ratio can be regarded as the ratio of the span to an average chord, which is in turn defined as the ratio of the planform area to the span. This can be seen from Fig. 1.3 of the preceding section to correlate very well the maximum lift to drag ratios of a variety of real wings, and even complete airplanes. Generally, for reasons to be discussed in Chapter 5, the higher the aspect ratio, the higher the ratio of lift to drag. Sailplanes, for which a high lift to drag ratio is of paramount importance, are therefore characterized by very high aspect ratios, limited mainly by structural and weight considerations.²
The sweep angle of a wing is usually selected with its design speed in mind. For flight at low speeds, little or no sweep is best. Roughly speaking, it just reduces the aspect ratio for a given weight, while introducing some serious problems in getting performance from all of the wing. As the speed gets close to and beyond the speed of sound, sweep becomes more desirable. Some military aircraft must perform over such a wide speed range that their wings are designed to pivot in flight to change the sweep angle.
Some of the variety of planform shapes that have been used on one airplane or another are shown in Fig. 1.7 [1]. I hope the preceding discussion sheds some light on the rationale for their design, although, as Chuprun points out, some geometries may simply represent the artistic flair of the designer. However, most of the designs shown are rational. In particular, the forward-swept wing has a number of aerodynamic advantages over conventionally swept-rearward designs but has not been used because of an aeroelastic instability called divergence. The recent advent of composite materials, with their very high strength/weight ratio, may make this design more attractive.
Much work has been done on the design of wing sections or airfoils; that is, on the shape of the wing in planes perpendicular to the span. The analysis and design of airfoils are generally conducted under the assumption of a two-dimensional flow; that is, the wing section is taken to be constant along the span, and the span to be infinite. As will be shown in Chapter 5, results obtained under this assumption can be used for real wings of large aspect ratio and little or no sweep. However, the main reason for the emphasis of this book on two-dimensional problems is that they are easier to deal with than three-dimensional problems and so more suitable for an introductory textbook. On the other hand, emphasis is given to approaches that have been or could be carried over to the three-dimensional world.
It is convenient to describe an airfoil shape in terms of its thickness and camber distributions. As shown in Fig. 1.8, we define a chord line to run from the airfoil’s leading edge to its trailing edge and a camber line, which is midway between the airfoil’s upper and lower surfaces. The camber of the airfoil is the distance between the camber and chord lines. The thickness may be defined as the dimension of the airfoil in the direction perpendicular to the chord line, or, as in Fig. 1.8, to the camber line; usually it doesn’t make too much difference.
As will be seen in Chapter 4, the lift and moment per unit width of a thin airfoil depend mainly on the shape of its camber line and on the angle of attack of the airfoil, the angle between its chord line and the velocity vector of the undisturbed flow relative to the airfoil. The thickness distribution does influence the pressure distribution along the airfoil surface, which, as described in Chapter 7, controls the behavior of the boundary layer on the airfoil, including the phenomenon of stall, which limits the maximum lift an airfoil can generate.
FIG. 1.7. Some of the variety of planforms that have been used. Copyright AIAA; from The AIAA Evolution of Aircraft Wing Design Symposium, 1980 [1].
FIG. 1.8. Nomenclature for airfoils.
Most airfoil shapes are defined by giving the coordinates of 50 or more points on its surface. In some cases, the camber line is described analytically and the thickness distribution by giving its value at selected points. Two rather famous series of airfoils, the NACA four- and five-digit series, are defined completely by formulas. In both cases, the thickness distribution is
Here c is the airfoil chord (length of its chord line) and x the distance along the chord line from the leading edge. The parameter τ is the thickness ratio of the airfoil (maximum thickness/chord). This thickness distribution was derived in 1930 by Eastman Jacobs, of the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics’ Langley Laboratory, on the basis of examination of airfoils known to be efficient (in particular, the airfoils known as the Gottingen 398 and the Clark Y) [4].
The camber line of the four-digit airfoils consists of two parabolas joined at the maximum camber point, as shown in Fig. 1.9. If εc is the maximum camber, and pc is the distance between the leading edge and the maximum camber point, we then have
The first digit of the four-digit airfoil’s designation is the maximum camber ratio ε times 100, while the second digit is the chordwise position of the maximum camber p times 10. The last two digits are 100 times the thickness ratio τ. Thus, a NACA 2412 airfoil is 12% thick (τ = 0.12) and has maximum camber ε = 0.02 at x = 0.4c. As indicated in Fig. 1.9, the thickness of the NACA four-digit airfoil is defined in the direction perpendicular to the camber line.
