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Patent US5438025 - Silicon oxycarbonitride by pyrolysis of polycyclosiloxanes in ammonia - Google PatentsSearch Images Maps Play YouTube News Gmail Drive More »Sign inPatentsAn improved fiber reinforced glass composite includes a refractory fiber in a matrix of a nitrogen-containing black glass ceramic having the empirical formula SiNz Cx Oy where x ranges from greater than zero up to about 2.0, preferably 0.1 to 1.0, y ranges from 0.5 up to about 3.0, preferably 0.7 to...http://www.google.com/patents/US5438025?utm_source=gb-gplus-sharePatent US5438025 - Silicon oxycarbonitride by pyrolysis of polycyclosiloxanes in ammoniaAdvanced Patent SearchPublication numberUS5438025 APublication typeGrantApplication numberUS 08/166,428Publication dateAug 1, 1995Filing dateDec 14, 1993Priority dateMay 29, 1992Fee statusLapsedAlso published asCA2133979A1, DE69211716D1, DE69211716T2, EP0642474A1, EP0642474B1, US5322825, WO1993024423A1Publication number08166428, 166428, US 5438025 A, US 5438025A, US-A-5438025, US5438025 A, US5438025AInventorsRoger Yu-Kwan Leung, Jon F. Nebo, Stephen T. GonczyOriginal AssigneeAlliedsignal Inc.Export CitationBiBTeX, EndNote, RefManPatent Citations (13), Non-Patent Citations (4), Referenced by (18), Classifications (21), Legal Events (6) External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, EspacenetSilicon oxycarbonitride by pyrolysis of polycyclosiloxanes in ammonia
6. The composite of claim 5 wherein said polymer is pyrolyzed in an atmosphere containing greater than zero up to 100% ammonia to a temperature in the range of about 800� C. to about 1400� C.
8. The composite of claim 5 wherein said polymer contains the moieties ##STR6## where R� is the unreacted residue of an alkene having 2 to 20 carbon atomsR" is H, an alkyl group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, or an alkene having 2 to 20 carbon atoms. Description
The polymer precursors may also be described as containing the following moieties ##STR2## where R� is
R� will be the residue of R and R' described above. Thus, R� may be of the unreacted residue of an alkene having 2 to 20 carbon atoms containing unsaturation in addition to the reactive vinyl group. The polymer product is pyrolyzed in an ammonia-containing atmosphere to a temperature in the range of about 800� C. to about 1400� C. to produce a nitrogen-containing black glass containing up to about 20 wt. % nitrogen.
The ceramic used as the matrix has an empirical formula SiNz Cx Oy wherein x ranges from greater than zero up to about 2.0, preferably 0.1-1.0, y ranges from 0.5 up to about 3.0, preferably 0.7-1.8, and z ranges from greater than zero up to about 1.5, preferably 0.2 to 1.0. The carbon content ranges up to about 30% by weight and the nitrogen content up to about 20% by weight. The ceramic is the product of the pyrolysis in an ammonia-containing atmosphere at temperatures between about 800� C. and about 1400� C. of a polymer made from certain siloxane monomers.
The polymer precursor of the ceramic may be prepared by subjecting a mixture containing cyclosiloxanes of from 3 to 30 silicon atoms to a temperature in the range of from about 10� C. to about 300� C. in the presence of 1-200 wt. ppm of a platinum hydrosilylation catalyst for a time in the range of from about 1 minute to about 600 minutes. The polymer formation takes advantage of the fact that a silicon-hydride will react with a silicon-vinyl group to form a silicon-carbon-carbon-silicon bonded chain, thereby forming a network polymer. For this reason, each monomer cyclosiloxane must contain either a silicon-hydride bond or a silicon-vinyl bond or both. A silicon-hydride bond refers to a silicon atom bonded directly to a hydrogen atom and a silicon-vinyl bond refers to a silicon atom bonded directly to an alkene carbon, i.e., it is connected to another carbon atom by a double bond.
The polymer precursors may also be described as containing the following moleties ##STR4## where R� is the unreacted residue of an alkene having 2 to 20 carbon atoms
Since the cyclosiloxane molecules are linked by the reaction of a hydrogen atom from one molecule and an alkene from the other, the residual group R� is derived from species of R and R' previously described. Thus, R� could be hydrogen or an alkyl group of 1 to 18 carbon atoms or an alkene group of 1 to 18 carbon atoms containing unsaturation in addition to the reactive vinyl silane group.
Black glass precursor polymer may be prepared from either bulk or solution polymerization. In bulk polymerization, neat monomer liquid, i.e., without the presence of solvents reacts to form oligomers or high molecular weight polymers. In bulk polymerization, a solid gel can be formed without entrapping solvent. If the neat monomer is advanced to a viscosity of about 2-600 cp (mPa�s), it is particularly useful for impregnating porous composites to increase density. Solution polymerization refers to polymerizing monomers in the presence of an unreactive solvent. The resin used in impregnating fibers to form prepreg in our invention preferably is prepared by solution polymerization. The advantage of solution polymerization is the ease of controlling resin characteristics. It is possible but very difficult to produce B-stage resin suitable for prepregs with consistent characteristics by bulk polymerization. In the present invention, soluble resin with the desirable viscosity, tackiness, and flowability suitable for prepregging and laminating can be obtained consistently using solution polymerization process. The production of easily handleable and consistent resin is very critical in composite fabrication.
Large and complex shape components can be fabricated from laminating prepregs. One method is hand lay-up which involves placing the resin-impregnated prepregs manually in an open mold. Several plies of prepregs cut to the desired shape are laid-up to achieve the required thickness of the component. Fiber orientation can be tailored to give maximum strength in the preferred direction. Fibers can be oriented unidirectionally [0], at 90� angles [0/90], at 45� angles [0/45 or 45/90], and in other combinations as desired. The laid-up plies are then bonded by vacuum compaction before autoclave curing. Another fabrication method is tape laying which uses pre-impregnated ribbons in forming composites. The resins can be controlled to provide the desired tackiness and viscosity in the prepreg for the lay-up procedures.
Heating the green composite to temperatures from about 800� C. up to about 1400� C. in an ammonia-containing atmosphere (pyrolysis) converts the polymer into a nitrogen-containing ceramic (i.e., silicon oxycarbonitride) containing essentially only silicon, carbon, oxygen, and nitrogen. The atmosphere may contain only ammonia or alternatively may include inert gases such as nitrogen or argon. At least 10% ammonia is preferred. Mixtures of ammonia with hydrogen or with hydrogen and nitrogen may also be used. It is characteristic of the ceramic prepared by pyrolyzing the cyclosiloxanes described above in ammonia that the resulting black glass has a large nitrogen content, but is able to withstand exposure to temperatures up to about 1500� C. in air without oxidizing to a significant degree. Pyrolysis is usually carried out with a heating to the maximum temperature selected, holding at that temperature for a period of time determined by the size of the structure, and then cooling to room temperature. Little bulk shrinkage is observed for the black glass composites and the resulting structure typically has about 70-80% of its theoretical density.
The cyclosiloxane having silicon-vinyl bond was poly(vinylmethylcyclosiloxane) (MVCS). The cyclosiloxane with a silicon-hydride bond was poly(methylhydrocyclosiloxane) (HMCS). Both cyclosiloxanes were mixtures of oligomers, about 85% by weight being the cyclotetramer with the remainder being principally the cyclopentamer and cyclohexamer. A volume ratio of 59 MVCS/41 HMCS was dissolved in isooctane to make a 10 vol. percent solution. Twenty-two (22) wt. ppm of platinum (based on the cyclosiloxane) as a platinum-cyclovinyimethylcyclosiloxane complex was added as a catalyst. The solution was heated to reflux conditions (about 100� C.) and refluxed for about 2 hours. Then, the solution was concentrated in a rotary evaporator at 50� C. to a 25-35% concentration suitable for use in prepregging. The resin produced was poly(methylmethylenecyclosiloxane) (PMMCS). It was tacky at room temperature and was flowable at temperatures of about 60� C. or higher under pressure and thus was suitable for use as a B stage resin.
60 mL of methylvinylcyclosiloxane (MVCS) was mixed with 40 mL of hydromethylcyclosiloxane (HMCS). After adding 0.6 mL of 0.55% platinum solution, the mixture was gelled in five hours at 55� C. The solid gel (PMMCS monolith) was post-cured at 100� C. for about 1 hour. One third of the monolith was ground into PMMCS powders.
