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Nobility of Poland - Part I

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Nobility of the WorldVolume VIII - Poland The History and Registerof The Nobility of PolandSzlachta was the noble class in the Kingdom of Poland, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (which were united in 1569 and then became the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth) and the increasingly polonized territories under their control (such as Ducal Prussia or the Ruthenian lands). The nobility arose in the late Middle Ages. Traditionally, its members were owners of landed property, often in the form of folwarks. The nobility enjoyed substantial and almost unrivaled political privileges until the late 18th century. Their sovereignty was ended in 1795 by the Partitions of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Then, until 1918 their legal status was dependent on policies of the Russian Empire, the Kingdom of Prussia or the Habsburg Monarchy. In the Second Polish Republic the privileges of the nobility were lawfully abolished by the March Constitution in 1921 and have not been re-granted by any later Polish law. History and EtymologyThe Polish term "szlachta" designates the formalized, hereditary noble class. In official Latin documents the oldCommonwealth hereditary szlachta is referred to as "nobilitas" and is equivalent to the English nobility. There used to be a widespread misconception to translate "szlachta" as "gentry", because some nobles were poor. Some were even poorer than the non-noble gentry that declined with the 'second serfdom' and re-emerged after thePartitions. Some would even become tenants to the gentry but still kept their constitutional superiority. But it's not wealth or lifestyle (as with the gentry) but a hereditary legal status of a nobleman that makes you one. A specific nobleman was called a "szlachcic", and a noblewoman, a "szlachcianka.""Szlachta" derives from the Old German word "slahta" (now "(Adels) Geschlecht", "(noble) family"), much as many other Polish words pertaining to the nobility derive from German words - e.g., the Polish "rycerz" ("knight", cognate of the German "Ritter") and the Polish "herb" ("coat of arms", from the German "Erbe", "heritage"). Poles of the 17th century assumed that "szlachta" was from the German "schlachten" ("to slaughter" or "to butcher"); also suggestive is the German "Schlacht" ("battle"). Early Polish historians thought the term may have derived from the name of the legendary proto-Polish chief, Lech, mentioned in Polish and Czech writings."Šlėkta" is a derivative from a Polish term used in the Lithuanian language having more or less the same meaning usually with a negative nuance. Kindred terms that might be applied to an early Polish nobleman were "rycerz" (from German Ritter, "knight"), the Latin "nobilis" ("noble"; plural: "nobiles") and "możny" ("magnate", "oligarch"; plural: "możni"). Some powerful Polish nobles were referred to as "magnates" (Polish singular: "magnat", plural: "magnaci"). It has to be remembered however, that not all knights were nobles.Today the word szlachta in the Polish language denotes any noble class in the world. In broadest meaning, it can also denote some non-hereditary honorary knighthoods granted today by some European monarchs. Even some 19th century non-noble landed gentry would be called szlachta by courtesy or error as they owned manorial estates but were not noble by birth. In the narrow sense it denotes the old-Commonwealth nobility. The Origins of Polish NobilityThe Polish nobility probably derived from a Slavic warrior class, forming a distinct element within the ancient Polonic tribal groupings. This is uncertain, however, as there is little surviving documentation on the early history of Poland, or of the movements of the Slavonic people into what became the territory so designated. The szlachta themselves claimed descent from the Sarmatians (see paragraph 2.2 below) who came to Europe in the 5th century C.E. Around the 14th century, there was little difference between knights and the szlachta in Poland, apart from legal and economic. Members of the szlachta had the personal obligation to defend the country (pospolite ruszenie), thereby becoming the kingdom's privileged social class.Concerning the early Polish tribes, geography contributed to long-standing traditions. The Polish tribes were internalized and organized around a unifying religious cult, governed by the wiec, an assembly of free tribesmen. Later, when safety required power to be consolidated, an elected prince was chosen to govern.The tribes were ruled by clans (ród) consisting of people related by blood and descending from a common ancestor, giving the ród/clan a highly developed sense of solidarity. (See gens.) The starosta (or starszyna) had judicial and military power over the ród/clan, although this power was often exercised with an assembly of elders. Strongholds called grόd were built where the religious cult was powerful, where trials were conducted, and where clans gathered in the face of danger. The opole was the territory occupied by a single tribe. (Manteuffel 1982, p. 44).Before going deeper into the history of Polish nobility, it is important to note use of the English word "knight", which can be misleading as it leads to inevitable comparisons with the British gentry. In comparison, the Polish nobility was a "power elite" caste, not a social class. The paramount principle of Polish nobility was that it was hereditary.Mieszko I of Poland (c. 935 - 25 May 992) utilized an elite knightly retinue from his army, which he depended upon for success in uniting the Lekhitic tribes and preserving the unity of his state. Documented proof exists of Mieszko I's successors utilizing such a retinue, too.Another class of knights were granted land by the prince, allowing them to serve the prince militarily. A Polish nobleman living at this time before the 15th century was referred to as a "rycerz", very roughly equivalent to the English "knight", the critical difference being the status of "rycerz" was strictly hereditary; the class of all such individuals was known as the "rycerstwo". Representing the wealthier families of Poland and itinerant knights from abroad seeking their fortunes, this other class of rycerstwo, which became the szlachta/nobility ("szlachta" becomes the proper term for Polish nobility beginning about the 15th century), gradually formed apart from Mieszko I's and his successors' elite retinues. This rycerstwo/nobility obtained more privileges granting them favored status. They were absolved from particular burdens and obligations under ducal law, resulting in the belief only rycerstwo (those combining military prowess with high/noble birth) could serve as officials in state administration.Select rycerstwo were distinguished above the other rycerstwo, because they descended from past tribal dynasties, or because early Piasts' endowments made them select beneficiaries. These rycerstwo of great wealth were called możni (Magnates). Socially they were not a distinct class from the rycerstwo they originated from and to which they would return were their wealth lost. (Manteuffel 1982, pp. 148-149).The Period of Division, A.D., 1138 - A.D., 1314, nearly 200 years of feudal fragmentation, when Bolesław III divided Poland among his sons, began the social structure allegedly separating great landowning feudal nobles (możni/Magnates, both ecclesiastical and lay) from the rycerstwo they originated from. The prior social structure was one of Polish tribes united into the historic Polish nation under a state ruled by the Piast dynasty, this dynasty appearing circa 850 A.D.Some możni (Magnates) descending from past tribal dynasties regarded themselves as co-proprietors of Piast realms, even though the Piasts attempted to deprive them of their independence. These możni (Magnates) constantly sought to undermine princely authority. In Gall Anonym's chronicle, there is noted the nobility's alarm when the Palatine Sieciech "elevated those of a lower class over those who were noble born" entrusting them with state offices.The Lithuanian NobilityIn Lithuania Propria, Samogitia and Prussia, prior to the creation of the Kingdom of Lithuania by Mindaugas, nobles were called 'bajorai' and the higher nobility 'kunigai' or 'kunigaikščiai' (dukes). They were the established local leaders and warlords. During the development of the state they gradually became subordinated to higher dukes, and later to the King of Lithuania.After the Union of Horodło the Lithuanian nobility acquired equal status with the Polish szlachta, and over time began to become more and more polonized, although they did preserve their national consciousness, and in most cases recognition of their Lithuanian family roots. In the 16th century some of the Lithuanian nobility erroneously claimed that they were of Roman extraction, and the Lithuanian language was just a morphed Latin language.The process of polonization took place over a lengthy period of time. At first only the highest members of the nobility were involved, although gradually a wider group of the population was affected. The major effects on the lesser Lithuanian nobility took place after various sanctions were imposed by the Russian Empire such as removing Lithuania from the names of the Gubernyas few years after the November Uprising. After the January Uprising the sanctions went further, and Russian officials announced that "Lithuanians are Russians seduced by Poles and Catholicism" and began to intensify russification, and to ban the printing of books in the Lithuanian language. The Ruthenian NobilityIn Ruthenia (Ukraine) the nobility gradually gravitated its loyalty towards the multicultural and multilingualGrand Duchy of Lithuania after the principalities of Halych and Volhynia became a part of it. Many noble Ruthenian families intermarried with Lithuanian ones. The Orthodox nobles' rights were nominally equal to those enjoyed by Polish and Lithuanian nobility, but there was a cultural pressure to convert to Catholicism, that was greatly eased in 1596 by the Union of Brest. See for example careers of Senator Adam Kisiel and Jerzy Franciszek Kulczycki. Szlachta's Rise to PowerNobles were born into a noble family, adopted by a noble family (this was abolished in 1633) or ennobled by a king or Sejm for various reasons (bravery in combat, service to the state, etc. - yet this was the rarest means of gaining noble status). Many nobles were, in actuality, really usurpers, being commoners, who moved into another part of the country and falsely pretended to noble status. Hundreds of such false nobles were denounced by Hieronim Nekanda Trepka in his Liber generationis plebeanorium (or Liber chamorum) in the first half of 16th century. The law forbade non-nobles from owning nobility-estates and promised the estate to the denouncer. Trepka was an impoverished nobleman who lived a townsman life and collected hundreds of such stories hoping to take over any of such estates. It doesn't seem he ever succeeded in proving one at the court. Many sejms issued decrees over the centuries in an attempt to resolve this issue, but with little success. It is unknown what percentage of the Polish nobility came from the 'lower' orders of society, but most historians agree that nobles of such base origins formed a 'significant' element of the szlachta.The Polish nobility enjoyed many rights that were not available to the noble classes of other countries and, typically, each new monarch conceded them further privileges. Those privileges became the basis of the Golden Liberty in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Despite having a king, Poland was called the nobility'sCommonwealth because the king was elected by all interested members of hereditary nobility and Poland was considered to be the property of this class, not of the king or the ruling dynasty. This