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Blogs 1 - 45 of 131
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After serving for more than five years, the head of the Internal Revenue Service’s Criminal Investigation Division (IRS-CI), Chief Richard Weber, is stepping down. Weber announced his departure this month, saying, "It's time." He…
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Millennials Most Likely To Fall Victim To Tax & Financial Scam
Millennials Most Likely To Fall Victim To Tax & Financial Scam
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In the last twenty years or so, numerous IP scholars have…
In our era of increasingly divisive politics and fiery rhetoric, particularly around Obamacare and efforts to repeal it, Nicholas…
Comments on Kleinbard's "The Right Tax at the Right Time" (discussing his Dual BEIT proposal)
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"Tax Scholarship, Illustrative Examples" panel at LSA
Today at the Law and Society Association's Annual Meeting, in Mexico City, I participated in a very interesting panel entitled "Tax Scholarship, Illustrative Examples." Thanks to Neil Buchanan and Jennifer Bird-Pollan for arranging…
As I posted yesterday, Roth & Company is joining Eide Bailly. The move of our practice to the new firm […]
Roth & Company, PC, to Join Eide Bailly
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Promising. New Iowa Governor Kim Reynolds put tax policy front and center in her inaugural speech yesterday: So let’s talk about […]
While the vast majority of charitable nonprofits are led by board members who want to do the right thing and see their organizations flourish in advancing their mission, we too often read about nonprofit boards that fail to lead their…
Catch up with the week’s notable events and shared resources with Nonprofit Tweets of the Week. Notable Events of the Week: Senate Republicans finally made public their health care bill repealing the Affordable Care Act and calling for…
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Last April, a husband and wife from Minnesota were indicted on tax evasion charges. There wasn’t anything unusual about what they allegedly did; besides lying to their tax professional and the IRS they deducted personal expenses as…
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On May 22, 2017, the House unanimously re-passed House Bill 2005. The legislation, which is more commonly known as the Equal Pay Act of 2017, was amended by the Senate last week, and is now headed to Governor Brown for her signature. While…
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With the change of seasons after Memorial Day, it’s the unofficial day that kicks off the beginning of summer. We all like to spend time outdoors, but a recent article from the Middletown, NY Times Herald-Record, “After Memorial Day,…
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Dr Tiller and Blame | Catholic Sensibility
What is Tridentine Catholicism? →
Dr Tiller and Blame
The Catholic blogosphere, awash in posts on Dr Tiller, tries to make some sense of the senseless. Most bloggers are covering the obvious aspects quite well, and I have no wish to walk the well-trod path, except for one statement:
As a Christian pacifist, I condemn this assassination in the strongest possible way. Ending a human life is never a correct approach to resolving a problem. My prayers are with George Tiller, his family, and his faith community. May all be healed from this heinous act.
Comments after some evening thoughts and a night’s sleep:
It was a frequent meme during the ND/Obama/protest debacle that it was Fr Jenkins’ own fault the ND commencement was spoiled. If only he listened to reason, his bishop, the 400k signatories, and the alumni ready to withdraw their millions from the general fund (but not the football lottery). I see a lot of protest now from the same people who agreed with the GOP schtick that it’s time to ratchet up the banging last November, but who disown assassination as a moral and political tool. They should protest. They were wrong with ND, and they’re right today on Tiller.
For the record, I will say that I believe adults have a responsibility to take the blame for their own bad actions, and avoid them, hopefully, in the first place. I thought it was silly to say the protests at ND were all the presidents’ fault. No. Unpopular things happen in an imperfect world. How we react is up to us. There are no marionette strings leading to politicians, entertainers, or religious leaders. We choose. Just us.
That said, our words and actions communicate a certain intent, even as a culture. I heard this morning where the US Attorney General is stepping up protection at abortion clinics. An employee or a client may walk to the door of her or his clinic and wonder. He or she might worry about safety, and that concern might be reinforced by louder or more frequent protests lately. What’s the slogan about the choice one has? Fight or flight? Fighting is almost always a poor choice. It can be understandable, and even moral establishments like the Church attempt to justify it under certain conditions.
The pro-life culture has succeeded over the past several months to paint itself as a leaner (fewer True Believers) and meaner (let’s get loud, and we won’t compromise!) effort. How people react to this post-Republican reality is their choice and responsibility, of course. A few crazies will engage–every large movement has them. It’s also likely that if protesters are allowed near a clinic, that fewer clients will bother with the receiving end of sidewalk counseling. Fewer will bother with any sort of exchange and dialogue at all. And though the political pro-life effort may disdain dialogue, even calling it a fetish, the truth is that the no-dialogue scenario reduces the movement to two things: prayer and talking to itself. As a believing Christian, I have every confidence in the power of prayer. But as a flesh-and-blood human being, I know I also need the interaction with other human beings to root and make incarnate the prayers I offer.
As it is, one more hurdle has been placed in the path of dialogue. People may (and who can blame them?) make a mental note as they encounter or exchange with a pro-lifer: Is this person a crazy who will harm me or others? It’s the kind of a blip that drains a bit of energy from the grace to be found in such encounters. It means we pro-lifers spend more effort and energy establishing our credibility. It puts everybody on the defensive from the get-go. Just a little more erosion as we slog onward to the Kingdon of God.
22 Responses to Dr Tiller and Blame
Except the “Christian pacifist” (being in no way a pacifist) I second your statement, and I’ve been awed by the sympathetic response of the pro-life movement. I have yet to see a single pro-lifer responding to the murder in a less-than-Christian manner. And I read Fr. Z’s comment threads!
“As it is, one more hurdle has been placed in the path of dialogue.”
Indeed, but I’d say that happened a couple weeks ago when many pro-lifers showed they couldn’t handle honor shown to a man they disagree with. Although there’s the vocal crazies in the pro-abortion side, most of them realize that the overwhelming majority of us who oppose abortion are decent, principled people. If anything will make them think of us as crazies, it’s the radical protesters like that old priest and Alan Keyes violating ND’s property rights that will do that.
This does slightly affect us, but not as much as the embarrassing spectacle of those who can’t tolerate having a Democrat president.
1 June 2009 at 11:40 am
This was a senseless tragic death and one that ultimately showed no respect for life -at any age or stage.
Your post, your words – as always are very well put. Thank you for a voice that I can almost always echo, thank you.
1 June 2009 at 2:11 pm
A thoughtful post, Todd. I’m a pacifist too.
I wish I could say I’ve only seen regret shown by pro-life bloggers, but I’ve seen many a comment here and there that actually justify the murder.
1 June 2009 at 2:16 pm
Right, I’ve seen much of it, too. Sad. Very sad.
Too much of contemporary Catholic “thought” is bereft of a Christian sensibility.
“Fr.” Frank Pavone indicated that the increasing frustration of some with abortion may be used as a justification for violence.
Frustration is not a valid reason for violent murder? Time for this priest to go on a long, long retreat and reconsider his vocation. Obviously, his ontology has slipped.
1 June 2009 at 10:02 pm
Thank you for your typically sensible and sensitive post. The Tiller murder is horrifying on many levels. You wouldn’t believe — or maybe you would — some of the vicious, hateful, insensitive, and downright stupid stuff that’s getting posted on Twitter by “pro-life” “Christians.” Jesus weeps to the point of gagging.
Rod Treat says:
2 June 2009 at 10:29 am
I’m a proud, pro-life Catholic who is as saddened and outraged as anyone at the senseless murder of Dr. Tiller. But I am forced to wonder how many of you “progressive pro-life Catholics,” who are so quick to attack conservatives and tradionlists, are equally as outraged by the heinous evil perpetrated on a massive scale by Dr. Tiller and his ilk. It in no way justifies his murder, but he did freely choose to do what he did in the name of women’s “freedom,” knowing full well that he was the target of lunatics like the guy who killed him. He lived by the sword and he died by the sword. Evil acts have real consequences, in this life and the next. Certainly, it is not our place to pass final judgment and render punishment. But every choice we make has repercussions we can’t possibly predict. And there will always be lost souls who are willing to take into their own hands the final vengeance which rightfully belongs only to God. We can only pray that Dr. Tiller is one of the souls given a reprieve by our Lord when he descended from the Cross at the timeless moment of his death and ministered to the condemned.
2 June 2009 at 10:32 am
One other thing. How many of you who are praying for Dr. Tiller and his family are also praying for the man who shot him? Or are you as selective and subjective with you compassion and faith as you are in your political beliefs?
Your comments presume a great deal about your audience here that they ought not. I realize this is quite normal on the Internet, but as you say, actions have consequences, don’t they?
Thanks for posting, Rod. I can’t speak for others, but I’ll add my response to your questions.
I’ve been outraged and deeply bothered by the persistence of abortion for almost forty years. I don’t know if my feelings are “equal” to those of conservatives. I’ve protested, written letters, and donated. I talk to people when the opportunity presents itself. What you read on my blog has a context within the Catholic blogosphere as a whole.
I agree that acts have consequences. Given the apologetics I read before the ND flap, I think I apply the notion of consequences and shouldering responsibility a bit more than many conservatives I read. I wouldn’t stop at characterizing “evil acts” as having consequences. All acts have them. I openly question if the pro-life witness has been insufficiently holy–far less than what is needed to persuade and enchant others to a more deeply pro-life outlook.
As for prayers for the murderer, yes, I’m sure most people commenting here are doing that. I didn’t add it to my litany, no, because at the time I wrote it, I hadn’t heard a suspect had been apprehended.
My approach is to assume people are doing what needs to be done, said, prayed, or whatever. If I criticize, I try to focus on the written or spoken word, on something that’s out there for all to see.
