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IRENA_RE_Jobs_Annual_Review_2016
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, Senior Researcher at Worldwatch Institute
1. Renewable Energy and Jobs Annual Review 2016 8. million jobs in 20158.1
2. Key Facts Annual Review 2016 Renewable Energy and Jobs - Annual Review 20162 IRENA estimates that global renewable energy employment increased by 5% in 2015 to reach 8.1 million. An additional 1.3 million people are employed in large hydropower. While the growth in jobs slowed down compared to previous years, the total number of jobs in renewables worldwide continued to rise, in stark contrast with depressed labour markets in the broader energy sector. Countries with the highest number of renewable energy jobs were China, Brazil, the United States, India, Japan and Germany. Jobs continued to shift towards Asia and the share of the continent in global employment increased to 60%. Solar PV was the largest renewable energy employer with 2.8 million jobs worldwide, an 11% increase over 2014. Solar PV employment grew in Japan and the United States, stabilised in China, and continued decreasing in the European Union.
3. Wind power witnessed a record growth year. Strong installation rates in China, the United States and Germany resulted in a 5% increase in global employment, to reach 1.1 million jobs. Bioenergy is a key employer, with liquid biofuels accounting for 1.7 million, biomass 822,000 and biogas 382,000 jobs. Biofuel employment declined by 6% due to mechanisation in some countries and low biofuel production in others. Jobs in solar water heating and cooling declined to reach 940,000, as markets in China, Brazil and the European Union contracted. Direct jobs in large hydropower fell to 1.3 million due to a drop in new installations. Most of the jobs were in operation and maintenance, and China, Brazil and India were key employers. IRENA’s early research indicates that the renewable energy features more gender parity than the broader energy sector. 3
4. Renewable Energy and Jobs - Annual Review 20164 Renewable Energy and Jobs Annual Review 2016 The renewable energy sector employed 8.1 million people, directly or indirectly, in 2015. In addition, large hydropower accounted for another 1.3 million direct jobs in 20151 . Renewable energy markets and employment continued to be shaped by favourable policy frameworks in several countries, regional shifts in deployment and increased labour productivity. Enabling policy frameworks remained, indeed, a key driver of employment. In India, for example, national and state level auctions put ambitious solar targets into action and created jobs. Wind energy auctions in Brazil, coupled with financing rules to encourage local content, created job opportunities throughout the value chain. In the United States, federal investment tax credits, working 1 Data are principally for 2014–2015, with dates varying by country and tech- nology, including some instances where only earlier information is available. Large hydropower employment has not been included in the total given significant year-on-year fluctuations in investments in the sector which are then reflected in job creation. If included, analysis of renewable energy employment trends is difficult.
5. 5 in tandem with state level net metering and renewable portfolio standards, helped sustain the growth of jobs in the solar industry. Driven by favourable policies and declining technology costs, rising deployment of renewables in Asian markets kept driving the regional shifts in job numbers from Europe. Increased demand in Asian markets created employment opportunities in the installation segment of the value chain, and fostered domestic equipment manufacturing in some countries. Production of solar PV equipment, in particular, continued to be concentrated in manufacturing hubs such as China and Japan, mainly as a response to rising demand. Increasing labour productivity and production overcapacities continued to influence job creation in 2015. Mechanisation in biofuel feedstock production, for instance, further decreased labour requirements in Brazil. Similarly, Chinese solar PV and wind manufacturers introduced greater automation. Leftover stocks of PV panels from 2014 exacerbated the job-loss trend. While growth in employment slowed compared to previous years, the total number of jobs in renewables worldwide continued to rise, in stark contrast with depressed labour markets in the broader energy sector. In the United States, for example, renewable energy jobs increased by around 6%, while employment in oil and gas extraction (and support activities) contracted by 18% (Saha and Muro, 2016). In China, renewable energy employed around 3.5 million people, exceeding the 2.6 million employed in the country’s oil and gas sector (CNREC, 2016). The third edition of Renewable Energy and Jobs – Annual Review discusses the trends in employment and provides the latest update on job numbers, both by technology (Figure 1) and in selected countries (Figure 3). The table at the end of this review summarises the findings across major markets. million jobs in 2015 5000 1,000 1,500 2,000 2,500 3,000 Jobs (thousands) 8.1 2,772Solar Photovoltaic Liquid Biofuels Wind Energy Solar Heating/ Cooling Solid Biomass Biogas Hydropower (Small) Geothermal Energy CSP 1,678 1,081 939 822 382 204 160 14 FIGURE 1: RENEWABLE ENERGY EMPLOYMENT BY TECHNOLOGY
6. Renewable Energy and Jobs - Annual Review 20166 SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAICS Further cost decreases in solar PV have been driving deployment both at the utility and distributed levels, enhancing job creation. Globally, solar PV installations in 2015 were 20% larger than in the previous year, with China, Japan, and the United States in the lead. Consequently, solar PV was again the largest renewable energy employer with 2.8 million jobs in 2015, an 11% increase over the previous year. China was the dominant solar PV employer, with 1.7 million jobs in 2015, due to its undisputed lead in both manufacturing and installations. Japan’s solar PV employment surged 28% to reach 377,100 jobs in 2014, the most recent year available, partly as a consequence of attractive feed-in tariffs (JPEA, 2016). In the United States, high rates of deployment brought job creation to record levels. In contrast, solar PV employment in the European Union (EU) has fallen by 13% in 20142 , mainly due to a decrease in manufacturing (EY, 2015). SeveralAsiancountries,otherthanChinaandJapan,have also taken promising strides in solar PV employment. India, for instance, emerged as a major market at both large and small-scale. The region witnessed job growth in solar PV manufacturing in Malaysia and the Republic of Korea, and in solar PV installation in Pakistan. While supportive deployment policies had a significant impact on solar PV jobs, trade policies continued to affect manufacturing employment in different countries. India, for instance, supported its local solar PV manufacturing industry through local content requirements, which should increase employment in the coming years. The United States and the EU have both levied duties on panel imports from China. The Chinese module suppliers have reacted by locating their new facilities in a number of other countries such as Malaysia, Thailand, the Republic of Korea, India, Brazil and the United States (Osborne, 2015). Overall, employment in solar PV manufacturing continued to shift to Asian countries. Distributed solar PV increasingly offers a promising solution for energy access. Different parts of the value chain (e.g., assembly, distribution, after sales service) can easily be localised to create jobs as illustrated by countries like Bangladesh, India and Kenya (see Box 1). LIQUID BIOFUELS Employment in liquid biofuels declined by 6% in 2015 to reach 1.7 million. This was mainly due to continued mechanisation in countries such as the United States and Brazil and falling production in others like Indonesia. Jobs increased in the EU, Malaysia and Thailand. With 821,000 jobs, Brazil continues to have the largest liquid biofuel workforce by far. Reductions of about 45,000 jobs in the country’s ethanol industry (due to the ongoing mechanisation of sugarcane harvesting, even as production rose) were only partially offset by job growth in biodiesel. Other important biofuel job markets in Latin America include Colombia and Argentina. Similarly, employment declined in the United States by 2% despite an increase in the production of ethanol and biodiesel. Biofuel employment in the EU increased by 8% in 2014 as production rose. Continued growth in production in 2015 most probably resulted in further job creation. Indonesia’s palm oil-based biofuel industry grew dramatically since 2006, until exports collapsed in 2015. Biodiesel production dropped by more than half and the utilisation rate of biorefinery capacity fell to 2 The most recent year for which data are available. RENEWABLE ENERGY EMPLOYMENT BY TECHNOLOGY
7. 7 Jobs in off-grid solar PV can result from different applications, ranging from stand-alone installations (e.g. solar lanterns and solar home systems) to mini-grids. In general, stand-alone applications create more local jobs in installation and equipment distribution, while mini-grids require more employees in operations and maintenance (e.g. to collect tariffs). Given limited information for employment in solar PV based mini-girds, this box focuses on jobs in stand-alone applications. Countries such as Bangladesh, India and Kenya, used stand-alone solar PV systems to provide electricity access and create jobs. In 2015, Bangladesh, added an estimated 700,000 solar home systems (SHS), raising the total cumulative installations in the country to 4.5 million (Shahan, 2016). IRENA estimates that the workforce in the stand-alone solar PV sector in the country has increased by 13% to reach 127,000 jobs, a quarter of which are in manufacturing, with the remaining spread across distribution, installation and after- sales services. India has also been successful in creating employment opportunities along the off-grid solar PV value chain, which accounts for 73,000 jobs according to the last available estimates (MNRE and CII, 2010). Companies that build, install and maintain stand-alone systems are rapidly scaling up operations and creating jobs along the value chain. D.Light, which manufactures and retails solar lanterns and SHSs, has sold over 10 million solar products, employing over 400 staff (D.Light,2016).MKOPAhassoldover300,000 SHSs in Kenya, Uganda, and the United Republic of Tanzania and created more than 700 full-time jobs along with 1,500 sales representatives. Similarly, several other companies (see Table 1) are serving vast populations and creating jobs in Sub-Saharan Africa and South East Asia. TABLE 1: EMPLOYMENT IN SELECTED OFF-GRID SOLAR COMPANIES - MID-2015 Sources: Azuri (n.d.); D.Light (2016); Energy Access Practitioner Network (2015); Grameen Shakti (2016); IRENA (2012); Kent (2015); M-KOPA Solar (2015, 2016); Mobisol (2015); Nijland (2015); Sunlabob (2016); Wesoff (2015) Company Name Full-time Employees Countries / Regions of Operation Number of Customers (Last 12 months / Cumulative) Azuri Technologies 480 United Republic of Tanzania, Kenya, Uganda, Rwanda, Sierra Leone, Zambia N.A. / 75,000 BBOXX 168 Rwanda, Kenya, Uganda 23,105 / 250,000 D. Light >400 Uganda, Kenya, China, India N.A./10 million Fenix International 120 Uganda, Kenya 115,000 / 165,000 Foundation Rural Energy Services 342 Mali, South Africa, Burkina Faso, Uganda, Guinea Bissau 30,000 / 330,000 Grameen Shakti 6,550 Bangladesh 52,000 / 1.7 million Mera Gao Power 125 India 8,000 / 22,000 M-KOPA >700 Kenya, Uganda, United Republic of Tanzania 1.1 million / 3.75 million Mobisol >500 United Republic of Tanzania, Rwanda 70,000 / 110,000 Off Grid Electric >800 United Republic of Tanzania, Rwanda 10,000 per month / N.A. Renewable Energy Foundation >400 Sub Saharan Africa N.A. / >93,000 Simpa Networks 300 India 55,000 / 75,350 Solaraid 130 Kenya, Malawi, United Republic of Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia 519,212 / 10 million Solar Kiosk 70 Ethiopia, Kenya, United Republic of Tanzania, Rwanda, Botswana, Ghana, Vietnam 802,500 / 1 million Solar Now 194 Uganda 3,114 /8,476 Solar Sister 58 Nigeria, United Republic of Tanzania, Uganda 152,000 / 281,000 Sunlabob 42 Lao People's Democratic Republic, Cambodia, Uganda, Afghanistan, Sierra Leone, Mozambique and Liberia N.A. / > 25,000 Tessa Power 300 Niger, Nigeria, Mali 2,000 / 5,000 BOX 1: EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES IN OFF-GRID SOLAR PV
