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�M�Q US4805053 - Method and apparatus for detecting position of tape when recording or ... - Google �M�Q�j�M �Ϥ� �a�� Play YouTube �s�D Gmail ���ݵw�� ��h »�i���M�Q�j�M | �������� | �n�J�i���M�Q�j�M�M�QIn recording and/or reproducing signals on a tape running between supply and take-up reels on which the tape is wound, the tape position is detected by initially determining the radii of the outer turns of the tape on the supply and take-up reels with the tape in a reference position, generating signal...http://www.google.com.tw/patents/US4805053?utm_source=gb-gplus-share�M�Q US4805053 - Method and apparatus for detecting position of tape when recording or reproducing signals thereon���}��US4805053 A�X���������v�ӽЮѽs��07/033,798�o�G���1989�~2��14���ӽФ��1987�~4��3�� �u���v���1986�~4��7����L���}�M�Q��EP0241849A2EP0241849A3EP0241849B1�o��HFumiyoshi AbeMasaaki Yamanaka��M�Q�v�HSony Corporation ���M�Q������360/72.3360/137G9B/27.24G9B/27.41360/74.2G9B/27.51242/357��ڱM�Q������G11B27/17G11B27/34G11B27/11G11B15/05G11B15/02G11B15/093G11B27/32 �X�@����G11B27/17G11B27/32G11B2220/90G11B27/34 �ڬw������G11B27/34G11B27/17G11B27/32�ѦҤ��m�M�Q�ޥ� (8)�Q�H�U�M�Q�ޥ� (14)�~���s�����M�Q�ӼЧ� ���M�Q�ӼЧ��M�Q����T�� �ڬw�M�Q��Method and apparatus for detecting position of tape when recording or reproducing signals thereonUS 4805053 A�K�n In recording and/or reproducing signals on a tape running between supply and take-up reels on which the tape is wound, the tape position is detected by initially determining the radii of the outer turns of the tape on the supply and take-up reels with the tape in a reference position, generating signal pulses in response to rotation of the reels for movement of the tape from the reference position, counting the numbers of such signal pulses generated during movement of the tape from the reference position to an arbitrary tape position, and calculating at least one of the radii of the outer turns of the tape on the supply and take-up reels for the arbitrary tape position on the basis of the corresponding radii for the reference tape position and the numbers of the signal pulses counted during movement of the tape from the reference position to the arbitrary tape position. The length along the tape from the reference tape position to the arbitrary tape position may also be calculated on the basis of the radii on the supply and take-up reels, respectively, for the reference tape position, and the numbers of signal pulses counted in correspondence to the revolutions of the supply and take-up reels, respectively, during movement of the tape from the reference position to the arbitrary tape position.
What is claimed is: 1. In an apparatus for recording and/or reproducing signals on a tape in a run extending between supply and take-up reels on which the tape is wound; a tape position detecting device comprising: means for determining radii of the outer turns of said tape on said supply and take-up reels with the tape in a reference position; means for generating signal pulses in correspondence to the revolutions of said supply and take-up reels for movement of said tape from said reference position; means for counting the numbers of said signal pulses generated in correspondence to the revolutions of said supply and take-up reels in response to said movement of the tape from said reference position to an aribitrary tape position; and means for calculating at least one of said radii of the outer turns of the tape on said supply and take-up reels for said arbitrary tape position from the following: ##EQU10## in which r.sub.S and r.sub.T are said radii on said supply and take-up reels, respectively, for said arbitrary tape position, r.sub.SP and r.sub.TP are said radii on said supply and take-up reels, respectively, for said reference tape position, and N.sub.S and N.sub.T are said numbers of the signal pulses counted in correspondence to the revolutions of said supply and take-up reels, respectively, for said movement of the tape from said reference position to said arbitrary tape position.
2. Apparatus according to claim 1; in which the tape has control signals recorded thereon at regular intervals; and in which said tape position detecting device further comprises means for detecting said control signals recorded on the tape, means for repeatedly counting a predetermined number of said signal pulses generated in correspondence to the revolutions of one of said supply and take-up reels and providing an output signal upon each said counting of said predetermined number, said means for repeatedly counting being phase synchronized with the detected control signals from the tape, and means for varying said predetermined number of said signal pulses in accordance with said one of said radii on said supply and take-up reels, respectively.
3. Apparatus according to claim 2; in which said signals recorded and/or reproduced on the tape are video signals comprised of successive frames, means are provided for measuring the speed of tape movement, means are provided for measuring the frequency of said frames, and said varying predetermined number of signal pulses is calculated in accordance with the following equation: ##EQU11## in which N is said predetermined number, V is the speed of tape movement, F is the frame frequency, r.sub.T is said one of the radii of the outer turns of the tape on said reels, and N.sub.R is the number of said signal pulses generated in correspondence to each of the revolutions of said reel on which said outer turn of the tape has said radius r.sub.T.
4. Apparatus according to claim 3; further comprising means operable by said output signal of said means for repeatedly counting for providing a visual indication of the tape position.
5. In an apparatus for recording and/or reproducing signals on a tape in a run extending between supply and take-up reels on which the tape is wound; a tape position detecting device comprising: means for determining radii of the outer turns of said tape on said supply and take-up reels with the tape in a reference position; means for generating signal pulses in correspondence to the revolutions of said supply and take-up reels for movement of said tape from said reference position; means for counting the numbers of said signal pulses generated in correspondence to the revolutions of said supply and take-up reels in response to said movement of the tape from said reference position to an arbitrary tape position; and means for calculating the length l along the tape from said reference tape position to said arbitrary tape position from the following: ##EQU12## in which r.sub.SP and r.sub.TP are said radii on said supply and take-up reels, respectively, for said reference tape position, and N.sub.S and N.sub.T are said numbers of the signal pulses counted in correspondence to the revolutions of said supply and take-up reels, respectively, for said movement of the tape from said reference position to said arbitrary tape position.
6. In an apparatus for recording and/or reproducing video signals on a tape in a run extending between supply and take-up reels on which the tape is wound, said tape having control signals recorded thereon at regular intervals; a tape position detection device comprising: means for determining the radius of the outer turn of said tape on at least one of said reels; means for generating signal pulses in correspondence to rotation of said one reel in response to movement of the tape between said reels; means for detecting said control signals recorded on the tape; means for repeatedly counting a predetermined number of said signal pulses in phase synchronism with the detected control signals from the tape and providing an output signal upon each said counting of said predetermined number; means for varying said predetermined number of said signal pulses to be repeatedly counted in accordance with said radius; and means operable by said output signal from said means for repeatedly counting for indicating the tape position.
7. An apparatus according to claim 6; in which said means operable by said output signal of said means for repeatedly counting provides a visual indication of the tape position.
8. An apparatus according to claim 7; in which the video signals recorded and/or reproduced on the tape are comprised of successive frames, means are provided for measuring the speed of tape movement, means are provided for measuring the frequency of said frames, and said varying predetermined number of signal pulses is calculated in accordance with the following equation: ##EQU13## in which N is said predetermined number, V is the speed of tape movement, F is the frame frequency, r.sub.T is said radius of the outer turn of the tape on said one reel, and N.sub.R is the number of said signal pulses generated in correspondence to each of the revolutions of said one reel.
9. In recording and/or reproducing signals on a tape in a run extending between supply and take-up reels on which the tape is wound, a method of detecting tape position comprising: determining radii of the outer turns of said tape on said supply and take-up reels with the tape in a reference position; generating signal pulses in correspondence to the revolutions of said supply and take-up reels for movement of said tape from said reference position; counting the numbers of said signal pulses generated in correspondence to the revolutions of said supply and take-up reels in response to said movement of the tape from said reference positoin to an arbitrary tape position; and calculating at least one of said radii of the outer turns of the tape on said supply and take-up reels for said arbitrary tape position from the following: ##EQU14## in which r.sub.S and r.sub.T are said radii on said supply and take-up reels, respectively, for said arbitrary tape position, r.sub.SP and r.sub.TP are said radii on said supply and take-up reels, respectively, for said reference tape position, and N.sub.S and N.sub.T are said numbers of the signal pulses counted in correspondence to the revolutions of said supply and take-up reels, respectively, for said movement of the tape from said reference position to said arbitrary tape position.
10. The method according to claim 9, in which the tape has control signals recorded thereon at regular intervals; and further comprising detecting said control signals recorded on the tape, repeatedly counting a predetermined number of said signal pulses generated in correspondence to the revolutions of one of said supply and take-up reels in phase synchronization with the detected control signals from the tape and providing an output signal upon each said counting of said predetermined number, and varying said predetermined number of said signal pulses in accordance with said one of said radii on said supply and take-up reels, respectively.
11. The method according to claim 10; in which the signals recorded and/or reproduced on the tape are video signals comprises of successive frames; and further comprising measuring the speed of tape movement, measuring the frequency of said frames, and calculating said varying predetermined number of signal pulses in accordance with the following equation: ##EQU15## in which N is said predetermined number, V is the speed of tape movement, F is the frame frequency, r.sub.T is said one of the radii of the outer turns of the tape on said reels, and N.sub.R is the number of said signal pulses generated in correspondence to each of the revolutions of said reel on which said outer turn of the tape has said radius r.sub.T.
12. The method according to claim 11; further comprising providing a visual indication of the tape position in response to the output signals upon said repeated countings of said predetermined number of signal pulses.