The four-digit airfoils are thus defined by three parameters: τ, p, and ε. Airfoil models with systematic variations in these parameters were tested in the Langley Laboratory’s variable-density wind tunnel (which, for the first time, allowed model testing at full-scale Reynolds numbers, by working at pressures of up to 20 atm) in the 1930s. Because their performance was so well documented [5] (and good, too), these airfoils became very popular. When it was found that the two-parabola camber line was not so useful for far-forward positions of the maximum camber, NACA engineers developed the five-digit series, which used the same thickness distribution but a camber line comprised of a cubic polynomial in x up to some point past the maximum camber, followed by a straight line. Modern airfoils have much more complex camber lines. As noted above, their shape is described, not by explicit formulas, but by giving the coordinates of points on their surface. Criteria for airfoil design will be discussed in Chapter 7.
FIG. 1.9. Geometry of NACA four-digit airfoils.
Aside from fighter aircraft, whose maneuverability requirements place an extra demand on the aircraft designer, the lift force required of an airplane wing does not change much over its flight profile. However, as we shall show in Chapter 4, the aerodynamic force on a particular geometry is proportional to the density of the atmosphere and to the square of the airplane’s velocity, factors that vary considerably during the course of a flight. Although it seems possible to meet the varying demands on lift by changing the incidence of the aircraft (and its wing) to the direction of flight, some variation in the geometry of the airplane’s lifting surfaces (tailplane as well as wing) is required to keep the aircraft trimmed (in moment equilibrium) and to control its direction of flight. One of the Wright brothers’ major contributions was the invention of a system for varying the camber of their wings by warping them, by tugging on wires attached to the corners of the wing tips. Glenn Curtiss was the first to use hinged ailerons to provide differential lift on the wings, a system that has been used by most aircraft since then (1908), including later products of the Wrights.³ From the aileron it is but a small step⁴ to the flapped wing, which increases the total lift without requiring the whole aircraft to change its inclination to the direction of flight. Flaps are therefore very nice to have during takeoff and landing. At low speeds you need extra performance from the wings to get a given lift force, and you don’t want to fly at a large angle from horizontal.
FIG. 1.10. Some flap designs. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [2].
Some of the variety of flap designs that have been and are used are shown in Fig. 1.10, taken from McCormick [2], who also gives an excellent summary of design data for flaps. Although the man-powered Gossamer Condor and Gossamer Albatross achieved their goals by warping the wings, multielement airfoils are here to stay. Their proper design remains an important and interesting challenge to the aerodynamicist.
1.3.REFERENCES
1.Chuprun, J., Wings, in The AIAA Evolution of Aircraft Wing Design Symposium. Air Force Museum, Dayton (March 1980).
2.McCormick, B. W., Aerodynamics, Aeronautics, and Flight Mechanics. Wiley, New York (1979).
3.Lissaman, P. B. S., Wings for Human-Powered Flight, in The Evolution of Aircraft Wing Design, AIAA Symposium. Air Force Museum, Dayton (March 1980).
4.Abbott, I., Airfoils, in The Evolution of Aircraft Wing Design, AIAA Symposium. Air Force Museum, Dayton (March 1980).
5.Abbott, I. H. and von Doenhoff, A. E., Theory of Wing Sections. Dover, New York (1959).
1.Compare any three of the planforms shown in Fig. 1.7. Explain their design in terms of the mission of the aircraft to which they belong.
2.If an airplane’s engine fails at an altitude of 5000 ft, how far can it glide at constant speed before reaching the ground if its lift to drag ratio is 16? What if the ratio is 12?
3.Compute the aspect ratio of a wing with the trapezoidal planform shown.
4.Make a scale drawing of an NACA four-digit airfoil. Use a computer or programmable calculator, and find the coordinates of at least 15 points each on the upper and lower surfaces.
¹ See the Breguet range formula in, for example, McCormick [2], p. 440.
² In the case of the Gossamer Condor and Gossamer Albatross, the famous human-powered aircraft, the limiting factor was the dimensions of the hangar available [3].
³ They had the poor grace to sue Curtiss for infringement on their patent for lateral control by warping the wing and won. After 1915, even Wright airplanes used ailerons.
⁴ In logic, if not in time; flaps did not come into widespread use until the 1930s.
REVIEW OF BASIC FLUID DYNAMICS
This chapter contains in outline form results and derivations you should have seen in previous courses in fluid mechanics and/or mathematics. For more details, see the books listed in the bibliography at the end of the chapter.
2.1.FORCES AND MOMENTS DUE TO PRESSURE
In Chapters 3 and 4, we shall exaggerate the smallness of shear stresses in flows of interest to the aerodynamicist by ignoring them entirely. In this approximation, the forces and moments on a body are due entirely to the pressure exerted by the fluid at the body surface. Since the magnitudes of this force and moment are among the prime objectives of an aerodynamic analysis, let us see how we would calculate them if we knew the pressure distribution on the body.
