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integrated circuits* Cited by examinerNon-Patent CitationsReference1Goswami, et al. Transition Metals Show Promise as Copper Barriers, Semiconductor International, ATMI, San Jose-May 1, 2004.2Klaus, et al. "Atomically Controlled Growth of Tungsten and Tungsten Nitride Using Sequential Surface Reactions," Applied Surface Science, 162-163 (2000) 479-491.3Lee, et al. "Pulsed Nucleation for Ultra-High Aspect Ratio Tungsten Plugfill"; Materials Research Society, 2002, 649-653.4PCT International Search Report for US/02/22585 dated Aug. 21, 2003 (APPM/006294PC).5Yang, et al. "Atomic Layer Deposition of Tungsten Film from WF6/B2H8: Nucleation Layer for Advanced Semiconductor Device," Conference Proceedings ULSI XVII (2002) Materials Research Society.Referenced byCiting PatentFiling datePublication dateApplicantTitleUS7605083 *May 28, 2008Oct 20, 2009Applied Materials, Inc.Formation of composite tungsten filmsUS7846840 *Dec 22, 2009Dec 7, 2010Applied Materials, Inc.Method for forming tungsten materials during vapor deposition processesUS20110095427 *Dec 29, 2010Apr 28, 2011Micron Technology, Inc.Low-resistance interconnects and methods of making same* Cited by examinerClassifications U.S. Classification438/680, 257/E21.585, 257/E21.171, 117/88, 117/84, 257/E21.586, 438/685International ClassificationC23C16/08, C23C16/455, C23C16/44, C23C16/14, H01L21/28, H01L21/768, H01L21/44, C23C16/04, C23C16/02, H01L21/285Cooperative ClassificationC23C16/45523, H01L21/76843, C23C16/0281, C23C16/45525, H01L21/76876, H01L21/28562, H01L21/76877, C23C16/08, H01L21/28556, C23C16/14European ClassificationC23C16/455F2, H01L21/285B4H, C23C16/08, H01L21/768C3S6, C23C16/02H2, H01L21/768C4, C23C16/455F, C23C16/14, H01L21/285B4H2, H01L21/768C3BLegal EventsDateCodeEventDescriptionSep 23, 2011FPAYFee paymentYear of fee payment: 4Nov 25, 2008CCCertificate of correctionAug 18, 2005ASAssignmentOwner name: APPLIED MATERIALS, INC., CALIFORNIAFree format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:LAI, KEN K.;BYUN, JEONG SOO;WU, FREDERICK C.;AND OTHERS;REEL/FRAME:016905/0182;SIGNING DATES FROM 20021104 TO 20021118RotateOriginal ImageGoogle Home - Sitemap - USPTO Bulk Downloads - Privacy Policy - Terms of Service - About Google Patents - Send FeedbackData provided by IFI CLAIMS Patent Services


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Restaurant across the street called Smiles is a... - Thande Beach Hotel Traveller Reviews - TripAdvisor
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| on Ngapali Beach | Myapyin Village, Thandwe, Ngapali 9543, Myanmar | Hotel amenities
Ranked #5 of 18 Hotels in Ngapali
See the most recent reviews mayasm0m
14 helpful votes “Nice hotel. Rooms are small, not enough privacy but right on beach.”
We booked this hotel before reading Lonely Planet which says this is gov't owned. ***At airport upon arrival you must queue up to get passport checked.***Transportation is included to and from the airport. Be careful of baggage porters who demand money for bringing your checked in luggage to the hotel bus. Upon arrival to hotel, you get a drink and towlette and staff takes your passports and return flight tickets...it was odd that it took them a few hours to return our docs to us upon our asking for them back. Rooms are small with TV and AC but clean. Bathroom is dark but good running water for showers. Patio is nice to lounge and has a towel hanger. Water spout to wash sand off of feet is conveniently located outside your room. Restaurant across the street called Smiles is a great place to eat with fair prices. Walk on beach north of hotel to Bayview Hotel...they have a nice bar to see sunset and happy hour is 6:00-7:00 half price cocktails and Dagon beer on draft was superb for $1 USD! For fishing and snorkeling hire Tony's boat service south of hotel...Tony speaks very good english and has good local advice...the fish you catch he will cook on his boat, all you can drink green tea, sugar candy and if you happen to run by a boat selling prawns buy some ($5 per kilo) and Tony will cook it for you. We paid $15 USD for half day or about 5-6 hours...includes pick up and drop off at hotel...that was best part of our trip along with renting bicycles to go all over town...careful bicycle brakes hardly work here.
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Traveller tips help you choose the right room. Room tips (111) 517 reviews sorted by:
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Level 4 Contributor 2 reviews 11 helpful votes “Affordable Comfort in Ngapali”
Ngapali Beach Hotel was also known as the New Ngapali Beach Hotel because it was long established, around late 1960's or early 1970's. Then it was renovated in early to middle of the 1990s with the influx of foreign tourists to Myanmar (then known as Burma), hence the "New". Work to upgrade the hotel continued yearly to date (almost, that is as far as I gather on my last stay). The "Hotel" is spread along the beach blended into the coastal vegetation of palm and some kind of trees. Initially, thehotel comprises of a number of "bungalow" type accommodations of wood; 2 rooms to each. Then on their southern side are a series (3 or 4) of two storey "chalet" type accommodations. The rooms are spacious and comfortable with bathroom & toilet facilities. Hot and cold water available. The bungalows are actually cheaper, but with electric fans, whereas the chalet have air conditioning. There are actually platforms built on the trees dotted in front where I use to take some pillows to enjoy the cool breeze in the midday.Over the recent years they have built more solid - brick and motar - bungalow type accommodations 2 - 3 rooms to each building. Comfortable beds with bathroom & toilet facilities and air conditioned.The hotel itself is very well placed almost at the centre of the entire Ngapali Beach; and the beach in front has to be the best. There are a few outcrops of rock on the beach but otherwise you have a clear gently sloping long beach. I particularly enjoy the early morning walks, especially when the tide had been in over night and in the morning, the beach is strewn with sea shells. Ngapali has not (yet) become commercialised like in Pattaya or Phuket in Thailand, or the Patong Beach in Bali; where the beaches are literd with plastic bags, bottles etc. and I hope when more tourists come they would have the sense to try and hold back mass commercialism, especially the easy availability of coca cola and other drinks and fast food.Food at the hotel is good, but I had chosen to sample the stall outside, just across the road - the local restaurants! Much cheaper and you get the local cuisine.I had stayed at the Ngapali Beach Hotel three times, booked through a local Travel Agent in Yangon. Costs US$ 90 - 115 for a room per night. On my first visit I got a room in the wooden chalets; subsequently I got rooms in the brick bungalows. I would say I prefer to be in the wooden chalet. though both types have air conditioning, I hadn't needed to use them, preferring the gentle breeze from the sea.
Liked — Comfort at reasonable price and its' location on the beach
Disliked — Needs some facility to dry swimwear
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1 review 3 helpful votes “Great Hotel !!!”
It's a great hotel and we had unforgetable memories with their charming services. All the staffs are warmely welcome, taking care and good hospitality during our stay. The rooms are spacious with wide seaview and felt comfortable.
Liked — peace and quiet
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Address: on Ngapali Beach | Myapyin Village, Thandwe, Ngapali 9543, Myanmar Region:
Hotel Style: Ranked #5 of 18 Hotels in Ngapali
Hotel Class:3 star — Thande Beach Hotel 3*
Welcome to the place where you can relax at all times. We are located on the unspoiled Bay of Bengal beach front hotel. We have two different kinds of accommodation level of we used for our guests in Ngapali beach. We consider atmosphere and nice view to be just as an important as the choice of hotel. These spacious rooms have private terraces overlooking the panoramic view of the Bay of Bengal.
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Explore similar hotels Sandoway Resort505 ReviewsShow Prices 0.8 miles Hilton Ngapali Resort & Spa193 ReviewsShow Prices 3.9 miles Bayview - The Beach Resort502 ReviewsShow Prices 0.6 miles See all Ngapali hotels Browse nearby

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The SEC approved FINRA's proposed rule change to provide customers in all FINRA arbitrations the option of having an all public panel. Historically, in cases with three arbitrators, the panels have been comprised of two public arbitrators and one arbitrator with a nexus to the securities industry. The amended rules will apply to all customer cases in which a list of potential arbitrators has not yet been sent to the parties.
FINRA sought the SEC's approval for the rule change in October after results of a 27-month pilot program showed that investors presented with this option chose the new method of arbitrator selection nearly 60 percent of the time. Participation in FINRA's Public Arbitrator Pilot Program was voluntary and ultimately included the participation of 14 firms.
