text:
Wanda Maximoff (Earth-31184) | Marvel Fanon | Fandom
Earth-31184
X-Men: Marvels of Genetics
Wanda Frank, Wanda Magnus, Ana Maximoff, G*psy Witch, Witch
Brotherhood of Evil Mutants (formerly), X-Men
Max Eisenhardt (father);
Magda Lehnsherr (mother, deceased);
When Magneto started gathering mutants for his Brotherhood of Evil Mutants, he meant to show the world that mutants are superior and will no longer be afraid of humanity. Wanda joined the group without knowing that he's her father, but later their relationship was revealed.
When Magneto started working with Mr. Sinister on the mutant enhancement project, Wanda aided him until she fought the X-Men again and finally understood what exactly was their mission and escaped from the Brotherhood to the X-Men.
Normal human being, but just like her brother, she inherited her father's propensity for mental illness and depression. Wanda has suffered mental breakdowns, undergone episodes of mental illness and suffered deep depression.
Flight - Wanda is able to fly. Reality Manipulating - Wanda is able to manipulate reality and events, these powers appear to have almost no limit.
Normal strength of a woman her age,her size,height and build who engages in moderate regular exercise.
Transportation: The X-Men Blackbird
Appearances of Wanda Maximoff (Earth-31184)
Character Gallery: Wanda Maximoff (Earth-31184)
Quotations by Wanda Maximoff (Earth-31184)
Search News for: Scarlet Witch · Wanda Maximoff · Wanda Maximoff (Earth-31184)
Retrieved from "https://marvelcomicsfanon.fandom.com/wiki/Wanda_Maximoff_(Earth-31184)?oldid=121389"

value: Fandom (also known as Wikia before October 2016) is a wiki hosting service and domain operated by Fandom, Inc. (formerly known as Wikia, Inc.), a for-profit Delaware company founded in October 2004 by Jimmy Wales and Angela Beesley.


text:
Mercedes Weber @ My Paper Paradise: Fancy Friday- Flashback!
*Jane Lee* January 30, 2015 at 8:46 AM
Jennifer Reynard January 30, 2015 at 8:49 PM
Love your card! So glad I didn't get rid of nature walk when it retired! You did a fantastic job uniting both stamp sets!! Jennifer, SU demo, Canada
Vicki Plaugher January 30, 2015 at 9:37 PM
Wow, Mercedes!! This card is soooo you--that Vintage Look!! I love it and am going to tell you now, I plan to CASE it!

type: global

value: Blogger is an American online content management system (CMS) which enables multi-user blogs with time-stamped entries. Pyra Labs developed it before being acquired by Google in 2003.


text:
lumps on a blog: {week 28}
We braved another week of rain, rain, rain by planning a Noah's Ark playdate for some MOPs friends, eating some yummy & pretty veggies from the local Farmer's Market & stealing an hour or two of sunshine at the pool mid-week. Our kitchen finally got completed with an online yard sale gem - a sideboard that matches perfectly for only $130! We're thrilled to have some extra storage for the unending kitchen gadgets I seem to accumulate. Later on Cassidy & a friend continued their "training" for the upcoming Run for Wounded Warriers 1-mile race...by being chased from one spot to another by yours truly. We ended the week in an unexpected trip to the ER with Cade for another bout of croup. Fortunately this time was a short stay and after a clear chest x-ray & a breathing treatment we were sent home to follow up with the pediatrician. Poor sweet boy!!


text:
James Newton Howard | ScoreTrack.net
November 18, 2016 Redação	Leave a comment
The Blue Lagoon (Expanded) – Basil Poledouris (Intrada Special Collection Volume ISC 365) Continue reading LATEST SOUNDTRACK RELEASES – 11/18/2016 →
Share this:Share on Facebook (Opens in new window)Click to share on Twitter (Opens in new window)Click to share on WhatsApp (Opens in new window)Click to share on Skype (Opens in new window)Click to share on Tumblr (Opens in new window)Click to share on Pinterest (Opens in new window)Click to share on LinkedIn (Opens in new window)Click to email (Opens in new window)Like this:Like Loading...	Basil PoledourisDanny ElfmanJames Newton HowardLatest Soundtrack ReleasesNews
August 25, 2016 Redação	Leave a comment
Dressed To Kill (Remastered) – Pino Donaggio (Intrada Special Collection Volume ISC 360) Continue reading LATEST SOUNDTRACK RELEASES – 08/25/2016 →
Share this:Share on Facebook (Opens in new window)Click to share on Twitter (Opens in new window)Click to share on WhatsApp (Opens in new window)Click to share on Skype (Opens in new window)Click to share on Tumblr (Opens in new window)Click to share on Pinterest (Opens in new window)Click to share on LinkedIn (Opens in new window)Click to email (Opens in new window)Like this:Like Loading...	James Newton HowardLatest Soundtrack ReleasesNewsPino Donaggio
April 22, 2016 Redação	Leave a comment
The Huntsman: Winter’s War – James Newton Howard (Back Lot 638)
Share this:Share on Facebook (Opens in new window)Click to share on Twitter (Opens in new window)Click to share on WhatsApp (Opens in new window)Click to share on Skype (Opens in new window)Click to share on Tumblr (Opens in new window)Click to share on Pinterest (Opens in new window)Click to share on LinkedIn (Opens in new window)Click to email (Opens in new window)Like this:Like Loading...	James Newton HowardLatest Soundtrack ReleasesNews
UPCOMING SOUNDTRACK RELEASES – April 22 to June 10, 2016
April 15, 2016 Redação	Leave a comment
Love – Lyle Workman – Lakeshore Continue reading UPCOMING SOUNDTRACK RELEASES – April 22 to June 10, 2016 →
Share this:Share on Facebook (Opens in new window)Click to share on Twitter (Opens in new window)Click to share on WhatsApp (Opens in new window)Click to share on Skype (Opens in new window)Click to share on Tumblr (Opens in new window)Click to share on Pinterest (Opens in new window)Click to share on LinkedIn (Opens in new window)Click to email (Opens in new window)Like this:Like Loading...	James Newton HowardNewsTom HolkenborgUpcoming Soundtrack Releases
April 1, 2016 Redação	Leave a comment
The Other Side of the Door – Joseph Bishara – Lakeshore Continue reading UPCOMING SOUNDTRACK RELEASES – April 8 to August 8, 2016 →
Share this:Share on Facebook (Opens in new window)Click to share on Twitter (Opens in new window)Click to share on WhatsApp (Opens in new window)Click to share on Skype (Opens in new window)Click to share on Tumblr (Opens in new window)Click to share on Pinterest (Opens in new window)Click to share on LinkedIn (Opens in new window)Click to email (Opens in new window)Like this:Like Loading...	James Newton HowardJohn CarpenterJohn DebneyNewsUpcoming Soundtrack Releases

value: WordPress (WP, WordPress.org) is a free and open-source content management system (CMS) written in PHP and paired with a MySQL or MariaDB database. Features include a plugin architecture and a template system, referred to within WordPress as Themes.


text:
Revision as of 17:23, April 26, 2018 (view source)
m (Reverted edits by Pingu96 (talk) to last version by Natedawg921)
|voiced by = Hans Alpizar, Vinicius Damasceno (Dora the Explorer)<br>Miguel Cardona (Dora and Friends)}}'''Guillermo Márquez''' is [[Dora Márquez|Dora]]'s baby. He is being raised as her little brother and his twin as her little sister because of her drug problem and only having them at 15. He is 1.
Retrieved from "https://dora.fandom.com/wiki/Guillermo_M%C3%A1rquez?oldid=48539"