Specifically, consider a two-dimensional airfoil to be in motion with constant velocity – V∞, as shown in Fig. 2.1. The flow is steady in coordinates (x, y) fixed to the airfoil; that is, the fluid velocity and pressure depend only on the position coordinates (x, y) and not on time. In this frame of reference, the airfoil appears to be immersed in an onset flow whose velocity is V∞; that is, far from the body, the flow velocity is V∞. Let the angle of attack of the airfoil—the angle between its chord line (the x axis) and the direction of the onset flow—be α.
The shape of the airfoil can be described by functions Yu(x) and Yl(x), which give the contours of its upper and lower surfaces, respectively, as shown in is made definite by writing
FIG. 2.1. Body-fixed coordinates.
FIG. 2.2. Nomenclature for computing force and moment on an airfoil due to its pressure distribution.
Let θ to the x axis. Note from , and θ behave on the upper and lower surfaces. In either case,
are unit vectors in the x and y directions, respectively.
The net force on the body can be found by dividing the airfoil contour into a large number of small segments dl and summing the forces on all such segments. In the limit, as the number of such segments approaches infinity, the sum becomes an integral. If the unit normal to dl , and the fluid pressure at dl is p, the force felt by dl (per unit width of the airfoil) is
and so the net force is
and p generally vary around the airfoil and so cannot be taken outside the integral. Thus, to evaluate F, we need to know the distribution of pressure around the airfoil contour. For now, we shall suppose that it is known and proceed to put equation 2-2 into a form more convenient for computation.
FIG. 2.3. Details of definitions of unit vectors and surface slope.
Observe that, with θ defined as shown in Fig. 2.3,
on both upper and lower surfaces. Then the force associated with the segment dl is, from equations 2-1 and 2-2,
so the force can be calculated by integrating over x, if the pressure p on the airfoil and its slope dY/dx are known functions of x:
Since we integrate clockwise around the airfoil, x runs from c (the chord) to 0 on the lower surface and from 0 to c on the upper surface. Letting the pressure on the upper and lower surfaces be pu(x) and pl(x), respectively, we then have
Thus, the x and y components of the force on the airfoil are
Aerodynamicists define the moment on an airfoil as being positive if clockwise ( nose up ). From equation 2-3 and Fig. 2.4, the moment about the origin (leading edge) of the force on the element dl is
and the total moment is found to be
FIG. 2.4. Forces on an element of the surface.
For airfoils of practical interest, the slope dY/dx is small except, perhaps, near the leading edge, where Y itself is small. In such cases, equation 2-5 is well approximated by
2.2.THE BASIC CONSERVATION LAWS OF FLUID MECHANICS
The opening section of this chapter should demonstrate the importance of knowing the variation of pressure over the surfaces of bodies on which you want to know the aerodynamic force and moment. Now we will review the conservation laws that connect the pressure and velocity fields.
within the fluid. Let S a unit vector normal to S and directed out of are, respectively,
Here ρ is the fluid density, V the fluid velocity, and e the internal energy per unit mass.
FIG. 2.5. Control volume for application of conservation laws.
changes with time if there is an imbalance in the flux of mass through the bounding surface S:
The flow of fluid across S , at the rates
respectively. From Newton’s second law, the rate of change of momentum of a fixed portion of matter is due only to the pressure exerted at its boundary, we can write
The pressure force also does work on the fluid, which, from the first law of thermodynamics, increases its energy. In the absence of heat addition, we then have
Equations 2-7 to 2-9 are the fundamental principles that govern every fluid motion. They are usually referred to as conservation laws for mass, momentum, and energy, although, as was noted above, the momentum and energy of any system change when it is subjected to external forces. Thus, cases in which energy and momentum are actually conserved are not very interesting.
The mass conservation law always has the form of equation 2-7, but you should know that the forms (2-8) and (2-9) given for the momentum and energy conservation laws are based on approximations that cannot always be justified. In particular, they must often be modified to include the effects of shear stresses, heat conduction, and (if the environment is hot enough) radiation. The inclusion of shear stresses in the momentum conservation principle is the subject of Chapter 6.
In any case, the conservation laws must be supplemented by connections among the fluid properties called constitutive equations. Most often in this book we shall consider the special case of incompressible fluid motion, for which
In this case, the mass and momentum conservation laws (2-7) and (2-8) decouple from the energy equation 2-9, with the result that the energy equation is not needed to determine the pressure field. Values of the density of common fluids at room temperature are listed in Table 2.1.