state of affairs grew up in part because of the extinction of the male-line descendants of the old royal dynasty (first the Piasts, then the Jagiellons), and the selection by the nobility of the Polish king from among the dynasty's female-line descendants.Branicki,holding hetman's buława.Poland's successive kings granted privileges to the nobility at the time of their election to the throne (the privileges being specified in the king-elect's Pacta conventa) and at other times in exchange for ad hoc permission to raise an extraordinary tax or a pospolite ruszenie Poland's nobility thus accumulated a growing array of privileges and immunities, In 1355 in Buda King Casimir III the Great (Kazimierz Wielki) issued the first country-wide privilege for the nobility, in exchange for their agreement that in the lack of Kazimierz male heirs, the throne would pass to his nephew, Louis I of Hungary. He decreed that the nobility would no longer be required to pay 'extraordinary'taxes, or pay with their own funds for military expeditions outside Poland. He also promised that during travels of the royal court, the king and the court would pay for all expenses, instead of using facilities of local nobility.In 1374 King Louis of Hungary approved the Privilege of Koszyce (Polish: "przywilej koszycki" or "ugoda koszycka") in Košice in order to guarantee the Polish throne for his daughter Jadwiga. He broadened the definition of who was a member of the nobility and exempted the entire class from all but one tax (łanowy, which was limited to 2 groszefrom łan (an old measure of land size)). In addition, the King's right to raise taxes was abolished; no new taxes could be raised without the agreement of the nobility. Henceforth, also, district offices (Polish: "urzędy ziemskie") were reserved exclusively for local nobility, as the Privilege of Koszyce forbade the king to grant official posts and major Polish castles to foreign knights. Finally, this privilege obliged the King to pay indemnities to nobles injured or taken captive during a war outside Polish borders.In 1422 King Władysław II Jagiełło by the Privilege of Czerwińsk (Polish: "przywilej czerwiński") established the inviolability of nobles' property (their estates could not be confiscated except upon a court verdict) and ceded some jurisdiction over fiscal policy to the Royal Council (later, the Senat), including the right to mint coinage.In 1430 with the Privileges of Jedlnia, confirmed at Kraków in 1433 (Polish: "przywileje jedlneńsko-krakowskie"), based partially on his earlier Brześć Kujawski privilege (April 25, 1425), King Władysław II Jagiełło granted the nobility a guarantee against arbitrary arrest, similar to the English Magna Carta's Habeas corpus, known from its own Latin name as "neminem captivabimus (nisi jure victum)." Henceforth no member of the nobility could be imprisoned without a warrant from a competent court of justice: the king could neither punish nor imprison any noble at his whim. King Władysław's quid pro quo for this boon was the nobles' guarantee that his throne would be inherited by one of his sons (who would be bound to honour the privileges theretofore granted to the nobility). On May 2, 1447 the same king issued the Wilno Privilege which gave the Lithuanian boyars the same rights as those possessed by the Polish szlachta.In 1454 King Kazimierz IV Jagiellon granted the Nieszawa Statutes (Polish: "statuty cerkwicko-nieszawskie"), clarifying the legal basis of voivodship sejmiks (local parliaments). The king could promulgate new laws, raise taxes, or call for a levée en masse (pospolite ruszenie) only with the consent of the sejmiks, and the nobility were protected from judicial abuses. The Nieszawa Statutes also curbed the power of the magnates, as the Sejm (national parliament) received the right to elect many officials, including judges, voivods and castellans. These privileges were demanded by the szlachta as a compensation for their participation in the Thirteen Years' War.The first "free election" (Polish: "wolna elekcja") of a king took place in 1492. (To be sure, some earlier Polish kings had been elected with help from bodies such as that which put Casimir II on the throne, thereby setting a precedent for free elections.) Only senators voted in the 1492 free election, which was won by Jan I Olbracht. For the duration of the Jagiellonian Dynasty, only members of that royal family were considered for election; later, there would be no restrictions on the choice of candidates.In 1493 the national parliament, the Sejm, began meeting every two years at Piotrków. It comprised two chambers:a Senate of 81 bishops and other dignitaries; anda Chamber of Envoys of 54 envoys (in Polish, "envoy" is "poseł") representing their respective Lands.The numbers of senators and envoys later increased.On April 26, 1496 King Jan I Olbracht granted the Privilege of Piotrków (Polish: "Przywilej piotrkowski", "konstytucja piotrkowska" or "statuty piotrkowskie"), increasing the nobility's feudal power over serfs. It bound the peasant to the land, as only one son (not the eldest) was permitted to leave the village; townsfolk (Polish: "mieszczaństwo") were prohibited from owning land; and positions in the Church hierarchy could be given only to nobles.On 23 October 1501, at Mielnik Polish-Lithuanian Union was reformed at the Union of Mielnik (Polish: unia mielnicka, unia piotrkowsko-mielnicka). It was there that the tradition of the coronation Sejm (Polish: "Sejm koronacyjny") was founded. Once again the middle nobility (middle in wealth, not in rank) attempted to reduce the power of the magnates with a law that made them impeachable before the Senate for malfeasance. However the Act of Mielno (Polish: Przywilej mielnicki) of 25 October did more to strengthen the magnate dominated Senate of Poland then the lesser nobility. The nobles were conceded the right to refuse to obey the King or his representatives-in the Latin, "non praestanda oboedientia"--and to form confederations, an armed rebellion against the king or state officers if the nobles thought that the law or their legitimate privileges were being infringed.On 3 May 1505 King Aleksander I Jagiellon granted the Act of "Nihil novi nisi commune consensu" (Latin: "I accept nothing new except by common consent"). This forbade the king to pass any new law without the consent of the representatives of the nobility, in Sejm and Senat assembled, and thus greatly strengthened the nobility's political position. Basically, this act transferred legislative power from the king to the Sejm. This date commonly marks the beginning of the First Rzeczpospolita, the period of a szlachta-run "Commonwealth".In 1520 the Act of Bydgoszcz granted the Sejm the right to convene every four years, with or without the king's permission. About that time the "executionist movement" (Polish: "egzekucja praw"--"execution of the laws") began to take form. Its members would seek to curb the power of the magnates at the Sejm and to strengthen the power of king and country. In 1562 at the Sejm in Piotrków they would force the magnates to return many leasedcrown lands to the king, and the king to create a standing army (wojsko kwarciane). One of the most famous members of this movement was Jan Zamoyski. After his death in 1605, the movement lost its political force.Until the death of Zygmunt II August, the last king of the Jagiellonian dynasty, monarchs could only be elected from within the royal family. However, starting from 1573, practically any Polish noble or foreigner of royal blood could become a Polish-Lithuanian monarch. Every newly elected king was supposed to sign two documents - thePacta conventa ("agreed pacts") - a confirmation of the king's pre-election promises, and Henrican articles(artykuły henrykowskie, named after the first freely elected king, Henry of Valois). The latter document served as a virtual Polish constitution and contained the basic laws of the Commonwealth:Free election of kings;Religious tolerance;The Diet to be gathered every two years;Foreign policy controlled by the Diet;A royal advisory council chosen by the Diet;Official posts restricted to Polish and Lithuanian nobles;Taxes and monopolies set up by the Diet only;Nobles' right to disobey the king should he break any of these laws.In 1578 king Stefan Batory created the Crown Tribunal in order to reduce the enormous pressure on the Royal Court. This placed much of the monarch's juridical power in the hands of the elected szlachta deputies, further strengthening the nobility class. In 1581 the Crown Tribunal was joined by a counterpart in Lithuania, theLithuanian Tribunal. Transformation into AristocracyFor many centuries, wealthy and powerful members of the szlachta sought to gain legal privileges over their peers. Few szlachta were wealthy enough to be known as magnates (karmazyni - the "Crimsons", from the crimson colour of their boots). A proper magnate should be able to trace noble ancestors back for many generations and own at least 20 villages or estates. He should also hold a major office in the Commonwealth. Some historians estimate the number of magnates as 1% of the number of szlachta. Out of approx. one million szlachta, tens of thousands of families, only 200-300 persons could be classed as great magnates with country-wide possessions and influence, and 30-40 of them could be viewed as those with significant impact on Poland's politics.Magnates often received gifts from monarchs, which significantly increased their wealth. Often, those gifts were only temporary leases, which the magnates never returned (in 16th century, the anti-magnate opposition among szlachta was known as the ruch egzekucji praw - movement for execution of the laws - which demanded that all such possessions are returned to their proper owner, the king).One of the most important victories of the magnates was the late 16th century right to create ordynacja's (similar tomajorats), which ensured that a family which gained wealth and power could more easily preserve this. Ordynacje's of families of Radziwiłłs, Zamoyskis, Potockis or Lubomirskis often rivalled the estates of the king and were important power bases for the magnates.Loss of influence by szlachtaThe sovereignty of szlachta was ended in 1795 by the Partitions of Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Then, until1918 their legal status dependent on policies of: Russian Empire, Kingdom of Prussia or Habsburg Monarchy. InSecond Polish Republic the privileges of the nobility were lawfully abolished by the March Constitution in 1921 and as such not granted by any future Polish law.Szlachta cultureThe Polish nobility differed in many respects from the nobility of other countries. The most important difference was that, while in most European countries the nobility lost power as the ruler strove for absolute monarchy, in Poland the reverse process occurred: the nobility actually gained power at the expense of the king, and the political system evolved into anoligarchy.Poland's nobility were also more numerous than those of all other European countries, constituting some 10% - 12% of the total population of historic Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth also some 10% - 12% among ethnic Poleson ethnic Polish lands (part of Commonwealth), but up to 25% of all Poles worldwide (szlachta could dispose more of resources to travels and/or conquering), while in some poorer regions (e.g. Mazowsze, the area centred onWarsaw) nearly 30%. However, according to szlachta comprised around 8% of the total population in 1791 (up from 6.6% in the 16th century), and no more than 16% of the Roman Catholic (mostly ethnically Polish) population. It should be noted, though, that Polish szlachta usually incorporated most local nobility from the areas that were absorbed by Poland-Lithuania (Ruthenian boyars, Livonian nobles, etc.) By contrast, the nobilities of other European countries, except for Spain, amounted to a mere 