text:
Gordon Purkis â€“ â€œAt the Dinner Table â€œ – A Chapbook – The Dead Mule School of Southern Literature
Gordon Purkis â€“ â€œAt the Dinner Table â€œ – A Chapbook
I learned to be gripped by fear,
nurtured and cozened by fear,
asked to come in and stay awhile
by fear and for decades I never left
its faithful side and it did likewise.
We were kin, like fire and smoke.
What child doesnâ€™t want to
be free from family bonds while holding hands,
saying a kind of grace that means
absolutely nothing in the eyes
I donâ€™t know who you people are
is what my childâ€™s mind said to the
person who would one day become me.
I was already starting to disappear,
thinner than the slice of love we had for dessert.
At the dinner table hardly anyone ever spoke.
We often ate with tears in our eyes
as a Saturday afternoon let go a great big sigh
and wiped snot on its 4 oâ€™clock sleeves.
We were all tormented.
Hell was real but still far away.
We had to expect this every week but
none of us ever did. We were mad with
shouting. The alcohol was winning, driving,
thriving. It led a shameless parade around
the bull ring of our house and
just a few more minutes described the hours
leading up to the time when lunch or dinner
or whatever it was called finally made its
way into being.
Years later I would more or less duplicate the pattern.
Demonic possession some say.
Whatever it was, I couldnâ€™t shake it.
At the dinner table, we all needed a reason to be there
other than the food because we didnâ€™t know we
were hungry even if we were. We were there to see if there
might be a way to get along for once, if only for an hour.
There was so much sensitivity in the air I got
drunk on it long before I touched my first drink.
We were willful, sloppy people who never caught
a break and what a bad week it was and where was
God during all this?
Somewhere in a great big building with candles
that seemed to stay magically lit and never burned out.
Somewhere with shoeless statues and people
who smelled like cabbage.
The dark bristling of a black wool coat.
A four-fingered hand reaching out in peace.
At the dinner table, I never asked questions.
If I didnâ€™t know the answer
I shouldâ€™ve known it, so I dug deep and made
it up as I went along. I was often wrong but
chalked it up to it being your fault.
I wasnâ€™t an angry kid per se, but if I could I
wouldâ€™ve punched Jesus in the face for even
suggesting I had to live any other way than
the one that I was living. Thanks for all your
help, Iâ€™d say, but I didnâ€™t ask for any of this.
When there are no such things as alternatives,
miracles sound like a bad joke. I lived on absolutely
nothing. Mine eyes focused on the pond scum at the
corner of the lake while the beauty the breadth and
weight of all of heaven was lost on me or gobbled
up in the vacuum cleaner like Chewbaccaâ€™s bowcaster.
Where were the professionals and their opinions then?
At the dinner table Mom oft said
clean up your act for heavenâ€™s sake. I didnâ€™t really care what heaven
thought deep down inside. All the
threats religion made were
never enough for me to see
the point in flying right.
Suffer, but endure.
Sicken and die, but accept it with grace.
If the poor old nuns could see me now though,
on that spiritual path, not believing as they
would have me do but
no longer bankrupted and guilt-tripped out
in the cold by a holier-than-thou
pulpit of lack care.
If they could only see me now: tuned into
the secret that none of them would share,
that I had to get well to be better,
that I had to be human to be an angel.
At the dinner table At the dinner table we never talked of mirth,
we talked about the bones in the fish,
mom saying donâ€™t talk with your mouth full
or youâ€™ll choke. We never talked about God
and itâ€™s no wonder whyâ€”
not that there wasnâ€™t a seat
for him but perhaps we were afraid to invite him.
We never talked about God
because none of us thought even he
could take the sadness away.
We were too busy hiding from each
other and ourselves to really enjoy
a single breath in any of the days
At the dinner table you didnâ€™t ask
and you didnâ€™t tell
and it was at the dinner table was where I learned that there
was no place to hide between heaven
and hell, what the spiritualists say
is the human-born-a-poet condition,
clothed in excess and devout only to self,
devoid of real love, no real vim nor vigor
just plenty of words to go around.
It ought to have cheapened the experience methinks.
At least you were given those, though,
though you cast even them up
for judgment by another other than
At least you were given those, though.
At least you were given those.
At the dinner table is where I learned
how to become a perfectionist.
When things were always more or less
wrong it seemed somewhat normal.
When things were especially wrong is
when it really started to sink in that
life is not fair but that it should be.
I mean it should be fairer for some
than others, and when I say some I
There was Jesus up on the wall
and my tired old folks below
with me in the middle:
than anybody I knew.
At the dinner table I squirmed like
a fish caught in St. Peterâ€™s net
and I thought is this the best we
can do with our lives, sitting together
and feeling uncomfortable and wishing
we could hide? How did other families seem to do
things so well and ours was just
Looking at it now, I donâ€™t see how
I ever made it to today.
But I see the road that led me here
quite clearly now,
for it was the one I took, not the
one I was given.
I did a heavenâ€™s worth of sinning
for all the right reasons and found
myself right where I am.
I introduce myself to me every day
and he just says hi and smiles.
At the dinner table stars fizzled out,
grand atrocities were committed in
distant galaxies, real heroes existed
but they were someplace else,
someplace far off.
Why did the world have to be
round? I asked myself. I kind of
wished Columbus was more wrong
than he was â€“ as it turns out he
was right by accident, expos-facto,
which never really is the same
as being right from the start.
I know I wanted to be right
At the dinner table At the dinner table
we never spoke of mirth,
we were, instead, made
weary of bones in our fish,
a valid reason to not talk at all,
to just chew and be quiet.
The bones were somehow
put there as another test
of faith or a trap or snare
of mother nature to prolong
hunger and shorten life.
We never talked about Godâ€”
that he could do miraculously
small miracles like someday
remove almost all the sadnessâ€”
not the part thatâ€™s real of course,
just the other, the lie that I believed
that told me there was no where to
hide between heaven and hell.
there was no room for encouragement,
for following your own path, your own
This is what itâ€™s like as well as the cause
for all of it: you donâ€™t know who you are
and when someone starts telling you who
you should be you figure itâ€™s what you
do: take it on, become someone elseâ€™s
story, donâ€™t think it abnormal and donâ€™t
even think about asking God what it
is that you need to do with your life
because all youâ€™ll hear is an empty
divided between your sane and your
mad self
and guess whose voice is louder?
At the dinner table, we never said grace
It seemed an empty, lonely worldâ€”
the one I was thrown into without
any way, it seemed, of dealing with it properly.
The Church had their moral code but
I couldnâ€™t decipher nor apply it to everyday situations.
It was still too good, at that point, to need one anyway.
And today I still canâ€™t spare any regrets over any of it.
I see now that I had to become lost before I could be found.
Gordon Purkis	Post navigation
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I have some H.264-encoded videos which render in HTML5 correctly in the web browser, but do not render correctly on the iPad. When I use a H.264 video I downloaded off the internet, my video renders correctly on the iPad, so it is not an HTML problem.
HTML5 video player doesn't work on iPad/iPhone

type: global

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text:
FMA | Filipino Martial Arts in St. Louis
Tag Archives: FMA	Cacoy Doce Pares / CTS / Martial Arts	Group or Private Lessons
Martial Arts	How to Improve Your Skills Faster than Ever
Health	Fight Back with Jocko Willink
Posted on April 20, 2016 by PrimmLife	• Leave a comment
Over the course of the last few years, a philosophy began to gather in my mind. Based on observation of my own and others experiences of life, the rate of decay in our life is affected by our mindset. We all age. In the end, the grim reaper will pay us a visit. So, why … Continue reading →

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Cindy Lief (cindy_lief) on Pinterest
Cindy Lief
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Love the gold plates

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text:
DIP SpA v | European Union Law | Retail
DIP SpA v
Uploaded by Johny Locca
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Svenska Journalistforbunder v. Council of the European Union 1998
DIP SpA v.
Commune di Bassano del Grappa
October 1995 Court of Justice of the European Communities (2nd Chamber)
Italian law prohibits the opening of certain retail stores without rst obtaining a license from the local authorities. The law requires each municipality to draw up a plan for the development of new businesses in its area.
The stated purposes of the licensing scheme are to protect consumers, to achieve a balance between supply and demand, to ensure free competition, and to obtain a balance between different forms of distribution. A license to open a new retail store can be denied if it is believed that the market is adequately served already.
Where the municipality is the administrative centre of a province or has more than 50 000 inhabitants, the committee consists of 14 members as follows: the mayor or his delegate acting as chairman, an urban planning expert and a traffic expert, both appointed by the town council, the director of UPICA (public provincial office representing industry, commerce and artisans), a representative of the provincial tourist office, five experts on distribution problems, of whom three are appointed by unions of shopkeepers with fixed premises, one by the consumers' cooperative organizations and one by the union of stallholders, four representatives nominated by the national workers' confederation.