text:
The Lazy Half S Ranch: Sic Semper Tyrannis
He said, "I’m from Al-Dujaile".
”This is what peace looked like in Iraq at Saddam’s time."
Get a clue, read about the crime that Saddam paid for tonight, right here .
Read one victim's account.
Why was Saddam hanged tonight?
Was it to silence him before he embarasses Rumsfeld, Cheney, or Bush?
Was it the vengance of a kangaroo court influenced by revenge for the attempted murder of George H.W. Bush?
Was it a grave injustice to hang Saddam while " Bush, Rumsfeld, Cheney, Blair and others are free"?
Get a clue, read on...
Saddam was tried on his butchery of men, women, and children of Al-Dujaile after an assassination attempt there.
I would think that the name of the town
where 143 were executed would be more widely known,
even to someone with only a casual acquaintance with the news, like me.
President Bush - after the death sentence was given to Saddam Hussein-
"Iraq has a lot of work ahead as it builds its society that delivers equal
justice and protects all its citizens. Yet history will record today's judgment
as an important achievement on the path to a free and just and unified society.
The United States is proud to stand with the Iraqi people. We will continue
to support Iraq's unity government as it works to bring peace to its great
Please point anyone who expresses any
sympathy for the devil to this article.
He said, "I’m from Al-Dujaile"
In Saddam's time we used to whisper about Al-Dujaile, we all knew that a massacre happened there, but we didn't dare to ask about the details and I never met any one from there. Now I can know all about it from my new friend and here it is, in his own words:-"Al-Dujaile is my home town, I always looked at it as god's heaven on earth, it's about 60 kilometers to the north of Baghdad, on the bank of al Ishaki river (a branch of Tigris), inhabited by few thousands, most of whom are farmers, our village is well known by its date palms and grapes, a fascinating nature that takes your breath away, its people are related by strong tribal relations that keep them as one large family.
-17 of the finest young men in the village had decided to put an end to the tyrant's life at that day, they had the courage to face him, we didn't know about their intention.The brave men set an ambush among the palm trees, they couldn't tell which car was his, there were dozens of cars, all identical in model and color.
-The attack starts, the brave young men open fire from their simple weapons, some of the body guards get killed, others wounded, the tyrant get panicked, imagine that (Saddam is afraid) the man who enjoyed terrorizing people lives a moment of fear with all its details, he was so close to death this time.8 of the attackers were killed, the rest fled out of the country.(Woe to the sinners) who dared to make him scared, you should fear his revenge, you should learn the lesson so that it won't happen again, you should bow more and more and fear more and more, you should be scared to death so that you don't dare even to think of harming him; the shadow of god on earth.
-The answer was fast, one hour after the escape of the tyrant, we had to face his anger, I heard the sound of helicopters over our heads wreaking their vengeance upon our small village, backed later with shovels that leveled the trees with the ground, the order was clear(the terror should be great) so that the others would learn.I ran away to my home into my mothers' lap, my younger brother and sisters gathered around me, I realized something huge has happened and anticipated the eminent evil. it didn't take long for the security to get to our house, we were taken to the unknown, me, my mother(who was 4 months pregnant), my sisters Einas(5 years), Zeina(3 years)and my brother Mohammed(1 year).
-The first station in our long journey was Al-Hakimiyah prison that belongs to the intelligence, I found hundreds of my village people, old, young, men, women and children, we were 480 there. Out of whom 80 were relatives of mine.It was enough to say the word Hakimiyah for any Iraqi to be completely paralyzed(the one who gets in is a missing-the one who gets out is reborn
-this was what we used to say about this prison, the walls of which tell thousands of horror stories that you refuse to believe.I was too young to know why we were treated like that, but I sure knew the meaning of being scared to death. The sound of foot steps that stops by the door was enough for every one to freeze, as after that the door would be opened, a name of one of the men would be announced and he would be dragged to the interrogation room to return few hours later unconscious, covered by blood, wrapped in a blanket, and would be thrown on us.
The women and children had their share, and this is what saw: extraction of nails and teeth, electric shocks, whipping with lashes, using razors to tear the skin into shreds, my aunt was left hanging from the roof after her clothes had been wrapped of her in front of her brothers to force them to talk.
Do you know how much pain we suffered?
We stayed at Al-Hakimiyah for one month, the space was too small for all of us to sleep, some of us had to stay on their feet so that the others could sleep.-After that we were transferred to Abu-Ghraib prison, where we met the men for the last time, after that, the 143 men separated from us and then transferred to another place, as for the rest of us, we were kept in Abu-Ghraib prison for six months, during that time, the day for my mother to deliver her baby came, she had complications and they didn't take her to the hospital until it was too late, the baby died.
my mother never if it was a boy or a girl.
Four years in hell, we were isolated from the world, all we could do is stay alive and pray for the men whom their destiny was unknown to us.We were released in 1986, only for another journey of pain and suffering. We had to start a new life as all our properties were confiscated and we still don’t know anything about the men.The other good people in our village helped us, offered us jobs in their lands and a place to stay in. I had to work -with my little brother and sisters- to earn our living and to continue with our study. Farming is too hard a job for children of our age, but we had already passed that stage.It’s hard to explain what life is when you're a suspect with the eyes of security agents following you, stifling your breath, making your life even harder and harder, we had to give them all the pennies we could save to get some information about the missing ones, and they always promised us good news, and that our beloved ones were alive and being treated well.
we didn't believe that, but what is life without hope!?
-Sixteen years later...October/2002. I finished medical school and started to practice my job as a doctor in Baghdad. The same year, Saddam suffers a hard time, the USA and the allies tighten the circle around him, he decides to set all prisoners free, including the political. That was what he said, the fact; he released only the murderers and the thieves.Our cries lost their way trying to find our relatives among the thousands of faces, each time they reassure us that there would be another group to be released the next day, but all our efforts were in vain, we had no one but god to pray to and seek his help to show us the way.
Date: 4/9/2003, I can’t believe it, the tyrant falls, is it a dream?Does it mean no more fear, no more terror, and no more death? We jumped into the streets wreaking our vengeance on his pictures and statues that surrounded the village he raped in a dark night.The towns and villages expelled him and expelled his name……..WE WERE SAVED.
We started to search the security departments in Baghdad,
- like thousands of Iraqis- looking for a trace,
I didn’t take a long time, we found what we were looking for.
The documents of the crime, I read with tears in my eyes;
the presidency order dated: 7 /23 /1985,
signed by the tyrant, ordering the execution of 143 men from Al-Dujaile, the youngest one (Najeeb Abd Kadim) 11 years old.
Among these, 35 were relatives of mine.
God bless your souls martyrs, may you have peace in heaven,
if it wasn’t your courage and blood we wouldn’t be proud.
This is the story behind these photos, my friend.
It’s time they have a decent funeral.
We haven’t found their remains yet, but they will always remain in our hearts”
My friend surprised me saying” we don’t regret what happened, and yesterday, when the nine remaining heroes returned to Iraq, we met them with flowers, as the heroes of all the Iraqis, and we will never blame them, as they’re the ones who kept our chins up
”This is what peace looked like in Iraq at Saddam’s time.
The battle is not over yet, the evil and cruel criminals are every where,
and they will not rest until they kidnap our dreams, but this time we’re stronger, as we are not alone.
The whole good and brave people on earth took it upon themselves to fight with us, we hate wars and all the bloodshed that comes with them, but we have no other choice.Let us all dream of a world of love and real peace.N.B.
All the copies of the documents could be found with Dr. Firas M. Yaqub firasyaqub@hotmail.com
Posted by Terry_Jim at 11:47 PM
Brilliant peek into the real issue here..the end of pain and suffering for millions..thank u TJ!
HAPPY NEW YEAR TO U AND YOURS!
Sunday, December 31, 2006 10:35:00 AM
As you prepare for 2007
You , You , You , You , You; Yeah ,You.
Let's say , "Thanks."
Great moments in Child Care - 1
Well, he IS less stiff than Al Gore...
... typing in syncopated rhythm.
The Lazy Half S Ranch: Glenn Beck's "X-Mas" Tour ?...
Glenn Beck's "X-Mas" Tour ???
Happy Friggin Winter from the ACLU Solstice Barn


text: P. 1Airframe Stuctural DesignAirframe Stuctural DesignRatings: (0)|Views: 4|Likes: 1Published by Uroš RoštanMore info:Published by: Uroš Roštan on Aug 01, 2013Copyright:Attribution Non-commercialAvailability:Read on Scribd mobile: iPhone, iPad and Android.download as PDF, TXT or read online from ScribdFlag for inappropriate content|Add to collectionSee moreSee lesshttps://www.scribd.com/doc/157388881/Airframe-Stuctural-Design08/01/2013pdftextoriginal You're Reading a Free Preview

value: Scribd Inc.  is an American e-book and audiobook subscription service that includes one million titles.


text:
DEVELOPMENT OF A MECHANICAL CIRCULATORY SIMULATOR FOR THE ANALYSIS OF ARTIFICIAL HEART CONTROL METHODS. — Waseda University
Mitsuo Umezu, Akihisa Wada, Takashi Tanaka, Hisateru Takano, Kiichi Tsuchiya
The authors have developed a mechanical circulatory simulator which can be used for the analysis of artificial heart control methods. This simulator consists of two parts; (I) a fluid circuit loop which was designed to have similar hydrodynamic characteristics to the total cardiovascular system of dogs, and (II) a minicomputer system for data acquisition and control of the fluid system. The curent control program has two types; a needle valve control for peripheral resistance simulating the behavior of an autonomic nervous system at the aortic position, and flow control for the left pump based on 'Starling's law'. Hydrodynamics in this simulator were compared with hemodynamics in goats under various circulatory situations including a 'single artificial heart' model. The designed system exhibited satisfactory performance, especially with respect to dynamic behaviors of the vascular system.
Umezu, M., Wada, A., Tanaka, T., Takano, H., & Tsuchiya, K. (1984). DEVELOPMENT OF A MECHANICAL CIRCULATORY SIMULATOR FOR THE ANALYSIS OF ARTIFICIAL HEART CONTROL METHODS. Japanese journal of medical electronics and biological engineering, 22, 404-405.
DEVELOPMENT OF A MECHANICAL CIRCULATORY SIMULATOR FOR THE ANALYSIS OF ARTIFICIAL HEART CONTROL METHODS. / Umezu, Mitsuo; Wada, Akihisa; Tanaka, Takashi; Takano, Hisateru; Tsuchiya, Kiichi.
In: Japanese journal of medical electronics and biological engineering, Vol. 22, 01.04.1984, p. 404-405.
Umezu, M, Wada, A, Tanaka, T, Takano, H & Tsuchiya, K 1984, 'DEVELOPMENT OF A MECHANICAL CIRCULATORY SIMULATOR FOR THE ANALYSIS OF ARTIFICIAL HEART CONTROL METHODS.', Japanese journal of medical electronics and biological engineering, vol. 22, pp. 404-405.
Umezu M, Wada A, Tanaka T, Takano H, Tsuchiya K. DEVELOPMENT OF A MECHANICAL CIRCULATORY SIMULATOR FOR THE ANALYSIS OF ARTIFICIAL HEART CONTROL METHODS. Japanese journal of medical electronics and biological engineering. 1984 Apr 1;22:404-405.
Umezu, Mitsuo ; Wada, Akihisa ; Tanaka, Takashi ; Takano, Hisateru ; Tsuchiya, Kiichi. / DEVELOPMENT OF A MECHANICAL CIRCULATORY SIMULATOR FOR THE ANALYSIS OF ARTIFICIAL HEART CONTROL METHODS. In: Japanese journal of medical electronics and biological engineering. 1984 ; Vol. 22. pp. 404-405.
@article{058648a27d0c4d84acea9ef506e681cc,
title = "DEVELOPMENT OF A MECHANICAL CIRCULATORY SIMULATOR FOR THE ANALYSIS OF ARTIFICIAL HEART CONTROL METHODS.",
abstract = "The authors have developed a mechanical circulatory simulator which can be used for the analysis of artificial heart control methods. This simulator consists of two parts; (I) a fluid circuit loop which was designed to have similar hydrodynamic characteristics to the total cardiovascular system of dogs, and (II) a minicomputer system for data acquisition and control of the fluid system. The curent control program has two types; a needle valve control for peripheral resistance simulating the behavior of an autonomic nervous system at the aortic position, and flow control for the left pump based on 'Starling's law'. Hydrodynamics in this simulator were compared with hemodynamics in goats under various circulatory situations including a 'single artificial heart' model. The designed system exhibited satisfactory performance, especially with respect to dynamic behaviors of the vascular system.",
author = "Mitsuo Umezu and Akihisa Wada and Takashi Tanaka and Hisateru Takano and Kiichi Tsuchiya",
T1 - DEVELOPMENT OF A MECHANICAL CIRCULATORY SIMULATOR FOR THE ANALYSIS OF ARTIFICIAL HEART CONTROL METHODS.
AU - Wada, Akihisa
N2 - The authors have developed a mechanical circulatory simulator which can be used for the analysis of artificial heart control methods. This simulator consists of two parts; (I) a fluid circuit loop which was designed to have similar hydrodynamic characteristics to the total cardiovascular system of dogs, and (II) a minicomputer system for data acquisition and control of the fluid system. The curent control program has two types; a needle valve control for peripheral resistance simulating the behavior of an autonomic nervous system at the aortic position, and flow control for the left pump based on 'Starling's law'. Hydrodynamics in this simulator were compared with hemodynamics in goats under various circulatory situations including a 'single artificial heart' model. The designed system exhibited satisfactory performance, especially with respect to dynamic behaviors of the vascular system.
AB - The authors have developed a mechanical circulatory simulator which can be used for the analysis of artificial heart control methods. This simulator consists of two parts; (I) a fluid circuit loop which was designed to have similar hydrodynamic characteristics to the total cardiovascular system of dogs, and (II) a minicomputer system for data acquisition and control of the fluid system. The curent control program has two types; a needle valve control for peripheral resistance simulating the behavior of an autonomic nervous system at the aortic position, and flow control for the left pump based on 'Starling's law'. Hydrodynamics in this simulator were compared with hemodynamics in goats under various circulatory situations including a 'single artificial heart' model. The designed system exhibited satisfactory performance, especially with respect to dynamic behaviors of the vascular system.
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=0021406991&partnerID=8YFLogxK
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=0021406991&partnerID=8YFLogxK
AN - SCOPUS:0021406991

value: Elsevier (Dutch: [ˈɛlzəviːr]) is a Netherlands-based publishing company specializing in scientific, technical, and medical content. It is a part of the RELX Group, known until 2015 as Reed Elsevier.