1-3%, however the era of sovereign rules of Polish nobility ended earlier then in other countries (excluding France) yet in 1795 (see: Partitions of Poland), since then their legitimation and future fate depended on legislature and procedures of Russian Empire, Kingdom of Prussia orHabsburg Monarchy. Gradually their privileges were under further limitations to be completely dissolved byMarch Constitution of Poland in 1921.There were a number of avenues to upward social mobility and the achievement of nobility. Poland's nobility was not a rigidly exclusive, closed class. Many low-born individuals, including townsfolk, peasants and Jews, could and did rise in Polish society up to official ennoblement. Thus Poland's noble class was more stable than those of other countries, and so was spared the societal tensions and eventual disintegration that characterised the French Revolution. Each szlachcic had enormous influence over the country's politics, in some ways even greater than what is enjoyed by the citizens of modern democratic countries. Between 1652 and 1791, any nobleman could nullify all the proceedings of a given sejmsejmik (Commonwealth local parliament) by exercising his individual right of liberum veto (Latin for "I do not allow"), except in the case of a confederated sejm or confederated sejmik. (Commonwealth parliament) orAll children of the Polish nobility inherited their noble status from a noble mother and father. Any individual could attain ennoblement (nobilitacja) for special services to the state. A foreign noble might be naturalised as a Polish noble (Polish: "indygenat") by the Polish king (later, from 1641, only by a general sejm).In theory at least, all Polish noblemen were social equals. Also in theory they were legal peers. Those who held 'real power' dignities were more privileged but these dignities were not hereditary. Those who held honorary dignities were higher in 'ritual' hierarchy but these dignities were also granted for a lifetime. Some tenancies became hereditary and went with both privilege and titles. Nobles who were not direct barons of the Crown but held land from other lords were only peers "de iure". The poorest enjoyed the same rights as the wealthiest magnate. The exceptions were a few symbolically privileged families such as the Radziwiłł, Lubomirski and Czartoryski, who sported honorary aristocratic titles recognized in Poland or received from foreign courts, such as "Prince" or "Count." (see also The Princely Houses of Poland). All other szlachta simply addressed each other by their given name or as "Sir Brother" (Panie bracie) or the feminine equivalent. The other forms of address would be "Illustrious and Magnificent Lord", "Magnificent Lord", "Generous Lord" or "Noble Lord" (in decreasing order) or simply "His/Her Grace Lord/Lady XYZ".Hetman Stefan Czarniecki in crimson bekiesza. Holds buława in right hand. Note crimson boots (buty karmazynowe), a sign of wealth and high status. The crimson color worn by wealthy szlachta prompted the magnates'
nickname, "karmazyni" - "the crimson ones."According to their financial standing, the nobility were in common speech divided into:magnates: the wealthiest class; owners of vast lands, towns, many villages, thousands of peasantsmiddle nobility (średnia szlachta): owners of one of more villages, often having some official titles or Envoys from the local Land Assemblies to the General Assembly,petty nobility (drobna szlachta), owners of a part of a village or owning no land at all, often referred to by a variety of colourful Polish terms such as:szaraczkowa - grey nobility, from their grey, woollen, uncoloured zupansokoliczna - local nobility, similar to zaściankowazagrodowa - from zagroda, a farm, often little different from a peasant's dwellingzagonowa - from zagon, a small unit of land measure, hide nobilitycząstkowa - partial, owners of only part of a single villagepanek - little pan (i.e. lordling), term used in Kaszuby, the Kashubian region, also one of the legal terms for legally separated lower nobility in late medieval and early modern Polandhreczkosiej - buckwheat sowers - those who had to work their fields themselves.zaściankowa - from zaścianek, a name for plural nobility settlement, neighbourhood nobility. Just like hreczkosiej, zaściankowa nobility would have no peasants.brukowa - cobble nobility, for those living in towns like townsfolkgołota - naked nobility, i.e. the landless. Gołota szlachta would be considered the 'lowest of the high'.Note that Polish landed gentry (ziemianie or ziemiaństwo) was composed of any nobility that owned lands: thus of course the magnates, the middle nobility and that lesser nobility that had at least part of the village. As manorial lordships were also opened to burgesses of certain privileged royal cities, not all landed gentry had a hereditary title of nobility.Polish HeraldryCoats of arms were very important to the Polish nobility. It is notable, that the Polish heraldic system evolved separately from its western counterparts and differed in many ways from the heraldry of other European countries.The most notable difference is that, contrary to other European heraldic systems, most families sharing origin would also share a coat-of-arms. They would also share arms with families adopted into the clan (these would often have their arms officially altered upon ennoblement). Sometimes unrelated families would be falsely attributed to the clan on the basis of similarity of arms. Also often noble families claimed inaccurate clan membership. Logically, the number of coats of arms in this system was rather low and did not exceed 200 in late Middle Ages (40.000 in late XVIII century).Also, the tradition of differentiating between the coat of arms proper and a lozenge granted to women did not develop in Poland. Usually men inherited the coat of arms from their fathers. Also, the brisure was rarely used.SarmatismThe szlachta's prevalent mentality and ideology were manifested in "Sarmatism", a name derived fromscientifically unproved myth about szlachta origin from powerful ancient nation of Sarmatians. This belief system became an important part of szlachta culture and affected all aspects of their lives. It popularised by poets enshrined traditional village life, peace and pacifism; also oriental-style apparel (the żupan, kontusz, sukmana, pas kontuszowy, delia); and made the scimitar-like szabla, too, a near-obligatory item of everyday szlachta apparel. Sarmatism served to integrate the multi-ethnic nobility as it created an almost nationalistic sense of unity and pride in the szlachta's "Golden Liberty" (złota wolność). Knowledge of Latin was widespread, and most szlachta freely mixed Polish and Latin vocabulary (the latter, "macaronisms" - from "macaroni") in everyday conversation.In its early, idealistic form, Sarmatism seemed like a salutary cultural movement: it fostered religious faith, honesty, national pride, courage, equality and freedom. Late Sarmatism turned belief into bigotry, honesty into political naiveté, pride into arrogance, courage into stubbornness, equality and freedom within the szlachta class into dissension and anarchy.The Religious Beliefs of The Polish NobilityPrior to the Reformation, the Polish nobility were mostly either Roman Catholic or Orthodox with a small group ofMuslims. Many families, however, soon adopted the Reformed faiths. After the Counter-Reformation, when theRoman Catholic ChurchPoland, the nobility became almost exclusively Catholic, despite the fact that Roman Catholicism was not the majority religion in Commonwealth (the Catholic and Orthodox churches each accounted for some 40% of regained power in all citizensJacob Frank joined the ranks of Jewish-descended Polish gentry. population, with the remaining 20% being Jews or members of Protestant denominations). In the 18th century, many followers of Jacob Frank joined the ranks of Jewish-descended Polish gentry. Although Jewish ethnicity wasn't usually a pretext to block or deprive of noble status, however some laws required religious convert from Judaism to Christianity (see: Neophyte) to be ennobled. The Ennoblement In Kingdom of PolandThe increase of number of Polish nobility by trustworthy ennoblements is proportionally minimal (since XIV century). In the Kingdom of Poland and later in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, ennoblement (nobilitacja) meant an individual's joining the szlachta (Polish nobility). At first it was granted by monarch, since late XVI century by the sejm that gave the ennobled person a coat of arms. Often that person could join an existing noble szlachta family with their own coat of arms. According to heraldic sources total number of trustworthy ennoblements issued since XIV century until late XVIII century, is estimated as about 800 (which gives probably average of about two ennoblements per year, trivia: some above 0.000 000 14 - 0.000 001 of historical population, compare: historical demography of Poland). Late XVIII century is time of short loosening of ennoblements policy, which can be explained in terms of sudden collapse of Commonwealth and sudden need of soldiers (see: Partitions of Poland, King Stanisław August Poniatowski).The Total Number of Ennoblements Estimationaccording to heraldic sources 1 600 (half o which constitute, performed in final years of the state collapse "sudden ennoblements" of late XVIII century) is a total estimated number of all trustworthy ennoblements in history of Kingdom of Poland and Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth since XIV century.Polish Types of EnnoblementSkartabelat - introduced by pacta conventa of XVII century, ennoblement into a sort of lower nobility. Skartabels could not hold public offices or be members of the Sejm. After three generations in noble ranks these families would "mature" to peerage.Adopcja herbowa - old way of ennoblement, popular in XV century, connected with adoption into an existing noble clan by a powerful lord, abolished in XVII centurySimilar TermsIndygenat - recognition of foreign noble status. A foreign noble, after indygenat, received all privileges of a Polish szlachcic. In Polish history, 413 foreign noble families were recognized. From XVI century this was done by the King and SejmSejm only. (Polish parliament), since XVII century it was done by"secret ennoblement" of questionable legal status, opposed/not recognized by szlachta; by monarch without required by law approval of the sejm.In The Grand Duchy of LithuaniaIn the late 14th century, in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Vytautas the Great reformed the Grand Duchy's army: instead of calling all men to arms, he created forces comprising professional warriors-bajorai ("nobles"; see thecognate "boyar"). As there were not enough nobles, Vytautas trained suitable men, relieving them of labor on the land and of other duties; for their military service to the Grand Duke, they were granted land that was worked by hired men (veldams). The newly-formed noble families generally took up, as their family names, the Lithuanianpagan given names of their ennobled ancestors; this was the case with the Goštautai, Radvilos, Astikai, Kęsgailosand others. These families were granted their coats of armsUnion of Horodlo (1413). under the In 1506, KingSigismund I the Old confirmed the position of the Lithuanian Council of Lords in state politics and limited entry into the nobility.The List of SzlachtaThe Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth was a semi-confederal and semi-federal monarchic republic comprising the Kingdom of Poland and Grand Duchy of Lithuania, from 1569 until 1795. The head of state was an electedmonarch. The Commonwealth's dominant social class was the nobility. This article chiefly lists the nobility'smagnate segment (the wealthier nobility), as they were the most prominent, famous and notable. These families would receive non-hereditary 'central' and Land dignities and titles under the Commonwealth law that forbade (with minor exceptions) any hereditary legal distinctions within the peerage. They would later be 'approximated' to honorary hereditary titles in the Partition period with little real-power privileges but would still be venerated among the Polish upper class and the rest of the society as 'senatorial', 'palatinal', 'castellanial' or "dignitarial' families."Szlachta" is the proper term for Polish nobility beginning about the 15th century. Most powerful members of szlachta were known as magnates ("magnaci" or the "magnateria" class). A Polish nobleman who lived earlier is referred to as a "rycerz" ("knight"); the class of all such individuals is the "rycerstwo" (the "chivalry" class). Most powerful members of "rycerstwo" were known as "możnowładzcy" (the "moznowładztwo" class).By Family Below is a list of most important Polish noble (szlachta) families. The families listed are the famous magnatesfamilies - ones that had accumulated great wealth and political power, generally preserved across several centuries. Please note that this list is not intended to be a comprehensive list of all szlachta families. For the list of lesser known but still notable Polish noble families, see the corresponding category.All names are given first in the singular, then (parenthetically) in the plural.