8. Renewable Energy and Jobs - Annual Review 20168 24% (USDA-FAS, 2015a). IRENA estimates Indonesia’s biofuel employment in 2015 at 94,800 jobs, down from 223,000 the previous year3 . Elsewhere in South East Asia, jobs in biofuel continued to increase. Biofuel employment in Thailand, Malaysia and the Philippines reached 76,900, 31,800 and 9,700 jobs, respectively. WIND Wind witnessed a record year with strong installations growth in China, the United States and Germany, resulting in 5% increase in global employment, to reach 1.1 million. China leads the way with close to half the jobs. Germany, where offshore wind is also picking up, and the United States are also top players, followed by Brazil and India. China’s position as a leading employer is underlined by the strong showing of Chinese wind companies. Goldwind, for example, now ranks as the world’s largest wind energy company in terms of new capacity commissioned, ahead of Denmark’s Vestas and GE of the United States, the two closest rivals. Five out of the top 10 wind companies in terms of new commissioned capacity in 2015 are Chinese (BNEF, 2016). Wind employment in the United States rose by 20% to 88,000 jobs, as new capacity additions grew by two-thirds over 2014 (AWEA, 2016). Brazil saw strong gains, with an estimated 41,000 wind jobs in 2015, up 14%. The EU added about 10,000 wind jobs during 2014 (up about 4%). SOLAR HEATING AND COOLING China kept the lead in solar heating but suffered job losses for the second year running, due to a slowing housing market and the removal of subsidies in 2013. India, Brazil, Turkey and the United States are other major employers. A review of the literature suggests a rough global employment figure of 940,000 jobs. The Chinese solar water heating market accounts for the vast majority (80%) of global installations and employment, but employment fell to 743,000 jobs in 20154 . The EU accounts for 6.5% of global installed capacity and 36,000 jobs. Other available estimates include India (75,000 jobs5 ), Brazil (41,000 jobs), and the United States (10,400 jobs). Turkey, an emerging solar heating market, has 90 manufacturers, 700-800 retailers, and more than 3,000 system installers, who all together provide 20,000 direct and indirect jobs (IEA-SHC, 2015). Tunisia, through the PROSOL programme, has generated more than 1,500 jobs in the solar water heating sector (ANME, 2016). HYDROPOWER Estimating small hydropower employment is challenging since certain activities of the supply chain are shared with large hydropower and a significant share of the jobs are informal. IRENA finds that employment in this technology has decreased by 13% to reach 200,000 in 2015. This is largely due to job losses in China, where installed capacity has recently fallen by around 10%. China accounts for half of the estimated jobs in small hydropower, followed by India, Germany and Brazil. Large hydropower employed more than 1.3 million people, with the majority in the operation and maintenance segment of the value chain (Box 2). OTHER TECHNOLOGIES	There is considerably less information available for other renewable energy technologies, such as biogas, biomass, geothermal and ocean energy, which can potentially lead to an underestimation of global employment. Country- level employment information is especially scarce in applications that address the demand for cooking and motive power in rural areas. However, anecdotal evidence from the literature suggests significant potential for job creation (Box 3). 3 The calculation relies on an employment factor initially developed for an APEC study in 2010 (APEC, 2010). IRENA then applies an assumed “decline” factor of 3% per year to reflect rising labor productivity. 4 The 2014 estimates for employment in Chinese solar heating and cooling industry were revised to include an estimated 220,000 installation jobs, thus increasing the total to 820,000 jobs 5 Estimate dating back to 2011 - the most recent year available.
9. 9 The available information on employment for this technology is especially sparse. For the second year running, IRENA has conducted the global employment factor-based estimation to fill the data gap. The results reveal approximately 1.3 million direct jobs in 2015, down 13% from last year. The estimates allow for a better understanding of the dynamics along the segments of the value chain. In 2013, several new projects were coming online and the construction and installation segment was the largest employer, with 52% of the jobs. In 2015, new capacity additions have declined by around 40% and jobs in the construction and installation segment have decreased to 43% of the total. The operations and maintenance segment is now the largest, with 51% of the jobs. The results show that China’s dominance of large hydropower employment has somewhat declined from 42% in 2013 to 34% in 2015, primarily due to a slowdown in new installations and a leaner project pipeline. Brazil is the second largest employer with 15% of the total large hydropower jobs, followed by India, Iran, the Russian Federation and Viet Nam (Figure 2). Other relevant employers are Turkey, Canada, the United States and Paraguay. BOX 2: LARGE HYDROPOWER FIGURE 2: EMPLOYMENT IN LARGE HYDROPOWER BY COUNTRY 1.3 million jobs Turkey 2% Viet Nam 3% Russian Federation 5% Rest of the World 27% Iran 5% 8% India 15% Brazil 34% China
10. Renewable Energy and Jobs - Annual Review 201610 Several renewable energy sources can be used to provide heat for cooking (mainly biomass and biogas) or motive power for agro-processing or other uses (mainly small watermills) in rural areas. Traditional biomass dominates with around 9% of global final energy consumption. It supports the livelihoods of around 3 billion people and creates millions of jobs. The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) estimates that 41 million people work worldwide in commercial fuelwood and charcoal production, including 19 million in Africa, 11 million in Asia and 11 million in the Americas, mostly South America (FAO, 2014). Improved cookstoves, which constitute a crucial upgrade for sustainable bioenergy use, are also source of employment. The partners of the Global Alliance for Clean Cookstoves, for instance, manufactured almost 10 million cookstoves, employing 76,000 people in 2012, of which 54% were women. In addition to the job opportunities, women benefited from reduced exposure to smoke and time saved in fuelwood collection (Global Alliance for Clean Cookstoves, 2013). Biogas, often used for cooking and heating applications in rural settings, also support jobs. The SNV Biogas programme in Viet Nam, for instance, has installed over 150,000 digesters since 2003, creating around 4 jobs per installation during the construction phase (IRENA, 2016 forthcoming). Small watermills can be used to produce electricity orharnessmotivepowerforagriculturalorindustrial processes. An improved watermills programme in Nepal, for example, created an estimated 8,500 jobs in operation and maintenance alone, feeding electricity into mini-grids to supply almost 900 households while also providing motive power for agro-processing (IRENA, 2016 forthcoming). Overall, renewable energy offers a key solution for the provision of universal access to modern energy sources, in line with the United Nation’s Sustainable Development Goal 7. In addition to the development benefits, providing access represents a vast potential market for job creation. The market for renewable applications for cooking and motive power has been picking up in rural areas in several countries, but further policy action is needed to accelerate deployment and to maximise the socio-economic benefits. BOX 3: OFF-GRID RENEWABLES FOR COOKING AND MOTIVE POWER
11. 11 million jobs in 20158.1 416 644 355 388 16 17 28 170 141 918 769 3,523 China France Germany North Africa Rest of Africa South Africa Jobs (thousands) Rest of EU India Bangladesh Japan Brazil United States RENEWABLE ENERGY EMPLOYMENT IN SELECTED COUNTRIES For the second year in a row, the global top-ten in job creation includes four countries in Asia. The continent’s share of total renewable energy employment reached 60% in 2015, up from 51% in 2013. African countries also witnessed an increase, with a conservative estimate of 61,0007 jobs in 2015 as new projects came online. The leading employers are8 in China, Brazil, the United States, India, Japan and Germany (Figure 3). With more than a third of the global renewable energy capacity additions in 2015, China led employment with 3.5 million jobs, a minor reduction of 2% over previous year. Gains in solar PV and wind were offset by losses in the solar heating and cooling and small hydropower sectors. Even though annual solar PV installations increased to a record 15 GW (up from 9.5 GW in 2014), employment edged up by just 1%, to 1.65 million jobs. The slow growth can be attributed to: 1) automation in the solar PV manufacturing sector; 2) use of leftover stocks of solar PV panels from 2014; and 3) consolidation of market shares in favour of large suppliers/manufacturers, FIGURE 3: RENEWABLE ENERGY EMPLOYMENT IN SELECTED COUNTRIES AND REGIONS 7 This does not include the jobs in improved cookstoves, charcoal and fuelwood (see Box 1). 8 This section analyses the job estimations excluding large hydropower.
12. Renewable Energy and Jobs - Annual Review 201612 resulting in economies of scale. Of the total, 1.3 million jobs were in manufacturing, 330,000 in installations, and a comparatively small 22,000 in operations and maintenance. Similarly, wind employment in China grew marginally (1%) to reach 507,000 jobs in 2015. Despite strong growth in deployment, factors such as overproduction in 2014 and market consolidation played a key role in decelerating growth in jobs (CNREC, 2016). For the second year in a row, employment in the Chinese solar water heating industry fell (by 9%) as sales declined (down 17%) due to a slowdown in the real estate market and removal of subsidies back in 2013. Employment in small hydropower facilities declined by 26,000 jobs, reflecting a reduced pace of new installations. In Brazil, most renewables employment is found in bioenergy and large hydropower. Jobs in the wind sector are growing, as a result of increasing deployment and local manufacturing. Employment in biofuels declined (by 3%) as jobs in bioethanol dropped by 46,000 due to growing mechanisation9 . Brazil’s biodiesel production, mainly soy-based, rose to a record 3.9 billion litres in 2015 (ABIOVE, 2015). IRENA estimates that biodiesel employment increased by 15% to reach 162,600 jobs in 201510 . Wind industry grew rapidly in 2015 with 2.8 GW of new installations primarily driven by wind energy auctions. In tandem, financing rules to encourage local content resulted in the strengthening of the Brazilian wind equipment manufacturing and service industry. Correspondingly, Brazil’s wind employment increased to 41,000, up from 35,800 in 2014. While jobs in the installation segment remain dominant, manufacturing jobs also increased with the opening of a number of factories along the entire supply chain (ABEEolica, 2016) (GWEC, 2016bc). New installations in Brazil’s solar heating market declined by 3% in 2015 due to delays in implementation of the social housing programme Minha Casa Minha Vida as well as an overall reduction in purchasing power and investments. Total employment in 2015 is estimated at about 41,000 jobs, including 30,000 in manufacturing and the rest in installation11 (Alencar, 2013) (Epp, 2016). To date, Brazil has manufactured and installed PV equipment only on a small-scale. Employment in solar PV is estimated at 4,000 jobs, but is expected to rise with greater deployment in the future. Indeed, several manufacturers have indicated interest in setting up solar PV manufacturing facilities. Driven by growth in wind and solar, renewable energy employment in the United States increased by 6% in 2015 to reach 769,000 jobs. Solar employment continued its rapid expansion – growing by almost 22% to reach 209,000 in 2015. Jobs in the solar industry grew 12 times as fast as overall job creation in the U.S. economy, and surpassed those in oil and gas extraction (187,200) or coal mining (67,929). Most solar jobs (194,200) are in solar PV, with relatively few in solar heating/cooling (10,400) and CSP (4,200). The installation sector accounts for 57% of these jobs, with manufacturing representing less than 15%. Almost two thirds of all solar jobs in 2015 were in the residential market, 22% in the utility-scale segment, and 15% in commercial installations. Given the U.S. Congress’ extension of the federal Investment Tax Credit through 2021, continued fast growth is expected12 . Much of it is likely to occur in the utility-scale market, which is less labour intensive13 than rooftop (Solar Foundation, 2016). Noteworthy in the U.S. solar market is the growing share of women in the workforce. They accounted for 24% of the total 209,000 jobs, up from 19% in 2013 (Solar Foundation, 2016). This is more than in the conventional energy industry, but still well below the 47% share in the economy as a whole. The share of women in the U.S. solar workforce is comparable to Germany and Spain, with 24% and 26%, respectively (see Box 4). Employment in the United States wind industry registered a 21% gain to reach 88,000 jobs, as annual installations rose by 77% to reach 8.6 GW in 2015. The growth was driven by the Production Tax Credit (PTC) 9 In 2015, Brazil had around 268,000 workers in sugar cane cultivation, 190,000 workers in ethanol processing and another 200,000 indirect jobs in equipment manufacturing (MTE/RAIS, 2016). 10 Based on employment factors (Da Cunha et al., 2014) and on the shares of different feedstock raw materials (USDA-FAS, 2015b) 11 IRENA calculation of installation jobs is based on Brazilian market data (DASOL, 2015) and a solar heating and cooling employment factor (Mauthner, 2014). The estimate for manufacturing jobs is provided by Alencar (2013). 12	Economic modeling before the ITC extension suggested that as many as 100,000 direct and indirect jobs could be lost in 2017 in the absence of extension. Between 2016 and 2022, solar employment was projected to be 32% larger with an ITC extension than without it (SEIA, 2015). 13	Residential-scale installations require 40 labor hours per 5 kW of capacity; commercial-scale requires 36 hours, and utility-scale just 25 hours.