A B-stage resin was prepared separately using the same ratio of MVCS, HMCS and Pt catalyst. The monomers and catalyst were charged into a glass vessel and mixed with 85.5 wt. % isooctane. After reflux at 100� C. for 65 minutes, the solution was siphoned out from the hot vessel. A green laminate was fabricated using prepreg made of Nextel™ 480 impregnated with the B-stage resin. (Nextel ™ 480 is an alumina borosilicate fiber supplied by 3M.)
Three samples were pyrolyzed in ammonia: PMMCS monolith, PMMCS powders, and one PMMCS/Nextel 480 bar (0.1 in.�0.25 in. �2 in.)(2.5 mm�6.4 mm�50.8 mm). The flow rate of the ammonia was about 1 liter per minute. The samples were heated to 850� C. in 4 hours, followed by a hold at temperature for 1/2 hour. The brown to black products resulting from pyrolysis of PMMCS were submitted for carbon-hydrogen-nitrogen (CHN) and Leco carbon analysis. The char yields and the weight percents of the elements as determined with Leco IR-212 and Leco CHN-600 equipment are shown in the following table:
The pyrolysis of precursor polymers in an ammonia atmosphere was carried out at temperatures of 850� C., 1200� C., and 1350� C. to study the effect of temperature on ceramic formation. Again, both powder and monolithic forms of the precursor polymer were used. The results are given in the following table.
TABLE B______________________________________Temp./5Ramp                                     Nitro-Hr.    Sample1              Yield   Carbon2                             Silicon3                                    gen4______________________________________850� C./  Powder-top  82%     5.47   46.1   19.017 hr                      wt. %  wt. %  wt. %850� C./  Powder-     82%     5.47   46.5   NA17 hr  bottom              wt. %  wt. %1200� C./  Powder      78%     NA     NA     19.76 hr                                     wt. %1300� C./  Powder      78%     3.56   NA     NA7 hr                       wt. %1300� C./  Monolith    77%     5.19   NA     19.77 hr                       wt. %         wt. %  Si3 N4    <0.5%  NA     39.5  (Comparative)                     wt. %  Black glass         25.7%  NA     <0.5  (Comparative)                     wt. %______________________________________ 1 "Powdertop": top layer; "Powderbottom": bottom layer. 2 Determined from IR212 (1900� C./Oxygen). 3 Determined by atomic absorption. 4 Determined by Leco nitrogen analysis. 5 Maximum temperature achieved after continuous rise over period of time shown.
Char yields decreased by 4% as the pyrolysis temperatures increased from 850� C. to 12000�-1350� C. By comparing the char yields, it may be concluded that the high temperature ammonia reaction with PMMCS is completed by 1200� C. Carbon content of the ceramic products was 4-6 percent by weight. It can be seen that about 20 weight percent of nitrogen can be incorporated into the silicon oxycarbonitride made from ammonia pyrolysis. The nitrogen content did not change significantly as the pyrolysis temperature was raised from 850� C. to 1200� C. For comparison, silicon nitride contains 40 wt. % nitrogen whereas the conventional black glass ceramic has essentially no nitrogen in its structure. The empirical formula of the silicon oxycarbonitride after 850�-1300� C. pyrolysis was SiN0.87 O1.16 C0.29.
Solid state 29 Si NMR analysis of the 850� C. sample was made, which showed multiple broad peaks between -30 ppm and -120 ppm. The 29 Si NMR spectrum is shown in FIG. 1. The NMR spectra was deconvoluted into four major peaks and two minor peaks. The chemical shifts and intensities were:
The silicon oxycarbonitride prepared by pyrolysis at 1200� C. in ammonia was heated in flowing air in a thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The TGA thermogram was shown in FIG. 2. The sample was heated to 1150� C. at a rate of 20� C./minute. The weight change was less than 1%, showing the thermal stability of the sample in oxidizing atmosphere.
Eight 8 in.�8 in. (203 mm�203 mm) plies of precursor resin-impregnated carbon-coated Nicalon™ prepreg were cut from a prepreg sheet. (Nicalon™ is a silicon carbide fiber supplied by Dow Corning.) The fabric used had a 8 harness satin weave and the resin content of the prepreg was 50 wt. %. The eight plies were laid up, vacuum compacted, and then autoclaved using the following cycle:
(1) apply 20 psig (138 kPa) pressure and heat to 1500� F. (66� C.) in 30 minutes,
(2) hold at 1500� F. (66� C.) for 30 minutes,
Two samples of silicon oxycarbonitride were analyzed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Sample A was pyrolyzed in ammonia at 1200� C. whereas Sample B was pyrolyzed also in ammonia but only to 850� C. The following table shows the char yield and nitrogen content obtained by Leco nitrogen analysis.
Four samples were heated in air at 1500� C. for 4 hours to check the thermal stability of the materials. Two samples were conventional black glass produced by pyrolysis in nitrogen of the polymer precursor of Example 1. The third sample was produced by pyrolysis in ammonia at 1200� C. The fourth sample for comparison was fused silica. The weight loss results were:
TABLE I______________________________________Sample                  Wt. Loss______________________________________black glass powder (26 wt. % carbon)                   -1.3%black glass rod (26 wt. % carbon & prior                   <0.1%heat-treated in air at 1000� C.)SiOCN powder (1200� C./5% carbon)                   -0.1%fused silica rod        <0.1%______________________________________
Patent CitationsCited PatentFiling datePublication dateApplicantTitleUS4460638 *Apr 6, 1983Jul 17, 1984Dow Corning CorporationFiber reinforced glass matrix compositesUS5051215 *Mar 21, 1990Sep 24, 1991Dow Corning CorporationCuring preceramic polymers by exposure to nitrogen dioxideUS5128494 *Apr 21, 1989Jul 7, 1992Sri InternationalHydridosiloxanes as precursors to ceramic productsUS5242866 *Jan 9, 1987Sep 7, 1993Allied-Signal Inc.Carbon-containing black glass monolithsUS5244720 *Apr 19, 1991Sep 14, 1993Allied-Signal Inc.Fiber-reinforced glass composite for protecting polymeric substratesUS5246738 *Apr 17, 1992Sep 21, 1993Sri InternationalHydridosiloxanes as precursors to ceramic productsUS5266533 *Apr 2, 1992Nov 30, 1993Allied-Signal Inc.Black glass ceramic from rapid pyrolysis in oxygen-containing atmospheresUS5279780 *Jul 22, 1992Jan 18, 1994Dow Corning CorporationPreparation of polycrystalline ceramic fibersDE3736914A1 *Oct 30, 1987May 5, 1988Shinetsu Chemical CoVerfahren zur herstellung von organischen silazanpolymeren und daraus gebildeten keramikmaterialienEP0251678A2 *Jun 24, 1987Jan 7, 1988Dow Corning CorporationCeramic materials from polycarbosilanesEP0412428A1 *Aug 1, 1990Feb 13, 1991Peter Prof. Dr. GreilCeramic composite bodies and process for their productionWO1990010596A1 *Mar 14, 1990Sep 20, 1990Tsl Group PlcImproved vitreous silica productsWO1990012835A2 *Mar 27, 1990Nov 1, 1990Sri InternationalHydridosiloxanes as precursors to ceramic products* Cited by examinerNon-Patent CitationsReference1 *Chemical Abstracts, vol. 110, No. 8, Feb. 20, 1989, Columbus, Ohio Abstract No. 62312b.2P. J. Heimann et al., "Polymeric Routes to Silicon Carbide and Silicon Oxycarbide CMC", Ceramic Eng. & Sc. Proceedings, vol. 12, No. 7/8 8/91 p. 1292-1303.3 *P. J. Heimann et al., Polymeric Routes to Silicon Carbide and Silicon Oxycarbide CMC , Ceramic Eng. & Sc. Proceedings, vol. 12, No. 7/8 8/91 p. 1292 1303.4 *Prewo et al., Ceramic Bulletin, vol. 65, No. 2, 1986 no month.