Densities of Common Liquids at 68°F
Gas Constants for Common Gases
Another constitutive equation important to aerodynamicists is the perfect gas law
T being the absolute temperature and R a constant (the gas constant). From thermodynamics, equation 2-11 implies that the internal energy e depends only on T. The relation between e and T is a second constitutive equation that must be supplied to study the motion of a perfect gas. Air behaves very much like a perfect gas up to temperatures of about 1000 °R, with a gas constant R of 1715 ft lb/ slug °R. Gas constants for some other gases are listed in Table 2.2. As is shown in courses on compressible fluid flow, a perfect gas may be treated as an incompressible fluid when the flow speed (in a frame of reference in which the flow is steady) is small compared with the speed of sound waves (Chapter 11 will deal with compressible flows, especially in the transonic regime).
An important result concerning the force on a solid body immersed in a steady flow may be derived directly from the momentum principle ( to be the fluid between the body surface SB and some control surface SC (that is often taken to be far from the body); see Fig. 2.6. Because the flow is steady, the left side of equation 2-8 is zero. The surface S on the right side now has two pieces, SB and SC, for which separate integrals of the same form may be written. Since the flow velocity is tangential to the surface of a solid body, V = 0 on SB, whereas the pressure integral over SB is, from equation 2-2,² just the force FB on the body. Thus
FIG. 2.6. Control surfaces for analysis of forces by application of momentum theorem.
and the force may be deduced by measuring (or analyzing) the flow on the control surface SC.
2.3.VECTOR CALCULUS
From time to time in this book, you will need some familiarity with vector calculus. One of those times is coming up shortly, and so we shall review here the basic results that will be required.
First, we must define the differential operators grad, div, and curl. The gradient operator transforms a scalar f into a vector ∇f (read "del f") or grad f. Its value at a point P is
in which, as shown in is a small volume containing P, ΔS is a unit normal to ΔS .
FIG. 2.7. Nomenclature for definition of gradient and divergence operators.
to be a rectangular parallelepiped, with surfaces normal to the Cartesian coordinate directions, we get a formula for the gradient in Cartesian coordinates,
This formula may be used to get a useful interpretation of ∇f: it is a vector whose magnitude and direction are those of the maximum rate of increase of f Thus the gradient is perpendicular to surfaces on which f is constant; see Fig. 2.8.
The divergence of a vector has a definition in terms similar to those of ∇f:
FIG. 2.8. Geometric interpretation of the gradient.
to be a rectangular parallelepiped whose sides are aligned with the Cartesian axes, we get
in which Ux, Uy, and Uz are the Cartesian components of U.
The divergence theorem can be derived directly from the definition ( is an arbitrary volume, with surface S , and div U (meaning, as can be seen from equation 2-16, that U ), then
A similar (but nameless) formula can be derived from the definition (2-13) of the gradient
Equations 2-17 and 2-18 are useful for integration by parts in two and three dimensions.
The curl of a vector has a rather more cumbersome definition. Its component in a particular direction—say, in the direction of the unit vector ê—is determined by constructing a small surface ΔS around the point at which curl U is sought, such that ΔS is perpendicular to ê; see Fig. 2.9. Then
FIG. 2.9. Nomenclature for definition of the curl.
in which ΔC is the perimeter of ΔS and we integrate around ΔS in the direction associated with ê by a right-hand rule. In Cartesian coordinates,
a formula that is remembered in the form of a determinant
which form leads to the representation
∇ ( del ) being a differential operator (see equation 2-14) whose form in Cartesian coordinates is
Equation 2-16 can be written in similar terms:
Stokes’s theorem follows from the definition (2-19):
is the unit normal to an arbitrary surface S, and the integration along C, the boundary of S by a right-hand rule, as shown in Fig. 2.10.
FIG. 2.10. Nomenclature for Stokes’s theorem.
Example 1 If f = x²z – 2y/z, find ∇f.
Example 2 If V = 3xyî + 2y²z – z³/x , find div V and curl V.
2.4.DIFFERENTIAL FORMS OF THE CONSERVATION LAWS
If ρ , we can interchange the order of integration and differentiation in the mass conservation law (2-7) and write it
If V , the divergence theorem (2-17) can be used to turn the surface integral into a volume integral, and we get
within a flow only if the integral is zero everywhere within the flow, and so we get the continuity equation, a partial differential equation that expresses the law of mass conservation for a flow in which ρ and V are continuous:
A similar treatment may be given the momentum equation 2-8, with results most easily obtained in Cartesian coordinates, one component at a time. Letting (u, v, w) be the Cartesian components of the velocity V, we get
These are the Euler equations. The differential form of the energy equation 2-9 is
By subtracting various multiples of the continuity equation 2-26 from the Euler and energy equations, we may transform them into
where, in Cartesian coordinates,
The same combination of derivatives may be made to appear in the continuity equation itself, by expanding the divergence of the product ρV:
Called variously the convective derivative, total derivative, particle derivative, or substantive derivative, Df/Dt has the significance of being the time rate of change of f as observed

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Alfred Hitchcock | Joe'smovies948
Joe’s Random Movie Review: “The Wrong Man” Hitchcock’s unspoken masterpiece.