13. 13 Gender-disaggregated data in the renewable energy sector is scarce. As a first step to close this gap, IRENA conducted an online survey among private companies working in the sector. Nearly 90 companies from more than 40 countries participated, representing the entire value chain of the sector (including, manufacturing, installation, operations and maintenance, consulting and policy making). Among the companies that responded, women represent an average 35% of the workforce. This is a significant finding, considering women only account for 20 - 25% of the workforce in the overall energy industry. (Stevens et al., 2009). This may reflect greater interest among women in sustainability- related fields. Yet the percentage remains lower than women’s economy-wide share in employment, which is 40 - 50% for most OECD countries (World Bank, 2016). The survey results are generally in line with numbers submitted in the annual reports of large companies. At Trina Solar and REC Group, for example, women represent 42% and 35% of the workforce, respectively (REC Solar ASA, 2015, Trina Solar, 2014)14. The survey also provides insight on the roles women fulfill in the sector. On average, women represent 46% of the administrative workforce, 28% of the technical workforce, and 32% of management roles. The latter is a marked increase from the estimated 25% of senior-level management positions held by women in Fortune 500 companies in 2015. Indeed, as a new and fast-growing sector, renewables could give women opportunities to gain commensurate representation in higher management. While the survey provides some company-level insights, it does not yet reveal the evolution of gender roles within the sector. Country-specific literature points to a positive trend of greater participation of women. The solar industry in the United States, for example, reports an increase in women’s employment from 19% in 2013 to 24% in 2015. The entry of more women into the renewable energy job market could enrich the fast-growing sector with a wider pool of skills. IRENA will continue to gather primary data from the different actors in the sector to monitor women’s evolving participation in the renewable energy workforce. BOX 4: WOMEN IN MODERN RENEWABLE ENERGY JOBS 35%Average share of women working at 90 renewable energy companies surveyed 14 IRENA itself strives to set an example for gender equality by employing 50% women.
14. Renewable Energy and Jobs - Annual Review 201614 as developers sought to ensure project completion by the end of 2016 - the expected end of the qualification period (BNEF and BCSE, 2016). The subsequent extension of the PTC until January 2020 should ensure continued growth of the wind energy industry in the next 5 years. Manufacturing factories employed 21,000 people; construction, project development and transportation accounted for 38,000 jobs, and operation and maintenance for 29,000 jobs (AWEA, 2016; Cusick, 2015). Following a high yield of corn crops and falling feedstock prices, ethanol production in the United States rose 3.7% to a record of 56 billion litres in 2015 (Peterka, 2015). Despite the growth in output, ethanol employment declined by 2% to reach 227,600 due to decreasing labour intensity (Urbanchuk, 2016). Meanwhile, biodiesel production (4.8 billion litres; EIA, 2016) and employment (49,500 jobs) remained virtually unchanged in 2015 from the previous year. In 2014, for the fourth year in a row, member states of the European Union witnessed a decline in renewable energy employment. As in previous years, economic crises and adverse policy conditions led to reduced investments. The total number of jobs fell by 3% to reach 1.17 million in 201415 . The wind industry accounted for most of these jobs, led by Germany, the United Kingdom, Denmark, Sweden, Greece and Austria, while a few other countries saw some progress. The United Kingdom, Germany, and Denmark were the global leaders in offshore wind employment. A third of Denmark’s 30,000 wind jobs, for instance, depend on offshore projects (Jepsen, 2015) (O’Sullivan et al., 2015)16 . Employment in the European solar PV industry is now just one third of its 2011 peak, largely due to a reduction in manufacturing (EY, 2015). The United Kingdom became the continent’s largest PV installation market (2.6 GW in 2014), and the second-largest employer with 35,000 people. However, cuts in feed-in tariffs for residential rooftop in the United Kingdom could result in a loss of 4,500 to 8,700 solar jobs (DECC, 2015). For the biofuels sector, conservative estimates indicate 105,000 jobs across the EU in 201417 (an 8% increase). Employment in the next largest sectors, biogas and geothermal energy (including heat pumps), stayed unchanged. Small hydropower and solar thermal technologies saw small reductions. 15 This total, along with the other European Union figures, is based on EurObserv’ER (2015), but is adjusted with national data from APPA (2015) for Spain; from REA (2015) for the UK; and from BMFLUW (2015) for Austria. 16 Denmark is also home to a strong wind turbine manufacturing industry. 17 European Biodiesel Board estimates biodiesel alone to employ 220,000 people. The ethanol supply chain may employ another 70,000 according to ePure.
15. 15 Despite a 4% decline in employment in 2014, Germany remains the European country with the highest number of jobs by far – almost as much as France, the United Kingdom, and Italy combined (O’Sullivan et al., 2015). The decrease in employment mirrors trends in investments in new renewable energy projects - down almost a third from their peak in 2010. The drop in domestic consumption was partly compensated by increasing exports, which support about a quarter of all German renewables jobs. The German wind equipment manufacturing industry, which holds a 20% share of the global market, exported two-thirds of its production in 2015 (GWEC, 2016a). Onshore wind registered job gains of about 10% in 2014. Even though job estimates for 2015 are not available yet, Germany installed more new wind capacity last year than in 201418 . However, changes from binding expansion targets to annually-variable auctioned quantities in 2016 may introduce uncertainties (O’Sullivan et al., 2015; GWEC, 2016ab; EWEA, 2016). Germany’s solar PV industry fared poorly, suffering a 38% decline in sales in 2014. Employment decreased by 32%, reaching 38,300 jobs19 , reflecting the third consecutive decrease in domestic installations and a reduction in manufacturing amid an ongoing shift to Asia. The German CSP sector was marked by insolvencies and companies exiting the market (O’Sullivan et al., 2015). Franceremainedthesecondlargestrenewable energy employer in the EU, but employment fell by 4%, to reach 170,000 people in 2014. The country lost jobs in solar PV, biomass, geothermal heat pumps and solar thermal. Biofuels, geothermal energy and small hydropower added jobs. Spain, once a leader in renewable energy, continues to fade, with exports being the only lifeline. Employment in 2014 declined to 76,300 jobs20 , about half the peak in 2008. Adverse policies in the electricity sector continue to drive the decline in wind, solar and biomass power (APPA, 2015). In India, the solar and wind markets have seen substantial activity, as the ambitious renewable energy targets are translated into concrete policy frameworks. Central and state auctions for solar PV, for instance, have resulted in the installation of 1.9 GW in 2015 and an impressive pipeline of 23 GW. Solar PV employs an estimated 103,000 people in grid-connected (31,000 jobs) and off-grid applications (72,000 jobs)21 . The Indian government’s push for 100 GW of cumulative PV installations by 2022 is generating momentum (Puri, 2015). With increasing domestic demand, local companies are utilizing their production capabilities and several foreign companies are interested in investing. Irrespective of further developments in manufacturing, reaching the government’s goal of 100 GW PV by 2022 could generate 1.1 million jobs in construction, project commissioning and design, business development, and operations and maintenance. However, meeting skills requirements (30% of these jobs would be highly- skilled) requires stepping up training and educational initiatives (CEEW and NRDC, 2016). The Indian wind energy industry has also had a fruitful year with the installation of more than 2.5 GW. Employment has remained steady at 48,000 jobs. 18 6 GW installed – the third-largest capacity worldwide after China and the United States 19 The German solar industry association, however, reported a range of 45,000 to 50,000 jobs for 2014 (BSW-Solar, 2015). 20 EurObserv’ER (2015) reports an even lower figure of 60,450 jobs. 21 The estimates for grid-connected employment are based on employment factors developed by Bridge to India for rooftop and utility-scale installations. Jobs in off-grid solar PV are based on a dated estimate by MNRE and CII (2010)
16. Renewable Energy and Jobs - Annual Review 201616 Japan experienced impressive gains in solar PV in recent years, resulting in a 28% increase in employment in 2014. A strong domestic market in 2015 likely supported further job growth in both construction and manufacturing, especially since 60% of panels were supplied by domestic companies (JPEA, 2016) (Clover, 2016 ab). However, latest policy developments, specifically with feed-in-tariffs, may change the trend. The tariffs were cut twice during 2015, with analysts warning that new installations may decline starting in 2017. Challenges pertaining to grid connection, available land and financing may further limit installations and thus dampen employment prospects (Clover, 2016 ab). Several other Asian countries are also showing signs of progress in solar PV. Malaysia was home to 19,000 direct solar PV jobs in 2015. Given the limited number of domestic installations, around 60% of these jobs are in solar PV manufacturing plants that have been set up to catertoforeignmarkets.TheRepublicofKoreasupports more than 8,200 jobs in solar PV manufacturing and distribution. Pakistan created jobs primarily through small-scale installations in residential and commercial sectors. The solar industry in the country imported and installed an estimated 800 MW of PV modules in 2015, creating jobs for around 20,000 people. Africa has a significant untapped potential for renewable energy deployment, and has witnessed a number of interesting developments, leading to job creation. In North Africa, Egypt and Morocco are not only deploying wind farms, but also a manufacturing base. In northeastern Egypt, Siemens has announced plans to set up a rotor blade factory in 2017, creating 1,000 jobs (Weston, 2015). Egypt also has a budding PV sector that currently employs an estimated 3,000 people, but is expected to add many more jobs in 2016 (NREA, 2016). Morocco’s 160 MW Noor I CSP plant started operations in early 2016. It created 1,800 jobs during construction along with 250 permanent operations jobs (Zawya, 2015). For Noor II, AFDB projects 2,000 to 2,500 construction jobs and 400 to 500 operations jobs (AFDB, 2014). Following construction, which employed 700 people, Morocco’s 300 MW Tarfaya wind farm became fully operational in late 2014, with about 50 operations jobs (Al Arabiya, 2014). As part of a winning consortium under a 850 MW government tender (Dodd, 2016), a Siemens factory in Tangier is scheduled to start producing blades for the domestic and export markets in the spring of 2017, with a workforce of up to 700 (Siemens, 2016). In Kenya, wind development is generating jobs in construction, and operation and maintenance. Construction for the 310 MW Lake Turkana wind farm, Sub-Saharan Africa’s largest, began in late 2014, due to be completed in April 2017 (LTWP, 2015) The project may create 2,500 jobs spread over the course of the construction period and up to 200 full time jobs during its operation (Makenzi, 2015). Since 2011, South Africa has carried out four bidding rounds under its Renewable Energy Independent Power Producer Procurement Programme (REIPPPP), with a fifth to be unveiled in 2016. Estimates indicate that close to 20,000 jobs have been created in the solar industry alone (Warner, 2014). As distributed solar PV becomes more affordable, it offers opportunities for alleviating energy poverty, reducing reliance on polluting fuels and creating jobs. Several parts of the solar PV value chain (e.g., distribution, sales, operations, and after sales service) are easy to localize. As discussed earlier in Box 1, a number of companies and initiatives are beginning to scale up in several Sub-Saharan African countries.
17. 17 THE WAY FORWARD As the ongoing energy transition accelerates, renewable energy employment will remain strong. While growth is likely to slow down with a maturing industry and rising labour productivity, IRENA’s estimates that doubling the share of renewables in the global energy mix would result in more than 24 million jobs worldwide by 2030 (IRENA, 2016). Meeting the increasing labour requirements of the renewable energy sector will require stable and predictable policy frameworks that encourage deployment, stimulate investments in local industries, strengthen firm-level capabilities and promote education and training. World European Unioni China Brazil United States India Japan Bang ladesh Germany France Rest of EU Solar Photovoltaic 2.772 1.652 4 194 103 377 127 38 21 84 Liquid Biofuels 1.678 71 821c 277f 35 3 23 35 47 Wind Power 1.081 507 41 88 48 5 0.1 149 20 162 Solar Heating/ Cooling 939 743 41d 10 75 0.7 10 6 19 Solid Biomassa,g 822 241 152e 58 49 48 214 Biogas 382 209 85 9 48 4 14 Hydropower (Small)b 204 100 12 8 12 5 12 4 31 Geothermal energya 160 35 2 17 31 55 CSP 14 4 0.7 5 Total 8,079h 3.523 918 769 416 388 141 355j 170 644k TABLE 2: ESTIMATED DIRECT AND INDIRECT JOBS IN RENEWABLE ENERGY WORLDWIDE,BY INDUSTRY Note: Figures provided in the table are the result of a comprehensive review of primary (national entities such as ministries, statistical agencies, etc.) and second- ary (regional and global studies) data sources and represent an ongoing effort to update and refine available knowledge. Totals may not add up due to rounding. a Power and heat applications (including heat pumps in the case of the European Union). b Although 10 MW is often used as a threshold, definitions are inconsistent across countries. c About 268,400 jobs in sugarcane and 190,000 in ethanol processing in 2014; also includes 200,000 indirect jobs in equipment manufacturing, and 162,600 jobs in biodiesel in 2015. d Equipment manufacturing and installation jobs. e Biomass power direct jobs run only to 15,500. f Includes 227,562 jobs for ethanol and 49,486 jobs for biodiesel in 2015. g Traditional biomass is not included. h The total for ‘World’ is calculated by adding the individual totals of the technologies, with 3,700 jobs in ocean energy, 11,000 jobs in renewable municipal and industrial waste and 14,000 jobs in others (jobs that cannot be broken down by technology). i All EU data are from 2014 and the two major EU job markets are represented individually. j Includes 8,300 jobs in publicly funded RD and administration; not broken down by technology. k Includes 8,000 jobs in renewable municipal and industrial waste and 3,700 jobs in ocean energy. Note: Data are principally for 2014–2015, with dates varying by country and technology, including some instances where only earlier information is available.
