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6,832.51
The measures would follow tariffs levied by the United States and China on hundreds of billions of dollars of each other's goods in their more than year-old trade war, which has dampened the outlook for the global economy.
"The tariff will put our competitiveness and Scotch Whisky’s market share at risk," Scotch Whisky Association Chief Executive Karen Betts said in a statement, adding that it would hurt investment and job creation in the industry.
The size and scope of the tariffs were reduced considerably from a $25 billion list floated by Washington this year that included helicopters, major aircraft components, seafood, luxury goods and other categories excluded from Wednesday's announcement.
But the USTR also issued a warning. "The U.S. has the authority to increase the tariffs at any time, or change the products affected. USTR will continually re-evaluate these tariffs based on our discussions with the EU," USTR said.
Airbus and U.S. firm Boeing, the world's two largest planemakers, have waged a war of attrition over subsidies at the WTO since 2004, in a dispute that has tested the trade policeman's influence and is expected to set the tone for competition from would-be rivals from China. (Additional reporting by Tim Hepher, Julien Ponthus, Joice Alves and Danilo Masoni in London, Philip Blenkinsop in Brussels and David Shepardson in Washington; Writing by Edmund Blair; Editing by Jon Boyle)

value: Yahoo (, styled as yahoo!) is an American web services provider. It is headquartered in Sunnyvale, California and operated by the namesake Yahoo!


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Enjoy Milford on Sea: November 2018
With less than a week until opening, Milford’s latest restaurant, Ray’s Italian Kitchen reveals its team, set to make this place a huge success among locals and tourists.
A familiar face known to many of us is James Jewell, who is taking on the role of Bar Manager, with his vast knowledge of wines and the ability to make a mean cocktail.
Ryan, Stacey, Star and James
Joining James is 24-year-old, Star Lewis, previously at the Mill at Gordleton and the Royal Oak, Downton and Star will be responsible for the restaurant’s front of house operations.
In the kitchen, Stacey will be taking centre stage and going back to her roots of cooking, with assistant chef, Ryan Light, also previously from the Mill at Gordleton.
Stacey said: “I am so proud of this team and absolutely delighted to be working alongside them to make Ray’s Italian Kitchen a success.”
Ray’s Italian Kitchen will be open every Tuesday to Saturday with coffee & cake, lunch menu and evening service from Thursday 6th December 2018.
Advanced bookings are recommended and can be made by contacting: 01590 645300 or at info@raysitaliankitchen.co.uk
Next Friday 7th December is late night opening for the village shops, and then at 5.45pm the band starts playing, to be followed by carol singing which starts around 6.30pm, making this one of the most charming evenings of the year takes place on the village green.
Our local choir will be leading the carol singing, with the evening compered by Reverend David Hellsten on behalf of the united village churches.
This year you can join in the singing using your mobile phone. Simply hit the link below to view or download the carols song sheet.
A little later, Father Christmas arrives with treats for the kids.
Bring the family, bring yourself, and have a good time kicking off the Christmas season.
View or Download your Carols Song Sheets:
The Milford on Sea Arts & Music Festival are seeking two volunteers to perform the role of Treasurer and Secretary. Basic bookkeeping/accountancy skills are required for the Treasurer role, administration and organisation skills for the secretary, most importantly a passion for staging a wonderful event in our community calendar.
Can anyone interested in helping out please contact: Amanda at info@milfordfestival.com.
Three R's Reading, Writing, Arithmetic, and Dancing
Local Milford on Sea children's author, Frederick Webb has updated his website. Click here to view.
In the Happy Acorn club section, is the three 'R''s song and dance, a star jump for tiny tots, plus a song for them and their parents, educational fun that costs nothing.
Also there is the 'Original Vowels Owls', a name Frederick introduced in the late nineties early 2000's. Vowels Owls is a moving home adventure and consists of a book and posters which is designed to help children read before they are five. Together cost £20 and are available through his website, as are other books in Frederick's 'Grow with Grit' series.
Frederick Webb - Author
We have been contacted by a lady who is researching the life and work of the landscape gardener, Madeline Agar.
Madeline was one of the first women professionals in this field and was also a founder member of the Institute of Landscape Architects.
It is believed that her father Edward Agar, owned Milford House and that the Agar family remained in the area after his death in 1927.
At one time Madeline is thought to have lived with her niece at Thurston, Sea Road, Milford on sea.
If any of the Agar family still live in the area or if anyone knows more about Madeline, please contact: Leanne Newman by clicking here.
National Lottery support for Cornwallis Remembered
Milford-on-Sea Historical Record Society [MOSHRS] has was National Lottery support for the Cornwallis Remembered celebrations which will take place in the village and surrounding areas next Summer 2019.
Cornwallis Remembered is focussed on celebrating the bicentenary of the death of Admiral Sir William Cornwallis, Milford on Sea’s most distinguished resident.
MOSHRS has won the support of the Heritage Lottery Fund for its exhibition on the Navy, the New Forest and the Napoleonic Wars which features the three admirals who all lived in Milford at that time: Admiral William Cornwallis, Admiral John Peyton and Admiral Robert Man. The role of the New Forest in providing timber and ship-building skills will be highlighted in the exhibition.
The commemoration and exhibition are also receiving the active support of The 1805 Club, the New Forest National Park Authority and the St Barbe Museum and Art Gallery. Events will focus on the weekend of 5th-7th July and will be underpinned by the exhibition which will run from 4th June to 31st August 2019. Preparations for the exhibition have now started.
There will be a commemorative service at All Saints Church on Friday 5th July 2019, followed by a re-enactment of the arrival of the news of Trafalgar together with events on the village green. During the weekend of 6/7th July activities are planned to include visiting a Royal Navy craft moored at Lymington, exploring our naval connections at Buckler’s Hard, and walking part of a new Naval Heritage trail between Milford and Buckler’s Hard, taking in Lymington, Boldre and South Baddesley.
Local communities and organisations will have the opportunity to learn about our strong naval tradition and the pivotal role played by Admiral Cornwallis in the defeat of Napoleon’s invasion threat.
Since 1066, there have been three times when England has been under serious threat of imminent invasion: the first was against the Armada sent by Philip of Spain in 1588; the most recent in 1940 when Hitler assembled his forces in the continental ports opposite the English coast; and, sometimes forgotten, in 1803/5 we stood alone against Napoleon as he planned his invasion of England.
Napoleon had to gain naval control of the English Channel to execute his invasion plans, saying “Let us be masters of the Channel for six hours and we are masters of the world."
It was Admiral Cornwallis, as Commander in Chief of the Channel Fleet, who was responsible both for successfully preventing the French invasion of Britain and deciding on the necessity of creating and dispatching to Spanish waters the nucleus of that fleet that his friend Nelson was to command at Trafalgar.
“We are delighted to have received the support of National Lottery players for our exhibition to commemorate Admiral Cornwallis and to provide our community with the opportunity to learn about an important part of our naval heritage.” Chris Hobby, chairman MOSHRS.
About Milford-on-Sea Historical Record Society (MOSHRS)
Milford-on-Sea Historical Record Society was founded in 1909 and is one of the oldest established local history groups in England. We are custodians of nearly 10,000 records of Milford. Many of these are original historical documents including letters, house deeds, rate books, newspaper cuttings, postcards, photographs, paintings, drawings and maps.
The Society's Research and Discussion Group provides a forum for the interchange of ideas and information, leading to articles on matters of local historical interest being published in our Occasional Magazine.
About The 1805 Club
Please visit: www.1805club.org
For more information please contact: Milford-on-Sea Historical Record Society
Chris Sanders – project manager chris@moshrs.org.uk
www.moshrs.org.uk
Our popular village newsagent, Mark Cummings has got engaged to Bev Laimbeer. The big event happened on Bev's birthday on the 4th November 2018.
As Bev explains; "When Mark proposed on my 'big birthday' he had already asked my parents permission a few weeks before which was quite sweet. He managed to last all day without letting it slip, and then after a lovely meal in Lymington we had a walk down the quay where he got down on one knee with my ring in his hand. (I did say yes, and then helped him up!)" "It was just perfect and very unexpected and romantic. We are both really happy and looking forward to the future."
Bev formerly ran The Village Coffee Pot in Milford on Sea high street, and now has 'Truffles' sweet shop in Lymington high street. Mark has been at The Village News at the bottom of the village green for many years and is a great supporter of village organisations and activities providing an important hub for the village.
Our congratulations are added to those of their many friends in the village and we wish them a long and happy future together.
74 High Street, Milford on Sea, Lymington SO41 0QD
Milford on Sea Community Library in The Village Hall is run by a team of volunteers and they have to fund raise to cover the cost of rent and other expenses. Any proceeds from all they organise goes towards keeping the library open for our village community.