September 5, 2018 Joe'smovies948	Leave a comment
In 1956, Alfred Hitchcock gave us another very unique film. While most people tend to remember him immediately for films like Psycho, Rear Window, Rebecca , and even North by Northwest. He undoubtedly leaves a creative mark on every film that he ever made. Including the lesser-known ones . In 1956 Hitchcock gave us “The Wrong Man”. This was very unique among other Hitchcock films and that is classified as a docu- drama.
Based in part on a true story. Hitchcock himself also viewed the story as a very personal one. So personal in fact, that it’s one of the few in a handful of his movies in which he himself does not have a cameo. Which is something he was famous for in most of his films. Instead he gives a silhouetted intro.
While some of his other films deal with such fantastic elements as serial killers, espionage, and outright conspiracy, this film actually deals with something a little bit more personal and relatable. And in many ways a far more realistic plot that you could just as easily find in the real world as you could in any movie .
In the film, Manny Balestrero, (played by Henry Fonda) is convicted for the crime of robbery simply because he happens to physically resemble the actual robber. When he goes into the bank, the Teller is mistakes him for the man who had robbed them previously and they are so sure of his identity and guilt. The police are so sure of the identity based on his own description that nobody even stops to question his own innocence. But the great thing about Fonda’s performance in this movie is that you could see the innocence hidden behind the rage.
There’s a kind of an unspoken rage inside Fonda’s eyes which is basically the only clue that tell you he is innocent. And the fight for his innocence starts to take a toll on his family. Especially his wife, in this film played by Vera Miles. Who does an excellent job showing the emotional trauma that this is holding on their family.
A majority of this film is not chasing down the real villain, nor is it a pursuit of innocence much like Hitchcock had done in his film North by Northwest. Rather, it’s all about the effects of society deciding that this man is guilty of a crime that he did not commit. This is actually what the real reason why The Wrong Man has a more down-to-earth feel than many other Hitchcock films. Because there is no true hero in this film in the most popular definition of it. Our main character is a victim.
The film was actually shot in a very noir-ish black-and-white style. Which actually kind of gives it a rather melancholy feel. Two of the most interesting shots of the film both shots involving Henry Fonda in a prison cell. The first one is when he first shown into the prison cell and the camera zooms in through the port in the door, which kind of helps show the character’s isolation. And then the second one is when he sitting down behind a wall and the camera kind of does almost like a merry-go-round spin around his face symbolizing how his life now feels like it’s starting to go a little out-of-control. Very subtle but very beautifully done.
If there’s one thing Alfred Hitchcock really excelled at when it came to making movies or rather telling stories, it’s the idea of an ordinary person placed in extraordinary circumstances. You will see this in North by Northwest, you will see this in Rear Window, you will see this in The Lady Vanishes, you’ll even see this in one of his later films, Frenzy. But this film touches on in a very unique way as said before because it has a very realistic feel and it as a whole is a more realistic story the film has a much more grittier vision with it and doesn’t have as many glamorous stars like say Grace Kelly, Cary Grant, or James Stewart.
Being a movie that’s actually set in a very realistic setting it’s easy to understand how the glamour of 1950s Hollywood could’ve overlooked a film like The Wrong Man. In many ways The Wrong Man was more than likely, a film made ahead of its time. And it only took the passing of that time for audiences to realize how great this movie really is. While today’s fans of Hitchcock can easily overlook it mostly because of films like Psycho, it’s easy to understand also, how a film like The Wrong Man can be rediscovered by new fans of Hitchcock’s work.
1956actingactionactorsAlfred Hitchcockanalysiscameracinemacinema triviacinematographycourtroomcrimedirectorsdramafilmfilm analysisfilm criticfilm ratingsfilm triviafilmsHenry Fondahistoric filmhistorical filmsHollywoodiconiclightsmovie analysismovie newsmovie reviewsmovie triviamoviespop culturepopular cultureprisonred carpetreviewreviewsThe Wrong ManVera Miles
Joe’s Random Movie Trivia: “Rear Window” (1954) Who is the Woman in Black?
July 30, 2018 Joe'smovies948	Leave a comment
Throughout the film, we follow the hero, L.B. Jefferies as he tries to uncover the mystery of the disappearance of his neighbor’s wife, from the confines of his apartment and his wheelchair. As the audience, we explore this world Hitchcock has created and are making discoveries about it as the movie unfolds. As the details of the murder unfold, so does the truth of the woman’s murder.