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Patent US6435171 - Air-fuel ratio control apparatus - Google PatentsSearch Images Maps Play YouTube News Gmail Drive More »Sign inAdvanced Patent SearchPatentsThe present invention increases the frequency of the LAF sensor deterioration determination in the case that air-fuel ratio control is being carried out while the deterioration of the LAF sensor is being monitored. When the monitor conditions are no longer satisfied during the deterioration determination...http://www.google.com/patents/US6435171?utm_source=gb-gplus-sharePatent US6435171 - Air-fuel ratio control apparatusAdvanced Patent SearchPublication numberUS6435171 B2Publication typeGrantApplication numberUS 09/736,400Publication dateAug 20, 2002Filing dateDec 15, 2000Priority dateDec 20, 1999Fee statusLapsedAlso published asUS20010003981Publication number09736400, 736400, US 6435171 B2, US 6435171B2, US-B2-6435171, US6435171 B2, US6435171B2InventorsShinichi Kitajima, Atsushi Matsubara, Asao Ukai, Hideyuki TakahashiOriginal AssigneeHonda Giken Kogyo Kabushiki KaishaExport CitationBiBTeX, EndNote, RefManPatent Citations (5), Classifications (13), Legal Events (5) External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, EspacenetAir-fuel ratio control apparatus
US 6435171 B2Abstract
The present invention increases the frequency of the LAF sensor deterioration determination in the case that air-fuel ratio control is being carried out while the deterioration of the LAF sensor is being monitored. When the monitor conditions are no longer satisfied during the deterioration determination of the LAF sensor (as shown in (a) and (b) of FIG. 6), the LAF prohibition timer is operated (as shown in (c) of FIG. 6), and switching to a lean burn is prohibited for a predetermined time interval (for example, 7 seconds), and in addition, after the LAF sensor deterioration determination has completed, after passage of a time interval shorter than this predetermined time interval (for example, 2 seconds) (as shown in figures (c) and (d) of FIG. 6), a lean burn is permitted. Thereby, in the case that monitor conditions are no longer satisfied during monitoring, because the lean burn is prohibited, unlike conventional technology, there is no immediate switch to a lean burn, and therefore, the frequency of the deterioration determination of the LAF sensor can be increased.
What is claimed is: 1. An air-fuel ratio control apparatus comprising:
an air-fuel ratio detection device, provided in the exhaust system of an internal combustion engine, and outputs a signal approximately proportional to the concentration of oxygen in the exhaust; a lean operating determination device for determining whether the operating state of the internal combustion engine is in a predetermined lean fuel mixture region; a lean fuel mixture control device for controlling the air-fuel ratio of the air-fuel mixture supplied to the internal combustion engine so as to be a leaner air-fuel ratio than the stoichiometric air-fuel ratio when it is determined by the lean fuel mixture region determination device that the operating state of the internal combustion engine is in the lean fuel mixture region; a check operating region determination device for determining whether or not the operating state of the internal combustion engine is in a predetermined region; a malfunction check device for checking for a malfunction of the air-fuel ratio detection device based on the output of the air-fuel ratio detection device when the operating state of the internal combustion engine is in the check region; and a malfunction check interruption device for interrupting the malfunction check when the check operation region determination device determines during an malfunction check by the malfunction check device that the operating state of the internal combustion engine is not in the check region and for prohibiting at the same time the lean fuel mixture control for a predetermined period of time. 2. An air-fuel ratio control apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the air-fuel control device further comprises:
a three-way catalyst disposed downstream of said air fuel ratio detection device; an oxygen sensor disposed downstream of said three-way catalyst for outputting a lean or rich signal in response to the oxygen concentration of the exhaust gas; wherein, said malfunction check device detects the malfunction of the air-fuel ratio detection device when the output of said oxygen sensor changes between the lean and the rich signals. 3. An air-fuel ratio control apparatus according to claim 2, wherein said malfunction of the air-fuel ratio detection device is detected by detecting a plurality of outputs of said malfunction check device and by using an average value of said plurality of outputs.
4. An air-fuel ratio control apparatus according to claim 1, wherein, when it is determined by said check operating region determination device that the operating state of the internal combustion engine is not in the predetermined region, and if said checking operation by said malfunction check device is completed, said malfunction check interruption device does not execute a prohibition operation of the lean fuel mixture control.
5. An air-fuel ratio control apparatus according to claim 1, wherein said check operating region determination device further determines whether or not the driving condition of the vehicle in which said internal combustion engine is installed is under predetermined check conditions.
6. An air-fuel ratio control method comprising the steps of:
detecting an air-fuel ratio by use of an air-fuel ratio detection device, provided in the exhaust system of an internal combustion engine for outputting a signal approximately proportional to the concentration of oxygen in the exhaust; determining whether the operating state of the internal combustion engine is in a predetermined lean fuel mixture region by use of a lean operating zone determination device; controlling the air-fuel ratio of the air-fuel mixture supplied to the internal combustion engine so as to be a leaner air-fuel ratio than the stoichiometric air-fuel ratio by use of a lean fuel mixture control device when the operating state of the internal combustion engine is determined to be in the lean fuel mixture region by said lean fuel mixture region determination device, determining whether the operating state of the internal combustion engine is in a predetermined region by use of a check operating region determination device; checking a malfunction of the air-fuel ratio detection device by use of a malfunction check device based on the output of the air-fuel ratio detection device when the operating state of the internal combustion engine is in the check region; and interrupting a malfunction check during the malfunction check by said malfunction check device by use of a malfunction check interruption device when it is determined by the check operation region determination device that the operating state of the internal combustion engine is not in the check region and at the same time prohibiting the lean fuel mixture control for a predetermined period of time. 7. A computer readable recording medium including a program for an air-fuel ratio control method which comprises the steps of:
detecting an air-fuel ratio by use of an air-fuel ratio detection device, provided in the exhaust system of an internal combustion engine for outputting a signal approximately proportional to the concentration of oxygen in the exhaust; determining whether the operating state of the internal combustion engine is in a predetermined lean fuel mixture region by use of a lean operating zone determination device; controlling the air-fuel ratio of the air-fuel mixture supplied to the internal combustion engine so as to be a leaner air-fuel ratio than the stoichiometric air-fuel ratio by use of a lean fuel mixture control device when the operating state of the internal combustion engine is determined to be in the lean fuel mixture region by said lean fuel mixture region determination device, determining whether the operating state of the internal combustion engine is in a predetermined region by use of a check operating region determination device; checking a malfunction of the air-fuel ratio detection device by use of a malfunction check device based on the output of the air-fuel ratio detection device when the operating state of the internal combustion engine is in the check region; and interrupting a malfunction check during the malfunction check by said malfunction check device by use of a malfunction check interruption device when it is determined by the check operation region determination device that the operating state of the internal combustion engine is not in the check region and prohibiting at the same time the lean fuel mixture control for a predetermined period of time.
The present invention relates to an air-fuel ratio control apparatus that controls the air-fuel ratio of an air-fuel mixture supplied to an internal combustion engine, and in particular relates to an air-fuel control apparatus that carries out the detection of malfunctions of an air-fuel ratio detection sensor that detects the air-fuel ratio in the exhaust of the internal combustion engine.
Conventionally, as a method for detecting damage to an air-fuel ratio sensor (hereinbelow, referred to as the LAF sensor) that is provided in the exhaust system of the engine and outputs a signal roughly proportional to the oxygen concentration in the exhaust, the change in the output properties of the LAF sensor are monitored and damage or deterioration of the LAF sensor is detected based on the output of the air-fuel ratio (Japanese Unexamined Patent Application, First Publication, No. Hei 8-338290).
However, the sensor deterioration determination processing that determines the deterioration of the above-described LAF sensor must be carried out when the running conditions of the internal combustion engine satisfy predetermined conditions (hereinbelow, referred to as the monitor conditions). Therefore, even during the interval in which the sensor deterioration determination process is carried out, when the running conditions of the internal combustion engine do not satisfy the monitor conditions, the sensor deterioration determination processing must be temporarily suspended until the running conditions again satisfy the monitor conditions.
In particular, during the sensor deterioration determination processing, in the case that the air-fuel ratio must be controlled so as to be in proximity to a stoichiometric air-fuel ratio and the determination processing suspends and moves to a lean fuel mixture zone, the frequency of carrying out the deterioration determination processing of the sensor is reduced because of the time taken until the control of the stoichiometric air-fuel ratio is carried out again. Furthermore, output fluctuation during the switching between the lean fuel mixture and the stoichiometric air-fuel ratio occurs, and the drivability deteriorates.