* Cited by examinerReferenced byCiting PatentFiling datePublication dateApplicantTitleUS5587345 *Jun 5, 1995Dec 24, 1996Alliedsignal Inc.High flexural strength carbon fiber reinforced silicon carboxide compositeUS5669401 *Sep 22, 1995Sep 23, 1997Mansur Industries Inc.General washer apparatusUS6462371 *Jan 13, 1999Oct 8, 2002Micron Technology Inc.Films doped with carbon for use in integrated circuit technologyUS6713807Aug 28, 2002Mar 30, 2004Micron Technology, Inc.Films doped with carbon for use in integrated circuit technologyUS6784121 *Oct 23, 1998Aug 31, 2004Texas Instruments IncorporatedIntegrated circuit dielectric and methodUS6963101Mar 2, 2004Nov 8, 2005Micron Technology, Inc.Films doped with carbon for use in integrated circuit technologyUS7144545 *Nov 8, 2002Dec 5, 2006Ab SkfProcess for the production of ceramic bearing componentsUS7282439Aug 31, 2005Oct 16, 2007Micron Technology, Inc.Anti-reflective coating doped with carbon for use in integrated circuit technology and method of formationUS8859037Jan 12, 2005Oct 14, 2014The Boeing CompanyMethod for manufacturing ceramic matrix composite structuresUS20020190409 *Jun 17, 2002Dec 19, 2002Burdsall Charles W.Method for reinforcing ceramic composites and ceramic composites including an improved reinforcement systemUS20030114294 *Nov 8, 2002Jun 19, 2003Jurgen GegnerProcess for the production of ceramic bearing components and resulting productUS20040164336 *Mar 2, 2004Aug 26, 2004Micron Technology, Inc.Films doped with carbon for use in integrated circuit technologyUS20060009028 *Aug 31, 2005Jan 12, 2006Weimer Ronald AAnti-reflective coating doped with carbon for use in integrated circuit technology and method of formationUS20100003402 *Jan 7, 2010Stout Jeffrey BMethod for manufacturing ceramic matrix composite structuresUS20150020545 *Jan 31, 2013Jan 22, 2015Commissariat A L'energie Atomique Et Aux Energies AlternativesCrucible for Solidifying a Silicon IngotWO2006076069A1 *Nov 9, 2005Jul 20, 2006The Boeing CompanyMethod for manufacturing ceramic matrix composite structuresWO2012025905A1Aug 26, 2011Mar 1, 2012Commissariat A L'energie Atomique Et Aux Energies AlternativesCrucible for solidifying a silicon ingotWO2014179662A3 *May 2, 2014Dec 31, 2014Melior Technology, Inc.Polysilocarb materials and methods* Cited by examinerClassifications U.S. Classification501/96.5, 501/87, 501/95.2International ClassificationC04B35/571, C08G77/48, C08G77/50, C04B35/56, C04B35/589, C04B35/80, C03C14/00, C03C10/00, C04B35/58Cooperative ClassificationC04B35/806, C03C2214/03, C03C2214/20, C03C10/0009, C03C14/002, C03C2214/02European ClassificationC03C10/00B, C03C14/00B, C04B35/80DLegal EventsDateCodeEventDescriptionJan 16, 1996CCCertificate of correctionJan 28, 1999FPAYFee paymentYear of fee payment: 4Dec 30, 2002FPAYFee paymentYear of fee payment: 8Feb 14, 2007REMIMaintenance fee reminder mailedAug 1, 2007LAPSLapse for failure to pay maintenance feesSep 18, 2007FPExpired due to failure to pay maintenance feeEffective date: 20070801RotateOriginal ImageGoogle Home - Sitemap - USPTO Bulk Downloads - Privacy Policy - Terms of Service - About Google Patents - Send FeedbackData provided by IFI CLAIMS Patent Services


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PC's Telecom Blog: Motorola Mobility to showcase next-gen video compression technology with real-time HEVC encoding demo
Motorola Mobility to showcase next-gen video compression technology with real-time HEVC encoding demo
USA: For decades, Motorola Mobility has been delivering revolutionary industry standards and life-changing technologies by driving the evolution of TV and now multi-screen services through the cloud, network and home.
At the 2013 NAB Show, Motorola will continue its history of innovation with its first ever real-time HEVC (High Efficiency Video Coding) encoding and decoding demonstration.
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By utilizing HEVC, 3G and 4G-enabled operators will be able to provide higher quality viewing experiences on almost any screen while saving up to half the capacity current encoding technologies require.
Motorola will immediately support video service providers and programmers in testing and launching HEVC-based services to take advantage of the significant bandwidth savings offered by this new compression technology.
Additionally, HEVC can be a significant factor in dramatically reducing storage costs for in-home and networked DVRs. As Motorola's Fourth Annual Media Engagement Barometer reveals, consumers are watching an enormous amount of recorded content with over one-third of our weekly TV viewing coming from the DVR. Motorola Mobility's engineers are using HEVC to test and develop comprehensive standards-based wireless and multi-screen solutions for a diverse base of service providers worldwide.
This next-generation video compression technology was jointly developed by ISO/IEC Moving Picture Experts Group (MPEG) and ITU-T Video Coding Experts Group (VCEG). Motorola's HEVC demonstration builds on its heritage of network innovations and the importance of video compression in driving the evolution of TV.
Motorola is part of the committee that developed the HEVC standard, and has been an active contributing member of MPEG2 (1993) and MPEG4 (2003) standards.

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Learn More ❯ *You can enroll in only one programme at a time to earn rewards for reviews. 50 238 Reviews from our TripAdvisor Community Read reviews that mention: All reviews public bath
reviews Clear all Click to rate,Terrible,Poor,Average,Very Good,ExcellentStart your review of Sweetme Hotspring Resort Click to rate gracet451Quezon City, PhilippinesLevel Contributor6 reviews4 hotel reviews2 helpful votes “Great place to unwind”Reviewed 2 weeks ago via mobileWent with my mom and my sister mid afternoon. Rented a private hotspring place for 1.5hours for NT$2,050. Towels and water provided. First time to try hotspring. 10minute hotspring then 3minute breaks for our bodies to cool down and for intake of water. We did this for several rounds. Then front desk called us to remind us we had last...More ReportHelpful?Thank gracet451 aieyzaBintulu, MalaysiaLevel Contributor40 reviews8 hotel reviews7 helpful votes “Good thing to do after walking for whole day”Reviewed 2 February 2017 via mobileWe choose private hot spring about NTD 1+++ For 60minutes. If you want more time you need to pay extra fee but seriously 1 hours just not enough for me hahaha
Worth it to try, skin became smooth you can feel it instantly. ReportHelpful?Thank aieyza Camillo NLevel Contributor23 reviews1 helpful vote “Comfortable and memorable.”Reviewed 17 January 2017 The room is spacious and comfortable. The only thing that ruined our room (Room 8011) is the view: residential buildings.
The private bath is large but a bit dirty.
The public bath, sauna, and steam room are nice enough.
The food for the breakfast buffet are amply varied and delicious.
The front desk staff need to know how to speak...More ReportHelpful?Thank Camillo N James TSingapore, SingaporeLevel Contributor12 reviews4 hotel reviews2 helpful votes “Old and dirty”Reviewed 29 December 2016 via mobileWent to the public Hotspring for facilities. Paid 600NTD and I regretted it totally. The toilet and bathing area is so dirty. The hotspring pool is filled with algae & mold. I could have donated the 600NTD to charity instead. Walk past the hotel room corridor, saw the room looks old. Don't think the room can be any better than...More ReportHelpful?Thank James T Ewa_PinkowskaSingapore, SingaporeLevel Contributor44 reviews36 hotel reviews14 helpful votes “Decent hotel in the center of Beitou”Reviewed 6 December 2016 via mobileI stayed in Sweetme on a short trip to Beitou for the springs. The hotel is a bit ageing and could do with slme renovation but i found it very clean and organized. The staff was pleasant and helpful. I got a good rate and still got upgraded so overall couldnt complain
I just wish the breakfast wasnt obligatory as...More ReportHelpful?Thank Ewa_Pinkowska travelover01Hong KongLevel Contributor61 reviews37 hotel reviews49 helpful votes “convenient but aged and unfriendly”Reviewed 23 November 2016 Could not book the same hotel in Taipei after change of trip planning and tried this hotel in Beitou hoping to try a different hotspring after a night in Jiaoxi. The man at the lobby received me with a cold question on whether I had a receipt from the Agoda booking. I said I packed it in suitcase and tried...More ReportHelpful?1Thank travelover01 SingaporeMaySingaporeLevel Contributor10 reviews5 hotel reviews5 helpful votes “Convenient and quiet hotspring resort”Reviewed 21 November 2016 The resort is located just diagonally across the Xinbeitou train station. It is surrounded by several eateries and fast food restaurants. You can take your time to explore Yangmingshan from there by foot.