In this way, Hitchcock creates one form of suspense. For a great portion of the film, Jefferies is the only one who believes the woman was murdered. His cop friend Doyle, doesn’t believe him. Even his girlfriend Lisa doesn’t at first. But what’s really interesting is the one clue that doesn’t prove that Mrs. Thorwald was murdered. It’s the one clue that tears a hole right through Jefferies’ theory..
Earlier in the movie, while Jefferies starts to see that something strange is going on Something happens, that only we, the audience know. Our hero sees, Thorwald leave his apartment multiple times in the night, and the sudden disappearance of the invalid Mrs. Thorwald. We see these things too, which aid in our suspicions on Thorwald.
So what did we see, that he didn’t see?
Well the answer is at about 36 minutes and 13 seconds into the movie…
It’s late at night, and everyone’s presumably asleep, we see Thorwald and a woman dressed in black leave his apartment. The camera pans back into Jefferies’ apartment revealing he’s asleep and didn’t see this occur.
This is the second type of suspense Hitchcock creates. Because it’s the one clue that points out a flaw in Jefferies’ crime solving. The woman could very well have been Mrs. Thorwald, leaving the apartment. And if it wasn’t, who was she?! Possibly it was Thorwald’s mistress (which is heavily suggested later in the film).
Doyle confirms that eyewitnesses saw her leave the next day.
As Jefferies says, “A second hand version of an unsupported story from the murderer himself.”
One of the greatest mysteries of Rear Window.
Who is the Woman in Black?!
1954actingactionactorsAlfred Hitchcockanalysiscameracinemacinema triviacinematographydirectorsfilmfilm analysisfilm criticfilm ratingsfilm triviafilmsGrace Kellyhistoric filmhistorical filmsHollywoodiconicJames Stewartlightsmovie analysismovie newsmovie reviewsmovie triviamoviesmysterypop culturepopular culturepsychological thrillerRaymond BurrRear Windowred carpetreviewreviews
5 Reasons why Hitchcock’s “Psycho” is the most important film of the 20th Century.
April 23, 2018 Joe'smovies948	Leave a comment
Psycho is a film riddled with things never before seen on the big screen. For example, it was the first film to actually show a toilet on screen,as well as the first film to show a toilet flushing. We might not think about it that much, but for the sixties, this was significant. The darker elements of the story aren’t exactly the kind of thing found in stereotypical Hitchcock film like say, North By Northwest, or Rear Window. Cross dressing, psychological disturbances, murder. These things weren’t to be found in film of the previous decade.
Horror, without the supernatural.
Before 1960, the horror genre was one of cheap thrills. The supernatural element had already been symbiotic with the horror genre. Psycho was the film that basically broke that standard, by not including any kind of supernatural element in a film that is basically a horror film. In a way, by not including it, Hitchcock gave Horror back something it lacked since the 30’s……class.
Cheaper budget.
Mainstream films before Psycho were usually more…extravagant in design, star power, and budget. In using a cheaper budget, Hitchcock showed that you didn’t need a lot of money to make a generally good movie. On a side note, it’s interesting that Hitchcock used his television crew from “Alfred Hitchcock Presents” as opposed to a film crew. Perhaps to add a hint of secrecy. Remember, he forbade anyone not working there from even visiting the set.
Hitchcock is a master of style. Any Hitchcock film is an excellent example of just about any trick in the book. From the close ups, to those classic moments of suspense. Hitchcock was a director who really knew how to manipulate the audience’s emotions. While these methods are very subtle, they are none the less great quality for Psycho as a film.
Unique source material.
One wouldn’t think In the late 1950’s, that anyone would even try to adapt Robert Bloch’s novel. After all, it was loosely based on the gruesome killing of the notorious Wisconsin serial killer, Ed Gein. It was a bold move for not only Alfred Hitchcock, but also the film industry to try and change that status quo of the films audiences were used to seeing. Whether or not this was their intention is irrelevant. That was none the less, the effect left to us. And we’re constantly reminded that every time we watch this great movie.
19605 reasonsactingactionactorsAlfred Hitchcockanalysiscameracinemacinema triviacinematographydirectorsfilmfilm analysisfilm criticfilm ratingsfilm triviafilmsgreatest filmshistoric filmhistorical filmsHollywoodiconiclightsmovie analysismovie newsmovie reviewsmovie triviamoviespop culturepopular culturePsychored carpetreviewreviews
Joe’s Random Movie Trivia: “The Wrong Man” (1956)
December 16, 2017 Joe'smovies948	Leave a comment
Alfred Hitchcock famously had cameos in all his movies, but he personally felt that the story was so personal, and so important, that he decided not to have a cameo. Instead, he introduces the movie in a prologue. This marks the only time in any of his movies where he talks to the audience.