Where the municipality has fewer than 50 000 inhabitants, the committees consist of 10 members: the mayor or his delegate, an urban planning expert and a traffic expert, both appointed by the town council, three experts on distribution problems, appointed by the town council on the advice of traders' organizations and consumers' cooperative organizations, three workers' representatives, a representative of the social security office.
The license is granted by the local mayor on the advice of a local committee. This action was brought before the European Court of Justice by three applicants whose licenses to open new retail stores in Italy had been denied. The three applicants wanted to open stores that sold jewelry, hardware, and foodstuffs.
The applicants maintain that the Italian retail licensing laws exclude new business, restrict competition, discriminate against non-Italian companies and imported goods, and lead to higher consumer prices. They argued that the Italian law was invalid under the laws of the European Union and the Treaty of Rome.
HIRSCH P.C., PRESIDING
While the applicants have forcefully stressed what they perceive to be the self-evidently concerted nature of the activities and common purpose of the distributor and retail representatives on these advisory committees which operate across Italy, they have not referred to any evidence which would be sufcient to justify a conclusion that, as a result of the application of the Act, such a network of collusion either subsists or has been encouraged in Italy
The Italian Act provides that licenses are to be issued by the mayor of the municipality concerned, taking into account the criteria laid down in the municipal commercial development plan. The purpose of that plan is to provide the best possible service for consumers and the best possible balance between permanent trading establishments and foreseeable demand from the population.
Such national laws cannot be considered to put individual traders in dominant positions or all the traders established in a municipality in a collective dominant position. On this point, it is sufcient to observe that rules such as those contained in the Italian Act are too uncertain and indirect for the obligation which they impose to be regarded as being capable of hindering trade between Member States.
The Italian law requiring the licensing of new retail stores by local committees is not invalid under the laws of the European Union and the Treaty of Rome.
International Business Law and Its Environment, 7th Edition http://www.iusinfo.hr/LegisRegistry/Content.aspx?SOPI=619 94CJ0140&Datum=1995-1017%2000:0000&Doc=EUCaseLaw_HR http://eurlex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:61994C J0140:EN:PDF http://ec.europa.eu/competition/court/antitrust/iju51990.html http://eur-law.eu/FR/index/2814 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legalcontent/EN/ALL/?uri=CELEX:61994CJ0140
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Complete Mikro-und Nanoskopie der Werkstoffe (German Edition) [3540899456]
Home » Birgit Skrotzki » Erhard Hornbogen » Complete Mikro-und Nanoskopie der Werkstoffe (German Edition) [3540899456]
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Finding time for social media - Central Iowa Tourism region presentat…
Getting your house in order - Socia...
Second and more advanced presentation for Central Iowa Tourism Region's Jan. 2014 meeting covering building your social media community, social media goals, using one piece of content across many platforms Facebook, Twitter, Hootsuite, Tweetdeck.
What this session is going to cover: We’re going to lay the groundwork for your social media marketing program so you will have the time for social media. We’re going to cover making the right social media friends so you’re not wasting your time in the long run, how to build your community, what are your 3 goals with social media, how to craft the perfect FB and Twitter posts, using one piece of content over several social platforms, and saving some of your “posting” time with social media.
You have to compete for attention, make the right friends/build your community:Who should ideally be in your community?Your customers, both current and potential, your peers, the leaders, innovators and voices particular to your industry, the influencers, the visionaries from any field that inspires you. How do you make the right friends? What it boils down to is “to make a friend, you have to be a friend.” Community is all about relationships. Now relationships are not bought, they come about as a result of listening, responding, caring, understanding, providing advice or insight. You’ve got to know your audience to connect with your audience. Here are 3 tools to build your community – 1) valuable content: material included on your website which adds value to your visitors, audience, users – that’s your foundation. 2) Social Media – pick a few platforms that work for you. Don’t try to be everywhere – remember that the real value lies in communicating and connecting with people. 3) In person efforts – just like attending this conference, never underestimate face to face – hit the chamber mixers, local groups, etc. How to be successful – how often are you going to post, on what platforms, what else? What’s your game plan look like?Measure results – both for Lake Arrowhead and San Jacinto Valley it’s very simple – more likes, follows and engagement. You might translate it all to bookings, etc.Take 3 minutes to write down your goals.
For me - #rural,#cattle, smalltown, roadtrip, roadtrips, Agriculture, Agricultural, Agfest, PowWow, native, NativeCultures, Native American – 2 words no hashtag, Dairy,#farming, homeschool, AgChat, Organic, Agawareness, Travel,Tourism, SoCal, CA Now think about what some are for you.
Special Events handout – due to time I’ve got a handout for you that will help a bit with your social media for special events…Timeline and Ideas for Social Media Event Engagement Start off with a schedule – this is mine for Visit SJVAutomation – some people hate it, some love it. When you’re a dept. of 1, you have to automateDrawbacks of automation – world crisis, you can look really stupid, so pay attention to your automation, also set your email for notifications.
Review columns, then analytics.
You can find many “how to” videos on Hootsuite and Tweetdeck on YouTube for more in-depth tutorials.
Thank you so much – Questions?
Finding Time for Social Media ~
How Planning Your Time Wisely Can Bring…
It’s not enough to just “be there.”
You have to build your community.
Your Goals for Your Social Media Presence
Define what your social media success looks like.
Crafting the “perfect” Facebook post
This is almost perfect but not
3. Link back to your site or to
wherever the photo came
4. Engage by asking something –
- Linking back to the homepage, you
should link deeper in your website.
Crafting the “perfect” Twitter post
1. 120 – 130 characters, leave
room so people can retweet
2. Tag/call out the entity you
are posting about.
3. Link to a page that provides
4. Use hashtags to extend your
Sheila’s Milkshake Effect
Create content once, then use it across the social web.
1. Use your basic point-and-shoot digital camera
or phone to take a photo of a chocolate milkshake
from a local hangout.
2. Put the milkshake photo into blog post that
calls attention to fun, quick, family-friendly
downtown places to eat. Link to each of those
businesses in your post.
4. Tweet the link to your blog post 2-3 times
on Twitter, over a few days, at different
times so you’re not overwhelming people by
pushing your own stuff.
3. Link to your blog post in an update on your
business Facebook Page. The photo in the post
will show up in the link. Tag the business
Facebook Page where you took the milkshake
5. Pop the chocolate milkshake photo into
your email newsletter along with the link to
the blog post. Go ahead; ask them in the
newsletter to subscribe to the blog and to
share the milkshake blog post with their own
networks on Facebook, Twitter, etc.
Write down 5 – 10 specific topics your visitor would be
Still Your Turn!!
Write 5 Facebook and
Twitter posts using the
topics you previously
wrote down and
incorporating points
from the “perfect”
A special mention about Special Events
Are you making it easy for your
visitors to promote you? How
are you letting them know what
the hashtags for Twitter and
Instagram are for the event? Are
you providing an easy way for
them to like you on Facebook –
maybe a QR code?
Are you using your announcer to publicize ways to help your attendees promote your
event? Encourage them to check in on Foursquare, post photos and videos. Your
attendees can be a solid part of your marketing department!
Saving Time with Your Social Media
Make a generic social media posting schedule
Wkend events/Weather
“Not so Secret” Weapons
Gotta Love Analytics!
What we covered in this session:
1. How to begin to build your community.
2. You wrote down your social media goals.
3. How to craft the perfect Facebook post.
4. How to craft the perfect Twitter post.
5. How to use one single piece of content in
many different places and ways.
6. You’ve written down 5 – 10 topics you can
7. You’ve written your own Facebook and
Twitter posts that you can use.
8. Handout - Timeline and Ideas for Social
Media Event Engagement
9. You’ve got 2 new FREE time saving programs
As a thank you, please enjoy our download
http://www.tourismcurrents.com/secret-bonus

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Patent US5410388 - Automatic compensation for toner concentration drift due to developer aging - Google Patents
A method of maintaining consistent large solid area development by developing a large area test patch covering the image area of a photorececptor and detecting the lead edge and trail edge density of the test patch using a densitometer to measure reflectance. If a density differential between lead and...http://www.google.com/patents/US5410388?utm_source=gb-gplus-sharePatent US5410388 - Automatic compensation for toner concentration drift due to developer aging
Publication number US5410388 A
Application number US 08/061,949
Publication number 061949, 08061949, US 5410388 A, US 5410388A, US-A-5410388, US5410388 A, US5410388A
Inventors James M. Pacer, Brendan C. Casey, George F. Bergen, Patricia J. Weber, William M. OuYang, Vilmarie Lopez-Heroux
Automatic compensation for toner concentration drift due to developer aging
US 5410388 A
A method of maintaining consistent large solid area development by developing a large area test patch covering the image area of a photorececptor and detecting the lead edge and trail edge density of the test patch using a densitometer to measure reflectance. If a density differential between lead and trail edge density is detected, electrostatic parameters such as toner concentration, developer bias, and photoreceptor potential are adjusted to maintain constant large solid area development.