The present invention solves the above-described problems, and has the object of providing an air-fuel ratio control apparatus that carries out efficient deterioration detection processing of the air-fuel ratio sensor.
Specifically, in the interval during which the deterioration determination processing of the above air-fuel ratio sensor is carried out, in the case that the running conditions of the internal combustion engine no longer satisfy the conditions allowing the carrying out of this deterioration detecting processing, switching to the lean fuel mixture is prohibited.
In order to attain the above object, the air-fuel ratio control apparatus according to the present invention is characterized in providing an air-fuel ratio detection device that is (the LAF sensor 17) provided in the exhaust system (the exhaust duct 16, the three way catalysts 19, 20, etc.) of an internal combustion engine, and outputs a signal approximately proportional to the concentration of oxygen in the exhaust, a lean fuel mixture zone determination device (in the embodiment, provided in the ECU 5) that determines whether or not the internal combustion engine is in the lean fuel mixture zone based on the running state of the internal combustion engine, a lean fuel mixture control device (in the embodiment, provided in the ECU 5) that controls the air-fuel ratio of the air-fuel mixture supplied to the internal combustion engine so as to be a leaner air-fuel ratio than the stoichiometeric air-fuel ratio when the internal combustion engine is determined to be in the lean fuel mixture zone by the lean fuel mixture zone determination device, a check zone determination device (in the embodiment, step S572 to step S584) that determines whether or not the internal combustion engine is the check zone, a malfunction check device (in the embodiment, step S521 to step S541) that checks for a malfunction of the air-fuel ratio detection device based on the output of the air-fuel ratio detection device, and a malfunction check termination device (in the embodiment, step S11 to step S17) that, during an malfunction check by the malfunction check device, terminates the malfunction check when the check zone determination device determines that the internal combustion engine is not in the check zone and at the same time prohibits this lean fuel mixture control for a predetermined time interval.
FIG. 1 is a structural drawing of the engine and the control apparatus including the air-fuel ratio control apparatus according to the embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a flowchart showing the processing in which the monitor conditions are determined.
FIG. 3 is a flowchart showing the LAF sensor deterioration processing.
FIG. 4 is a flowchart showing the continuation of the LAF sensor deterioration processing.
FIG. 5 is a flowchart showing the lean burn prohibition processing.
FIG. 6A to 6D are timing charts showing the lean burn prohibition processing.
Below, a preferred embodiment of the present invention will be explained referring to the figures.
FIG. 1 is a drawing showing the structure of the engine and control apparatus that includes the air-fuel ratio control apparatus according to the embodiment of the present invention.
In this figure, reference numeral 1 is a DOHC straight 4 cylinder engine providing an intake air valve and exhaust valve (not illustrated) for each cylinder. The intake air duct 2 of the engine 1 communicates with the combustion chamber of each cylinder of the engine 1 via a branching part 11 (the intake air manifold). Along the intake air duct 2, a throttle valve 3 is disposed. A throttle valve opening degree (ΘTH) sensor 4 communicates with the throttle valve 3, and outputs an electronic signal, which depends on the throttle valve opening degree ΘTH, to be supplied to an electronic control unit 5 (hereinbelow, referred to as an ECU).
An assist air path 6 that bypasses the throttle valve 3 is provided on the intake air duct 2, and along this path 6, an assist air amount control valve 7 is provided. The assist air amount control valve 7 is connected to the ECU 5, and controls the amount that the valve is opened using this ECU 5.
An intake air temperature (TA) sensor 8 is installed upstream from the throttle valve 3 of the intake air duct 2, and the detection signal thereof is supplied to the ECU 5.
Between the throttle valve 3 of the intake duct 2 and the intake manifold 11, a chamber 9 is provided, and in the chamber 9 an intake air duct absolute pressure (PBA) sensor 10 is installed. The detection signal of the PBA sensor 10 is supplied to the ECU 5.
In the body of the engine 1, an engine water temperature (TW) sensor 13 is mounted, and the detection signal thereof is supplied to the ECU 5. A crankshaft angle position sensor 14 that detects the rotation angle of the crankshaft axis (not illustrated) of the engine 1 is connected to the ECU 5, and a signal that depends on the angle of rotation of the crankshaft axis is supplied to the ECU 5.
The crankshaft angle position sensor 14 comprises an air duct discrimination sensor that outputs a signal pulse (hereinbelow, referred to as the CYL signal) at a predetermined crankshaft angle position of a particular air duct of the engine 1, a TDC sensor that relates to the top dead center (TDC) at the beginning of the intake stroke of each cylinder and that outputs a TDC signal pulse at a crankshaft angle position (in a 4 cylinder engine, every crankshaft angle of 180 degrees) before a predetermined crankshaft angle, and a CRK sensor that generates one pulse (hereinbelow, referred to as a CRK signal pulse) at a constant crankshaft angle cycle (for example, a cycle of 30 degrees) that is shorter than the TDC signal pulse, and supplies the CYL signal pulse, the TDC signal pulse, and the CRK signal pulse to the ECU 5. These signal pulses are used for the timing control of the fuel injection time, the ignition time, etc., and the detection of the engine rotation speed NE.
A fuel injection valve 12 is provided on each cylinder slightly upstream from the intake valve of the intake manifold 11, and each injection valve is connected to a fuel pump (not illustrated) and an ECU 5, and the fuel injection time and the fuel ignition time (valve opening time) are controlled by the signal from the ECU 5. The ignition plug (not illustrated) of the engine 1 also connects to the ECU 5, and the ignition time ΘIG is controlled by the ECU 5.
The exhaust duct 16 is connected to the combustion chambers of the engine 1 via a branched part 15 (exhaust manifold). A wide-range air-fuel ratio sensor (hereinbelow, referred to as the LAF sensor) 17 is provided immediately downstream from where the branching part 15 meets on the exhaust duct 16. Furthermore, a three way catalyst 19 directly under the engine and a three way catalyst 20 under the carriage are provided downstream from the LAF sensor, and in addition, an oxygen concentration sensor (hereinbelow, referred to as the O2 sensor) is mounted between these three way catalysts 19 and 20. The three way catalysts 19 and 20 carry out cleaning of the HC, CO, NOx, etc, in the exhaust gas.
The LAF sensor 17 is connected to the ECU 5, outputs an electronic signal roughly proportional to the oxygen concentration (the air fuel ratio) in the exhaust gas, and supplies this electronic signal to the ECU 5. The O2 sensor 18 has the property of rapidly changing when the output crosses the stoichiometric air-fuel ratio, and this output rises to a high level when the air-fuel ration becomes richer than the stoichiometric air-fuel ratio and falls to a low level when it becomes leaner. The O2 sensor 18 is connected to the ECU 5, and supplies this output to the ECU 5.
The exhaust circulation mechanism 30 is provided along the exhaust circulation path 31 connected the chamber 9 of the intake duct 2 to the exhaust duct 16, and the exhaust circulation path 31, and comprises a lift sensor 33 that detects the valve opening degree of the exhaust circulation valve 32 (the EGR valve) that controls the amount of exhaust circulation and the EGR valve 32. The throttle valve 32 is an electromagnetic valve having a solenoid connected to the ECU 5, and the valve opening degree of this valve can be linearly changed by the control signal from the ECU 5.
In the vapor fuel processing apparatus 40, the fuel tank 41 connects to the canister 45 via the conduit 42, and the canister 45 connects to the chamber 9 of the intake duct 2 via the purge path 43. The canister 45 has an absorbent that absorbs the vapor fuel generated in the fuel tank 41, and has an external air intake valve. Along the conduit 42, a two way valve 46 comprising positive and negative pressure valves is disposed, and along the purge path 43, a purge control 44, which is a duty control type electromagnetic valve, is provided. The purge control valve 44 is connected to the ECU 5, and is controlled according to a signal from the ECU 5.
The ECU 5 comprises an input circuit that corrects the voltage level by shaping the input signal wave from each sensor to a predetermined voltage and has functions such as changing an analog signal value to a digital signal value, a central processing unit (CPU), a memory circuit comprising ROM and RAM that stores each of the calculation programs executed by this CPU and the various maps and calculation results described below, and an output circuit that outputs a drive signal to each of the electromagnetic valves and ignition plugs of the fuel injection valve 12, etc.
The ECU 5 determines the various engine running states, such as the feedback control running zone and the open control running zone, depending on the output of the LAF sensor 17 and the O2 sensor 18 based on the various engine running parameter signals described below, and at the same time calculates the fuel injection time TOUT of the fuel injection valve 12 depending on the engine running state, and outputs a signal that drives the fuel injection valve 12 based on the result of this calculation.