13. In recording and/or reproducing signals on a tape in a run extending between supply and take-up reels on which the tape is wound, a method of detecting tape position comprising: determining radii of the outer turns of said tape on said supply and take-up reels with the tape in a reference position; generating signal pulses in correspondence to the revolutions of said supply and take-up reels for movement of said tape from said reference position; counting the numbers of said signal pulses generated in correspondence to the revolutions of said supply and take-up reels in response to said movement of the tape from said reference position to an arbitrary tape position; and calculating the length l along the tape from said reference tape position to said arbitrary tape position from the following: ##EQU16## in which r.sub.SP and r.sub.TP are said radii on said supply and take-up reels, respectively, for said reference tape position, and N.sub.S and N.sub.T are said numbers of the signal pulses counted in correspondence to the revolutions of said supply and take-up reels, respectively, for said movement of the tape from said reference position to said arbitrary tape position.
14. In recording and/or reproducing video signals on a tape in a run extending between supply and take-up reels on which the tape is would, said tape having control signals recorded thereon at regular intervals, a method of detecting tape position comprising: determing the radius of the outer turn of said tape on at least one of said reels; generating signal pulses in correspondence to rotation of said one reel in response to movement of the tape between said reels; detecting said control signals recorded on the tape; repeatedly counting a predetermined number of said signal pulses in phase synchronism with the detected control signals from the tape and providing an output signal upon each said counting of said predetermined number; varying said predetermined number of said signal pulses in accordance with said radius; and providing an indication of the tape position in response to output signals upon said countings of the predetermined number.
15. The method according to claim 14; in which a visual indication of the tape position is provided in response to said output signals upon said repeated countings of said predetermined number of signal pulses.
16. The method according to claim 15; in which the video signals are comprised of successive frames; and further comprising measuring the speed of tape movement, measuring the frequency of said frames, and calculating said varying predetermined number of signal pulses in accordance with the following equation: ##EQU17## in which N is said predetermined number, V is the speed of tape movement, F is the frame frequency, r.sub.T is said radius of the outer turn of the tape on said one reel, and N.sub.R is the number of said signal pulses generated in correspondence to each of the revolutions of said one reel.
17. The method according to claim 16; in which said radius r.sub.T is calculated as follows: ##EQU18## in which r.sub.SP and r.sub.TP are radii of the outer turns of the tape on said supply and take-up reels, respectively, in a reference tape position, and N.sub.S and N.sub.T are numbers of signal pulses generated in correspondence to the revolutions of said supply and take-up reels, respectively, for movement of the tape from said reference position to an arbitrary tape position at which said radius r.sub.T is calculated.
18. The method according to claim 17; in which the tape is driven by a rotated capstan through an initial distance from said reference position, and said radii r.sub.SP and r.sub.TP are calculated as follows: ##EQU19## in which �Gn.sub.S,�Gn.sub.T and �Gn.sub.C are the numbers of revolutions of the supply and take-up reels and of the capstan, respectively, when the tape is driven through said initial distance, and r.sub.C is the radius of the capstan.
DESCRIPTION OF A PREFERRED EMBODIMENT Referring to the drawings in detail and initially to FIG. 1 thereof, a conventional video tape recorder (VTR) is there shown to have a supply reel table 1, a take-up reel table 2, a pinch roller 3 and a capstan 4. In accordance with this invention, such VTR further includes rotation detectors 5,6 and 7, which are desirably in the form of frequency generators (FG), for supply reel table 1, take-up reel table 2 and capstan 4, respectively. Up/down counters 8,9 and 10 are connected to rotation detectors 5,6 and 7, and to an arithmetic circuit 11 which is, in turn, connected to a memory 12.
A tape 13, which may be contained in a cassette case, is wound on a supply reel 14 and a take-up reel 15 which are placed on supply reel table 1 and take-up reel 2, respectively, when the cassette case is loaded in the VTR.
The tape position, that is, the location along the tape between the supply and take-up reels 14 and 15 at which recording or reproducing can be effected when the tape is initially loaded into the VTR, is hereinafter referred to as a "reference tape position".
When the tape 13 is initially driven a short length or distance from the reference tape position, a web radius r.sub.SP of the supply reel 14, that is, the radius of the outer turn of the tape on reel 14, and a web radius r.sub.TP of the take-up reel 15, that is, the radius of the outer turn of the tape on reel 15, in the reference tape position can be calculated from the following equations: ##EQU3## where, �Gn.sub.S, �Gn.sub.T and �Gn.sub.C represent the numbers of revolutions of the reels 14 and 15 and the capstan 4, respectively, when the tape 13 is initially driven the short length or distance from the reference position, and r.sub.C represents the radius of the capstan 4.
Assuming that n.sub.S and n.sub.T represent the numbers of revolutions of the supply reel 14 and the take-up reel 15 occurring during the tape movement from the reference tape position to an arbitrary tape position as shown in FIG. 2, a web radius r.sub.S of the supply reel 14 and a web radius r.sub.T of the take-up reel 15 in the arbitrary tape position are calculated from the following equations:
r.sub.S =r.sub.SP -n.sub.S and
r.sub.T =r.sub.TP +n.sub.T where, t designates the thickness of the tape 13.
From equations (2), the following equation is derived:
n.sub.S (r.sub.t t-r.sub.TP)=n.sub.t (r.sub.SP -r.sub.S)   (3)
The length l of the transported tape is obtained from the following equation: ##EQU4##
From equations (3) and (4), the web radii r.sub.S and r.sub.T are calculated as follows: ##EQU5##
The length l of the transported tape can be expressed by substituting equations (5) and (6) in equation (4) so as to obtain the following: ##EQU6##
Thus, the length l of the transported tape can be calculated from the web radius on each reel at the reference tape position and the numbers of revolutions of reels 14 and 15 occurring during movement of the tape from the reference tape position to the arbitrary tape position.
As shown in FIG. 1, when the pinch roller 3 is pressed against the capstan 4 in the reference tape position and the tape 13 is driven a short distance by the capstan 4 which is connected with a capstan motor (not shown), rotation detectors 5,6 and 7 generate pulse signals containing numbers N.sub.SP,N.sub.TP and N.sub.C, respectively, of pulses corresponding to the revolutions of supply reel table 1, take-up reel table 2 and capstan 4, respectively.
The pulse signals from the rotation detectors 5,6 and 7 are supplied to up/down counters 8,9 and 10, respectively, and the counts N.sub.SP, N.sub.TP and N.sub.C thereof are provided to memory 12.
Since the radius r.sub.C of the capstan 4 is a constant, it can be stored previously in memory 12. The web radius r.sub.SP of supply reel 14 and the web radius r.sub.TP of take-up reel 15 in the reference tape position are obtained by substituting, in equations (1) in arithmetic circuit 11, the numbers of revolutions �Gn.sub.S and �Gn.sub.T of supply and take-up reels 14 and 15 and the number �Gn.sub.C of revolutions of capstan 4 derived from the counts N.sub.SP,N.sub.TP and N.sub.C when the tape is initially driven a short distance. If the number �Gn.sub.C of revolutions of capstan 4 is a constant predetermined number, that is, the short distance through which the tape is initially driven is a predetermined constant short distance, such constant value for �Gn.sub.C is also stored in memory 12, and it is only necessary to limit the initial movement of the tape to the predetermined short distance and to supply to arithmetic circuit 11 the value of �Gn.sub.C stored in memory 12 and the values of �Gn.sub.S and �Gn.sub.T derived from the counts N.sub.SP and N.sub.TP, respectively, for substitution in equations (1). The resulting web radii r.sub.SP and r.sub.TP for the reference tape position are then also stored in memory 12.
During the rotation of reels 14 and 15 accompanying the movement of tape 13 to the arbitrary tape position, rotation detectors 5 and 6 continuously generate the pulse signals which are supplied to up/down counters 8 and 9 as the clock signals therefor so as to produce counts N.sub.SM and N.sub.TM, respectively.
As shown in FIG. 2, the counts N.sub.SM and N.sub.TM of up/down counters 8 and 9 are fed to arithmetic circuit 11 which subtracts therefrom the counts N.sub.SP and N.sub.TP, respectively, stored in memory 12 so as to produce subtracted values N.sub.S and N.sub.T corresponding to the numbers of revolutions of supply reel 14 and take-up reel 15 occurring during tape movement from the tape reference position to the arbitrary tape position, whereupon, such subtracted values N.sub.S and N.sub.T are stored in memory 12.
The arithmetic circuit 11 is provided with the values N.sub.S and N.sub.T and the web radii r.sub.Sp and r.sub.TP from memory 12 and derives the length or distance l through which the tape 13 has been transported, and the web radii r.sub.S and r.sub.T at the arbitrary tape position by calculating equations (5), (6) and (7) at successive predetermined periods.
The tape play time corresponding to the arbitrary tape position can be obtained from l/V, where V represents the tape speed in a normal reproduction mode, and such tape play time can also be stored in memory 12.
It has been customary to measure the web radius at each movement of the tape through a short distance. In the present embodiment, however, measurement of the web radius is required merely once at the reference tape position, so that it is possible to eliminate the quantization error or circularity error and thereby ensure a monotonically increasing function. Furthermore, since no timer roller is employed, the structure can be simplified and the cost of production is reduced.
In the embodiment of the present invention shown on FIG. 1, the VTR further has a frequency dividing counter 16 connected to one of the rotation detectors 5 and 6, for example, to the detector 6 as shown, and such counter 16 is supplied with the signal pulses from detector 6 at a clock terminal CK thereof. A control signal detection head 17 is also provided for detecting control signals pre-recorded on a predetermined portion of the tape and supplied to counter 16 at a reset terminal R as a reset signal therefor so as to effect phase synchronism of the divided output of counter 16 with the detected control signals. The arithmetic circuit 11 calculates a frequency dividing ratio N of counter 16 on the basis of the web radius r.sub.T at the arbitrary tape position and a tape timer counter 18 is connected to the counter 16 and driven by the output of the latter so as to serve as a visual tape position display.
The rotation dn.sub.T of the take-up reel 15 corresponding to tape motion through a small distance dl from an arbitrary tape position is expressed as: ##EQU7## where r.sub.T represents the web radius of the take-up reel 15 with the tape at the arbitrary position thereof.
If it is assumed that dl represents a tape length per frame of the video signal, that can be expressed as: ##EQU8## where F designates the frame frequency of the video signal.
The output pulses of the rotation detector 6 are frequency divided by counter 16 to become frame period pulses suitable for actuating tape timer 18. The frequency dividing ratio N of counter 16 is calculated by arithmetic circuit 11 from the following equation: ##EQU9## where N.sub.R designates the number of pulses from detector 6 for each revolution of a frequency generator FG associated with take-up reel 15.