1956actingactionactorsAlfred Hitchcockanalysiscameocameracinemacinema triviacinematographydirectorsdocudramadramafalsely accusedfilmfilm analysisfilm criticfilm ratingsfilm triviafilmsHenry Fondahistoric filmhistorical filmsHollywoodiconiclightsmovie analysismovie newsmovie reviewsmovie triviamoviespolicepop culturepopular culturered carpetreviewreviewsThe Wrong Mantrue storyVera Miles


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The average salary for a Cleaner is $26.99 per hour in Central Coast NSW, which is 6% above the national average. Salary estimates are based on 16 salaries submitted anonymously to Indeed by Cleaner employees, users, and collected from past and present job advertisements on Indeed in the past 36 months. The typical tenure for a Cleaner is less than 1 year.
Cleaner - Industrial Factory

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Perfect Locale for Fallas Festival - Review of La Buhardilla _ Bright, central, & fully equipped, Valencia, Spain - TripAdvisor
Perfect Locale for Fallas Festival - La Buhardilla _ Bright, central, & fully equipped
“Perfect Locale for Fallas Festival”
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I booked this apartment for Fallas Festival this year and stressed over whether or not I may have isolated us from the festival. What a lot of wasted time worrying. Could not believe how well centered we were. There were Fallas locations one block in either direction that could be seen from the two balconies, the parades with their beautiful costumes and flower offers would come through every day and be right below our balcony. As for the rest of the main festival, it was a mere 3 or 4 blocks away. From a practical standpoint, it is a short walk from the Metro, which can be taken from the Airport (thank you Ines for that advice it couldn't have worked out better), the market is just down the street, as is the bank with ATM, and if you are there for Fallas and want to take part in the "explosive" festivities, there is a Pyro shop directly across the street from apartment. It is extremely loud in ALL of Valencia during Fallas, however the windows and doors of the apartment significantly reduce the worst of it. All in all the location, the owner, the amenities and just the beauty of the apartment itself made for the perfect Fallas experience. Thank you so much Ines...
Liked best: Location, wi-fi access, hostess, convenience
“Friendly Owner/Manager”
A great stay, lovely apartment, warm and lots of hot water. Perfect for our stay, helpful owner with great information about the city in the apartment.
Liked best: Helpful owner/manager.
“Great apartment, close to old city, perfect for 2”
We stayed for a week and found that the apartment is very close to the old town. Great apartment, very nicely decorated, compete with dishwasher, washing machine, central heating, walk in shower etc.
Inés provided a lot of info about the area and arranged a parking place for the rental car within walking distance.
Liked best: location of apartment and modern decoration
0Tijs0
“Very nice and child friendly appartment”
A very nice and comfortable apartment. Everything is available also a child chair and cod with mattress and blankets.
Inés is very friendly, speaks very well English and extremely helpful. If you have questions or special requests is she easy to reach and always willing to help.
If you want a great stay with the comfort of an apartment a stone throw away from the old town of Valencia, this is the place to be.
Liked best: Inés, the very friendly and helpful landlady.


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B”H Chabad Galvanizes Worldwide Support for Israel’s Soldiers, Children, Civilians – News – Chabad Lubavitch World Headquarters | Meir Weiss' Blog
B”H Chabad Galvanizes Worldwide Support for Israel’s Soldiers, Children, Civilians – News – Chabad Lubavitch World Headquarters	July 23, 2014July 23, 2014 / Meir Weiss	Chabad Galvanizes Worldwide Support for Israel’s Soldiers, Children, Civilians – News – Chabad Lubavitch World Headquarters.
Share Resources Strained, Israel Appeals to Chabad
Chabad’s preparedness to help has made it a first address for individuals seeking aid. With its network of schools, centers and social projects throughout Israel’s cities, Chabad is uniquely positioned to provide critical assistance at a time when the nation’s resources are so strained. Indeed, Israel’s Ministry of Welfare and Social Services has enlisted the help of one of Chabad’s oldest charities – Colel Chabad, to provide emergency meals for individuals and families in Israel’s hardest-hit areas during this time. Colel Chabad is a humanitarian program feeding Israel’s needy through its various soup kitchens and community programs. Over the course of the last week, volunteers of the Chabad Terror Victims Project (CTVP) traveled to highly affected areas in the south and north, working to boost morale and take people’s minds off current stressors. “We have been working nonstop,” said Rabbi Yossi Swerdlov, a representative of CTVP, offering help in any way they could and staying optimistic about the situation. “We do what we can to bring happiness.”