2 June 2009 at 12:07 pm
As I reflect further on some of the comments posted here, I’m disgusted by the high-minded sanctimony of the people who rush to express compassion for men such as Dr. Tiller but would never publicly express compassion for his countless victims or explicitly condemn the egregious evil he committed. And to the sadly confused person who condemned Fr. Pavone, consider this: Fr. Pavone has held the dismembered bodies of the brutally slaughtered unborn in his own hands. I would defy you to do the same and come away as thoughtless and indifferent to such evil as you apparently are. Many of you pacifistic Christians constantly accuse pro-lifers as indifferent to the poor, the exploited, and the innocent victims of American agression, but have no compunction about parading your relative indifference to the incomprehnsibly larger genocide committed in the names of “choice” and “freedom” and “autonomy.” You claim to believe that abortion is an equivalent evil to preemptive war, racism, intolerance, and other social injustices, but you never seem to be able to get nearly as worked up about the murder of innocent unborn human beings as you do about your pet concerns. You’re all a bunch of cluless moral relativists.
I don’t understand what this “dialogue” is supposed to be. Catholics believe that all life is sacred from fertilization to natural death. Abortion proponents don’t. There is no room for dialogue.
I decry the murder of George Tiller. The shooter has damaged the pro-life movement, and possibly contributed to the death of more innocent children than had he left Tiller alone.
I understand the frustration that motivated the shooter to do what he did. Tiller should have been punished long ago for his crimes, but had been given political cover by Obama’s HHS secretary. She quashed medical board inquiries, the democrat district attorney refused to bring suit, pro-lifers were forced to gather petition signatures to convene a grand jury, in which they succeeded, but the grand jury was presided over by someone who wanted to protect Tiller.
In the face of flaunting of the laws to give protection to this man for political reasons, I can understand (but not justify) the rage that led to this heinous act.
2 June 2009 at 1:46 pm
Rod, thanks for clarifying your point. Clearly, your experiences and emphasis are different from mine and those whom you criticize who comment here.
The challenge is to feel compassion for people we’ve never seen, as you suggest. We don’t see refugees, victims of war, and the unborn who have been aborted. It’s the challenge pro-lifers face: one cannot be confronted (easily) with the victims. Some are small, almost too small to be seen, and others are private, and we don’t know who they are.
Your disgust is part of your gut reaction, and I have no problem with it as such. I don’t know that you trip up your own efforts by expressing it. The truth is we all feel, but we don’t feel the same as you, nor do we express it in quite the same way.
I think Fr Pavone is a big boy who can handle criticism. Having deep feelings for the unborn or having experienced such horror does not logically immunize him from criticism.
I don’t know that my criticism of my fellow pro-lifers is “constant” so much as it is a bother to them.
“You’re all a bunch of cluless moral relativists.”
Not really. I think each person brings the relativity of their own experiences, gifts, and insights to interpersonal exchange in the world. Far from being dictatorial, it is what makes us human. The advantage is that collectively, we can cover a lot more territory than alone, or when we chum with people who think like us.
I think Tony misunderstands the purpose of dialogue. Converting one’s adversary to one’s point of view is one possible outcome of dialogue. But understanding others is equally important. Even if one’s intent is only to win an argument, the very least one can do is listen to the adversary and learn the strengths and weaknesses of their argument. Pro-lifers must not only be right, they must also be persuasive.
2 June 2009 at 2:10 pm
After reading your response Todd, my questions to you are these: Do you side with Doug Kmiec and the other so-called Catholics who presume to consider themselves wiser than the Church? Do you understand the immutability of the Moral Law? “Catholics” such as Kmiec engage in such obvious intellectual contortions and self-contradictions in their efforts to defend their indefensible positions that many of us have trouble understanding how anyone could by into their absurd reasoning. Kmiec just recently participated in a “dialogue” with Professor Robert George and was completely discredited. And yet I’m certain he’ll continue to be defended by people who obviously have no understanding of the logical progression of their relativistic beliefs. All I can say to such “Catholics” is that if they think the Church should somehow attempt to alter what God created in His infinite wisdom, they should just get it over and become Episcopalians. The day the Church defies God, attempts the impossible, and tries to rewrite the Moral Law, is the day she ceases to be the Church.
2 June 2009 at 2:18 pm
So truth is determined by my feelings which are based on my experiences? Wow Todd, you’re farther gone than I thought. So I guess the Magisterium is just the byproduct of the subjective feelings and experiences of an opressive patriarchy comprised largely of white European males?
“Do you side with Doug Kmiec and the other so-called Catholics who presume to consider themselves wiser than the Church?”
You seem to assume a lot with your question. I would not side with Professor Kmiec in his support for the president.
“Do you understand the immutability of the Moral Law?”
Sure. But I don’t see Prof. Kmiec in violation of moral law.
“All I can say to such “Catholics” is that if they think the Church should somehow attempt to alter …”
I don’t think anything of the sort, and it would be hard to discern any of that in any of the chief commenters on this site.
Rod, my observation is that you’re getting way ahead of yourself in making your case for a stronger pro-life voice. What I’m saying is that you seem to be laboring under a degree of relativism yourself: applying your own subjective experiences to make an argument against something that isn’t really present here.
Instead of the Magisterium, you’re asking why we’re not congruent in word to your expectations. Why must my approach be exactly or nearly the same as yours? Criticizing Fr Pavone or publicly praying for Scott Roeder are not matters of morality as defined by the Magisterium.
2 June 2009 at 7:24 pm
I am always greatly saddened that so many discussions on this topic (life issues being the topic) immediately devolve into “what time is the next auto de fe?”
This constant questioning and scrutiny of other peoples’ Catholicism shows so little respect for any life.
One of the reasons I love to read this blog in particular, one of the smartest out there without exception, is the measured but very clear life focus that Todd brings to these posts.
If we cannot discuss, we cannot discern. If we cannot discern, we can never be transformed or transform others.
2 June 2009 at 9:09 pm
Fran, that’s exactly right. Thank you.
Todd – You’re full of it. I never said or even implied the Kmiec directly violated the moral law himself or that Fr. Pavone couldn’t take criticism or that publicly praying for Scott Roeder was a matter of morality as defined by the Magisterium, and you know I didn’t. You’re quite good at setting up straw men and knocking them down, much like a certain empty suit who currently occupies the Oval Office. You’ve obviously been very successful at building a nice little amen chorus to praise your gibberish and stroke your ego. I’ll return now to perusing the dozens of quality blogs and sites out there with truly thoughtful, insightful, discerning, and substantive observations and analyses of the important issues. I don’t think I can stomach any more of your garbage.
4 June 2009 at 5:49 am
I never said or even implied the Kmiec directly violated the moral law himself or that Fr. Pavone couldn’t take criticism or that publicly praying for Scott Roeder was a matter of morality as defined by the Magisterium, and you know I didn’t.
Now who’s setting up straw men?
5 June 2009 at 5:07 am
Rod, would you then care to tackle your issue clearly, and point by point? You were the one who brought Doug Kmiec into the discussion. Without a clear reason, I might add.
If you want to engage in a discussion here, feel free to do so.
Rod … you have crossed the line of acceptable chat in this blogsite:
“Todd – You’re full of it …. I don’t think I can stomach any more of your garbage.”
Feel free to disagree with anything and everything that is said here, but leave the slurs at home.

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| Inside Art Dia Plans to Return to Its Chelsea Roots
By CAROL VOGELNOV. 5, 2009
After years of scouring Manhattan real estate for a base in New York, a troubled process that was bedeviled by setbacks, the Dia Art Foundation has found a new home on the site of its old home. It is planning to build a space on the footprint of one of its previous Chelsea exhibition sites, a former garage at 545 West 22nd Street.“It’s keeping our roots yet at the same time trying to evolve,” said Nathalie de Gunzburg, chairman of Dia’s board, who explained that after going through the exercise of looking at locations from Harlem to the Bowery, the board finally saw that the answer was, as she put it, “right in front of us.”In 2004 Dia closed its two Chelsea spaces (its main operations were across the street at 548 West 22nd Street), saying they had outgrown the buildings. It rented out the former garage to the PaceWildenstein gallery under a lease that will expire in 2011.Initially the foundation planned to open a museum at the entrance to the High Line, the abandoned elevated railway line that has now become a public park. But the board scrapped that project in 2006 after losing its longtime director, Michael Govan, who left to oversee the Los Angeles County Museum of Art, and its board chairman and biggest benefactor, Leonard Riggio. (The Whitney Museum of American Art is now planning a satellite space at that downtown site.) Dia’s next director, Jeffrey Weiss, was given the task of finding a Manhattan site, but he resigned after nine months, saying he was ill suited to the administrative burdens of the post. Continue reading the main story
“We don’t want a big museum,” he said. “New York has enough of them. I am more interested in an ambitious program than an ambitious building.”Mr. Vergne said Dia had no plans to hire a star architect or hold a formal design competition. “No bling,” Mr. Vergne said, “rather a utilitarian envelope for art, a place where we can bring living artists back into the fold.”He and the trustees are in the process of drawing up a list of candidates and will soon conduct interviews. They hope to select an architect by the spring and to break ground in 2012. The budget has yet to be determined, both Ms. de Gunzburg and Mr. Vergne said.The site gives Dia the potential for a home just shy of 50,000 square feet. “We’re looking for smart space, with flexible places to show commissioned artworks as well as long-term installations,” Mr. Vergne said.
Back to West 22nd Street in Chelsea: The Dia Art Foundation will construct a new exhibition space on the footprint of a two-story building, center left, that it owns but rents out.