* Chodkiewicz (Chodkiewiczowie)* Czartoryski (Czartoryscy)* Lanckoroński (Lanckorońscy)* Lubomirski (Lubomirscy)* Mielzynski (Mielzynscy) .* Ogiński (Ogińscy)* Ostrogski (Ostrogscy)* Ostroróg (Ostrorogowie)* Pac (Pacowie)* Poniatowski (Poniatowscy)* Potocki (Potoccy)* Radziwiłł (Radziwiłłowie)* Sapieha (Sapiehowie)* Sanguszko (Sanguszkowie)* Tarnowski (Tarnowscy)* Tęczyński (Tęczyńscy)* Tyszkiewicz (Tyszkiewiczowie)* Wiśniowiecki (Wiśniowieccy)* Zamoysk (Zamoyscy)By The Year of BirthListed below are important members of the szlachta of Poland and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, by century and year of birth. In many cases, birth year is uncertain or unknown. During the Commonwealth, most people-including szlachta-paid little attention to their birthdates.The 15th Century Polish NobilityJan "Scibor" Taczanowski, 15th century, voivode of Łęczyca c. 1437Peter Hussakowski (Usakowski) 1448, NoblemanJan Tarnowski, 1488-1561, hetmanJan Lubrański, 1456-1520, bishopJan Łaski, 1456-1531, primate, archbishopMikołaj Kamieniecki, 1460-1515, hetmanKonstanty Ostrogski, 1460-1530, hetmanKrzysztof Szydłowiecki, 1467-1532, chancellorMichał Gliński, 1470-1534, princeJan Feliks "Szram" Tarnowski, 1471-1507, castellan, voivodeJan Stawicki, 1473-1510, voivode, starost of DidniaJan "Ciężki" Tarnowski, 1479-1527, castellan, starostTiedemann Giese, 1480-1560, bishopBarbara Kola, 1480-1560Jerzy Radziwiłł, 1480-1541, hetman, voivode, castellan, marshalJan Tęczyński, 1485-1553, Court MarshallPiotr Gamrat, 1487-1545, bishopStanisław Kostka, 1487-1555, castellan, podskarbiJan Łaski, 1499-1560, philosopherTomasz Łaźniński, 15th century (or earlier)-?Maciej Zamoyski, 15th century-?Jan Zamoyski, 15th century-16th centuryFlorian Zamoyski, 15th century-1510Barbara Kiszka, 15th century-1513Mikołaj Firlej, 15th century-1526, voivode, hetmanAndrzej Tarło, 15th century-1531, chorążyFeliks Zamoyski, 15th century-1535, voivodeJan Tarło, 15th century-1550, krajczy, podczaszy, cześnikPiotr Firlej, 15th century-1553, voivodeMikołaj Mielecki, 15th century-1585, hetman, voivodeThe 16th century Polish NobilityAndrzej Frycz Modrzewski (ca. 1503-1572) scholar, humanist and theologianMikołaj Rej, 1505-1568, writerStanisław Odrowąż, 1509-1545, castellan, voivodeJerzy Jazłowiecki, 1510-1575, hetmanMarcin Kromer, 1512-1589, Prince-BishopMikołaj "the Red" Radziwiłł, 1512-1584, hetman, kanclerz (chancellor)Mikołaj "the Black" Radziwiłł, 1515-1565, marshal, chancellor, palatineHieronim Jarosz Sieniawski, 1516-1579, voivodeStanisław Zamoyski, 1519-1572, castellanBarbara Radziwiłł, 1520-1550, queenJan Firlej, 1521-1574, marshall, starostKonstanty Wasyl Ostrogski, 1526-1608, voivodeJan Tarło, 1527-1587, castellan, voivodeMichał Wiśniowiecki, 1529-1584, castellanJan Kostka, 1529-1581, voivodeGrzegorz Branicki, c.1534-1595, łowczy of Kraków, starost of NiepołomiceZofia Tarnowska, 1534-1570Jan Krzysztof Tarnowski, 1537-1567, castellanSebastian Lubomirski, 1539-1613, castellanZofia Odrowąż, 1540-1580Jan Zamoyski, 1542-1605, hetman and chancellorJan Opaliński, 1546-1598Mikołaj VII Radziwiłł, 1546-1589, chambelainKrzysztof Mikołaj "the Lightning" Radziwiłł, 1547-1603, hetmanStanisław Żółkiewski, 1547-1620, hetman, catellan, chancellorMikołaj Krzysztof "the Orphan" Radziwiłł, 1549-1616, voivodeMarek Sobieski, 1549-1605, voivodeStanisław Kostka, 1550-1568, saintJan Tarnowski, 1550-1605, archbishopStanisław Stadnicki, 1551-1610Jan Kiszka, 1552-1592Andrzej Leszczyński, 1553-1606, starost of Nakło, voivode of Brześć KujawskiMikołaj Zebrzydowski, 1553-1620, voivodeJanusz Ostrogski, 1554-1620, castellan, voivodeAdam Sędziwój Czarnkowski, 1555-1628, voivodeJan Zbigniew Ossoliński, 1555-1628, Kings secretaryAleksander Koniecpolski, 1555-1609, voivodeJerzy Radziwiłł, 1556-1600, bishopLew Sapieha, 1557-1633, hetman, voivodeStanisław Krasiński, 1558-1617, voivodeJan Karol Chodkiewicz, 1560-1621, hetmanKatarzyna Ostrogska, 1560-157Krystyna Radziwiłł, 1560-1580Mikołaj Spytek Ligęza, 1562-1637, castellanZygmunt Tarło, 1562-1628, castellanMarcin Kazanowski, 1563/1566-1636, hetman, chancellor, voivodeZygmunt Kazanowski, 1563-1634, starost, courth marshall and chamberlainKonstanty Wiśniowiecki, 1564-1641, voivodeBarbara Tarnowska, 1566-1610Adam Wiśniowiecki, 1566-1622Jan Szczęsny Herburt, 1567-1616, starostJan Piotr Sapieha, 1569-1611, starosta uświacki, pułkownik królewskiJanusz Skumin Tyszkiewicz, 1570-1642, voivode, writerAleksander Ostrogski, 1571-1603, voivodeDaniel Naborowski, 1573-1640, poetJerzy Zbaraski, 1573-1631, castellanAnna Kostka, 1575-1635Katarzyna Kostka, 1575-1648Adam Hieronim Sieniawski, 1576-1616, starost, podczaszyGrzegorz IV Radziwiłł, 1578-1613, castellanRafał Leszczyński, 1579-1636, voivodeJanusz Radziwiłł, 1579-1620, castellanStanisław "Rewera" Potocki, 1579-1667, hetmanAleksander Józef Lisowski, 1580-1616, mercenary commanderSzymon Okolski, 1580-1653, historian, priestJakub Sobieski, 1580/88-1646, voivodeKrzysztof Zbaraski, 1580-1628, koniuszy, ambassadorHieronim Morsztyn, 1581-1623, poetJan Opaliński, 1581-1637, voivode of PoznańŁukasz Opaliński, 1581-1654, voivodeJan Tęczyński, 1581-1637, voivode of KrakówJakub Zadzik, 1582-1642, bishop and chancellorStanisław Lubomirski, 1583-1649Zofia Czeska, 1584-1650, nunPiotr Gembicki, 1585-1657, chancellorZofia Lubomirska, 1585-1612Krzysztof II Radziwiłł, 1585-1640, hetmanSzymon Starowolski, 1585-1650, priest, writerSamuel Korecki, 1586-1622Piotr Opaliński, 1586-1624Kasper Doenhoff, 1587-1645, voivodeKrzysztof Ossoliński, 1587-1645, voivodeStefan Pac, 1587-1640, chancellorMikołaj Firlej, 1588-1635, wojewoda sandomierskiMarina Mniszech, 1588-1614Samuel Łaszcz, 1588-1649, starosta, (warchoł means brawler, barrator)Albrycht Władysław Radziwiłł, 1589-1636, castellanJan Stanisław Sapieha, 1589-1635, Chancellor of Lithuania from 1621-1635, childlessStanisław Koniecpolski, 1590/1594-1646, hetmanJakub Sobieski, 1590-1646, voivodeJanusz Tyszkiewicz Łohojski, 1590-1649, voivodeAndrzej Bobola, 1591-1657, jesuit, martyr, saintZygmunt Karol Radziwiłł, 1591-1642, voivodeZdzisław Jan Zamoyski, 1591-1670, castellanKrzysztof Arciszewski, 1592-1656, General of ArtilleryMikołaj Ostroróg, 1593-1651, sejm marshalJan Karol Tarło, 1593-1645, castellanAleksander Ludwik Radziwiłł, 1594-1654, voivodeTomasz Zamoyski, 1594-1638, voivode, chancellor,Bogdan Chmielnicki, 1595-1657, hetmanJerzy Ossoliński, 1595-1650, voivode and chancellorMikołaj Potocki, 1595-1651, castellan, hetmanAlbrycht Stanisław Radziwiłł, 1595-1656, chancellorStanisław Lanckoroński, 1597-1657, voivodeJanusz Wiśniowiecki, 1598-1636, starost, koniuszyAdam Kazanowski, 1599-1649Stefan Czarniecki, 1599-1665, hetmanJan Zamoyski, 16th century-?Barbara Lubomirska, 16th century-?Paweł Tarło, 16th century-1565, bishopJan Tarło, 16th century-1571Samuel Zborowski, 16th century-1584Stanisław Lubomirski, 16th century-1585Mikołaj Firlej, 16th century-1588Krzysztof Kosiński, 16th century-1593Jan Tęczyński, 16th century-1583, castellan, podkomorzyStanisław Tarło 16th century-1600, starostMikołaj Firlej,, 16th century-1601, wojewoda krakowskiFiodor Trubecki, 16th century-1608, princeJoachim Lubomirski, 16th century-1610, starostKatarzyna Lubomirska, 16th century-1611Jerzy Mniszech. 16th century-1613, voivodeMichał Wiśniowiecki, 16th century-1616, castellanJan Zamoyski, 16th century-1619, castellanWigund-Jeronym Trubecki, 16th century-1634, princeHenryk Firlej, 16th century-1626, bishopKrzysztof Wiesiołowski, 16th century-1637, marshalAnna Branicka, 16th century-1639Aleksander Korwin Gosiewski, 16th century-1639Zofia Krasińska, 16th century-1642Katarzyna Potocka, 16th century-1642Piotr Trubecki, 16th century-1644, podkomorzy, chamberlainKrystyna Lubomirska, 16th century-1645Stanisław Kazanowski, 16th century-1648Konstancja Ligęza, 16th century-1648Krzysztof Chodkiewicz, 16th century-1652, castellan, voivodeJan Kazimierz Umiastowski, 16th century - 1659, sejm marshalSamuel Twardowski, 16th century (1590s) - 1661, writerThe 17th Century Polish NobilityAnna Eufrozyna Chodkiewicz, 1600-1631Adam Kisiel, 1600-1653, voivodeJanusz Kiszka, 1600-1653Kazimierz Siemienowicz, 1600-1651, general, scientistKatarzyna Ostrogska, 1602-1642Prokop Sieniawski, 1602-1626, chorążyMarcin Kalinowski, ca. 1605-1652, field crown hetman, voivodeDominik Aleksander Kazanowski, 1605-1648, voivodeAndrzej Leszczyński, 1606-1651, voivodeJan Kazimierz Krasiński, 1607-1669, voivodeAndrzej Trebicki, 1607-1679, bishopAndrzej Leszczyński, 1608-1658, chancellor and primateJan Paweł Sapieha, 1609-1665, voivodeKrzysztof Opaliński, 1611-1655, voivodeBogusław Leszczyński, 1612-1659, starostŁukasz Opaliński, 1612-1666Hieronim Radziejowski, 1612-1667, chancellorJanusz Radziwiłł 1612-1655, hetman, voivodeJeremi Wiśniowiecki, 1612-1651, voivodeKazimierz Franciszek Czarnkowski, 1613-1656Mikołaj Krzysztof Sapieha, 1613-1639, voivodeBogusław Leszczyński, 1614-1659Aleksander Michał Lubomirski, 1614-1677Jan Kazimierz Chodkiewicz, 1616-1660, castellan of VilnaJerzy Sebastian Lubomirski, 1616-1667Władysław Dominik Zasławski, 1616-1656, voivodeAnna Krystyna Lubomirska, 1618-1667Konstancja Lubomirska, 1618-1646Andrzej Potocki, 1618-1663. voivodeAleksander Koniecpolski Junior, 1620-1659, voivode, starost, chorazyKonstanty Jacek Lubomirski, 1620-1663, starostBogusław Radziwiłł, 1620-1669Andrzej Maksymilian Fredro, 1620-1679, writerWincenty Korwin Gosiewski, 1620-1662Krzysztof Grzymułtowski, 1620-1687, voivodeKrzysztof Zygmunt Pac, 1621-1684, chancellorWacław Potocki, 1621-1696, poet, writerAdam Hieronim Sieniawski, 1623-1650, starostGryzelda Konstancja Zamoyska, 1623-1672, princessWincenty Gosiewski, 1625-1662Michał Kazimierz Radziwiłł, 1625-1680, hetman, chancellorJoanna Barbara Zamoyska, 1626-1653Jan "Sobiepan" Zamoyski, 1627-1662, voivodeMarek Sobieski, 1628-1652, starostJan III Sobieski, 1629-1696, kingStefan Bidziński, 1630-1704, voivodeJan Chryzostom Pieniążek, 1630-1712, voivodeFeliks Kazimierz Potocki, 1630-1702, hetmanJan Wielopolski, 1630-1688, chancellorDymitr Jerzy Wiśniowiecki, 1631-1682, hetman, voivodeStanisław Jan Jabłonowski, 1634-1702, hetmanJan Chryzostom Pasek, 1636-1701, soldier and writer,Jan Kazimierz Sapieha the Younger, ca. 1637/1642-1720, since 1700 held the title of a Duke. Since 1681 FieldHetman of Lithuania, the following year he also became the voivod of Vilna. In 1682 promoted to Grand Hetman of Lithuania.Marcin Zamoyski, 1637-1689, voivodeJózef Karol Lubomirski, 1638-1702, marshal, koniuszy, starostJerzy Franciszek Kulczycki, 1640-1694Michał Korybut Wiśniowiecki, 1640-1673, kingStanisław Herakliusz Lubomirski, 1642-1702, marshall, starostJan Karol Opaliński, 1642-1695, castellan of Poznań, starostStanisław