The arithmetic circuit 11 calculates the frequency dividing ratio N according to equation (10) by using, in such equation, the tape speed V, the pulse number N.sub.R and the frame frequency F which are stored in memory 12, and the web radius r.sub.T which is obtained from equation (6) for every calculating cycle. The resulting value of N is supplied to counter 16, where the clock signal from rotation detector 6 is frequency divided by N. The counter 16 is reset each time the control signal reproduced from tape 13 by head 17 is fed thereto. Consequently, the tape timer operating pulses provided by counter 16 are produced in phase synchronism with the control signal on the tape and are fed to the tape timer counter 18 where the number of the timer pulses is counted for correspondingly displaying the play time which corresponds to the arbitrary tape position.
Thus, the described embodiment of the invention is advantageous in that enhanced precision of tape position indication is ensured when a frame address is recorded on the tape.
As distinguished from the above described embodiment in which the frequency dividing ration N is repeatedly calculated from the changing web tape radius r.sub.T, it is also possible to preset the ratio N at a suitable value in case the tape is transported over a short distance to cause a small change in the web tape radius, in case any dropout of the control signal needs to be corrected with regard to the tape recorded almost continuously, or in case a tape recorded only with the information signal is to be positioned exactly.
Although frequency dividing counter 16 receives, as a clock, the signal pulses from rotation detector 6 associated with take-up reel 15 in the above-described embodiment, the same operation can be performed when the output pulses of rotation detector 5 associated with supply reel 14 are fed as a clock signal to counter 16.
By way of summary, it will be appreciated that, in accordance with the present invention as described hereinabove, the web radius r.sub.T or r.sub.S on at least one of the supply and take-up reels is measured, and pulses generated in accordance with the rotation of at least that one of the reels are frequency-divided by the counter 16 in phasesynchronism with the control signal pre-recorded on the tape. The frequency dividing ratio of the counter is set in conformity with the measured web radius, and the tape position display is driven by the output of the frequency-dividing counter, so that a timer roller, as customarily used in the prior art, is no longer necessary, thereby to simplify the structure and curtail the production cost while keeping the tape free from possible damage by the timer roller.
Furthermore, since measurement of the web radius is required merely once, any error derived from quantization or non-circularity can be eliminated, and the result of such measurement becomes a monotonically increasing function to consequently attain high precision in the detection of tape position.
Having described a preferred embodiment of the invention with reference to the accompanying drawings, it is to be understood that the invention is not limited to that precise embodiment and that various changes and modifications can be effected therein by one skilled in the art without departing from the scope or spirit of the invention as defined in the appended claims.
The above, and other objects, features and advantages of the invention, will be apparent in the following detailed description of a preferred embodiment of the invention which is to be read in connection with the accompanying drawings wherein like parts are identified by the same reference numerals in the several views.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION FIG. 1 is a schematic view showing an apparatus according to an embodiment of this invention in an initial state; and
FIG. 2 is a schematic view similar to that of FIG. 1, but showing the apparatus at a later stage in its operation.
This invention relates generally to a method and apparatus for detecting the position of a tape when recording or reproducing signals thereon.
In a conventional tape recorder, a timer roller is in rolling engagement with the tape so as to be rotated in response to movement of the tape between the supply and take-up reels on which the tape is wound. The length of the tape that is transported is directly measured on the basis of the number of revolutions of the timer roller, and the tape position can be determined from the transported tape length, while the amount of recording time that remains can be determined from such transported tape length and the speed at which the tape is being transported or advanced. It is also known to frequency divide the signal pulses provided as the output of the timer roller, whereupon the frequency divided output can be supplied to a counter which acts as a time indicator. In the foregoing case, the precision with which the tape position can be measured is determined by the accuracy with which the diameter of the timer roller is maintained during manufacture and also upon the slippage between the timer roller and the driven tape. Thus, it is necessary to pay strict attention to the precision with which the timer roller is machined, and to the uniformity of its material and bearing structure, and the like, whereby the cost of production of the timer roller is increased. Further, the tape is prone to be damaged due to its frictional contact with the timer roller for rotating the latter.
It is also known to provide a control signal, such as, a CTL signal, which is pre-recorded on the tape and thereafter reproduced as the tape is transported during a recording or reproducing operation for use as a clock pulse signal by a timer counter which indicates the tape position on the basis of the counted control signals that have been reproduced. However, this known method cannot be applied when recording on a blank tape.
It is also known to detect the tape position by initially squaring the numbers of pulses generated in response to rotations of the reels so as to determine the total amount of the tape on the reels, and then to calculate the absolute time of the tape position by employing the determined amount of the tape and the length of the tape that has been transported for ascertaining the amount of the tape that remains to be recorded or reproduced.
In accordance with still another known method for determining a tape position, the numbers of revolutions of the supply and take-up reels, respectively, are detected during the transportation of the tape through a relatively short distance, and a voltage is obtained proportional to the ratio of such numbers of revolutions, whereupon such voltage is convereted into a tape position indication. However, since the ratio of the numbers of revolutions of the supply and take-up reels is determined only during the transport of the tape through a relatively short distance, a monotonically increasing function is not obtained by reason of the quantization error in the rotation or non-circularity of a reel or reels. Therefore, it is difficult to ensure proper recognition of slight angular displacement of the reels during transport of the tape. Moreover, it is not possible with the existing system to achieve high precision in determining the tape position, for example, as when it is necessary to reproduce a given tape position for cueing or the like.
OBJECTS AND SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION Accordingly, it is an object of this invention, to provide an improved method and apparatus for detecting tape position when recording and/or reproducing signals on a tape extending between supply and take-up reels, and which avoids the above mentioned disadvantages of the prior art.
In accordance with an aspect of this invention, in an apparatus for recording and/or reproducing signals on a tape in a run extending between supply and take-up reels on which the tape is wound; a tape position is detected by initially determining radii of the outer turns of the tape on the supply and take-up reels with the tape in a reference position thereof, generating signal pulses in correspondence to the revolutions of the supply and take-up reels for movement of the tape from the reference position, counting the numbers of signal pulses generated in correspondence to the revolutions of the supply and take-up reels in response to movement of the tape from the reference position to an arbitrary tape position, and calculating at least one of the radii of the outer turns of the tape on the supply and take-up reels for the arbitrary tape position from the following: ##EQU1## in which r.sub.S and r.sub.T are the radii on the supply and take-up reels, respectively, for the arbitrary tape position, r.sub.SP and r.sub.TP are the radii on the supply and take-up reels, respectively, for said reference tape position, and N.sub.S and N.sub.T are the numbers of the signal pulses counted in correspondence to the revolutions of said supply and take-up reels, respectively, for said movement of the tape from said reference position to said arbitrary tape position.
In the case where the tape has control signals recorded thereon at regular intervals, it is another aspect of the invention to detect the control signals recorded on the tape, to frequency divide said signal pulses generated in correspondence to the revolutions of one of the supply and take-up reels in phase synchronization with the detected control signals from the tape, to calculate a dividing ratio for the frequency division on the basis of said one of the radii on said supply and take-up reels, respectively, and to operate a tape timer by means of the frequency divided pulses.
In accordance with a desirable feature of this invention, the dividing ratio is calculated as follows: ##EQU2## in which N is said dividing ratio, V is the speed of tape movement, F is the frame frequency, r.sub.T is the radius of the outer turn of the tape on one of the reels, and N.sub.R is the number of said signal pulses generated in correspondence to each of the revolutions of that one reel.
�M�Q�ޥ� �ޥΪ��M�Q�ӽФ���o�G��� �ӽЪ��M�Q�W��US42801591979�~4��30��1981�~7��21��Sony CorporationMethod of and apparatus for indicating length and remaining recording capacity of a recording tapeUS43475381978�~12��6��1982�~8��31��Licentia Patent-Verwaltungs-GmbhMethod and apparatus for the measurement and indication of the position of a coiled material in tape formUS43810891980�~11��28��1983�~4��26��Nippon Electric Industries, Co., Ltd.Wound-tape radius detection system for a tape recorderUS44961171983�~10��27��1985�~1��29��Canon Kabushiki KaishaWeb transport deviceUS46444361983�~5��13��1987�~2��17��Tokyo Shibaura Denki Kabushiki KaishaApparatus for determining the type and remaining capacity of a tapeJP52026211A �W�٤���JP56090478A �W�٤���JP59058644A �W�٤����Q�H�U�M�Q�ޥ� �ޥΥ��M�Q�ӽФ���o�G��� �ӽЪ��M�Q�W��US49639991988�~2��22��1990�~10��16��Kabushiki Kaisha ToshibaTape position detection apparatus having start control and initial tape position recoveryUS52753511992�~4��30��1994�~1��4��Industrial Technology Research InstituteConstant tape speed controllerUS53093001991�~8��6��1994�~5��3��R-Byte, Inc.Beginning/end of tape detection systemUS53750251990�~5��2��1994�~12��20��Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd.Method of measuring the remaining time of tape in a tape recorderUS56497741994�~11��10��1997�~7��22��Illinois Tool Works Inc.Method and apparatus for improved low cost thermal printingUS56598331996�~1��22��1997�~8��19��Anacomp, Inc.Reloadable film canister systemUS56893821995�~6��7��1997�~11��18��Exabyte CorporationMethod and apparatus for determining head parameter for helical scan recorderUS57242031996�~10��25��1998�~3��3��Index Systems, Inc.Method and apparatus for determining addresses in time along a recording tapeUS57345181995�~6��7��1998�~3��31��Exabyte CorporationMethod and apparatus for determing desired rotational velocity of take-up reel for helical scan recorderUS57427301995�~3��9��1998�~4��21��Qualtech, Inc.Tape control systemUS58093581996�~8��7��1998�~9��15��Anacomp, Inc.Reloadable canister with replaceable film spoolUS59082511997�~9��10��1999�~6��1��Markem Technologies Ltd.Method of printingUS60826531996�~10��31��2000�~7��4��Ampex CorporationSystem for estimating tape pack radius using a Kalman filterUS61514401997�~4��7��2000�~11��21��U.S. Philips CorporationArrangement for segment-by-segment recording of information signals on an intermittently drivable magnetic tape������l�Ϥ�Google ���� - Sitemap - USPTO �j�q�U�� - ���p�v�F�� - �A�ȱ�� - ���� Google �M�Q - �N���^�X��ƬO�Ѭ��ӷ~�M�Q��Ʈw (IFI CLAIMS Patent Services) ����©2012 Google