18. Renewable Energy and Jobs - Annual Review 201618 REFERENCES ABIOVE (Brazilian Association of Vegetable Oil Industries) (2015), “Biodiesel: Production and Delivery - December, 2015,” www.abiove. com.br/site/index.php?page=statisticsarea=MTAtMi0x. AfDB (African Development Bank) (undated), “Largest concentrat- ed solar plant in Africa reducing Morocco’s dependency on external power,” http://www.afdb.org/en/projects-and-operations/selected- projects/largest-concentrated-solar-plant-in-africa-reducing-moroc- co’s-dependency-on-external-power/. AfDB (2014), “Ouarzazate Solar Power Station Project II. Summary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment,” www.afdb.org/ fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Environmental-and-Social- Assessments/Morocco_-_Ouarzazate_Solar_Power_Station_Proj- ect_II_-_ESIA_Summary.pdf. 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Bridge to India (2015), India Solar Map 2015 Edition, 23 September. BSW-Solar (Bundesverband Solarwirtschaft) (2015), “Statistische Zahlen der deutschen Solarstrombranche (Photovoltaik),” February, www.solarwirtschaft.de/fileadmin/media/pdf/2015_2_BSW_ So- lar_Faktenblatt_Photovoltaik.pdf. CEEW (Council on Energy, Environment and Water) and NRDC (Natural Resources Defense Council) (2016), Filling the Skill Gap in India’s Clean Energy Market: Solar Energy Focus, New Delhi and New York, January. Clover, I. (2016a), “Japan to hit solar peak of 14.3 GW this year, finds BNEF,” PV Magazine, 18 February, www.pv-magazine.com/news/ details/beitrag/japan-to-hit-solar-peak-of-143-gw-this-year--finds- bnef_100023281/#axzz40sn26VSJ. Clover, I. (2016b), “Japan proposes 11% FIT cut as domestic solar demand falls,” PV Magazine, 23 February, www.pv-magazine.com/ news/details/beitrag/japan-proposes-11-fit-cut-as-domestic-solar- demand-falls_100023330/. CNREC (China National Renewable Energy Centre) (2016), Communication with experts, March 2016. Cusick, D. (2015), “Renewables Boom Expected Thanks to Tax Cred- it,” Scientific American, 21 December, www.scientificamerican.com/ article/renewables-boom-expected-thanks-to-tax-credit/. D.Light (2016), Company website, www.dlight.com Da Cunha, M.P., Guilhoto, J. J.M., and Da Silva Walter, A.C. (2014), “Socioeconomic and environmental assessment of biodiesel pro- duction in Brazil,” The 22nd International Input-Output Conference 14 - 18 July, Lisbon, Portugal. Available at: https://www.iioa.org/ conferences/22nd/papers/files/1771_20140512071_Paper_Cunha_ Guilhoto_Walter.pdf. DASOL (Departamento Nacional de Aquecimento Solar) [Brazil] (2015), “Relatório de Pesquisa. Produção de Coletores Solares para Aquecimento de Água e Reservatórios Térmicos no Brasil. Ano de 2014,” May. DECC (Department of Energy and Climate Change) [UK] (2015), Periodic Review of FITs 2015, London, 17 December, https://www. gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/ file/486084/IA_-_FITs_consultation_response_with_Annexes_-_FI- NAL_SIGNED.pdf. Dodd, J. (2016), “Morocco confirms 850MW tender results,” Wind Power Monthly, 14 March, www.windpowermonthly.com/ar- ticle/1387236/morocco-confirms-850mw-tender-results. EIA (U.S. Energy Information Administration) (2016), “U.S. Bio- diesel production capacity and production,” www.eia.gov/biofuels/ biodiesel/production/table1.pdf. Energy Access Practitioner Network (2015), Investing for Energy Ac- cess. 2015 Directory of Investment and Funding Opportunities, Wash- ington, DC: United Nations Foundation. EurObserv’ER (2015), The State of Renewable Energies in Europe, 2015 edition, December. EWEA (European Wind Energy Association) (2016), Wind in Pow- er. 2015 European Statistics, Brussels, February. EY (2015), “Solar Photovoltaics Jobs Value Added in Europe”, www.solarpowereurope.org/fileadmin/user_upload/documents/ Media/Jobs___Growth.pdf FAO (2014), “State of the World’s Forests 2014. Enhancing the socio- economic benefits from forests”, www.fao.org/forestry/sofo/en/ Global Alliance for Clean Cookstoves (2013), “2012 Results report”. Global Alliance for Clean Cookstoves, Washington DC. Grameen Shakti (2016), “Programs at A Glance”, www.gshakti.org/ index.php?option=com_contentview=categorylayout=blogid=5 4Itemid=78 GWEC (Global Wind Energy Council) (2016a), “Germany adds 3.5 GW onshore wind, bringing the total new installations to over 5.8 GW in 2015,” press release, www.gwec.net/germany-adds-3-5-gw- in-2015/. GWEC (2016b), Global Wind Statistics 2015, Brussels, 10 February. www.gwec.net/wp-content/uploads/vip/GWEC-PRstats-2015_ LR.pdf
19. 19 GWEC (2016c), Global Wind Report 2015, Brussels, IEA-SHC (International Energy Agency Solar Heating and Cooling Programme) (2015), “Country Report – Turkey. Status of Solar Heat- ing/Cooling and Solar Buildings – 2015,” www.iea-shc.org/country- report-turkey. IRENA (2012), “Renewable Energy Jobs Access: A Series of Case studies”. IRENA, Abu Dhabi. IRENA (2016), ‘Renewable Energy Benefits: Measuring The Econom- ics’. IRENA, Abu Dhabi. IRENA (2016 forthcoming), “Renewable Energy Benefits: Decentral- ised Solutions in Agriculture”. IRENA, Abu Dhabi. Jepsen, S. (2015), “Expanding offshore wind industry provides job opportunities,” 30 November, https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/ expanding-offshore-wind-industry-provides-job-steen-jepsen-. JPEA (Japan Photovoltaic Energy Association) (2016), Communication with experts, March 2016. Kent, A. (2015), “The Employment Revolution: Part 1. How BBOXX is Fighting Africa’s Youth Unemployment Crisis,” 12 January, www.bboxx.co.uk/the-employment-revolution-part-1 LTWP (Lake Turkana Wind Power Project) (2015), “The Lake Tur- kana Wind Power Project – Fact Sheet,” June. www.ltwp.co.ke/the- project/overview. Makenzi, L. (2015), “Kenya leaping forward with Lake Turkana Wind Project,” Clean Leap, 31 May, http://cleanleap.com/kenya-leaping- forward-lake-turkana-wind-project. Mauthner, F. (2014), e-mail communication, 8 April. MNRE and CII (Ministry of New and Renewable Energy [India] and Confederation of Indian Industry) (2010), Human Resource Devel- opment Strategies for Indian Renewable Energy Sector. M-KOPA Solar (2015), “Affordable, clean energy: a pathway to new consumer choices.” Lessons from M-KOPA’s first three years of inno- vative energy service, October. M-KOPA Solar (2016), “300,000 East African Homes Now on M- KOPA,” 13 January, www.m-kopa.com/press-release/asante-sana- 300000-east-african-homes-now-on-m-kopa Mobisol (2015), “Mobisol installs 3MW PV on 30,000 African house- holds,” 2 November, www.plugintheworld.com/mobisol/2015/11/02/ mobisol-installs-3mw-pv-on-30000-african-households MTE/RAIS (Ministério do Trabalho Emprego (Ministry of Labor and Employment) / Relação Anual de Informações Sociais (Annual Report of Social Information) [Brazil] (2016), Annual List of Social Information. Database including active and inactive employments for sugarcane cultivation and alcohol manufacture, accessed March 2016. Nijland, C. (2015), “Financing Clean Energy Rural Electrification Proj- ects,” www.ruralelec.org/fileadmin/DATA/Documents/07_Events/ SAIREC_2015/20150904_Financing_RE_Projects_def.pdf NREA (New Renewable Energy Authority, Egypt) (2016), Com- munication with experts O’Sullivan, M., Lehr, U., and Edler, D. (2015), “Bruttobeschäftigung durch Erneuerbare Energien in Deutschland und verringerte fossile Brennstoffimporte durch Erneuerbare Energien und Energieeffizienz. Zulieferung für den Monitoringbericht 2015”, Berlin, Bundesministe- rium für Wirtschaft und Energie, September. Osborne, M. (2015), “Seismic shift: No new solar PV manufactur- ing expansion plans announced for China in 1H 2015”, www.pv-tech. org/news/seismic_shift_no_new_solar_pv_manufacturing_expan- sion_plans_announced_for_c Peterka, A. (2015), “Biofuels: U.S. Now No. 1 Exporter – USDA,” Greenwire, 3 September, www.eenews.net/greenwire/2015/09/03/ stories/1060024252. Puri, A. (2015), F.I.T.T. for Investors. Make Way for the Sun, Deutsche Bank Markets Research, 19 July. REA (Renewable Energy Association) (2015), REview 2015, Renew- able Energy View, 8 May, www.r-e-a.net/resources/rea-publications. Saha, D., and Muro, M. (2016), ”Rigged: Declining U.S. oil and gas rigs forecast job pain”, www.brookings.edu/blogs/the-avenue/ posts/2016/03/16-declining-us-oil-gas-rigs-saha-muro SEIA (Solar Energy Industries Association) (2015), “Solar ITC Im- pact Analysis,” www.seia.org. Siemens (2016), “Siemens to Build Rotor Blade Factory for Wind Turbines in Morocco,” press release, 10 March, www.siemens.com/ press/pool/de/pressemitteilungen/2016/windpower-renewables/ PR2016030214WPEN.pdf. Shahan, Z. (2016), “25 Million People Benefit From Home Solar In Bangladesh (Video)”, http://cleantechnica.com/2016/04/06/25- million-people-benefit-from-home-solar-in-bangladesh/ Solar Foundation (2016), National Solar Jobs Census 2015. A Review of the U.S. Solar Workforce, Washington, DC, January. Sunlabob (2016), “About Us”, www.sunlabob.com/about-us. html#our-achievements Epp, B. (2016), “Big Ups and Downs on Global Market”, www.solar- thermalworld.org/content/big-ups-and-downs-global-market Urbanchuk, J.M. (2016), Contribution of the Ethanol industry to the Economy of the United States in 2015, ABF Economics, Doylestown, PA, February 5. USDA-FAS (U.S. Department of Agriculture, Foreign Agricultural Service) (2015a), “Indonesia Biofuels Annual Report 2015”, 31 July 2015. Available at: http://gain.fas.usda.gov/Recent%20GAIN%20Pub- lications/Biofuels%20Annual_Jakarta_Indonesia_7-31-2015.pdf USDA-FAS (2015b), “Brazil Biofuels Annual”, 10 August 2015. Avail- able at: http://gain.fas.usda.gov/Recent%20GAIN%20Publications/ Biofuels%20Annual_Sao%20Paulo%20ATO_Brazil_8-4-2015.pdf Warner, G. (2014), “Solar energy in South Africa – Challenges and opportunities,” www.solarcentury.com/za/media-centre/solar-ener- gy-south-africa-challenges-opportunities Wesoff, E. (2015), “Off Grid Electric Raises $45M in Debt for African Micro-Solar Leasing Platform,” www.greentechmedia.com/articles/ read/Off-Grid-Electric-Raises-45M-in-Debt-For-African-Micro-Solar- Leasing-Platf Weston, D. (2015), “Siemens Secures 2GW Turbine Deal in Egypt,” Wind Power Monthly, 4 June, www.windpowermonthly.com/ar- ticle/1350015/siemens-secures-2gw-turbine-deal-egypt Young, D. (2016), “EU Roots Out China Solar Cheats in Malaysia, Taiwan,” Renewable Energy World, 15 February, www.renewableener- gyworld.com/ugc/blogs/2016/02/eu_roots_out_chinas.html?cmpid =renewablesolar02162016 Zawya (2015), ACWA Power Consortium Named Preferred Bidder of Noor II and Noor III projects in Morocco, www.zawya.com/story/ ACWA_Power_Consortium_Named_Preferred_Bidder_of_Noor_II_ and_Noor_III_projects_in_Morocco-ZAWYA20150115044758/ Photo credits page 10	Women moulding clay stoves in Burkina Faso, GIZ SNV/Biogas programme for the animal husbandry sector of Vietnam Water-powered mill in Nepal, ICIMOD Kathmandu, Flickr page 13	Adapted from Candice Nyando/Black Rock Solar, Flickr page Black Rock Solar at Pyramid Lake High School page 14	PV Pilot, International Water Management Institute (IWMI) All other photos are from www.shutterstock.com
20. Renewable Energy and Jobs - Annual Review 2016 million jobs in 20158.1 million jobs in 20158.1 20 Copyright © IRENA 2016 This publication and the material featured herein are the property of the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) and are subject to copyright by IRENA. Material in this publication may be freely used, shared, reproduced, reprinted and/or stored, provided that all such material is clearly attributed to IRENA and bears a notationoftheabovecopyright.Thispublicationshould be cited as: IRENA (2016), Renewable Energy and Jobs - Annual Review 2016. ABOUT IRENA The International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) is an intergovernmental organisation that supports countries in their transition to a sustainable energy future, and serves as the principal platform for international co-operation, a centre of excellence, and a repository of policy, technology, resource and financial knowledge on renewable energy. IRENA promotes the widespread adoption and sustainable use of all forms of renewable energy, including bioenergy, geothermal, hydropower, ocean, solar and wind energy, in the pursuit of sustainable development, energy access, energy security and low-carbon economic growth and prosperity. www.irena.org ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Authors: Rabia Ferroukhi, Arslan Khalid (IRENA), Michael Renner (Worldwatch Institute) and Álvaro López-Peña (IRENA) Contributors: Divyam Nagpal (IRENA), Ulrike Lehr and Helena Walter (GWS) Reviewers: Henning Wuester and Neil MacDonald (IRENA) For further information or for provision of feedback, please contact Rabia Ferroukhi, IRENA, Knowledge, Policy and Finance Centre (KPFC), Email: RFerroukhi@irena.org DISCLAIMER This publication and the material featured herein are provided “as is”, for informational purposes, without any conditions, warranties or undertakings, either express or implied, from IRENA, its officials and agents, including but not limited to warranties of accuracy, completeness and fitness for a particular purpose or use of such content. The information contained herein does not necessarily represent the views of the Members of IRENA. The mention of specific companies or certain projects, products or services does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by IRENA in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. The designations employed and the presentation of material herein do not imply the expression of any opinion on the part of IRENA concerning the legal status of any region, country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of frontiers or boundaries. IRENA Headquarters Masdar City P.O. Box 236, Abu Dhabi United Arab Emirates www.irena.org
21. Renewable Energy and Jobs Annual Review 2016 8. million jobs in 20158.1 21