1. In a machine having an imaging surface, a projecting system for projecting an image onto the imaging surface, a developer for application of toner to the image projected onto the imaging surface for transfer of the image to a copy sheet, the developer responding to given set points including developer bias and imaging surface potentials, the method of automatic adjustment of the developer comprising the steps of;
routinely sensing toner mass on a first developed patch within an interimage space on the imaging surface,
adjusting the developer bias and imaging surface potentials in response to the routine sensing of the toner mass,
upon predetermined machine operation, sensing toner mass on a second developed patch covering at least a portion of an image space on the imaging surface, and
responding to said machine operation sensing to calibrate the set points of the developer for routinely sensing the toner mass on the first developed patch within the interimage space on the imaging surface.
2. The method of claim 1 wherein the second developed patch covering at least a portion of the image space on the imaging surface covers the entire image space on the imaging surface.
4. In a machine having an imaging surface, a projecting system for projecting an image onto the imaging surface, a developer controlled by given set points for application of toner to the image projected onto the imaging surface, the method of automatic adjustment of the developer set points comprising the steps of
developing a test patch on the imaging surface,
determining a difference in toner concentration at two locations on the test patch developed on the imaging surface,
comparing a field potential at the developer to a reference potential, and
selectively adjusting the set points in response to said comparing.
5. The method of claim 4 wherein said field potential is the difference between a developer bias voltage and a background voltage on the imaging surface.
The present invention is concerned with a method of maintaining consistent large solid area development by developing a large area test patch covering the image area of a photoreceptor and detecting the lead edge and trail edge density of the test patch using a densitometer to measure reflectance. If a density differential between lead and trail edge density is detected, electrostatic parameters such as toner concentration, developer bias, and photoreceptor potential are adjusted to maintain constant large solid area development.
FIG. 1 schematically depicts an electrophotographic printing machine incorporating the features of the present invention therein. It will become evident from the following discussion that the present invention may be employed in a wide variety of applications such as light lens and printer applications and is not specifically limited in its application to the particular embodiment depicted herein.
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US7013095 * Mar 3, 2004 Mar 14, 2006 Canon Kabushiki Kaisha Image forming apparatus with adjustable toner content in a developing device based on surface layer thickness of an image bearing member
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CN100428061C Mar 8, 2004 Oct 22, 2008 佳能株式会社 Imaging equipment
DE10246736A1 * Oct 7, 2002 Apr 22, 2004 OCé PRINTING SYSTEMS GMBH Toner feed adjustment method for electrographic printer or copier with toner feed increased to maintain minimal toner feed to developer station
EP1182515A2 * Jul 26, 2001 Feb 27, 2002 Heidelberger Druckmaschinen Aktiengesellschaft Image forming device with a pulsed densitometer
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WO1999036834A1 * Jan 15, 1999 Jul 22, 1999 Oce Printing Systems Gmbh Printing and photocopying device and method whereby one toner mark is scanned at at least two points of measurement
WO2015113615A1 * Jan 31, 2014 Aug 6, 2015 Hewlett-Packard Indigo B.V. A method of controlling a printing process and controller therefor
U.S. Classification 399/49, 399/55, 399/74, 118/688
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:PACER, JAMES M.;CASEY, BRENDAN C.;BERGEN, GEORGE F.;AND OTHERS;REEL/FRAME:006557/0575

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Introduction to Geology and Geological Materials | Rock (Geology) | Sedimentary Rock
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Description: Introduction to Geology and Geological Materials
1-1 Introduction to Geology and Geological Materials What is Geology?
Geology, according to Webster’s Dictionary, is “a science that deals with the history of Earth and its life, especially as recorded in rocks.” It is a hybrid science, borrowing from many fields. Some geologists study the chemistry of rocks, minerals or other Earth materials. Others study Earth physics or the biology of plants and animals, ancient and modern. Still others study distant planets to understand the origin of the solar system or even of the universe. Geologists may stray into the fields of oceanography, meteorology, biology or astronomy, but fundamentally, geology is the study of the Earth, as the dictionary says, and most geologists study materials and processes at or near the Earth’s surface. The Earth has changed and evolved during its long history, and the changes are chronicled by Earth’s geology. The Earth is unique among the planets. We enjoy running water, a hospitable atmosphere and cool temperatures. Rocks and minerals are constantly being recycled, albeit over long periods of time. Material, once at the surface, is carried deep into the Earth, only to be brought up to the surface again. The planet’s surface is teeming with abundant life, and the life zone extends 8-10km up into the atmosphere and an equal distance down into the Earth’s crust. No other planet has this fascinating combination of characteristics (Figure 1).
Figure 1. The top photo here shows basalt from western Ontario. The bottom left figure shows equivalent rocks from Mars (photo taken by the Pathfinder mission). The dark areas on the photo of the moon in the lower right are also basalt. The similarity of rock types suggests commonality in geological processes. However, Earth has an atmosphere and, most importantly, running water at the surface. Thus, Earth is a fascinating and dynamic planet compared with Mars and the Moon.
1-2 Geology is unique among the sciences because many geological processes are extremely slow, and geological time is extremely long. So, much of a geologist’s time is spent collecting and analyzing evidence about things that happened a long time ago over long periods of time. The Earth is billions of years old, and we have scant evidence regarding some of the earliest events in Earth history. Answering some geological questions is like trying to put a jigsaw puzzle together with many pieces missing. Geologists collect new evidence, and add new pieces, as they try to come up with complete pictures. Like all scientists, geologists apply the scientific method (Figure 2) when trying to answer complex questions. Because science cannot produce absolute answers, this means that geological science, just like the Earth, is constantly evolving. A key assumption made by geologists is that the laws of physics and Earth processes are the same today as they were in the past. Thus, if geologists find a 560 million year old massive sandstone, they may infer that it formed as a beach deposit in ancient seas, since that is where such sandstones are forming today. This allows geologists to infer the presence of oceans and continents over half a billion years ago (Figure 3).
Figure 2. The scientific method is one that involves proposing a hypothesis to explain observations, followed by subsequent testing. Generally the testing involves making predictions and then checking to see if the predictions are correct. Often this requires making new observations and collecting additional data. Eventually, if a hypothesis passes enough tests, it evolves into an accepted theory. In reality, all of science is theory. This means it can change as new information and new tests become available.