Mateusz Rzewuski, 1642-1728, voivodeMarianna Kazanowska, 1643-1687Dominik Radziwiłł, 1643-1697, chancellorKatarzyna Sobieska, 1643-1694Cecylia Maria Radziwiłł, 1643-1682Dominik Mikołaj Radziwiłł, 1643-1697, chancellorTeresa Chodkiewicz, 1645-1672Mikołaj Hieronim Sieniawski, 1645-1683, hetmanHieronim Augustyn Lubomirski, 1647-1706, hetmanRafał Leszczyński, 1650-1703Stanisław Antoni Szczuka, 1652-1710, chancellorJerzy Dominik Lubomirski, 1654-1727, voivodeTeresa Lubomirska, 1658-1712Anna Jabłonowska, 1660-1727Andrzej Taczanowski, c. 1660-18th century, knight commander 1683 Battle of ViennaTeodor Andrzej Potocki, 1664-1738, primateAdam Mikołaj Sieniawski, 1666-1726, hetmanJakub Ludwik Sobieski, 1667-1737, crown-princeElżbieta Lubomirska, 1669-1729Karol Stanisław Radziwiłł, 1669-1719, koniuszy, chancellorStanisław Ernest Denhoff, 1673-1728, hetmanStanisław Chomętowski, 1673-1728, hetmanFlorian Pacanowski, 1673-1725, ambassadorJózef Potocki, 1673-1752, hetmanKazimierz Czartoryski, 1674-1741Józef Lubomirski, 1676-1732, voivodeFranciszek Maksymilian Ossoliński, 1676-1756, treasurer, zupnik, starostStanisław Poniatowski, 1676-1762Teresa Kunegunda Sobieska, 1676-1730Stanisław Leszczyński, 1677-1766, kingAleksander Benedykt Sobieski, 1677-1714, princeTomasz Józef Zamoyski, 1678-1725, starostMichał Zdzisław Zamoyski, 1679-1735, voivodeJan Fryderyk Sapieha, 1680-1751, Grand Recorder of Lithuania between 1706 and 1709, since 1716 the castellan of Troki and after 1735 the Grand Chancellor of LithuaniaKonstanty Władysław Sobieski, 1680-1726, princeMichał Serwacy Wiśniowiecki, 1680-1744, chancellor, hetmanFranciszek Bieliński, 1683-1766, marshal, voivodeTeodor Lubomirski, 1683-1745Jan Tarło, 1684-1750, voivodeJerzy Ignacy Lubomirski, 1687-1753Jan Klemens Branicki, 1689-1771, magnate, hetman, castellanStefan Garczyński, voivode of Poznań, writerAleksander Dominik Lubomirski, 1693-1720Marianna Lubomirska, 1693-1729Katarzyna Barbara Radziwiłł, 1693-1730Mikołaj Krzysztof Radziwiłł, 1695-1715, podstoli, starostAndrzej Stanisław Załuski, 1695-1758, bishopMichał Fryderyk Czartoryski, 1696-1775, castellan, chancellorAugust Aleksander Czartoryski, 1697-1782Maria Zofia Sieniawska, 1698-1771, countessJerzy Detloff Fleming, 1699-1771Zuzanna Korwin Gosiewska, 17th century-1660Krystyna Lubomirska, 17th century-1669Wiktoria Elżbieta Potocka, 17th century-1760Aleksander Michał Lubomirski, 17th century-1673Stanisław Koniecpolski, 17th century-1682, voivodeJan Wielopolski, 17th century-1688, castellan, voivodeAndrzej Potocki, 17th century-1692Franciszek Sebastian Lubomirski, 17th century-1699Anna Krystyna Lubomirska, 17th century-1701Teresa Korwin Gosiewska, 17th century-1708Jan Dobrogost Krasiński, 17th century-1717Jan Aleksander Koniecpolski, 17th century-1719, voivode, starostaFranciszek Lubomirski, 17th century-1721Józef Potocki, 17th century-1723, starostJan Kazimierz Sapieha the Elder 17th century-1730, Grand Hetman of LithuaniaJan Szembek, 17th century-1731, chancellorFranciszek Wielopolski, 17th century--1732, voivodeAleksander Jan Jabłonowski, 17th century-1733Jerzy Aleksander Lubomirski, 17th century-1735Anna Lubomirska, 17th century-1736Jan Lubomirski, 17th century-1736Antoni Benedykt Lubomirski, 17th century-1761Krystyna Branicka, 17th century-1767The 18th Century Polish NobilityKonstancja Czartoryska, 1700-1759Michał Józef Massalski, c. 1700-1768, hetmanFranciszek Salezy Potocki, 1700-1772, voivodeCount Karol Antoni Usakowski 1750-1825, Count,voivodeJan Wielopolski, 1700-1773, voivodeMichał Kazimierz "Rybeńko" Radziwiłł, 1702-176, hetman, castellan,Maria Klementyna Sobieska, 1702-1735, crown princessJózef Andrzej Załuski, 1702-1774, bishopMaria Leszczyńska, 1703-1768, princessStanisław Lubomirski, 1704-1793, voivodeMichał Grocholski, 1705-1765, cześnikWacław Rzewuski, 1705-1779, hetmanTomasz Antoni Zamoyski, 1707-1752, voivodeMarianna Jabłonowska, 1708-1765Franciszek Ferdynant Lubomirski, 1710-1747Józef Aleksander Jabłonowski, 1711-1777, voivodeMikołaj Bazyli Potocki, 1712-1782, starostAndrzej Mokronowski, 1713-1784, voivodeAdam Tarło, 1713-1744, voivodeHieronim Florian Radziwiłł, 1715-1760, podczaszy, starostKajetan Sołtyk, 1715-1788, bishopAndrzej Zamoyski, 1716-1792, voivode, chancellorJan Jakub Zamoyski, 1716-1790, voivodeAntoni Lubomirski, 1718-1782, voivodeKazimierz Poniatowski, 1721-1800, podkomorzyRafael Taczanowski, 1721-18th century, head of the Jesuit Order in PolandJacek Jezierski, 1722-1805Stanisław Lubomirski, 1722-1782, princeCelestyn Czaplic, 1723-1803, podczaszy, podkomorzy, koniuszyKazimierz Krasiński, 1725-1802Piotr Ożarowski, 1725-1794, hetmanIgnacy Jakub Massalski, 1726-1794, bishopAntonina Czartoryska, 1728-1746, princessAnna Luiza Mycielska, 1729-1771Franciszek Ksawery Branicki, 1730-1819, magnate, hetmanFranciszek Grocholski, 1730-1792Maria Karolina Lubomirska, 1730-1795Izabella Poniatowska, 1730-1801Aniela Miączyńska, 1731-?Antoni Barnaba Jabłonowski, 1732-1799Tomasz Sołtyk, 1732-1808, castellanStanisław August Poniatowski, 1732-1798, kingAdam Naruszewicz, 1733-1798, writer, bishopAdam Kazimierz Czartoryski, 1734-1823, princeStanisław Potocki, 1734-1802, starost, krajczyKarol Stanisław "Panie Kochanku" Radziwiłł, 1734-1790, prince, voivodeIgnacy Krasicki, 1735-1801, bishop, writerTomasz Adam Ostrowski, 1735-1817, castellanAndrzej Poniatowski, 1735-1773Elżbieta Czartoryska, 1736-1816Stanisław Małachowski, 1736-1809Michał Jerzy Poniatowski, 1736-1794, archbishopJózef Mikołaj Radziwiłł, 1736-1813, voivodeElżbieta Czartoryska, 1736-1816, princessJacek Małachowski, 1737-1821Tadeusz Franciszek Ogiński, 1737-1783, voivodeStanisław Ferdynand Rzewuski, 1737-1786Józef Klemens Czartoryski, 1740-1810Szymon Marcin Kossakowski, 1741-1794Michał Jerzy Mniszech, 1742-1806, marshalTadeusz Rejtan, 1742-1780Seweryn Rzewuski, 1743-1811, hetmanMichał Hieronim Radziwiłł, 1744-1831Maria Ludwika Rzewuska, 1744-1816Kazimierz Pułaski, 1745-1779Ignacy Wyssogota Zakrzewski, 1745-1802Izabela Fleming, 1746-1835, countessTadeusz Kościuszko, 1746-1817, generalKlemens Zamoyski, 1747-1767, starostJózef Maksymilian Ossoliński, 1748-1829Maciej Radziwiłł, 1749-1800, podkomorzyHugo Kołłątaj, 1750-1812, chancellorRoman Ignacy Potocki, 1750-1809Józefina Amalia Mniszech, 1752-1798Józef Zajączek, 1752-1826, generalStanisław Szczęsny Potocki, 1753-1805, voivodeStanisław Sołtyk, 1753-1831Ignacy Działyński, 1754-1797, military officerStanisław Poniatowski, 1754-1833Jan Henryk Dąbrowski, 1755-1818, Polish generalGertruda Komorowska, 1755-1771Elżbieta Lubomirska, 1755-1783, princessStanisław Kostka Zamoyski, 1755-1856, voivodeJan Krasiński, 1756-1790Stanisław Kostka Potocki, 1757-1821Kazimierz Nestor Sapieha, 1757-1798, artillery generalKazimierz Jordan-Rozwadowski, 1757-1836, Polish PatriotJózef Kajetan Ossoliński, 1758-1834, castellanJulian Ursyn Niemcewicz, 1758-1841, writerWładysław Franciszek Jabłonowski, 1769-1802Hieronim Wincenty Radziwiłł, 1759-1786, podkomorzyDominik Dziewanowski, 1759-1827, Virtuti MilitariDorota Barbara Jabłonowska, 1760-1844Aleksandra Lubomirska, 1760-1836Konstancja Małgorzata Lubomirska, 1761-1840Stanisław Mokronowski, 1761-1821, generalAntoni Protazy Potocki, 1761-1801Jan Potocki, 1761-1815Karol Kniaziewicz, 1762-1842Józef Antoni Poniatowski, 1763-1813, princeJulia Lubomirska, 1764-1794Michał Kleofas Ogiński, 1765-1833Jan Henryk Wołodkowicz, 1765-1825Eustachy Erazm Sanguszko, 1768-1844Maksymilian Taczanowski, 177?-1852, national revolutionaryAdam Jerzy Czartoryski, 1770-1861, princeJan Krukowiecki, 1772-1850Konstanty Adam Czartoryski, 1773-1860Rajmund Rembliński, 1774-1820Antoni Radziwiłł, 1775-1833Ludwik Pac, 1778-1835Aleksander Stanisław Potocki, 1778-1845, castellanMichał Gedeon Radziwiłł, 1778-1850Klementyna Czartoryska, 1780-1852Zofia Czartoryska, 1780-1837Antoni Potocki, 1780-1850, castellanJan Kozietulski, 1781-1821Wincenty Krasiński, 1782-1858Antoni Jan Ostrowski, 1782-1845, castellan, generalWładysław Grzegorz Branicki, 1783-1843Alfred Wojciech Potocki, 1785-1862, ochmistrz of GaliciaEdward Raczyński, 1786-1845Dominik Hieronim Radziwiłł, 1786-1813Józefina Maria Czartoryska, 1787-1862Artur Potocki, 1787-1832Dezydery Chłapowski, 1788-1879, generalMarie, Countess Walewski, 1789-1817Zofia Branicka, 1790-1879Władysław Ostrowski, 1790-1869Roman Sołtyk, 1790-1843Sir Paweł Edmund Strzelecki, 1797-1873, explorerAnna Zofia Sapieha, 1799-1864Konstanty Zamoyski, 1799-1866Stanisław Potocki, 18th-century-1760, voivodeAnna Lubomirska, 18th-century-1763Józef Sawa-Caliński, 18th-century-1771Aleksander August Zamoyski, 18th-century-1800Ludwika Lubomirska, 18th-century-1829Józef Makary Potocki, 18th-century-1829Zenon Kazimierz Wysłouch, 1727-1805, chamberlain of the Brzeskie VoivodeshipThe 19th Century Polish NobilityRoman Sanguszko, 1800-1881Andrzej Artur Zamoyski, 1800-1874Ewelina Hańska, 1801-1882Władysław Hieronim Sanguszko, 1803-1870Aleksander Wielopolski, 1803-1877Leon Sapieha, 1803-1878Władysław Stanisław Zamoyski, 1803-1868, general, revolutionaryPrzemysław Potocki, 1805-1847Emilia Plater, 1806-1831, revolutionaryFranciszka Ksawera Brzozowska, 1807-1872Delfina Potocka, 1807-1877Szymon Konarski, 1808-1839, revolutionaryAlexandre Joseph Count Colonna-Walewski, 1810-1868Zdzisław Zamoyski, 1810-1855Antoni Patek, 1811-1877Agenor Gołuchowski, 1812-1875Kazimierz Gzowski, 1813-1898, engineerTomasz Chołodecki, 1813-1880, political activistAlfons Anton Felix Count Taczanowski, 1815-1867, member of Prussian House of LordsCelestyn Chołodecki 1816-1867Alfred Józef Potocki, 1817-1889, sejm marshal, prime minister of Austria-HungaryWładysław Taczanowski, 1819-1890, zoologistEliza Branicka, 1820-1876, wife of famous poet Zygmunt KrasińskiEdmund Taczanowski, 1822-1879, general, revolutionaryWitold Czartoryski, 1824-1865Katarzyna Branicka, 1825-1907Włodzimierz Dzieduszycki, 1825-1899Wladislaw Taczanowski, 1825-1893Jerzy Konstanty Czartoryski, 1828-1912Władysław Czartoryski, 1828-1894Władysław Umiastowski,1831-1905, marshal of szlachta, countIzabella Elżbieta Czartoryska, 1832-1899Tomasz Franciszek Zamoyski, 1832-1889Maria Grocholska, 1833-1928Mikołaj Światopełk-Mirski, 1833-1898Raphael Kalinowski, 1835-1907Stanisław Antoni Potocki, 1837-1884Stanisław Tarnowski, 1837-1917Stefan Zamoyski, 1837-1899Konstanty Kalinowski, 1838-1864,Alfonsyna Miączyńska, 1838-1919Nester Trubecki, c.1840-1907, princeEustachy Stanisław Sanguszko, 1842-1903Władysław Krasiński, 1844-1873Kasimir Felix Graf Badeni, 1846-1909Bolesław Prus, 1847-1912Edward Aleksander Raczyński, 1847-1926Agenor Maria Gołuchowski, 1849-1921Maria Beatrix Krasińska, 1850-1884Artur Władysław Potocki, 1850-1890Roman Potocki, 1851-1889, countJózef Białynia Chołodecki 1852-1934Władysław Zamoyski, 1854-1924August Czartoryski, 1858-1893Witold Leon Czartoryski, 1864-1945Zdzisław Lubomirski, 1865-1943Tadeusz Jordan-Rozwadowski, 1866-1928, Polish General, chief of staff of the Polish Army, major contributor to victory at the Battle of WarsawJadwiga Dzieduszycka, 1867-1941Jan Nepomucen Potocki, 1867-1943Adam Stefan Sapieha, 1867-1951Rodryg Dunin, 1870-1928Waclaw Iwaszkiewicz Polish general in the Polish-Soviet war (1919-1920)Maurycy Klemens Zamoyski, 1871-1939Adam Ludwik Czartoryski 1872-1937Wacław Sobieski, 1872-1935Władysław Zdzisław Zamoyski, 1873-1944Paweł Trubecki, 1879-1941, princeMaria Ludwika Krasińska, 1883-1958Alfred Niezychowski, 1888-1964Samuel Tyszkiewicz, 1889-1954Stanisław Bohdan Grabiński, 1891-1930Edward Raczyński, 1891-1993, presidentTadeusz Bór-Komorowski, 1895-1966, Polish generalJan Franciszek Czartoryski, 1897-1944Roman Jacek Czartoryski, 1898-1958Krzysztof Mikołaj Radziwiłł, 1898-1986The 20th Century Polish NobilityNobility privileges were abolished under the Second Polish Republic (1918-1939). Nobility obligations are not addressed. This would leave the legal status of nobility as consisting of obligations only (as they demonstrated in WW2) had the article been not later revoked anyway.Stefan Adam Zamoyski, 1904-1976Elżbieta Czartoryska, 1905-1989Adam Michał Czartoryski, 1906-1998Augustyn Józef Czartoryski, 1907-1944Antoni Dunin, 1907-1939Piotr Michał Czartoryski, 1909-1993Kurnatowski of Lodzia. Zygmunt Obtained the hereditary papal title of Count from Pope Leo XIII in 1902.Jan Zamoyski (1912-2002), 1912-2002Stanisław Albrecht Radziwiłł, 1914-1976Włodzimierz Wałoc Trubecki, 1915-1997, princeProfessor Pawel Czartoryski, 1924-1999Władysław Krzysztof Grabiński, 1925-1944Jan Trubecki, 1938, princeAdam Karol Czartoryski, 1940Adam Zamoyski, 1949Hubert Taczanowski, 1960Princess Tamara Laura Czartoryska-Borbon, 1978Aleksander Kochankrólewski, 1989Seweryn Wysłouch, 1900-1968The Index of Polish Princely Houses Czartoryski h. Pogon Litewska. Dynastic Princely title confirmed in Poland and Lithuania in 1569, in Hungary in 1442 and 1808, in Austria in 1785 and 1863, in the Kingdom of Poland in 1815, 1819 and 1824. Qualification of Serene Highness accorded in Austria, July 20 1905.Czetwertynski h. Pogon Ruska. The Czetwertynski family appears in the 1824 list of persons authorised to bear the title of Prince in the Kingdom of Poland. The title was recognised in Rusia in 1843, 1858, 1860, 1875 and 1886. Drucki-Lubecki h. Druck. The right to the title of Prince was recognised in Prussia on December 21 1798, in Russia on January 24 1851 and May 12 1852. Giedroyc h. Poraj. Princely title received Russian confirmation in 1865, 1866, 1875, 1876, 1878 and 1880. Gulgowski h. Doliwa Princely and Ducal House of Gulgowski-Doliwa
