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Patent US4498348 - Photoelastic sensing device - Google PatentsSearch Images Maps Play YouTube News Gmail Drive More »Sign inAdvanced Patent SearchPatentsA photoelastic sensing device comprising a photoelastic member of transparent material, first means for supplying polarized light fluxes to the member for transmission therethrough along a plurality of respective paths, and second means for receiving and detecting the transmitted light fluxes. A third...http://www.google.com/patents/US4498348?utm_source=gb-gplus-sharePatent US4498348 - Photoelastic sensing deviceAdvanced Patent SearchPublication numberUS4498348 APublication typeGrantApplication numberUS 06/503,429Publication dateFeb 12, 1985Filing dateJun 13, 1983Priority dateJun 13, 1983Fee statusLapsedPublication number06503429, 503429, US 4498348 A, US 4498348A, US-A-4498348, US4498348 A, US4498348AInventorsLaurence N. WessonOriginal AssigneeTrw Inc.Export CitationBiBTeX, EndNote, RefManPatent Citations (3), Non-Patent Citations (6), Referenced by (8), Classifications (10), Legal Events (6) External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, EspacenetPhotoelastic sensing deviceUS 4498348 AAbstract A photoelastic sensing device comprising a photoelastic member of transparent material, first means for supplying polarized light fluxes to the member for transmission therethrough along a plurality of respective paths, and second means for receiving and detecting the transmitted light fluxes. A third means applies stresses to the member in response to the application thereto of force which is variable and has a magnitude and direction represented by its components along a plurality of vector coordinates which define a space of at least two dimensions. The light fluxes which are transmitted respectively along the plurality of paths of the member are each responsive to the stresses in the member along its path, and the second means provides an output signal which is responsive to the force and to each of the components of the force applied to the third means. The output signal is representative of and provides a measure and indication of the force and each of its components applied to the sensing device, and is responsive to the magnitude and direction of the applied force for providing control means.
What is claimed is: 1. A photoelastic sensing device comprising a photoelastic member of transparent material, first means for providing light fluxes to the member for transmission therethrough as polarized light fluxes along respective first and second paths, second means for respectively receiving and detecting the light fluxes transmitted along the first and second paths, the light fluxes respectively transmitted along the first and second paths of the member each being responsive to stresses in the member along its path, and third means for applying stresses to the member in response to the application thereto of force, which force is variable and has a magnitude and a direction represented by its respective components along first and second vector coordinates defining a two dimensional space, the second means providing an output signal which is representative of the force and responsive to each of the components of the force applied to the third means.
10. The sensing device of claim 1 in which the third means provides bending stresses to the member with the application of a moment of force thereto, the bending stresses comprise compressive and tensile stresses in a direction transverse to the first and second paths for affecting the light fluxes transmitted by the member.
11. The sensing device of claim 10 in which the third means comprises a body having a first end for receiving the applied moment of force, and a second end which is subjected to torque with the application of the moment of force to its first end and which applies the bending stresses to the member.
12. The sensing device of claim 11 in which the body of the third means is elongated and extends along a longitudinal axis, the bending stresses in the member produced by the torque at the second end of the body are in the direction of the longitudinal axis, and the paths for the transmission of light fluxes through the member are transverse in direction to the longitudinal axis of the body and the stresses produced by the body in the member.
13. The sensing device of claim 12 in which the member has a peripheral surface, the first means provides light fluxes to the peripheral surface of the member at respective first regions for the transmission of respective light fluxes along the first and second paths through the member to respective second regions of the peripheral surface, and the second means receives the transmitted light fluxes at the respective second regions of the peripheral surface of the member.
14. The sensing device of claim 13 in which the first means includes polarizing means providing polarized light fluxes having rectangular vector components which are respectively parallel and perpendicular to the direction of the stresses produced in the member, and the second means detects changes in the respective rectangular components of the light fluxes received for providing the output signal.
15. The sensing device of claim 14 in which the member has a rectangular configuration providing the peripheral surface with opposite spaced parallel portions for the first and second regions, the light flux transmitted along the first path is responsive to the magnitude of the component of the force in the direction of the first coordinate and the light flux transmitted along the second path is responsive to the magnitude of the component of the force in the direction of the second coordinate, and the output signal of the second means is responsive to and representative of the magnitude and direction of the applied force provided by its components.
16. The sensing device of claim 15 in which at least one of the paths is displaced from the longitudinal axis toward the peripheral surface of the member, the first path for transmission of light flux by the member is in a direction transverse to the first coordinate and the second path for the transmission of light flux is in a direction transverse to the second coordinate.