To calculate the fuel injection time TOUT, a PID compensation coefficient KLAF, calculated by the PID control depending on the output of the LAF sensor 17, is used.
TOUT=K1�KLAF�KCMD�Ti+K2 Here, basically, Ti denotes the basic fuel amount set according to the engine rotation speed NE and the intake duct internal absolute pressure PBA. K1 denotes the compensation coefficient found depending on the running state, and K2 denotes the compensation amount found depending on the running state.
Next, in the apparatus structured as described above, the check zone determination processing that determines the running state that can carry out the deterioration determination processing of the LAF sensor 17, that is, whether or not the monitor conditions are satisfied, is explained referring to FIG. 2. Moreover, during this processing, execution by the ECU 5 or executed in the background, that is, not being executed as high priority processing.
First, step S572 in FIG. 2 determines whether or not the active flag nO2R is 1, which indicates that the O2 sensor 18 is in the active state, and when nO2R=1, determines whether or not the running state of the vehicle having the engine 1 installed is in a predetermined zone, that is, whether or not the monitor conditions of the LAF sensor are satisfied (step S573).
Specifically, it is determined whether or not the engine water temperature TW is within the range of the predetermined high and low values of TWLAFMH and TWLAFML, whether or not the intake temperature is within the range of the predetermined high and low values of TALAFMH and TALAFML, whether or not the engine rotation speed NE is within the range of the predetermined high and low values of NELAFMH and NELAFML, whether or not the intake duct internal absolute pressure PBA is within the range of the predetermined high and low values of PBLAFMH and PBLAFML, and whether or not the vehicle speed is within the range of the predetermined high and low values of VLAFMH and VLAFML, and when all of the answers are YES, it is determined that the running state is in the predetermined zone, that is, that the predetermined monitor conditions are satisfied.
In addition, in step S573, in the case that it is determined that all of the monitor conditions are satisfied, the processing proceeds to step S574, and determines whether or not the flag FCRS is 1, which indicates that the rate of change in the velocity of the vehicle is in a small cruise state, and when FCRS=1, it is determined whether or not the reset flag FKLAFRERET is 0.
As a result of the above determinations, in the case that the answer to all of steps S572 to S575 is NO, it is determined that the monitor conditions are not satisfied, the processing proceeds to step S 580, the flag FLAFPG is set to 0, and subsequently the decrement timer tmLFMCHK is set to a predetermined time TLFMCHK and started (step S581), the monitor condition flag FLFMCHK is set to 0 (step S583) are started, the decrement timer tmLFRPMS is set to a predetermined time TLFRPMS (step S586), the response deterioration determination start flag FLFRPMS is set to 0, (step S588), and this processing ends.
In contrast, in the case that all of the conditions in steps S572 to S575 are satisfied, the monitor conditions are determined to be satisfied, the processing proceeds to step S576, it is determined whether or not the monitor condition flag FLFMCHK is 1, and when FLFMCHK=1, step S577 is skipped, and the processing proceeds to step S578, whereas in the case that the monitor condition flag FLFMCHK is 0, the processing proceeds to step S577, where it is determined whether or not the target air-fuel ratio KCMD is equal to or greater than a predetermined value KCMDZML (for example, setting the value corresponding to the stoichiometric air fuel ratio, that is, to 1.0).
In step S577, in the case that it is determined that KCMD<KCMDZML, the monitor conditions are determined to be unsatisfied, the processing returns to the above step S580, and subsequently, after passing through step S581 to step S588, this processing ends.
In contrast, in step S577, if it is determined that KCMD≧KCMDZML, then the processing proceeds to step S578.
In step S578, it is determined whether or not the LAF sensor response deterioration determination end flag FLFRPEN is 1, and in the case that FLFRPEND=1, that is, in the case that the LAF sensor response deterioration determination has ended, the processing proceeds to step S580, and then after passing through steps S581 to S588, this processing ends.
In contrast, in step S578, in the case that the LAF sensor response deterioration determination end flag FLFRPEND=0, the processing proceeds to step S579, the purge cut flag FLAFPG is set to 1 and the purge is cut, that is, the purge control valve of the vapor fuel processing apparatus 40 in FIG. 1 is closed, and thereby the purge is set to 0, and there is no influence by the purge gas during the check.
Next, in step S582, it is determine whether or not the value of the timer tm LFMCHK started in step S581 is 1. In the case that it is determined that tmLFMCHK>0, the processing proceeds to step S583, and after passing through step S586 and step S588, the processing ends.
In contrast, in step S582, in the case that it is determined that tmLFMCHK=0, the processing proceeds to step S584, it is determined that the monitor conditions are satisfied, the monitor condition flag FLFMCHK is set to 1, and then in step S585, it is determined whether or not the LAF sensor deterioration identification end flag FLFSTEND is 1.
As a result, in the case that the LAF sensor deterioration flag FLFSTEND=0, that is, that LAF sensor deterioration determination has not ended, the processing proceeds to step S586, and next, after passing through step S588, this processing ends.
In contrast, in step S585, in the case that FLFSTEND=1, that is, in the case that LAF sensor deterioration determination has ended, the processing proceeds to step S587, and it is determined whether or not the value of the timer tmLFRPMS that started in step S586 is 0.
In step S587, in the case that the timer tmLFMRPMS, the processing passes through step S588, and then ends.
In contrast, in the case that timer tmLFMRPMS>0, in step S589, the LAF sensor response deterioration determination start flag FLFRPMS is set to 1, and after allowing the start of the response deterioration determination, this processing ends.
Next, the deterioration determination processing of the LAF sensor 17 will be explained referring to FIG. 3 and FIG. 4.
First, in step S521 in FIG. 3, it is determined whether or not the sensor deterioration determination end flag FLFSTEND is 1, which indicates that the LAF sensor deterioration determination has ended, and in the case that the FLFSTEND=0, that is, when the sensor deterioration determination has not yet ended, it is determined whether or not the monitor condition flag FLFMCHK is 1, which indicates that the monitor conditions are satisfied (step S522). Here, the monitor condition flag FLMCHK is the flag that is set in the check zone determination processing shown in FIG. 2.
In step S522, in the case that the monitor condition flag FLMCHK is set to 1, it is determined whether or not the amount of fluctuation DPBA4 of the intake duct negative pressure is equal to or greater than the predetermined fluctuation amount DPBLFM (step S522B). In the case that the fluctuation amount DPBA4 of the intake duct negative pressure is equal to or less that a predetermined fluctuation amount DPBLFM, it is determined whether or not the LAF sensor deterioration determination execution flag FLFSTM is 1 (step S522C). In the case that the LAF sensor deterioration execution flag FLFSTM=1, it is determined whether or not the difference between the intake duct maximum negative pressure PBCTMAX and the minimum negative pressure PBCTMIN, that is, that is the maximum value of the intake negative pressure, is equal to or less than a predetermined fluctuation amount DPBLAFG (step S522D).
In step S522D, in the case that the maximum of the intake duct negative pressure is less than a predetermined fluctuation amount DPBLAFG, it is determined whether or not the O2 sensor output (SVO2) monitor flag FSVO2LAF is 1. In the case that the O2 sensor output (SVO2) monitor flag FSVO2LAF has not been set to 1, the processing proceeds to step S527.
In contrast, when the response in step S521 or step S523 is YES, and the response of all of steps S522, S522B, S522D is NO, executing the LAF sensor deterioration determination is not appropriate, and the SVO2 monitor flag FSVO2LAF is set to 0 (step S524), the LAF sensor deterioration determination execution flag FLFSTM is set to 0 (step S525), and at the same time, the decrement timer tmLFSTM is set to a predetermined time TLFSTM (step S526 in FIG. 4), and this processing ends.
Then, in step S527, calculation of the target air-fuel ratio KCMD, which serves as the target of the feedback, is carried out, specifically, the target air-fuel ratio KCMD is calculated based on the output of the O2 sensor 18, and then in step S528, the LAF sensor deterioration determination execution flag FLFSTM is set to 1, and the processing proceeds to step S529 (refer to step S528 in FIG. 4).
Next, in step S529, after the output of O2 sensor 18 inverts from the rich to the lean fuel mixture or from the lean to the rich fuel mixture, it is determined whether or not the inversion flag FKACTT is 1, which indicates that a predetermined amount of time has passed, and when FKACTT=0, that is, when the output of the O2 sensor 18 is not inverted, in the above step S526 or step S532 described below, it is determined whether or not the value of the timer tmLFSTM is 0 (step S530). As a result, when tmLFSTM>0, and the predetermined time TLFSTM has not passed, the processing immediately ends, and when tmLFSTM=0, the SVO2 monitor flag FSVO2LAF is set to 1 (step S 531), and this processing ends.