Whilst we publicise all village events on the Village Calendar (click here) rather than in this news site, we just wanted to mention the popular village cappella group 'Straight Banana' who will be providing a light entertainment show with a truly eclectic mix of songs from their repertoire – everything from music hall through folk to a wonderful piece specially composed by a group member to coincide with Remembrancetide.
The six ladies who make up “Straight Banana” all perform regularly as members of Total Voice Chamber Choir. They have been singing a cappella together for about three years, following a one-off Christmas song which led to the formation of the group. They have recently performed at Milford Folk Club, the Newcomer's Supper and the Total Voice concert at St Francis of Assisi RC Church.
If you’re intrigued to know where “Straight Banana” comes from, then come along to the Library on the 28th November and you may find out!
Straight Banana Musical Entertainment and a cup of tea/coffee at 2pm on Wednesday 28th November 2018 at Milford on Sea Community Library.
Tickets £4 per person, including refreshments, are on sale at Milford on Sea Community Library.
Monday and Tuesday: 2.30pm - 5pm
Wednesday, Thursday and Friday: 10am - 12.30pm
First Saturday each month 10am - 12.30pm
Ray’s Italian Kitchen has been revealed as the new name for Milford on Sea’s latest restaurant, lovingly named after owner, Stacey’s father.
The restaurant, set to open on Thursday 6th December will offer carefully selected dishes, big on flavour and taste, plus the option of a ‘Small Plate’ grazing menu for sharing.
Stacey said: “It’s been quite an emotional ride for me these last few weeks with buying the business and then to see my dad’s name incorporated into the restaurant’s logo, I couldn’t be happier.
“My dad had such a big impact on my life and I know he would have been excited and proud of me for returning to what I love the most – running my own restaurant.”
Advanced bookings are recommended and can be made by contacting: 01590 645300 or info@raysitaliankitchen.co.uk
The Community Centre Trustees are seeking to recruit an Administrator to help with the smooth day to day running of Milford on Sea Village Community Centre, which provides a vital role in the village offering a wide range of activities, social support and information.
The Administrator will be the main point of contact for the public and users of the Centre and will require experience in general office administration with good IT skills. Should also have experience in: management of bookings, preparation of invoices and maintenance of diary and petty cash records together with handling enquiries from the public and engaging with users of the Centre as well as supporting the Trustees’ activities.
This is a part time permanent position of 20 hours per week with hours to be worked mainly Monday – Friday 10am to 2pm. Some flexibility on these times may be required.
Salary range will be between £10,000 and £13,000 commensurate with experience.
If you feel you are the right person for this role & can respond to what is needed please apply by sending your CV to pware.lane@yahoo.co.uk
The Parish Council has been notified by the District Council that the owners of the White Horse Pub in Keyhaven Road, Milford on Sea intend to sell it.
The pub is registered as an Asset of Community Value, which means that if any Community Interest Group would like to bid for it, they have until 17th December 2018 to do so.
If you want to like to submit an expression of interest in the pub, contact the Parish Office on: 01590 644410 or email:
Milford on Sea village has a new barbers, and it appears they have a modern twist and even look after the great beards that you see around these days.
The team of senior technicians at Fuel Hair Mechanics, Simon, Sammi and Ian, are now offering a full range of hair care services which include such names as The Chop, ZZ Top and Chop Full MOT, Down to the Bone, Bob's Buzz Cut... and more. All of the services are detailed on their website. so you can take a look by clicking here, or pop in to see what is happening.
Local businesswoman, Stacey Crouch is embarking on her first solo project by opening a new Italian restaurant inspired by her late father, in the heart of Milford on Sea.
The restaurant, whose name is yet to be revealed, will be serving Italian cuisine and small plates in a relaxed and friendly environment.
Stacey will bring to this business a wealth of experience in the restaurant and hospitality industry, including her recent position as General Manager at The Mill at Gordleton.
Stacey said: “I have been looking to buy a business in Milford for some time now so this is the perfect opportunity for me to return to what I love doing the most – running my own restaurant – with a fantastic, experienced team to support me.
“My Dad was one of my greatest supporters and would have been delighted to learn that I am taking on this new venture.”
The new restaurant will open on Thursday 6th December and be located at 11 High Street, Milford on Sea.
Advanced bookings can be made by calling 01590 645300.
Milford on Sea village schoolgirl, Ellie Mans (13) certainly enjoyed her half term holidays on the fairways.
She won Dorset Girl’s Crane Valley Peter Alliss Trophy (Oct 21st) with 43 points, the following day she finished 3rd in her final outing for Hampshire U18 Girls at Cams Hall with 38 points.
Two days later Ellie won the Autumn Trophy at Brokenhurst Manor Golf Club with 39 Pts.
Due to these quality performances Ellie’s handicap has tumbled to 10.0.
She is a member of the Barton Golf Club Junior Academy and is coached by Barton Golf Club Head Pro, Pete Rodgers.
Ellie is also the 2018 Hampshire County Champion for her age group and a member of the Dorset U18 First Team.
The New Milton Town Partnership have contacted us to give details for their major Christmas events.
The New Milton Town Partnership Christmas Festival is the big Christmas celebration in New Milton with a Craft Fayre at the Memorial Centre on Saturday 17th November.
A week later on the 24th November, the New Milton Annual Festival is in Station Road. There will be stalls, live entertainment, fun fair, and ending with the Lions Christmas Parade, this year with a Disney theme, and finally the switching on of New Milton’s Christmas Lights.
If anyone is interested in having a stall there are a few remaining pitches for either or both events. The cost to stallholders is Craft Fayre £25, Festival on Station Road £35 and Charitable Organisations £15 for either. Please e-mail nmtpevent@gmail.com for details and book your pitch. Public Liability Insurance is required and, if you do not have it, can be provided for £10 per event.

type: global

value: Blogger is an American online content management system (CMS) which enables multi-user blogs with time-stamped entries. Pyra Labs developed it before being acquired by Google in 2003.


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The Big 12's ideal selection committee - College Football Nation Blog- ESPN
The Big 12's ideal selection committee1458dDavid UbbenScout's Take: Wyatt Davis to Ohio State2dCraig HaubertScout's Take: ESPN 300 DE Zachary Carter to Florida2dCraig HaubertBiggest winners from satellite camping might be schools like Wyoming and Utah State3dErik McKinneyCatches and compositions: Minnesota's Drew Wolitarsky an aspiring author3dBrian BennettUrban Meyer, Ohio State leaders revel in Cavaliers' victory parade4dBrian BennettCoaching rankings sure don't place much faith in Clay Helton4dKevin GemmellScout's Take: QB-PP Chase Garbers to Cal4dTom LuginbillScout's Take: QB-PP Tyler Lytle to Colorado4dTom LuginbillQB Jalen Mayden's satellite camp addiction could lead to big payoff4dMax OlsonDabo Swinney has another coaching gig: Little League5dMatt FortunaQB Davis Webb getting comfy at Cal after early culture shock5dTed MillerTrevon Grimes coached at camp by Urban Meyer, decision in August5dGerry HamiltonScout's Take: WR Saiid Adebo to Notre Dame6dTom LuginbillESPN 300 Aubrey Solomon's commitment to Michigan a surprise to everyone6dTom VanHaarenJames Conner enjoying return to normalcy after beating cancer6dMatt FortunaThe Big 12's ideal selection committeeFacebookTwitterPinterestEmailcommentJun 29, 2012David UbbenCollege Football Close ESPN.com Big 12 blogger
Wrote for The OklahomanFollow on TwitterFacebookTwitterPinterestEmailprintcommentCollege football is entering a brand new world two seasons from now, with four teams battling for the national title in a three-game playoff. Those four teams will be selected by a committee, the makeup and size of which is yet to be determined.What's the best way to piece together the people who will get the first chance to make history in 2014?To put it simply: Make it big and make it diverse. College football is rid of the BCS and its shady, unexplained computer formulas and the Harris poll filled with its undereducated, unprepared voters.The goal of the new committee should be to fix those problems, but any committee faces problems of its own.Admitted or not, everyone has biases. Those will be on full display for any committee member whose résumé will be picked apart the second they're named one of the lucky few to select college football's elite.Balance it out. A big committee full of people from different regions possessing different viewpoints is the best way to account for those biases and satisfy the paranoid masses that obsess over college football.Former coaches? You're in. Welcome, Barry Switzer.Conference administrators? You're in, too.Current coaches? Sorry, you're out now. Too close for comfort.Athletic directors? You're in.Media members? Welcome. You'll be heavily vetted, but the best of the bunch may be the most objective members of the entire panel.Bring in folks from the West Coast. Bring plenty from the East Coast. Bring in faces from the Midwest. Those conference administrators and athletic directors? A few from major-conference teams and a few from the Sun Belt and WAC better get a chance to have their voices heard.But, David, that's a poll, not a committee!Yeah, it is. Who cares? It's a poll with 25-40 people who know exactly what they're talking about and are well aware of the responsibility and time requirements for what they're undertaking. Ballots won't be hastily put together on a late Saturday night to be released on a Sunday afternoon.Committee members must be required somehow to watch games from coast to coast. How do you mandate or monitor that? Any programmers know how to make an iPad app that tracks what's being watched on a cable box or on the iPad itself? Just an idea. The stats for that are going public. Don't want to watch games? Prepare to have folks campaign to get you off the committee.Three times a year (October, November, and finally, December), on a Monday conference, the committee meets in person and discusses the past month of football. Committee members file a public ballot and each month, the top four teams (and only those four teams) are released to the public. Media members on the committee? Congratulations. You've just won three must-read columns per season from inside the committee meeting room.At the end of the season, consider the conference champions, but above all, give me the four best teams. Two teams from a conference can get in, sure. But if a team outside that top four owns the conference title hardware that season, tough luck for a team from that conference inside the top four. Better luck next year. You had your chance.Transparency was missing from plenty of the computer polls. It'll be present with the committee. No one will have a weighted voice. Everyone on the committee would have a vote, and ballots would be balanced from a variety of perspectives.That's how it should be done.