Chester Higgins Jr./The New York Times The roof will also be an important component. Dia is planning to install Dan Graham’s “Rooftop Urban Park Project,” a 1991 architectural pavilion fashioned from two-way mirrored glass; the work had originally been on the roof of 548 West 22nd Street. Dia is also planning on space for public programs, including readings, lectures, symposiums and performances.Before its real estate odyssey began, Dia had a reputation for transforming existing structures into elegant art spaces, not erecting new ones. Its permanent collection — works from the 1960s to the present — is housed in Beacon, N.Y., in a six-year-old museum created from an abandoned 1929 box factory on the Hudson River.The Manhattan and Beacon projects are just part of Dia’s portfolio. The foundation also oversees several site-specific art installations, including three works by Walter De Maria: “The New York Earth Room” and “Broken Kilometer,” both in SoHo, and “The Lightning Field,” in New Mexico; and un untitled work by Dan Flavin in Bridgehampton, N.Y. In May 2007 Dia began a continuing collaboration with the Hispanic Society of America, presenting projects by contemporary artists in the society’s home at Broadway and 155th Street in Washington Heights.
OTTOMAN SPACE AT METThe Metropolitan Museum of Art has received a $10 million donation that will finance two new galleries for Ottoman art. The money comes from the Vehbi Koc Foundation, named for a Turkish entrepreneur who died in 1996. One gallery will showcase highlights from the royal court under the 16th-century sultan Suleyman the Magnificent; the other will be devoted to the museum’s collection of Ottoman carpets, textiles, arms and armor. Both are to open in the fall of 2011.MUSEUM RESTORES HOURSThe Jewish Museum will soon restore all of the hours that it was forced to cut in July because of the economy, thanks to a $500,000 grant from the Leona M. and Harry B. Helmsley Charitable Trust.
Instead of closing at 5:45 on Thursday evenings, it will once again stay open until 8. The late hours begin on Nov. 19, a few days after the opening of “Alias Man Ray: The Art of Reinvention,” a major survey of his work.The grant also means that the galleries containing “Culture and Continuity: The Jewish Journey,” a permanent exhibition of more than 800 works from its holdings, will be open six days a week, instead of the four days they were cut to in July. (The museum is closed on Wednesdays.)The Leona M. and Harry B. Helmsley Trust, which was established in 1999, started a new grant program in April.DONALD JUDD PROJECTAlthough it has been 15 years since the Minimalist sculptor Donald Judd died, only now are plans under way to compile and publish a catalogue raisonné of his work. This week his foundation announced the appointment of a committee headed by Katy Rogers, who is finishing the Robert Motherwell catalogue raisonné, a seven-year project overseen by the Dedalus Foundation. Other committee members include Flavin Judd, the artist’s son, as well as scholars, curators and former studio assistants.“It’s long overdue,” said Barbara Hunt McLanahan, executive director of the Donald Judd Foundation. “It’s taken a while for the foundation to be fully operational.”Ms. McLanahan said she estimated the work would take 7 to 10 years to complete. The foundation is putting up the seed money, but how much it will cost, how many volumes it will be and whether it will be available in a digital format are all open questions, Ms. McLanahan said. In 1975 a catalogue raisonné of Judd’s paintings, objects and woodblocks was published, but it covered work only created between 1960 and 1974.

value: The New York Times (N.Y.T. or N.Y. Times) is an American daily newspaper based in New York City with a worldwide readership. Founded in 1851, the Times has since won 132 Pulitzer Prizes (the most of any newspaper), and has long been regarded within the industry as a national "newspaper of record".


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Patent US4251995 - Method of freezing human blood platelets in glycerol-glucose using a ... - Google PatentsSearch Images Maps Play YouTube News Gmail Drive More »Sign inAdvanced Patent SearchPatentsAn inexpensive, statically controlled cooling rate device comprising a cassette of metal plates and cardboard insulation in a plastic bag was used to freeze platelets in liquid nitrogen with glycerol-glucose as cryoprotectant. Depending on the thermocouple location, the cooling rate in the freezing bag...http://www.google.com/patents/US4251995?utm_source=gb-gplus-sharePatent US4251995 - Method of freezing human blood platelets in glycerol-glucose using a statically controlled cooling rate deviceAdvanced Patent SearchPublication numberUS4251995 APublication typeGrantApplication numberUS 06/033,306Publication dateFeb 24, 1981Filing dateApr 25, 1979Priority dateApr 25, 1979Publication number033306, 06033306, US 4251995 A, US 4251995A, US-A-4251995, US4251995 A, US4251995AInventorsGeorge Dayian, James H. PertOriginal AssigneeHedbergska StiftelsenExport CitationBiBTeX, EndNote, RefManPatent Citations (8), Non-Patent Citations (12), Referenced by (33), Classifications (18) External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, EspacenetMethod of freezing human blood platelets in glycerol-glucose using a statically controlled cooling rate deviceUS 4251995 AAbstract An inexpensive, statically controlled cooling rate device comprising a cassette of metal plates and cardboard insulation in a plastic bag was used to freeze platelets in liquid nitrogen with glycerol-glucose as cryoprotectant. Depending on the thermocouple location, the cooling rate in the freezing bag varied between 22.1.degree. and 38.6.degree. C. per minute, averaging 33.6.degree..+-.1.1 The post-thaw recovery of platelets frozen with this device and reconstituted in plasma averaged 88.6.+-.11.7 percent, compared to 86.1.+-.9.9 percent for nonfrozen but identically processed platelets. [.sup.14 C]Serotonin uptake after 0.5-hour incubation was 95.9.+-.1.9 percent for fresh platelets in platelet-rich plasma, 92.7.+-.4.4 percent for nonfrozen processed platelets, and 81.4.+-.11.8 percent for frozen platelets, increasing to 85.9.+-.7.7 percent after one-hour incubation.
What is claimed is: 1. A method for cryopreserving cellular suspensions, such as red blood cells, granulocytes and platelets, comprising:placing a freezing bag containing the suspension to be preserved and a cryprotective agent between a pair of hinged metal plates including a small angle between them so that the freezing bag assumes wedge shape when viewed from the side, placing a layer of thermally insulating material between the metal plates and the freezing bag, placing the metal plates with the freezing bag held in position between them in an outer bag, the outer bag being prevented from directly contacting the freezing bag, submerging the outer bag with the metal plates and the freezing bag in a freezing medium; and then transferring the outer bag with the metal plates and the freezing bag to a cryostorage. 2. A method in accordance with claim 1 wherein said freezing bag consists of a plastic material.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1A shows a freezing bag containing platelets between two hinged cardboard sheets.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION MATERIALS AND METHODS Preparation of Platelet Concentrate To prepare platelet-rich plasma (PRP), 450 ml of whole blood, collected in CPD anticoagulant, was centrifuged at 1,800 rpm and 22 minutes after reaching speed in a Sorvall RC-3 centrifuge with a HG-4 rotor. The PRP was allowed to equilibrate at 23 and 10 ml of acidifying solution per 100 g of PRP was added to lower the pH to 6.5. The PRP was then centrifuged for five minutes after reaching a speed of 4,000 rpm, and the supernatant platelet-poor plasma (PPP) was removed. (If red cells were inadvertently carried along with PRP, they were removed by centrifugation of PRP for three minutes after it reached 900 rpm.)
Assembly and Use of Freezing Cassette The freezing bag is placed between two sheets of corrugated cardboard (single-wall, bursting strength 19.4 kg/cm.sup.2 [275 pounds/inch.sup.2 ], C flute obtained from Longview Fibre Co., Amsterdam, N.Y.). Each sheet measures 13.3 by 15.2 cm; two corners of one sheet are removed to accommodate the bag ports (FIG. 1). The cardboard and freezing bag are then placed between hinged, 0.64-cm-thick aluminum plates, one 12.7.times.15.2 cm, the other 15.2.times.15.2 cm (Aluminum type 2024T3, Alcoa, Pittsburgh, Pa.) so as to rest on the flange of the hinge. The plates are taped tightly together at the upper side corners of the metal, and this assembly is placed in an outer plastic bag which measures 25.4.times.35.6 cm and varies in thickness between 0.01-0.015 cm., e.g., polyethylene bags 10 Bel-Art, Pequannock, N.J. This unit is submerged for 15 minutes in liquid nitrogen, with the level of liquid nitrogen above the metal plates throughout freezing.
Storage, Thawing and Reconstitution After freezing, the tapes holding the cassette closed are cut, and the frozen bag of platelets with the cardboard sheets is transferred immediately into the vapor phase of a liquid nitrogen freezer for storage. In these studies, storage time was at least 18 hours.
For use, 50 ml of PFP is thawed, and the pH is adjusted to 6.5, if necessary. Next the freezing bag is removed from its cardboard covers, promptly immersed in water at room temperature (22 and gently agitated by hand. Immediately after the platelets have thawed and warmed to water temperature, 10 ml of the PFP is added slowly by syringe through an entry port while the freezing bag is rocked gently. After 15 minutes rest at room temperature, an additional 20 ml of PFP is added with occasional agitation, and ten minutes later the remaining 20 ml of PFP is added.
Evaluation of Post-Thaw Yield and Function Platelet yield: To differentiate the processing losses from freeze-thaw injury, the PRP from two units of whole blood of the same ABO type were pooled and then separated into two equal volumes. These preparations were processed similarly, except that one unit was frozen and the other was not. The reconstituted platelet concentrates were diluted with PFP to approximate the platelet number in PRP and were counted in duplicate by two observers, using the method of Brecher and Cronkite, Appl. Physiol. 3, 365 (1950). The four readings were averaged. The yields were calculated from the platelet counts and volumes, compared to the total number of platelets in the starting PRP.