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Chocolate Meditation | Chakra Blog
Posts tagged ‘Chocolate Meditation’
If you’ve received chocolate in your Easter basket, or have a craving for it at any time (and who doesn’t?) here’s a way to use it as a healing tool.
I hope you enjoy this Chocolate Meditation from shaman, Stewart Blackburn, author of The Skills of Pleasure.
Becca Chopra, Better Chakras, Chakra Diet, Chakra Healing, Chakras, MEDITATION
Chocolate and the Third Eye Chakra
Chocolate Meditation Will Increase Your Pleasure
Happy Halloween! As you bite into your first piece of Halloween chocolate, use it as a lesson in savoring pleasure and savoring your life, which will strengthen your Sacral Chakra.
Use this meditation from my friend, Stewart Blackburn, the Shaman of Pleasure:
Let each breath help you to relax into this experience. This is about being as thoroughly in your body as you can, present to all you perceive.
With great consciousness and flair put the chocolate into your mouth and focus your full attention on the sensations you experience in your mouth. Feel it melt and move around in your mouth. Be aware of the sweetness on your tongue, the creaminess in your mouth, and all of the delicious flavors present. Prolong the experience as much as you can while being aware of how it makes you feel emotionally. See how deeply you can enjoy this chocolate.
Now turn your attention to an awareness of the pleasure you are experiencing. Let the chocolate help you hold your attention on the source of the pleasure, but now your focus is on the pleasure itself. Let your experience of pleasure fill your whole body. With each breath let it expand beyond the limits of your body. Slowly, breath by breath, let your pleasure fill the whole room. Let your pleasure keep on expanding and expanding, all the way out into the universe. Allow yourself to totally enjoy the magnificence of your new expanded pleasure. Give yourself permission to hold this for as long as you want. And when you are ready for this to end, give thanks and reset yourself for new delights.
Better Chakras, Chakra Healing, Chakras, MEDITATION
Mind and Soul Satisfying Puzzles: The Word Search Sage, Yoga for the Brain #BookReview and #Author… beccachopra.com/2017/11/24/min… via @BeccaChopra 6 hours ago