value: ESPN (originally an initialism for Entertainment and Sports Programming Network) is an American multinational basic cable sports channel owned by ESPN Inc., owned jointly by The Walt Disney Company (80%) and Hearst Communications (20%). The company was founded in 1979 by Bill Rasmussen along with his son Scott Rasmussen and Ed Egan.


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May | 2012 | I Run… Therefore I Am
Rainy, Sweaty Jungle Run	Posted on May 29, 2012	by garyscohen Yesterday a weak tropical storm passed about 125 miles north of the greater Orlando area but it did leave us with a bit of light rain. When I hit the road early this morning for a run to Wekiva State … Continue reading →
Running Variety	Posted on May 25, 2012	by garyscohen We get into routines with our jobs, household chores and exercising and sometimes we need a stimulus to keep things exciting, fun and productive. With exercise, variety will help us to improve our fitness and competitive performances. But what should … Continue reading →
The Most Interesting Man in the World	Posted on May 22, 2012	by garyscohen One of my favorite series of commercials during the past few years has been the run of Dos Equis beer ads featuring ‘The Most Interesting Man in the World.’ He can do anything and at the end of each commercial … Continue reading →
Dehydration Season is Here	Posted on May 20, 2012	by garyscohen The thermometer indicates that summer is here though it doesn’t officially begin for another month. In central Florida that means highs in the low 90s, lows in the 70s and high humidity. In other parts of the country temperatures will … Continue reading →
Warding off the Attack of the Summer Flies	Posted on May 15, 2012	by garyscohen It’s that time of year again in central Florida when running in the woods – the season of the flies. Deer flies, horse flies and yellow flies don’t realize that I am looking for peace and tranquility while running. The … Continue reading →
Comparing Training Sessions	Posted on May 10, 2012	by garyscohen When runners are training in preparation for racing we look for indications along the way that we are getting more fit which should translate to faster racing. The most common method is to compare what we did in a similar … Continue reading →
Head for the Hills	Posted on May 3, 2012	by garyscohen When most runners think about improving their fitness so that they can race faster they immediately add some type of fast repetitions to their training. For stamina it could be three repeat miles or six repeat half miles on the … Continue reading →
I Run… Therefore I Am	Create a free website or blog at WordPress.com. Post to

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University of Johannesburg Postdoctoral Research Fellowship in South African Art and Visual Culture | Race and Ethnic Studies Funding Opportunities
November 3, 20152015 deadlines, African origin, Anthropology, Archaeology, Art History, Cinema/Media Studies, Cultural Studies, Digital Studies, English/Comparative Literature, History, Human Development, Multiple ethnicities, November 2015 deadline, Pan-African Studies, Performance Studies, Postdoc, South Asian diasporaStudent Affairs Administrator, UChicago Centers for the Study of Race, Politics, and Culture/Gender and Sexuality	Deadline: November 20 (posted on H-Net 11/02)
← University of North Carolina-Pembroke Assistant/Associate Professorship in Latin American History	Spelman College Assistant Professorship in Sociology →


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MOTO X Black 32GB AT&T | eBay
Ships to: United States and many other countries | See details Details about MOTO X Black 32GB AT&T
MOTO X Black 32GB AT&T
“Phone was opened, demoed to some employees for various purposes and returned to box. No accessories ”	... Read more	Ended:
15:47:50 PST
eBay item number:190958588485
“Phone was opened, demoed to some employees for various purposes and returned to box. No accessories were used or altered. Phone is as new/mint. Original BOX and accessories and FOR ATT only.”
MPN: 6131A
Features: 4G Data Capable, Bluetooth Enabled, GPS, Internet Browser, Touchscreen, Speakerphone
UPC: 723755002531

value: eBay Inc. ( EE-bay) is an American multinational e-commerce corporation based in San Jose, California, that facilitates consumer-to-consumer and business-to-consumer sales through its website.


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US20130243164A1 - X-ray optical apparatus and adjusting method thereof - Google Patents
X-ray optical apparatus and adjusting method thereof
US20130243164A1
US20130243164A1 US13785178 US201313785178A US2013243164A1 US 20130243164 A1 US20130243164 A1 US 20130243164A1 US 13785178 US13785178 US 13785178 US 201313785178 A US201313785178 A US 201313785178A US 2013243164 A1 US2013243164 A1 US 2013243164A1
US13785178
US9020104B2 (en )
Naoya Iizuka
G21K1/067—Arrangements for handling particles or ionising radiation, e.g. focusing or moderating using diffraction, refraction or reflection, e.g. monochromators using surface reflection, e.g. grazing incidence mirrors, gratings
The present invention provides a method of adjusting an X-ray optical apparatus which includes: an X-ray source; and a reflective structure where at least three reflective substrate arranged with an interval and X-rays which are incident into a plurality of passages whose both sides are put between the reflective substrates are reflected and parallelized by the reflective substrate at both sides of each passage to be emitted from the passage. When one edge of the reflective structure is an inlet of the X-ray and the other edge is an outlet of the X-ray, a pitch of the reflective substrates at the outlet side is larger than a pitch at the inlet side. The method comprises adjusting the relative positions of the X-ray source and the reflective structure so as to reduce a penumbra amount formed by the X-ray emitted from each of the passages.
The present invention relates to an X-ray optical apparatus that radiates an X-ray onto an object, and particularly to an X-ray optical apparatus in which a relative position of an X-ray source and an optical element is optimized and an adjusting method thereof.
A technology that one-dimensionally parallelizes an X-ray using an optical element has been known. Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2000-137098 discloses a solar slit including metal foils which are disposed in an X-ray passage and laminated with an interval. Further, it is disclosed that a surface of a metal foil is formed to have a surface roughness to restrict the reflection of X-rays in order to form a parallel X-ray beam.
Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2004-89445 discloses an X-ray generating device in which a collimator in which a plurality of minute capillaries is two-dimensionally arranged is combined with multiple X-ray sources which are arranged in a two-dimensional matrix to parallelize an X-ray.
Japanese Patent Application Publication (Translation of PCT Application) No. H10-508947 discloses an optical system in which a divergence X-ray which is emitted from an X-ray source having a small spot size is efficiently captured in a monolithic optical element that includes a plurality of hollow glass capillaries to form a quasi-parallel beam.
In the optical element disclosed in Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2000-137098, since only a parallel component of the X-ray is taken, only a very small part of generated X-ray is used, so that the usage efficiency is low.
In the optical element disclosed in Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2004-89445, it is difficult to form uniform capillaries. Further, it is difficult to two-dimensionally arrange X-ray sources with a high density.
In the optical element disclosed in Japanese Patent Application Publication (Translation of PCT Application) No. H10-508947, the hollow glass capillaries fused together and plastically shaped. Therefore, it is difficult to form uniform capillaries.
Therefore, an optical element with a simple structure that efficiently parallelizes the generated X-ray to be emitted is required.
Further, a relative position of the X-ray source and the optical element is important in order to obtain an X-ray with a high intensity and a high resolution. In the technology disclosed in Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2000-137098, the alignment of the relative position of the X-ray source and the optical element is performed so as to maximize the intensity of the X-ray which passes the solar slit. For example, in FIG. 16, if the X-ray source is moved in a y direction, when the X-ray source 1 is disposed in a range indicated by a dotted line, the intensity of the X-ray which passes the solar slit 31 is maximized and the intensity is not changed. An angular width α is hardly changed, so that the resolution of the image is less affected. In the meantime, if the X-ray source 1 deviates from the range of the dotted line, the intensity of the X-ray is lowered. Accordingly, an alignment method that maximizes the intensity of the X-ray as described above is applied.
However, in the above-mentioned alignment method, if the relative position of the X-ray source and the optical element is deviated from the design, even though the deviation is negligible and does not lower the intensity of the X-ray, the resolution of the image is lowered in some cases. Further, even if other optical element of the related art is used, the resolution of the image is lowered in some cases when using the alignment method.