Figure 3. The three views show Montara Beach in California. The top view shows typical beach sand; the middle view shows beach sand and some sandstone. The bottom view shows a geologists examining the sandstone. The sandstone itself is the fossilized remains of an ancient beach. Sandstones of this sort are evidence that beaches, similar to modern day beaches, existed in the ancient past. Besides the academic interests, Geology has many practical aspects. Earth resources are fundamental to our existence (Table 1). Energy resources, including coal, oil, gas, uranium, and geothermal, are keys to our modern societies. Copper, nickel, iron and other metals have for several hundred years been the basis of industries. Nitrates, borax and other chemicals from the Earth are in heavy demand. Sand, gravel and other building materials are used world wide. Geologists play important roles in many engineering projects, including roads, buildings, and dams. They are also concerned about natural hazards such as earthquakes, volcanoes, tidal waves or landslides. Increasingly over the last several decades, geologists have become more and more concerned with environmental problems. Water supplies, water pollution, waste disposal, and many other problems have become more acute as population and urban areas expand. Table 1-1. Earth’s geological resources are the basis for modern society. Group metallic and semimetallic elements nonmetallic elements Examples gold, silver, copper, iron, manganese, nickel, aluminum potassium, sodium, phosphorous, sulfur
1-4 gems industrial minerals fertilizer and chemicals energy resources Evolution of Geological Science Early peoples, as far back as 2900 B.C. in Egypt and Greece, used coal and flint, and processed metals and minerals from the Earth. Herodotus, in 500 B.C., studied the flooding of the Nile River, and Aristotle described fossils in 350 B.C. Theophrastus wrote the first mineralogy book Concerning Stones about 300 B.C. However, geology, like most sciences, did not really advance rapidly until the renaissance of the 1400's-1500's. During that time, scholars (mostly people associated with churches) began talking to practitioners such as miners or alchemists. Great advances soon followed, ultimately leading to the industrial revolution. Although we could debate which events in the development of modern geological science were most important, several key ones stand out. In the late 1700's, James Hutton espoused his principle of uniformitariansim, sometimes summarized as “the present is the key to the past.” It stated that the geological processes taking place in the present operated the same in the past. This, and other ideas presented by Hutton, formed the basis for subsequent work by John Playfair, Charles Lyell and others several decades later. Playfair, for example, was the first to propose that rivers cut their own valleys over very long times, and the first to describe the way glaciers can move boulders and polish the Earth. He published several important books including, in 1802, Illustrations of the Huttonian Theory of the Earth. Lyell further promoted the ideas of Hutton. He studied geological formations in Europe, North America and England and concluded that the Earth must be millions of years old. Lyell tentatively accepted the theory of Darwinian evolution and applied some of Darwin’s principles to fossils in his The Geological Evidence of the Antiquity of Man, published in 1863. He is, however, probably best known for his Principles of Geology (1830). The early British geologists were on the right track, and the discoveries spawned by Hutton were significant. Scientists studied erosion and other processes taking place around them and estimated how long it took for different kinds of geological features to form. They concluded that the Earth must be much older than estimates based on the Bible, which placed the age of the Earth at several thousand years. The true magnitude of geological time eluded them however. A major breakthrough came at the end of the 19th century when Marie and Pierre Curie, Wilhelm Roentgen, and others discovered and applied radioactivity in their scientific quests. Soon, scientists were using radioactive age dating to estimate the age of rocks and minerals. Over just a few decades, the estimated age of the Earth went from 10's or 100's of million to billions of years, and geologists found that explaining the evolution of the Earth was much easier. They concluded that the Earth is always changing and evolving, but the processes were much slower than originally envisioned. diamond, sapphire, agate sand, clay, building stone, asbestos, mica, gravel limestone, phosphate, salt, nitrates, borates coal, oil, gas, uranium
1-5 Figure 4. This view shows the relative position of continents about 130 million years ago. Since then, they have drifted apart, at rates equivalent to how fast your fingernails grow. Evidence for continental drift includes (1) the way the continents seem to fit together, (2) matching fossils, rocks, mountain chains on different sides of modern oceans, (3) the existence of a mid ocean ridge and measurable seafloor spreading that takes place there. Much of the early work by geologists was descriptive. Explaining why things had happened was more difficult. One major breakthrough, which allowed scientists to answer some of the unanswered “why” questions, came in the early 1960's. J.T. Wilson is often given credit for developing and popularizing the idea of continental drift at this time, although others had proposed the concept previously. Anyone could see that South America and Africa fit together, much like two puzzle pieces (Figure 4). Fossil and other evidence, too, suggested that the continents had once been joined and subsequently had “drifted” apart. Before 1960, however, geologists could not understand why continents would move relative to each other and, without knowing the mechanism, the theory of continental drift Earth Materials stalled. In the 1960's, however, much better seafloor mapping, better seismic networks, regolith: general term for layer of fragmental, and many other things all came together. loose material of any origin and type that Geophysicists proposed credible hypotheses overlies bedrock to explain continental drift. Within a decade, soil: unconsolidated earth material, rich in the theory of plate tectonics was firmly organic components, that provides the natural established and it has passed all scientific medium for plant growth tests since then. Today it forms the sediment: solid fragmental material, either fundamental basis for much of modern organic or inorganic, that originates from geology, and has provided us with many of weathering of rocks the missing puzzle pieces. mineral: naturally occuring inorganic solids that are crystalline, that have a specific Earth Materials chemicl composition, and that have fixed Regolith, Sediment and Soil physical properties rock: naturally forming aggregates composed An unconsolidated layer of material primarily of inorganic Earth materials called regolith covers most of Earth’s land
1-6 surfaces. Regolith is mostly rock and mineral debris produced by mechanical or chemical decomposition (weathering) of preexisting rocks. We call such debris sediment. Regolith may also contain humus, organic material derived from decomposed plants and animals, volcanic ash, or a number of other components. If regolith contains sufficient organic material, we term it soil. Besides inorganic and organic solid material, soils also contain important amounts of water and air. In most places, regolith forms a relatively thin layer at the Earth’s surface; it is underlain at some depth by bedrock. The thickness of the regolith depends on many factors, most important, perhaps, climate and topography. The composition of regolith also depends on these factors but, most significantly, on the type of bedrock from which it was derived. We will discuss regolith and sediment in more detail later; for now we will focus on minerals and rocks. Minerals According to a glossary, minerals “...are naturally occurring inorganic solids that are crystalline, that have a specific chemical composition, and that have fixed physical properties.” Crystalline means that each mineral has a specific, orderly and repetitive, internal arrangement of atoms. Some crystals have flat crystal faces, but many do not; they are still considered crystals. Minerals, just like all matter, consist of atoms of specific elements. They are compounds, which among other things, means that we can describe them with a chemical formula (Table 1-2). Some minerals, such as graphite or sulfur, contain only one element. Most contain several or many elements. Having a specific chemical composition means that all samples of a specific mineral contain the same key major elements in the same proportions. Halite, common table salt, for example, has the composition NaCl. There are an equal number or sodium (Na) and chlorine (Cl) atoms in a sample of halite, whatever its size. Halite is crystalline, and each sodium atom is surrounded by six chlorine atoms and vice versa (Figure 5). Additional elements, besides sodium and chlorine, may be present in halite, but only at very low levels. Because all halite has the same atomic arrangement and composition, all halite has the same physical properties. Two different minerals may have the same composition. For example, graphite and diamond are both essentially pure carbon (C). They are both crystalline but have different arrangements of carbon atoms in their atomic structure. Consequently they have different physical properties. Diamond is the hardest mineral known, graphite is one of the softest. Mineral graphite or diamond quartz feldspar C SiO2 KAlSi3O8 Formula
1-7 garnet mica Fe3Al2Si3O12 KAl2(AlSi3)O10(OH)2
Table 1-2. Examples of minerals and their formulas. The elemental symbols are C = carbon, Si = silicon, O = oxygen, K = potassium, Al = aluminum, Fe = iron, H = hydrogen.
Mineralogists have named and described more than 3,000 minerals, but most are rare; less than 200 can be considered common. Plagioclase is the most abundant mineral in the Earth’s crust (Figure 6). It is abundant for several reasons. Most important, plagioclase contains the elements, oxygen, silicon, aluminum, calcium, sodium and potassium, six of the seven most common elements in the crust. Minerals vary widely in their compositions and properties; we will talk about them more later. Figure 5. Model showing atoms in halite. Halite has formula NaCl, meaning there is one sodium (Na) atom for every chlorine (Cl) atom. In this drawing, the large spheres represent sodium and the small ones represent chlorine. Figure 6. Plagioclase, a type of feldspar, is the most abundant mineral in Earth’s crust.
1-8 Returning to the glossary, we find that rocks “...are naturally forming aggregates composed primarily of inorganic Earth materials.” Most rocks contain one or more minerals but a few, such as obsidian (volcanic glass), contain no minerals at all. Some rocks contain large mineral grains, easily seen with the naked eye. Granite, for instance, contains visible grains of the minerals quartz and potassium feldspar. Some rocks contain visible fragments of preexisting rocks. Others are so fine grained that seeing what they are made of without a microscope is impossible. Geologists divide rocks into three categories, each of which has a fundamentally different origin: igneous rocks, sedimentary rocks and metamorphic rocks. Igneous rocks form by the cooling and solidification of magma, molten material generally originating deep within the Earth. As magma moves upwards it cools and eventually crystallizes to form a solid rock. The race between upward movement and crystallization determines the kind of rock. If the magma reaches the Earth’s surface, we get an extrusive igneous rock. If it solidifies underground, we get an intrusive igneous rock. Sometimes magmas at the surface result in volcanoes, other times they produce flat lying lava flows that cover large areas. Although we often think of volcanoes spewing lava that flows across the land, many volcanic rocks form from volcanic ash. Basalt, a fine grained dark colored rock, is the most common rock formed from lava. Ash deposits are highly variable, but often result in cinder cones associated with volcanoes. Intrusive igneous rocks form when magmas cool and crystallize before reaching the Earth’s surface. Granite is one kind of intrusive rock, but there are many others. Intrusive rocks are composed of the same minerals as extrusive rocks, but generally have larger mineral grains because they cooled more slowly. Sedimentary rocks form when preexisting rocks are weathered, producing sediment that subsequently accumulates to produce a new rock. Most sedimentary rocks form from loose or dissolved material transported by water and deposited on river, lake or ocean bottoms. The process that converts loose sediment to hard rock is lithification. Sedimentary rocks that form from detritus (sediment) transported by water, wind or gravity are detrital sedimentary rocks. Sandstone, for example, is a sedimentary rock that forms from quartz grains produced by weathering of preexisting rock. Pressure, recrystallization and chemical cements bind the loose grains together to produce a rock from loose sediment. Siltstone and shale are detrital rocks having smaller grains than sandstone. Sedimentary rocks formed by precipitation of dissolved material are chemical sedimentary rocks. Limestone is a chemical sedimentary rock that often forms when calcite (a mineral) precipitates from ocean water. Rock salt is another example of a chemical sedimentary rock. Metamorphic rocks form when heat, pressure or chemical reactions change the mineralogy, texture or composition of a preexisting rock. Most metamorphism occurs when rocks are buried deep in the Earth or when they are “baked” by heat given off from a magma body. Because most metamorphic rocks form at great depths in the Earth, they are typically found in mountain belts where they have been exposed by uplift and erosion. Gneiss and schist are two of the more common types of metamorphic rocks.