Serotonin uptake: Radiolabeled serotonin ([2'-.sup.14 C] hydroxytryptamine creatinine sulphate; 55 mCi/mmol)* was dissolved in 70 percent alcohol to give a final concentration of 10 μCi/ml and stored at -20 according to the method of Jerushalmy, Z. and Zucker, M. B., Thromb. Diath. Haemorrh., 15, 413 (1966). For assay, 0.01 ml of the [.sup.14 C] serotonin was added to 4-ml portions of platelet suspension, which had been held at 37 incubated at 37 determined on samples of platelet suspensions and platelet-free aliquots to determine the percentage of sorotonic taken up.
Cooling Rate Determinations Temperature was monitored with a #30-55-1 copper-constantan thermocouple and a Leeds and Northrup Speedomax W recorder, standardized with the company's millivolt potentiometer, model 8690. The platelet freezing bag with the thermocouple in place contained 10 ml of air and 10 ml of a 1:1 mixture of 0.85 percent NaCl and freezing solution. For this study the cooling rate is defined as the rate in degrees centigrade per minute at the steepest slope after release of the heat of fusion.
Acidifying and Freezing Solutions One liter of aqueous acidifying solution contained 53.2 g of Na.sub.3 -citrate (dihydrate), 17.7 g of citric acid (monohydrate), 60.5 g of anhydrous dextrose, and 4.4 g of NaOH.
One liter of aqueous freezing solution contained 100 ml of glycerol (density at 25 g pf Na.sub.3 -citrate, and 0.5 g of citric acid (monohydrate).
RESULTS In blank runs without platelets, a series of cooling curves were obtained with the thermocouple positioned at five different points within the freezing bag, which was filled with 10 ml of freezing solution at final concentrations of 5 percent glycerol and 4 percent glucose. The maximum cooling rates varied from 22.1.degree. to 38.6.degree. C. per minute (FIG. 2). In a separate study of ten replicate determinations with the thermocouple in the center of the freezing bag (position 3) the cooling rate averaged 33.6.degree..+-.1.1
Little difference in recovery was indicated by platelet counts of 17 paired samples, processed identically except that only one of each pair was frozen with the new device and then thawed (Table 1). The mean platelet recovery was 86.1.+-.9.9 percent for the nonfrozen units and 88.6.+-.11.7 percent for the frozen units.
TABLE 1.______________________________________Recovery of Platelets as a Percentage of Platelets in PRP        Nonfrozen     FrozenExperiment   Platelets     Platelets______________________________________1            98.7          95.12            59.7          73.93            82.8          81.94            72.0          77.65            86.1          94.06            90.1          91.77            86.2          80.88            86.8          103.09            93.6          87.610           95.5          103.011           74.7          104.012           98.6          75.113           87.0          86.014           84.9          77.815           86.0          73.616           87.4          92.117           94.0          110.0Mean .+-. SD 86.1 .+-. 9.9 88.6 .+-. 11.7______________________________________
Pairs of nonfrozen and frozen samples were tested for platelet function by comparing their ability to take up [.sup.14 C] serotonin with that of fresh PRP. After 30 minutes of incubation, uptake by nonfrozen platelet samples was 92.7.+-.4.4 percent, close to that of fresh platelets at 95.9.+-.1.9 percent (Table 2). The uptake by frozen platelets was perceptibly lower at 81.4.+-.11.8 percent, but it increased somewhat to 85.9.+-.7.7 percent when the incubation time was increased to one hour. In one instance the outer bag broke, allowing liquid nitrogen to contact the freezing bag directly. The resulting increase in cooling rate adversely affected platelet function, and this value was omitted from the calculations.
TABLE 2.______________________________________[.sup.14 C]Serotonin Uptake (%)  Platelet Type (Incubation Time)  Fresh   Nonfrozen FrozenExperiment    (0.5 h)   (0.5 h)   (0.5 h) (1 h)______________________________________1        96.5      96.2      --      94.52        96.6      96.1      77.2    86.13        96.1      91.6      88.9    91.9*4        97.2      96.5      93.7    94.25        96.6      80.8      83.9    88.4*6        96.1      89.9      88.6    91.77        96.6      81.7      78.2    83.58        88.7      89.6      52.1    66.7*9        96.0      95.4      93.1    94.810       96.8      96.0       3.0    2sup.t11       99.0      96.1      89.0    93.612       96.8      96.1      70.0    76.513       96.6      96.2      --      86.114       95.7      94.4      89.1    93.315       95.7      94.9      92.0    93.716       95.9      94.0      85.9    81.217       95.6      90.4      77.5    85.1*18       95.3      93.1      --      --*19       95.4      91.2      56.2    57.0*20       95.4      93.9      86.9    88.8Mean .+-. SD    95.9 .+-. 1.9              92.7 .+-. 4.4                        81.4 .+-. 11.8                                85.9 + 8.7______________________________________ *Unit aggregated on thawing or reconstitution, irreversibly in Exp. 18 .sup.t Outer plastic bag cover broke on freezing; uptake value omitted from calculations (see results). --Uptake not measured.
DISCUSSION The functions of the separate components of the freezing cassette may be described briefly as follows. The outer plastic bag improves the heat transfer rate by preventing the formation of an insulating layer of gaseous nitrogen and by protecting the platelet freezing bag from direct contact with liquid nitrogen. The metal plates act as heat sinks, while the cardboard insulators moderate the heat flow from the sample to the metal plates. The cardboard also protects the freezing bag against warming and breakage during storage and retrieval, since the cardboard and bag can be transferred as a unit. The cardboard can be marked for sample identification. Repeated use of the cardboard insulators is not advised, as they tend to soften and change in insulating property.
Although this device was developed to freeze platelets derived from one unit of PRP, it could be modified to freeze multi-unit preparations obtained either by pooling single-donor units or by plateletpheresis. It has given very reproducible freezing rates of about 30 minute on repeated use. The yield of reconstituted, thawed platelets is similar to that obtained with the nonfrozen control; therefore, there was no indication that the process lyses platelets. In four experiments the yield of platelets was calculated as above 100 percent (Table 1); this is within the limit of experimental error in the platelet counting procedure.
The average recovery of 88.6 percent is an increase of 25 percent over that reported originally, Dayian, G. and Rowe, A. W., Crybiology 13, 1 (1976). The increase is due to the deletion of a centrifugation step. Previously, a large volume of a solution containing glycerol (5 g/dl) and glucose (4 g/dl) was added with plasma to a small volume of concentrate in order to minimize osmotic stress. This suspension was centrifuged to reduce the volume of concentrate to be frozen, but some platelets were lost with the supernatant freezing solution. The alternative employed here, subjecting platelets to a greater osmotic stress by mixing equal volumes of platelet suspension and cryoprotectant at twice the final concentration, does not require centrifugation and is no more injurious than exposing platelets to the final concentration of cryoprotectant, as judged by [.sup.14 C]serotonin uptake. This modification saves platelets from mechanical losses and further simplifies the procedure.
Other modifications designed to reduce platelet clumping during thawing and reconstitution include reduction of the thawing temperature from 40 pH 6.5 with citrate, which also chelates divalent cations. This shift in the temperature, pH, and divalent cation concentration away from the optima for ADP-induced aggregation [Stoza, L. et al., Thromb, Diath. Haemorrh. 18, 713 (1967); Valdorf-Hansen, J. F. and Zucker, M. B., Amer. J. Physiol. 220, 105 (1971)] reduced the spontaneous, often irreversible aggregation observed during post-thaw processing but did not abolish it. The influence of post-thaw aggregation is shown in Table 2. Of the six units which showed aggregation during thawing and reconstitution, four had a decrease in serotonin uptake. However, in most samples serotonin uptake was only slightly reduced from that obtained by fresh PRP.
The observed reshaping and the restoration of function, which are initiated soon after reconstitution, are strongly suggestive of a competition for energy. Platelets depend upon an intact marginal microtubular bundle maintained by metabolic energy to keep their disc shape. [White, J. G. and Krivit, W., Blood 30, 625 (1967)]. The microtubular structure can be disrupted by osmotic shock [White, J. G., Amer. J. Path., 56, 267 (1969); Zucker-Franklin, D., J. Clin. Invest. 48, 165 (1969)] as in the reconstitution step, so that energy would be required to restructure the microtubular system as well as to restore the fluid volume and electrolyte concentration to normal. The microtubular system can also be disrupted by cold, in which case frozen platelets may need to expend additional energy to reassemble it. Such a depletion of energy would affect the platelets' ability to perform other energy-dependent functions, such as serotonin uptake. [Born, G. V. R. and Gillson, R. E., J. Physiol. 146, 472 (1959)]. Swirling appears to occur more quickly at 37 advantage may outweigh the potential danger of aggregation, which would be reduced at 22 reconstitution medium that would better supply the platelets' metabolic requirements.