Staff are helpful and polite. The room I stayed was spacious and very clean with attached hot spring tub big enough for two persons. Great for couples...More ReportHelpful?1Thank SingaporeMay childplay_WorldSingapore, SingaporeLevel Contributor6 reviews5 hotel reviews6 helpful votes “Hotel is getting worn with age n unfriendly n bossy staff”Reviewed 19 November 2016 via mobileOnce only. A far cry in terms of quality compared to Japan hotspring. Location is very near xinbeitou. Keep right from train exit n keep right towards park.
At night limited food options.. usually McDonald's, yoshinoya, mos burger. ReportHelpful?Thank childplay_World SalimTanNew ZealandLevel Contributor47 reviews12 hotel reviews47 helpful votes “Convenient location with nice spring water tub”Reviewed 15 November 2016 via mobileConvenient location with nice spring water tub. Carpet is old and dirty. Wear and tear in bathroom. Breakfast ok but tables are arranged in a very strange configuration. Reception staff will not help you wirh luggages. ReportHelpful?Thank SalimTan MelwsySingapore, SingaporeLevel Contributor42 reviews11 hotel reviews31 helpful votes “Poorly maintained ”Reviewed 11 November 2016 via mobileVisited to use the private Hot spring. Will advise not to. No ambience as I will shudder to open that window there. Place is dirty and a lot of dirt found in the cracks. Nothing like the onsen experience I had in a small little onsen in Kyoto. ReportHelpful?1Thank Melwsy Previous
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Show Prices Show Prices Show Prices Near Sweetme Hotspring Resort Top-rated Attractions Nearby 1,767 Reviews Beitou Hot Spring
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₹ 7,854 - ₹ 13,287 (Based on Average Rates for a Standard Room)
TripAdvisor is proud to partner with Ctrip TA, Booking.com, Agoda and Priceline so you can book your Sweetme Hotspring Resort reservations with confidence. We help millions of travellers each month to find the perfect hotel for both holiday and business trips, always with the best discounts and special offers.
Posting guidelines Get notified about new answers to your questions. Ask Typical questions asked: Can tickets for local attractions be purchased at the front desk? Do you have to pay extra for a mini-fridge? At what time does the pool open each day? See which rooms travellers prefer “Ask a room that doesn't have buildings as view.”
| Read review “opt for private hotspring room, save the trouble to squeeze with public”
Hockie69, 2 Jul 2015

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Ken Kenny Landreaux Signed 8X10 Photo Autograph Dodgers in Cage Center Auto COA | eBay
See more Ken Kenny Landreaux Signed 8x10 Photo Autograp...
KEN LANDREAUX LOS ANGELES DODGERS WORLD CHAMPS SIGNED AUTOGRAPHED 8X10 PHOTO W/C
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Vie Cave … Cave Avenues of Pitigliano | Strada Toscana
The first time I laid eyes on the vie cave found just outsidethe ancient town of Pitigliano, it took my breath away. These carved roads that wind steeply through dense forests in this part of Tuscany are both mysterious and spectacular.
Most certainly Etruscan in origin (probably used for funeral ceremonies) some of the vie cave (cave avenues) are as deep as 20 meters and are many kilometers in length. Others are shorter and more accessible for light hiking. Most have interesting channels carved along the center and/or sides – perhaps for water run-off.
To visit the vie cave, we advise that you head straight into the historic center of Pitigliano to the tourist information office (located in the main piazza, just through the arched entrance to town), where you’ll find lots of free information, including excellent maps showing several vie cave hiking routes.
Good trekking shoes are a must, as well as water and snacks. The routes can be very steep and long, and easy to underestimate when you’re glancing at a small map. So plan on at least a half-day (better yet a full day) for exploring the beautiful vie cave of Pitigliano!
autumn in Tuscany, cave avenues, Etruscan caves, Etruscan tombs, Pitigliano, Tuscany, vie cave
Pears (or Apples!) Baked in Red Wine

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-0.06 (-4.28%)
Bid 1.45 x 28000
Ask 1.46 x 29200
Day's Range 1.44 - 1.53
52 Week Range 1.42 - 4.75
Volume 2,376,738
Avg. Volume 15,070,609
Market Cap 458.034M
Its short interest is about where it was during the worst of the Ron Johnson era, when that former Apple Inc. executive became CEO and made unpopular changes that devastated sales. If J.C. Penney doesn't manage to deliver real progress during the holiday spending blitz, I suspect already-fragile investor confidence is going to erode very quickly. For one, as I've noted previously, the strong economic backdrop should provide a powerful tailwind to the retail industry overall this holiday season.
The last thing struggling J.C. Penney needs is a bankrupt Sears.
Most analysts currently have a “hold” recommendation for JCPenney (JCP) stock. The mid-tier department store chain was rated a “hold” by 75%, or 12 out of 16, analysts covering the stock. JCPenney stock was rated a “sell” by four analysts as of October 12.
Can New CEO Bring JCPenney Back on Track? JCPenney (JCP) disappointed its investors with a higher-than-expected loss in the second quarter of fiscal 2018, which ended on August 4. The company’s second-quarter adjusted loss per share of $0.38 was way higher than analysts’ estimate of a loss per share of $0.06.
Sears Holdings has filed for bankruptcy protection and plans to shutter another 142 stores before the year is over. Analysts say J.C. Penney, Walmart, Kohl's and others should benefit from the department store chain's demise. With Sears Holdings SHLD filing for bankruptcy protection and planning to shutter another 142 stores before year-end, that leaves some market share up for grabs among the retailers' rivals, especially those in the business of selling appliances and tools.
Why JCPenney’s Margins Might Continue to Be under Pressure
Can New CEO Bring JCPenney Back on Track? A challenging retail environment forced JCPenney (JCP) to book markdowns in the second quarter, causing a contraction in the company’s gross margin during the quarter. JCPenney’s gross margin fell significantly to 33.7% in the second quarter of fiscal 2018 from 35.3% in the second quarter of fiscal 2017.
J. C. Penney (JCP) renews agreement with Synchrony to enhance customers' shopping experience.
The retailing giant, which includes its eponymous department store and the Kmart discount chain, said Monday it has filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy. It is set to close 142 unprofitable stores near the end of the year and Eddie Lampert, the financier who is its largest shareholder, is stepping down from his role as CEO. The company — formed by Lampert in a 2005 merger of two storied but struggling shopping empires — had been withering practically since its inception.
Cowen & Co. says Walmart and Target are positioned well for such a situation, followed by J.C. Penney, Kohl’s and Macy’s.
J. C. Penney (JCP) shares rose nearly 7% in the last trading session, amid huge volumes.
Despite a down day for the market, these stocks climbed. Find out why.

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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sydney_artists%27_camps&oldid=880232038"
This page was last edited on 26 January 2019, at 05:31 (UTC).

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ACT will boost infrastructure in productive Queenstown | Scoop News
ACT will boost infrastructure in productive Queenstown
Thursday, 13 July 2017, 4:00 pm
ACT will boost infrastructure in productive
QueenstownOnly ACT has a clear policy to get
Queenstown infrastructure caught up with the enormous
pressure it faces, says ACT Leader David Seymour as he
visits the town today.“Tourism-heavy regions like Otago
are disproportionately short on infrastructure, despite the
huge tax dividends they’re passing to central
government,” says Mr Seymour.“Tourism is now the
country’s single biggest earner, but the regions producing
this profit aren’t allowed to keep the tax revenue needed
to upgrade infrastructure.“ACT has a policy to
automatically fund infrastructure in the areas of greatest
need, like Queenstown.“Councils already record the
value of building consents. ACT would simply return half the
GST from these consents to the local council for use on
vital infrastructure projects. This means funding would
automatically be allocated to productive regions, instead of
getting collected by Wellington and divvied out in political
favours.“This would mean a big boost in infrastructure
funding for the Otago region, which punches above its weight
in building consents due to pressure from tourism and
migration. In fact, with building consents valued at over
$3.5 billion over the last 12 months, ACT’s policy would
mean an extra $266 million for Otago
infrastructure.“Every other party pretends
infrastructure will fix itself. Only ACT has a clear,
costed, workable solution to chronic underfunding of
infrastructure. “ENDS

value: Scoop.it is a content marketing software company based in San Francisco, California. The company operates the Scoop.it platform, a content curation service, and markets its content marketing software to businesses.