1-9 Geological time is long and, although the process may be slow, rocks change over time. A rock of one type may be transformed into a different type. A sedimentary rock, for instance, may be metamorphosed to produce a metamorphic rock. That rock may melt to produce a magma that solidifies yielding an igneous rock. Geologists use the rock cycle (Figure 7) to describe the ways one kind of rock may change into another. Some parts of the cycle occur at the Earth’s surface, others require that rocks are buried to great depths within the Earth. Use of the word “cycle” is misleading. It implies that rocks continuously change from one kind to another, following some sort of repetitive path. Some rocks may indeed cycle, but most rocks that we see today have simpler histories and may have followed only one (or none) of the arrows in Figure 7.
Figure 7. The rock cycle
Earth Terranes Oceanic Terranes If you came from some distant galaxy and saw Earth for the first time, the first thing you would notice would be Earth’s oceans. Earth is sometimes called the blue planet because blue ocean waters cover 71% of its surface. Oceans contain 98% of the world’s water, all of it saline (salty) to various degrees. The major oceans include the Pacific, Atlantic, Arctic and Indian, but the Pacific is nearly as large as the other three together. It is also the deepest ocean, averaging around 3900 meters deep (12,800 feet), and reaching nearly 7000 meters (23,000 feet) in some places. Oceans are the major source of water in the Earth’s atmosphere; nature maintains a balance and evaporation removes from the oceans about the same amount that enters by rain or
1-10 runoff. Oceans also play a very significant role controlling Earth’s climate. Coastal Terranes Moving landward from ocean basins, up the continental shelf, ocean waters shallow until eventually you reach the zone of waves and coastal currents. Waves and currents are, in most places, energized primarily by wind. In shallow areas, waves may form breakers as they interact with the ocean bottom, but in most places they simply appear as wind driven swells. Swells appear to travel across the ocean’s surface, although in reality most of the water movement is up and down or circular. Waves may travel 1000's of miles across an ocean. Major storms and high winds in the South Pacific may result in huge (need a cool surfer term here) for surfers to enjoy in southern California. Besides waves, ocean tides can cause significant water movement in shallow areas. Tides result from the gravitational attraction of the moon and sun and by the Earth’s rotation. Coastal areas are dynamic, constantly being changed by the energy concentrated there. Erosion is an ongoing process, and rocks along the shoreline may be ground into fine sediments. Rivers deliver additional sediments, derived from inland, to coastal areas. Currents, waves and gravity move and sort the unconsolidated material. Much is carried out to deeper waters, but some may remain to form beaches. Coastal waters and continental shelves are also dynamic because they are often regions of reefs and other biological activity. Most of the worlds’ human population lives with 75 kilometers (45 miles) and, in many places, humans spend lots of time and money trying to keep coastlines they way they want them, instead of the way nature tries to shape them. Continental Terranes Although continents account for less than a third of the Earth’s surface, they have received much more attention from geologists than the oceans. Due to ease of access and the many uses we make of continental resources, we have amassed much information and know many details about continental geology. If we do a simple inventory of the continents, we find that continental surfaces are mostly covered by water, by regolith and other soft sediments, or by rocks. Most geologists do not study unconsolidated material, and are more interested in bedrock geology. Although generally originally forming as horizontal layers, in many places the bedrock has been deformed (folded, tilted, faulted, etc.), and geologists find it convenient to divide continents into two kinds of terranes: a. areas where the bedrock is composed of generally undeformed flat lying rocks b. areas where the bedrock is composed of deformed rocks Most continental crust fall into category “b.” Over geological time scales, ocean spreading and drifting, and colliding continents, have caused the continental crust to be uplifted and deformed, especially near continental margins. The deformation may consist of uplifting, tilting, folding or faulting. A general term for this deformation is tectonics, and if tectonic events are great enough to produce mountains we call them orogenies. Some orogenies, such as the Himalayan orogeny
1-11 are ongoing today. The Rocky Mountains were formed during the Laramide orogeny which occurred about 50 million years ago. The Appalachian Mountains formed during several orogenies which took place between 250 and 600 million years ago. Continents change in size by accretion (two or more continents joining), volcanic activity (which brings magma to the surface), or sea level changes (that expose more or less continent). These processes affect continental margins more than interiors, so most continents have relatively young rocks at their margins compared with their centers. Some continents, such as South America, have orogenies taking place at one or more of their margins today. Most orogenies result in long, relatively narrow and sinewy orogens, which may form mountain belts. Some, such as the Andes, are the sites of active volcanism. Others, such as the Himalayas, are not. North America’s two main mountain belts, the Appalachian Orogen and the Cordillera, have had prolonged and complex histories. The Appalachian mountain belt formed in pulses of mountain building that occurred over several hundred million years. The Appalachians contain many varied rocks. Deformed sedimentary rocks dominate in some places, metamorphic or igneous rocks in others. Volcanism was locally important. Much faulting occurred in some parts of the Appalachians, in other Figure 8. Major mountain belts and shields of North places the rocks are folded, and in America. others most of the mountain building was caused by gentler uplift. The Cordillera is a chain of mountains that extends up the west coast of South America, through Central America and the United States, and up the west coast of Canada to Alaska. At the latitude of San Francisco, the Cordillera is 1600 kilometers wide; it is much narrower in other places. In South and Central America, most Cordillera mountains are volcanic. There, and in the Cascade Range of Washington and Oregon, active volcanism continues today. Not all Cordillera mountains are volcanic, however. The Laramide Orogeny created the uplifted Rocky Mountains of Colorado. The Rockys form the eastern part of the North American Cordillera. To the west of the Rockys, mountains of the Basin and Range Province in Nevada and
1-12 western Utah are fault-block mountains. Faulting produced uplifted blocks of the crust separated by downdropped valleys. The Sierra Nevada Mountains in California were formed from large bodies of intrusive igneous rock called batholiths. In western Canada, mountain building occurred when “microcontinents” accreted onto a growing North America. Formation of the Appalachian and Rocky Mountains of eastern and western North America deformed ancient Earth Crust, called the North American Craton. Cratons make up the flat, tectonically stable interior portions of most continents (Figure 9). Most are composed of eroded flat rocks, sometimes called basement rocks, covered by sediments. The centers of cratons generally contain shields, areas with extensive exposure of very old basement rocks. Often these ancient rocks are highly deformed; they are the roots of mountain ranges that long ago were eroded smooth. In contrast with shields, the deformed rocks at present day continental margins are relatively young and mountains may still stand high. Much of what we know about the evolution of the early Earth is based on studies of shield geology. The Canadian Shield of North America, which extends into the United States in the New York, Michigan, Wisconsin and Minnesota, contains evidence of mountain building events that took place up to 3.2 billion years ago. All major continents contain shields and rocks similar to those found in the Canadian Shield.
Figure 9. Cratons and Orogens in North America. This figure shows the deep basement rocks that would be exposed if all the mountain belts, sedimentary rocks and sediment were stripped away from North America. The oldest cratons and orogens are in the center of the continent. Together they make up the Canadian Shield. See Figure 8.
South of the Canadian Shield, in the central part of North America, sediments cover relatively flat lying sedimentary bedrock, many thousands of feet thick. This region is the North American platform (Figure 10). If you were to drill holes in different places in the platform, you would find that the sediments vary in thickness depending on where you are. Beneath the sediments, you would find generally flat lying bedrock. Near the surface the bedrock is relatively young, but the deeper you drilled, the older the rocks get. Eventually you would drill into the same kinds of ancient rocks that make up the Canadian Shield. Platform sediments vary,
1-13 primarily due to climate variations. In some places they include rich soils, and in other places they are not. The bedrock beneath is also variable, but geologists interpret most of it as indicating that shallow seas covered the central portions of North America at various times in the past. Figure 10. Landforms of the continental United States.