The invention provides an X-ray optical apparatus which is capable of efficiently parallelizing the generated X-ray to be emitted with a simple structure and improving the resolution of the image and an adjusting method thereof.
According to the present invention there is a method of adjusting an X-ray optical apparatus, the X-ray optical apparatus including an X-ray source and a reflective structure in which at least three reflective substrates are arranged with an interval and X-rays which are incident into a plurality of passages, both sides of each passage being put between the reflective substrates, are reflected and parallelized by the reflective substrate at both sides of the passage to be emitted from the passage. When one edge of the reflective structure is an inlet of the X-ray and the other edge is an outlet of the X-ray, a pitch of the reflective substrates at the outlet side is larger than a pitch at the inlet side. The method includes adjusting the relative positions of the X-ray source and the reflective structure so as to reduce a penumbra amount formed by the X-rays emitted from the passages.
The present invention can efficiently parallelize the generate X-ray with a simple structure. Further, since the X-ray source and the reflective structure are disposed so as to reduce the penumbra amount of an image, so that a resolution of the image is improved.
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram illustrating an X-ray optical apparatus according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 2A is a schematic diagram illustrating a reflective structure according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 2B is an enlarged view of a region enclosed by a two-dot chain line of FIG. 2A.
FIG. 3 is a graph illustrating a reflectance of an X-ray of a quartz substrate.
FIG. 4A is a schematic view explaining a relationship of a position of the X-ray source and a penumbra amount.
FIG. 4B is a schematic view explaining a relationship of a position of the X-ray source and a penumbra amount.
FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram illustrating a reflective structure according to another exemplary embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 6 is a flowchart of an adjusting method of an X-ray optical apparatus according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 7A is a schematic diagram illustrating an X-ray optical apparatus according to a first exemplary embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 7B is a schematic diagram explaining a method of measuring a penumbra amount according to the first exemplary embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 8 is a schematic diagram illustrating a light source position moving mechanism according to the first exemplary embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 9 is a graph illustrating a distribution of an intensity of an X-ray.
FIG. 10 is a graph illustrating a relationship of a light source center position and a penumbra amount.
FIG. 11A is a schematic diagram illustrating an X-ray optical apparatus according to a second exemplary embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 11B is a schematic diagram illustrating a one-dimensional grating according to the second exemplary embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 12 is a schematic diagram explaining a size of a pitch of the one-dimensional grating.
FIG. 13A is a schematic diagram illustrating an X-ray optical apparatus according to a third exemplary embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 13B is a schematic diagram illustrating a one-dimensional grating according to the third exemplary embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 14A is a schematic diagram illustrating an X-ray optical apparatus according to a fourth exemplary embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 14B is a schematic diagram illustrating a solar slit according to the fourth exemplary embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 15A is a schematic diagram illustrating an X-ray optical apparatus according to a fifth exemplary embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 15B is a schematic diagram illustrating a one-dimensional grating according to the fifth exemplary embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 16 is a view illustrating an optical element according to a related art.
Hereinafter, a slit lens is used as an X-ray reflective structure (hereinafter, referred to as a reflective structure).
(1) Slit Lens
As illustrated in FIG. 1, a slit lens 3 is arranged such that at least three reflective substrates 11 are arranged with an interval therebetween. An interval between adjacent reflective substrates is formed by a spacer. An X-ray 2 which is incident into a plurality of passages whose both sides are put between the reflective substrates 11 is reflected from the reflective substrate 11 at both sides of each of the passages and parallelized to be emitted from each of the passages. When one edge of the slit lens 3 is an inlet of the X-ray and the other edge is an outlet of the X-ray, a pitch of the reflective substrates 11 at the outlet side is larger than a pitch at the inlet side. Here, the pitch refers to a distance between top surfaces or bottom surfaces of the adjacent reflective substrates. The “parallelization” in the present invention means that an X-ray component in a laminated direction (y direction) of the reflective substrate 11 is reduced so that the emission direction of the X-ray becomes parallel (collimates) to a plane (xz plane) perpendicular to the y direction.
(2) Resolving Power
First, in an X-ray imaging apparatus according to the present invention, a penumbra amount (resolution) will be described with reference to FIGS. 1 and 2A, which is generated when an X-ray that is incident into the passage of the slit lens 3 from the X-ray source 1 and emitted from the passage is radiated onto a sample to project a transmission image onto an X-ray detector (hereinafter, referred to as a detector) 4. FIG. 1 is a conceptual diagram of a principle of parallelizing an X-ray in the present invention and FIG. 2A is a cross-sectional view of a YZ plane that passes through the X-ray source 1 of the X-ray optical apparatus illustrated in FIG. 1.
As illustrated in FIG. 2A, if there is an infinitely small object A at the outlet of the slit lens 3 and a defocused state of an image of the object A is defined as a penumbra amount Δp of the image, the penumbra amount Δp is represented by Equation 1 using a divergence angle θout of the X-ray at the outlet of the slit lens 3 and a distance L3 between the outlet of the slit lens 3 and the detector 4 in an opposite direction.
Δp =L 3×θout (Equation 1)
Equation 1 is established with respect to the X-ray which is emitted from each of the passages.
The resolving power of an X-ray imaging apparatus is lowered as the penumbra amount Δp is increased. Therefore, in order to increase the resolving power, if the distance L3 is constant, it is important to lower the divergence angle θout. In other words, it is important to increase the degree of parallelization of the X-ray which is emitted from each of the passages in the slit lens 3.
The resolving power of the X-ray imaging apparatus is determined by not only the penumbra amount Δp but also by larger one of the penumbra amount Δp and a pixel size Δd of the detector 4 (for example, a flat panel detector (FPD)). If the pixel size Δd is small, the detector 4 becomes expensive and it takes time to perform data transfer processing. In the meantime, if the penumbra amount Δp is lowered, for example, a size of the X-ray source 1 is required to be reduced, so that a load which may be applied to an optical system is increased as described below. Therefore, it is important to keep a balance between the pixel size Δd and the penumbra amount Δp. If an acceptable range of a ratio of the pixel size Δd and the penumbra amount Δp is 2, the following Equation 2 is established.
0.5<Δp/Δd<2 (Equation 2)
(3) Parallelization Principle
A principle (parallelization principle) of parallelizing the X-ray, which is emitted from the passages in the slit lens 3, will be described with reference to FIGS. 2A and 2B. FIG. 2B is an enlarged view of a region enclosed by a two-dot chain line of FIG. 2A. Even though a glass plate is used as the reflective substrate 11, the reflective substrate 11 may be metal.
As illustrated in FIG. 2A, the X-ray 2 which is emitted from the X-ray source 1 is divergence light and is radiated in all directions. The slit lens 3 is disposed so as to be separated by a distance L1 from the X-ray source in the opposite direction of the X-ray source 1. The slit lens 3 is arranged such that the glass plates having a gentle curvature are disposed in parallel with predetermined intervals and a pitch of the glass plates at the outlet of the X-ray is larger than a pitch at the inlet of the X-ray. 10 to 1,000 sheets of glass plates each having a thickness of 1 μm to 100 μm are laminated and the X-ray is reflected from both sides of the glass plate. An X-ray 2, which is incident into the passage between the glass plates 11 a and 11 b, travels while being reflected from both the glass plates 11 a and 11 b and then is emitted from the passage. Similarly in the passage between the glass plates 11 b and 11 c, the incident X-ray travels while being reflected from both the glass plates 11 b and 11 c and then is emitted from the passage, which is similar in the passage between other adjacent glass plates. Most of the X-rays 2 which are incident into the passages are parallelized as described above. However, among the X-rays 2 which are incident into the passages, an X-ray which travels in a horizontal direction is not reflected from the glass plate but is directly emitted from each of the passages.
As described above, as the X-ray travels in the passage of the slit lens 3, an X-ray whose traveling direction is not a horizontal direction is reflected multiple times from the glass plate so that the traveling direction is gradually close to the horizontal direction. Then, the X-ray is parallelized and emitted from each of the passages. Further, an X-ray which travels in the horizontal direction is directly emitted from each of the passages. Accordingly, it is possible to efficiently parallelize the X-ray to be emitted with a simple structure. By doing this, the penumbra amount Δp, which is formed on the detector 4, becomes smaller.
Here, a virtual plane 5 is set in a position which is separated from the glass plates at both sides of the passage with the same distance and a tangential plane 6 of the virtual plane 5 at the inlet of the slit lens 3 is considered. If the X-ray source 1 is disposed on tangential planes of a plurality of virtual planes 5 at the inlet side, more X-rays may be incident into the passages. If all tangential planes 6 of the plurality of virtual planes 5 which are set between the adjacent glass plates at the inlet side intersect on a common straight line and the X-ray source 1 is disposed on the straight line, a size of the X-ray source 1 may be reduced. Further, if the glass plates are parallel to each other at the outlet of the slit lens 3, that is, if the tangential planes 6 of the plurality of virtual planes 5 at the outlet side are approximately parallel to each other, the degree of parallelization of the X-rays emitted from the passages may be increased.