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A Wall Street Transcript Interview with Matthew Kelley, Managing Director, and Matthew Breese, Senior Research Analyst, Sterne Agee & Leach, Inc.: More M&A Activity in Northeastern Banking - Yahoo Finance
A Wall Street Transcript Interview with Matthew Kelley, Managing Director, and Matthew Breese, Senior Research Analyst, Sterne Agee & Leach, Inc.: More M&A Activity in Northeastern Banking
Credit & Debt News Most 20-somethings can’t answer these 3 financial questions. … 7 things you need to know about the statutes of limitation … Protect yourself from debt collection scams Survey: Who's feeling good about their finances? 10 things everyone should know about credit scores What to read next Play Colorado's getting closer to getting its first 'weedery' Mattel crowdsources its next big toy Sponsored Yahoo Finance  How to trade like Stan Druckenmiller, George Soros and Jim Rogers Play Working on Wall Street can help save the world: Peter Singer Lumber, Gold, and Volatility in Equities Apple Watch, Greece, earnings from Facebook and Google: What to watch next … Sponsored Yahoo Finance  Play Target’s 'Pulitzer' prize Play Our long national financial nightmare is over (maybe) Sidekick More Market News 01:31 Play Wall Street seeks to extend rebound 01:31 Park your money in US stocks? Maybe not: Mobius Sponsored CNBC Videos  03:30 Play Trading (and Tweeting) From Brooklyn 03:30 01:49 Play See value in Hong Kong, Chinese equities: Pro 01:49 03:30 Play Shanghai's unburst bubble 03:30 Mobius' favorite market in Asia is... Sponsored CNBC Videos  01:12 Play Jason La Canfora on possible draft day trades 01:12 03:34 Play Should you chase the EM rally? Not really: Pro 03:34 Sidekick FP Today Walmart denies targeting wage protesters Things everyone should know about credit scores Sponsored  How to protect yourself from debt collector scams 00:00 Play Target site overwhelmed by Lilly Pulitzer demand 00:00 Financial questions 20-somethings can’t answer Sidekick top story Play Time to get out of US stocks: Mobius Boutique banks to suffer most if Comcast-Time Warner Cable deal vetoed Sponsored Reuters  Iran wants OPEC to pave way for its extra oil production when sanctions … Oil prices dip as U.S. stockpiles seen rising Upbeat earnings lift stocks, Greek anxiety hits euro With a prince's backing, James Murdoch may soon ascend at Fox Sponsored Reuters  Why McDonald's is still a powerhouse, despite troubles Morgan Stanley posts highest profit since financial crisis Copyright © 2013 twst.com. All rights reserved.


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DREAM BIG blog series: Beth Mulkerron, Actress and singer - FIRST STAGE VOICES
Home 2012-13 season Beth Mulkerron BIG The Musical Dream Big blog series first stage First Stage Children's Theater DREAM BIG blog series: Beth Mulkerron, Actress and singer
DREAM BIG blog series: Beth Mulkerron, Actress and singer
2012-13 season Beth Mulkerron BIG The Musical Dream Big blog series first stage First Stage Children's Theater
Beth Mulkerron at 12
I am fortunate enough to have a career as a professional actress and singer.
Everything. I am a grown up who gets to play pretend with my friends. Does it get any better than that?
I guess I would have to say memorizing is the part I like the least. Trying to get all the exactly right words, notes and dance steps in my brain seems to be the most challenging.
Did you always want to be an actress and singer?
Yep. I guess I didn't know it was actually possible to make a living doing it until a lot older, but it is what I always wanted to do.
Being Eponine in Les Miserables
I don't think I could go without performing. Thankfully the other job I DO get to do is being a mom.
How long did it take to become an actress and singer, and what did you have to do?
I've been practicing for this job really since I could walk. My mom has recordings of me singing "Guys and Dolls" at age 2. I took years of dance and voice, auditioned for every show I could get to, and studied extensively at college and across the country.
There is a lot of rejection that comes with this profession. It is a challenge to keep your confidence throughout it all.
I thought about giving up plenty of times. I moved to New York 3 weeks before September 11th. Trying to make it in the theatrical world at such a tough economic and emotional time was daunting. I am grateful for my success every day.
If you want it, don't ever give up. Discipline and determination get you to the door of success. Believing in yourself is the way you get to walk through it. In the past few weeks I've been told on multiple occasions that you just have to remember, "YOU are enough." When you can believe that, you can achieve anything. But it is important to measure success by your own standards, not someone else's. Everyday I just ask for the opportunity to work consistently and to be able to grow as a performer. To me, that's success.
Currently Beth can be seen in First Stage's production of BIG, THE MUSICAL through November 11. This marks her 10th production with First Stage! For more information about BIG, THE MUSICAL, click here.
DREAM BIG blog series: Beth Mulkerron, Actress and singer Reviewed by Erica Davis on 11:46 AM Rating: 5
Tags : 2012-13 season Beth Mulkerron BIG The Musical Dream Big blog series first stage First Stage Children's Theater


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Patent US7511588 - Flux linked LC tank circuits forming distributed clock networks - Google PatentsSearch Images Maps Play YouTube News Gmail Drive More »Sign inPatentsCMOS LC tank circuits and flux linkage between inductors can be used to distribute and propagate clock signals over the surface of a VLSI chip or processor. The tank circuit offers an adiabatic behavior that recycles the energy between the reactive elements and minimizes losses in a conventional sense....http://www.google.com/patents/US7511588?utm_source=gb-gplus-sharePatent US7511588 - Flux linked LC tank circuits forming distributed clock networksAdvanced Patent SearchPublication numberUS7511588 B2Publication typeGrantApplication numberUS 11/185,001Publication dateMar 31, 2009Filing dateJul 19, 2005Priority dateJul 19, 2005Fee statusPaidAlso published asUS20070018740, US20080007358, US20080074202Publication number11185001, 185001, US 7511588 B2, US 7511588B2, US-B2-7511588, US7511588 B2, US7511588B2InventorsThaddeus John GabaraOriginal AssigneeLctank LlcExport CitationBiBTeX, EndNote, RefManPatent Citations (29), Non-Patent Citations (6), Referenced by (22), Classifications (12), Legal Events (6) External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, EspacenetFlux linked LC tank circuits forming distributed clock networks
US 7511588 B2Abstract
CMOS LC tank circuits and flux linkage between inductors can be used to distribute and propagate clock signals over the surface of a VLSI chip or processor. The tank circuit offers an adiabatic behavior that recycles the energy between the reactive elements and minimizes losses in a conventional sense. Flux linkage can be used to orchestrate a number of seemingly individual and distributed CMOS LC tank circuits to behave as one unit. In one example, the distribution of a 45� separated multi-phase balanced oscillations over the surface of die 1.6 cm�1.6 cm at 10 GHz is expected to dissipate under 10 W and offers a potential to significantly reduce the road map predictions of 100 W. Simulations of several CMOS tank circuits indicate that the power dissipation can be reduced an order of magnitude when compared to conventional techniques. A passive flux linkage, mechanical, and finite state machine technique of frequency adjustment of an oscillator are described.
1. An oscillator network comprising:
at least one oscillator network output;
a first tank circuit;
at least one additional tank circuit; wherein
each tank circuit comprises
a plurality of coils each having a first and second lead,
at least one coil encompassing a first surface different from a second surface encompassed by the remaining coils,
at least two transistors of one conductivity type cross coupled to each other, and
at least one coil in the first tank circuit having a flux linkage to at least one coil in the additional tank circuit, wherein
at least one of the coils in the first tank circuit overlaps and shares a common encompassed surface on a first substrate with at least one of the coils in one of the additional tank circuits.
at least one of the plurality of coils in each tank circuit is located on the first substrate and the remaining coils are located on a different substrate.
3. The network of claim 1 further comprising;
at least one adjustable capacitor.
4. The network of claim 2, wherein
the coil from the first substrate is juxtaposed to one of the remaining coils located on the different substrate.