text:
Direct Ocean Front! Nicely Remodeled! Book Now! - Apartments for Rent in Lahaina, Hawaii, United States
Direct Ocean Front! Nicely Remodeled! Book Now!
The best decision you’ll make on Maui is booking this place to stay. It has everything you need, is quiet and private, and you just can’t beat the view. My husband and I love getting out and exploring when on vacation, but this view was so great that we spent much more time…
Mahalo and so very glad you enjoyed! Yes the sound of the waves and the awesome view make this a very special place! Please do come back soon!
We really loved the location and the view. Lots of amenities close. The apartment provided all that we needed. Due to a heat wave it was wonderful to have the air conditioner but this did not cool the bedroom which was about 80F (27C). It did have a fan which does help a lot…
We had a wonderful stay at Lonnie's place! The condo is perfect with lots of restaurants and shops within walking distance. We had fresh fish from the Maui Fish Market every night (using the grills on site) and ate while watching the sunset from our private balcony. We loved…
Super convenient location, unbeatable view, wonderful host. I will come back!
Excellent location, terrific ocean views with daily visits from turtles. Very clean. Older facility with upgrades, elevator, pool, quiet, safe area, nearby shops, food. Bed on small side, utilized pull out couch. Very hot week, one a/c unit in main room could not cool but half…
Mahalo for your comments and sorry for any inconvenience! We do try and accommodate for any weather... it can be a little toasty in August! Most nights comfortable and mild. Please visit us again!
If Maui didn’t have so much to offer we could’ve sat on the lanai all week and just taken in the view! This place was ideal; super clean, awesome location and unbelievable views. Quick responses and easy check in and out. Looking forward to staying here again!
(Hidden by Airbnb) ! So glad you enjoyed!
The condo was very clean. We found everything we needed. Much appreciated the binder with information. The binoculars were nice to have. Our favorite was the balcony with the beautiful ocean view. We spent a lot of time on the balcony drinking our morning coffee, eating our meals…
I am near by and able to help with any concerns!