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Physiol. 3 365 (1950): Morphology and Enumeration of Human Blood Platelets.3 *Dayian, G. et al.: Cryobiology 13, 1-8 (1976), Cryopreservation of Human Platelets for Transfusion.4 *Dayian, G. et al.: Transfusion, May-Jun. 1979, vol. 19, No. 3, A Simplified Method . . . Cooling Rate.5 *Gaarder, A. et al.: Nature, 192, 531 (1961), Adenosine Diphosphate in Red Cells as a Factor . . . Blood Platelets.6 *Pert, J. H. et al.: Cryobiology 16, 90-96 (1979): Statically Controlled Cooling Rate Device.7 *Valdorf-Hansen, J. F. et al: Amer. Jour. of Physiology 1.220, No. 1, 1/1971, USA, Effect of Temp. & Inhibitors on Serotonin-.sup.14 C Release from Human Platelets.8 *White et al.: An Ultrastructural Basis for the Shape Changes Induced in Platelets by Chilling, Blood, vol. 30, No. 5 (Nov. 1967), pp. 625-635.9 *White, J. G.: The Submembrane Filaments of Blood Platelets, Amer. J. Path. 56, 267 (1969).10 *Z. Jerushalmy et al.: Some Effects of Fibrinogen Degradation Products (FDP) of Blood Platelets; Amer. Natl. Red Cross Lab., N. Y., pp. 413-419.11 *Zucker, M. B. et al.: Kinetic Studies of Platelet Aggregation Induced by . . . Adenosine, Amer. Natl. Red Cross Lab., N. Y., pp. 714-725.12 *Zucker-Franklin et al.: Jour. Clinical Investigation, vol. 48, 165 (1969), Microfibrils of Blood Platelets.* Cited by examinerReferenced byCiting PatentFiling datePublication dateApplicantTitleUS4327799 *Feb 27, 1980May 4, 1982Helmholtz-Institut Fur Biomedizinische TechnikProcess and apparatus for freezing living cellsUS4469227 *Aug 17, 1983Sep 4, 1984Clifford FaustPackage for cryogenically frozen liquidsUS4565073 *Feb 7, 1985Jan 21, 1986Armour Pharmaceutical Co.Freezing frame for a plasma containerUS4623620 *Aug 2, 1983Nov 18, 1986Stichting Vrienden Van De Stichting Dr. Karl LandsteinerEnucleated granulocytes, their preparation and useUS4630448 *Oct 25, 1985Dec 23, 1986Baxter Travenol Laboratories, Inc.Container for storing solid living tissue portionsUS4764463 *Oct 30, 1986Aug 16, 1988The University Of Tennessee Research CorporationPlatelet cyropreservationUS4940581 *Aug 15, 1988Jul 10, 1990The University Of Tennessee Research CorporationPlatelet cryopreservationUS5103651 *Aug 31, 1990Apr 14, 1992Instacool Inc Of North AmericaPlasma storage freezer and thermal transport deviceUS5168712 *Mar 19, 1990Dec 8, 1992Instacool Inc. Of North AmericaRapid cooling through a thin flexible membraneUS5309723 *Jan 31, 1990May 10, 1994The Secretary Of State For Defence In Her Britannic Majesty's Government Of The United Kingdom Of Great Britain And Northern IrelandMethod of freezing red blood cellsUS5495719 *Nov 14, 1994Mar 5, 1996Gray, Jr.; Carl O.Method of preserving spermatozoaUS5557943 *Dec 7, 1992Sep 24, 1996Thermogenesis CorporationRapid cooling through a thin flexible membraneUS5564279 *Aug 27, 1993Oct 15, 1996The Secretary Of State For Defence In Her Britannic Majesty's Government Of The United Kingdom Of Great Britain And Northern IrelandFreezing bagsUS5863715 *Jan 11, 1996Jan 26, 1999The Governors Of The University Of AlbertaMethods for bulk cryopreservation encapsulated isletsUS6054311 *Jun 13, 1996Apr 25, 2000F2 Chemicals LimitedRecovering cryopreserved cells using gassed polyfluorinated compoundsUS6071690 *Feb 2, 1998Jun 6, 2000Denco, Inc.Ionomeric modified poly-ether-ester plastic container for cryogenic fluidsUS6124088 *Aug 19, 1998Sep 26, 2000Biopore, Inc.Method of permanent removal from cell suspension in a porous containerUS6221575Feb 6, 1998Apr 24, 2001Quadrant Holdings Cambridge Ltd.Methods for producing dried storage-stable platelets and compositions obtained therebyUS6393860 *Aug 20, 1998May 28, 2002Ingo HeschelMethod and device for refrigerating a sampleUS6723497Apr 5, 2001Apr 20, 2004The Regents Of The University Of CaliforniaTherapeutic platelets and methodsUS6770478Jan 16, 2002Aug 3, 2004The Regents Of The University Of CaliforniaErythrocytic cells and method for preserving cellsUS6945056Jun 4, 2003Sep 20, 2005Integrated Biosystems, Inc.Systems and methods for freezing, mixing and thawing biopharmaceutical materialUS6996995Dec 1, 2003Feb 14, 2006Integrated Biosystems, Inc.Systems and methods for freezing and storing biopharmaceutical materialUS7104074Jun 4, 2003Sep 12, 2006Integrated Biosystems, Inc.Systems and methods for freezing, storing, transporting and thawing biopharmaceutical materialUS7137261Mar 21, 2005Nov 21, 2006Integrated Biosystems, Inc.Systems and methods for freezing, mixing and thawing biopharmaceutical materialUS7228688Dec 12, 2003Jun 12, 2007Integrated Biosystems, Inc.Scaled down freezing and thawing system for biopharmaceuticals and biologicsUS7353658Aug 9, 2006Apr 8, 2008Sartorius Stedim Freeze Thaw, Inc.Systems and methods for freezing, storing, transporting, and thawing biopharmacuetical materialUS7604930 *Dec 8, 2004Oct 20, 2009University Of Kentucky Research FoundationMethods and devices for cryopreservation of biological cells and tissuesUS8028532Mar 6, 2007Oct 4, 2011Sartorius Stedim North America Inc.Systems and methods for freezing, storing and thawing biopharmaceutical materialsUS8177123Sep 24, 2008May 15, 2012Sartorius Stedim North America Inc.Systems and methods for freezing, storing and thawing biopharmaceutical materialsCN101462632BDec 20, 2007May 18, 2011生宝生物科技股份有限公司Storing apparatus for storing and storage system thereofWO1998034478A1 *Feb 6, 1998Aug 13, 1998Lynda Mary GrandageMethods and compositions for producing dried, storage-stable plateletsWO2008032314A2 *Sep 11, 2007Mar 20, 2008I M T Interface Multigrad TechSystems, devices and methods for freezing and thawing biological materials* Cited by examinerClassifications U.S. Classification62/60, 62/341, 62/64, 62/78International ClassificationC12N5/06, A01N1/02, A61J3/00, A61M1/02, C12M1/00, A61K35/14Cooperative ClassificationA01N1/0268, A01N1/0221, A01N1/0263, A01N1/02, A61M2001/0277European ClassificationA01N1/02, A01N1/02C2F, A01N1/02M4RotateOriginal ImageGoogle Home - Sitemap - USPTO Bulk Downloads - Privacy Policy - Terms of Service - About Google Patents - Send FeedbackData provided by IFI CLAIMS Patent Services©2012 Google

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Search Asia›India›Kerala›Idukki District›Munnar›Munnar Restaurants›Winter Yard @ Clouds Valley
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local government | News from a Nerd
@emmagasson @CassieRobinson bit jargony IMO but at least I know what it means now! 6 hours ago
@dominiccampbell I know right #regret 7 hours ago


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Patent US4591673 - Frequency or time domain speech scrambling technique and system which does ... - Google PatentsSearch Images Maps Play YouTube News Gmail Drive More »Sign inAdvanced Patent SearchPatentsThe present invention relates to speech scrambling techniques and systems and in particular to a frequency or time domain speech scrambling technique and system which does not require any frame synchronization. This invention is a technique and system for scrambling speech signal in frequency or time...http://www.google.com/patents/US4591673?utm_source=gb-gplus-sharePatent US4591673 - Frequency or time domain speech scrambling technique and system which does not require any frame synchronizationAdvanced Patent SearchPublication numberUS4591673 APublication typeGrantApplication numberUS 06/376,607Publication dateMay 27, 1986Filing dateMay 10, 1982Priority dateMay 10, 1982Fee statusLapsedPublication number06376607, 376607, US 4591673 A, US 4591673A, US-A-4591673, US4591673 A, US4591673AInventorsLin-Shan Lee, Ger-Chih Chou, Ching-Sung ChangOriginal AssigneeLee Lin Shan, Chou Ger Chih, Chang Ching SungExport CitationBiBTeX, EndNote, RefManPatent Citations (28), Non-Patent Citations (14), Referenced by (7), Classifications (5), Legal Events (3) External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, EspacenetFrequency or time domain speech scrambling technique and system which does not require any frame synchronization
US 4591673 AAbstract
1. Apparatus, responsive to an audio frequency analog input signal applied thereto, for generating a scrambled audio frequency analog signal for transmission, said apparatus comprising:input interface means, responsive to said analog input signal, for sampling said analog input signal at a predetermined rate, and generating digital data signals representative of said samples; input switching buffer means, responsive to said digital data signals, for grouping said digital data signals into successive digital data frames (Xr) each representing a predetermined number (N) of samples, where Xr (q); r=0,1,2 . . . ; q=0, 1, . . . N-1; input memory means, responsive to signals indicative of said digital data frames, for storing indicia of a predetermined number (2L) of successive digital data frames; filter means, responsive to said stored data frame indicia, and signals indicative of a predetermined filter function h(-Nr'+q), to calculate a time domain digital vector UrR, where ##EQU19## the elements of said vector being indicative of the corresponding frequency (k) component value of the corresponding sample; Fourier transform means, responsive to signals indicative of said digital vector [UrR (q), 0≦q≦N-1]T, for generating a frequency domain digital vector [YrR (k), k=0, 1 . . . N-1]T where {YrR (k), k=0, 1, . . . n-1}=DFT {UrR ((q-rR))moduloN, q=0, 1, . . . N-1}, where DFT represents the Discrete Fourier Transform operator; permutator means, responsive to signals indicative of said frequency domain digital vector YrR (k), k=0, 1 . . . N-1, and signals indicative of a predetermined N by N cryptographic matrix M, for generating a scrambled frequency domain digital vector Yr '=MYr inverse Fourier Transform means, responsive to signals indicative of said scrambled frequency domain digital vector Yr '(k), k=0, 1 . . . N-1, for generating a scrambled time domain digital vector [yrR (q), q=0, 1 . . . N-1]T where {yrR (q), q=0, 1, . . . N-1}=IDFT{Y'rR (k), k=0, 1 . . . N-1}, where IDFT is the inverse Discrete Fourier transform operator; interpolation means, responsive to signals indicative of said scrambled time domain vector [YrR (q), q=0, 1 . . . N-1,]T and signals indicative of a predetermined interpolation function f(q), for generating an interpolated scrambled digital signal X'rR (n), where: ##EQU20## where Z is the greatest integer less than q/R; and output buffer means, responsive to signals indicative of said interpolated digital signal XrR '(n), for generating a scrambled audio frequency analog signal corresponding to said interpolated vector XrR '(q) for transmission. 2. A speech scrambling system, of the type responsive to an audio frequency signal, and including a sender for transmitting a scrambled signal indicative of said audio frequency signal, and a receiver for descrambling said scrambled signal, which does not require any frame synchronization, comprising:input interface means for generating a serial digital signal indicative of frames of samples selected from said audio-frequency signal; input buffer means for buffering such digital signal; input memory means for temporarily registering respective frames of said serial digital signal; scrambling/descrambling controller means for rearranging the order of said digital signal in said input memory means, and selectively scrambling or descrambling each successive frame of said digital signal, said controller comprising: main memory means for pre-registering at least one cryptograph matrix, function table memory means for storing specific numerical values to be used in scrambling and descrambling process, FFT address generator means for performing FFT of the data in the input memory means in cooperation with both the function table memory means, and system control means for controlling operation of said scrambling/descrambling controller means, output memory means for preregistering the transformed digital signal that is originally the data in said input memory means after being processed by the scrambling/descrambling controller means, and output buffer means for buffering such signal; output interface means for converting the transformed digital signal from said output buffer means into an analog signal; said analog signal being amplified and transformed into sound wave through a loudspeaker. 3. The system as claimed in claim 2, further including means, responsive to at least one of an original input audio frequency signal to said sender or transformed audio frequency signal to said receiver for selecting one frame of the audio frequency analog signal from continuous readings and convert it into serial digital signal; and treating a series of signals selected at random from the continuous readings as a whole unit, selectively scrambling or descrambling each signal in this unit by re-arranging this order such that the frame synchronization is not required.