bear the titles of Prince, Duke and Count of the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation and of the Kingdom of Poland. Titles recognized by King Frederick The Great Patent, dated 13 September 1772 . Jablonowski h. Prus III. Hereditary title of Prince of the Holy Roman Empire granted by Emperor Charles VII to various members of the family in 1743 and 1744. Title was recognised in Poland in 1775, in Austria in 1777, 1820 and 1827 and in Russia in 1844. In 1824 the Jablonowskis appeared in the list of families authorised to bear the title of Prince in the Kingdom of Poland. On July 20 1905 the Jablonowskis received confirmation of their right to the qualificationof Serene Highness (originally granted in 1704). Lubomirski h. Szreniawa bez Krzyza. Title of Count of the Holy Roman Empire awarded to Sebastian Lubomirski on July 14 1595. His son Stanislaw was awarded the hereditary title of Prince of the Holy Roman Empire by Emperor Ferdinand III on March 8 1647. Title was confirmed in Austria on June 6 1786, in Russia on May 21 1863 and March 8 1888. In 1824 the Lubomirskis appeared in the list of families authorised to bear the title of Prince in the Kingdom of Poland. On July 20 1905 the Lubomirskis were awarded the qualification of Serene Highness. Massalski h. Massalski. In 1775 the Massalskis were granted the hereditary title of Prince by the Polish Sejm (parliament). This branch became extinct on May 9 1794. Various members of the non-titled branch obtained confirmation of their right to the title of Prince in Russia on September 7 1862, April 7 1864, June 24 1868, January 22 1885 and March 21 1889 Oginski h. Oginiec. The right of the family to bear the title of Prince was recognised in Austria by Emperor Joseph II on 17 March 1783, in the Kingdom of Poland by the Senate on 25 March 1821 and in Russia by Czar Alexander II on 3 April 1868. In 1824 the Oginskis appeared in the list of families
authorised to bear the title of Prince in the Kingdom of Poland. Ossolinski h. Topor. Various titular grants: Jerzy Ossolinski obtained the hereditary title of Prince from Pope Urban VIII on 23 December 1633, the non-hereditary title of Prince of the Holy Roman Empire from Emperor Ferdinand II on 20 January 1634. The hereditary title became extinct upon the death of Jerzy's only son. Franciszek-Maximilian Ossolinski obtained the title of Duke from King Louis XV of France on 1 January 1736. The title became extinct in 1790. Michal Ossolinski obtained the right to the hereditary title of Count of Austria from Emperor Joseph II on 7 July and 9 August 1785. Jozef-Kajetan Ossolinski obtained the hereditary title of Count from Kaiser Frederick-Wilhelm, of Prussia on 15 November 1805 (L.P. 1 October 1806). Wiktor-Maximilian-Josef Ossolinski obtained the hereditary title of Count in Russia on 7 January 1848. In 1824 the Ossolinskis appeared in the list of families authorised to bear the title of Count of the Kingdom of Poland. Poniatowski h. Ciolek. In 1764 the brothers of King Stanislaw-Augustus Poniatowski (Kazimierz, Andrzej and Michal) were awarded the hereditary title of Prince of Poland by the Polish Sejm (parliament). On 10 December 1765 EmperorJoseph II also awarded Andrzej the hereditary title of Prince in Austria (succession by primogeniture). Karol and Stanislaw-Michal-Ksawery Poniatowski obtained the hereditary title of Prince from Austrian Emperor Franz-Josef on 19 November 1850. Poninski h. Lodzia. Various grants: Princely title awarded to Adam and Calixte Poninski by the Sejm on 19 April 1773. The descendants of Adam were granted the hereditary title of Prince in Austria on 30 December 1837 and 22 May 1841. Alexsander-Franciszek Poninski was awarded the qualification of Serene Highness by Emperor Franz-Josef on 20 July 1905. Ignacy-Augustus Poninski obtained the Prussian hereditary title of Count on 4 August 1782. This title was laterconfirmed in Austria on 8 March 1842 and 8 March 1862. Wladyslaw-Augustus obtained the hereditary title of Count in Italy on 24 February 1880. The title became extinct in the following generation. Stanislaw obtained the Prussian hereditary title of Count on 10 Septemer 1840 (sucession by primogeniture with added stipulation that the mother of each heir be noble in her own right). Antoni Poninski obtained the Bavarian title of Count on 18 August 1841. Adolphus Poninski obtained the Papal title of Count from Pope Pius X in 1908. On 25 March 1888 Bronislaw Poninski obtained the non-hereditary title of Count from King Umberto I of Italy. Puzyna h. Oginiec. The right to bear the title of Prince was recognised by the Kingdom of Poland in a senate decision in 1823, in Russia on 17 May and 6 June 1910, 3 July and 24 September 1915 and 21 January 1916. In 1824 the Puzynas were listed among those families authorised to bear the title of Prince in the Kingdom of Poland. Radziwill h. Traby. The Radziwills received confirmation of their right to the title of Prince of the Holy Roman Empire in 1547; in Poland in 1564/1569; in Austria in 1784 and 1882; in the Kingdom of Poland in 1824 and in Russia in 1845, 1867 and 1899. The qualification of Serene Highness was accorded in Prussia in 1859 and 1861 and in Austria in 1905. Sanguszko h. Pogon Litweska. The Sanguszko dynasty received confirmation of the title of Prince in Poland in 1569; in Austria in 1785, 1833 and 1835 and in Russia in 1858 and 1906. In 1905 the Princes Sanguszko received the qualification of Serene Highness from Austrian Emperor Franz-Josef. Sapieha h. Lis. Michal-Franciszek obtained the hereditary title of Prince of the Holy Roman Empire from Emperor Leopold I on 14th September 1700. The title became extinct upon his death without issue on 19th November 1700. In 1768 all the members of the Sapieha family obtained recognition of the princely title from the Polish sejm (parliament). In 1824 the Sapieha family appeared in the list of persons authorised to bear the title of Prince of the Kingdom Poland. The title was also recognised by the Austrians in 1836 and 1840, and in Russia in 1874 and 1901. In 1905 they obtained the qualification of Serene Highness in Austria. Sulkowski h. Sulima. Title of Count of the Holy Roman Empire obtained in 1733. Title of Prince obtained in Bohemia in 1752 (succession by primogenitue). Twelve years later the right of succession was extended to all descendants. In 1774 the title of Prince of the Holy Roman Empire was recognised in Poland. The Sulkowskis received the Prussian qualification of Serene Highness in 1819 and the Austrian qualification of Serene Highness in 1905. Woroniecki h. Korybut. In 1824 the Woronieckis were listed amongst those persons authorised to bear the title of Prince of the Kingdom of Poland. The princely title was recognised in Russia on 28th June 1844 and 5th July 1852. Zajaczek h. Swinka. On 17th April 1818 Joseph Zajaczek (29th March 1752-13th February 1845) obtained the hereditary title of Prince of the Kingdom of Poland from Czar Aleksander I. The title became extinct upon his death without issue. Part II
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Markus Schulz Official Blog: Markus Schulz | Global DJ Broadcast | Coldharbour Recordings: 2007
Global DJ Broadcast: World Tour - Buenos Aires (Dec 06 2007)
Global DJ Broadcast December 6th 2007World Tour - Buenos Aires, ArgentinaWith Markus Schulz Markus Schulz (Recorded Live From Big One in Buenos Aires - November 24th 2007)01. Lens - Beyond The Shadows (Moonbeam Remix) 02. Evol Waves - Mimi (Markus Schulz Big Room Reconstruction) 03. FC Kahuna - Hayling (Blake Jarrell Remix / Markus Schulz Big Room Reconstruction) 04. Markus Schulz - Fly To Colors (Carl B Remix) 05. Reconceal - Hollow Hope (Lee Haslam Remix) 06. Santiago Nino & Damien Heck Featuring Antonia Lucas - Red Sky (Duderstadt Progressive Dub Mix) 07. Mandy Reid - Tornado 08. Duderstadt - Muhanjala (Markus Schulz Big Room Reconstruction) 09. Rex Mundi vs. Ronski Speed - The Perspective Space (Markus Schulz Mashup) 10. Maor Levi - Shapes (Oliver Smith Remix) 11. Sonic Division - Bulky Hero 12. Markus Schulz Featuring Departure - Cause You Know (Nic Chagall Remix) 13. Gleave - Community Service 14. Above & Beyond Present Tranquility Base - Buzz 15. Duderstadt & Kirsty Hawkshaw - Beatitude (Duderstadt Uplifting Mashup) 16. Markus Schulz Featuring Andy Moor - Daydream (Ronski Speed Remix) 17. John O'Callaghan Featuring Audrey Gallagher - Big Sky (Intro Mix) 18. Heatbeat - Protoculture 19. Lustral - Everytime (Randy Boyer & Eric Tadla Remix) 20. Marcus Schössow - Swedish Beatballs (Max Graham Remix)
Global DJ Broadcast: World Tour - Shanghai (Nov 01 2007)
Global DJ Broadcast November 1st 2007World Tour - Shanghai, ChinaWith Markus Schulz Markus Schulz (Recorded Live From Club G Plus in Shanghai - October 31st 2007)01. Mr. Pit - Untitled 02. Marc Van Linden with Funabashi - These Days 03. Marcus Schössow - Mr. White (Ruben De Ronde Remix) 04. Markus Schulz Featuring Dauby - Perfect (Jerome Isma-Ae Remix) 05. Above & Beyond - Home (Wippenberg Remix) 06. Destination X - Dangerous (Gareth Emery Remix / Markus Schulz Big Room Reconstruction) 07. Pascal Feliz - From Inside The Speaker (Part 1) (Markus Schulz Edit) 08. Reconceal - Hollow Hope (Lee Haslam Remix) 09. Evol Waves - Too Far Away 10. First State Featuring Anita Kelsey - Falling (First State's Stuck Parachute Mix) 11. Rex Mundi vs. Ronski Speed - The Perspective Space (Markus Schulz Mashup) 12. Markus Schulz Featuring Departure - Cause You Know (Nic Chagall Remix) 13. Ben Brown - Love & Solace (Topher Jones Remix) 14. Santiago Nino & Damien Heck Featuring Antonia Lucas - Red Sky (Duderstadt Progressive Dub Mix) 15. Shinedoe - Phunk (Steve Angello Re-Edit) vs. Motorcycle - As The Rush Comes (Markus Schulz Mashup) 16. Markus Schulz - Fly To Colors (Genix Remix) 17. Randy Boyer & Eric Tadla - Stemcell 18. Vincent De Moor - Fly Away (Cosmic Gate Remix / Markus Schulz Big Room Reconstruction) 19. Maarten Hercules - Body Fusion (Markus Schulz Big Room Reconstruction) 20. Markus Schulz Featuring Andy Moor - Daydream (Ronski Speed Remix)
[COLD001] Marcus Schössow - Mr. White
Release Label: Coldharbour Recordings RedRelease Code: COLD001Release Date: October 22nd 2007Mr. White (Original Mix)Mr. White (Ruben de Ronde Remix)Available to buy digitally from Armada / Audiojelly by Clickng HereAvailable to buy digitally from Beatport by Clickng HereAvailable to buy digitally from CDJShop by Clickng Here
Coldharbour Red,
Marcus Schössow,
Global DJ Broadcast: World Tour - Buenos Aires (De...