type: global

value: Airbnb, Inc. (pronounced  AIR-bee-ehn-bee and stylized as airbnb) is an American company that operates an online marketplace for lodging, primarily homestays for vacation rentals, and tourism activities.


text:
Atlantean Publishing | The Atlantean Publishing Wiki | FANDOM powered by Wikia
Atlantean Publishing, Organisations
Atlantean Publishing is a British small press that has been going for nearly 20 years and is based in Southend-on-Sea, Essex, UK. The press is run by its founding editor DJ Tyrer, who does almost all the related work. It produces several serial publications and numerous one-off releases, specialising in poetry and short fiction, both 'general' and 'genre'.
Atlantean is a non-profitmaking enterprise; in fact, it is loss-making. The name, of course, derives from Atlantis.
The aims of Atlantean Publishing are:
To provide free and at-cost publications for readers looking for something a little different;
To provide a place of publication for previously unpublished writers;
To provide an outlet for poems and the sorts of short or uncategorisable stories that are seldom seen in mainstream publications;
To put the merit of the contributions first, rather than accepting work on the basis of the author's past publication credits;
To encourage the art of writing outside the constraints of the mainstream or preconceptions of genre, form or readership.
Frequently Asked Questions (Orders) ≥
The press produces five regular magazines together with an increasing variety of other print publications, all in its distinctive 'no-frills' style:
The 'zines: Monomyth, The Supplement, Awen, Bard and Garbaj, plus an occasional online poetry supplement, Awen Online.
Irregular poetry series: The Bards, Xmas Bards, Yellow Leaves and Xothic Sathlattae are descendants from Bard with specific individual remits, all produced in the same 'broadside' format.
Numerous collections of poetry or prose (or both), in A5-format booklets and larger anthologies.
There are also a few products in the back catalogue that, whilst not strictly Atlantean, were produced in association with them; not to mention some aborted publications that have not (as yet) seen the light of day, but have been considered worthy of note on the wiki. Those 'zines, broadsides, anthologies, booklets, etc. that have been printed now number between them a grand total of over 500 titles.
Frequently Asked Questions (Submissions) ≥
Atlantean Publishing is always happy to welcome both new and established writers and to help promote the efforts of other presses around the world. Submissions of content — short fiction, poetry, artwork, reviews, articles, advertisements and letters of comment — are welcomed for future publications; Atlantean's general submitting guidelines (and frequently asked questions on the subject) are reproduced on this site for prospective contributors to read. There are also usually a few specific proposed projects calling for content, which are detailed on here as well.
Queries are welcomed: all the press's contact details are available below.
Please be aware that we are closed to submissions each December and January, so if you wish to submit anything to us in those months, make sure to hold onto it until the start of February instead. Do bear in mind, though, that your queries, letters of comment, orders and subscriptions are not affected by this, and can be sent — and will be gladly received — all year round!
All contributors of written content or artwork to our publications over the years are welcome to add their own profile pages here on the Atlantean wiki to hold a mini-biography or list of publication credits — please see the Contributions To The Wiki page first for help if you plan to create your own. For an example, the editor's page looks like this: DJ Tyrer's contributor page.
If you don't fancy trying to edit a page, please feel free to just drop us a note at the usual addresses asking us to put up a little bio on your behalf: simply let us know what details you would like included, and we will happily create the page for you.
Retrieved from "https://atlanteanpublishing.fandom.com/wiki/Atlantean_Publishing?oldid=14831"

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text:
Educators protest over veto - latimes
Educators protest over veto
More than 400 college professors and staffers want $5.4 million restored for UC labor research proposals.
October 16, 2008|Patrick McGreevy and Larry Gordon | Times Staff Writers
More than 400 university professors and academic staff have sent a letter of protest to Gov. Arnold Schwarzenegger, objecting to his veto last month of $5.4 million for a University of California labor research program and asking that the money be restored.
At a time when unemployment in California is reaching a level not seen in decades, the letter said, the governor's action appears to be politically motivated and an excuse to ax a program his fellow Republicans have sought to kill. Its critics have said it is too close to unions.
"It violates the basic principle of the freedom to speak out and conduct research even on controversial topics," said the letter signed by the professors and staffers from UC and other California colleges and universities.
Schwarzenegger has said his veto of money for the Miguel Contreras Labor Program, named after the late Los Angeles labor leader, was "difficult but necessary" because the Legislature chose not to make other cuts to balance the budget.
The Contreras program has major centers at UCLA and UC Berkeley and also does research at some other UC campuses, serving as an umbrella organization for a number of research initiatives.
Schwarzenegger also vetoed funding for the program two years ago, causing UCLA's Institute for Research on Labor and Employment and the Berkeley center to step up private fundraising and tap other UC funds. On Wednesday, UC system spokesman Ricardo Vazquez said UC president Mark Yudof has promised to find money to keep the program open at least for the rest of the 2008-09 school year, although the exact amount of the funds and its source have yet to be determined.
Professor Chris Tilly, director of the UCLA Institute, said the veto was an attack on academic freedom that could set a bad precedent for other areas of research. "I think it is a slippery slope," he said.
Nurses Union Leader Is a Tonic for Governor's Foes

value: The Los Angeles Times (abbreviated as LA Times) is a daily newspaper based in El Segundo, California, which has been published in Los Angeles, California, since 1881. It has the fifth-largest circulation in the U.S., and is the largest American newspaper not headquartered on the East Coast.