FIG. 3 illustrates an X-ray reflectance of a quartz substrate with respect to an X-ray having a wavelength of 0.071 nm. A horizontal axis is a glancing angle θg at which the X-ray is incident onto each of the passages and a vertical axis is a reflectance of the X-ray. When the glancing angle θg is 0.5 mrad, the reflectance of the X-ray is 99.8% or higher. Therefore, it is understood that 90% or more of the X-rays pass the slit lens even if the X-rays are reflected 50 times. Further, when the glancing angle θg is 1.8 mrad, the reflectance of the X-ray is rapidly attenuated. In this case, the glancing angle θg is referred to as a critical angle and denoted by θc. When the X-ray source 1 is disposed on the tangential planes 6 of the plurality of virtual planes 5 at the inlet side, if the angular deviation of the tangential planes 6 is increased, a deviation in an angle at which each of the glass plates brings the X-ray source 1 into view is generated. Then, the X-ray 2 which is emitted from the X-ray source 1 is not reflected on a position where the glancing angle θg is larger than the critical angle θc in the glass plate. Accordingly, when a distance between the X-ray source 1 and the inlet of the slit lens 3 in the opposite direction is L1 and a critical angle of the glancing angle θg at which the X-ray is incident onto the passage is θc, the distance Δs between the X-ray source 1 and the passage in a direction perpendicular to the opposite direction needs to satisfy the following Equation 3.
Δs<L1×θc (Equation 3)
Therefore, it is required to determine a relative position of the slit lens 3 and the X-ray source 1, that is, a relative position of the glass plate and the X-ray source 1 so as to satisfy Equation 3.
Here, the slit lens 3 will be described, in which the interval between adjacent glass plates is constant and all glass plates are formed such that a thickness at the outlet side is larger than a thickness at the inlet side as illustrated in FIG. 2A. Such a slit lens 3 may be manufactured by laminating glass plates having a wedge shaped thickness. In this case, a maximum glancing angle θgmax at which the X-ray is incident onto the passage and is reflected from the glass plate is represented by Equation 4.
θgmax=(s+g)/2L 1 (Equation 4)
Here, s indicates a size of the X-ray source 1 (diameter of the light source) and is 2σ when an intensity distribution of the light source is approximated by a Gaussian distribution. g is an interval (gap) between adjacent glass plates. However, θgmax needs to be smaller than the critical angle θc.
If the glass plates are parallel to each other at the outlet of the slit lens 3, the divergence angle θout of the X-ray which is emitted from each of the passages in the slit lens 3 is represented by Equation 5.
θout=2×θgmax (Equation 5)
In this case, the penumbra amount Δp is represented by Equation 6 based on Equations 1, 4, and 5.
Δp =L 3×(s+g)/L 1 (Equation 6)
Further, Equation 7 is established based on Equations 2 and 6.
0.5×Δd <L 3×(s+g)/L 1<2×Δd (Equation 7)
If the degree of parallelization of the glass plate is lowered, the X-ray does not reach a pixel of the detector 4 that detects an intensity of the X-ray or a pixel having an extremely weak X-ray intensity is generated. In order to remove such troubles, the parallelism A., of all the glass plates needs to satisfy larger one of an acceptable value Δout-a in the following Equation 8a and an acceptable value Δout-b in the following Equation 8b. Here, Δd indicates a pixel size of the detector 4.
Δout-a<(s+g)/L 1 (Equation 8a)
Δout-b<Δd /L 3 (Equation 8b)
Here, a size of the penumbra amount Δp which is formed on the detector 4 when the position of the light source is deviated by δ in a y direction will be described with reference to FIGS. 4A and 4B. In FIG. 4A, when a distance between the light source center position Sc and the tangential plane 6 is deviated by δ in the y direction, a maximum glancing angle θgmax is represented by Equation 9 in accordance with the same manner as the manner by which Equation 4 is derived.
θgmax=(s/2+g/2+δ)/L 1 (Equation 9)
Further, a divergence angle θout in this case will be described with reference to FIG. 4B. In order to simplify the description, two sheets of parallel plates are considered as the slit lens 3. The X-ray which is incident into the slit lens 3 is repeatedly reflected from the upper and lower glass surfaces while maintaining the glancing angle θg and emitted from the outlet in a +y direction or −y direction with respect to the virtual plane 5. An emission direction is determined based on the number of reflection in the slit lens 3 and the number of reflection is determined based on the glancing angle θg and a length L2 of the slit lens 3 in a z-direction. Further, as illustrated in FIG. 4B, if a final reflection point P matches with an emitting edge of the slit lens 3, the X-ray is reflected from the point P to be emitted in the −y direction. In this case, an X-ray which is incident at an angle which is slightly smaller than the glancing angle θg is emitted in the +y direction without being reflected from the emitting edge of the slit lens 3. Since the glancing angle θg of the X-ray which is incident into the slit lens 3 is continuous in the range of “0≦θg≦θgmax”, a maximum divergence angle θout may be considered to be represented by Equation 5.
The penumbra amount Δp when the light source position is deviated by δ in the y direction is represented by Equation 10 based on Equations 1, 5, and 9.
Δp =L 3×(s+g+2δ)/L 1 (Equation 10)
It is understood that if the positional deviation δ of the light source is changed, the penumbra amount Δp is also changed.
Next, a slit lens 3 will be described in which thicknesses of all glass plates are constant and an interval between adjacent glass plates at the outlet side is larger than an interval at the inlet side. Here, in order to simplify the description, as illustrated in FIG. 5, a straight guide in which the glass plates 11 a and 11 b form an angle θa is considered. If an angle formed by the virtual plane 5 and the X-ray 2 is referred to as a half divergence angle, an X-ray which is incident into the passage between the glass plates 11 a and 11 b with the half divergence angle θ0 (0.5×θa<θ0<θc) is reflected at a point P0 of the glass plate 11 b and then reflected at a point P1 of the glass plate 11 a. A half divergence angle θ1 after the first reflection is represented by Equation 11.
θ1=θ0−θa (Equation 11)
Therefore, the angle θn after n-th reflection is represented by Equation 12 in a range of “θ0−n×θa>0”.
θn=θ0−n×θa (Equation 12)
If θn<0.5×θa, the X-ray 2 does not reach the glass plate, so that the half divergence angle is not varied. Further, if an interval (gap) between the adjacent glass plates at the outlet side is gout, an interval (gap) between the adjacent glass plates at the inlet side is gin and a length of the glass plate is L2, Equation 13 is established.
θa=(g out −g in)/L 2 (Equation 13)
In this case, since θa<θout, the penumbra amount Δp is represented by Equation 14 based on Equations 1 and 13.
(g out −g in)×L 3 /L 2<Δp (Equation 14)
Further, Equation 15 is established based on Equations 2 and 14.
0.5×Δd <L 3×(g out −g in)/L 2<2×Δd (Equation 15)
For the same reason as the above reason with respect to the slit lens 3 having the structure illustrated in FIG. 2A, even in a slit lens 3 in which thicknesses of all glass plates are constant and an interval between adjacent glass plates at the outlet side is larger than an interval at the inlet side, the glass plates at the outlet of the slit lens 3 may be parallel to each other. Therefore, the parallelism Δout of all the glass plates needs to satisfy larger one of an acceptable value Δout-a in the following Equation 16a and an acceptable value Δout-b in the following Equation 16b. Here, Δd indicates a pixel size of the detector 4.
Δout-a=(g out −g in)/L 2 (Equation 16a)
Δout-b<Δd /L 3 (Equation 16b)
In the meantime, a penumbra amount Δx in a dimension where the glass plate does not have a curvature, in other words, a direction (x-direction) perpendicular to both an opposite direction between the X-ray source 1 and the inlet of the slit lens 3 and a direction perpendicular to the opposite direction between the X-ray source 1 and the passage is represented by Equation 17 and determined by the relative positions of the slit lens 3, the X-ray source 1, and the detector 4.
Δx =s×L 3/(L 2 +L 1) (Equation 17)
Further, a slit lens 3, where the X-ray source 1 is disposed on the tangential planes of the plurality of virtual planes 5 at the inlet side and the tangential planes of the plurality of virtual planes at the outlet side intersect on a common straight line, may also be applied to the X-ray optical apparatus according to the present invention. The parallelization may be embodied with this structure. If all tangential planes 6 of the plurality of virtual planes 5 at the inlet side intersect on a common straight line and the X-ray source 1 is disposed on the straight line, a size of the X-ray source 1 can be reduced. In this case, the common straight line intersecting at the inlet side is a different line from the common straight line intersecting at the outlet side.