text:
10 things learned from potty training (sq 14) | tuesday snippets
← square 13
square 15 →
Home » 52 squares » 10 things learned from potty training (sq 14)
10 things learned from potty training (sq 14)
Posted on 4 April 2013 by e. muh
blackwork: the potty
miss e is now proclaimed diaper free! (well, she still wears diapers when she sleeps.)
revised: miss e is diaper free during her waking hours!!!
here are 10 things i learned from our week-long potty training:
10. leggings are harder to take off than pants–it is harder for the child to pull them down herself. they take a few more extra seconds to pull down (in potty training sometimes seconds matter).
9. sing songs–i don’t like to sing, but over the course of the week we’ve made up quite a few potty songs/chants to help pass time and encourage sitting on the potty. (sorry, i will not sing them to you, they are only between my daughter and i. you’ll have to think of potty songs on your own!)
8. it’s hard for mama–no matter how much i prepared myself mentally for potty training it pushed me to my limit and then tested me some more. i was prepared to do a lot of cleaning, mopping, and laundering, but i wasn’t prepared for how strong-willed a little 2.5 year-old can be. i’ll admit it, i’ve snapped, i’ve yelled, and i’ve had to apologize.
7. regression is also a sign of progress–the first two days it seemed like miss e was getting the concept of using the potty, but then the next day she refused adamantly to sit on the potty (this is where i snapped and threatened and yelled). she just stood her ground. she held everything in until nap time when she wore a diaper. but after her nap she never went again, no matter how much water i pumped into her system. so that night i realized i would have to try a different strategy. the next day she started telling me when she needed to go use the potty, and would actually go each time she told me she needed to go. the days before that she would sometimes tell me she needed to go, and even when she was sitting on the potty (for over 15 min) she would not go. i don’t know what transacted on that frightful third day, but here it is…major progress on the fourth day.
6. going while standing uses different muscles than sitting–so it was a struggle even at first just for her to sit on the potty because she was used to going no. 1 and 2 standing up. even after i finally got her to sit down she would tell me that she’s “done” just as the 1 or 2 was coming and would want to stand up, because it felt weird. so i would have to hug her and keep encouraging her (this is where a lot of the singing came in) to stay seated until the business was done. sometimes while hugging her we would do breathing exercises so she could concentrate on something else…yes, a little bit like helping her with “labor.”
5. it’s also very stressful on the child–instead of the once carefree life, miss e now has to be aware of her body even while playing. i didn’t realize how taxing this heightened awareness of bladder and bowel movements could be to a toddler until i noticed that she was taking 3 hour naps (she normally takes 2 hour naps) and still going to bed at 9pm!
4. sesame street potty chart & STICKERS were big motivators–i had all sorts of potty prizes (from target’s $1 section) loaded in the prize box, but the reward system miss e liked best was putting up a sticker on her elmo zoe potty chart (from sesame street potty book) every time she went successfully. seeing her chart gradually fill up with stickers gave her a lot of satisfaction and pride…since the sticker chart system is working out so well i think i’m going to start a chore chart! hehehe!
3. we eventually had to go out–we stayed home for the first five days, but we started running out of food. i’m still waiting for our foldable travel potty to arrive in the mail. until then i try to carry around our little potty inconspicuously. 😛 and when we are going out for a longer duration of time i make sure she’s wearing training underwear that are thicker.
2. accidents still happen.
1. still can’t ditch the diaper bag–i was so looking forward to putting away the big bulky diaper bag and go back carrying my own purses. even though i don’t need to bring diapers i still need to carry an extra set of clothes in case of accidents…and there’s still the snacks, sippy cup, hat, tissues, wipes, markers…etc.
(theses points have not been scientifically tested nor are they applicable to every child, they’re just my observations from potty training my 2.5 yr old daughter. p.s. we have hardwood floors.)
updated april 8, 2013:
11. a new sense of responsibility–this was something i noticed that started occurring towards the end of our first week of potty training. miss e had been throwing less tantrums and insisting less of doing things her way. one example is that she usually would have a fit about being placed in the shopping cart but now she doesn’t seem to mind anymore. just today she asked for more oranges but i told her she had to finish her dinner before she could have more oranges, so without any complaints she proceeded to finish her dinner. if i had told her the same thing two weeks ago, foot stamping, dramatic wailing, and continual whining would have ensued. the the change was like night and day, and it didn’t just last for a few days…even mdh noticed a difference. she’s more willing to comply. i’m thinking maybe it’s because she feels like she more grown up. she’s accomplishing big kid things so she doesn’t need to try to assert herself in the other things. maybe it’s a coincidence and she’s just growing out of her tantrum phase? whatever the explanation, a more tempered behavior started happening after being potty trained.
This entry was posted in 52 squares, miss e, other. Bookmark the permalink.


text:
A Woman with Hobbit Feet: April 2013
Posted by ~Denise~ at 9:38 PM No comments:
sometimes i wish he could hear himself speak and how the message comes across. to me, to the children. they get the message loud and clear that they are disrupting his world even without the words.
Posted by ~Denise~ at 6:22 PM No comments:
Labels: marriage, me myself and i, parenting the halfings
For the fourth time, I am playing host to a Promise Walk for Preeclampsia in my city. As a two-time preeclampsia survivor, I cannot imagine not being involved. I am coming up on the 10 year mark of my HELLP Syndrome experience and 7 years on my subsequent pregnancy with pregnancy. And at the end of the year, it will be 10 years since I found the Preeclampsia Foundation. Without the organization and the women I have met, I fear how things could have gone for me. The ladies offered support and encouragement when I needed it most. They were there for me when I was scared during pregnancy #2. I have been volunteering in various capacities for about 9 years. I have met some incredible individuals and had the privilege in other women's joys & heartbreaks. Been inspired and had the opportunity to be involved in some powerful events over the years. The ashes of what was one of the most traumatic experiences of my life have led me to awesome things in my life. And for that I am thankful.
Labels: HELLP Syndrome, preeclampsia, pregnancy, prematurity, Promise Walk, Walk-a-thon
It's been a while since I've participated, but I'm going to again this year. The 5 Minutes for Mom Ultimate Blog Party 2013 began last night and it's a great deal of fun as well as a neat way to meet new blogs (aka people) to read.
Technically, I'm in the section of "mommy blogger" (even though I loathe that name), but it's where I fit best. For those stopping by for the first time, HI. I'm Denise, a thirty-something lady with a husband and two kidlets. I am a two-time preeclampsia survivor, a lover of books, a listener of music, and a Disney enthusiast. I am working out some personal issues that are thirty years in the making, which has been interesting to say the least. We have a few extra needs to deal with with our kidlets (also referred to as "halflings"): anxiety, ADHD, sensory processing disorder. Life is good. I'm breathing and that is one awesome thing. :)
Posted by ~Denise~ at 2:22 PM 8 comments:


text:
Xinhe Hotel: Bewertungen & Fotos (Hengyang County, China)
Xinhe Hotel, Hengyang County
Nr. 10 von 28 Hotels in Hengyang County
Für diese Unterkunft sind keine Preise von unseren Online-Reisepartnern verfügbar. Möchten Sie nach weiteren Übernachtungsmöglichkeiten in Hengyang County suchen?Verfügbare Hotels in Hengyang County
{"BOOKING_FEATURES": ["IB_PRICES_OUTSIDE_ROOM_BUTTON","IB_STREAMLINED_SELECTED_ROOM","IB_HIDE_MSNBC_LARGEST_SITE_QUOTE","IB_SHOW_EMAIL_FOR_INSECURE_LOGIN","VISA_SPONSORSHIP_WEB","IB_EXIT_INTERRUPTER","RCMS_INLINE_ROOM_GRID_MAX_OCC","IB_SHOW_AMENITIES_AS_ICONS","IB_POST_BOOKING_LOGIN","IB_IRG_PERFORMANCE_METRICS","IB_IRG_MATCH_META","META_AIR","CHILDREN_SEARCH","IB_INLINE_ROOM_GRID","ATTRACTIONS_REMOVE_PAYMENT_ADDRESS_FIELDS","IB_TIME_OF_STAY_PAYMENT_TYPES_V3","IB_DW_CCNAME_WITH_AUTOCOMPLETE","IB_IRG_PERFORMANCE_METRICS_MOBILE","IBEX_HIGH_EQUITY_BRANDING","IB_PRICE_WINS_POST_TX","IB_BOOKING_FORM_FAVICON","STORED_CARDS","IB_PRICE_WINS_COPY","IB_URGENCY_BLOCK"] , "IMPRESSION_KEY": "ad94ec3595394878b7bfccfebd53e36e", "roomSelectionModel": {"partnerInfos":[],"multiplePartners":false,"polling":{"locationId":2007949,"bookingSessionId":null,"detailedAvailabilityKey":null,"commerceContentIds":[],"additionalContentIds":[],"pollCount":0,"checkin":{"day":3,"month":12,"year":2017},"checkout":{"day":4,"month":12,"year":2017},"adults":2,"child_rm_ages":"","rooms":1,"display_rooms":300,"entryPrice":-1,"entryCurrency":"USD","complete":true,"formKey":"","showAllRooms":true,"genNewBookingSessionId":false,"winningProviderAtClick":"","selectedRoomKey":"","impressionKey":"ad94ec3595394878b7bfccfebd53e36e","navArea":null,"referringServlet":"Hotel_Review","highestMetaPrice":0,"lowestMetaPrice":0,"additionalPartner":false,"highestMetaPriceDisplay":0,"roomsToVerify":[],"clazz":null},"summary":null,"unavailable":true,"metaOffers":[],"mismatchCheckModel":null,"totalMediaCount":0,"hotelPhotos":[],"noticeHeaderMessage":null,"moreProviders":null,"lowestPricePartner":null,"showAllRooms":true,"isMetaCheaper":false,"isBookingLessThanOrEqualToMeta":null,"avgHistoricalPrice":0.0,"avgHistoricalDisplayPrice":null,"expressBookState":{"hasFullTravelerInfo":false,"hasReducedBillingInfo":false,"hasFullBillingInfo":false},"highestMetaPrice":-1,"lowestMetaPrice":-1,"highestMetaPriceDisplay":-1,"hotelName":"Xinhe Hotel","hasSpecialTimeOfStayTaxes":false,"trackingTree":null,"trackingTreeId":null,"showPriceHoverTooltip":false,"trackingContext":"eyJzdGF0ZSI6IkhPVEVMX0FVQ1RJT04iLCJwIjoiSFJfTWFpbkNvbW1lcmNlIiwiaWRzIjp7IkJGSyI6ImFkOTRlYzM1OTUzOTQ4NzhiN2JmY2NmZWJkNTNlMzZlIiwiQUlLIjoiNGFjNmYxOTA5NDAzNDBlOThkYTBiZDQ5NzkyN2FjYjIifSwiZW50cnlTZXJ2bGV0IjoiSG90ZWxfUmV2aWV3In0=","cheaperPricesExist":false,"enableLPF":false,"priceDropPercent":0,"canExpandRooms":false,"expandRoomsToAllPartners":false,"roomSelectionKey":null,"useSupplierDirectTreatment":false,"isSupplierDirect":false,"showProviderSeparator":false,"clazz":null,"isPriceDrawerEnabled":false,"seeMoreMessage":null,"seeMoreIFrameMessage":null,"isPricelineCom":false,"isMetaMarketingLandOnBookingFormEnabled":false}, "ibAvailability": false, "metaAvailability": false, "topOfferIsIB": false, "numHacTries": -1, "checkIn": "03.12.2017", "checkOut": "04.12.2017", "lowestPrice": null, "hasDates": true, "hacComplete": true, "contentIdMappings": {}, "pollingEnabled": false, "preventScroll": false, "offerClickToken": null, "conditionalUpdate": false, "mightGetRooms": false, "divClasses": "ppr_rup ppr_priv_hr_inline_room_grid_hsx", "singlePartnerRoomGridWidget": {"scriptFlags":null,"containerAttributes":null,"containerClass":null,"widget":{"name":"ibex_room_grid_hsx","template":"ibex_room_grid_hsx__widget","moduleList":["handlers","tracking"],"divClasses":"prw_rup prw_ibex_room_grid_hsx","js":{"handlers":"(ta.prwidgets.getjs(this,'handlers'))","tracking":"(ta.prwidgets.getjs(this,'tracking'))"},"dust":{"sub_header":"ibex_room_grid_hsx__sub_header"}}}, "multiPartnerRoomGridWidget": null, "mismatchMessage": {"scriptFlags":null,"containerAttributes":null,"containerClass":null,"widget":{"name":"ibex_mismatch_message","template":"ibex_mismatch_message__widget","moduleList":["handler"],"divClasses":"prw_rup prw_ibex_mismatch_message","js":{"handler":"(ta.prwidgets.getjs(this,'handler'))"},"dust":{}}}, "maxRoomsToShow": 300, "isTablet": false, "roomGridRowWidget": {"scriptFlags":null,"containerAttributes":null,"containerClass":null,"widget":{"name":"ibex_room_grid_row_hsx","template":"ibex_room_grid_row_hsx__widget","moduleList":[],"divClasses":"prw_rup prw_ibex_room_grid_row_hsx","js":{},"dust":{"amenities":"ibex_room_grid_row_hsx__amenities","condition_col":"ibex_room_grid_row_hsx__condition_col","price_text":"ibex_room_grid_row_hsx__price_text","reservation_col":"ibex_room_grid_row_hsx__reservation_col"}}}, "mismatchMessageLightbox": null, "deviceInfo": "OtherOS OtherBrowser", "bookOnTripAdvisor": "Buchen auf <img class=\"ibHeaderImg\" alt=\"TripAdvisor\" src=\"https:\/\/static.tacdn.com\/img2\/branding\/rebrand\/TA_logo_primary.png\"\/>"}

value: Tripadvisor, Inc. is an American online travel company that operates a website and mobile app with user-generated content and a comparison shopping website.


text:
THW AKTUELL: Licht aus!
1. Februar 2007 / Eingestellt von thw um 14:20 /
The Alliance for the Planet [a group of environmental associations] is calling on
all citizens to create 5 minutes of electrical rest for the planet. http://www.lalliance.fr/
People all over the world should turn off their lights and electrical appliances on
the 1st of February 2007, between
1.55 pm and
02.00 pm in New York,
18.55 for London and
01.55pm in Ottawa,
10.55 am on the Pacific Coast of North America,
01.55 and 02.00 am in Vietnam.


text: Home // Search // Search results // news resources pollinators // CFAES Finance // o2qxrd // 2rnydt // ivuzg6 // 79zk9u // l1wg85 // Site

value: OSU, Osu, or osu can stand for:


text:
The Misadventures Of Super Librarian: Adventures In Library Land
The next person who says to me, "Oh your job must be so lovely and stress-free" is getting a smack upside the head.
Last night, right at closing, one of my library pages discovered that someone had been smoking in the men's room. Only cigarettes - thank god. Now, I walked past this guy in the stacks some minutes earlier and did take note that he was one rank little dude. I'm used to cigarette smoke (I have relatives who are slaves to nicotine), so it's not a scent that normally bothers me. But this guy reeked. Turns out he reeked because he was lighting up in our small, confined, and certainly not up to code, men's bathroom.
I actually find this whole thing really amusing. I live in Southern California for cripes sake! The weather is never bad enough where people need to resort to catching their nicotine fix in public restrooms. Really, why he couldn't smoke outside is anyone's guess.
Today I sat through the World's Most Boring Meeting, and arrived at my library at 1PM to be informed by my Children's Librarian that some good samaritan dumped a hypodermic needle behind the building where staff park. Nice. This area continues to be a serious problem for me, as it is secluded and not well lit. I shudder to think about what goes on back there after hours.
Now, call me wacky, but hypodermic needles left on public library property make me a little cranky. Not only is it a serious health hazard - but I have children running in and out of this building all day long! So I called the local police (for the 3rd time on this issue - but who's counting?) and asked the dispatch lady (nicely) if she could please ask the beat cops to patrol behind our building after hours. I'm not asking for the moon here - I just want them to drive their cruiser around back every once and a while.
In more pleasant news, since this is National Volunteer Week, I decided to do something nice to recognize our 2 regular volunteers. I ordered a cake. Nothing says thank you quite like copious amounts of sugar.
In exciting news - I'm thisclose to signing up to attend RWA in Reno. My immediate supervisor is going to try to convince the Big Boss to allow me to attend on library time. This would mean I wouldn't have to use any of my vacation time! The catch is that I'd have to share what I learned with the others when I returned home - but that wouldn't be a hardship. Give me 5 minutes and I can talk anyone's ear off about romance novels....
Posted by Wendy @ 3:33 PM
ooh, sorry about the sucky work stuff! today seems to have brought out all the loons, including the young woman i spoke to this morning who wanted the website address ofr city personnel. seems she wants to apply to be a librarian. does she have a Master's in Library Science you ask? why no. no she doesn't. in fact, she hasn't even finished college! but, she tells me, "she knows everything she needs to be a librarian".
i hope you get them to pay for you to go to RWA. that would be super. my librarian friends and i are taking vacation days and paying for our own trips to BookExpo this year.
That would be so awesome if you went to the Reno RWA. I'm going, though just for the signing, so it'd be terrific to meet you in person! Keep us posted.
April 20, 2005 at 5:18 PM
Oh, we get people like that too! I have one nutso woman who always wants to give me her resume. Luckily I just tell her - all hiring is done through HR blah, blah, blah.
As for attending RWA - I won't get reimbursed for travel expenses at all (no budget) - but the free vacation time would certainly be welcome! I'll need to take off about 3 days, and since I've only had this job for a year, my leave balances are a bit meager.
No fun about the sucky stuff -- and when you said it was a guy lighting up in your men's room, my mind immediately flipped to the fire at the LA Public Library downtown, which was started by a transient in the fiction stacks.
I'll keep my fingers crossed that you get the time for the RWA conference; funding would be better, but I'd take the time as well. As for sharing what you learn -- gee, you have to discuss your trip with your fellow co-workers. Such a burden. :)
Oh Wendy, did you ever solve your radio problem? I've got another suggestion for you. 101.5 from San Diego is pretty good for classic rock. Their morning team is irritating, but they play good music. I can only get it on my car radio during the spring to autumn months. must be some thing about the wind direction in the valley. But try it and see if it works for you.
Thanks Shayera! I'll probably be able to pick it up at home, but it might be iffy the closer I get to the office.
Right now I'm working on audio books, so my radio issues are solved for the time being :)
April 21, 2005 at 10:33 AM