17. The sensing device of claim 16 in which the first and second coordinates are orthogonal vector coordinates, and the second means by its output signal provides control means which is responsive to the magnitude and direction of the applied force.
18. The sensing device of claim 17 in which the first path for transmission of light flux by the member is in a direction perpendicular to that of the first coordinate and the second path for the transmission of light flux is in the direction perpendicular to that of the second coordinate.
19. The sensing device of claim 18 in which the directions of the first and second paths are perpendicular to that of the second coordinate.
20. The sensing device of claim 11 in which the first end of the body includes handle means for manually applying force thereto, and the second means by its output signal is responsive to the magnitude and direction of the force applied to the handle of the body.
21. The sensing device of claim 11 in which the first end of the body has an enlarged portion for having applied thereto the force provided by a fluid current, and the output signal of the second means is indicative of the direction and magnitude of the fluid current to which the first end of the body is subjected.
22. The sensing device of claim 11 in which the first end of the body includes a mass for applying gravitational force to the body at its first end and the second end of the body is secured with a movable means, and the output signal of the second means is indicative of the inclination or acceleration of the movable means.
23. The sensing device of claim 11 which includes a unit movably positioned with respect to the first end of the body and having magnetic properties, the first end of the body has at least a portion with magnetic properties for having force exerted thereon by the unit, and the output signal is indicative of the position and movement of the unit with respect to the first end of the body.
24. The sensing device of claim 23 in which the body is elongated and extends along a longitudinal axis, the unit comprises a permanent magnet which rotates about the axis proximate to the first end of the body and the magnet angularly changes its position with the movement of the unit to apply force to the first end of the body in a direction corresponding to its angular position, and the output signal is indicative of the angular position and angular velocity of the unit.
25. The sensing device of claim 1 in which the member has an axial direction transverse its paths, the third means with the application of the force thereto having components along the first coordinate taken in the axial direction and the second coordinate normal thereto provides bending compressive and tensile stresses to the member for the moment of the applied force in the direction normal to the axial direction and axial compressive and tensile stresses for the component of the applied force in the axial direction, the bending stresses provide both compressive and tensile stresses at different locations of the member in the direction transverse to the paths for affecting the light fluxes transmitted by the member, and the axial stresses provide a respective one of the compressive and tensile stresses to the member in a direction transverse to the first and second paths for affecting the light fluxes transmitted by the member.
26. The sensing device of claim 25 in which the third means comprises a body having a first end for receiving the applied force, and a second end which is subjected to torque, compressive and tensile forces with the application of the force to its first end and respectively applies the bending, compressive and tensile stresses to the member.
27. The sensing device of claim 26 in which the body of the third means is elongated and extends along a longitudinal axis in the axial direction of the member, the components of the force applied to the first end of the body in directions normal to the longitudinal axis produce the torque and apply the bending, compressive and tensile stresses to the member in the direction of the longitudinal axis, and the components of the applied force in the direction of the longitudinal axis respectively away from and towards the second end of the body correspondingly provide axial compressive and tensile stresses in the member in the direction of the longitudinal axis, and the paths for the transmission of light fluxes through the member are transverse in direction to the longitudinal axis of the body and the stresses produced in the member.
28. The sensing device of claim 27 in which the member has a peripheral surface, the first means provides light fluxes to the peripheral surface of the member at respective first regions for the transmission of respective light fluxes along the first and second paths through the member to respective second regions of the peripheral surface, and the second means receives the transmitted light fluxes at the respective second regions of the peripheral surface of the member.
29. The sensing device of claim 28 in which the first means includes polarizing means providing polarized light fluxes having rectangular vector components which are respectively parallel and perpendicular to the direction of the stresses produced in the member, and the second means detects changes in the respective rectangular components of the light fluxes received for producing the output signal which provides control means responsive to the magnitude and direction of the applied force.
30. The sensing device of claim 29 in which the member has a rectangular configuration providing the peripheral surface with opposite spaced parallel portions for the first and second regions, the first and second paths are displaced from the longitudinal axis toward the peripheral surface, the light flux transmitted along the first path is responsive to the magnitude of the component of the applied force in the direction of the first coordinate and the light flux transmitted along the second path is responsive to the magnitude of the component of the applied force in the direction of the second coordinate, and the output signal of the second means is responsive to the magnitude and direction of the applied force provided by its components.