With schools and camps remaining closed due to safety concerns, children have very little to distract them from the constant booms of artillery in the distance. To bring some joy to the bleak environment, a group of rabbis and CTVP volunteers, some hailing from as far off as South Africa, went to hard-hit Sderot in the south with entertainers, including clowns and balloon makers. Going from shelter to shelter, they distributed over 50,000 shekel worth of toys and games to local children. Rabbi Moshe Pizem, the Chabad reresentative to Sderot who organized the initiative, explains that the children “are shut up in their houses or in safe daycares and are unable to move around or even go to the playground. We thought our best bet was to bring them joy through fun, new toys and games. It’s a small step in mitigating their trauma.” In Ashdod, where rocket attacks have been particularly severe, local emissaries Rabbi Yosef and Chanah Friedman hosted youngsters at a new play area in their Chabad center, created to give them, as well as their parents, some relief. “Some haven’t been out of their homes for days, and all are thrilled to have company in a safe environment,” said Rabbi Friedman. “When the sirens blow, the children and their parents quickly go to the safe area, which is in a nearby room.”
In nearby Ofakim, local shliach Rabbi Shneur Kenig leads a team of volunteers who visit school children in their homes, bringing them treats and games. “There are no day camps running, because of a safety regulation,” Kenig says, “but we gather children in groups and organize fun programs for them in the bomb shelters.” Reaching Out to IDF Soldiers
Chabad community leaders and yeshiva students have coordinated a near constant rotation of visits to soldiers on the front lines and at bases. They wrap tefillin with many of the soldiers, hand out prayer books, and recite prayers for their safety. Chabad representatives also offer soldiers care packages, including food and toiletries. Some bring pizza and homemade food items for soldiers who follow special dietary laws above the standard kashrut of the army. Pictures and videos of Chabad rabbis dancing joyously with IDF soldiers just miles from Gaza’s border have gone viral in Israel, with one of Israel’s most popular newspapers, Yediot Achronot, declaring Chabad volunteers “a part of the front.” Rabbi Victor Attiya, an IDF veteran and Chabad emissary to Kiryat Arba, describes how he recently filled a van with 1000 books of psalms, treats and other gifts for the soldiers, “until there was no room left in the van,” and drove to the border of Gaza. “What I found interesting was that many soldiers, who did not seem religious at all, requested that I bring them a pair of tzitzit (a religious garment of fringes). It was clear to me that these brave, young men had a deep rooted faith in G-d,” Attiya asserts. Quickly running out of the quantity of tzitzit he had brought with him, he “promised to return with more.” Respite for Children
While this month’s fighting is the worst Israel has seen in years, it belies nearly a decade of rocket fire from Gaza that mainly affected southern Israeli cities, including Sderot, where residents have 15 seconds to find safety before a rocket hits. Children in Sderot have grown up under fire and many suffer from PTSD and other psychological traumas from the constant fear. In an effort to alleviate the young children’s suffering, Chabad of Denmark has collaborated with Chabad of Sderot since 2008, to bring a group of children to the Scandinavian country every summer. The children join an overnight Chabad camp for local Jewish Danish children. Assigned their own bunk with Israeli counselors, (this year the counselors themselves hail from Sderot), the children have a rare opportunity to play outside carefree, without running to shelters at a moments notice. Rabbi Yitzi Lowenthal of Denmark Chabad, who coordinates the program, says that though he wishes he can bring more children, the program can only currently support 10-20 children. Children are chosen based on economic and emotional difficulties—eight children in this year’s group have lost a parent. The venture, which is supported by local Danish philanthropists, is met with great enthusiasm by parents and children alike. “Parents are happy to send to their kids out of danger, to a quiet place where they can experience normal life for a little while,” says Lowenthal.
“The program is very therapeutic. It is a very exciting adventure for these kids who come from unfortunate circumstances and who have never been out of Israel before. It is also very meaningful to the children and their families to know that people they’ve never met before feel so strongly about their situation to go out of their way to finance this and give them this kind of reprieve. They are touched when they realize how others care about them so much.” “The dangerous situation is expected to continue,” says Rabbi Menachem Kutner, director of CTVP. “It is a very anxiety-filled situation, never knowing when or where the next rocket will hit. You can feel the tension and fear everywhere, especially among the children,” he reports.
Rabbi Aharon Prus of Tzerei Agudat Chabad Headquarters Israel in Kfar Chabad, Israel, explains that “The people of Israel need us, especially now that more than a million Israelis have practically ‘moved house’ to a shelter or reinforced room. When a Chabad support team arrives to spread a few words of faith and hope, and when the floor of a bomb shelter is transformed from a carpet of bored and scared children to a circle of happily dancing ones. This is real ammunition in the battle for people’s spirits.” Print Comment RSS Share Donate: Support the activities of Chabad-Lubavitch, click here to give a secure donation
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