In contrast, in step S529, when FKACTT=1 and the O2 sensor output inverts from a rich to a lean fuel mixture or from a lean to a rich fuel mixture, the decrement timer tmLFSTM is set to a predetermined time TLFSTM and started (step S532), and it is determined whether or not the value of the counter NKACT is 0 (step S533). First, NKACT=0 and the processing proceeds to step S535, this counter NKACT is incremented by 1 (step S535), and it is determined whether not this value is smaller than a predetermined value NKACTC (for example, 5) (step S536). In step S536, in the case that NKACT<NKACTC, this processing immediately ends.
Next, when the O2 sensor output inverts, in step S533, because the value of the counter NKACT becomes 1, the processing proceeds to step S534, the integrated value KACTT of the detected equivalence ratio KACT is calculated based on the output of the LAF sensor 17 by the following formula 1, and the processing proceeds to step S535.
KACTT=KACTT+KACT (1) In addition, after passing through the above-described step S535, in step S536, when the inverted count reaches a predetermined value, that is, in step S536, when NKACT=NKACTC, the processing proceeds to step S537, and the average detected equivalence ratio KACTAV is calculated by the following formula 2:
KACTAV=KACTT/(NKACT−1) (2) Thereby, the KACTAV value is calculated as the average value of the KACT value while a plurality of locations are inverted during monitoring.
After beginning detection in this manner, the average value of KACT during inversion, excluding the initial inversion, is calculated, and thus the precision of the detection is increased. Moreover, during the initial inversion there is the concern that the control is not stabilized, there is concern that a large error will occur when using this point in the calculation of the average value. Thus, this point is not used.
Next, in steps S538 and S539, it is determined whether the average value KACTAV is larger than the predetermined lower limit value of KACTAVL, or whether or not it is higher than the upper limit value KACTAVH. As a result, when KACTAVL<KACTAV<KACTAVH, it is determined that the LAF sensor 17 has not deteriorated, and the flag FLFSTNG is set to 0.
Next, in step S539A, referring to the VLFST table, the amount of deviation VLFST with respect to the average value KACTAV is calculated. Based on this calculated amount of deviation, the output of the LAF sensor 17 can be compensated using a table and the like.
Subsequently, the processing progressed to step S541, and the LAF sensor deterioration determination end flag FLFSTEND is set to 1, in step S541 A, the LAF sensor deterioration execution end flag FLFSTM is set to 0, and this processing ends.
In addition, in step S538 and step S539, when KACTAV≦KACTAVL or KACTAV≧KACTAVH, it is determined that the LAF sensor 17 is deteriorating, the flag FLFSTNG is set to 1 (step S540), and processing proceeds to the above step S539A. In the above-described manner, determination of deterioration of the LAF sensor 17 and determination of the output deviation is carried out.
Next, FIG. 5 is a flowchart showing the lean burn probation processing that the air-fuel ratio control apparatus carries out while determining the deterioration of the LAF sensor 17.
In this figure, first, in step S11, it is determined whether or not the monitor condition flag FLFMCHK is 1. In the case that the monitor condition flag FLFMCHK is 0, that is, in the case that the running conditions of the engine do not satisfy the monitor conditions, the processing proceeds to step S12, where it is determined whether or not the monitor condition flag FLFMCHK is 1 before the monitor conditions were no longer satisfied.
In step S12, if the previous monitor condition flag is 1, the processing proceeds to step S13, where it is determined whether or not the LAF sensor deterioration determination end flag FLFSTEND, which was set to 1 during the LAF sensor deterioration determination end, is 1. In the case that the LAF sensor deterioration determination end flag FLFSTEND is 0, that is, in the case that the it has been determined that the LAF sensor has ended without having completed, the processing proceeds to step S14, and after the timer tmOBD2LB is set to a predetermined time DTMLFSTLB (for example, 7 seconds), in step S15, the lean burn prohibition flag FOBD2LB is set to 1, and lean burn is prohibited.
In contrast, in step S11, in the case that the monitor condition flag FLFMCHK is 1, the processing proceeds to step S18, and after the timer tmOBS2LB is set to DTMOBD2LB, which is a setting value shorter than DTMLFSTLB (for example, 2 seconds), in step S15, the lean burn prohibition flag FOBD2LB is set to 1, and a lean burn is prohibited.
In contrast, in step S12, in the case that the previous monitor condition flag FLFMCHK is not 1, or in step S13, in the case that the LAF sensor deterioration determination end flag FLFSTEND is 1, the processing proceeds to step S16, where it is determined whether or not the timer tmOBD2LB is 0, that is, whether or not the time of a timer set to 2 seconds or 7 seconds has completed. In the case that the time has completed, the processing proceeds to step S17, the lean burn prohibition flag FOBD2LB is set to 0, and at the same time the lean burn prohibition is terminated, and this processing ends.
In contrast, in step S16, if the timer tmOBD2LB is not 0, the processing proceeds to step S15, and the lean burn prohibition continues.
Next, the control of the lean burn prohibition during the deterioration determination processing of the LAF sensor 17 is explained referring to FIG. 6.
In this figure, the timing chart (a) shows the monitor condition flag FLFMCHK set to 1 in the case that the deterioration determination processing for the LAF sensor 17 can be executed. In addition, the timing chart (b) shows the LAF sensor deterioration determination end flag FLFSTEND that is set to 1 during the deterioration determination processing end of the LAF sensor 17.
In addition, the timing chart (c) shows the count value of the decrement timer tmOBD2LB set to an arbitrary value (in this embodiment 2 seconds and 7 seconds) depending on the processing state. In addition, timing chart (d) shows the lean burn prohibition flag FOBD2LB set to 1 when the lean burn is prohibited.
In the figure, at time t0, the monitor conditions of the LAF sensor are satisfied, and the output monitoring of the LAF sensor 17 is executed. At the same time, the timer tmOBD2LB is set to DTMOBD2LB (for example 2 seconds), and in addition the lean burn prohibition flag FOBD2LB is set to 1, and a lean burn is prohibited.
Next, at time t1, when the running state of the engine changes and the monitor conditions are no longer satisfied, the value of the timer tmOBD2LB is set to DTMLFSTLB (for example, 7 seconds). Then, the lean burn prohibition continues.
Next, at time t2, while the time of the timer tmOBD2LB has not completed, the running state of the engine satisfies the monitor conditions, and even if the output monitor of the LAF sensor 17 is carried out again, until the time of the timer tmOBD2LB has completed, the lean burn prohibition flag FOBD2LB continues to be set as-is, and the lean burn probation control continues to be carried out.
In addition, at time 3, when the deterioration determination processing of the LAF sensor 17 completes, and the LAF sensor deterioration determination end flag FLFSTEND is set to 0, at the same time the monitor condition flag FLFMCHK is set to 0, and in addition, in timer tmOBD2LB is set to DTMOBD2LB, which is a value smaller than the value DTMLFSTLB set in the case that the running state of the engine during the deterioration determination of the LAF sensor 17 no longer satisfies the monitor conditions. In addition, until the time of the timer tmOBD2LB is completed, the lean burn prohibition flag is set to 1, and when the time of the timer tmBD2LB is completed, it is set to 0, and the lean burn is permitted.
In this manner, when the predetermined monitor conditions are not satisfied during the deterioration determination of the sensor, control is carried out such that timer tmOBD2LB is activated, and for a predetermined time (for example, 7 seconds) switching to a lean burn is prohibited. When the deterioration determination conditions are again satisfied during this predetermined time interval, the lean burn prohibition continues. In the case that the deterioration determination of the LAF sensor 17 has completed, the lean burn permission is extended for the above-described predetermined time that is shorter than this time (for example, 2 seconds).
According to the present invention described above, in order to attain the above object, the air-fuel ratio control apparatus according to the present invention is characterized in comprising an air-fuel ratio detection device provided in the exhaust system of an internal combustion engine and outputs a signal approximately proportional to the concentration of oxygen in the exhaust, a lean fuel mixture zone determination device that determines whether or not the internal combustion engine is in the lean fuel mixture zone based on the running state of the internal combustion engine, a lean fuel mixture control device that controls the air-fuel ratio of the air-fuel mixture supplied to the internal combustion engine so as to be a leaner air-fuel mixture than the stoichiometric air-fuel ratio when the internal combustion engine is determined to be in the lean fuel mixture zone by the lean fuel mixture zone determination device, a check zone determination device that determines whether or not the internal combustion engine is the check zone, an abnormal check device that checks for a malfunction of the air-fuel ratio detection device based on the output of the air-fuel ratio detection device, and a malfunction check termination device that, during an malfunction check by the malfunction check device, terminates the malfunction check when the check zone determination device determines that the internal combustion engine is not in the check zone and at the same time prohibits this lean fuel mixture control for a predetermined time interval.