Global DJ Broadcast: World Tour - Shanghai (Nov 01...

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Boating Tips: How to Undock Your Sailboat with Natural Forces
Turn the sailboat wheel toward the pier (or hold the tiller away from the pier). 3. Cast off all lines except the spring. Shift into idle ahead and use minimum throttle. 4. Wait for the stern to clear the boat behind you. Then, shift into neutral, .
Boating safety offered for residents
Fueling a boat properly is one of the most important elements of good boating safety, regardless of a person's plans. Planning for just a day's trip or an entire week is crucial, as it's also important to know if a person has enough fuel for the entire ...
Sheriff Advises Chart a Safe Course: Boat Smart, Boat Safe, Boat Sober
It is ten times more likely that a boat operator with a blood alcohol content of .10 will be killed in a boating accident than a boater with zero blood alcohol content." Research has shown that alcohol, combined with boating stressors, such as sun, Boating News: Boaters continue Yellowstone spill survey
A small group of boaters started the second leg of their independent survey of the Yellowstone River oil spill earlier this week and so far have marked about two dozen affected spots in backwaters from Billings and to the east. ... Houseboat mired in river, limbo
The Columbian Wed, 20 Jul 2011 19:33 PM PDT
RIDGEFIELD When state officials went to survey the site of a sunken boat on the Lake River near Ridgefield this week, they found themselves wrestling an even bigger problem. An abandoned houseboat moored along the bank of the river towed there illegally by the vessel that had sunk is now sinking, too. The houseboat sits partially submerged, its roof gutters on one end nearly touching the ...
CG: Call about sinking boat a hoax
FOX 25 Boston Fri, 22 Jul 2011 08:30 AM PDT
GLOUCESTER - The Coast Guard says a Mayday call reporting a sinking boat and two sailors in the waters off the coast of Gloucester earlier this month is now considered a hoax
Severe weather causes problems for boaters this time of year
Savannah Morning News Wed, 20 Jul 2011 21:37 PM PDT
Its an unwanted predicament usually followed by a deep sigh and the thought, I knew I shouldnt have taken the boat out today. What starts out as a pristine, sunny day for a boater can lead to an experience only Gilligan can sympathize with. Being offshore in a thunderstorm can be a life-changing experience, said Brad Stewart, who owns and operates Stewart Fishing Charters in Savannah. For ... Boater finds meeting with lifesavers a sweet deal
Tideland News Wed, 20 Jul 2011 17:31 PM PDT
Tideland News Writer Early in the afternoon on Thursday, June 30, 50-year-old Mark Lancaster of Goldsboro was enjoying a peaceful day on Bogue Sound off Emerald Isle, basking in sunshine on a 16-foot johnboat with his wife, Bonnie, and the family dog. Port Seeks SD Boaters for Alternative Bottom Paint Program
SAN DIEGO -- The Board of Port Commissioners approved another prong in the Port of San Diego's multifaceted copper reduction program at its July 12 meeting, launching a Hull Paint Conversion Project to help boaters moored within Shelter Island Yacht ... PCG to draft national maritime search and rescue plan
Zamboanga Times Thu, 21 Jul 2011 00:24 AM PDT
MANILA â Philippine Coast Guard (PCG) commandant Vice Admiral Ramon Liwag has announced that the agency is planning to create a national maritime search-and-rescue (SAR) contingency plan. Free vessel check this weekend in Michigan
Soundings Wed, 20 Jul 2011 22:15 PM PDT
The United States Coast Guard Auxiliary (Lansing Flotilla) is offering a free Vessel Safety Exam from 8 a.m. to noon Saturday for owners of recreational boats at Lake Lansing North boat ramp in Michigan. Report: Mass. has worst boating death rate
Last year was bad for Massachusetts boaters. Sixteen people died in recreational boating accidents in 2010, up from 10 deaths the year before and pushing the state to the very bottom of a U.S. Coast Guard ranking of the countrys seven worst states for boating fatalities. No-wake restriction lifted at Lewis and Clark State Park
Logan Herald-Observer & Woodbine Twiner Thu, 21 Jul 2011 11:11 AM PDT
The Iowa Department of Natural Resources has lifted the no-wake restriction for boating on Blue Lake, in Lewis and Clark State Park, near Onawa. Acle boating tragedy: latest
EDP24 - Eastern Daily Press Thu, 21 Jul 2011 10:47 AM PDT
Holidaymakers are being urged to heed safety advice after the fourth death this year on the Broads involving a boater not wearing a lifejacket. State law to require boater education for youth, but boaters of all ages could benefit
Fort Worth Star-Telegram Thu, 21 Jul 2011 18:38 PM PDT
Boaters born on or after Sept. 1, 1993, must pass a safety course and become certified.
That simple act could save the lives of upwards of 100 people a year who drown in boating incidents nationwide. Now the Ontario coroner's office, the Lifesaving Society and the Ontario Provincial Police are renewing their calls for mandatory Editorial: Boating while drinking laws: Unenforceable?
One needn't look far for evidence that drinking and boating do not mix. Just last Friday, July 15, an Irondequoit man was charged with boating while intoxicated after the boat he was driving struck the east side of Summerville Pier in Charlotte, ...
Del. Office of Boating Safety to offer life jacket demonstrations at State Fair
By Anonymous If you own a boat or plan to go out on one this summer, the Delaware Office of Boating Safety encourages you to stop by the DNREC Building at the Delaware State Fair this weekend to see and learn more about the latest in life jackets, ...
Builder admits Malu Sara 'totally unseaworthy'
Boat builder Subsee is being prosecuted by Australia's workplace health and safety regulator Comcare in an unprecedented case before the Federal Court in Brisbane. Comcare said it is the first prosecution of its kind of a supplier to or manufacturer Attorney: Boater wasn't impaired
By David Hendee A Nebraskan charged in the boating deaths of two North Carolina brothers was not impaired by alcohol during a collision involving a pontoon boat and the boys' tube, the boater's attorney said. Brian Packer of Wood River, Neb.
Steven Morse of Westfield indicted on drug, alchohol charges in boating death ...
By Fred Contrada, The Republican File photo by Manon MirabelliThese warning signs were posted at Norwich Lake in Huntington last year where a 10-year-old Gus Adamopoulos, of Ludlow, was killed in a boating accident. NORTHAMPTON – A Westfield man who is
Lake Minatare victim recovered
Chris Miller, 37, of Mitchell was boating with friends and family when he fell from a boat late Sunday morning. Searchers with four dive teams and cadaver and search dogs were involved in the five-day recovery effort. The Scotts Bluff County Attorney's ...
Boat with 15 aboard missing in Micronesia
CNN Thu, 21 Jul 2011 03:04 AM PDT
6 children, 9 adults rescued on Micronesian island after boat reported missing
By AP, APRA HARBOR, Guam — Six children and nine adults are safe after their overdue boat was spotted on an uninhabited island in the Federated States of Micronesia. The Coast Guard and Navy began searching for the boat Wednesday after transportation ...
Chariman of Calgary oil company missing
AM770 CHQR Thu, 21 Jul 2011 08:13 AM PDT
The chairman of a Calgary based oil company is missing and feared dead after a boating accident in Ontario. Brad Griffiths of Griffiths Energy International has not been seen for two days after boating on Lake Joseph in Ontario. Searches involving local authorities, nearby residents and private diving teams have so far turned up nothing. The Board of Directors believes it can continue with a .
Whale Struck By Speedboat In San Diego
KTLA-TV Los Angeles Wed, 20 Jul 2011 21:30 PM PDT
Boater says it felt like she hit an "invisible brick wall" SAN DIEGO (KTLA) -- A woman and her 79-year-old father are recovering from minor injuries after their speedboat reportedly slammed into a whale in San Diego Bay. Search in Potomac for missing sailboat
By Martin Weil A search was going on early Tuesday in the Potomac River for a sailboat that was reported in distress, authorities said. The US Coast Guard said the boat, with three people on board, was reported about 11:30 pm Monday taking on water in .
Coast Guard rescues flooding fishing boat off San Francisco coast Wednesday
The San Francisco Examiner Thu, 21 Jul 2011 10:08 AM PDT
The Coast Guard came to the rescue of a fishing boat that was taking on water off the coast of San Francisco on Wednesday night. Coast Guard officials responded to a mayday call from a vessel that was about eight miles west of the Golden Gate Bridge at around 7:50 p.m. The 31-foot commercial fishing vessel, Two Sons, had two passengers onboard, Coast Guard officials said. The boat was being .
Catamaran capsizes on Lake Superior
WLUC Marquette Wed, 20 Jul 2011 19:08 PM PDT
Two people on board were wearing life jackets and were rescued by the Coast Guard. Boaters stranded near Tobiano
Kelowna Capital News Thu, 21 Jul 2011 11:32 AM PDT
The Kamloops RCMP's police boat was put to use this week after a family boating trip turned sour for a local family. Kamloops Rural RCMP Cpl. Gerry Hansom said the group â three adults and three kids â hit Kamloops Lake for what was supposed to be a day of boating on Wednesday, July 20
Red Lion man charged with boating while drunk at County lake
By BRETT HAMBRIGHT A Red Lion man is facing a list of charges after officers found him boating while drunk in a Lancaster County lake. State Fish and Boat Commission officers allege Rodney Eid Sr. was drunk Sunday while steering a boat in Lake Clarke, .
Scituate party spot linked to latest boating accident
By Patrick Ronan A popular destination for South Shore boaters is once again linked to an incident involving alcohol. Steven “Zac” Woods, 23, and Justin McDonald, 22, spent several hours hanging out with friends at “The Spit” in Scituate on Saturday ..
Shark leaps out of warter, aboard research boat
Off the coast of South Africa, a team of researchers was out studying shark populations when, apparently, a great white shark looked to a do a little studying of its own -- breaching the waves and flying aboard the researchers' boat.
Tiffin teen rescues boater from Atlantic
The Advertiser-Tribune Thu, 21 Jul 2011 21:33 PM PDT
A Columbian High School student rescued a man from the Atlantic Ocean Saturday evening. Daniel Wood, 18, a senior at Columbian, was with his parents on vacation in Brant Rock, Mass. Man rescued from water after sailboat sinks in Georgia Strait
By Sarah Petrescu, Times Colonist July 22, 2011 8:03 AM A man was rescued from the sea after his sailboat sunk in the waters of the Georgia Strait near Gabriola Island this morning. Around 1:45 am Friday, the Coast Guard received a radio call from the .