The present invention relates to speech scrambling techniques and systems and in particular to a frequency or time domain speech scrambling technique and system which does not require any frame sychronization.
The primary processing method in this invention to transform speech signal waveform is to cut it into numerous segments. The following is a full description of the method to process speech signal segment by the sender (transmitter) and receiver, respectively.
Preferred exemplary embodiments of the present invention are described in the following detailed description taken in connection with the accompanying drawing wherein:
The basis of the present invention is shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, flowcharts of scrambling and descrambling processes. In fact, FIG. 2 is another form of FIG. 1. FIG. 3 is the N ideal filters in the filter bank, and FIGS. 4˜11 are the exemplary embodiment of the invention presented in this description. The detailed description is made in four parts below.
We have discussed in the paragraph of "Summary of the Invention" the basic theory of the invention; FIGS. 1 and 2 indicate its essential structure. Block P1 represents the operations explained in paragraph 1, sections 1(1)(2), and paragraph 2, sections 2(1)(2). Block P2, represents the functions as stated in sections 1(4)(5) and 2(4)(5). Therefore, P1 and P2 are indeed two blocks with inverse operation to each other. In addition, the Block V and V-1 (the dot lined blocks) also represent invert operations of each other corresponding to section 1(3) and 2(3). Further description is made as follows.
Referring now to FIG. 1, {x(n), n=0,1,2 . . . } are the samples of the original speech signal. The vector Ur is obtained after operation P1 is performed on x(n), where P1 and P2 operations will be described later, and ##EQU1## here Ur is an N-component vector, whose components {UrR (q), q=0,1, . . . N-1}, are time domain samples of the speech signal but rearranged and processed by the predetermined procedure of P1 as described later. R is an integer, R≦N, representing the period at which the vector Ur is obtained, i.e., a new vector Ur will be obtained after every additional R speech samples x (n) is processed by P1. This will be clearer after the operation of P1 is described. The block W in FIG. 1 converts the vector Ur by FFT, into another vector Yr, i.e.,
An ideal filter bank is shown in FIG. 3 as a series of N of ideal bandpass filters (H0 . . . HN-1) with equal bandwidth in the spectrum. After being passed through this filter bank, the frequency components of the speech signal will be detected. This set of frequency components can be processed by the foregoing method of scrambling and descrambling and then an output speech waveform can be obtained by interpolating. As in FIG. 3, suppose X(n) are the input speech sample values, the frequency components detected by the filter on band No. K and time n, Yn (K), is ##EQU4## in eq(13), h(n) is the low-pass equivalent impulse response of the filter, n is the time index.
From the theory, as long as the sets of frequency components YrR (K), K=0,1, . . . N-1, r=0,1,2,3, . . . can be obtained with R≦N the complete sequences Yn (K), n=0, 1, 2 . . . K=0, 1, . . . N-1, the original time domain signal, X(n), can be recovered even if the timing is wrong by n such that YrR +.sub.Δn (K) instead of YrR (K) is obtained. Therefore, when the transmitter and receiver are not synchronized but perform the foregoing process once for every R sample periods with R≦N, the original signal, X(n) can always be recovered. This is the reason why the synchronization is completely unnecessary. The complete operation of the frequency domain scrambling technique is summarized in the following. Eqs(14) (15) may be expressed with n=rR, ##EQU9## where r is an integer, because one set of frequency components are obtained for every R samples. Since the procedure for scrambling and descrambling are the same as stated in 1-1, both scrambling and descrambling can be expressed as the following except for descrambling M is replaced by M-1 Yr =WUr                                          (4)
Note that the definition of Ur in eq(23) is slightly different from that in eq(1). In FIG. 1, P1 represents the operation of eqs(22)(23), indicating the procedure to convert X(n) to Ur, while P2 represents the operation of eq(19), indicating the procedure to convert Yr to X'(n). The blocks W, M, W-1 represent the operations in eqs(4), (5), (6), respectively. This describes the frequency domain scrambling technique of this invention. For the time domain scrambling technique in the invention as shown in FIG. 2, the operations of P1, P2 are exactly the same, while the operations of T, T-1 are simply multiplying the input vector Ur by the matrices T and T-1 as defined in eqs(9˜12).
2-1. Simultaneous Processing Capability
The complete system 10 is shown in FIG. 4 for the frequency domain scrambling system. It can be divided into four main parts:
In the described system, the period of clock pulse is 250 ns, while the sampled speed is 8 KHz. After every frame has 256 samples, i.e., N=256, the system has to complete the processing for one frame of data in 32 msec. In eqs(19)(22), taking L=3, then, the data processed in every frame are related to the samples of preceding 5 frames in which data have been stored. The actions of the system to process data includes four kinds of operations:
(A) Input interface 14: Referring now to FIG. 5, the original signal coming from a microphone 40 passes through a 2-stage amplifier 42 and, a signal 2 volts peak-to-peak amplitude is obtained. This signal is then filtered by a butterworth low-pass filter 44 of order 10 having a cutoff frequency of 3 KHz and an amplitude response which decreases rapidly to -35 dB at 4 KHz. After filtering, this signal is converted into digital data. Samples are taken by a sample-and-hold circuit 46 at the sampling rate of 8 KHz and processed by A/D converter 48. Then, A/D converter 48 will generate a EOC (End of Conversion) signal to initiate data transfer into the input buffer 20.
3-2. Switching Buffer 18
(A) Input Buffer 20: As shown in FIG. 7, the input buffer 20 consists of 2 sets of 256�12 bits memory A1 and A2, in which data write-in and read-out are controlled by a D-type flip-flop 60 of one shift per frame. When A1 is used as the data write-in buffer of the interface circuit, A2 will be used as the data read-out buffer of the processing center. M1 and M2 represent mutiplexers 62 controlled by D-type flip-flop 60. The multiplexer-M1 selectively applies a content of the counter 63 as the address of A1 (or A2) and the multiplexer-M2 connects the address bus of the processing center to A2 (or A1). Once the interface circuit data is written, the counter 63 will be incremented by 1. When A1 is filled up the D-type flip-flop will reverse its value to make A1 and A2 exchange their functions. Such operations repeat and continue.
3-3. Processing Center
As shown in FIG. 8, the processing center 24 is composed of an arithmetic logic unit 74 including three data processors AM2901, a microprogram controller 104 (AM2910), a high-speed multiplier 90 (TRW-12HJ), main memory 28, input and output memory 30 and 32 and logic gates. Combining these components, the processing center forms a bit-slice microprocessor system having the following characteristics:
3-4. Control Center 28
Referring now to FIG. 9, the control center 38 comprises a Z-80 microprocessor system including
As previously noted the real time operating procedure of the complete system may be divided into the following five steps expressed mathematically: ##EQU10## In these five steps, we take R=N=256, L=3.