text:
Observing behaviour in pigeons : an investigation of the reinforcing value of the negative discriminitive stimulus - UBC Library Open Collections
Observing behaviour in pigeons : an investigation of...
Observing behaviour in pigeons : an investigation of the reinforcing value of the negative discriminitive… Spencer, John Wayne 1974
Title Observing behaviour in pigeons : an investigation of the reinforcing value of the negative discriminitive stimulus
Creator Spencer, John Wayne
Description To determine if a stimulus associated with nonreinforcement can maintain observing behaviour as predicted by Hendry's information hypothesis, three pigeons were trained in a three-key operant chamber. On the yellow center key, periods during which food reinforcement for key pecking was available on a random-interval schedule, alternated irregularly with periods of nonreinforcement (extinction). Pecking the yellow right key produced, on a random-interval schedule, stimuli associated with the prevailing reinforcement condition on the center key: green (S₊), when the random-interval schedule was in effect; red (S₋), when extinction was in effect. Pecking the yellow left key was reinforced by food on a random-interval schedule. The inclusion of this key was intended to attenuate a possible punishing effect S₋ might have upon observing by arranging that reinforcement occasionally occurred on this key when reinforcement for pecking the center key was unavailable. After training, the consequences of pecking the observing key were manipulated. In one condition, S₊ was eliminated as a consequence and only S₋ could be produced. In another condition, S₋ was eliminated and only S₊ could be produced. When the consequences of observing were only S₊ or both S₊ and S₋, observing was maintained. When only S₋ was a consequence, observing extinguished. There was little difference between the observing rates when only S₊ and when both S₊ and S₋ were consequences. The results do not support Hendry's information theory of observing, but are consistent with reinforcement accounts of observing.
DOI 10.14288/1.0100008
URI http://hdl.handle.net/2429/19164
831-UBC_1974_A8 S64.pdf [ 1.64MB ]
JSON: 831-1.0100008.json
JSON-LD: 831-1.0100008-ld.json
RDF/XML (Pretty): 831-1.0100008-rdf.xml
RDF/JSON: 831-1.0100008-rdf.json
Turtle: 831-1.0100008-turtle.txt
N-Triples: 831-1.0100008-rdf-ntriples.txt
Original Record: 831-1.0100008-source.json
831-1.0100008-fulltext.txt
831-1.0100008.ris
OBSERVING BEHAVIOUR IN PIGEONS; AN INVESTIGATION OF THE REINFORCING VALUE OF THE NEGATIVE DISCRIMINITIVE STIMULUS by JOHN WAYNE SPENCER B.A., University of California, Davis, 1971 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS in the Department of Psychology We accept this thesis as conforming to the required standard THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA July, 197^ In presenting th i s thesis in par t i a l fu l f i lment of the requirements for an advanced degree at the Univers i ty of B r i t i s h Columbia, I agree that the L ibrary shal l make it f ree ly ava i lab le for reference and study. I fur ther agree that permission for extensive copying of th is thesis for scho la r l y purposes may be granted by the Head of my Department or by his representat ives. It is understood that copying or pub l i ca t ion of th is thesis for f inanc ia l gain sha l l not be allowed without my writ ten permission. Department of Psychology The Univers i ty of B r i t i s h Columbia Vancouver 8, Canada Date 26 July, 19?k ABSTRACT To determine i f a stimulus associated with nonreinforcement can maintain observing behaviour as predicted by Hendry's informa-tion hypothesis. three pigeons were trained i n a three-key operant chamber. On the yellow center key, periods during which food reinforce-ment for key pecking was available on a random-interval schedule* alternated irregularly with periods of nonreinforcement (extinction). Pecking the yellow right key producedj on a random-interval schedule, stimuli associated with the prevailing reinforcement condition on the center key: green (S+), when the random-interval schedule was in effect; red (S-), when extinction was in effect. Peeking # the yellow left key was reinforced by food on a random-interval schedule. The inclusion of this key was intended to attenuate a possible punishing effect S- might have upon observing by-arranging that reinforcement occasionally occurred on this key when reinforcement for pecking the center key was unavailable. After training, the consequences of peck-ing the observing key were manipulated. In one condition, S+was elim-inated as a consequence and only S- could be produced. In another con-dition, S- was eliminated and only S+ could be produced. When the conse-quences of observing were only S+ or both S+ and S-, observing was main-tained. When only S- was a consequence, observing extinguished. There was l i t t l e difference between the observing rates when only S+ and when both S+ and S- were consequences. The results do not support Hendry»s information theory of observing, but are consistent with reinforcement accounts of observing. i TABLE OF CONTENTS Pag© I Introduction . . . . . . • • • 1 1. Observing behaviour . . . . . . . . . . 1 2. What reinforces observing behaviour? . . . . . . 2 3. Purpose of present research 10 II -i. Method .... . . . . 12 1. Subjects . . 12 2. Appartus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 3. Procedure . . . . . 12 III Results . . . 16 XV Discussion • 20 V References . . . • • . . • • • • • • • • » . • • • . • 2k LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES Page Figure 1. Wyckoff's assumed relationship between conditioned reinforcing value of a stimulus and frequency of rein-forcement in its presence . . . . . . . 3 Figure 2. Schaub's two-factor theory of the rein-forcing value of S+ and S- . . 6 Table 1. Summary of procedure 14 Table 2. Data summed across last 5 days of each ; condition for each bird . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1? Figure 3. Last 5 sessions of responding on the observing key during the six treatments . . . . . 19 i l l ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The author wishes to express his abundant gratitude to Dr. D.M. Wilkie, not only for his sublime patience and protracted good-humour, but also for his assistance and expertise in directing this project to its ineffable conclusion. The author is also indebted to Dr. R. Wong for his advice and comments. A special thanks i s due the author1 collegues, who sustained in him a suitable frame of mind for this project by frequently accompanying him to local establishments for therapeutic refreshment. iv INTRODUCTION 1. Observing Behaviour Responses that result in exposure to discrirainitive stimuli that are reliably correlated with different schedules of reinforcement with* out affecting reinforcement probability have been called observing  responses (Wyckoff. 1952; 1959; 1969). In the fi r s t studyken observing behaviour, Wyckoff (1952? 19^ 9) equipped an experimental chamber for pigeons with two operanda. One of these was: acircular, response key, which, when pecked at the appropriate time, produced food reinforcement. The other was a foot treadle situated below the response.key. The key was normally illuminated with white light. Periods of reinforcement for key pecking, arranged according to a 30-s®eond fixed-interval sched-ule, alternated in a quasi-random sequence- with periods of nonreinforce-ment (extinction) of the same duration. Sinw both schedules were associated with the same stimulus, Wyckoff*s pigeons were responding on a mixed reinforcement schedule (Mix FT 30-see Ext). At any time during a session, depression of the foot treadle produced one of a pair of dlscrlminitive stimuli (S+ or S-) on the response-key-by switch-ing the white light to either red or green. The key became red (S+) i f the FT 30-second schedule was in effect, or green (S-) i f extinction was programmed. In this manner, thetreadle observing jresponsessignalled the current reinforcement schedule, and changed the mixed-schedule to a multiple schedule (Mult FT 30-sec Ext). Wyckoff (1952; 1969) found that the pigeons consistently, depressed the foot treadle when the red and green lights were reliably correlated 1 2 with the two schedules. When red and green were uncorrelated with the two schedules, however, the pigeons did not make the observing response. 2, What Reinforces Observing Behaviour? The interpretation of Wyckoff*s (1952; 1969) finding has evolved as the principal issue of observing behaviour. Since observing responses do not increase the frequency of food reinforcement, the question of what reinforces these responses arises. One interpretation Is a condi-tioned reinforcement hypothesis. Wyckoff (1952; 1959) believed that i t was the conditioned reinforcing value of the observing response-produced stimuli that maintained the observing response. He assumed:^  that the con-ditioned reinforcing value of these stimuli was 6^te«nlned~by^e.yproba.-bl l i t y or frequency of reinforcement in their presence. When white was present, periods of reinforcement (FT) and of extinction were not sig-nalled. Hence, the frequency of reinforcement in white was the mean value of the summed frequencies of both PI (120 reinforoements per hour) and Ext (0 reinforcements per hour), i.e.,. 60 reinforcements per hour. When red and green signalled the periods of FT and Ext, the frequency of reinforcement was either aero, in the case ofthe stimulus associated with Ext, or 120 reinforcements per hour, in the case of the-stimulus associated with the FT 30-seeond schedule. The pigeons preference for red and green (the multiple schedule) over white (the mixed schedule) was assumed by Wyckoff to be due to a higher mean conditioned ^ inforcing value for red and green than for white. Wyckoff assumedrthat:the func-tion relating conditioned reinforcing value to probability or frequency of reinforcement was positively accelerated. This relationship is i l l u s -trated in Figure 1. A REINFORCEMENTS/HOUR Figure 1: Wyckof^s (1959) assumed relationship between conditioned reinforcing value of a stimulus and frequency of reinforcement in its presence (after Hendry, I969). 4. A second hypothesis, proposed by Berlyne (195?; I960), maintained that on a schedule each as Mix FT Ext, there is an element of uncer-tainty arising from the unslgnalled alternation between- periods of FT and Ext. This "uncertainty" produces a state of conflict over whether "to peck or not to peck." Since i t can be presumed that this uncer-tainty and the conflict i t induces is aversive, the reduction of uncer-tainty made possible by the outcome of the observing response is the source of reinforcement for the observing response* Hendry (1969) elaborated the proposal-of Berlyne into an informa-tion hypothesis which incorporated the uncertainty aspect but eschewed the notion of conflict. Hendry proposed that the information about rein-forcement or nonreinforcement produced by the observing response is in itself reinforcing. In other words, i t i s the "knowledge gained" of the current circumstance which reinforces the observing response. Accor-dingly, the S- should be equally as effective as the S+ in reinforcing observing behaviour. Thisprediction represents a major difference between the two hypotheses; Wyckoff^ (1952; 1959) hypothesistpredicts that only S+ can reinforce observing behaviour, since only S+ has con-ditioned reinforcing value. A third hypothesis, which is a combination of the Wyckoff and Hendry notions, has been advancedby Schaub (1969). Schaub, while assuming that the Information provided by S+ and S~ i s reinforcing, also acknowledged that associative factors arising from a contempora-neous relationship between the stimulus and primary reinforcement also affect the final value of S+ and S-. Schaub proposed a two-factor model. Reward value derived from information provided by S+, and S- i s equal; the association of S+ with reinforcement provides reward value for S+, 5 while S- acquires an aversive value from its association with nonrein-f orcement. These two factors summate.to determine the final value of S+ and S-f as shown in Figure 2^  Evidence often regarded as supporting Hendry* s(1969) interpre-tation has come from experiments by Schaub (1969) and by Lieberman (1972), which purport to show that S- can reinforce observing behaviour. In Schaub's study, only one response key was available, on which pecking produced food reinforcement. In addition,every third peck on the nor-mally white key changed the colour to red or green for a brief5 period, depending upon whether a variable-interval (VI) period or an;extinction period was currently in effects In the experiment from which Schaub (1969) concluded that S- was reinforcing, he addedobserving: response-independent presentations of the discriminitive stimuli—S+when the VI schedule was in effect, S- when extinction was in effect. Since this procedure signalled the two schedule components, the observing response-produced stimuli, which provided no new Information, were therefore redun-dant. Under this procedure, Schaub found that the observing response rate during both the VI and the Ext periods underwent a sharp decline when compared to the baseline procedure during which the observing response-produced stimuli were not redundant. Since the reinforcing properties of both S+ and S- were eliminated (in the redundant situ-ation), Schaub deduced that the S- must have been reinforcing during the baseline condition* Schaub»s (I969) results* however, have been widely criticized on procedural grounds (see Dinsmoor, Browne and Lawrence, 1972; Jenkins and.... Boakes, 1973; Mulvaney, Jwaideh, Smith and Hughes, 197^ » for details). As a result, his findings are, at best, tenuous. Figure 2: Schaub's (I969) two-factor theory of the reinforcing value of S+ and S-, The broken line shows the net value of the two factors (after Hendry, I969). 