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text:
Nigeria Election Results Due To Start Trickling In | The Huffington Post
03/30/2015 08:01 am ET
All eyes are now on collation, historically an area where figures were fiddled, with results sometimes completely made up. COLLATION PROCESS
Nigeria Nigeria Election Nigeria Election Results Nigeria Election 2015 Nigeria Election Boko Haram

value: HuffPost, formerly The Huffington Post until 2017 and sometimes abbreviated HuffPo, is an American news aggregator and blog, with localized and international editions. The site offers news, satire, blogs and original content, and covers politics, business, entertainment, environment, technology, popular media, lifestyle, culture, comedy, healthy living, women's interests and local news featuring columnists.


text:
Nothings Impossible Mark 10:27: 2010
joy & sadness, both!
"I don't know if this is a season of sweetness or a season of sadness. But I'm learning that neither last forever. There will be, I'm sure, something that invades this current loveliness. That's how life is. It won't be sweet forever. But it won't be bitter forever either. If everywhere you look these days; it's wintery, desolate, lonely, practice believing in Springtime. It always, always comes, even though as days like today it's nearly impossible to imagine; frozen ground, trees bare and spikey. New life will spring from this same ground. This season will end and something entirely new will follow it.
s. niequist
beautiful smile=speechless!
Posted by Becky at 6:26 AM 3 comments:
home. at last. together.
Posted by Becky at 6:16 AM 2 comments:
God's itinerary...
Though it's only a slight delay.
my heart is still a little sad :(
We were informed yesterday that our anticipated July 6th Embassy Date has been pushed back.
The change occuried due to the number of Embassy workers taking vacation this month.
With fewer workers, fewers cases are able to be heard & processed, thus making it necessary to move several Embassy appointments to a later date.
Another sign of international adoptions unpredictability & the hard decisions that have to be made by BCS staff on a daily basis... We thank you for your care & grace!
We are now "officially" scheduled for departure on July 14th.
"Official" because we have received our daughter's birth certificate & passport...
and got another little glimpse of our beautiful little girl (passport pic)
We will use the additional days to continue preparing for our travels but also to love on the children already in our arms & enjoy our family (of 6) time together :)
and trust in God's perfect timing.
And thank you to those who continue to support us with your encouraging words, shared truth, financial gifts, and so much more!
(Kelly, I am touched by your FB enthuisasm... You Rock/// No! Our God Rocks for putting a sister in Christ to walk by our side in a special way...)
You ALL have blessed us beyond words!
luggage, airplanes & travel... oh my!
"Do not be anxious about anything, but in everything, by prayer and petition, with thanksgiving, present your requests to God. And the peace of God...will guard your hearts and your minds in Christ Jesus." Philippians 4: 6-7
we got word today.
our daughter's birth certificate has been issued.
they are working on securing her passport.
our tentative Embassy date is July 6th.
*I know this sounds to most like alot of "adoption lingo"
this is what it means;
once a birth certificate & passport are issued, we receive our invitation to travel.
there are only two travel dates/Embassy appointments available in July.
July 6th is the first.
(and we weren't expecting to get it)
We have spoken to a suggested Travel agent & have put on hold our tickets for departure.
As of right now, we will take off for Ethiopia on Wednesday, June 30th!
It's hard to believe this is happening....
we are so many things.
we are so very close to holding our daughter in our arms!
***So much to do, so little time!
we'll let you know when we know more, and plans are more definite!
Posted by Becky at 9:13 PM 3 comments:
With "travel" on the horizon in the next 3-8 weeks,
we finally made our SHOT APPOINTMENT!
At the end of the month we are scheduled to
see our travel doctor... to receive important travel information,
needed prescriptions, and the dreaded (muliple) immunization updates.
Praying we will not have any ill side-effects from the shots.
Thank you for your continued prayers for us, as we
take the necessary steps to travel soon...
And bring our beautiful daughter home.
Posted by Becky at 11:06 AM 3 comments:
we finally heard...
WE PASSSED!!!!
After what felt like forever (like most waiting times do these days) we got word just this afternoon!
We are officially the family of our little "t"
And we are overjoyed!!!!
We should be invited to travel to Ethiopia in the next 4-6 weeks to bring our daughter home.
Praising God for this victory, praying toward our next steps... And celebrating this precious news!!!
She is ours... she's really ours!
It's nearly midnight Tuesday.
We did not hear today the outcome of our "court date"
Praying for a restful night's sleep, with news in the morning :)
Thanking God for the 4 families that passed court Monday.
Lifting up in prayer the 6 other known families awaiting news for "court dates" scheduled tomorrow.
Resting in His love for me & each of my precious children.
Posted by Becky at 11:54 PM 2 comments:
it's the day of our 1st adoption "court date".
in actuality because of the time difference,
our Ethiopian court appointment should take place in the middle of the night tonight...
if you find yourself awake for some reason,
send a little prayer heavenward for us and our little girl.
even though our court date isn't until tomorrow,
I found myself awake & sleepless last night :(
took the "toss-n-turn" moments to pray;
for families who were awaiting their court news today,
for the children we long to hold in our arms,
for peace in the outcome,
for total trust in God's plans/timing.
if tonight is similiar, I am planning on another prayer filled night :)
edited: Of the 4 known families with court dates today June 7, 2010 - All 4 passed!
Posted by Becky at 4:14 PM 3 comments:
The number of days until our "court date" in Ethiopia!
The Power of Attorney will stand in for us in court,
where the Judge will determine if all paperwork and more is
as needed... and declare sweet "T" officially ours - or not.
If we pass;
"T" is officially ours according to the Ethiopian government,
(in our hearts, she's been ours since the moment we laid eyes on her)
and prayerfully we will be invited to travel & bring
her home to her forever family, 4-8 weeks later.
If we do not pass;
we will do whatever we can as far as it depends on us,
what's needed to be successful at the next scheduled court date.
Please pray with us, as we anxiously approach June 8, 2010!
Praying for continued peace & trust in His perfect plans :)
* We'll keep you posted... unsure how quickly we'll hear...?
Thank you in advance for your support & prayers... We are grateful!
May 6th marked the day we welcomed our "sunshine"
2nd born daughter into this world, twelve years ago!
She was born a little pudgey
with a tuft of blonde hair
8# 12oz.
A sweet soul from the moment she arrived!
Sweet E. is a now a beautiful young lady,
who is loved by everyone she meets!
(E. 3 years old)
When asked to share some of her favorite things, here's what she had to say:
Mom thinks, she's a spender & a giver!
Werthers Orginals & Rootbeer Barrels
Favorite Song / Musician?
"What do you think?" ... Soccer it is!
How do you feel about turning 12?
(E. 12 years old)
(Celebrating her 12th birthday with friends)
Dad & Funny Sayings
"When someone does something over & over, like clicking"
Something you want to get better at?
Happy Birthday Sweet E!!!!
We have been blessed since the moment you came into our lives, and continue to be!
May you always know how very loved you are!!!
You are beautiful from the inside out... a kind, smart, compassionate young woman
I'm certain if anyone was still checking in here from time to time,
they probably aren't any longer.
(Hey, thank you if your still stopping by... leave me a comment...
might be just the motivation I need to keep up on current posts :) )
We have been MIA for over a month now.
And there is so much to catch up on!
I do it now for my family
so one day we can look back at this God breathed journey
& remember it with the joy & hope it's been filled with!
Our family received the referral for our beautiful 3 year old daughter on April 14th!
I hand delivered our "official" acceptance paperwork (and add'l fee's) to our agency,
just a week later on April 21st.
We wait for word on if we will be traveling 1 time or 2...
All paperwork must submitted to Ethiopian court before May 9th
to only have to travel once - to bring our daughter home.
We receive a phone call from our SW.
She informs us, the required paperwork has been submitted to court!
*We will only travel ONCE!!!
*I couldn't ask for a better Mom's day gift - PTL!
We are informed our COURT DATE has been scheduled for
***Please keep us in your prayers!!!***
Praying we will pass & be invited to travel to bring our Ethiopian princess home
4-8 weeks after our sucessful court date.
Praying for peace & the many other details included in traveling around the world!
We are "beyond words blessed" by a generous donation for some of our upcoming traveling expenses... Thank you is not near enough!!!!
We continue to wait, pray, & trust toward each next step in this amazing journey!!!
And that's it in a "nutshell"
PS. Stay tuned for "other" long over due updates!
It's been a week since we received our "referral"
it's undescribable, the feeling when you final see the face and know the name of the precious little one you've prayed diligently for.
but i imagine much like "floating on a cloud"...
the journey continues to have it's ups and downs.
we float up... and are light on our feet.
nothing can take away our happiness.
no one can say anything to squelch the feeling of arriving to this point in the journey.
then the sky is dark and the clouds are heavy with rain.
we are uncertain to when we will hold her in our arms forever.
we are uncertain when we will travel.
will we travel around the world one time or two.
uncertain what comes next.
uncertain we're equipped for just the next step.
no matter what though, we remain certain that our God is sovereign.
we are anticipating this part of the wait to feel like forever
but sure all the waiting will fade away the moment she's in our arms.
we are resting in God's goodness.
"floating" on His love & faithfulness for each one of us.
in love once again.
We received the call Wednesday (4/14/10) afternoon.
A day we will not soon forget!
I actually had a voicemail on my cell phone from our SW... I immediately got butterflies in my stomach & tears in my eyes-just from our SW's voice in a message :)
It did not take long to connect but it felt like forever.
Just a short time into our conversation she shared she had a "REFERRAL" for us.
Here's some of what I heard....
She's a beautiful 3 year old little girl
Her big brown eyes are capitivating...they truly are!
And her precious little smile is heart warming.
Her Daddy & I are in LOVE!
No, her whole family is in LOVE!!!
It will be approximately 3 months until she's home in our arms forever.
In the meantime we do all we can as far as it's depends on us.
We are uncertain if we will be traveling to Ethiopia one or two times,
But trusting in God's plan & provision for each next step.
Did I mention, we are in LOVE???
Please keep us in your prayers... and we will keep you posted!
"I know the plans I have for you, declares the Lord, "plans to prosper you and not harm you, plans to give you HOPE and a fuure." Jeremiah 29:11
Posted by Becky at 1:49 PM 2 comments:
Our family is Number 6!!!!
3 more referrals.
3 more sweet babes matched with their "forever families"
3 more times my heart lept for joy.
The anticipation of adoption is hard to explain.
The wait to see the face of the little one created to grow up in your family is so many things;
Having had the blessed privilege of welcoming children into my arms through pregnancy I now know both similarities and differences in the adoption journey...
Like pregnancy; you long to see and hold the child you know will become part of your heart & life forever.
Unlike pregnancy; you have absolulety NO idea when to expect the little blessing--not the month, not the season, not even the year. ???
The journey is much like a rollercoaster... one moment filled with confidence and the next consumed with fear & doubt you are not cut-out for the ride.
In "real life" I like rollercoasters... the wind in your face, the excitment and thrill of the next turn and hill--all safely beneath the hold of selt belts & other gadgets.
Verdict's still out on how I'm fairing this ROLLERCOASTER ride...
Resting in His perfect timing and plans for me and my family.
Seeking comfort in His truths.
Wanting to be filled with His strength and wisdom.
We are now #7 on the Forum Waiting List... Seem like we should be #5???
It's the winding part of the ride...
I can only imagine the work of those doing all they can to match these precious children to waiting families.
I can say that we trust their prayerful & difficult decisions....
Thank you for all you do for the glory of God!
We surprisingly have had some unseasonably warmer and "Sunny" days.
Though, today has some brisker winds... the sun is shining BRIGHT!
Another little something that makes me happy... and even want to dance...
We moved on the forum wait list!
There was a referral yesterday... Matched to the family just ahead of us on this list :)
We now sit at NUMBER 8!!!
Not sure what it means... but the movement is exciting... And another one of God's children has been matched to his "forever family".
Before this I have been finding myself kind of stuck, I guess.
Unable to come up with the words to express my heart & thoughts.
Praying the words come a little more freely... in which case I'll keep you posted on further developments :)
If anyone's still stops by... thanks for hanging in there...
I believe the "journey" has only just begun.
As I took at a peek at a "friends" blog recently, I was struck by what she wrote...
Thank you Weimer family for sharing your heart with us, for loving Jesus like you do, & for inspiring us who also desire to "Follow hard after Him"
(The Weimer's are a family who has adopted twice from Ethiopia (2 sibling groups of 3) have 3 bio children, & announced at Christmas time they were expecting their 10th child : ) ... wow!)
QUESTION: Do you think it's a mandate for all Christians to adopt?
[I just got asked this question again on Facebook today. Here's my response:]
OOOOH, a question I get asked quite a bit. :) And one that people try to stump me on.