Operation of the steps relating to (A)˜(E) is described below: ##EQU11##
One frame of the data from input buffer 20 are transferred into input memory 30. This frame of data, together with other five frames of data already stored in the input memory, i.e., a total of six frames of data, are multiplied by the function value h(-Nr'+q) and summed to obtain UrR (q). A cyclic counter is set up here to automatically adjust the input memory's address permanently at r'=-3, whenever a new frame of data is going to be written in. In fact, the contents in memory are not moved, only the address r' is changed. In doing so, the preceding five frames r'=-3, -2, -1, 0, 1 will move forward one frame, and become r'=-1, 0,1,2, while the original frame of r'=2 disappears automatically. The status transition is demonstrated in FIG. 11. ##EQU12## Because N=R, this simply corresponds to performing 256 decimation in frequency FFT on UrR, which includes eight passes, each having 128 butterfly structures (computation). The relation between the input and output data of each butterfly structure is shown in FIG. 12. Mathematically ##EQU13## if A,B,C,D, are all complex numbers, can be expressed as: ##EQU14## In these eqs, a, b, c, d are the real parts stored in the main memory 68 address 600H; 6FFH; a', b', c', d' are the imaginary parts stored in the main memory 68 addressed 700H˜7FFH; and cos(s), sin(s) are the function values stored in the function table 100 addressed 600H˜6FFH.
Described above is the complete structure and operation of the frequency domain technique of this invention. For the time domain technique, the structure and operation is similar except everything has to do with FFT and inverse FFT is eliminated, and the scrambling matrix M is replaced by the "linear combination of uniform permutation" T described in eqs (9)˜(12).
Patent CitationsCited PatentFiling datePublication dateApplicantTitleUS2183248 *Sep 11, 1936Dec 12, 1939 Wave translationUS2243089 *May 13, 1939May 27, 1941Bell Telephone Labor IncSystem for the artificial production of vocal or other soundsUS2411206 *May 19, 1944Nov 19, 1946Radio Patents CorpElectrical signaling methodUS2510338 *Sep 5, 1946Jun 6, 1950Radio Patents CorpMeans for and method of scrambling speech signalsUS2586475 *Jan 27, 1947Feb 19, 1952Patelhold PatentverwertungSecrecy system wherein frequency bands of messages are intermixed during multiplexingUS2726283 *Dec 31, 1949Dec 6, 1955IttMethod and apparatus for reducing band requirements in transmission systemsUS2908761 *Oct 20, 1954Oct 13, 1959Bell Telephone Labor IncVoice pitch determinationUS2920287 *Jun 9, 1955Jan 5, 1960Hazeltine Research IncVariable-delay systemUS3090837 *Apr 29, 1959May 21, 1963IbmSpeech bandwidth compression systemUS3202764 *Jan 29, 1960Aug 24, 1965IttTransmission systemsUS3341659 *Jan 24, 1964Sep 12, 1967Burroughs CorpControlled bandwidth coded voice communication systemUS3638121 *Dec 20, 1960Jan 25, 1972Lockheed Aircraft CorpNonperiodic energy communication system capable of operating at low signal-to-noise ratiosUS3773977 *Jun 21, 1971Nov 20, 1973Patelhold PatentverwertungMethod of enciphered information transmission by time-interchange of information elementsUS3979558 *Jun 30, 1944Sep 7, 1976Bell Telephone Laboratories, IncorporatedSignaling systemUS3995115 *Aug 25, 1967Nov 30, 1976Bell Telephone Laboratories, IncorporatedSpeech privacy systemUS4020285 *Jan 29, 1975Apr 26, 1977Datotek, Inc.Voice security method and systemUS4052565 *May 28, 1975Oct 4, 1977Martin Marietta CorporationWalsh function signal scramblerUS4058094 *Jun 30, 1975Nov 15, 1977Franklin Eldridge MooreSpeed control deviceUS4100374 *Apr 11, 1977Jul 11, 1978Bell Telephone Laboratories, IncorporatedUniform permutation privacy systemUS4149035 *Jun 1, 1977Apr 10, 1979Peter FrutigerMethod and apparatus for enciphering and deciphering audio informationUS4179586 *Aug 2, 1972Dec 18, 1979The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The ArmySystem of encoded speech transmission and receptionUS4188506 *May 20, 1976Feb 12, 1980Gretag AktiengesellschaftMethod and installation for masked speech transmission over a telephone channelUS4232194 *Mar 16, 1979Nov 4, 1980Ocean Technology, Inc.Voice encryption systemUS4278840 *Mar 23, 1979Jul 14, 1981Datotek, Inc.Dynamic frequency and time voice encryption system and methodUS4305152 *Mar 26, 1979Dec 8, 1981Tokyo Shibaura Denki Kabushiki KaishaSecurity communication systemUS4393276 *Mar 19, 1981Jul 12, 1983Bell Telephone Laboratories, IncorporatedFourier masking analog signal secure communication systemUS4433211 *Nov 4, 1981Feb 21, 1984Technical Communications CorporationPrivacy communication system employing time/frequency transformationUS4443660 *Feb 10, 1982Apr 17, 1984Rockwell International CorporationSystem and method for encrypting a voice signal* Cited by examinerNon-Patent CitationsReference1"A New Frequency Domain Speech Scrambling System Which Does Not Require Frame Synchronization", IEEE Transactions on Communications, vol. Com-32, No. 4, Apr. 1984, by Lin-Shan Lee, Ger-Chih Chou and Ching-Sung Chang.2"A New Frequency Domain Speech Scrambling System Which Does Not Require Frame Synchronization", Lee et al., 12/82.3"A New Time Domain Speech Scrambling System Which Does Not Require Frame Synchronization", IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, vol. SAC-2, No. 3, May 1984, by Lin-Shan Lee and Ger-Chih Chou.4"An Efficient Time Domain Sample Value Scheme Eliminated Frame Snyc. Req. For Speech . . . ", Lee et al., 11/82.5"Digital Signal Processing", The Discrete Fourier Transform, by Alan V. Oppenhein (1972).6"Short Term Spectral Analysis, Synthesis and Modification by Discrete Fourier Transform", IEE Transactions on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, vol. ASSP-25, No. 3, Jun. 1977, by Jont B. Allen.7 *A New Frequency Domain Speech Scrambling System Which Does Not Require Frame Synchronization , IEEE Transactions on Communications, vol. Com 32, No. 4, Apr. 1984, by Lin Shan Lee, Ger Chih Chou and Ching Sung Chang.8 *A New Frequency Domain Speech Scrambling System Which Does Not Require Frame Synchronization , Lee et al., 12/82.9 *A New Time Domain Speech Scrambling System Which Does Not Require Frame Synchronization , IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, vol. SAC 2, No. 3, May 1984, by Lin Shan Lee and Ger Chih Chou.10 *An Efficient Time Domain Sample Value Scheme Eliminated Frame Snyc. Req. For Speech . . . , Lee et al., 11/82.11Digital Processing of Speech Signals, "Short-Time Fourier Analysis", by Lawrence R. Rabiner and Ronald W. Schafer, (1979), Prentice-Hall, Inc., pp. 250-354.12 *Digital Processing of Speech Signals, Short Time Fourier Analysis , by Lawrence R. Rabiner and Ronald W. Schafer, (1979), Prentice Hall, Inc., pp. 250 354.13 *Digital Signal Processing , The Discrete Fourier Transform, by Alan V. Oppenhein (1972).14 *Short Term Spectral Analysis, Synthesis and Modification by Discrete Fourier Transform , IEE Transactions on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, vol. ASSP 25, No. 3, Jun. 1977, by Jont B. Allen.* Cited by examinerReferenced byCiting PatentFiling datePublication dateApplicantTitleUS4750205 *Feb 14, 1986Jun 7, 1988Lee Lin ShanFrequency or time domain speech scrambling technique and system which does not require any frame synchronizationUS4773092 *Oct 24, 1986Sep 20, 1988Racal Research LimitedSpeech scramblersUS4837821 *Jan 4, 1984Jun 6, 1989Nec CorporationSignal transmission system having encoder/decoder without frame synchronization signalUS5003599 *Feb 7, 1989Mar 26, 1991Simulation Laboratories, Inc.In-band framing method and apparatusUS6718038 *Jul 27, 2000Apr 6, 2004The United States Of America As Represented By The National Security AgencyCryptographic method using modified fractional fourier transform kernelUS8959365 *Jul 1, 2013Feb 17, 2015Speedtrack, Inc.Methods of providing fast search, analysis, and data retrieval of encrypted data without decryptionUS20140019776 *Jul 1, 2013Jan 16, 2014Jerzy LewakMethods of providing fast search, analysis, and data retrieval of encrypted data without decryption* Cited by examinerClassifications U.S. Classification380/28, 380/276International ClassificationH04K1/00Cooperative ClassificationH04K1/00European ClassificationH04K1/00Legal EventsDateCodeEventDescriptionAug 7, 1990FPExpired due to failure to pay maintenance feeEffective date: 19900527May 27, 1990LAPSLapse for failure to pay maintenance feesFeb 15, 1990REMIMaintenance fee reminder mailedRotateOriginal ImageGoogle Home - Sitemap - USPTO Bulk Downloads - Privacy Policy - Terms of Service - About Google Patents - Send FeedbackData provided by IFI CLAIMS Patent Services


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Dora the Explorer 3rd Birthday	Posted on April 14, 2014	by canadiantravelmama Time becomes even more obscure when you have a child. Days go by slowly, but months and years go by super fast. At times you can’t believe how fast your child has grown-up, and other times it feels like they have been in your life for much longer than reality. 3 years have past since I first held my daughter. We have shared amazing moments together and I truly can’t imagine my life without her, as it is so much more fun and joyful with her.