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INSIDE & OUT : How Filters Make Water Come Clean - Los Angeles TimesAdvertisement
Membership Services Jobs Cars Real Estate Subscribe Rentals Weekly Circulars Custom Publishing Place Ad HOME Breaking Photos Video Crime Obituaries Weather Traffic Crosswords Sudoku Horoscopes Apps Local L.A. Now Politics Crime Education O.C. Westside Neighborhoods Environment Obituaries Data & Maps U.S. Politics Nation Now Politics Now Top of the Ticket Science Science Now Obituaries Religion World World Now Afghanistan war Africa Americas Asia Europe Middle East Business Money & Co. Technology Highway 1 Company Town Personal Finance Jobs Real Estate Cars Sports Sports now Lakers Clippers Dodgers Angels NFL Kings NHL/Ducks USC UCLA Preps Scores Entertainment Awards: The Envelope Movies TV Music Celebrity Arts & Culture Industry Critics' Picks Comics Health Science Now Medicine Fitness & Nutrition Mental Health Health Reform Mind & Body Living Home Food Image Books L.A. Affairs Comics Reader Photos Travel SoCal California Mexico Hawaii Las Vegas Europe Asia Australia Travel & Deal Blog Opinion Editorials Op-Ed Letters Opinion L.A. Readers' Rep Endorsements Shop Daily Deals Travel Offers Coupons Weekly Circulars Offers & Deals Sports Gear LA Times Product See More Membership Services Jobs Cars Real Estate Subscribe Rentals Weekly Circulars Custom Publishing Place Ad YOU ARE HERE: LAT Home→CollectionsINSIDE & OUT : How Filters Make Water Come CleanHELPING HAND September 16, 1995|JOHN MORELL | SPECIAL TO THE TIMES Q: We spend about $10 per month buying bottled or vended drinking water. I'd be interested in knowing if installing a water-softening or treatment unit would be worth doing.D.C.Orange*
A: There are many types of water treatments available, it just depends on what your budget is, said Joel Gwartz of B.J. Discount Plumbing & Heating Supply in Garden Grove. The best type of water treatment is a reverse-osmosis system, in which water is pushed through a membrane to remove minute particles, odors and minerals and then stored in a tank. However, it's not an efficient process.For every gallon of pure water that's created, about three gallons are poured down the drain. It's not practical, of course, for your entire house to be hooked up to a system like this because you don't need pure water to bathe or wash clothes. Expect to pay at least $200 for a reverse-osmosis system.If you don't like the smell and taste of your water, which is usually because of the chlorine that's used, you can install a charcoal filter, generally for less than $100, that will improve your water's taste.*Q: We bought a house last year that has a fairly new, good quality ceiling fan in the family room. It's controlled by a four-speed wall switch. We recently noticed that only two of the speeds now work--low and high. How do we find out if this is a problem with the switch or the fan?J.C.Lake Forest*A: It could be in either unit, but start with the switch, said Bob Owenby of A-1 Fans in Anaheim. It could be that the switch is burned out on the two medium speeds, or it could be a problem with the transformer. Some of the newer switches are run by a computer, in which case a circuit board or the switch itself needs to be replaced. It's not going to be easy finding a four-speed switch now, since most of the manufacturers are making simpler three-speed switches.*Q: I'm going to be doing some painting and minor remodeling in one of my bathrooms, and someone told me I should make sure I use a silicone caulk around the windows, toilet and the medicine chest. Is that really necessary?H.J.Santa Ana*A: There are so many different types of caulk on the market, it can be confusing when you're trying to figure out what type you need, said Frank Eckert of Arrow True Value Hardware in Orange. Silicone caulk is generally very flexible and durable, making it a good choice for exterior use. You may find that a simple tub-and-tile caulk will work well for use around the medicine chest and window. Look for a caulk that can be sanded and painted and is recommended for the projects you'll be working on.*Q: We'd like to put Mexican paver tiles in our bathroom, but are these OK to use in an area where you'll find lots of moisture?
K.P.Huntington Beach*A: They're fine for use in a bathroom, as long as they're properly sealed, said Gloria Richey of Tile Importers in Anaheim. Without sealing them, you may find they'll easily collect stains and mildew. Some people choose not to because they think sealing them will give their pavers a glossy finish. However, there are some excellent low-sheen sealers available that protect without leaving much of a shine.*Q: I recently put a wallpaper border across the top walls in my bedroom. After it dried, however, several little air pockets appeared. I tried getting them out by popping them with a pin but that didn't work. Any ideas?P.Y.Yorba Linda*A: Take a sharp razor blade and carefully etch an 'X' in the center of the bubble, said paperhanger Shirley Emmons of Westminster. Apply a little paste to the inside edges and smooth it out, taking care that you're not wrinkling the pattern.*\o7 If you have a question about your home or garden, A Helping Hand will help you find the answer. Send questions to: John Morell, Home Design, The Times Orange County, 1375 Sunflower Ave., Costa Mesa, CA 92626.\f7
FROM THE ARCHIVESPure Chem Bought by Illinois CompanyAugust 18, 1999Copyright 2013 Los Angeles TimesTerms of Service|Privacy Policy|Index by Date|Index by Keyword