Figure 10 shows the landforms of the United States. The Appalachian and Cordilleran Orogens show well – they include many mountain belts. Between the two, the North American Platform is relatively flat. Most National Parks in the United States are in the arid west, especially in the mountainous land of the Cordillera. This is primarily an accident of history – by the time the United States got around to designating parks, the eastern half of the country and the western coast were all ready highly developed. Only the arid lands of the west, and some of the high mountains remained undeveloped. Today we have three National Parks in the Appalachian Mountains (Great Smoky, Shenandoah, and Acadia). There are also several in Florida. With the exception of Mammoth
1-14 Cave and Isle Royale, all others are in the western part of the continental United States, in Alaska, or in Hawaii.
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McMillan Woods - Wikipedia
Name origin: O. D. McMillan[1]:'94
"McMillan Woods" marker
Gettysburg-Newark Lowlands, Rossville Diabase dike[2] (50 feet thick)
1180785 [3]
McMillan Woods is a Gettysburg Battlefield forested area used during the Battle of Gettysburg and for camps after the American Civil War, including a CCC camp and the subsequent WWII POW camp at Gettysburg. The woods includes Rifle Pits and Earth Works from the battle[4]
The cast iron site identification tablet for the woods was placed in 1920,[4] and the woods is the site of a youth campground.
Camp Henderson of the PA National Guard [1] used 95 acres (0.38 km2) in McMillan Woods and the Trostle, Klingel, Sherfy, McPherson, and Codori farms [2] for the encampment through July 16. Maneuvers were conducted from Zeigler's Grove to Devil's Den.[3] (the joint maneuver camp followed at Mount Gretna's Camp Roosevelt.)[5]
Camp Henderson of the PA National Guard [4] used 95 acres (0.38 km2) in McMillan Woods and the Trostle, Klingel, Sherfy, McPherson, and Codori farms [5] for the encampment through July 16. Maneuvers were conducted from Zeigler's Grove to Devil's Den.[6] (the joint maneuver camp followed at Mount Gretna's Camp Roosevelt.)[5]
CCC camp NP-2 had opened [7] in McMillan Woods[6] (Charles Heilman was the 1936 commander).[8][9]
The McMillan Woods CCC camp was to be abandoned [10] after becoming the 1st under an "all colored staff" in 1939.[11]
POWs moved to the former McMillan Woods CCC camp[12] converted to the Gettysburg WWII POW Camp to replace the stockade.[7]
The site of the former POW camp was used for the camporee of the Black Walnut Boy Scout district.[13]
Boy Scout summer camps formerly held at Pardee Field began at McMillan Woods.[14]
Improvements were completed at the McMillan Woods Youth Campground for hosting 5500 campers each year.[15]
^ Gettysburg National Military Park Commission. "An Introduction to the Annual Reports of the Gettysburg National Military Park Commission to the Secretary of War". The Gettysburg Commission Reports. Gettysburg, PA: War Department. ^ "Gettysburg National Military Park and Eisenhower National Historic Site: Geologic Resources Inventory Report" (pdf). Denver, Colorado: National Park Service: Natural Resource Program Center. 2009. Retrieved 2010-02-02. ^ "McMillan Woods (1180785)". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 2011-06-06. ^ a b Cope, Emmor, "McMillan Woods Rifle Pits (Structure number MD15, LCS ID 006988) & Earthworks (Structure number MD16)" (NPS.gov webpage), List of Classified Structures: GETT p. 36, United States Department of War marker, 6 shallow dish-shaped depressions in ground. 2' deep, 7'11" diameter. Overgrown & filled w/ decomposed leaves. Located ca 20' form E edge of McMillan Woods, 60' from West Confederate Ave. External link in |work= (help)[dead link] Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "hscl" defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
^ a b "An Imaginary Battle Fought at Gettysburg" (Google News Archive). Reading Eagle. July 25, 1906. Retrieved 2012-02-03. ^ "Camp Information for NP-2-PA". Pennsylvania CCC Archive. Department of Conservation and Natural Resources. Retrieved 2010-02-01. ^ "Out of the Past: 50 Years Ago". June 29, 1995. Retrieved 2010-02-01. Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=McMillan_Woods&oldid=771375190"	Categories: Forests of PennsylvaniaGettysburg BattlefieldHidden categories: Pages with reference errorsCS1 errors: external linksAll articles with dead external linksArticles with dead external links from December 2011Pages with duplicate reference namesGeobox usage tracking for other type	Navigation menu

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San Giovanni Battista dei Cavalieri di Rodi | Churches of Rome Wiki | FANDOM powered by Wikia
St John the Baptist of the Knights of Rhodes
1466 (building); 1946 (consecrated as church)
San Giovanni Battista dei Cavalieri di Rodi is a 20th century convent church with ancient fabric at Piazza del Grillo 1, in the rione Monti. Pictures of the church on Wikimedia Commons are here. An English Wikipedia article is here. There is an English Wikipedia page here.
The Diocese regards this as a church, not a chapel. The edifice of which it is a part is called the Casa dei Cavaileri di Rodi.
The remote ecclesiastical ancestor of the present edifice was an Early Middle Age monastery which was built in the ruins of the Forum of Augustus.
This forum was occupied by a monastery of Byzantine-rite monks by the 9th century, and the podium of the centrepiece Temple of Mars Ultor was used for its church of Sancti Basilii Scala Mortuorum ("St Basil of the Ladder of the Dead") as well as for domestic quarters. The church was small, tucked in between the back wall of the temple cella and the the temenos wall of the Forum. It stood on the site of the segmental apse of the cella, where the cult-statues of Mars, Venus and the deified Julius Caesar stood. (See the plan here for the layout of the Forum.)
This surviving temenos wall is in massive blocks mostly of peperino ashlar (opus quadratum), although some is in Gabine or travertine. It served as the monastic precinct enclosure on its eastern side, and a hole was knocked through it to create a public entrance for the church (this survives). The site of the rest of the temple was under the convent block, with a street running from the present Arco dei Pantani down the right (south) side of the former temple. The Arco was an ancient gateway in the temenos wall of the Forum, just to the south of the monastery church, and the street was the Strada Bonella until it was destroyed in the 20th century.
The monks also built a fine Romanesque campanile in the 12th century.
Apparently the Knights leased the predecessor of the present premises from the monks in the late 12th century.
The name of the church is then variously given in the sources as San Giovanni de Campo Turricano, San Giovanni del Palazzi di Nerva orSan Giovanni in Capo ai Monti.
In 1466 the Grand Master of the Order, Giovanni Battista Orsini, allied with Marco Barbo, the Cardinal Protector, to renovate the convent in order to provide suitably prestigious accommodation for the Knights at Rome. This resulted in the present surviving casa as the location for ceremonial functions, while the old convent block next to the Arco dei Pantani remained as a hospice. The old monastery garden became a famous herb garden attached to the hospice.
Fresco work was executed in the second decade of the 16th century, and a surviving Crucifixion can be seen in the so-called Stanza Cariatidi in the Casa.
When they moved, the property was divided. The church, cloister and hospice became a convent of Dominican nuns, Santa Maria Annunziata ai Monti, and survived as such until the early 20th century. However, the present casa was not included in this and was converted into domestic apartments and retail establishments.
The Fascist government of Italy announced in 1924 that the present Via dei Fori Imperiali was to be built, and that all later accretions (no matter how old) were to be cleared from the ancient remains of the Roman and Imperial Fora. The result was a gigantic act of vandalism, with the archaeologically poorly recorded demolition of a large mediaeval neighbourhood with many old buildings and churches. The old monastery was also destroyed, in 1930. However the casa of the Knights incorporated much ancient fabric, and unusually it was decided to leave it alone instead of removing the mediaeval bits.
The ownership of the edifice was passed to the city after the Second World War, which began restoring it in a campaign lasting from 1940 to 1950. Meanwhile, it was leased back to the Knights of Malta in 1946 and much of the ground floor was immediately converted into the present church. A row of six tabernaae or ancient shop premises on the north side of the edifice was kept by the city as the Antiquarium del Foro di Augusto. This is a small museum of moveable items found in the clearance of the site in the 1930's.
Oddly, this is the second newest church to be founded within the ancient city walls. Only Santissimo Crocifisso alla Stazione Termini is newer.
The Casa is most famous for its impressive 15th century belvedere which is a dominating architectural feature in the view of the ruins of the Imperial Fora. It was erected as part of the 1466 re-ordering, with the architect thought to have been Giuliano da Maiano. The Order's website describes it as a loggia for papal blessings, like the one at San Marco nearby, but this cannot be right as the main arcade overlooked the private garden of the Casa. Rather, it was a pleasant place to be in the Roman summer.