5. A method of synchronizing a clock network formed on a substrate comprising the steps of:
placing a plurality of tank circuits on the substrate; whereby
at least one tank circuit comprises
the first and second leads of the plurality of coils directly connected respectively to the first and second outputs, and
at least one coil encompassing a first surface different from a second surface encompassed by the remaining coils;
linking the flux of at least one coil in a first tank circuit selected from the plurality of tank circuits to the flux of at least one coil in a second tank circuit selected from the plurality of tank circuits to exchange information;
overlapping and sharing a common encompassed surface between at least one of the coils in the first tank circuit and at least one of the coils in the second tank circuit; and
utilizing the exchanged information to automatically self-align a clock signal generated by the plurality of tank circuits; thereby
synchronizing the clock network.
the exchanged information is continuously updated to maintain synchronization.
the tank circuits further comprises;
a means for regeneration.
the clock network is synchronized on the substrate.
the clock network generates at least two different phases of the clock signal.
the plurality of tank circuits are substantially the same.
a startup circuit provides an initial energy to the network
12. A clock generating system comprising:
a regenerative circuit; and
an interconnection network that couples the two or more tank circuits together, wherein
at least one coil from the first tank circuit overlaps and shares a common surface of a substrate with at least one coil from the additional tank circuit.
the interconnection network comprises:
a flux-linked network that couples a flux associated with a coil in the first tank circuit to the flux associated with a coil in the additional tank circuit.
14. The system of claim 12 where the tank circuit further comprises:
15. An apparatus for generating a synchronized clock signal on a surface of a substrate comprising:
a plurality of tank circuits; wherein
a regenerative circuit,
a means of connecting the regenerative circuit, coils and capacitor together to form the tank circuit;
at least one of the coils from a first tank circuit overlaps and shares a common surface with at least one coil from a second tank circuit, and
a means of coupling together the plurality of tank circuits placed on the surface of the substrate to generate the synchronized clock signal.
16. An oscillator network comprising:
each of the plurality of tank circuits comprises a first and second lead of a first coil respectively coupled to a first and second lead of at least one additional coil,
at least one coil encompassing a first surface different from a second surface encompassed by the remaining coils, and
the first and the at least one additional coils are directly connected respectively to a first and second output terminal;
at least one coil from each of the plurality of tank circuits has a flux linkage coupling formed to at least one coil in at least one of the remaining tank circuits;
at least one coil from each of the plurality of tank circuits overlaps and shares a common surface with at least one coil in at least one of the remaining tank circuits; and
at least one continuous path formed through all the tank circuits; wherein
the path comprises a flux linkage coupling between the coils of two different tank circuits.
17. A multi-phase magnetically linked oscillator network comprising:
a plurality of multi-phase oscillator circuits;
each multi-phase oscillator circuit comprises
a plurality of balanced outputs, and
a plurality of tank circuits coupled in series to form a closed loop structure; at least one of the tank circuits comprises
a first and second output, and
a plurality of coils each having a first and second lead directly connected respectively to the first and second outputs;
a flux linkage formed between a coil selected from a first multi-phase oscillator circuit and a coil selected from a second multi-phase oscillator circuit;
at least one of the coils in the tank circuit from the first multi-phase oscillator circuit has an encompassed surface on a first substrate different from at least one of the remaining coils in the tank circuit in the first multi-phase oscillator circuit; and
at least one of the coils in a tank circuit from the first multi-phase oscillator circuit overlaps and shares a common encompassed surface on the first substrate with at least one of the coils in a tank circuit in one of the remaining multi-phase oscillator circuits.
the coils on the periphery of the surface of a substrate are modified from the initial value of inductance by a multiplication factor of (1+k) to satisfy the boundary condition of the apparatus.
20. The network of claim 17, wherein
at least one of the multi-phase outputs from the first multi-phase oscillator circuit is synchronized to one of the multi-phase outputs from the second multi-phase oscillator circuit.
21. A multi-phase magnetic field coupled oscillator network comprising:
a first multi-phase oscillator circuit comprising
a first plurality of tank circuits coupled in series to form a first closed loop structure,
a first and a second output coupled to one of the first plurality of tank circuits, and
a first plurality of coils each having a first and a second lead directly connected respectively to the first and second outputs;
a second multi-phase oscillator circuit comprising
a second plurality of tank circuits coupled in series to form a second closed loop structure,
a third and a fourth output coupled to one of the second plurality of tank circuits, and a
second plurality of coils each having a first and a second lead directly connected respectively to the third and fourth outputs; and
at least one coil from the first plurality of coils having a magnetic field coupling to at least one coil from the second plurality of coils;
at least one coil from a tank circuit in the first multi-phase oscillator circuit has an encompassed surface on the substrate different from at least one of the remaining coils from the tank circuit in the first multi-phase oscillator circuit; and
at least one coil from the tank circuit from the first multi-phase oscillator circuit overlaps and shares a common encompassed surface on a substrate with at least one of the coils from a tank circuit in the second multi-phase oscillator circuit.
22. The network of claim 21, wherein
the magnetic field coupling synchronizes the network.
23. An oscillator network comprising:
a plurality of tank circuits;
a first tank circuit selected from the plurality of tank circuits comprising
a first plurality of coils each having a first and second lead directly connected respectively to a first and second output of the first tank circuit, and
at least one coil from the first plurality of coils encompassing a first surface different from a second surface encompassed by the remaining coils from the first plurality of coils;
a second tank circuit selected from the plurality of tank circuits comprising
a second plurality of coils each having a first and second lead directly connected respectively to a first and second output of the second tank circuit; and
an interconnect network that couples a coil from the first plurality of coils to at least one coil from the second plurality of coils; and
at least one of the coils from the first tank circuit overlaps and shares a common encompassed surface on a substrate with at least one of the coils in the second tank circuit.
24. The oscillator network of claim 23, wherein
the interconnect network comprises at least one flux linkage between two coils.
25. The oscillator network of claim 23, wherein
the interconnect network synchronizes the oscillator network.
26. The oscillator network of claim 23, wherein
the plurality of tank circuits are distributed over the surface of the substrate and are magnetically coupled together to generate a synchronized clock signal.
27. An oscillator network comprising:
a plurality of coils where each of the coils has a first and second lead;
a plurality of tank circuits where each of the tank circuits has a first and second output;
the first and second outputs of a first tank circuit selected from the plurality of tank circuits are directly connected respectively to the first and second leads of at least one or more coils selected from the plurality of coils;
the first and second outputs of each additional tank circuit selected from the plurality of tank circuits are directly connected respectively to the first and second leads of at least two or more coils selected from the remaining plurality of coils, and
at least one coil from the first tank circuit encompassing a first surface different from a second surface encompassed by the remaining coils from the first tank circuit;
at least one coil from first tank circuit overlaps and shares a common encompassed surface on a substrate with at least one coil from one of the remaining tank circuits; and
at least one coil from each of the plurality of tank circuits has a flux linkage coupling formed to at least one coil in at least one of the remaining tank circuits.
28. The oscillator network of claim 27, wherein
at least one continuous path can be traced through all the tank circuits and the flux linkage coupling formed between the coils of the oscillator network.
29. The oscillator network of claim 27, wherein
the flux linkage coupling synchronizes the oscillator network. Description
The present application is related to the co-filed U.S. applications Ser. Nos. 11/184,768, 11/184,767 and 11/184,428 filed on Jul. 19, 2005, which are invented by the same inventor as the present application and incorporated herein by reference in their entireties.
Electronic consumer products are pushing both the bounds of computation complexity and high clocking frequencies. The systems that are experiencing these problems include: VLSI (Very Large Scale Integration), microprocessors, ASIC's (Application Specific Integrated Circuit), SOC (System On a Chip) and FPGA's (Field Programmable Gate Arrays). All of these systems operate at clock frequencies that increase dramatically each year. This higher clock frequency coupled with the increased size of the die creates some fundamental problems in heat removal from the die and clock distribution over the surface of the die.
P = 1 2 CV 2 f ( 1 ) which for a 1 pF load being clocked at a frequency of 10 GHz is 7.2 mW. Adiabatic techniques can reduce these power dissipation levels. It would be worthwhile to investigate if these techniques can be used advantageously to help solve these problems.
The calculation of the values of planar inductors are provided in a published paper, “Simple Accurate Expressions for Planar Spiral Inductances”, IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits, Vol. 34, No. 10, October 1999, by Mohan et al., hereafter referred to as the “Mohan” reference.
In 0'Mahony et al., a U.S. PGPUB. 2003/0001652 A1 published Jan. 2, 2003, they use a hierarchical clock distribution. The clock is sent to a plurality of clock grids by way of transmissions lines, and then each grid distributes the clock to the load. They use salphasic clocking which takes advantage of standing waves along a transmission line. The position of the receiver points must conform to positions that are multiple of one-half wavelength from one another dependant on the clock frequency. This will lock the frequency of the die into a range dependant on the half-wavelength. The loads however do not have to obey this constraint.