value: The Los Angeles Times (abbreviated as LA Times) is a daily newspaper based in El Segundo, California, which has been published in Los Angeles, California, since 1881. It has the fifth-largest circulation in the U.S., and is the largest American newspaper not headquartered on the East Coast.


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Addenda to Herb Childress’ “What Tenured Faculty Could Do…” | Here comes trouble
This entry was posted on Thursday, October 31st, 2019 at 11:53 am and is filed under academic labor, adjunct faculty, Uncategorized.	You can follow any responses to this entry through the RSS 2.0 feed. You can leave a response, or trackback from your own site.


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Nutrition Reviews Volume 14: The Nutrition Foundation, Inc, New York Buckram - Willis Monie-Books, ABAA
Home Nutrition Reviews Volume 14
Nutrition Reviews Volume 14
Published by The Nutrition Foundation, Inc, New York, 1956
ex library stickers and stamps. Bookseller Inventory # 75891
Title: Nutrition Reviews Volume 14

value: AbeBooks is an e-commerce global online marketplace with seven websites that offer books, fine art, and collectables from sellers in over 50 countries. Launched in 1996, it specialises in used, rare and out-of-print books.


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Are Women Just 'Choosing' Not to Pursue Science Careers? - The New York Times
Taking Note | Are Women Just ‘Choosing’ Not to Pursue Science Careers?
December 11, 2013 1:37 pm December 11, 2013 1:37 pm
Rohit P., a professor from New York, wrote: “Clearly what matters to the US is the total number of scientists and not how they are divided by gender or color or whatever. Any woman who wants to BE a scientist should be encouraged. But why should we encourage women interested in music or literature or psychology to go into physical science instead? Would we prefer that Alice Munro had gone into Physics instead? Jane Austen? Emily Dickinson? Let the social engineers keep their hands off the choices of individuals.”
Ciaran O. from New York added: “While your comments about school quality are valid, why do women & minorities have to work in every profession in exact proportion to their share in the population? Why no editorial about the under-representation of Asians on pro-football teams? Maybe many women – for whatever reason – aren’t that interested in being computer-programmers. But the NY Times editorial board seems to be insisting that they do this job regardless, to meet some kind of progressive agenda the paper has for society. This scares me.”
Instead of blaming society for imposing stereotypes on students, David Hedges, a teacher from Brooklyn, wrote that it makes more sense to focus on “students’ attitude.”
“People choose their identities from a menu of stereotypes,” he wrote in part. “Students choose to be interested by a subject or respectful of a teacher regardless of whether they are good at a subject or not. Even the best teachers will sour if they are under utilized by their students. Aptitude may not be a choice, but attitude is and in my experience as a high school teacher in Brooklyn for 25 years, it’s the students’ attitude that disallows them access to the aptitude they need to grasp higher level thinking skills.”
The many women who wrote in offered a strong rebuttal.
Ann M. from Boston wrote: “You’ve left out a big, important factor: Outright discrimination. As a woman in the physical sciences, I have been told by a professor that he did not want to invest time in mentoring me since I was so likely to leave the field to have children. I chose a less rigorous graduate school over a more prestigious one almost entirely because it was the one school where the first question asked in interviews wasn’t “What does your husband do?” (granted it’s unusual for a 24 year old applicant of either gender to be married, but still, the interview was supposed to be about me! ) It is exhausting to constantly fight against people who believe that you are less capable because of your gender or race. Even if we’ve jumped through all the hoops to get to this point, we’re still being pushed out.”
One reader, Marie B., a parent from Omaha, said she had a 20-year career as a structural engineer but wrote that she would probably not encourage her two daughters to follow in her footsteps.
“My daughters are bright, consistently straight A’s in honors classes and do exceptionally well in math and science,” she wrote. “I’m reluctant to encourage them to go into engineering, however. It’s so totally male dominated as a work model that it’s difficult to manage a work-life balance. Add to that the subtle innuendo that borders on sexual harassment and can wreck havoc on one’s self confidence…I’m not sure the financial gain is worth the personal cost.”
Susan D. from Tulsa, who identified as an educator, wrote that she has been distressed at the decline in the number of women in computer science, a trend evident in statistics from the Census Bureau.
“When I eventually went to graduate school I decided to brave the topic of women and computing for my masters project,” she wrote. “My eyes were opened to how women moved to the margins in computer science, after a stellar start doing the first programming ever during WWII. I found gender identities are a powerful force in career choice and they still have tremendous impact. As long as we live in a culture where women and minorities in STEM are ‘exceptions’ or ‘unusual’, and the images of male ‘geeks’ populate media (as well as females ‘geeks’ as offbeat), we won’t see great change. Role-models matter.”
We invite you to read through the comments and share your thoughts on this and other editorials in our series.

value: The New York Times (N.Y.T. or N.Y. Times) is an American daily newspaper based in New York City with a worldwide readership. Founded in 1851, the Times has since won 132 Pulitzer Prizes (the most of any newspaper), and has long been regarded within the industry as a national "newspaper of record".


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July 2015 – Bees with eeb
Month: July 2015	Bee on the level	Foragers coming and going from our top bar hive Venus, with other bees bearding by the front entrances. You can see our Langstroth hive Jupiter in the background.
July 16, 2015Erik	Feeding, Jupiter, Mars, Venus	2 Comments
How doth the little busy bee	A top bar hive comb near the three entrances to the hive.
July 3, 2015Erik	Beezus, Foundationless Frames, Hymnals, Jupiter, Larvae, Mars, Venus, Wedge Cleat	5 Comments


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600w grow light | eBay
Skip to main contenteBayShop by categoryShop by categoryEnter your search keywordAll CategoriesAlcohol & FoodAntiquesArtBabyBooks, MagazinesBusinessCamerasCars, Bikes, BoatsClothing, Shoes, AccessoriesCoinsCollectablesComputers/Tablets & NetworkingCraftsDolls, BearsElectronicsGift CardsHealth & BeautyHome & GardenHome AppliancesHome EntertainmentIndustrialJewellery & WatchesMoviesMusicMusical InstrumentsPet SuppliesPhones & AccessoriesPottery, GlassServicesSporting GoodsStampsTickets, TravelToys, HobbiesVehicle Parts & AccessoriesVideo Games & ConsolesLots More...AdvancedG'day (Sign in to bid or buy) eBay Deals Sell Help & Contact My eBayExpand My eBay My eBay Summary Bids/Offers Watch List Wish List All Lists Purchase History Selling/sold My Collections Followed searches My messagesNotification {"url":"http://ir.ebaystatic.com/cr/v/c1/thirtysevens.jpg","maxViews":4,"imgSize":37,"expiry":300000,"timeout":250} Related: 600 w grow lights kits 600 w grow light shade
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things i love tuesday… | tifftastic
6. i still want to dye my hair a bright, pretty color. the problem is, i sort of like to blend in. i don’t like people staring, and i don’t like to be the center of attention. if i’m going to stand out, i want it to be for something i did. but colorful hair is just so pretty! i want. image via we heart it
Posted in awesomeness., etsy, fab finds, i heart art, picture post, ten things, things i love, things i love sunday on March 1, 2011 by tifftastic.
← things i love: “too freakin’ cute!” edition	fringe scarf tutorial →


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Francis Melfort William Fitzherbert – 15th Baron Stafford – Jernigan Journal
On January 14, 2013 January 9, 2019 By jfhesterIn England
While the Jernigans have been a very “prolific” family in America since Colonial times, the family continued on back in England as well. While I don’t have a head count of the surviving Jernegan/Jerninghams in England today, we know there are still many descendants of the high-born Jernegans of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, even if their stature is not what it was, for the most part.
Some lines, however, have continued on in high places, including the peerage, even if the name itself has been absorbed into other families over the centuries. One such distant cousin is the 15th (and current) Baron Stafford, Francis Melfort William Fitzherbert. He was born in 1954, the son of the 14th Baron, Basil Francis Nicholas Fitzherbert and his wife Morag Nada Campbell.
In 2005, he was appointed High Sheriff for Staffordshire, the first peer to receive that appointment since the 14th century. He is married to Katherine Mary Codrington, and among their four children is the heir to the barony, Benjamin John Basil Fitzherbert (b. 1983). On December 10, 2011, the younger Fitzherbert married Georgina Rose Hewlett who, according to an article on wikipedia.com, is a former flatmate of Philippa (Pippa) Middleton, sister of the Duchess of Cambridge.
The common ancestor of both Francis Melfort William Fitzherbert and Thomas Jernigan, immigrant to Virginia, dates back to the early 16th century. Edward Jernegan was, with his first wife, Margaret Bedingfield, the direct ancestor of Thomas Jernigan. The ancestors of Baron Stafford are Edward Jernegan and his second wife, Mary Scrope.
Edward Jernegan (1472 – 1515) = Mary Scrope (1476 – 1548)
Henry Jerningham (1512 – 1572) = Frances Baynham (d. 1583)
Henry Jerningham (1536 – 1619) = Eleanor Dacre (1526 – 1683)
Henry Jerningham (d. 1646) = Eleanor Throckmorton
John Jerningham (d. 1636) = Mary Moore
Henry Jerningham (1619 – 1680) = Mary Hall (1622 – 1653)
Francis Jerningham (1648 – 1730) = Anne Blount (1656 – 1735)
George Jerningham (1680 – 1774) = Mary Plowden (1704 – 1785)
William Jerningham (1736 – 1809) = Frances Dillon (1747 – 1825)
George William Stafford Charles Jerningham (1771 – 1851) = Frances Henrietta Sulyarde (d. 1832)
Edward Stafford-Jerningham (1804 – 1849) = Maryanne Smythe (d. 1859)
Emily Charlotte Stafford-Jerningham (1835 – 1881) = Thomas Charles Fitzherbert (1869 – 1937)
Basil Francis Nicholas Fitzherbert (1926 – 1986) = Morag Nada Campbell
Francis Melfort William Fitzherbert (b. 1954) = Katherine Mary Codrington
http://www.staffsfoundation.org.uk/about-us/patron-supporters/
http://wwtn.history.qmul.ac.uk/ftrees/Jernegan.pdf
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Fitzherbert,_15th_Baron_Stafford
http://www.william1.co.uk/t26.htm
15th Baron StaffordBlountCodringtonDillonEdward JerneganFitzherbertHenry JerninghamHewlettJerneganJerninghamScropeSolyardeStafford-JerninghamStaffordshire


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Favorite Restaurant in Avila - Reviews, Photos - Siglodoce - TripAdvisor
Favorite Restaurant in Avila - Siglodoce
“Favorite Restaurant in Avila”
Ranked #5 of 241 Restaurants in Avila
3 - 7 of 1,111 reviews
Ask Jeffrey B about Siglodoce
Ask José D about Siglodoce
The space is attractive with exposed beams and brick. We had the menu to share, which included two soups, and appetizer, a steak to share, and two desserts. Everything was well prepared and tasty. Service was pleasant. Nothing exceptional, but a pleasant experience and a decent value.
Ask AndoverDan about Siglodoce

value: Tripadvisor, Inc. is an American online travel company that operates a website and mobile app with user-generated content and a comparison shopping website.