7. Lieberman's (1972) monkeys were trained to depress an observing lever which produced 6 seconds of tone (S+) when a VI schedule was in effect on the food lever* or 6 seconds of light (S-) when extinction was scheduled. When the light was eliminated as a consequence of obser-ving, the observing rate during the extinction component underwent a sharp deoline, a result Lieberman attributed to the elimination of the reinforcing properties of the S-. But Dinsmoor et al . (1972) have crit-icized Lieberman^ measure of observing response rates, noting that the situation without the light is not comparable to the situation; with the light. When an observing respo ving responses were recorded until i t went out. When the light was dele-ted as an outcome of observing, a continuous rate of responding was pos-sible throughout the Ext period. In an effort to insure comparable ditlons, Lieberman (1972) did not record a portion of-the responses during that part of the experiment when the light was absent. Under this arrange-ment, he reported a lower observing rate without the light. Dinsmoor et a l . (1972) have argued that Lieberman»s selective recording of responses was not an equitable means of comparing the two conditions* - Some, of^t^ corded responses when the light was not available may have been those that would otherwise have been postponed until the light went out in the condition when the light was available as an outcome of observing. This would account for a higher observing rate in the presence of S- (the light) than in its absence. Other experimenters have reported no decline in observing response rate when the S- was eliminated under.similar circumstances (Schaub, 1969). The equivocal nature of these findings point up some of the dif-ficulties in devising a decisive test of the two hypotheses. Studies 8. by Kendall and Gibson (1965)» Dinsmoor, Flint, Viemeister.and Smith (1969), Dinsmoor et al, (1972), Lieberman (1972), and Mulvaney et a l . (1974) have a l l utilized some form of the stimulus-deletion procedure, which involves establishing an observing response with two disoriraini-tive stimuli (S+ and S-), followed by the removal of one, so that the observing response will produce only one of the schedule-correlated stimuli at the appropriate time. It has been assumed that the stimulus which remains as a consequence of an observing response s t i l l provides information about the schedule component with which i t is associated, while an observing response made during the schedule component for which the associated stimulus has been deleted has been assumed to result in no information. Wilton and Clements (1971a; 1971b), however, have pointed out a difficulty in interpreting results obtained from this type of procedure, since an observing response which does not produce a discriminitive stimulus (e.g., S+) can be just as Informative as the presence of the other (S-). In order to accurately assess the reinforcing properties of S+ or S- alone, this confounding of variables must be overcome. Dinsmoor et al . (1972) have reported a procedure which circum-vented this difficulty by the use of a random-interval (RI) observing response requirement. On a RI schedule, an observing response that does not produce a discriminitive stimulus may indicate only that the observing response schedule-requirement has not been fulf i l l e d . Thus, l i t t l e information about the current food schedule would be conveyed in this case. In the Dinsmoor et a l . (1972) experiment, a reinforced observing response changed the colour of both the observing and food keys for 30 9 seconds* The rates of responding on the observing key were compared when S+ and/or S- were available as reinforcement for an observing response* Four conditions were studied, each of which had a different outcome of observing: 1) both S+ and S- available; 2) only S+ avail-able; 3) only S- available; 4) neither S+ nor S- available. Dinsmoor et a l . reported that observing behaviour was maintained under the fi r s t two conditions, but not under the latter two. An observing response which had S- as its only consequence rapidly extinguished. The differential reinforcing properties of S+ and of S- have been further examined by Jenkins and Boakes (1973). They reported that pigeons prefer a source that displays stimuli uncorrelated with reinforcement and extinction to a source presenting S- alone. Pigeons were givena choice between approaching an informative source, or one that was uncorrelated with food. When the outcome of the Informative source was restricted to S-, the pigeons showed a preference for the uncorrelated source. Mulvaney et al. (1974) have shown that a source of information with S+ a s i t s only consequence i s prefered over a source with both S+ and S- available. Three keys were concurrently available, the outer two of which were observing keys. Responding on one of the observing keys changed the colour of a l l keys to that associated with S+ or with S-, whichever was currently in effect. Responding on the other obser-ving key produced only the colour associated with S+. The pigeons responded at a much higher rate to the source associated with S+ only. Thus, in several recent, well-designed experiments, a general suppressive effect upon observing response rates by the S- has been 10. found. These findings lend considerable support to the conditioned reinforcement explanation of observing behaviour. 3. Purpose of Present Research The suppressive ef foot upon observing behaviour by S- in the Dinsmoor et al. (1972). Jenkins and Boakes (1973) and Mulvaney et al. (1974) experiments does not entirely preclude the possibility that S-may possess reinforcing Informative properties- as suggested ^Hendry (1969). If. as Sohaub (1969) has proposed, Sf and S- provide informa-tion of equivalent reinforcing value, i t would be the differential conditioned reinforcing value of the two stimuli, when summed with the reinforcing value of the Information they provide, that would determine the net reinforcing value of S+ and S-. For example, eons sider Condition 2 of the Dinsmoor et al. (1972) :«xperimentv/in3 which S- was the only consequence of the observing response. It may be that the aversive properties associated with this outcome are sufficient to overwhelm any reinforcing value arisingfrom the Informative- content of S-, with the result that observing behaviour is not maintained. There is considerable evidence which shows the punishing properties of a stimulus during which reinforcement is not available (cf. Herrnstein, 1955rlsrln'''-«nd--Hels.-'1966). On the other hand, S- may simply possess no reinforcing:Informa-tive properties, and this, irrespective of any punishing: aspect of S-, might be responsible for the failures to maintain observing behaviour with S- only. In the present experiment,-an effort is made to attenuate the punishing effect of S- to determine i f observing behaviour with S-11. as its sole consequence will then bo maintain As in the study by Dinsmoor et al. (1972). the design includes an observing-key on which S+ and/orS- are available according to a rand a food key oh which food reinforcement Is available on a random»interval schedule. In addition, a second food key is included^ on which reinforce-ment is also available on a random-interval schedule. Thus when an obser-ving response produces S-, indicating extinction on the fi r s t food key, the animal may continue to respond to the other food key, on which food-reinforcement availability is not affected by observing behaviour. Lei-tenberg, (1965), and later* Mulvaney et a l * (197*0 have noted; that i f S-is to retain Itsidehtity as a negative dlscrlmlnitive stimulus, the primary reinforcer must be withheld when i t i s present. However, the independence of the second food key from the observing and fi r s t food keys created by a changeover delay (Catania, 1966) insures that the identity of the S- will remain intact. Reinforcement on the second food key is available during either S+ or S- on the fi r s t key. Thus, the S-, by informing the animal that extinction is in effect on the fi r s t food key, retains the functionalattribute ofthe negative dlscrlmlnitive stimulus, but does not preclude the possibility of rein-forcement on the second food key* This procedure should attenuate the punishment associated with an observing response which produces S- only. Under this arrangement* the reinforcing value of the information provided by S- should become manifest, and, according to the information hypoth-esis, by itself maintain observing behaviour. This design does not alter the prediction based on the conditioned reinforcement hypothesis, viz.. that only the S+, whether alone or in conjunction with the S-, will effectively maintain the observing response. 12 METHOD 1. Subjects Three adult White King pigeons with varied previous experimental experience were maintained at approximately 80$ of their free-feeding weights throughout the experiment by grain obtained during experimental sessions. The subjects had free access to water and grit in the home cage. 2. Apparatus A three-key pigeon chamber (Lehigh-Valley Electronics, Model 1519) served as the experimental space. A horizontal array of translucent response keys on one wall was back-illuminated by coloured light. The left key was always illuminated by yellow light, while the center and right keys were illuminated at different times by yellow, red, or green light. Directly below the center key was a grain-feeder which allowed 5.0-sec access to mixed grain during reinforcement periods* A lamp illuminated the grain when the feeder operated. Another lamp provided general illumination of the chamber at a l l times, except during reinforce-ment periods. Solid-state and electromechanical circuits automatically scheduled experimental events and recorded data. White noise and the chamber air blower were used throughout the experiment to mask extrane-ous sounds. 3. Procedure Experimental sessions began at about the same time each day and lasted 60 min. With occasional exceptions, sessions occurred seven days 13. per week. During these sessions, the pigeons received preliminary-training, followed by the six experimental conditions outlined in Table 1 (pigeon #17 received only the fi r s t three treatments, due to an injury). Preliminary training. The pigeons were exposed to a variety of procedures that culminated in the arrangements described in Condition 1 below. Bird #17 underwent a total of 116 preliminary training ses-sions, while birds #19 and #20 received 57 and 40 preliminary sessions, respectively. ConditionH. observing responses produce S+ and S-„ A random-interval (RI) 120-sec (t=3; prr.025) schedule was in effect on the left key, under which food reinforcement for key pecking became available every 3 sec with a probability of .025. This key was always illumi-nated with yellow light. The center key was normally yellow, with food reinforcement for pecking available on a Mix RI 60-sec (t=3; p=.050) Ext schedule. Under the mixed schedule, there was an unsignalled alternation between periods of reinforcement availability (RI 60-sec) and extinction (Ext). The mean period length was 60 sec; individual periods were 30, 60 and 90 sec in duration. The right key was the observing key. Pecking this key, which was normally yellow, changed the colour of both this and the center key for a period of 23 sec, according to a RI 36-sec (t=3; pe.083) schedule. The tw6 keys became green (S+) during periods of reinforcement availability on the center key, or red (S-) during periods of extinction on the center key. By signalling reinforcement and extinction periods on the center key. TABLE 1 Summary of Procedure Schedule Number of Sessions Condition Left Key Center Key Right Key Bird #17 #19 #20 1. RI 120-sec, food Mix or Mult RI 60-sec Ext, food RI 36-sec, s+.s- 16 14 19 2, RI 120-sec, food Mix or Semi-Mult RI 60-seo Ext, food RI 36-see, S- 7 10 10 3. RI 120-sec, food Mix or Mult RI 60-sec Ext, food RI 36-sec, s+, S- 7 10 10 4. RI 120-sec, food Mix or Semi-Mult RI 60-seo Ext, food RI 36-sec, S- — 7 7 5. RI 120-sec, food Mix or Semi-Mult RI 60-sec Ext, food RI 36-sec, S+ — 7 14 6. RI 120-sec, food Mix or Mult RI 60-sec Ext, food RI 36-sec, s+,s- — 10 13 15. the observing response changed the mixed schedule to a multiple schedule (Mult RI 60-sec Ext), If the schedule of reinforcement changed during the 23-see observing period, the key colour changed accordingly. Condition 2: observing responses produce S- only* Food rein-forcement was again available on the lef t key according to a RI 120-sec schedule, and on the center key according to a Mix RI 60-sec Ext sched-ule. Pecking the observing key changed the colour of both the right and center keys to red (S-) according to a RI 36-sec schedule when extinction was in effect on the center key. Green (S+) was omitted as an outcome of observing• During periods of reinforcement availa-b i l i t y on the center key, when in Condition 1 an observing response would have changed the colour of the two keys to green, the keys simply remained yellow. By signalling only the extinction component on the center key, an observing response changed the mixed schedule to a semi-multiple schedule (Semi-Mult RI 60-sec Ext). The duration of the obser-ving response-produced S- was usually 23 sec. However, i f the schedule of reinforcement changed during this period, the two keys reverted to yellow* and the S- was shorter than 23 sec. Condition 3t observing responses produce Sf and S-y This con-dition was identical to Condition 1. Condition 4; observing responses produce S- only. This condi-tion was identical to Condition 2. Condition 5: observing responses produce Sf only. Reinforcement availability on the l e f t and center keys was identical to Condition 2. The observing requirement on the right key was again a RI 36-sec sched-ule. However, observing responses changed the right and center keys to 16. green (S+) during periods of reinforcement availability on the center key (Semi-Mult RI 60-sec Ext). Red (S-) was omitted as an outcome of observing. When extinction was programmed on the center key. peeking the observing key had no effect; both keys simply remained yellow. If the schedule of reinforcement changed during the 23-sec observing period, both keys reverted to yellow. Condition 6; observing responses produce S+ and S-. This con-dition was identicalto Condition 1. A changeover delay was used throughout- the six conditions, so that scheduled reinforcement or S+ or S. could not occur during the f i r s t 1.0 sec following a shift from one key to another. RESULTS Table 2shows the number of responses on the three keys, the num-ber of food reinforcements obtained on the le f t and center, keys, the number of stimuli (S+, S-) produced by the observing response, and the number of chahgebvers, summed across the last five sessions for each of the six conditions. Left food key. No systematic change in responding or in the num-ber of reinforcements obtained occurred across conditions. Center food key. Responses on the center key in the; presence of the observing stimuli (multiple schedule) are represented by G+ (S+) and R- (S-). The difference between G+ andR- responding in Conditions 1, 3 and 6 shows a near-perfect discrimination. High rates were maintained during G+, with l i t t l e responding during R-. For Birds #19 and #20, there was no systematic change in the rate of responding during G+ over TABLE 2 Data summed across last 5 days of each condition for each bird Center Key Left Key Responses Pood Right Key Condition Responses Food Reinforcera Y+ Y- G+ R- Reinforcers Responses S+ and/or S- Changeovers Bird #17 1. 