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Tagged 3rd birthday, DIY fairy wands, Dora the Explorer, Ontario Early Years Centres, toddler birthdays	|
Kale Chips	Posted on February 25, 2014	by canadiantravelmama Need a way to get more “greens” into your child? Try out kale chips tonight. They are quick to make, and perfect for healthy snacks, or as a side dish with lunch or dinner. My 2-year old loves these as they are easy to grab and do not taste as bitter as eating raw kale or other veggies like spinach. I admit that since kale chips are crisp, they crumble more than a traditional potato chip, but the extra clean-up because of the crumbs is worth is knowing how much nutrients is in kale.
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Pumpkin Carving with a Toddler?	Posted on October 30, 2013	by canadiantravelmama Recently, I have had Halloween decor conversations with coworkers and friends who have youngsters at home. Most agreed that decorating your home with cotton baton webs and plastic spiders is an easy and enjoyable for toddlers, but carving pumpkins is a different story. Although carving a pumpkin can be nostalgic for the parent, for most of us are super busy, so if your children are too young to actually participate the in design and carving of the pumpkin, you question whether to do the activity at all.
This year Eva selected two small pumpkins from a family owned farm outside of Toronto (Herrles Country Farm Market). She loved the experience, but once I bought them home, I wasn’t sure if they’d actually get around to carving them. One evening, I remembered a friend who painted her pumpkins last Halloween with acrylic paint. Blamo! That’s what I’d do this year! I went through my craft supply bin and found light pink (Eva’s favourite), and white paint – although not part of the traditional colour scheme for the holiday, I knew she’d be interested in the activity. Preparing to paint took less than 10 minutes. You only need a few paint brushes, a thin sponge (to cut shapes out of), a paint tray, and newspaper to cover the table surface. The paint dried within 20 minutes, and now the pumpkins happily sit on our door stoop. They aren’t the most creative or beautiful looking pumpkins, but the project was perfect for a toddler and her busy mom. (Did I mention it is now report card season for teachers?)
Have you ever tried this? Have you ever painted a pattern onto a pumpkin?
One more sleep until Halloween! Happy trick-or-treating!
Tagged arts and crafts, Halloween, painting a pumpkin, toddler art	|
“Pierre”	Posted on May 19, 2013	by canadiantravelmama When Eva was 1.5 months we visited my sister-in-law and her family in the United States. This was Eva’s first road trip. During our stay we acquired clothing and toys that belonged to my niece and nephew, who are nearing the end of elementary school. Among the toys was a soft clown rattle that we immediately gave to Eva because it was perfect for her to hold in her tiny hand. Every time we showed her the clown her face lit up; it didn’t take long for Eva to become attached leading to this becoming the one item that we permitted in her crib at night. As the weeks went on, my husband and I began referring to the clown as “Pierre” because of his French-sailor look-a-like clothing. “Pierre” came with us each time we spent an overnight away from home.
Then things changed. Just before her first birthday, Eva announced one evening, as I put her in her crib with Pierre, that he didn’t want him. “No!” I accepted her request and decided to wait another few nights to see if this request became a pattern. It did, and so Pierre “retired” to a small bin of toys in Eva’s room, eventually getting lost because he sank to the bottom.
This week Eva went through her toy bin pulling out all the items one by one. Then she gazed upon Pierre. It has been a year since she last hugged him, but she seemed to remember him as being special. Her face once again lit up and she insisted on dancing around the room with him for a good 15 minutes before we were able to carry on with her bedtime routine. Oh, sweet memories!
Does your child have a favourite toy or comfort object?
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Tagged attachment toy, baby to toddler transition, comfort object	|
Mickey Mouse Clubhouse 2nd Birthday	Posted on April 19, 2013	by canadiantravelmama “Mickey Mouse!” “Minnie Mouse!” These are two of the most popular words I hear out of Eva’s mouth these days. From out of nowhere, she suddenly became obsessed with these beloved Disney stars. At first, we didn’t own any Mickey books or toys and so I figured she must have learned about Mickey and Minnie at daycare. After speaking to her teacher, she admitted that the daycare also didn’t have any Mickey Mouse merchandise. This lead to further confusion on my end. After a few minutes of chatting about Eva’s new idol, her teacher then remembered that one of the children in the class has a Minnie plushie that she sleeps with at nap time. Ah, ha! Eva must have been eyeing this toy carefully!
Tagged 2nd birthday, Mickey and Minnie, Mickey Mouse Clubhouse, toddler birthday party	|
Happy Easter!	Posted on April 1, 2013	by canadiantravelmama Despite spending part of the long weekend in bed with the flu, I did manage to have some special moments with my family this weekend and I hope you did too! The highlight was Eva’s first easter egg hunt and hearing her squeal when she opened a pastel-coloured plastic egg that contained a small animal-shaped cookie inside.
Thanks be to God for my little bunny!
Tagged Easter, toddler photo shoot	|
The Best of Both Worlds?	Posted on March 1, 2013	by canadiantravelmama Today was an important one. I’m an elementary teacher and March 1 was the deadline to apply to work part-time for the upcoming academic year. Before I go further, I must say that I am very thankful that I have a secure job, with amazing benefits and relatively flexible work hours! I know it is a huge perk to even have this option in the first place. Second, I LOVE my job and have passionately wanted to be a teacher for as long as I can remember, but since becoming a mommy my dreams have changed slightly. Part of my heart always hurts when I have to drop off my daughter at pre-school, knowing how odd it is that I pay someone to teach her during the day while I go off to teach other children.
After having a heart-to-heart with my boss, I submitted my application to work part-time for one year and now wait patiently to see if it will be approved. Will this lead to feeling like I have the best of both worlds – keeping my career moving ahead while balancing parenthood and household management? I am grateful knowing that I even have the opportunity to spend more time at home with my daughter and return to full-time work later. Regardless of your position, I think the best part of being a parent is being able to watch your child learn! Make the most of the time you have with your children, especially when they are young and view you as the centre of their world!
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Tagged parenting, part-time work, pre-school, toddler	|
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News and Views across Africa: May 2013
Obama to visit Sub-Saharan Africa Washington –For the second time since he was elected US President, Barack Obama and First Lady Michelle Obama are planning to visit three African countries in June.
According to a statement released by the White House Mr Obama will visit South Africa, Senegal and Tanzania where he is expected to meet lawmakers, business and civil society leaders and youth from the various countries on his trip.
According the White House Obama's visit to the Sub-Saharan Africa will run from the 26th June to the 3rd July.
According to the White House the aim of Obama's trip is to reinforce the importance placed by the US on our “deep and growing ties with countries in sub-Saharan Africa, including through expanding economic growth, investment, and trade; strengthening democratic institutions; and investing in the next generation of African leaders.”
It has also been observed that another possible reason for the trip could be related to the growing threat of Islamist militants in Mali, which as increased the importance of the area for Washington.
The White House statement did not refer to any such concerns however, noting simply that “the trip will underscore the president’s commitment to broadening and deepening cooperation between the United States and the people of sub-Saharan Africa to advance regional and global peace and prosperity.”
Obama to visit Sub-Saharan Africa

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value: DHgate.com (simplified Chinese: 敦煌网; pinyin: Dūnhuángwǎng) is a Chinese business-to-business (B2B) and Business-to-consumer  cross-border e-commerce marketplace that facilitates the sale of manufactured products from suppliers to  small and medium retailers. It is the one of the largest B2B-cross-border e-commerce trade platforms in China.


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ecumenical prayer services | Wendy Welch, Little Bookstore of Big Stone Gap
Tag Archives: ecumenical prayer services


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Good Stuff NW: Warm Hands, Warm Heart
Great Gifting: Class Acts
Warming Up in Winter
In Season NW: Winter Wonderland
Farm Bulletin: Farming al Fresco…in Winter?
I'm Varmer Already!
Livin' in the Blurbs: Thankful For What We've Got
The Best Bacon Ever
Simmering at the Savoy
Come In…The Wine's Fine!
The Greening of Dinner
Sitting at Spints
Field Report: Salivating in Seattle
I'm not a big chocolate hound, but the other morning I had a hankering for a mug of hot chocolate. Maybe it was the chill of winter in the air, maybe it was the rich smell of steaming chocolate, but it made me pick up the phone to call my friend Giovanna, who knows how to satisfy a chocolate craving like few others.
It was a little early to go to Alma Chocolate for a cup of their orange or chile-laced drinks, so she suggested Coffeehouse NW and their special mocha made with Michel Cluizel chocolate. It didn't take much urging to get her to agree to come along, so I picked her up in Chili and we made tracks over to the Euro-charming, very tiny coffee bar on West Burnside.
Cluizel chocolate is well-known to choco-maniacs as among the finest in the world, having been made by the Cluizel family for three generations from their home base in Normandy, France. When combined with a shot of espresso and poured into a preheated cup, its aroma reminded me of childhood when a steaming cup of hot chocolate made winter's chill melt into oblivion. And the slightly-but-not-overly sweet taste almost made me look forward to the cold days coming, as long as I could also have a mug of this to linger over on a regular basis.
Details: Cluizel Chocolate Mocha at Coffeehouse NW, 1951 W Burnside St. 503-248-2133.
Posted by Kathleen Bauer at 1:13 PM


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Life with 8 Children...: Lesson of the Day!!!!!!
If you ever have a tiny one crying while laying on the living room floor, and you're tending to school work, don't EVER ask one of your older children to put said baby "high" so your 13 month old cant hurt them!The baby might end up in a swing set on the highest speed... while balanced on top of the couch!
How do you not have a picture of this incident?
I was too worried about getting the baby down at the time! :)
Okay, memories of 3 year old Cali and 2 year old Shiloh helping 3 month old Cami out of her bassinet, (and then 4 month old Cami out of her crib) while they were supposed to be napping are sufacing. :-) Life is sure fun!!