value: Blogger is an American online content management system (CMS) which enables multi-user blogs with time-stamped entries. Pyra Labs developed it before being acquired by Google in 2003.


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text:
SOLVED: Freezer works but refrigerator is warm - Fixya
The freezer is frozer but frigerator is warm
Re: freezer works but refrigerator is warm
SOURCE: CSX22GRZAWW freezer works, refrigerator warm
Jan 26, 2011 | Kenmore 64802 Top Freezer Refrigerator
My frigerator has just stopped working, all food going warm
Sep 25, 2010 | Maytag MSD2756GES Side by Side...
My daewoo fridge freezer is not working. it stays cool but freezer is not keeping ice or frozer food
Sep 19, 2010 | Refrigerators
Freezer is not cooling down
Jun 04, 2010 | GE GSS25LGM Side by Side Refrigerator
casing fridge warm
hotpoint fridge freezers...
problems hotpoint fridge...
hotpoint freezer fan working
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fridge freezer problems...
freezer works refrigerator...

value: Fixya is a question-and-answer website where community members ask and answer questions about consumer products. The company was launched in June 2005 and is headquartered in San Mateo, California.


text:
Bluefields 2017: Top 20 Alugueres para Férias, Casas de Férias & Alugueres de Apartamentos em Bluefields - Airbnb Bluefields, Westmoreland Parish, Jamaica
Bluefields · Casas
Lydia is a very friendly and nice person. She always tries to make your trip perfekt. The accomodation is wonderfull with all the plants. Belmont is a beautiful little city with white Beaches. The people there are friendly and are willing to help everyone. Sincerelly, Maria & Matthias
If you are traveling with the aim to connect local people, respect their culture and nature, this is surely a perfect place! Natural Mystic Cottages is located in the middle of rastafarian community, not far from coastline and beaches. Lydia is most kind when you need some suggestions where to go and how to get there. Cottages are so so beautiful and colorful, surrounded by exotic trees and flowers. Highly recommended authentic experience!!
Wij hebben hier 4 nachten verbleven en het was nog veel beter dan verwacht! Unieke locatie, lekker eten,... Kortom, the real Jamaica! Wij komen zeker terug!! Thanks again!
As other note, the view is outstanding and the cabin itself is wonderfully built. Saw parrots, hummingbirds etc. all from our room. Sean and his wife were nice and the food was great. Only thing to be aware of is that it is about a 30 minute drive up a heavily potholed role to get to Sean's and the last 100 metres or so is a bit rough for a 2WD compact car. There isn't a ton to do at the cabin other than chill out in a gorgeous setting, so just keep that in mind if booking for a longer period of time.
Beautiful location, lovely place, and wonderful hosts! I would definitely stay here again. Sean and his wife were very accomodating to my dietary restrictions so I was able to enjoy a delicious meal there!
The cabin we stayed in was great, everything in order and clean, Geneva made some wonderful breakfasts and dinners! The view from our cabin was spectacular! If you want to get the feel for the real Jamaica this is definitely the place to stay! Bluefield beach is lovely and visited mostly by locals. Hope to come back to this paradise soon!
We had a great time. Sean and Geneva are very nice people who try to make your stay as good as possible. Great birdwatching. The view is as good as the picture. The cabin is comfortable with a good bed. Relaxing, beautiful spot.
This place is a dream come true. I had a wonderful, restorative, restful week at Sean's cabin. The cabin itself are comfortable and have all the comforts of home including hot shower and high speed internet. The view simply can't be put into words, both during the day time and at night. Its breathtaking. The food is also a treat, authentic Jamaican cuisine delivered to your private cottage. Had a great time and can't wait to come back.
If you are looking for a beautiful, secluded, safe escape into the lush mountainside of Jamaica- this is your place! Sean welcomed us with a tour of the property and checked in daily. His wife made the most delicious food; the meal plan included breakfast and dinner. There are only 3 cabins, which are each among fruit trees and flowers. The outdoor shower offers enough privacy to feel comfortable, yet you are looking at the trees and sky! I have recommended their cabins to several friends already, and would love to visit again myself. We were there just the two of us, as a couple, but the cabins could certainly work for a single traveler or friends looking to escape the hustle and bustle of the city. The beach is close by once on the main road, and several restaurants nearby as well. We never locked our cabin, and felt completely safe while there. If you're a nature lover, this is the place to visit!
Awesome cottages with a breathtaking view! I would love to wake up to that view everyday. You sure won't get tired of it. Definitely take advantage of the meal plan - Sean's wife makes delicious local food with super fresh ingredients. Sean and his family were great hosts and easy to communicate with.
Sean is a great host. We had some issue and could only stay for one night instead of two and Sean was really comprehensive about that! Regarding the cabin, it was awesome and really had an outstanding view. Just make sure you get some anti-mosquito spray! The cabin is really isolated and it will take you a good 30min to reach it (by car), so make sure to bring your food or you can order directly to Sean and he will provide you some really good food!
We had an awesome visit to Good Hope. Great food, amazing scenery and the cabins are more than comfortable! About a half hour drive from the beach ($25) which is where we spent our afternoons :) looking forward to a future visit maybe with friends next time!
Newton 'Bigga' was so hospitable from the get go. We took a bus from Kingston to Savannah lar mar, about 20 minutes from his property. He picked us up from the bus stop and drove us to pick up some dinner. His family are beautiful. They offer amazing home cooked meals, we had something different for breakfast and dinner each day, with fresh juices. We got treated to limeade and banana bread! The little cottage is very comfortable, plenty of room and hammocks in the yard to chill out. It is a short walk to a lovely beach. We also recommend the 'crab shack' down the road for delicious food if you want to head out. Bigga knows everything about the area, and offers tours to Black river, Pelican Bar, YS falls and Appleton Estate. We paid $80US to the guide who took us to black river and Pelican Bar and another $80US to Bigga for transport for two of us. We really loved our stay here, and would love to return one day.
First off, I think its most important to say that I am a single lady travelling and this home felt safe and comfortable and I would suggest it to any single person, couple or family too. Coming from the tourist craziness of Negril and 7 mile beach, Newton’s was where I feel like I actually started to relax and catch the cool and laid back vibes of the real Jamaica. I found the direct sun and heat in Jamaica difficult, but the yard here was super comfortable- I had a nice big shaded private balcony where I spend a whole lazy afternoon laying on a comfy couch on that balcony, smoking, reading, napping and listening to the nature. There is also a nice bar set up in the middle of the yard for meals and hanging out which was also very comfortable seating with a Jamaican feel and the birds to watch frolic and flaunt. I loved the animals! The lizards, the birds, the dogs, goats and RED firefly’s at night! I have a pretty big fear of birds but they did not interfere with me at all and Newton’s directed me how to avoid situations that may get to me. It worked I loved them from a healthy distance I think the best part of staying with Newton is that he really made me feel like my vacation time was geared to me specifically. I had an interest in the plants and trees and I’m very interested in culture and construction. Every opportunity he would show me things that fell into those interests, he taught me about the native trees and fruits and veggies (many right in his own yard). I was able to try first hand fresh plantain, callaloo, achee, jelly coconut, some kind of amazingly different apple, and maybe my fav.. nasberry! (or nesberry?? Lol) I had the chance to ask tons of questions about the building and clearing of land and architecture, learn about the native wood and uses for it… and well I could just go on and on… I’m curious and I REALLY appreciated that I felt I could just ask him anything and he would share his understanding freely I could be myself and be free to enjoy whatever experience my heart desired. On the bad side, I broke his sink! Awe, honest mistake and it was repaired promptly and he didn’t make me feel bad at all for the accident. There is no hot water and very low water pressure but he advertised as such and so no surprise. The $200 hotel I stayed at didn’t have hot water or any water pressure and they actually didn’t have water for 2 days and they advertised that as a benefit so again, great review for Newton’s place because I got exactly what I expected! Newton was the man that inspired me that Jamaica was the destination vacation I would enjoy and now after staying at shades cottages, this is the experience that makes...
Rebekha2017-03-10T00:00:00Z
Newton and his family are totally relaxed and nice. If you really want to experience Jamaica and see much things from the country you are right in Sades Cottage. Newton offers transportation in his minibus for getting around and he knows a lot about the country and know a lot of people. If you really want experienced things that do not get to see any. The breakfast as well as lunch and dinner a wish that his wife Gwen is prepared according to typical Jamaican recipes delicious and to get a fair price. Similarly, there are delicious even squeezed juices and snacks and drinks at the small bar in the grounds where the meals are cooked and the whole family life takes place. The environment and the beach in Bluefield are fantastic. The smallest is only 100m from the house, after 5 min. walk to the village to reach a larger public, clean and very idyllic beach, there is also the birthplace of Peter Tosh. We were with 4 hosts in Jamaica and I must say, with Bigga we have seen and experienced most of this beautiful country. Thanks again for everything! Newton und seine Familie sind total entspannt und liebenswert. Wenn ihr Jamaika wirklich erleben und viel sehen wollt seit ihr in Sades Cottage genau richtig. Newton bietet in seinem Minibus Transporte in weiter Umgebung an und da er viel über das Land weiß und viele Leute kennt erlebt man wirklich Dinge, die nicht jeder zu sehen bekommt. Das Frühstück sowie auf Wünsch Mittag- und Abendessen welches seine Frau Gwen nach typisch jamaikanischen Rezepten zubereitet ist super lecker und zu einem fairen Preis-Leistungs-Verhältnis zu bekommen. Ebenso gibt es leckere selbstgepresste Säfte und Snacks sowie Getränke an der kleinen Bar auf dem Grundstück wo auch gekocht wird und das gesamte Familienleben statt findet. Die Umgebung und der Strand in Bluefield sind einfach traumhaft. Der kleinste ist nur 100m vom Haus entfernt, nach 5 Min. zu Fuß in den Ort erreicht man einen größeren sauberen öffentlichen aber sehr idyllischen Badestrand, dort befindet sich auch das Geburtshaus von Peter Tosh. Wir waren bei 4 Gastgebern in Jamaika und ich muss sagen, mit Bigga haben wir das meiste gesehen und erlebt von diesem wunderschönen Land. Danke nochmals für alles!
We thoroughly enjoyed our stay at Newtons. What was not to love. Newton met us at the airport for a very reasonable fee despite our late plane. He was knowledgeable and helpful in terms of showing us about the local area as well as offering to take us further afield and struck exactly the right balance between helping us out and allowing our privacy. It was reassuring to know he would drop us and pick us up or take us out to places if we needed him to for very reasonable money. Gwen and their daughters dealt with our daily needs beautifully. Made us ginger tea when we were poorly and cooked lovely meals including locally caught fish for us if we requested them. They as well struck exactly the right balance between being helpful and allowing us our privacy and it was a pleasure to be around them quietly getting on with their family life and daily chores. The local area is lovely both Belmont (walking distance) and Bluefields (a short drive) beaches were stunning with their own scene happening and places to eat freshly cooked fish and lobster meals and always great music. The accommodation was basic and comfortable and we enjoyed sitting on the lovely and comfortable porch observing the beautiful garden and the wildlife. I would highly recommend it to anyone and would definitely return.
We chose Horizon for our first trip to Jamaica and couldn't be more pleased with that decision. Everything was perfect--the cottage (beautiful little cottage and Hopie made sure it was clean and comfortable!), the view (the bluest waters I've ever seen with gentle waves), and the community. Laga is the best chef we've ever met and helped us in many ways by answering questions and showing us around. Hopie made our stay so special. We had the opportunity to walk around and meet some of the locals and I'm so glad we did! Everyone we met was kind and welcoming. If you're thinking about visiting the Island and want a true Jamaican experience, do not pass up a stay at Horizon. You won't regret it! Be sure to ask Clive or Trevor catch you some fish or lobster--delicious! We really hope to be back some day. One love.
Situado nas colinas verdejantes de Bluefields Westmoreland fica a encantadora residência que acolhe todos esplendor e relaxamento; em um belo condomínio fechado. Le Chateau Villa Beaux Paradis, é alimento para a alma e terapia para o corpo. Vejo você lá!!!
Este incrível apartamento de 5 quartos casa e 1 quarto; na mesma propriedade, oferece o máximo em conforto. Nós possuem uma piscina ao ar livre maravilhosa, banheira de hidromassagem, áreas amplas de cozinha, quartos espaçosos, banheiros requintados, estacionamento gratuito, acesso gratuito à Internet, ginásio gratuitos, considerações de animais, e áreas adequadas para eventos. Em estreita proximidade com a praia local, o Peter Tosh Museum, e a poucos passos de distância do Aeroporto Internacional Donald Sangster, em Montego Bay. Nós também podemos organizar passeios a cavalo para você.


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Why Do Children Hide Commonplace Things From Their Parents? | HuffPost
03/11/2013 12:39 pm ET Updated Dec 06, 2017
Why Do Children Hide Commonplace Things From Their Parents?
Answer by Jessica Margolin, HAPILABS VP Community
Children hide what they have been doing from other people for the same reasons anyone does.
(1) Kids hide things from their parents because they feel it is "theirs" in some way. It's personal or intimate, or they're not sure how they feel about it yet and just don't want to share. They might feel that sharing it with an adult - who will invariably have an opinion or vested interest - will "wreck" that part of it.
(2) Some things are hidden because the kids don't think the parents will understand. Think of how you might "manage" your older parents: there are some things they just don't understand about how the world is in your context that was different from theirs. Kids, particularly teens, will do this.
(3) Finally some things are hidden because the child is ashamed. They know they did something wrong, made a poor choice, made a mistake.
So as a parent, there are three things you can do to encourage sharing these stories:
(1) Let them define their boundaries. Really if they don't want to tell you, it's none of your business. Allow them to have an internal life that is separate from you. If you're anxious or tense and that's why you want to know about everything that happens to them, then try to keep in mind that requiring children to have no privacy so that you as the adult can feel less anxious is really not terribly fair. You need to deal with your anxiety in a different way.
(2) Do your best to ask your child to explain to you the differences between their world and yours, acknowledge the difference and then DON'T JUDGE! Above all, don't say your way was better. You can talk about irrelevant parts of school for example: "When you all eat lunch, do you eat quickly and then go play? Or do you just hang out and talk? ... we didn't have cell phones / game boys / computers at school when I was a kid!" So you're really just discussing the new world and learning about it for no reason other than you're genuinely interested in how things are done nowadays. This will come in handy when your child is an adult and they've got their hands in cool stuff!
(3) This last is the toughest one. In order to minimize the ill effects of shame, we have to be very good at "picking our battles." Every parent draws lines differently here, but I urge you to try to avoid shaming children unless what they've done is truly shameful.
All people make mistakes. We need to learn how to transcend them, and it's difficult to gear up to fix a mistake while feeling ashamed. We also need to avoid making the same mistake repeatedly. Since we don't imagine emotions well and we can't remember negative physiological effects, shaming people isn't as effective as one might hope. The real threat of shame is the threat of isolation, of the child imagining the parent genuinely rejecting them, at least temporarily. Please use this rarely.
If you can keep a home environment where you don't constantly ask them questions about what is going on, where you are genuinely interested in learning about their life context, and where you can help them through their mistakes, your kids will be more likely to confide in you.
They still may not! They may still just want privacy! But they are more likely to do so.
Why would anyone want to send their children to a public school?
Talking To Children Building Trust Child Parent Relationships Parenting Parental Relationships


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Awful! - Review of Grand Hotel Central, Rotterdam - TripAdvisor
Awful! - Review of Grand Hotel Central
Ask danrG1475XE about Grand Hotel Central
197 - 202 of 454 reviews
Perhaps awaiting refurbishment or even demolition I know not. I stayed there in June 2003. I noted the following defects in my room: dirty carpets, dirty bedcover, numerous squashed insects on the walls, lampshades broken, socket hanging from wall, curtains not on tracks, cigarette burn marks on carpet bedding furniture curtains, holes in curtains,tiles loose and missing around bath, wash hand basin hanging off wall, overflow missing from bath, my feet stuck to the grime (or whatever on the bottom of the bath) curtains could not be fully closed in bathroom or bedroom, toilet seat broken, paintwork dirty, furniture broken. Bird excreta on the windows. Outside the room the smell in the corridor was terrible. The lift was dirty and smelly looked as if someone had been sick in it. The dining room carpet was filthy the crockery was not as clean as it could/should have been. I have stayed in many hotels in The Netherlands at much cheaper rates that have been in immaculate condition and a credit to the Dutch but this hotel spoiled the whole of my recent holiday.

value: Tripadvisor, Inc. is an American online travel company that operates a website and mobile app with user-generated content and a comparison shopping website.