A first exemplary embodiment of the present invention will be described in detail with reference to FIGS. 6, 7A, and 7B. FIG. 6 is a flow chart illustrating an adjusting method of an X-ray optical apparatus according to this exemplary embodiment. FIG. 7A illustrates an X-ray optical apparatus according to this exemplary embodiment. FIG. 7B is an enlarged view of a region B around an outlet of a slit lens 3 in FIG. 7A.
In the exemplary embodiment, in order to measure a resolution when an image is projected by an X-ray 2 which passes through the slit lens 3, an object 31 (object for forming penumbra) is disposed between the slit lens 3 and a detector 4 and a penumbra amount formed on the detector 4 by the object 31 is measured. Since the object 31 is used to shield the X-ray, a material of the object 31 may absorb the incident X-ray like gold, platinum, or lead. In a state where the slit lens 3 is fixed, the position of the X-ray source 1 is moved in the y direction (step 1) and a change in the penumbra amount formed on the detector 4 is measured (step 2). A position where the penumbra amount is minimum, that is, a position of the light source (a position of the X-ray source 1) where the resolution becomes highest is derived (step 3) and the light source position is adjusted to the derived position (step 4). As described above, the light source position is adjusted to reduce the penumbra amount to increase the resolution.
In FIG. 7A, the X-ray 2 which is radiated from the X-ray source 1 travels while being reflected from the passage of the slit lens 3, is emitted from the passage, and detected by the detector 4. The object 31 is disposed between the slit lens 3 and the detector 4. The object 31 is arranged to be moved to an arbitrary position at least in the y-axis direction by a moving mechanism 32. The object 31 is moved to the arbitrary position in an optical path when the positions of the X-ray source 1 and the slit lens 3 are adjusted and then removed out of the optical path after completing the position adjustment.
Here, a distance L1 between the X-ray source 1 and the inlet of the slit lens 3 in the opposite direction is 100 mm, a length L2 of the slit lens 3 is 100 mm, and a distance L3 between the outlet of the slit lens 3 and the detector 4 in the opposite direction is 200 mm. A pixel size Δd of the detector 4 is 100 μm and a size s of the X-ray source 1 is 100 μm. An interval (gap) g between adjacent glass plates is constantly 10 μm and a thickness of all glass plates is 40 μm at the outlet side and 10 μm at the inlet side.
A scanning method of the X-ray source 1 in the y direction will be described. The X-ray source 1 may be moved by using a mechanical moving mechanism or by electrical manipulation described below. A light source position moving mechanism 21 used in the exemplary embodiment, as illustrated in FIG. 8, includes an electron beam source 22, an electron lens 24 (lens electrode) that converges an electron beam 23, a deflector 26 that deflects the electron beam 23, and a transmissive target (hereinafter, referred to as a target) 25 for generating an X-ray, which are disposed in a vacuum container 27. An electron which is extracted from the electron beam source 22 is converged by the electron lens 24 and incident into the target 25. When the electron beam 23 is incident into the target 25, an X-ray is radiated from a surface opposite to a surface of the target into which the electron beam 23 is incident. Therefore, a position where the electron beam 23 is incident into the target 25 becomes a light source position 28. In this case, the electron beam 23 is deflected in the y direction by the deflector 26 so that the position of the electron beam 23 which is incident into the target 25 is moved in the y direction and the light source position 28 is moved in the y direction. By using such an X-ray source 1 described above, the light source position 28 may be moved by performing an electrical manipulation on the deflector 26.
Here, a principle for measuring the penumbra amount in the exemplary embodiment will be described.
As illustrated in FIG. 7B, the object 31 is disposed such that an edge thereof is located on the optical path in the slit. An X-ray which is radiated from an X-ray source 1 (not illustrated) passes through the slit lens 3 and a part of the X-ray passing the slit lens 3 is shielded by the object 31, so that a penumbra of the object 31 appears on a plane C which is disposed at a downstream of the slit lens 3. A solid line 33 indicates a state of the X-ray when the relative positions of the X-ray source 1 and the slit lens 3 are fitted to each other and a broken line 34 indicates a state of the X-ray when the relative positions of the X-ray source 1 and the slit lens 3 are deviate.
A distribution of X-ray intensity in the y-direction on the plane C when the intensity of the X-ray source 1 does not have deviation or is uniform will be described with reference to FIG. 9. A y-direction position on the plane C is represented at a horizontal axis and the intensity of the X-ray is represented at a vertical axis. When the relative positions of the X-ray source 1 and the slit lens 3 are fitted to each other, in a region below a position y12, all X-rays that pass through the slit lens 3 are shielded by the object 31, so that the intensity is 0. In a region above a position y11, the X-ray reaches the detector 4 without being shielded by the object 31. A region between y11 and y12 indicates a defocused state caused when the X-ray source 1 has a size, that is, a penumbra amount and a size of the region is represented by “y11-y12”. If a penumbra amount when the light source position is deviated in the y direction is considered, the positional deviation of the X-ray source 1 increases the divergence angle θout in accordance with Equations 4 and 5. Therefore, in the intensity distribution on the detector, as indicated by the broken line, the intensity becomes 0 below the position y22 and the X-ray reaches the detector 4 without being shielded above the position y21. At this time, the penumbra amount is y21-y22.
Further, in the X-ray optical apparatus according to the exemplary embodiment illustrated in FIG. 7A, a penumbra amount Δp on the detector when the light source position is deviated by δ in the y direction is represented by Equation 10 above.
Based on the structure of the apparatus and the principle for the measurement of the penumbra amount described above, when the light source position is moved in the y direction while fixing the slit lens 3, the penumbra amount Δp is changed as illustrated in a graph in FIG. 10. In FIG. 10, the light source center position is a light source position (a position of the X-ray source 1) and the penumbra amount is a function of the light source center position when the position of the slit lens 3 is fixed. The y direction position of the X-ray source 1 is represented at the horizontal axis and the penumbra amount is represented at the vertical axis. From the graph of the change in the penumbra amount obtained by scanning measurement of the light source position, a light source position where the penumbra amount is minimum is derived (determined) as the light source center position where the light source is to be disposed. Thereafter, the X-ray source 1 is moved to the derived light source center position.
With the structure according to the exemplary embodiment, the penumbra amount of the X-ray on an X-ray detector is measured while changing the relative positions of the X-ray source 1 and the slit lens 3. Further, the X-ray source is adjusted to the position where the penumbra amount is minimum, so that the X-ray source can be adjusted in a positional relationship where the highest resolution is obtained.
In FIG. 7B, even though the penumbra amount is measured at an outside passage, the penumbra amount may be measured at other passage than the outside passage.
In the exemplary embodiment, even though the light source position 28 is changed by deflecting the electron beam 23 in the X-ray source, the X-ray source (a main body of the light source) or the slit lens 3 may be moved.
As the number of reflection on the glass plate is increased, an influence by an angle at the inlet side of the slit lens 3 is increased. Therefore, rather than the slit lens 3 in which the thicknesses of all the glass plates are constant and an interval between adjacent glass plates at the outlet side is larger than the interval at the inlet side, a slit lens 3 in which intervals between adjacent glass plates are constant and a thickness of all glass plates at the outlet side is larger than the thickness at the inlet side is preferable.
A second exemplary embodiment of the present invention will be described with reference to FIGS. 11A and 11B. Here, only difference from the first exemplary embodiment will be described. In the exemplary embodiment, as illustrated in FIG. 11A, a one-dimensional grating 41 (hereinafter, referred to as a “slit array 41”) for forming a penumbra is provided. The slit array 41 is arranged to be moved to an arbitrary position at least in the y-axis direction by a moving mechanism 42. In the exemplary embodiment, the slit array 41 is disposed between a slit lens 3 and a detector 4 and a penumbra amount which is formed on the detector 4 by the slit array 41 is measured. The slit array 41 in the exemplary embodiment is illustrated in FIG. 11B. The slit array 41 is an element in which 30 slits each having an aperture width t1 of 20 μm and a length b1 of 300 mm are arranged in a plate shaped member which can shield the X-ray such as gold, platinum, or lead in the y direction with a pitch P1 of 650 μm. A length a1 of the y direction thereof is 19.5 mm. As illustrated in FIG. 11A, the slit array 41 is disposed at the downstream of the slit lens 3 so that the penumbra amount of each passage in the slit lens 3 may be measured. Actually, since the passages in the slit lens have different parallelism caused by a manufacturing error, the penumbra amount thereof may be slightly varied. By considering an average of the penumbra amount for every passage, the light source position is adjusted to minimize the penumbra amount of entire slit lenses.