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Video Movie - 5 needed - 3 DAY DEADLINE | Renderização 3D | Adobe Flash | After Effects | Serviços de vídeo | YouTube
Video Movie - 5 needed - 3 DAY DEADLINE
READ ENTIRE LISTING FOR BIDDING INSTRUCTIONS
SKYPE ACCOUNT IS REQUIRED - No Skype account, we can't use you......
I am looking for someone that can create some quick compelling videos for certain topics. I will share the topics with providers of interest. You will be responsible for providing all elements of the video...I have some, but if you need something in order to create your video, you need to ask me if I have it. Videos can be created with flash and animation if you want. I can present you with a topic and you need to provide the video. I am looking for action "filled/ compelling" videos nothing that is going to put someone to sleep or easily set a loss of interest. They don't need to be all action trailers, but I want something that is going to be interesting to watch. Looking for 15-60 second videos.
You must use materials that are royalty free or have purchased rights to use, no bootlegged images or video will be accepted. Videos are not to all be the same video style....they must be different.
Animations are acceptable......
If you think you can do this and have the ability to use your head and vision to create something without asking me to do it for you, we are interested in hearing from you.
I want interested providers to provide me a link to their best 2 videos only. Any more, I will ignore your bid because you can't follow direction and I have no interest in trying to work with someone that cannot follow directions.
You must be able to provide these 5 videos in 3 days MAX....
Will Escrow based on 5 payments for each video....finish a video, I will escrow the funds for you. All escrow will be submitted by the time you finish and will be released when you release all videos and setup files to us.
Your bid amount is the agreed upon project amount. Don't bid anything other than what you intend on charging for all 5 videos. Low bids just to get attention will be deleted to the idiot pile.
Habilidades: Renderização 3D, Adobe Flash, After Effects, Serviços de vídeo, YouTube
Ver mais: videos animations, videos and animations, video get, video do video, video animation services, us vision, style your head, setup escrow account, services escrow, services 5, release of escrow funds, put your head in a movie, interest on escrow account, interest on escrow, get video, get the video, get that video, do it for you video, do anything for $5, create video animations, create animation from video, best escrow services, best escrow account, animations videos, animations for videos
ID do Projeto: #568163
Joomla Experts Wanted ($8-15 USD / hora)

value: Freelance (sometimes spelled free-lance or free lance), freelancer, or freelance worker, are terms commonly used for a person who is self-employed and not necessarily committed to a particular employer long-term. Freelance workers are sometimes represented by a company or a temporary agency that resells freelance labor to clients; others work independently or use professional associations or websites to get work.


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View Phone Number 610-866-1031
Contact Us 610-866-1031
Ann Marie Janders
Ann Marie Janders, of Bethlehem, passed away Monday, November 11, 2019, in Moravian Village, Bethlehem. Services will be private. Arrangements, Pearson Funeral Home, Bethlehem.
Bonifacio M. Donato
Bonifacio passed away on Thursday, November 7, 2019. Visitation will be held Sunday, November 10, from 4 - 7 p.m. in the Pearson Funeral Home, 1901 Linden Street, Bethlehem. Funeral services will be at 10:00...
Dolores L. Tosca
Dolores passed away on Saturday, November 2, 2019. A Mass of Christian Burial will be held at St. Anne's Catholic Church, Easton and Washington Avenues, Bethlehem, at 2:00 p.m. Wednesday, November 13. Burial...
Marilyn H. Rider
Marilyn H. Rider, 83, of Bethlehem, passed away November 1, 2019, in her home. She was the wife of Frank P. Rider. A Prayer Service will be held at 11 a.m. Saturday, November 9, in the Pearson Funeral Home, Bethlehem,...
Sister Marie-Charlotte Ott O. Carm
Sister Marie-Charlotte Ott, of the Holy Family, O. Carm of the Carmelite Monastery, Coopersburg, died Friday, November 1, 2019, on the Feast of All Saints. She was a cloistered sister in the Carmelite Order of the...
Published in Morning Call on Nov. 3, 2019
Sister Marie-Charlette Ott O.Carm
Sister O.Carm was born on November 17, 1937 and passed away on Friday, November 1, 2019. Her Mass of Christian Burial will be celebrated by the Most Reverend Alfred A. Schlert, Bishop of Allentown, on...
Scott K. Rader Sr.
Scott K. Rader, Sr., 64, of Bethlehem Township, passed away November 1, 2019. He was the husband of Barbara (Woodard) Rader. Also surviving are sons, Scott, Jr. and Christopher; sisters, Janet Hosfeld and Barbara...
Anna Marie Smereka
Anna Marie Smereka, 77, of Bethlehem, died October 29, 2019. Services will be at 11 a.m. Saturday, November 2, in the Pearson Funeral Home, Bethlehem, with a calling hour from 10 - 11 a.m. The complete obituary may be...
Published in Morning Call on Oct. 31, 2019
Anna passed away on Tuesday, October 29, 2019. A 1986 graduate of the Northampton Community College nursing program, Anna Marie was a registered nurse in the Emergency Department at Muhlenberg Hospital for many years...
Jeanne Zouck
Those who knew Jeanne Zouck note that she had a stubborn streak, and it remained with her to the end. She did not want to celebrate a 100th birthday, so two months to the day short of that milestone she died peacefully...
Elizabeth F. Woodside
Elizabeth was born on August 29, 1920 and passed away on Thursday, October 3, 2019. Betty graduated from Woodrow Wilson High School in Camden where she met her future husband, Samuel Woodside, while they were both...
Edward J. Kittek
Edward J. "Eddy" Kittek, 94, of Bethlehem, passed away peacefully Tuesday, October 1, 2019, in Holy Family Manor. He honorably served his country as a United States Marine during World War II. He had a long time...
Published in Morning Call on Oct. 6, 2019
Edward Kittek
Edward passed away on Tuesday, October 1, 2019. Services and interment in Holy Saviour Cemetery were held Friday with Pearson Funeral Home, Bethlehem, handling arrangements. Memorial donations may be sent to...
500 Linden Street, Bethlehem, PA 18018
458 Center Street, Bethlehem, PA 18018 6021
1311 BROADWAY, Fountain Hill, PA 18015 4043
Fountain Hill, PA 18015 4043
Memorial service - Friday December 6, 2019

value: In law, a legacy is something held and transferred to someone as their inheritance, as by will and testament. Personal effects, family property, marriage property or collective property gained by will of real property.


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Secret Fast Food Recipes : The Fast Food Cookbook by Gloria Pitzer (1995, Paperback, Revised, Reprint)Gloria Pitzer Paperback, 6549Not in stock. Add to Wish List or Match my price
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The Best of the First Twenty Years : A Secret Recipes Newsletter Cookbook by Gloria Pitzer (1994, Paperback)Gloria Pitzer Paperback, 6548Not in stock. Add to Wish List or Match my price
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The Beautiful Cookbook: China : The Beautiful Cookbook by Jacki Passmore (1992, Hardcover)Jacki Passmore Hardcover, 6546$0.75 (Save 98%)
Easy Entertainment: Dips, Salsas and Spreads : Easy Entertaining by Jane Horn and Judith Dunham (1996, Hardcover)Jane Horn, Judith Dunham Hardcover, 6550$0.75 (Save 95%)
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February | 2014 | The BOLD & The FABULOUS
This will be short. While there is no hierarchy of sins, humans are funny. We talk about sharing our testimonies, its power, and how they are supposed to help others break through walls. We shout and scream at the bishop … Continue reading →
Posted in Thursdays with Ify	| Tagged abortion, christian, condemnation, Forgiveness, God, healing, judgment, scars, shame, termination	| 7 Comments


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Quiet Private, Quaint unit Monadncok Region - Apartments for Rent in Hancock, New Hampshire, United States
We had a great stay in the apartment. The place was clean and very comfortable. Highly recommend!
I enjoyed a peaceful stay in a vibrant and beautiful corner of New Hampshire
We felt that the space was comfortable, clean, and all of our needs were taken care of. It's also very cute.
We had a wonderful time visiting Hancock for a friend's wedding and love Dave and Lauren's private and quaint unit. They were very accommodating and great hosts!
This place was perfect for our short visit to New Hampshire. The apartment was clean and comfortable, it had plenty of space and privacy, and the location - the town, the yard and gardens - were gorgeous! Lauren and Dave were extremely helpful and flexible when our plans changed…
A lovely, quiet, private apartment, containing bedroom, bathroom, good kitchen, and a cozy living room with a fireplace. Very clean, well-stocked, and with a beautiful outdoor garden. Lots of great nature hikes and parks and ponds in the area. Hosts were very responsive and pro…
The place looks better than the photos! This is a perfect place to chill, rest and enjoy the scenery. Plus, the hospitality is fantastic! I look forward to my next stay.
Hancock, New Hampshire, United States · Joined in November 2015

value: Airbnb, Inc. (pronounced  AIR-bee-ehn-bee and stylized as airbnb) is an American company that operates an online marketplace for lodging, primarily homestays for vacation rentals, and tourism activities.


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Resume Writing Blog: Creating Prints : Hey, Job Seeker-- Don't Be a Fool!
« Life Happens: Dealing with Gaps In Employment on Resume | Main | Are You A Superstar Job Seeker? »
Hey, Job Seeker-- Don't Be a Fool!
Part of the Career Collective series. Please see end of this post.
Are you the type of job seeker that cannot decipher effective advice from myths? Are you old school and reluctant to change with times and implement new job search tactics?
Don't fool yourself into thinking everything remains the same! As far as myths, let's clarify a few. Shall we?
You Can Write Your Own Resume -- No. You shouldn't! Unless you have a network of career professionals to advise you, access to unlimited resources in the career and resume writing industry, or you write resumes daily, tackling the different challenges in positioning a job seeker and overcoming weakness -- you cannot! You have invested in your education and career, why wouldn't you invest in the presentation of those earlier investments? Don't do yourself a disservice.
Cover Letters Get Tossed-- If you write a cover letter like an ordinary memorandum, then it surely might wind up in the shredder. However, a cover letter that makes a personal connection, ignites interest in order to guide the reader to the main event (the resume) will never be overlooked. When an employer is "on the fence" about you -- a persuasive cover letter will nudge that decision-maker into your backyard!
Thank You Letters Are Pointless-- Everyone likes to be thanked. What they don't like is reading long-winded letters drowned in empty gestures. Strategize and leverage the opportunity of the thank you letter to persuade and reinforce.
You Don't Need Your Brand Online --Eh! Wrong! Not only do you need an online presence but it has to be coordinated with all your other job search tools. If you are not online -- you are not up to speed or a "hot" candidate. Why would someone hire you over another person than can execute the job but who is also curious, proactive, technology, and social media savvy? Besides, they WILL Google You--control what your future employers will learn about you. Mold and control your brand.
More tips to help enlighten you, empower you, and protect you from becoming a "fool" during your Job search by the Career Collective members. Follow our hash tag on Twitter #careercollective
Don’t be fooled. Avoid these – @kat_hansen
Job Seekers: You Are Fooling Yourself ..@barbarasafani
Posted in Career Collective, Job Hunting & Networking, Job Interviews, Resume Writing Tips | Permalink
Tags: April Fools' Day, Job hunting, Job search

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