31. The sensing device of claim 29 in which the member has a rectangular configuration providing the peripheral surface with opposite spaced parallel portions for the first and second regions, the first and second paths are displaced from the longitudinal axis toward the peripheral surface, the light flux transmitted along the first path is responsive to the magnitude of the component of the applied force in the direction of the first coordinate and the light fluxes transmitted along the first and second paths are responsive in the same sense to the magnitude of the component of the applied force in the direction of the second coordinate, and the output signal of the second means is responsive to the magnitude and direction of the applied force provided by its components.
32. The sensing device of claim 31 in which the first and second paths are parallel to each other and have a direction which is perpendicular to the direction of the first coordinate and to the direction of the second coordinate, and the first and second coordinates are orthogonal vector coordinates.
33. The sensing device of claim 29 in which the first end of the body includes handle means for manually applying force thereto, and the second means by its output signal is responsive to the magnitude and direction of the force applied to the handle of the body.
34. A photoelastic sensing device comprising a photoelastic member of transparent material, first means for providing light fluxes to the member for transmission therethrough as polarized light fluxes along respective first, second and third paths, second means for respectively receiving and detecting the light fluxes transmitted along the first, second and third paths, the light fluxes respectively transmitted along the first, second and third paths of the member each being responsive to stresses in the member along its path, and third means for applying stresses to the member in response to the application thereto of force which is variable and has a magnitude and a direction represented by its respective components along first, second and third vector coordinates defining a three dimensional space, the second means providing an output signal which is responsive to each of the components of the force applied to the third means.
35. The sensing device of claim 34 in which the light fluxes respectively transmitted along the paths in the member are responsive to the magnitudes of the components of the applied force which are respectively in the directions of the first, second and third coordinates, and the second means by its output signal provides control means which is responsive to the magnitude and direction of the applied force.
36. The sensing device of claim 34 in which the light flux transmitted along the first path is responsive to the magnitude of the component of the applied force in the direction of the first coordinate, the light flux transmitted along the second path is responsive to the magnitude of the component of the applied force in the direction of the second coordinate, and the light fluxes transmitted along the second and third paths are responsive to the magnitude of the component of the applied force in the direction of the third coordinate; the first path for transmission of light flux by the member is in a direction transverse to the first coordinate, the second path for the transmission of light flux is in a direction transverse to the second coordinate, and the third path for the transmission of light flux is in a direction transverse to the third coordinate; and the output signal of the second means is responsive to the magnitude and direction of the applied force.
37. The sensing device of claim 36 in which the first, second and third coordinates are orthogonal vector coordinates.
38. The sensing device of claim 37 in which the first path for transmission of light flux by the member is in a direction perpendicular to that of the first coordinate, the second path for transmission of light flux is in a direction perpendicular to that of the second coordinate, and the third path for transmission of light flux is in a direction perpendicular to that of the third coordinate.
39. The sensing device of claim 38 in which the directions of the first, second and third paths are each perpendicular to the direction of the third coordinate, and the second means by its output signal provides control means which is responsive to the magnitude and direction of the applied force.
40. The sensing device of claim 34 in which the light flux transmitted along the first path is responsive to the magnitude of the component of applied force in the direction of the first coordinate, the light fluxes transmitted along the second and third paths are respectively responsive in opposite senses to the magnitude of the component of the applied force in the direction of the second coordinate and are responsive in the same sense to the magnitude of the component of force in the direction of the third coordinate, and the output signal of the second means is responsive to the magnitude and direction of the applied force provided by its components.
41. The sensing device of claim 40 in which the directions of the first, second and third paths for the transmission of light fluxes are respectively transverse to the directions of the first, second and third coordinates.
42. The sensing means of claim 41 in which the second and third paths are parallel to each other and have a direction which is perpendicular to the direction of the second coordinate and to the direction of the third coordinate, and the first, second and third coordinates are orthogonal vector coordinates.
43. The sensing device of claim 34 in which the third means with the application of the force thereto provides bending, compressive and tensile stresses to the member for the moment of the force and axial compressive and tensile stresses for the axial component of the force, the bending stresses provide both compressive and tensile stresses at different locations of the member in the direction transverse to the paths for affecting the light fluxes transmitted by the member, the axial stresses provide a respective one of the compressive and tensile stresses to the member in a direction transverse to the first and second paths for affecting the light fluxes transmitted by the member.