In Galton et al., “Clock Distribution Using Coupled Oscillators”, Proceeding of the 1996 IEEE Inter. Symp. On Circuits and Systems, May 12-15, Vol. 3, pp. 217-220, they suggest using strongly coupled RC oscillators to distribute a clock signal over the die. Their technique uses transmission line that can be less than a quarter of a wavelength long. In addition, the transmission line can be lossy to couple the RC oscillators. Injection locking is used to lock all the oscillators in frequency.
In Hall et al., “Clock Distribution Using Cooperative Ring Oscillators”, Proc. IEEE 17th Conf. Advanced Research in VLSI, 1997, pp. 62-75, a cooperative ring oscillator is used to distribute a clock signal within the die. They also provide multiple clock phases in the distribution. Their circuit expands the ring oscillator from a simple ring to an N-dimensional mesh. This array does not have to be regular. One of the concerns is aggregation that is the non-ideal characteristic variations of the VLSI interconnect. This is a concern since interconnect that is used to connect the inverters of the ring oscillators. This factor dissipates power and introduces skew into the network.
In Wood et al., “Rotary Travelling-Wave Oscillator Arrays: A New Clock Technology”, IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits, Vol. 36, No. 11, November 2001, a rotary traveling wave oscillator array is presented. It consists of a balanced set of transmission lines with distributed CMOS latches to power the oscillation and ensure rotation lock. A waveform propagates along the balanced transmission line that is looped at its ends so that the wave continues to propagate. In their design it is important that careful attention is required to guard against magnetic field coupling between the clock conductors since it will affect the potential performance of their oscillators.
Clock networks and clock generation in VLSI chips is a critical issue to high performance circuit operation. The distribution and minimization of power dissipation of the clock network is an important consideration when designing VLSI circuits. The adiabatic behavior of resonant circuits can be utilized to help resolve both of these designs considerations. Inductors and capacitors play a key role in energy recycling and distribution. The CMOS tank circuit or oscillator serves as the fundamental building block to create, distribute and maintain high frequency behavior in VLSI designs at low power dissipation levels.
The basic invention is connect many CMOS tank circuits together and use the electrical and flux linkage of the resonant circuits to achieve a unified circuit behavior that is beneficial to the generation and propagation of clock signals over a surface region of the VLSI die. Thus, this network will distribute and synchronize a clock signal over the surface of a die.
One aspect of this invention is to connect several tank circuits together to create multi-phase signal generation. Such a circuit configuration is useful to control the operation of a state machine or operate on the I and Q signals within RF (Radio Frequency) circuits. In particular, it would be desirable to also have these signals and their compliments. The connection of these tank circuits is formed in a loop thereby adding feedback to the circuit to preferentially obtain clock signals at different clock phase increments.
Another aspect of the invention is to utilize the flux linkage between the two inductors to synchronize the operation of tank circuits. The structure to obtain this behavior is known as the transformer. In its simplest form, the transformer consists of two inductors that have a mutual coupling coefficient k that can vary between 0 and 1. Lenz's law is utilized by using the flux linkage between the two coils to influence each other. Thus, when two inductors are placed near each other, the flux interaction can be used to force the synchronization of two or more LC tank circuits.
Yet another aspect of this invention is to adjust the frequency of an LC tank circuit using several different techniques. A Finite State Machine, a passive flux linkage circuit and a mechanical flux linkage circuits are described that can be used to adjust the frequency of a system of oscillators.
FIG. 12 b depicts the simulated waveforms of the balanced three-phase closed loop LC tank circuit in accordance with the present invention
The LC (inductor-capacitor) tank circuit has been a fundamental building block in many electrical system designs. This circuit is used in wireless, digital, and mixed-signal designs. The basic building elements of the LC tank circuit consist of at least one inductor and and at least one capacitor.
Finally, the tables listed in FIG. 1 e and FIG. 1 f displays the parameters of several inductors that were determined using the “Mohan” reference. The first column lists the values of the self-inductances Lequ. The second column indicates N which indicates the number of turns of the coil. The next column gives dout that is the outside dimension of the coil. The remaining dimensions of din and W are also indicated. Note that one difference between FIG. 1 e and FIG. 1 f is that the width of the conductive trace used to form the coil is 20 μm and 10 μm, respectively. The number of squares forming the conductive trace of each inductor is indicated in the sixth column. The next column provides the parasitic resistor assuming that the sheet resistance of 0.01Ω/□ is used. Finally, the last column gives the parasitic capacitance Cox of the inductors (see FIG. 1 d). Note that this capacitance value is one half of the total parasitic value of the inductor. These inductors provide an indication of the real estate used for several one-turn inductors. In addition, several of these inductors will be simulated in different tank circuits to help describe the invention.
FIG. 2 b illustrates a second version of the Colpitts oscillator 2-5 where the regenerative circuit 2-6 of type regen-1a has two additional inputs 2-7 and 2-8. These inputs can be used to introduce other clock signals into the oscillator to control its phase generation.
FIG. 4 illustrates several CMOS circuits configured in either regen-1, regen-1a or regen-2 type regenerative circuits. Similar circuits can be designed using BJT transistors as well. In FIG. 4 a, a regen-1 type circuit 4-1 is shown; here a p-channel 4-2 serves as a current source to the rest of the circuit. The two p-channel transistor 4-3 and 4-4 are cross coupled to each other; that is, the drain of 4-3 is connected to the gate of 4-4 and the drain of 4-4 is connected to the gate of 4-3. This forms a regenerative circuit, note that the two transistors have the same conductivity type. The two n-channel transistors 4-5 and 4-6 are configured in a similar manner. The drain of 4-6 is connected to the gate of 4-5 and the drain of 4-5 is connected to the gate of 4-6. This forms a second regenerative circuit. The tank circuitry is connected to the drains of the two cross coupled transistor circuits. In addition, the tank circuitry and the cross coupled transistors share the ground and power nodes. The output signal is provided at the two output nodes 4-7 and 4-8. The negative resistance of the circuit compensates for the resistive loss in the tank circuit and allows the oscillation created in the tank circuit to be maintained.
An equivalent representation of the circuit 4-9 is provided in FIG. 4 c. This regenerative circuit 4-10 consists of two inverters connected head to tail as shown. This is also the basic building block of a ram-cell that is used to store memory in integrated circuits (IC). The outputs of this circuit 4-10 are indicated as 4-7 and 4-8. This ram-cell has three states; outputs 4-7 and 4-8 are equal, output 4-7 is a logic “1” while output 4-8 is a logic “0”, and the case where output 4-7 is a logic “0” while output 4-8 is a logic “1”. The first state given is also know as the meta-stable state, where both outputs are equal. A slight bit of noise introduced into the circuit 4-10 under the meta-stable state condition will cause the circuit 4-10 to enter one of the remaining two states.
The last two circuits are type regen-1a circuits. FIG. 4 g shows a regenerative circuit 4-15 where a p-channel 4-16 serves as a current source to the rest of the circuit. The two p-channel transistors 4-17 and 4-18 allow external signals to be introduced into the regenerative circuit. A regenerative circuit consists of the two cross-coupled n-channels 4-21 and 4-22. The negative resistance of this circuit is provided to the LC tank circuit using the two outputs 4-19 and 4-20. The negative resistance of the circuit compensates for the resistive loss in the tank circuit and allows the oscillation created in the tank circuit to continue.
FIG. 4 h illustrates the second version 4-23 of the regen-1a circuit. This circuit is similar to the circuit in FIG. 4 g, except that the p-channel current source has been eliminated.
FIG. 5 b shows a LC tank circuit 5-6 where the regenerative circuit type regen-1a is used. Inputs 5-7 and 5-8 can be applied to the gates of the two p-channel transistors. This circuit generates two outputs 5-9 and 5-10. Similar to the previous circuit, this circuit contains both the constant capacitive load 5-12 and the adjustable capacitor 5-11.
FIG. 6 a shows the basic LC tank circuit 6-1 used to describe several different LC tank circuits, hereafter called the “basic LC tank circuit.” This circuit has two outputs 6-2 and 6-3. The circuit also contains (but not shown) the capacitor network of the adjustable and constant variety as mentioned in FIG. 5. FIG. 6 b illustrates an open series connection 6-5 of two basic LC tank circuits. This circuit 6-5 contains three outputs; 6-2, 6-3 and 6-4. FIG. 6 c depicts a closed loop connection 6-7 of the circuit illustrated in FIG. 6 b. Note that output 6-4 collapses and becomes the output 6-2.