The structure is in naked red brick with limestone quoins and a pitched and double-hipped roof. The outer long west side has an arcade of five arches separated by scavenged Corinthian columns, with end pilasters in the same style. The north short side has three arches of the same form, and a single return arch on the east side.
In the wall to the left (north) of the main arcade is a little Gothic archway with its own balcony, which does look like something from which a high-status person might declaim.
Tabernae Edit
Running west of the Piazza del Grillo is a little dead-end street (blocked at its west end by the 1930's demolitions) called the Via di Campo Carleo. The entrances of the tabernae or ancient shops can be seen here, as well as the north end of the belvedere.
The church has no external presence as such.On the Piazza del Grillo is a set of railings with a gate in front of two large ancient arches set at right angles to each other. Within the smaller but taller arch can be seen a door with a cross over it. This is the entrance.
This is the only external evidence for the existence of the chapel.
The forum was mostly of a symmetrical layout, with the temple at the back and a porticus or large colonnaded arcade full of statuary depicting great men (summi viri) down each side. Flanking these were two enormous semi-circular apses or exedrae with more statuary. At the top end of the left hand porticus was a cult-chamber containing a colossal statue of the deified emperor Augustus. It might help to look at the plan here to make sense of this.
The casa with its church contains the most substantial remaining part of the Forum's fabric. It amounts to a rectangular hall with arcades on piers occupying all four sides, slotted in at a diagonal between the left hand exedra and the Augustinian cult-chamber. Nobody knows what this hall was for, and also there is a doubt as to whether it was originally roofed. It might have been an atrium or courtyard instead. Guesses as to its function have to take into account the lack of direct ancient access between the hall and the forum proper.
The present church has the mediaeval function rooms of the casa above it, as well as the belvedere. Once through the entrance, you find yourself facing the right hand side aisle which has seven arched niches in brick on the right hand side, facing an arcade of six arches in travertine without capitals or imposts. The barrel vault is in concrete. A diagonal wall to the left of the entrance, which is actually part of the former cult-chamber mentioned, creates a triangular vestibule. On the far side of this is a single arch into the church proper, springing from a very wide pier attached to the pier between the third and fourth arcade arches to the right. There is a matching wide pier to the left, which begins the left hand arcade of three arches. Finally, there is a far arcade of three narrower arches which leads into an ambulatory connecting the far ends of the side aisles (now the sanctuary).
The three arcades and the single entrance arch have a block architrave above them, and from this springs the restored 15th century vaulted ceiling which has a blind lunette at each end and two on each side.
The stone and brickwork is left exposed and undecorated, and the ceiling is rendered in plain white.
There is a free-standing bronze statue of St John the Baptist near the entrance.
The church's far wall is in naked red brick, with a tiny sanctuary niche. This has a frame in the style of a doorcase with a molded edge and the Knights' shield on its lintel. There is a floating cornice, above a frieze with a short dedicatory inscription: D[ivi] Iohanni Bapitistae dic[atum templum hoc] anno D[omi]ni MDCCCCXLVI.
The altar within has a sculpture of St John the Baptist in bronze, accompanied by six bronze candlesticks in the form of genuflecting figures. These are by Alfredo Biagini. The altar frontal is of purplish breccia, and in it is inlaid the symbol of the Knights, a white cross formed of four arrowheads meeting at a point on a red background.
Behind the statue is a fresco rescued from the house of Flaminio Ponzio in the Via Alessandrina nearby, during its demolition in 1933 (photo of the house here). It features the Madonna and Child with angels, and dates from about 1600. The side walls have two lunette frescoes of saints, three men including St Paul to the right and three women to the left.
The Antiquarium del Foro di Augusto is housed in the ancient tabernae next to the church to the north, and also in rooms leading off the far end of the church. It mostly features sculptural details and architectural fragments, including epigraphs belonging to the collection of statuary displayed in the Forum in ancient times as well as a few sad remains of this once enormous collection of statues.
It also has some epigraphic items from the demolished churches of Sant’Urbano ai Pantani and San Nicola dei Cesarini as well as the old monastery church of Santa Maria Annunziata ai Monti. Fragments of frescoes from around 1300 from the latter, depicting St John the Baptist, are preserved.
Unfortunately, the Antiquarium is at present closed to visitors.
Access arrangements seem to be in the charge of the city's museum department, the Sovrintendenza Capitolina ai Beni Culturali, rather than being in the hands of the Knights.
Access is limited, and full details are here. Basically, you have to phone +39 060868 well in advance to book a visit. Only groups are admitted, with a maximum number of 25 (no minimum number given, probably four). There is a charge of four euros per person.
The available times are Tuesday and Thursday mornings, except in August.
The visit includes the church and the upstairs chambers, but (as the Sovrintendenza web-page advises) NOT at present the Antiquarium.
A Sunday Mass is advertised at 11:00.
Weddings are celebrated in this church, and are advertised here.
Page on Order's website
Nolli map (look for 127) (the casa is the large five-sided block to the north of the cloister.)
Retrieved from "https://romanchurches.fandom.com/wiki/San_Giovanni_Battista_dei_Cavalieri_di_Rodi?oldid=16740"

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The 10 Best Crete Hotels with Free Wifi of 2018 (with Prices) - TripAdvisor
Best Hotels with Free Wifi in Crete
Holiday Rentals (5,385)
“Free Wi-Fi across the hotel but have to move around to get the best signal.”
“Free wi-fi worked well all week most of the time, even when the mains electricity went off for 3-4 hours.”
“If you are looking for a busy tourist resort with rows of skyscrapers then this is not for you. If however you are looking for some where tucked away, a peaceful place to unwind, to be relaxed from day one and to...”
“Over the last few days I used the services of Meli Place. The most important impressions: the location a bit off the beaten track of great resorts, a charming place to relax by the sea, 4 stars category and in...”
“Besides, we got som good compensation like free WiFi, and a free dinner at the buffet.”
“Free WiFi in all area's was a bonus as usually you have to pay.”
“Also the bonus for this hotel is free WiFi everywhere.”
“We took a British Airways holiday in May and chose this hotel from those available. It is about 25 minutes from the airport and not difficult to find - although the Sat Nav helped! Reception was great and they...”
“It is very friendly and beautiful place! We spent 10 nights at studio apartment with sea view, 2 adult and 1toddler. We been welcomed very worm and friendly attitude was during all our stay. It seems that hotel's...”
“If like me you have been spending hours and hours poring over the computer comparing places to stay near Chania, the search is over! This place is fantastic. We have just returned from a week here and it was...”
“We had a really nice stay here with our daughters that’s 1 and 4 years. The staff were lovely, always smiling, and really helpful. The room got cleaned every day. And there was always good place with swimming...”
“Just came back from one week in the Pegasus hotel. The whole stay was a very good experience: nice apartment with view on the pool, reasonable prices, very clean hotel, well functioning AC, nice location near the...”
“We enjoyed our stay, our rooms were spacious with mostly pool or sea view. Beach is at the door step. The sea can be calm and wild, depends on the wind. Breakfast and dinner is served on a terrace overlooking the...”
“We stayed two nights here and it was quiet enjoyable. There are plenty of lounge chairs by the beach as well as two hammocks. We did not swim in the pool but it looked very clean and inviting, and had lounge...”

value: Tripadvisor, Inc. is an American online travel company that operates a website and mobile app with user-generated content and a comparison shopping website.


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Not So Black and White: Nursing Home Concentration of Hispanics Associated with Prevalence of Pressure Ulcers — Oregon Health & Science University
Michael P. Gerardo, Joan Teno, Vincent Mor
Objective: To examine the association between the nursing home (NH) concentration of Hispanics and prevalence of pressure ulcer. Design: Secondary data analysis using data from the national repository of the 2000 Minimum Data Set (MDS) and On-Line Survey Certification and Reporting (OSCAR) data. We used a multivariate logistic model, with the Huber-White correction to account for clustering of persons within a nursing facility, to examine the association of Hispanic NH concentration with the prevalence of pressure ulcers, after adjusting for resident level characteristics. Setting: Five states with a high population of Mexican-Americans (California, New Mexico, Arizona, Colorado, and Texas). Participants: A total of 74,343 persons (9.26% black, 11.28% Hispanic, 79.46% non-Hispanic white) in a NH located in 1 of these 5 states during the last quarter of 2000. Measurements: The prevalence of Stage II-IV pressure ulcers was examined in the last quarter of 2000. Stage II-IV pressure ulcers, resident demographics, and medical illness data were documented by nursing staff on the MDS. Results: Hispanics and non-Hispanic blacks had a higher prevalence of pressure ulcers than non-Hispanic whites (7.60%, 9.71% and 12.10%, respectively). A facility's concentration of Hispanic residents was associated with prevalent pressure ulcers after adjustment for resident characteristics. Conclusions: Residents in nursing homes in which there is a higher concentration of Hispanic residents are more likely to have a pressure ulcer.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jamda.2008.08.015
Gerardo, M. P., Teno, J., & Mor, V. (2009). Not So Black and White: Nursing Home Concentration of Hispanics Associated with Prevalence of Pressure Ulcers. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association, 10(2), 127-132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jamda.2008.08.015
Not So Black and White : Nursing Home Concentration of Hispanics Associated with Prevalence of Pressure Ulcers. / Gerardo, Michael P.; Teno, Joan; Mor, Vincent.