44. The sensing device of claim 43 in which the third means comprises a body having a first end for receiving the applied force, and a second end which is subjected to torque, compressive and tensile forces with the application of the force to its first end and respectively applies the bending, compressive and tensile stresses to the member, and the second means by its output signal provides control means which is responsive to the magnitude and direction of the applied force.
45. The sensing device of claim 43 in which the third means comprises a body which is elongated and extends along a longitudinal axis having a first end for receiving the applied force and a second end, the components of the force applied to the first end of the body in directions normal to the longitudinal axis produce torque at the second end and apply the bending, compressive and tensile stresses to the member in the direction of the longitudinal axis, and the components of the force applied to the first end of the body in the direction of the longitudinal axis respectively away from and towards the second end of the body correspondingly provide axial compressive and tensile stresses in the member in the direction of the longitudinal axis, and the paths for the transmission of light fluxes through the member are transverse in direction to the longitudinal axis of the body and the stresses produced in the member, and the output signal of the second means is responsive to and representative of the magnitude and direction of the applied force.
46. The sensing device of claim 45 in which the member has a peripheral surface, the first means provides light fluxes to the peripheral surface of the member at respective first regions for transmission of respective light fluxes along the first, second and third paths through the member to respective second regions of the peripheral surface, and the second means receives the transmitted light fluxes at the respective second regions of the peripheral surface of the member.
47. The sensing device of claim 46 in which the first means includes polarizing means providing polarized light fluxes having rectangular vector components which are respectively parallel and perpendicular to the direction of the stresses produced in the member, and the second means detects changes in the respective rectangular components of the light fluxes received for providing the output signal.
48. The sensing device of claim 47 in which the member has a rectangular configuration providing the peripheral surface with opposite spaced parallel portions for the first and second regions, the first and second paths are positioned on opposite sides of and are displaced from the longitudinal axis toward the peripheral surface, the light flux transmitted along the first path is responsive to the magnitude of the component of the applied force in the direction of the first coordinate, the light flux transmitted along the second path is responsive to the magnitude of the component of the applied force in the direction of the second coordinate and the light flux transmitted along the third path is responsive to the magnitude of the component of the applied force in the direction of the third coordinate, and the output signal of the second means is responsive to the direction and magnitude of the applied force provided by its components.
49. The sensing device of claim 47 in which the member has a rectangular configuration providing the peripheral surface with opposite spaced parallel portions for the first and second regions, the first and second paths are positioned on opposite sides of and are displaced from the longitudinal axis toward the peripheral surface, the light flux transmitted along the first path is responsive to the magnitude of the component of the applied force in the direction of the first coordinate, the light fluxes transmitted along the second and third paths are respectively responsive in opposite senses to the magnitude of the component of the applied force in the direction of the second coordinate and are responsive in the same sense to the magnitude of the component of the applied force in the direction of the third coordinate, and the output signal of the second means is responsive to the direction and magnitude of the applied force provided by its components.
50. The sensing device of claim 49 in which the second and third paths are parallel to each other and have a direction which is perpendicular to the direction of the second coordinate and to the direction of the third coordinate, the first, second and third coordinates are orthogonal vector coordinates, and the second means by its output signal provides control means which is responsive to the magnitude and direction of the applied force.
51. The sensing device of claim 45 in which the first end of the body includes handle means for manually applying force thereto, and the second means by its output signal is responsive to the magnitude and direction of the force applied to the handle of the body.
The invention relates to a photoelastic sensing device, and more particularly to a photoelastic device for sensing the magnitude and direction of a force applied thereto and providing an output signal which is representative of and responsive to the magnitude and direction of the applied force.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Heretofore, control means have utilized manual actuation of levers to move mechanical connecting means or linkages for controlling remotely located devices. Control by such physical means is practical only over limited distances and such means are also subject to friction, wear and inertia. In contrast, electrical control systems offer many advantages, including the utilization of frictionless, compact and low power means, for providing almost instantaneous action and effective control at remote locations. At present, electrical strain gauges are commonly used for sensing and measuring force, and the semiconductor and bonded metal foil types are widely used for sensing shaft torques. A major disadvantage of using such strain gauges, however, is that they require high amplification and signal conditioning at the sensor location, making them susceptible to noise interference. Thus, their use in environments of high electromagnetic interference, as in the presence of heavy machinery, results in noise being induced in their electrical transmission lines, which greatly reduces their effectiveness. The use of electrical signal transmission lines is also undesirable where such lines are routed through explosive or otherwise hazardous environments. The use of optical fibers for conveying light signals avoids such dangers. Photoelastic sensing systems, such as described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,950,987, have been utilized for providing output signals responsive to the application of force. Such systems, however, have been limited to sensing forces in one dimension and are not responsive to applied force having vector coordinates in two or more dimensions. Such photoelastic systems, therefore, have the disadvantage of not being capable of providing an output signal which is responsive to each of the vector components of the applied multi dimensional force for providing control means, and also for providing a measure and indication of the vector force applied to the sensing system.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION It is, therefore, a principal object of the invention to provide a new and improved photoelastic sensing device.