In this manner, even in the case that the running conditions of the engine during the monitoring for carrying out a malfunction check of the LAF sensor no longer satisfy the monitor conditions, switching to a lean burn is prohibited for a predetermined time interval, and thus, unlike conventional technology, there is no frequent occurrence of switching from a lean burn to the stoichiometric air-fuel ratio, and the monitor execution frequency by the LAF sensor can be increased, the time for the deterioration determination processing of the LAF sensor can be shortened, and at the same time, drivability can be improved.
Patent CitationsCited PatentFiling datePublication dateApplicantTitleUS5212947 *Mar 6, 1992May 25, 1993Honda Giken Kogyo Kabushiki KaishaFailure-detecting device for air-fuel ratio sensors of internal combustion enginesUS5235957 *Nov 5, 1992Aug 17, 1993Japan Electronic Control Systems Co., Ltd.Diagnosing device and diagnosing method in air/fuel ratio control device for internal combustion engineUS5485382 *Apr 11, 1994Jan 16, 1996Honda Giken Kogyo K.K.Oxygen sensor deterioration-detecting system for internal combustion enginesUS5610321 *Mar 24, 1995Mar 11, 1997Mazda Motor CorporationSensor failure detection system for air-to-fuel ratio control systemUS5970967 *Dec 8, 1997Oct 26, 1999Unisia Jecs CorporationMethod and apparatus for diagnosing an abnormality in a wide range air-fuel ratio sensor* Cited by examinerClassifications U.S. Classification123/688, 73/23.32International ClassificationF02D41/04, F02D41/22, F02D41/14, F02D45/00Cooperative ClassificationF02D41/1456, F02D41/1441, F02D41/222, Y02T10/40European ClassificationF02D41/22D, F02D41/14D3H4, F02D41/14D1DLegal EventsDateCodeEventDescriptionDec 15, 2000ASAssignmentJan 27, 2006FPAYFee paymentYear of fee payment: 4Mar 29, 2010REMIMaintenance fee reminder mailedAug 20, 2010LAPSLapse for failure to pay maintenance feesOct 12, 2010FPExpired due to failure to pay maintenance feeEffective date: 20100820RotateOriginal ImageGoogle Home - Sitemap - USPTO Bulk Downloads - Privacy Policy - Terms of Service - About Google Patents - Send FeedbackData provided by IFI CLAIMS Patent Services

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Yale Bulldogs vs Penn Quakers - Recap
Yale 68, Penn 59Pennsylvania Quakers Yale Bulldogs813dYale 68, Penn 59
+ Looking ahead: Boston College Eagles+ Looking ahead: Florida State Seminoles+ Looking ahead: Clemson TigersYale 68, Penn 592/8/2013 - Men's College Basketball Pennsylvania Quakers Yale Bulldogs + more0 SharesEmailComment YALE
Associated Press 0 SharesEmailCommentPHILADELPHIA -- Armani Cotton scored 15 points and Austin Morgan's only basket Friday night was a big one for Yale in its 68-59 Ivy League victory over Pennsylvania.The Bulldogs (8-14, 2-3), who led 54-44 with 6:38 remaining, clung to a 59-57 advantage at the 1:35 mark. On their next possession, Morgan, who had missed his first nine shots, hit a 3-pointer to give Yale a 62-57 cushion.Morgan also made 4 of 4 free throws in the final 38 seconds and Cotton made 2 of 2 to protect the lead as the Bulldogs beat the Quakers (4-17, 1-3) for just the second time in their last 16 visits to the Palestra.Matt Townsend scored 12 points, and Javier Duren and Justin Sears had 11 each for Yale.Henry Brooks scored 12 points, Tony Hicks 11 and Dau Jok 10 for Penn, which led 32-29 at halftime.

value: ESPN (originally an initialism for Entertainment and Sports Programming Network) is an American multinational basic cable sports channel owned by ESPN Inc., owned jointly by The Walt Disney Company (80%) and Hearst Communications (20%). The company was founded in 1979 by Bill Rasmussen along with his son Scott Rasmussen and Ed Egan.


text:
US company in massive EU tax avoidance shocker! #Apple – Engineering & Technology magazine
Everyone’s favourite future-facing tech titan Apple Inc is facing a whopping €13 billion EU tax bill (plus interest!), after it was decided that the extremely favourable (at least for Apple) tax conditions set by Ireland breached EU rules. Funny that.
The EU ruling decreed that Ireland had illegally slashed Apple’s tax bill over several decades. It is the largest penalty in a three-year EU crackdown on so-called ‘sweetheart’ tax deals. We don’t know about you, but of all the sweethearts we’ve ever had in our lives, not one of them slipped us €13 billion.
E&T news covered the story of Apple’s tax shelter in Ireland in full earlier today.
August 30, 2016 E&T magazineApple, E&T, Engineering, engineering and technology magazine, gadgets, Technology
Next Next post: Right, that’s it, I’m leaving the country – #Brexit triggers EU citizenship surge – an annotated infographic
Fake news on social media puts democracy at risk, MPs warn February 18, 2019
While the UK Government remains entangled in unending Brexit discussions, the Parliamentary Committee has unexpectedly taken on a world-leading role in scrutinising the behaviour of social media platforms. Following a long investigation into social media platforms, which included scrutiny of their data-handling practices, the committee has published its fina […]
Huawei 5G risk can be mitigated, UK cyber chiefs conclude February 18, 2019
Concerns have mounted over recent years about using the company for major projects due to their alleged links to the Chinese government. A report by the Financial Times said that the National Cyber Security Centre (NCSC) has concluded that there is minimal risk in deploying the Chinese firm’s equipment in communications systems such as the upcoming rollout o […]
Samsung ceases production of new Blu-ray and 4K players for key territories February 18, 2019
Previously, the company told Forbes that it was wrapping up production on new 4K Ultra HD Blu-ray players. Now, Samsung has told CNET that it “will no longer introduce new Blu-ray or 4K Blu-ray player models in the US market,” according to a spokesperson. While Blu-ray was intended to supersede DVD - being theoretically capable of storing high-resolution vid […]

value: WordPress (WP, WordPress.org) is a free and open-source content management system (CMS) written in PHP and paired with a MySQL or MariaDB database. Features include a plugin architecture and a template system, referred to within WordPress as Themes.


text:
kids – A 21st Century Education by OURF
August 15, 2012 | ourf
The ebook is out at lulu.com.
July 19, 2012 | ourf
Belle’s Clock
It all started because my brother’s house needed a new clock. However, the clock was simple. It was “boring” in the words of my sis-in-law.
So she tasked my niece “to do something with the clock”. Very often we hear of parents, especially mothers telling the children what to do.
“Can you help me look after your younger brother?”
“Aiyoo…Why did your school teacher call again?”
“You better study hard. Else no future. It is very competitive you know.”
“You better study hard. Don’t be lazy. This year is your PSLE.”
“You are so big already. Why can’t you keep your room clean?”
So often, parents, especially mothers try to “nag” their children on to the right path. Parenting a child is never easy. There are countless bad habits a child can develop if left to his own devices. A parent’s role is to guide, correct and encourage the child.
In her book, Marilee G. Adams shared on how when “You change your questions, you change your life”. In the book she shares that ‘”Questioning” is a skill rarely taught in school, but doing it well – that is, asking the right questions of the right people – can radically transform attitudes, actions, and results. Change Your Questions, Change Your Life provides easy-to-learn tools that can make a significant and immediate difference in people’s business and personal lives. Written as an engaging fable, it inspires readers to take charge of their thinking in order to accomplish goals, improve relationships, advance careers, investigate new territories, and in general gain greater life satisfaction. This book explains how to “be your own coach,” outlines the author’s Question Thinking Model, and lists the top 12 questions for change. Real-world examples provide practical models for applying the principles in a variety of situations, while a Choice Map is a useful visual tool that demonstrates that everyone has a choice in every situation, even if it is not immediately apparent.’ (Source: Amazon.com)
I agree to a large extent. Question Thinking is a useful communication tools that challenge our assumptions. Are we in a Judger mode or Learner mode?
Basically it is important to question our assumptions. Stop the blame game when things go wrong. And take a step back to re-look at things again.More importantly the parent child relationship grows when the parent allows the child to “meddle” around. Like in this case, the clock. My niece is quite creative and good in art.