4575 140 1034 1854 1026 2 140 619 129 2724 2. 6169 157 2271 2524 0 2 150 82 6 3397 3. 4726 133 1832 2228 1082 7 139 343 106 3363 Bird #19 i . 5095 147 1211 1427 2562 2 145 924 204 2638 2. 4395 134 2249 2463 0 7 126 #6 • 9 2246 3. 3547 141 1753 1526 1778 6 144 671 128 2360 4. 6863 153 3804 4340 0 0 164 110 10 3380 5. 4326 148 1410 1496 I896 0 140 919 124 3092 6. 7195 149 1967 1993 4643 4 148 1734 348 4150 Bird #20 1. 7846 150 1735 1494 4972 18 150 3178 331 3636 2. 10555 148 5163 5997 0 1 142 111 9 4506 3. 8651 148 2777 1970 4421 3 146 1755 241 4407 4. 9652 147 4857 5156 0 3 141 17 ,2 4104 5. 14©96i» 149 2749 4193 2054 0 145 1261 107 4519 6. 12086 150 3533 4974 1459 5 147 710 148 5028 18. Conditions 1, 3» 5 and 6» when that stiwultis was available as an out-come of observing. The presence or absence of R- in those conditions had no systematic effect upon responding during G+. Y+ and Y- indicate unsignalled periods of reinforcement availa-b i l i t y and extinction, respectively (mixed schedule). There was no systematic difference in responding during Y+ and Y-. Combined respond-ing during Y+ and Y- was appreciably higher in Conditions 2 and 4. Dor-, ing those conditions, G+ was not available as an outcome of observing, and since the pigeons were not responding for R-, there was akgreater opportunity for responding to Y-f and Y-. There was no systematic change in the number of food reinforcements obtained across conditions. Right (observing) key. The total number of observing responses during the last five sessions of each condition is shown in Table 2. Figure 3 shows responding on the observing key during each of these five sessions. A relatively high rate of responding occurred when both S+ and S- were available as outcomes of observing (Conditions 1, 3 and 6), and when only S+ was available (Condition 5)• For both Birds #19 and #20, responding for S+ only in Condition 5 was in the same range as responding for both S+ and S- in Conditions 1, 3 and 6, but not greater. When S+ was eliminated as an outcome of observing (Conditions 2 and 4), the observing rate underwent an immediate decline,; and re-mained at a very low residual level for the remaining sessions in those conditions. Observing behaviour was thus maintained by the production of both S+ and S-, and by S+ alone, but not by S- alone* Changeovers. There was no systematic change in the number of changeovers across conditions. CONDITIONS DC X O DC 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 17 -e-19 H > A 20 - A -w f V \ 1 A a i i i i i 11111 i i i i i LAST 5 SESSIONS Figure 3 s Last 5 sessions of responding, on the obser-ving key during the six treatments. Conditions are as follows: Observing responses (RO* s)>produce 1) both S+ and S-, 2) S- only, 3) both S+ and S-, k) S- only, 5) S+ only, 6) both S+ and S-. DISCUSSION In the present experiment i t was found that (1) pigeons observed for both S+ and for S+ only, but not for S- only, and (2) the ob-serving rate for S+ only was roughly equivalent to that for both S+ and S-. The failure to maintain observing behaviour when only S- was available as a consequence of observing can be reviewed within the frameworks of three hypotheses examined earlier. Information hypothesis. S-, indicating that extinction is in effect on the f i r s t food key, provides an equivalent asaount of infor-mation as S+, and should therefore be equally as effective in main-taining observing behaviour, i f , a3 Hendry (1969) proposed, i t i s the information provided by the observing stimuli that reinforces the ob-serving response. The results of the present experiment do not support such a notion, Two-faetor hypothesis. If, as Schaub (1969) has proposed, the reinforcing value of information provided by S+ and S- is equal, and sums with the respective conditioned reinforcing values of the two stimuli to determine the net reinforcing value of each, countering the negative conditioned reinforcing effect of S- should thus sustain re-sponding for S- only. In the present experiment, the addition of the second food key was intended to counter the negative effect of S- by providing an alternative source of reinforcement that was available irrespective of the schedule component in effect on the f i r s t food key. However, this procedure did not result in the maintenance of observing behaviour for S- only. It is possible that the suppressive effect of 21. S- on observing i s of sufficient magnitude to overwhelm any such ef-fort, in which case some reinforcing value of information could s t i l l be attributed to S-. While the present results cannot refute Schaub*a proposal, there is no evidence to favour a two-factor hypothesis over the more parsimonious conditioned reinforcement explanation. Conditioned reinforcement hypothesis. Wyckoff»s (1952; 1959; 1969) explanation of observing ascribes reinforcing properties to those stimuli associated with reinforcement, but not to those associated with nonreinforeement. Thus, S+ should maintain observing behaviour while S- should not. The present results, as well as the results of other recent experiments (Dinsmoor et a l . , 1972; Jenkins and Boakes, 1973; Mulvaney et a l . , 197*0 support this hypothesis. Further, the only exist-ing evidence contrary to this explanation (Schaub, 19^ 9; Lieberman, 1972) has been widely criticized on procedural grounds. Some comment should also be made on observing when S+ wa3 the only outcome of observing. There is substantial evidence showing that pigeons normally respond more when an observing response produces only S+ than when i t produces both S+ and S- (cf. Dinsmoor et al».1972; Mul-vaney et a l . . 197*0. Such an effect has been assumed to -be-due-to the inclusion of S- as an outcome of observing, which results in intermittent punishment of observing. In the present experiment, responding on the observing key for S+ only was in the same range as responding for both S+ and S-. It may be that the presence of the second food key, by atten-uating the suppressive effect of S- upon observing, accounted for the similarity in response rates between the two conditions. The present findings are consistent not only with Wyckoff»s (1952; 1959; 1969) conditioned reinforcement hypothesis of observing, but also 22 with a recant, and perhaps more parsimonious account of observing form-ulated by Browne and Dinsmoor (1974) after the present research had f begun. These authors note that in most observing experiments, the subject i s forced to spend equal amounts of time in the presence of S+ and S-, and that there is no means by which the animal can selec-t ively observe S+ and S_„ The only alternatives available are either to respond on the mixed schedule, or to respond on the observing key to change the mixed schedule to a multiple schedule, under which S+ and S-appear for equal periods. The fact that subjects respond on the observing key when S+ and S- are equally l ikely outcomes creates an explanatory problem, since observing behaviour cannot increase the frequency of food reinforcement, and since the mixed stimulus is associated with the same number of reinforcements per hour as S+ and S-. The result of this has been the propagation of the three theories already examined, Browne and Dinsmoor argue that the explanatory problem created by observing behav-iour may be only apparent, simply because of the way observing behaviour i s typically studied, Browne and Dinsmoor reported a procedure which allowed pigeons control over the duration of S+ and S-. An observing response was made by standing in one half of the chamber, S+ or S- could be sustained by remaining in that half of the chamber. Standing in the other half of the chamber produced the mixed stimulus. These authors found that pigeons spent far more time in the observing half of the chamber during S+ than during Such results can be explained by the matching law (Herrnstein, 1970), and, as Browne and Dinsmoor note, no appeal to infor-mation content, conditioned reinforcing value or similar hypotheses is necessary. The matching law states that organisms choose between 23. alternative reinforcement conditions in a manner such that the time spent in a condition matches the relative reiaforoement rate in that condition. Thus, organisms choose S+ over a mixed stimulus because the rate of reinforcement i s higher during the former than during the latter. Similarly, more time i s spent in the presence of the mixed stimulus than in the presence of S-, since the rate of reinforcement is higher in the former. The present finding that observing was maintained by S+ only but not by S- only can be explained by the matching law, since the former but not the latter stimulus was associated with a higher rate of reinforcement than the mixed stimulus. • The finding that observing was maintained when S+ and S- were equally l ikely outcomes can also be explained by Browne and Dinsmoor's proposal that the only reason the birds spent an equal amount of time in S+ and S- was because they were forced to do so. Had the birds been given a choice, they would have spent very l i t t l e time in S- when i t was produced by the observing response. Thus, i t appears that Browne and Dinsmoca^ s analysis of observing behaviour i s adequate for explaining the present results, and i t enjoys the further advantage of being the more parsimonious of existing accounts of observing., '^.;_-::^ .:. /'''-.•^ •^  24. REFERENCES Azrln, N.H. and Hole, W.C. Punishment. In W.K. Honig (Ed.). Operant  behavior: areas of research and application. New York: Apple-ton-C'entury-Qrofts, 1956. Pp. 380-447. Berlyne. D.E. Uncertainty and conflict: a point of contact between information theory and behavior concepts. Psychological Review. 1957. 64, 329-333. *~ Berlyne, D.E. Conflict, arousal and curiosity. New York: McGraw-Hill, . 1 96o. - — • Browne, M.P. and Dinsmoor, J.A. Wyckoff's observing response: pigeons learn to observe stimuli for free food but not stimuli for extinc-tion. Learning and Motivation, 1974, 5, 165*173. Catania, C.A. Concurrent operants. In W.K. Honig (Ed.), Operant behavior: areas of research and application. New York: Apple-lon-eeniury-crorts, 1900. Pp7"S.3-270. Dinsmoor, J.A., Browne, M.P. and Lawrence, C.E. A test of the negative discriminitive stimulus as a reinforcer of observing. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 1972, 18, 79-85. Dinsmoor, J.A., Flint, G.A., Smith, R.F. and Vlemeister, N.F. Differ-ential reinforcing effects of stimuli associated with the presence or absence of a schedule of punishment. In D.P. Hendry (Ed.), Conditioned reinforcement. Homewood, Illinois: Dorsey, 1969. Pp. 357-3&V Hendry, D.P. Reinforcing value of information: fixed-ratio schedules. In D.P. Hendry (Ed.), Conditioned reinforcement. Homewood, Illinois: Dorsey, 1969. Pp. 300-341. Herrnstein, R.J. Behavioral consequences of the removal of a discrimi-nitive stimulus associated with variable-interval reinforcement. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Harvard University, 1955« Herrnstein, R.J. On the law of effect. Journal of the Experimental  Analysis of Behavior, 1970. 13. 24£2587~" ~ Jenkins, H.M. and Boakes, R.A. Observing stimulus sources that signal food or no food. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 1973. 20, 197-207.- ' Kendall, S.B. and Gibson, D.A. The effects of discriminative stimulus removal on observing behavior. Psychological Record, 1965. Iff. 545-551. 25. Leltenberg, H. Is time-out from positive reinforcement an aversive event? A review of the experimental evidence. Psychological  Bulletin. 1965, 64, 428-441. r;> Lieberman, D.A, Secondary reinforcement and information as determi-nants of observing behavior in monkeys. Learning and Motivation. 1972, 2 , 341-358 Mulvaney, D.B., Dinsmoor, J.A., Jwaideh, A.R., and Hughes, L.H. Punish-ment of observing by the negative discriminative stimulus. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior. 1974. 21, 37-44. Schaub, R.E. Response-cue contingency and cue effectiveness. In D.P. Hendry (Ed.), Conditioned reinforcement. Homewood. Illinois; Dorsey* 1969. Pp. 342-356. Wilton, R.N. and Clements, R.O. The role of information in the emission of observing responses; A test of two hypotheses. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior* 1971a. l6, 161-166. Wilton, R.N. and Clements, R.O. Observing responses and informative stimuli. Journal of the Experimental Analysis, of Behavior. 1971b, 1£, 199-204. Wyckoff, L.B. Jr. The role of observing responses in discrimination learning, part 1. Psychological Review. 1952. 59, 431-442. Wyckoff, L.B. Jr. Toward a quantitative theory of secondary, reinforce-ment, ftjyefoolojgj^ Wyckoff, L.B. Jr. The role of observing responses In discrimination learning. In D.P. Hendry (Ed.). Conditioned reinforcement. Homewood, Illinois: Dorsey, 1969. Pp. 237-260.
https://iiif.library.ubc.ca/presentation/dsp.831.1-0100008/manifest