A size of the pitch P1 in the slit array 41 will be described with reference to FIG. 12. The pitch P1 is set to be 650 μm in order to avoid the X-rays which pass through the another passage in the slit lens from being superimposed each other on the detector when the deviation of the relative positions of the X-ray source 1 and the slit lens 3 is in a predetermined range. If the deviation of the relative positions of the X-ray source 1 and the slit lens 3 in the y direction is 0, the penumbra amount Δp is 220 μm in accordance with Equation 10 and the state of the X-ray at that time is represented by the solid line 43. Further, if the deviation of the relative positions of the X-ray source 1 and the slit lens 3 in the y direction is 100 μm (δ=100 μm), the penumbra amount Δp is 620 μm in accordance with Equation 10 and the state of the X-ray at that time is represented by the broken line 44. Here, since the pitch P1 of the slit array 41 is 650 μm, if the deviation of the relative positions of the X-ray source 1 and the slit lens 3 is within 100 μm, as illustrated in FIG. 12, the superimposition on the detector of the X-rays which pass through the another passage in the slit lens may be avoided.
With the structure according to the exemplary embodiment, the penumbra amount of the X-ray on an X-ray detector is measured while changing the relative positions of the X-ray source 1 and the slit lens 3. Further, the X-ray source is adjusted to the position where the penumbra amount is minimum, so that the X-ray source is adjusted in a positional relationship where the highest resolution is obtained.
Further, in the exemplary embodiment, the penumbra amounts of 30 passages may be independently and collectively measured. By calculating an average value of the penumbra amounts of the 30 passages, the influence by an error of each of the passages is smaller than that of the measurement at a single passage. Therefore, the relative positions of the X-ray source 1 and the slit lens 3 can be adjusted with a higher precision.
A third exemplary embodiment of the present invention will be described with reference to FIGS. 13A and 13B. Here, only difference from the first and second exemplary embodiments will be described. In the exemplary embodiment, a first one-dimensional grating 51 (hereinafter, referred to as a “slit array 51”) for forming a penumbra is provided. Further, as illustrated in FIG. 13A, a second one-dimensional grating 52 (hereinafter, referred to as a “slit array 52”) for generating a moiré stripe is provided between the slit array 51 and a detector 4. The slit arrays 51 and 52 are arranged to be moved to an arbitrary position at least in the y-axis direction by a moving mechanism which is not illustrated. In the exemplary embodiment, the slit array 51 and the slit array 52 are disposed between a slit lens 3 and the detector 4 in order from an outlet side of the slit lens 3 and an interval of the moiré stripes of the X-ray formed by the two slit arrays is measured to estimate a penumbra amount from a measurement value. The slit array 52 in the exemplary embodiment is illustrated in FIG. 13B. The penumbra amount is detected by using an interval of the moiré stripes (stripe cycle) of the X-ray formed by the slit array 52 having an arbitrary pitch. The slit array 52 is an element in which 50 slits each having an aperture width t2 of 200 μm and a length b2 of 600 mm are arranged in a plate shaped member which can shield the X-ray such as gold, platinum, or lead in the y direction with a pitch P2 of 400 μm. A length a2 of the y direction thereof is 20 mm.
The X-ray which passes the slit lens 3 and is taken out in a cycle by the slit array 51 has an intensity distribution having the same cycle as the cycle of the slit array 51 in the y direction.
The X-ray is incident onto the slit array 52 for generating the moiré stripe, so that the moiré stripe is measured on the detector 4. The stripe cycle P of the generated moiré stripes is represented by the following relational expression (Equation 18) using a cycle Pa of the intensity distribution of the X-ray which is taken out by the slit array 51 and a period Pb of the slit array 52 for generating the moiré stripe.
1/P=|1/P a−1/P b| (Equation 18)
In other words, the stripe cycle P of the generated moiré stripe is extended by “Pb/|1/Pa−1/Pb|” times of the period Pa.
The cycle of the intensity distribution in the y direction of the X-ray which is taken out by the slit array 51 is enlarged and the X-ray is incident onto the detector 4, so that the cycle of the intensity distribution of the X-ray may be increased with respect to the pixel size Δd of the detector 4 and the detection resolution of the intensity distribution in the y direction may be improved. Therefore, the penumbra amount can be measured with a higher precision and the light source position can be adjust with a higher precision.
A method of determining the pitch Pb of the slit array 52 for generating a moiré stripe will be described. In the exemplary embodiment, the cycle of the slit array 51 is 650 μm, so that the Pa is 650 μm. If the period P of the intensity distribution to be measured on the detector, for example, is set to 1,300 μm which is twice of Pa, Pb is 433 μm from Equation 18.
With the structure according to the exemplary embodiment, the penumbra amount of the X-ray with an extended cycle on an X-ray detector is measured while changing the relative positions of the X-ray source 1 and the slit lens 3. Further, the X-ray source is adjusted to the position where the penumbra amount is minimum, so that the X-ray source can be adjusted in a positional relationship where the highest resolution is obtained.
A fourth exemplary embodiment of the present invention will be described with reference to FIGS. 14A and 14B. Here, only difference from the first to third exemplary embodiments will be described. In the exemplary embodiment, as illustrated in FIG. 14A, a solar slit 61 is disposed between a sit lens 3 and a detector 4, an intensity of an X-ray which passes through the solar slit is measured, and a penumbra amount is estimated from a measurement value.
The solar slit 61 is an element in which a plurality of flat shielding plates is disposed with a regular interval so as to be parallel to each other. An X-ray which has a divergence angle having a predetermined angle or larger is shielded by a side wall of the shielding plate and an X-ray which has a divergence angle having a predetermined angle or less passes through the solar slit 61 without being shielded. In other words, an intensity of the X-ray that passes through the solar slit 61 is measured to calculate a divergence angle of the X-ray which is incident into the solar slit 61, so that the penumbra amount may be estimated by using the divergence angle.
A range of the divergence angle of the X-ray which is shielded by the solar slit 61 is determined by an aperture angle of the solar slit 61. Here, the aperture angle φ is represented by the following Equation 19 using a length Ls of the solar slit shielding plate in an X-ray traveling direction and an interval ts between the shielding plates.
φ=2×arctan(t s /L s) (Equation 19)
If the aperture angle φ is larger than the divergence angle θ, the X-ray which is incident into the solar slit 61 with the divergence angle θ may pass through the solar slit without being shielded by the solar slit shielding plate. In other words, the aperture angle φ may be set to be equal to or lower than a divergence angle θ to be detected.
Here, if a divergence angle when there is no positional deviation of the X-ray source 1 and the slit lens 3, that is, when the divergence angle of the X-ray which is radiated from the slit lens 3 is minimum is θmin, an aperture angle φ of the solar slit may be represented by Equation 20.
φ≦θmin (Equation 20)
In this case, in accordance with Equation 19, when the length Ls of the solar slit shielding plate is constant, the interval ts of the shielding plates is reduced as φ is reduced, so that the intensity of detected X-ray is also reduced. In order to remove such a trouble, in the exemplary embodiment, the interval ts of the shielding plates is determined based on a condition where “φ=θmin”.
A solar slit 61 used in the exemplary embodiment is illustrated in FIG. 14B. A length Ls of the solar slit is 100 mm, a width W is 300 mm, and a height H is 100 mm. Further, θmin is 1.1 mrad. In this case, the interval ts of the shielding plates is 55 μm based on the condition where “φ=θmin”.
With the structure according to the exemplary embodiment, the intensity of the X-ray that passes through the solar slit 61 is measured while relatively changing the positions of the X-ray source 1 and the solar slit 3. Since a divergence angle with which the X-ray is incident into the solar slit 61 is calculated from the measured X-ray intensity, the X-ray source is adjusted to a position where the penumbra amount estimated from the divergence angle is minimum, so that the X-ray source may be adjusted in a positional relationship where the highest resolution is obtained.
A fifth exemplary embodiment of the present invention will be described with reference to FIGS. 15A and 15B. Here, only difference from the first to fourth exemplary embodiments will be described. In the exemplary embodiment, in order to measure a penumbra amount of an optical system including an X-ray source 1 and a slit lens 3, as illustrated in FIG. 15A, a one-dimensional grating 71 (hereinafter, referred to as a “slit array 71”) for selecting a passage is disposed between the X-ray source 1 and the slit lens 3. The slit array 71 is an element for introducing an X-ray from the X-ray source 1 into only a specific passage at an inlet of the slit lens 3 so that an X-ray from the X-ray source is not incident into other passage than the selected passage. The X-ray which passes through the selected passage is emitted from the slit lens 3 with the divergence angle represented by Equation 5 and a range in a y direction where the X-ray is irradiated on the detector is as represented by Equation 10.
In the second exemplary embodiment, a method that disposes the slit array for forming the penumbra at the downstream of the slit lens 3 to measure a penumbra amount formed by shielding the X-ray by the slit array is described. In the present exemplary embodiment, the slit array 71 is disposed at an upstream of the slit lens 3 so as to restrict the passage of the slit lens 3 into which the X-ray is incident from the X-ray source 1, measure the size of the X-ray emitted from a specific passage, and estimate a penumbra amount from a measurement value.