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Who's Your Editor?: "Entry into the Unfamiliar" Banners
Matt was the first person to ask for banners for his blog "Entry into the Unfamiliar." I've known Matt for a little while now so it was important to get the information on what he wanted on the banner and then finish them quickly for him. Each banner is pretty different. The first is actually a piece of concept art Matt doodled. The second, I found. It feels a little dark, but I think it can be interpretted in many different ways. Plus, you can't be a writer without being a bit dramatic. :) The third is from one of Matt's landscape pictures.
I personally loved how they turned out, and hopefully he will as well.
PS. All three banners will magically link you directly to Matt's blog. (That's what they're made for!)
PPS. The offer still stands for anyone else who would like banners made for their blog or website. Just leave me a comment and we'll talk about what to make you. :)
Written by AubrieAnne at 10:11 PM
Labels: Art, Banners, Blogs
AubrieAnne November 10, 2010 at 10:15 PM
These are so much better than the ones I made for my own blog! Dangit! Now I have to go make mine better. lol.
djpr November 10, 2010 at 10:16 PM
Pretty darn slick if I do say so myself! You did a great job with them!
AubrieAnne November 10, 2010 at 10:20 PM
Matt Dimitroff November 10, 2010 at 10:22 PM
Lol, I'm not sure how to read into the middle one. I have to say I like the landscape one best. If you could change the name on it to the url, that would make it perfect.
And I'm glad you think that you made them better than your own. :) Although, I still love the one with the tree.
AubrieAnne November 10, 2010 at 10:26 PM
Sure thing. DO you only want the URL or do you want "Entry into the Unfamiliar" and the URL?
The middle one is mysterious! So I thought unfamiliar-mysterious, mysterious-unfamiliar. IDK. It looks cool. lol.
Matt Dimitroff November 10, 2010 at 10:32 PM
The blog title and the url, please. Also, I just discovered that my sig on Snafu only allows images up to 600 pixels wide. I don't want to screw it up in Paint or Photobucket. Can you oblige? Sorry and thanks loads!
AubrieAnne November 10, 2010 at 10:37 PM
Yep! This pic is currently 640x138, but I'll lower it for you so that it will upload without any problems. I'll also give you the code so that you can use it as a link if you want.
Just give me another day. I'll have to make it from scratch because I foolishly flattened the image. (What an elementry mistake! My graphic design professors would all be smacking me across the head right now if they knew!) I'll also have to do the coding again so that the image has the correct dimensions.
Matt Dimitroff November 10, 2010 at 10:40 PM
I really appreciate the effort you're putting into this. Is there something I could do for you?
AubrieAnne November 10, 2010 at 10:56 PM
Nope, I should be all good. I know what I'm doing now that I'm back in the swing of things.
Oh! And I've already played around with a few concepts for the Fiction Collective magazine. I'm excited to put a few down in draft form!
Matt Dimitroff November 10, 2010 at 11:09 PM
I meant to offer a favor in return.
Great! Email them to me.
AubrieAnne November 11, 2010 at 12:16 PM
No favors necessary. This was fun. I should have enterything to you soon.
Matt Dimitroff November 11, 2010 at 2:00 PM
AubrieAnne December 24, 2010 at 1:18 PM


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Beautiful Ummah: Recession-Proof Beauty
Beauty by Hijabi Apprentice at 11:56 PM
UmmAminahHonest said...
I can show you how you can make some extra cash with the cosmetics fetish, LOL. Let me know if you are interested.
17/2/09 12:35 PM
17/2/09 1:03 PM


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Drink Tank: Flushing the Koran Down the Toilet
posted by Miguel @ 3:04 PM
In fact I should add, that while I believe desecrating the Koran is a poor choice, I think it's a much better policy than occupying foriegn lands, and would be sad to see an official no Koran-desecration policy put in place to ease our imperial adventuring.
At 5:00 PM, Ivan said...
The white house has asked that newsweek retract the story.
The point is that it has not been corroborated, and journalistic standards imply an assumption of falseness for un-corroborated stories. Glenn Reynolds got it right in saying that they chose to ignore those standards because the story made the US government & military look bad.
Also, he has never called for a less free press. If anything, he advocates more free, more distributed media. [note that it isn't a "freedom" to withhold information on a crime -- at worst it's aiding and abetting -- and this is totally different than withholding information about a source who points out criminal abuses. The difference is almost as striking as those who claim there is none]
There have been a few people, but not enough, who looked at this story and said "WTF?!". It's newsweek's fault for riots? What about the rioters?
If you're going to kill someone because you're sensitive about paper getting wet, you don't deserve the respect and empathy of anyone.
At 5:27 PM, Miguel said...
Newsweek still claims they have a source who says government documents claim Koran desecration; the error was in the name of the document. The point of my post was that the desecration is undisputed, by the White House or blogger-morons.
Glenn Reynolds says (over and over): "As I've warned before, if Americans conclude that the press is, basically, on the side of the enemy, the consequences are likely to be dire."
Sounds a like: "nice freedom of speech you enjoy; be a shame if anything happened to it..." to me.
If the government does propose wartime speech restrictions (as were in effect during WWs I and II) I doubt he'd have much to say to his huge readership except that liberal writers were asking for it. For now he seems content to say "that reminds me... John Tierney says newsmedia oughtn't report bad news about Free Iraq." I read the Republican position to be: pooping on the Koran is alright but reporting on it is near-treason. Thanks for all the freedom fighting, President Bush.
At 6:05 PM, Ivan said...
The dire consequences are lower subscriptions & readership. Business is hurt.
As for denying the story, the presumption is of non-guilt in America.
That's why I can't just say, "NYT eats babies and shits liberal news".
At 6:27 PM, Miguel said...
I don't think that's what he meant by dire consequences; market-revealed preferences are a good thing, as free market believers like you and he know well.
instapundit.com, about a year ago:
Freedom of the press, as it exists today (and didn't exist, really, until the 1960s) is unlikely to survive if a majority -- or even a large and angry minority -- of Americans comes to conclude that the press is untrustworthy and unpatriotic.
He says he's sad about dire consequences, but suggests them nonetheless.
I was thinking of the liberal paper The New York Times in relation to this discussion, as well. Is a retraction like this what the White House wants? It was printed on the 10th page of the Paper of Record, long after after a series of misleading and poorly informed articles ran in its pages.
The presumption of innocence applies to government imposed punishment, by the way. It is not a part of the guarentee of freedom of the press.
Really, though, I can't imagine W et all actually want a retraction, based on my main point: that this policy does exist and that any retraction would once again emphasize the content of the story. The retraction would apply to a specific document, but have to also include the relevant fact that in addition to vindicated detainees, a knowledgable official is claiming that Korans have been put in the toilet.
I suspect that the debate I was hoping to have in this thread -- should the US be allowed to desecrate holy books in questioning -- is being had in the White House as we speak. Pros: may work, actual torture now frowned upon. Cons: our subjects in the Muslim world are sensitive about it.
At 7:36 PM, joško said...
http://i.a.cnn.net/cnn/2005/WORLD/asiapcf/05/16/newsweek.quran/top.1716.newsweek.india.ap.jpg
One sign-- "Newsweek Deserves to be Banned."
The second sign-- "Bush Should Apologise for Desecratiion of Quran."
I mean, they seem to believe the Newsweek story, right? ..And yet, they're so mad they wanna punish the messenger?
At 9:30 PM, Miguel said...
Bush should apologize for the desecration of the Quran, unless it certainly didn't happen (which I find highly doubtful, and as repeated in this thread, haven't heard anyone more politically simpatico to Mr. Bush claim.) If it didn't happen, having an underling issue a strong denial would be OK.
Newsweek should not be banned.
At 9:57 PM, Miguel said...
http://instapundit.com/archives/023026.php
I don't think there's anything immoral about flushing a Koran (or a Bible) down the toilet.
(Agreed, btw, also, like Mr. Reynolds, I wouldn't up and say it's a good idea.)
I think that the survival of free expression depends on the responsible behavior of businesses in the media field.
But what could be more responsible? Not only is the story obviously true, it came from a trusted and previously reliable source, who later retracted. Is he suggesting that American news outlets should print stories only so long as they don't bother these guys? Or that stories critical of the government should be cleared by the government? I don't know which is more offensive.


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"Seeds for Spring" is based on the life of the author's grandmother, Justina Unger Toews and the author's mother, Lena Toews Enns.
In the first section, we meet Justina Unger, born in 1888 to Mennonite colonists in South Russia. Through hard work coupled with the privilege accorded to them by Russian royalty, the Mennonites acquire a level of success and stability. All this is threatened when the Russian Revolution sweeps the countryside. Justina's community struggles to understand the shaking of the status quo as Lenin's socialism rips open the heartland of the Russian breadbasket.
The last part of the book shifts to the voice of Justina's daughter, Lena. Through the eyes of this young girl growing up poor on a prairie farm during the 1930's, we find love and beauty. The lessons learned and passed down from one generation to the next is an offering of faith, hope, grace and joy.

value: Barnes & Noble Booksellers is an American bookseller. It is a Fortune 1000 company and the bookseller with the largest number of retail outlets in the United States.