value: A library is a collection of materials, books or media that are easily accessible for use and not just for display purposes. It is responsible for housing updated information in order to meet the user's needs on a daily basis.


text:
Octonauts Gup-A and Barnacles Mission Vehicle - Multi-Coloured: Octonauts: Amazon.co.uk: Toys & Games
Octonauts Gup-A and Barna... has been added to your Basket
Sold by: Sync'T
26 new from £21.84
£24.90 & FREE Delivery in the UK. Delivery Details In stock. Dispatched from and sold by Amazon. Gift-wrap available.
This item:Octonauts Gup-A and Barnacles Mission Vehicle - Multi-Coloured £24.90
Fisher Price Toy - Octonauts Gup-B Flying Fish Playset with Kwazii Figure - Squirts Water £19.90
Sold by Play Learn Grow and sent from Amazon Fulfillment.
Octonauts Gup-E £21.70
Sent from and sold by Duncans Retail.
This item Octonauts Gup-A and Barnacles Mission Vehicle - Multi-Coloured
Customer Rating 4 out of 5 stars (129) 4 out of 5 stars (62) 4 out of 5 stars (159) 4 out of 5 stars (40) 4 out of 5 stars (147) 5 out of 5 stars (6)
Price £24.90 £19.90 £19.99 £39.99 £29.99 £21.99
Shipping FREE Shipping FREE Shipping £2.32 FREE Shipping FREE Shipping FREE Shipping
Sold By Amazon.co.uk Play Learn Grow net_price_direct Amazon.co.uk Clickmegetme Amazon.co.uk
Age Range Description 3 years + 3 - 4 years 3 years + 3 years to 18 years 3 years + 3 years to 18 years
Item Dimensions 19.65 x 24.35 x 18.27 cm 7.62 x 20.32 x 20.32 cm 13.97 x 50.8 x 33.02 cm 11.43 x 43.18 x 33.02 cm 23.11 x 28.19 x 6.6 cm 33.02 x 12.7 x 22.86 cm
Character or Theme Octonauts Flying Fish Octonauts Octonauts Octonauts —
Model Number T7014
Colour multi/none
Product Dimensions 24.4 x 19.7 x 18.3 cm
Best Sellers Rank 18,845 in Toys & Games (See top 100)
#340 in Toys & Games > Figures & Playsets > Science Fiction & Fantasy
Octonauts Gup-A and Barnacles Mission Vehicle - Multi-Coloured.
1 x Fish (does not change colour)
DTM04 "Gup-Q Undersea Explorer" Playset
My daughter loves the Octonauts and this was the first Octonaut toy she received in Christmas 2011. Since then she has wanted to increase her octonaut toys at subsequent birthdays and christmas. She plays with all of them almost every day, playing out stories similar to those on CBeebies or creating new ones of her own.
As a product it is great so I give it full marks. However, buying the Octonauts can be an expensive business, particularly as some have decided that the individual characters are "collectables" rather than toys. However, after some unsuccessful (and potentially expensive) forays on an auction site, we got lucky by visiting toy shops regularly and picking up what we could when we saw it and saving it until the special days.
It is also disappointing that with the vehicles, you only get the choice of Barnacles or Kwazii and not the others.
Bylaylaon 7 January 2015
We bought this for our son, who is nearly 3, as an xmas present. Just the right size for satisfying play, the parts seem well made, not too brittle and the Barnacles included is chunky enough to withstand all they are put through! Both front and back sections can hinge off and the vehicle seems well designed for toddlers and older children alike. Pleased with this. We got Kwazi Kitten separately and there is room in the Gup for him too. The fact this can go in the bath too is a great bonus
5.0 out of 5 starsPerfect for an Octonauts fan!
ByThe Connoisseur of Amazonon 15 April 2017
This was purchased for my nephew who is a big Octonauts fan! He was so excited to receive this and couldn't open the box quick enough. A very good quality product which has and will product hours and hours of fun!
5.0 out of 5 starsPlayed with constantly
ByMarianne Hopwoodon 1 October 2015
We bought this years ago now and it's still in pretty good nick (apart from where it has gone a little mouldy from being in the bath a lot). Nothing has broken, although the detachable parts are long lost in the bottom of the toy box. Still played with constantly by both kids (nearly 4 and 6).
4.0 out of 5 starsThis is probably the best quality of all the Octonauts toys we have (we ...
This is probably the best quality of all the Octonauts toys we have (we have a lot) . That said the quality generally of Octonaut's toys is not great so it is a low benchmark.
This one works in the bath as well so is a particular favourite of my son.
4.0 out of 5 starsGood for Octo-fans!
ByKeith Wrighton 2 September 2013
We bought this for my 3 year old boy who is a massive Octonaut fan, and we thought this would be the toy he would get the most from. And he does! He loves putting his Octonaut figues in it (and anything else that he can fit in with it too). It definitely encourages him to use his imagination and invent rescue missions. The only problem we have found, like everyone else reviewing this toy, is that the front windscreen does get annoying the way it keeps coming off. If the hinge had been sturdier, it would of received 5 stars.
4.0 out of 5 starsA fun toy and as expected
ByTahira Fayeon 13 May 2017
A fun toy and as expected. Unfortunately the window comes off too easily and if difficult for kids to put back on.
ByWispyon 11 February 2015
Grandsons favourite toy for his birthday!
Published 25 days ago by Des S.
Published 2 months ago by Mr. M. dean
5.0 out of 5 starsGood play value.
My grandson is an avid Octonauts fan and he loved these additions to his collection.
4.0 out of 5 starsThe only negative point is that the perspex door tends to come off very easily when being opened / closed and it's a bit ...
My grandson loves to play with this toy both in and out of the bath. The only negative point is that the perspex door tends to come off very easily when being opened / closed and...Read more
My wee grandson loves this x
5.0 out of 5 stars... Grandson chose this himself and was thrilled so a good buy as far as I'm concerned
My Grandson chose this himself and was thrilled so a good buy as far as I'm concerned. Any kid who's into Octonauts will love it.
Published 10 months ago by JOY LUMPKIN
Gave it to our granddaughter for her birthday. She turned 3 and she loves it.
My grandson loved it. Best birthday present.
Published 1 year ago by Elaine Moorman
Another great product and very fast delivery, thank you
Published 1 year ago by Mr. P. F. West
Pages with related products. See and discover other items: the octonauts, fish game

value: Amazon.com, Inc. ( AM-ə-zon) is an American multinational conglomerate which focuses on e-commerce, cloud computing, digital streaming, and artificial intelligence.