The slit array 71 used in the exemplary embodiment is illustrated in FIG. 15B. The slit array 71 is an element in which 30 slits each having an aperture width t3 of 20 μm and a length b3 of 300 mm are arranged in a plate shaped member which can shield the X-ray such as gold, platinum, or lead in the y direction with a pitch P3 of 260 μm. A length a3 of the y direction thereof is 7.8 mm. The above-mentioned element is provided near the inlet of the slit lens 3. In this case, the slit array 71 is disposed so as not to block an opening of a selected specific passage. As described above, the slit array 71 and the slit lens 3 are disposed so as to fit the positions thoseof, so that the passages of the slit lens 3 may be restricted to be total 30 for every thirteen.
If there is no deviation in the relative position of the X-ray source 1 and the slit lens 3, an X-ray which passes through one of the passages is detected with a size of 220 μm on the detector (irradiation range in the y direction) in accordance with Equation 10. Further, the relational position of the X-ray source 1 and the slit lens is deviated by 100 μm, the X-ray is detected on the detector to have a size of 620 μm.
With this structure according to the exemplary embodiment, the size of X-ray on the detector is measured while relatively changing the position of the X-ray source 1 and the slit lens 3. Since the penumbra amount is minimized when the measured size of the X-ray is minimum, the X-ray source is adjusted to a position where the size of the X-ray is minimized, so that the X-ray source may be adjusted in a positional relationship where the highest resolution is obtained.
This application claims the benefit of Japanese Patent Application No. 2012-056843, filed on Mar. 14, 2012, which is hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.
1. A method of adjusting an X-ray optical apparatus, said X-ray optical apparatus including:
a reflective structure in which
at least three reflective substrates are arranged with an interval, and
X-rays which are incident into a plurality of passages, both sides of each passage being put between the reflective substrates, are reflected and parallelized by the reflective substrate at both sides of each passage to be emitted from the passage,
wherein when one edge of the reflective structure is an inlet of the X-ray and the other edge is an outlet of the X-ray, a pitch of the reflective substrates at the outlet side is larger than a pitch at the inlet side,
the method comprising adjusting the relative positions of the X-ray source and the reflective structure so as to reduce a penumbra amount formed by the X-ray emitted from the passage.
2. The method of adjusting an X-ray optical apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the penumbra amount is a penumbra amount formed by an object when the X-ray emitted from the passage is irradiated onto the object.
3. The method of adjusting an X-ray optical apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the penumbra amount is a penumbra amount formed by a one-dimensional grating when the X-ray emitted from the passage is irradiated onto the one-dimensional grating.
4. The method of adjusting an X-ray optical apparatus according to claim 1, wherein when the X-ray emitted from the passage is irradiated onto a first one-dimensional grating and a second one-dimensional grating which are disposed in order from the outlet side of the reflective structure, the penumbra amount is estimated based on an interval of moiré stripes of the X-ray formed by the two one-dimensional gratings.
5. The method of adjusting an X-ray optical apparatus according to claim 1, wherein when the X-ray emitted from the passage is irradiated onto a solar slit, the penumbra amount is estimated based on an intensity of the X-ray which passes through the solar slit.
6. The method of adjusting an X-ray optical apparatus according to claim 1, wherein in a state where a one-dimensional grating that allows the X-ray to be incident into only a specific passage is disposed between the X-ray source and the reflective structure, the penumbra amount is estimated based on a size of the X-ray emitted from the specific passage.
7. An X-ray optical apparatus, comprising:
wherein the X-ray source and the reflective structure are disposed so as to reduce a penumbra amount formed by the X-ray emitted from each of the passages.
8. The X-ray optical apparatus according to claim 7, wherein the penumbra amount is a penumbra amount formed by an object when the X-ray emitted from the passage is irradiated onto the object.
9. The X-ray optical apparatus according to claim 7, wherein the penumbra amount is a penumbra amount formed by a one-dimensional grating when the X-ray emitted from the passage is irradiated onto the one-dimensional grating.
10. The X-ray optical apparatus according to claim 7, wherein when the X-ray emitted from the passage is irradiated onto a first one-dimensional grating and a second one-dimensional grating which are disposed in order from the outlet side of the reflective structure, the penumbra amount is a value estimated based on an interval of moiré stripes of the X-ray formed by the two one-dimensional gratings.
11. The X-ray optical apparatus according to claim 7, wherein the penumbra amount is a value estimated based on an intensity of the X-ray which passes through a solar slit when the X-ray emitted from the passage is irradiated onto the solar slit.
12. The X-ray optical apparatus according to claim 7, wherein in a state where a one-dimensional grating that allows the X-ray to be incident into only a specific passage is disposed between the X-ray source and the reflective structure, the penumbra amount is a value estimated based on a size of the X-ray emitted from the specific passage.
US13785178 2012-03-14 2013-03-05 X-ray optical apparatus and adjusting method thereof Active 2033-11-15 US9020104B2 (en)
JP2012056843A JP6016391B2 (en) 2012-03-14 2012-03-14 X-ray optical device and method of adjusting
JP2012-056843 2012-03-14
US20130243164A1 true true US20130243164A1 (en) 2013-09-19
US9020104B2 US9020104B2 (en) 2015-04-28
ID=49157651
US13785178 Active 2033-11-15 US9020104B2 (en) 2012-03-14 2013-03-05 X-ray optical apparatus and adjusting method thereof
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JP (1) JP6016391B2 (en)
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Beautiful view and condo ... sadly, really loud area - Review of Penthouse at Mamitas Beach with great Ocean Views!, Riviera Maya - TripAdvisor
Beautiful view and condo ... sadly, really loud area - Review of Penthouse at Mamitas Beach with great Ocean Views!
“Beautiful view and condo ... sadly, really loud...”
This is a beautiful condo that is very well kept and tastefully decorated. You can tell that the owners love their home and keep things up to date. The outside spaces all have lovely views and are great places to drink your morning coffee and watch the sun rise over the sea. The rooftop is amazing with a few different 'zones' for sitting in the sun or the shade or laying down on the hanging bed to read or nap. The only reason this did not get a 5 star rating would be the noise. There are a number of bars at that corner and they seem to compete with volume well into the night. Most nights the music (techno always seems to be one of them) went until about 2:30 AM. The music starts in the afternoon - sometimes nice music at a reasonable volume but gets louder as the day goes on. We like the fresh air and are not fans of air conditioning so we were reluctant to close the doors and windows to turn the air conditioner on to block the noise. Enjoyed our stay and really appreciated the short walk to the beach!
Liked best: the outdoor spaces - balconies and rooftop
View all 4,518 Riviera Maya rentals
View all 4,518 holiday rentals

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First Look Review: WELCOME TO BRONZEVILLE - FIRST STAGE VOICES
Home 2016-2017 Season First Look first stage Review Welcome to Bronzeville First Look Review: WELCOME TO BRONZEVILLE
First Look Review: WELCOME TO BRONZEVILLE
2016-2017 Season First Look first stage Review Welcome to Bronzeville
by Ryienn Rideout
First Stage’s new play WELCOME TO BRONZEVILLE was an instant attention-grabber! The set design was a practically perfect reflection of the year 1957, with a beautifully constructed mural (by artist Mutope J. Johnson) that featured paintings of people during that time, and the Bronzeville community. Speaking of which, the strong sense of community and support that anyone may have if they look hard enough is extremely evident in the play. It enraptured me in a world of a family filled with love, struggles, and achievements. It is something to share with everyone you know.
The amount of times I laughed during this play was countless, with the humor being so simple but so infectious. The main and heartwarming theme to this play that stood out to me was the kindred spirit and amity of the community, and the way they were always there to help encourage, love, and when needed to, correct and discipline. It also showed what peer pressure can lead to, and following the crowd rather than listening to your family's needs. It gave insight on the relationships in a family and how they can be affected by things like not focusing on your children enough and giving them love, and the different kinds of love parents may show. It was very relatable at times with the father and son relationship depicted, and opened my eyes to the fact that there is a love that is specific to sacrifices rather than hugs and “I love you’s.”
This story also showed how a relatively important stranger can help in many more ways than expected, and how anyone can simply offer something of value or advise to make people feel better. This play gave me strength because I can choose what I want to be, and make my own path in life; not according to what my family has done before or to what they expect, but for my own interests and desires. Anyone can be whatever they want, most likely, with the backing of family and the entire community.
WELCOME TO BRONZEVILLE continues through February 5, 2017.
Ryienn is a 15 year old home-schooled freshman who loves tap, contemporary dance, singing and theater. Ryienn is a First Stage Theater Academy Student who has been involved in Touring Company, the Student Advisory Board and Advanced Musical Theater. In her spare time Ryienn enjoys spending time with her 7 siblings, reading and sketching. Thank you Ryienn for this great review of WELCOME TO BRONZEVILLE!
First Look Review: WELCOME TO BRONZEVILLE Reviewed by First Stage on 12:19 PM Rating: 5
Tags : 2016-2017 Season First Look first stage Review Welcome to Bronzeville


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