The result? A beautifully crafted and unique Ikea clock piece. When posted on Facebook, there were a couple of buyers. Of course, all these are the “fan” club of my niece.
Some points we can learn from this simple joyful event:
a) Turn a problem into an opportunity for your child to help you
b) Recognise the talents that your child have – what do they do well in? What do they particularly enjoy?
c) Encourage your child to try and innovate eg in this case, what is the worst case scenario? Probably an ugly clock 🙂
d) Share the small achievements of your child
When a child receives recognition that she is good in something, her confidence grows.
In my earlier post, I shared how crushed my niece was when she heard that she could not enter the School of the Arts.(SOTA) (Post: What’s your PSLE score?)
But who knows, she could be extremely talented in Art and turn out to be a superb designer or artist:)
And by the way, I shared this piece of fun news with a friend and here is the result of the work she did with her children.
Another beautifully decorated Ikea clock!
Perhaps we can modify Ikea’s tagline to : You don’t have to be rich to be inventive 🙂
Change your questions, change your life – by Marilee G. Adams
The 5th Discipline: Peter Senge
August 15, 2011 | ourf
It was a great and fun Sat morning. 7 adults and 2 kids. Seems that the previews are great for family outings too 🙂
My last preview I had youngest participant, Jeremy at 8 years old. This time round, the age limit was pushed to a 4 year old, Toon Toon. Did the young boy understand YTF?
3 adults who signed up fell sick and couldn’t make it last minute. A few were held up with work committments.
“Very casual yet engaging” is probably what summed up the feelings of those present. A couple of other feedback were useful for the product development too! Thanks folks for making time to come.
Pssst. The youngest participant still remains as Jeremy, 8 years old from HK-SIS. A precocious kid he is:)
The participants came from different industries and occupations – engineers, teacher, translator, education travel and system analyst for software.
Best part of all: get to drink good coffee and tea, nice cakes and yet learn about team strategies in a relaxed and fun manner. Work can be fun and should be fun!
One activity that we were doing...
Part of the group pix


text:
Patent US4755562 - Surface treated absorbent polymers - Google PatentsSearch Images Maps Play YouTube News Gmail Drive More »Sign inAdvanced Patent SearchPatentsSurface treating water-absorbent resins with a polyquaternary amine substantially increases both the rate of water absorption and the quantity of water absorbed and retained by the resin. In addition to improved water absorbing properties, the surface-treated resins maintain the necessary "dry feel"...http://www.google.com/patents/US4755562?utm_source=gb-gplus-sharePatent US4755562 - Surface treated absorbent polymersAdvanced Patent SearchPublication numberUS4755562 APublication typeGrantApplication numberUS 06/872,654Publication dateJul 5, 1988Filing dateJun 10, 1986Priority dateJun 10, 1986Fee statusPaidAlso published asCA1276370C, DE3686884D1, DE3686884T2, EP0248963A2, EP0248963A3, EP0248963B1, US4824901Publication number06872654, 872654, US 4755562 A, US 4755562A, US-A-4755562, US4755562 A, US4755562AInventorsWilliam Alexander, Mark Anderson, Barbara R. ReganOriginal AssigneeAmerican Colloid CompanyExport CitationBiBTeX, EndNote, RefManPatent Citations (41), Referenced by (34), Classifications (17), Legal Events (5) External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, EspacenetSurface treated absorbent polymersUS 4755562 AAbstract Surface treating water-absorbent resins with a polyquaternary amine substantially increases both the rate of water absorption and the quantity of water absorbed and retained by the resin. In addition to improved water absorbing properties, the surface-treated resins maintain the necessary "dry feel" required for most applications.
9. A process as defined in claim 7 wherein the mixed monomer solution has a temperature of 20� to 85� C. prior to polymerization.
19. A process for preparing a solid, water-absorbent, cross-linked resin with improved water-absorbent properties, comprising:combining a monomer mixture of (A) potassium acrylate; (B) styrene and/or methyl methacrylate in an amount of 0% to 25% based on the amount of acrylate computed based on the weight of acrylic acid; and (C) a polyvinyl monomer, with water in an amount of at least 30 combined weight percent of (A) plus (B) plus (C) based on the total weight of (A) plus (B) plus (C) plus water to form a monomer mixture wherein the monomers of the monomer mixture consist essentially of (A), (B) and (C); adding a polymerization initiator to said monomer mixture capable of initiating, and in an amount sufficient to initiate polymerization of said monomer mixture; copolymerizing said monomer mixture while utilizing the exothermic heat of reaction as substantially the only non-ambient energy source to drive water away from said polyacrylate resin copolymer to form said cross-linked resin copolymer having a water content sufficiently low to be powdered without an intermediate drying step; and thereafter contacting said cross-linked resin copolymer with a polyquaternary amine in an amount of from about 0.1% to about 5.0% based on the weight of said cross-linked resin copolymer. 20. The process of claim 19 further including the step of adjusting the temperature of the monomer mixture to a temperature of 25� to 85� C. prior to adding said polymerization initiator to said monomer mixture.
______________________________________CHEMICALS______________________________________ACRYLIC ACID             58.81%POTASSIUM HYDROXIDE      11.76%AMMONIUM CARBONATE       11.76%N,N--METHYLENEBISACRYLAMIDE                    0.03%AZO POLYMERIZATION INITIATORS                    0.15%(5% wt. aqueous)AMMONIUM HYDROXIDE       14.70%(30% wt. aqueous ammonia)H2 O                2.79%TOTAL                    100.00%______________________________________
TABLE I__________________________________________________________________________Polymer     Gm. H2 O Absorbed/.1 g Polymer(Amount of  .5 psi after             .5 psi after                   .5 psi after                         .02 psi after                               .5 psi afterSurface Treatment)       1 min.             3 min.                   20 min.                         30 min.                               35 min.__________________________________________________________________________  Neutralized       1.45  1.72  2.22  3.19  2.63  polyacrylic  acid (no  treatment)  Neutralized       1.83  2.05  2.49  3.78  2.89  polyacrylic       (26%) (19%) (12%) (18%) (10%)  acid (0.3%  polyquat.)  Neutralized       1.45  1.59  2.00  3.52  2.66  polyacrylic acid  1% styrene  (no treatment)  Neutralized       1.96  2.10  2.34  3.53  2.64  polyacrylic acid       (35%) (32%) (17%) (0.25%)                               (-0.75%)  1% styrene  (0.3% polyquat.)  Neutralized       1.46  1.61  2.19  4.21  3.11  polyacrylic acid  2% styrene  (no treatment)  Neutralized       2.34  2.72  2.93  5.20  3.70  polyacrylic acid       (60%) (69%) (33%) (23%) (19%)  2% styrene  (0.3% polyquat)  Neutralized       1.56  1.75  2.19  4.62  3.41  polyacrylic acid  4% styrene  (no treatment)  Neutralized       2.11  2.54  2.85  5.22  3.73  polyacrylic acid       (35%) (45%) (30%) (13%) (9%)  4% styrene  (0.5% polyquat.)  Neutralized       1.99  2.20  2.81  4.92  3.51  polyacrylic acid  6% styrene  (no treatment)10.  Neutralized       2.65  3.13  3.33  5.83  4.19  polyacrylic acid       (33%) (42%) (18%) (18%) (19%)  6% styrene  (0.6% polyquat.)  Neutralized       1.47  1.75  2.38  3.70  3.13  polyacrylic acid  10% styrene  (no treatment)  Neutralized       1.85  2.32  2.79  5.24  3.92  polyacrylic acid       (26%) (32%) (17%) (41%) (25%)  10% styrene  (0.5% polyquat.)  Neutralized       1.39  1.50  2.06  4.35  3.13  polyacrylic acid  15% styrene  (no treatment)  Neutralized       1.51  1.76  2.50  5.19  4.16  polyacrylic acid       (8%)  (17%) (21%) (19%) (33%)  15% styrene  (0.5% polyquat.)  Neutralized       1.61  1.79  2.39  4.55  3.09  polyacrylic acid  10% methyl meth-  acrylate  (no treatment)  Neutralized       2.89  3.00  3.13  4.97  3.82  10% methyl meth-       (79%) (67%) (31%) (9%)  (23%)  acrylate  (0.8% polyquat.)  Neutralized       2.01  2.32  2.77  4.86  3.60  polyacrylic acid       (28%) (32%) (26%) (5%)  (2%)  4% styrene  (.5% low  molecular weight  polyquat.)  Overall average       36%   39%   22%   16%   15%  percent improve-  ment of surface-  treated polymer  over non-treated  polymer__________________________________________________________________________ () = % improvement