FIG. 7 a illustrates three basic LC tank circuits configured in an open series connection 7-1. This circuit contains four outputs; 7-2, 7-3, 7-4 and 7-5. FIG. 7 b presents the simulation results of these four waveforms. Because of the open connection, every other output is similar. For example, waveforms 7-3 and 7-5 overlap each other, while waveforms 7-2 and 7-4 are generated 180� out of phase when compared to waveforms 7-3 and 7-5.
Note that when the closed loop contains an even number of LC tank circuits, the phase separation does not satisfy equation (4). This can be seen by comparing the arrows 8-8, 8-9, 8-10 and 8-11 in the circuit 8-1 against the plots of these outputs in the waveform simulation 8-12. When the time equals 19.92 nsec, the dotted line 8-6 is used to help determine the direction of the arrows in the circuit 8-1. During time 8-6, the output waveforms 8-2 and 8-4 are increasing which is indicated by the upwards arrows 8-8 and 8-10 in circuit 8-1. Similarly, the output waveforms 8-3 and 8-5 are decreasing as indicated by the downward arrows 8-9 and 8-11 in circuit 8-1. In effect, all of the arrows in circuit 8-1 are 180� out of phase with its adjacent neighbor. Note that at time 8-7, all the waveforms converge to a point 8-9. This corresponds to the case where all the transient outputs of the circuit 8-1 are equal. After the point 8-9, the arrows in the circuit 8-1 flip polarity.
FIG. 13 a illustrates two LC tank circuits 13-1 that are connected to each other. The outputs 13-2 and 13-3 of the upper LC tank circuit are cross connected to the gates of the two p-channels 13-7 and 13-8 in the lower LC tank circuit. In addition, the outputs of the lower LC tank circuit 13-4 and 13-5 are directly connected to the gates of the two p-channels 13-9 and 13-10 in the upper LC tank circuit. This circuit 13-1 generates a quadrature signal. Note that the circuit 13-1 uses the two sets of the regen-1a regenerative circuit.
A block diagram 14-1 that generates six balanced signals 14-2, 14-3, 14-4, 14-5, 14-6, and 14-7 are illustrated in FIG. 14 a. The circuit 14-1 was simulated and the waveforms are presented in FIG. 14 b. The three sets of balanced signals are; the 0� and 180� signals 14-4 and 14-5, the 60� and 240� signals 14-7 and 14-6, and the 120� and 300� signals 14-2 and 14-3.
1 L 1 + … + 1 L n = 1 L equ ( 6 ) or the equivalent inductance is determined as 0.633 nH by using equation (6). This value of inductance approaches that of the inductance given in the first row. As mentioned earlier, the encompassed area of a single 1.266 nH inductor increased the area by a factor of 4� compared to the 0.565 nH inductor. Furthermore, since there are two of these encompassed areas enclosed by the inductors 19-2 and 19-5. The overall encompassed area for this second basic cell using only one regenerative circuit is increased by 8� when compared to the prior basic cell consisting of a regenerative circuit connected to a single 0.565 nH inductor. Also note that the equivalent parasitic resistance of parallel-connected inductors is decreased as given by;
1 R 1 + … + 1 R n = 1 R equ ( 7 ) so the resistance presented to the regenerative circuit is 0.467Ω as determined by using equation (7). This is very similar to the parasitic resistance value of the first inductor in the first row. Thus, the parallel combination of larger inductances or coils in an IC offers benefits of increasing the encompassed area. In addition, the frequency of operation and the value of parasitic resistance can maintain their initial values. Furthermore, only one regenerative circuit is necessary to drive two inductors that offers the potential benefit of decreasing the power dissipation since one regenerative circuit has been eliminated. These are all advantages of the second aspect of his invention. Although the parasitic capacitance increases by a factor of two, the power dissipation of driving this capacitance is adiabatic (because of the tank circuit) and is lower than the power dissipation arrived at by using equation (1).
Each basic cell contains a regenerative circuit and as indicated earlier has a balanced output that drives a capacitive load consisting of parasitic and adjustable components. In this simulation, each output had an additional capacitive load of 0.5 pF connected to each output; part of which accounts for the two parallel-connected inductors that have a capacitive load of 0.35 pF. In addition, the gate and drain capacitance of the transistors within the regenerative circuit adds another 0.6 pF. The capacitance load that each output of the basic cell drives is approximately is 1.1 pF while the total capacitance each cell drives is 2.2 pF. However, since the transistor parasitics will not change significantly in a given technology, their contribution of “drivable” capacitive load will be subtracted from the 2.2 pF figure leaving about 1 pF of “drivable” load. The capacitive load of the inductor was not subtracted from this figure because it is possible that the inductor can be fabricated off-chip (MCM, for example) and may have a lower capacitance. Thus, the total “drivable” capacitance is 1 pF and the total “drivable” capacitance of the layout 21-1 would be 8 pF. The corresponding capacitive value for the μprocessor is 2048 pF as indicated in the table.
A feedback continuous flux linkage path is illustrated with FIG. 23 b which shows an additional cell added to the top metal layer. The fourth cell has its regenerative circuits in the region 23-9. Thus, 23-9 electrically drives the inductors 23-11 and 23-13. The inductor 23-11 is over inductor 23-10 driven by the regenerative circuit 23-8, while the inductor 23-13 is over the inductor 23-12 driven by the regenerative circuit 23-4. A feedback path would occur starting from the regenerative circuit 23-3, sending the electronic signal to the inductor 23-6, having a flux linkage path to the inductor 23-5 below it, sending the electronic signal to the regenerative circuit 23-4, passed electrically to the inductor 23-12, having a flux linkage path to the inductor 23-13 above it, sent electrically to the regenerative circuit 23-9, passed electrically to inductor 23-11, having a flux linkage path to the inductor 23-10 below it, sent electronically to the regenerative circuit 23-8, passed electrically to the inductor 23-2, having a flux linkage to the inductor 23-7 above it, and finally having the electrical signal ending at the regenerative circuit 23-3.
FIG. 26 d provides a table 26-6 indicating the simulation conditions when the circuit in FIG. 26 a representing the physical layout 26-1 was simulated in SPICE. The frequency of operation of the layout was targeted at 10 GHz and is an expected frequency of future VLSI and μprocessor chips. The process was a 0.13 μm CMOS technology having a core VDD of 1.2V. The transistor sizes in the regenerative circuit had a p-channel width of 20 μm and an n-channel width of 10 μm. Each basic cell generates 4 sets of balanced outputs and contains 4 regenerative circuits, one for each set of balanced outputs. The inductor was selected from the first row of the table given in FIG. 1 f. The inductance of each individual coil was 0.633 nH and had a parasitic resistance of 0.868Ω+0.24Ω for the extension leg providing a total of 1.108Ω, where a sheet resistance of 0.01Ω/□ was used for the coils. The parasitic capacitance Cox of the coil and extension leg is 0.225 pF. The k coupling coefficient value was set at 0.9.
Each basic cell contains four regenerative circuits and as indicated earlier has a balanced output that drives a capacitive load consisting of parasitic and adjustable components. In this simulation, each output had an additional capacitive load of 0.5 pF connected to each output; part of which accounts for the inductor that have a capacitive load of 0.2225 pF. Thus, the total “drivable” capacitance (discussed earlier) in each cell is 4 pF and the total “drivable” capacitance of the layout 26-1 would be 64 pF. The corresponding capacitive value for the μprocessor is 4096 pF as indicated in the table.
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text:
SOLVED: Not able to get the drivers for my webcam from the - Fixya
Not able to get the drivers for my webcam from the Cd provided.
I bought this webcam & could not open the drivers from the CD. The msg i get is " update your xp to service pack 2". Incidentally, i do have Xp with service pack 2.
Webcam is M style & the CD has Orange written on the top & www.orangecool.com written at the bottom.
Posted by ramesh340 on Dec 18, 2008
Re: Not able to get the drivers for my webcam from the Cd...
Use windows update .try this link
I bought a webcam off of a man and he did not give me the CD and im trying to install it and it's not letting me without the CD. Is there any way i can install the camera without the CD?
You can download the WEBcam drivers from the manufacturer's WEB site.
I cannot give you the link to the WEBcam manufacturer's WEB site because you have not provided me with the make and model of your WEBcam.
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value: Fixya is a question-and-answer website where community members ask and answer questions about consumer products. The company was launched in June 2005 and is headquartered in San Mateo, California.