In: Journal of the American Medical Directors Association, Vol. 10, No. 2, 01.01.2009, p. 127-132.
Gerardo, MP, Teno, J & Mor, V 2009, 'Not So Black and White: Nursing Home Concentration of Hispanics Associated with Prevalence of Pressure Ulcers', Journal of the American Medical Directors Association, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 127-132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jamda.2008.08.015
Gerardo MP, Teno J, Mor V. Not So Black and White: Nursing Home Concentration of Hispanics Associated with Prevalence of Pressure Ulcers. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association. 2009 Jan 1;10(2):127-132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jamda.2008.08.015
Gerardo, Michael P. ; Teno, Joan ; Mor, Vincent. / Not So Black and White : Nursing Home Concentration of Hispanics Associated with Prevalence of Pressure Ulcers. In: Journal of the American Medical Directors Association. 2009 ; Vol. 10, No. 2. pp. 127-132.
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title = "Not So Black and White: Nursing Home Concentration of Hispanics Associated with Prevalence of Pressure Ulcers",
abstract = "Objective: To examine the association between the nursing home (NH) concentration of Hispanics and prevalence of pressure ulcer. Design: Secondary data analysis using data from the national repository of the 2000 Minimum Data Set (MDS) and On-Line Survey Certification and Reporting (OSCAR) data. We used a multivariate logistic model, with the Huber-White correction to account for clustering of persons within a nursing facility, to examine the association of Hispanic NH concentration with the prevalence of pressure ulcers, after adjusting for resident level characteristics. Setting: Five states with a high population of Mexican-Americans (California, New Mexico, Arizona, Colorado, and Texas). Participants: A total of 74,343 persons (9.26{\%} black, 11.28{\%} Hispanic, 79.46{\%} non-Hispanic white) in a NH located in 1 of these 5 states during the last quarter of 2000. Measurements: The prevalence of Stage II-IV pressure ulcers was examined in the last quarter of 2000. Stage II-IV pressure ulcers, resident demographics, and medical illness data were documented by nursing staff on the MDS. Results: Hispanics and non-Hispanic blacks had a higher prevalence of pressure ulcers than non-Hispanic whites (7.60{\%}, 9.71{\%} and 12.10{\%}, respectively). A facility's concentration of Hispanic residents was associated with prevalent pressure ulcers after adjustment for resident characteristics. Conclusions: Residents in nursing homes in which there is a higher concentration of Hispanic residents are more likely to have a pressure ulcer.",
keywords = "disparities, Hispanics, nursing homes, pressure ulcer",
author = "Gerardo, {Michael P.} and Joan Teno and Vincent Mor",
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N2 - Objective: To examine the association between the nursing home (NH) concentration of Hispanics and prevalence of pressure ulcer. Design: Secondary data analysis using data from the national repository of the 2000 Minimum Data Set (MDS) and On-Line Survey Certification and Reporting (OSCAR) data. We used a multivariate logistic model, with the Huber-White correction to account for clustering of persons within a nursing facility, to examine the association of Hispanic NH concentration with the prevalence of pressure ulcers, after adjusting for resident level characteristics. Setting: Five states with a high population of Mexican-Americans (California, New Mexico, Arizona, Colorado, and Texas). Participants: A total of 74,343 persons (9.26% black, 11.28% Hispanic, 79.46% non-Hispanic white) in a NH located in 1 of these 5 states during the last quarter of 2000. Measurements: The prevalence of Stage II-IV pressure ulcers was examined in the last quarter of 2000. Stage II-IV pressure ulcers, resident demographics, and medical illness data were documented by nursing staff on the MDS. Results: Hispanics and non-Hispanic blacks had a higher prevalence of pressure ulcers than non-Hispanic whites (7.60%, 9.71% and 12.10%, respectively). A facility's concentration of Hispanic residents was associated with prevalent pressure ulcers after adjustment for resident characteristics. Conclusions: Residents in nursing homes in which there is a higher concentration of Hispanic residents are more likely to have a pressure ulcer.
AB - Objective: To examine the association between the nursing home (NH) concentration of Hispanics and prevalence of pressure ulcer. Design: Secondary data analysis using data from the national repository of the 2000 Minimum Data Set (MDS) and On-Line Survey Certification and Reporting (OSCAR) data. We used a multivariate logistic model, with the Huber-White correction to account for clustering of persons within a nursing facility, to examine the association of Hispanic NH concentration with the prevalence of pressure ulcers, after adjusting for resident level characteristics. Setting: Five states with a high population of Mexican-Americans (California, New Mexico, Arizona, Colorado, and Texas). Participants: A total of 74,343 persons (9.26% black, 11.28% Hispanic, 79.46% non-Hispanic white) in a NH located in 1 of these 5 states during the last quarter of 2000. Measurements: The prevalence of Stage II-IV pressure ulcers was examined in the last quarter of 2000. Stage II-IV pressure ulcers, resident demographics, and medical illness data were documented by nursing staff on the MDS. Results: Hispanics and non-Hispanic blacks had a higher prevalence of pressure ulcers than non-Hispanic whites (7.60%, 9.71% and 12.10%, respectively). A facility's concentration of Hispanic residents was associated with prevalent pressure ulcers after adjustment for resident characteristics. Conclusions: Residents in nursing homes in which there is a higher concentration of Hispanic residents are more likely to have a pressure ulcer.
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value: Elsevier (Dutch: [ˈɛlzəviːr]) is a Netherlands-based publishing company specializing in scientific, technical, and medical content. It is a part of the RELX Group, known until 2015 as Reed Elsevier.


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Recipes: Beijinho de Coco - Brazilian Coconut Candies
Beijinho de Coco - Brazilian Coconut Candies
2 yolks (remove the skin with a fork)
2 small package (about 1 1/2 cups) of super fine coconut. You might need to pass it through a food processor to make it really fine. Use one package to add into the bonbon mixture and one package to roll the bonbons in. You can roll the bonbons in either regular or toasted coconut.
Cloves (or silver dragees, or mini-M&Ms) one each to decorate the finished bonbon.
Mix the egg yolks with the sweetened condensed milk in a thick sauce pan over medium heat - constantly stirring with a wooden spoon. When the mixture pulls away from the bottom and sides of the pan, turn off the burner and remove from heat. Add the finely shredded coconut. Let mixture cool to room temperature.
Butter your hands and roll a small 1/2 teaspoon or slightly more into a ball in the palms of your hands. Roll into the coconut mixture. Place in a small candy cup. Place one decoration in the center of the bonbon (one clove, dragee or mini M&M)
Store in an airtight Tupperware container until served to prevent the candies from drying out. Permalink

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Wow I cannot believe no one wants free fabric...well at any ratewe are moving to Typepad.You can visit me here athttp://elementalstitches.typepad.com/My blog has changed. I haven't been satisfied with it for a while, so its changing. Please visit.
6/01/2007 12:07:00 PM
One hundred posts! This is a huge thing for us. I never thought I would keep up this blog, but every time you leave a comment I think, wow someone really reads this.There are many things to celebrate today. It was the last day of school and my finals went well; I think I got all A's. My mom was given the cancer all clear today after a month of worry (I just found this all out). Then, a close friend who lost his job a while ago and was living in his car just got a job with my hubby working full time with good pay. And my step dad, who has been out of work for a while, landed a great job at NASA! Fortune has been smiling on us today. And to celebrate we are having a drawing. I decided that I wanted to support my fellow Etsy sellers and I wanted to support a designer that I like so... Leave a comment in this post about what you like about my blog and I will randomly draw a winner who will get 7 fat quarters of Anna Maria Horner's new fabric line Chocolate Lollipop. (I also bought a set for me) Please check out the seller I got the fabric from,


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Words that end in eudaliidae | Words ending in eudaliidae
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Words that end in eudaliidae
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