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Goodrich CompanyWater absorbent polymers comprising unsaturated carboxylic acid, acrylic ester containing alkyl group 10-30 carbon atoms, and another acrylic ester containing alkyl group 2-8 carbon atomsUS4076663 *Mar 29, 1976Feb 28, 1978Sanyo Chemical Industries, Ltd.Water absorbing starch resinsUS4124748 *Nov 19, 1976Nov 7, 1978Sumitomo Chemical Company, LimitedCross-linked saponified absorbent polymerUS4190562 *Apr 4, 1977Feb 26, 1980The B. F. Goodrich CompanyImproved water absorbent copolymers of copolymerizable carboxylic acids and acrylic or methacrylic estersUS4200736 *May 17, 1978Apr 29, 1980International Playtex, Inc.Heat treatment of sodium cmc in presence of carbon dioxideUS4241682 *Oct 7, 1974Dec 30, 1980Milton K. 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GeorgePhotopolymerized hydrophilic interpolymers of acrylic acid and polyfunctional cross linking agents* Cited by examinerReferenced byCiting PatentFiling datePublication dateApplicantTitleUS5082904 *Apr 13, 1990Jan 21, 1992American Cyanamid CompanySurface-modified polyacrylonitrile substratesUS5137983 *Jul 11, 1990Aug 11, 1992American Cyanamid CompanyUsing alkaline catalyst and halogenating agentUS5418284 *Sep 3, 1993May 23, 1995Cytec Technology Corp.Surface-modified polyacrylonitrile beadsUS5489647 *Nov 16, 1992Feb 6, 1996Cassella AktiengesellschaftHydrophilic, swellable graft polymersUS5562646 *Apr 6, 1995Oct 8, 1996The Proctor & Gamble CompanyAbsorbent members for body fluids having good wet integrity and relatively high concentrations of hydrogel-forming absorbent polymer having high porosityUS5599335 *Mar 29, 1994Feb 4, 1997The Procter & Gamble CompanyAbsorbent members for body fluids having good wet integrity and relatively high concentrations of hydrogel-forming absorbent polymerUS5669894 *Oct 1, 1996Sep 23, 1997The Procter & Gamble CompanyAbsorbent members for body fluids having good wet integrity and relatively high concentrations of hydrogel-forming absorbent polymerUS5843575 *Jan 6, 1997Dec 1, 1998The Procter & Gamble CompanyAbsorbent members comprising absorbent material having improved absorbent propertyUS5849405 *Jan 7, 1997Dec 15, 1998The Procter & Gamble CompanyAbsorbent materials having improved absorbent property and methods for making the sameUS5858535 *Jul 30, 1998Jan 12, 1999The Procter & Gamble CompanyAbsorbent articles comprising absorbent members comprising absorbent materials having improved absorbent propertyUS5961504 *Dec 7, 1993Oct 5, 1999Kimberly-Clark Worldwide, Inc.Method for reducing malodor in absorbent products and products formed therebyUS5985432 *Jan 6, 1997Nov 16, 1999The Procter & Gamble CompanyPorous absorbent materials having modified surface characteristics and methods for making the sameUS6031147 *Jun 6, 1995Feb 29, 2000Kimberly-Clark Worldwide, Inc.A disposable absorbent product comprising a surface-active agent to reduce the odor of urine, having a low hydrophilic/lipophilic balance; diapersUS6099950 *Jul 30, 1998Aug 8, 2000The Procter & Gamble CompanyAbsorbent materials having improved absorbent property and methods for making the sameUS6335406 *Mar 1, 1993Jan 1, 2002Nippon Shokubai Kagaku Kogyo Co., Ltd.Method for production of absorbent resin excelling in durabilityUS6984419 *Jan 9, 2004Jan 10, 2006H.B. Fuller Licensing & Financing Inc.Aqueous superabsorbent polymer and methods of useUS7745537Apr 6, 2006Jun 29, 2010Nippon Shokubai Co., Ltd.Crosslinked addition polymer with a positive frictional charge when the moisture content, determined on the basis of the weight loss in drying at 105 degrees C. for 3 hrs, is not higher than 0.5%; an absorbency against pressure of 20-40 g/g; disposable diapers, a sanitary napkinsUS8188163Aug 27, 2008May 29, 2012Nippon Shokubai Co., Ltd.Process for producing water-absorbing resinUS8598254Sep 4, 2008Dec 3, 2013Nippon Shokubai Co., Ltd.Binding method of water absorbent resinUS8648150Mar 4, 2010Feb 11, 2014Nippon Shokubai Co., Ltd.Method for producing water absorbent resinUS20080280128 *Apr 21, 2006Nov 13, 2008Franck FurnoSuperabsorbers; good retention and permeability properties; diapersEP2269720A1Dec 19, 2006Jan 5, 2011Nippon Shokubai Co., Ltd.Method for manufacturing water-absorbing resin via surface crosslinkingEP2289982A1Mar 20, 2007Mar 2, 2011Nippon Shokubai Co., Ltd.Production method for water-absorbing resin compositionEP2690114A1Aug 27, 2008Jan 29, 2014Nippon Shokubai Co., Ltd.Process for producing water-absorbing resinWO2008108277A1Feb 28, 2008Sep 12, 2008Nippon Catalytic Chem IndGranulated water absorbent containing water-absorbing resin as the main componentWO2008126793A1Apr 4, 2008Oct 23, 2008Nippon Catalytic Chem IndGranular water absorbent comprising water absorbing resin as the main componentWO2009028568A1Aug 27, 2008Mar 5, 2009Nippon Catalytic Chem IndProcess for producing water-absorbing resinWO2010100936A1Mar 4, 2010Sep 10, 2010Nippon Shokubai Co., Ltd.Process for producing water-absorbing resinWO2011024971A1Aug 27, 2010Mar 3, 2011Nippon Shokubai Co., Ltd.Polyacrylic acid (salt) water absorbent resin and method for producing sameWO2011024972A1Aug 27, 2010Mar 3, 2011Nippon Shokubai Co., Ltd.Polyacrylic acid (salt) water absorbent resin and method for producing sameWO2011024974A1Aug 27, 2010Mar 3, 2011Nippon Shokubai Co., Ltd.Water-absorbing resin based on polyacrylic acid (salt) and process for producing sameWO2011024975A1Aug 27, 2010Mar 3, 2011Nippon Shokubai Co., Ltd.Polyacrylic acid (salt) water absorbent resin and method for producing sameWO2011099586A1Feb 10, 2011Aug 18, 2011Nippon Shokubai Co., Ltd.Process for producing water-absorbing resin powderWO2012043821A1Sep 30, 2011Apr 5, 2012Nippon Shokubai Co., Ltd.Particulate water absorbent and production method for same* Cited by examinerClassifications U.S. Classification525/113, 525/329.9, 525/326.6, 525/382, 525/178, 525/328.5, 525/329.2, 525/183, 525/329.1, 525/328.2, 525/381, 525/329.4, 525/329.3International ClassificationC08F8/32, C08F8/44Cooperative ClassificationC08F8/32European ClassificationC08F8/32Legal EventsDateCodeEventDescriptionAug 14, 2000ASAssignmentOwner name: BASF AKTIENGESELLSCHAFT, GERMANYFree format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:AMCOL INTERNATIONAL CORPORATION;REEL/FRAME:011084/0117Effective date: 20000601Owner name: BASF AKTIENGESELLSCHAFT LUDWIGSHAFEN GERMANYDec 29, 1999FPAYFee paymentYear of fee payment: 12Jan 4, 1996FPAYFee paymentYear of fee payment: 8Sep 23, 1991FPAYFee paymentYear of fee payment: 4Jun 10, 1986ASAssignmentOwner name: AMERICAN COLLOID COMPANY, 5100 SUFFIELD COURT, SKOFree format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNORS:ALEXANDER, WILLIAM;ANDERSON, MARK;REGAN, BARBARA R.;REEL/FRAME:004568/0088Effective date: 19860603RotateOriginal ImageGoogle Home - Sitemap - USPTO Bulk Downloads - Privacy Policy - Terms of Service - About Google Patents - Send FeedbackData provided by IFI CLAIMS Patent Services©2012 Google


text: Life Training Institute Blog: Responding to Philosophical Arguments Against the Pro-Life Position, Part IV [Clinton Wilcox]

value: Blogger is an American online content management system (CMS) which enables multi-user blogs with time-stamped entries. Pyra Labs developed it before being acquired by Google in 2003.