Chesterfield teen injured in Oakland boating mishap
The Voice Fri, 22 Jul 2011 10:25 AM PDT
A 15-year-old Chesterfield Township boy was injured Thursday evening after he was cut by a propeller of a boat that ran over him. Teenager broke arm on Table Rock Lake
The Springfield News-Leader Fri, 22 Jul 2011 06:03 AM PDT
A 12-year-old from Iowa was injured Thursday evening in a boating accident on Table Rock Lake, the Missouri State Highway Patrol-Water Patrol Division. Posted by


text:
Respond Rapidly to Changing Supply and Demand with Intelligent Order …
V chain hybrid technology overview
In today’s supply chain, companies need to respond quickly to ever-changing demand, often across a distributed supply network with limited visibility and long latency. In order to gain competitive ...
In today’s supply chain, companies need to respond quickly to ever-changing demand, often across a distributed supply network with limited visibility and long latency. In order to gain competitive advantage in this environment, you need a highly responsive and demand-driven planning process. That means visibility into critical inventory levels at your trading partners. It means the ability to replan quickly and to understand how changes in demand or supply – real or hypothetical – affect your ability to fulfill orders. And it means being able to rapidly execute a revised plan with confidence – maximizing new revenue opportunities while delivering on existing commitments. The benefits of transforming your planning process apply no matter where your company is in the supply chain.
SAP Supply Chain Response Management enables you to constantly update your plan using the latest demand and supply information and to gain market share, reduce inventory, and improve customer satisfaction.
SAP Solution BriefSAP Supply Chain Management Objectives Solution Benefits Quick FactsSAP Supply Chain Response Managementby icon-scm Respond Rapidly to Changing Supply and Demand with Intelligent Order Fulfillment Objectives Solution Benefits Quick Facts The need for a demand-driven planning processThe need for a demand-driven Want to replan with agility in order to meet your order commitments, seizeplanning process new revenue opportunities, and adapt to volatile supply? Take a look at the SAP® Supply Chain Response Management application by icon-scm. You can rapidly perform what-if analysis and adjust your plans to accommodate changes to demand and supply. In today’s supply chain, companies need to being able to rapidly execute a revised plan respond quickly to ever-changing demand, with confidence – maximizing new revenue often across a distributed supply network opportunities while delivering on existing com- with limited visibility and long latency. In mitments. The benefits of transforming your order to gain competitive advantage in this planning process apply no matter where your environment, you need a highly responsive company is in the supply chain. and demand-driven planning process. That means visibility into critical inventory levels at SAP Supply Chain Response Management your trading partners. It means the ability to enables you to constantly update your plan replan quickly and to understand how changes using the latest demand and supply informa- in demand or supply – real or hypothetical – tion and to gain market share, reduce inven- affect your ability to fulfill orders. And it means tory, and improve customer satisfaction. 2 Objectives Solution Benefits Quick Facts Shrink your response timeShrink your response time SAP Supply Chain Response Management can be delayed. Order-based algorithms take supports demand-driven planning to syn- into account your finite materials and capaci-Take control of demand volatility chronize demand commitments with supply ties, consider alternative sources, and make plans across your supply network. It enables best use of substitute parts. The applicationIntelligently plan resources using high-speed replanning so you can rebalance also helps you plan new-product introductionsSAP ERP and SAP SCM data supply and demand based on the latest infor- and engineering changes, helping you use up mation from suppliers and customers. materials that may go obsolete. SAP SupplyClose the loop with updates Chain Response Management uses proprie-to core software systems The application goes beyond material resource tary smart-allocation logic to maximize ship- planning. Besides identifying and resolving ments within a given supply situation whilePlan accurately using material and capacity shortages, it identifies respecting order priorities.a detailed analysis which orders you can commit to and whichCommit with confidenceBuild demand by demonstratingthat you can deliver Meet order commitments and use available stocks and capacities efficiently, which leads to improved service, lower inventory, and fewer write-offs. 3 Objectives Solution Benefits Quick Facts Take control of demand volatilityShrink your response time Companies like yours face a constant stream The application analyzes each demand with of demand changes including forecast respect to previous commitments. UsingTake control of demand volatility changes, order changes (such as quantity up priority rules, you can maximize the plan’s or down, date in or out, and product change), responsiveness to new demands while alsoIntelligently plan resources using new orders, canceled orders, and more. In providing a stable schedule that protectsSAP ERP and SAP SCM data order to satisfy maximum demand while existing order and forecast commitments. protecting your committed orders, you needClose the loop with updates flexible yet consistent control over demandto core software systems prioritization decisions. SAP Supply Chain Response Management provides this function-Plan accurately using ality using powerful rules-based demand prior-a detailed analysis itization to analyze and reanalyze your orders and forecasts, parsing them into order catego-Commit with confidence ries based on priority rules that you specify.Build demand by demonstratingthat you can deliver Unless you specify rules-based exceptions, all previous commitments are respected. 4 Objectives Solution Benefits Quick Facts Intelligently plan resources using SAP ERP and SAP SCM dataShrink your response time SAP Supply Chain Response Management enables responsive decision making based onTake control of demand volatility all relevant demand and supply data within and external to your organization. To achieveIntelligently plan resources using this, the application can use internal dataSAP ERP and SAP SCM data from the SAP ERP application as well as the SAP Advanced Planning & Optimization (SAPClose the loop with updates APO) component of the SAP Supply Chainto core software systems Management (SAP SCM) application. Exter- nal data from suppliers and contract manu-Plan accurately using facturers can be imported through the SAPa detailed analysis Supply Network Collaboration (SAP SNC) application. To make fast, accurate decisions,Commit with confidence Among other benefits, this approach enables use data from downstreamBuild demand by demonstrating you to make the most of the resources that partners as well as from upstreamthat you can deliver feed your supply chain. The application uses advanced nonblocking allocation logic to contract manufacturers and meet priorities without reserving supply material suppliers. unnecessarily. 5 Objectives Solution Benefits Quick Facts Close the loop with updates to core software systemsShrink your response time There’s no point having the perfect plan in After computing a new plan, SAP Supply theory only. You need to make it happen by Chain Response Management returns supplyTake control of demand volatility capturing inputs from, and feeding critical proposals and changes to sales orders to SAP data back to, your core enterprise resource ERP, and the constrained demand plan can beIntelligently plan resources using planning and supply chain management returned to SAP APO. Unconstrained forecastSAP ERP and SAP SCM data solutions. With its standard interfaces, SAP requirements can be sent back to suppliers Supply Chain Response Management can using SAP SNC, and commitments from sup-Close the loop with updates transfer information to a wide range of SAP pliers can be imported back into SAP Supplyto core software systems and non-SAP software. Chain Response Management.Plan accurately using SAP Supply Chain Response Management is Bidirectional integration with core systemsa detailed analysis bidirectionally integrated with other SAP soft- and trading partners enables all parties to ware. Master data and transaction data can operate on rapid planning and executionCommit with confidence be uploaded from SAP ERP on a full-update cycles that ensure responsiveness and com- or changed-only basis. Demand planning data petitive advantage.Build demand by demonstrating can be loaded from SAP APO, and other plan-that you can deliver ning data can be obtained from trading part- ners using SAP SNC. 6 Objectives Solution Benefits Quick Facts Plan accurately using a detailed analysisShrink your response time SAP Supply Chain Response Management includes flexible and powerful reporting thatTake control of demand volatility offers full transparency into planning results. The application provides a full and flexibleIntelligently plan resources using analysis of the quality of a given plan, looking atSAP ERP and SAP SCM data factors such as orders filled and short, as well as inventory position, revenue, and margin.Close the loop with updates You can use visually rich user interfaces toto core software systems quickly and completely understand the peg- ging results, either top down (all supply peggedPlan accurately using to a given order) or bottom up (all ordersa detailed analysis consuming some or all of a given supply).Commit with confidenceBuild demand by demonstratingthat you can deliver With full visibility into planning results, you can identify trade-offs and opportunities and you can understand allocation decisions. 7 Objectives Solution Benefits Quick Facts Commit with confidenceShrink your response time SAP Supply Chain Response Management there. Plans that are under development can offers powerful analytical functionality that be kept private until you are ready to shareTake control of demand volatility allows you to develop multiple, parallel them with third-party suppliers and trading “what-if” scenarios. By altering inputs such partners as well as with in-house teams.Intelligently plan resources using as demand forecast, supplier availability, andSAP ERP and SAP SCM data customer service targets, you can simulate In addition to enabling you to develop multi- and compare different plans to ensure that ple scenarios, the software allows you toClose the loop with updates your organization can commit with confi- compare them against key performance indi-to core software systems dence, whatever the circumstances. cators to determine which plan best meets your business objectives – whether to reducePlan accurately using The solution provides a central repository for inventory, improve customer service levels, ora detailed analysis supply chain plans covering various contin- drive revenue. You can then quickly replace gencies, so planners can take any existing parts or all of your baseline plan with the newCommit with confidence plan as a starting point and develop it from updated scenario.Build demand by demonstratingthat you can deliver Validate alternative strategies before potential supply chain disruptions become a reality. 8 Objectives Solution Benefits Quick Facts Build demand by demonstrating that you can deliverShrink your response time You can work collaboratively with trading partners to evaluate planning decisions andTake control of demand volatility execute on opportunities to build demand. For example, you can test promotional oppor-Intelligently plan resources using tunities with your partners by creating aSAP ERP and SAP SCM data hypothetical bill of materials to determine the feasibility of building and shipping a productClose the loop with updates in a certain time frame. Or you can use theto core software systems application to determine if you can leverage your excess supply to offer additional prod-Plan accurately using ucts to the market. As a supplier, you can wina detailed analysis more business with customers by demon- strating the feasibility of meeting a custom-Commit with confidence er’s hypothetical upside requests faster than competing suppliers.Build demand by demonstratingthat you can deliver Drive revenues by exploiting new opportunities with confidence. 9 Objectives Solution Benefits Quick Facts Gain measurable, substantive business benefitsGain measurable, substantive SAP Supply Chain Response Management •• Increase service levels and delivery per-business benefits can help you make real improvements in the formance with precise, systematic control effectiveness and efficiency of your supply over customer commitments and order chain. These improvements let you: fulfillment •• Improve your delivery performance to •• Identify untapped demand and increase establish and maintain customer loyalty inventory turns using powerful analytics •• Capture revenue and market share through and rapid supply chain scenario execution rapid, creative responses to demand upside that tests demand opportunities against opportunities existing inventory •• Fulfill more demand from the same •• Reduce material safety stocks while main- supply using proprietary allocation logic taining the same customer service levels that makes the most of your existing by employing more frequent and accurate supply and capacity while protecting your planning cycles order priorities •• Improve the visibility of contingency •• Reduce excess and obsolete inventory plans, both in-house and outside organiza- stocks by modifying your plans when fore- tional boundaries casts do not materialize 10 www.sap.com Objectives Solution Benefits Quick Facts Summary Solution The SAP® Supply Chain Response Manage- •• Demand-driven planning to let you update ment application by icon-scm enables you your plan quickly to incorporate up-to-the-minute changes in •• Configurable, rules-based prioritization demand and supply while making the most algorithms of your available supply. •• Scenario management, comparison, and application of preferred plan to baseline Objectives •• What-if analysis for evaluating alternate •• Capture revenues and competitive approaches to changes in supply and advantage demand •• Boost supply chain efficiency while improv- ing service levels Benefits •• Achieve visibility across a globalized, highly •• Fulfill more demand from the same supply distributed supply chain •• Increase service levels and delivery •• Quickly evaluate real or hypothetical performance changes to demand and supply •• Reduce excess and obsolete inventory •• Identify and execute on new demand- stocks shaping opportunities •• Identify untapped demand and increase inventory turns •• Reduce material safety stocks while main- taining service levels Learn more Call your SAP representative today, or visit us online at www.sap.com/lines-of-business /scm/collaborative-response-management. CMP10863 (12/08)Copyright/Trademark | Privacy | Impressum 11 ©2012 SAP AG. All rights reserved. English

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