Another object of the invention is to provide a new and improved photoelastic sensing device utilizing the photoelastic effect for providing output signals responsive to applied force.
Another object of the invention is to provide a new and improved photoelastic sensing device which is responsive to the application of a variable force having components in a space of at least a two dimensions for providing an output signal which is representative of the applied force and responsive to each of its components.
Another object of the invention is to provide a new and improved photoelastic sensing device which may be manually actuated for providing a plurality of coordinated control signals for operating various devices including vehicles, aircraft, machinery, games, information input systems, and other such means.
Another object of the invention is to provide a new and improved photoelastic sensing device for sensing force which provides an output signal which is representative of an applied force for providing a measure and an indication of the force applied thereto.
Another object of the invention is to provide a new and improved photoelastic device for sensing force which requires only minimum movement of its force receiving components for providing an output signal responsive to an applied force.
Another object of the invention is to provide a new and improved photoelastic sensing device which is suitable for use under adverse environmental conditions including extremely high temperatures.
Another object of the invention is to provide a new and improved photoelastic sensing device which is useful in fiber optical systems.
Another object of the invention is to provide a new and improved photoelastic sensing device which utilizes an optical path which is closed and impervious to dirt and foreign matter.
Another object of the invention is to provide a new and improved photoelastic sensing device which may be readily adapted for various design requirements and applications.
Another object of the invention is to provide a new and improved photoelastic sensing device which is simple and rugged in construction, is highly reliable in operation, and requires minimum maintenance.
Another object of the invention is to provide a new and improved photoelastic sensing device which may be easily fabricated, utilizes inexpensive materials and components, and can be produced at a relatively low cost.
The above objects as well as many other objects and advantages of the invention are provided by a photoelastic sensing device comprising a photoelastic member of transparent material, provided with first means for supplying polarized light fluxes to the member for transmission therethrough along a plurality of respective paths, and second means for receiving and detecting the transmitted light fluxes. A third means applies stresses to the member in response to the application thereto of a force which is variable and has a magnitude and direction represented by its components along a plurality of vector coordinates which define a space of at least two dimensions. The light fluxes which are transmitted respectively along the plurality of paths of the member are each responsive to the stresses in the member along its path, and the second means provides an output signal which is responsive to the force and to each of the components of the force applied to the third means. The output signal is representative of and provides a measure and indication of the force and each of its components applied to the sensing device, and is responsive to the magnitude and direction of the applied force for providing control means.
Where the photoelastic device is provided for sensing force having components in only a two dimensional space, first and second paths are utilized for transmitting the light fluxes through the photoelastic member. The light flux transmitted along the first path is responsive to the magnitude of the component of force applied to the third means in the direction of a first coordinate of the space, while the light flux transmitted along the second path is responsive to the magnitude of the component of the force applied in the direction of its second coordinate. In one arrangement, the first path is in the direction transverse to the first coordinate, while the second path is in a direction transverse to the direction of the second coordinate, and the output signal of the second means is responsive to the magnitude and direction of the applied force. In another arrangement, the light flux transmitted along the first path is responsive to the magnitude of the component of the force applied in the direction of the first coordinate, while the light fluxes transmitted along the first and second paths are both responsive in the same sense to the magnitude of the component of the force applied in the direction of the second coordinate. In this case, the directions of the first and second paths are each transverse to the direction of the first coordinate and also to the direction of the second coordinate, and the output signal of the second means is similarly responsive to the magnitude and direction of the applied force.
The third means of the sensing device may have the form of an elongated member or control stick with a first end for receiving the applied force and a second end for applying bending stresses and compressive and tensile stresses to the photoelastic member. The bending stresses comprise concurrent compressive and tensile stresses at different locations directed transverse to the first and second paths for affecting the polarizations of the light fluxes transmitted by the member.
The photoelastic member may be provided with a peripheral surface having parallel, oppositely spaced portions for providing first and second opposite regions. The first means provides light fluxes to the peripheral surface of the member at respective first regions for the transmission through the member along the first and second paths to respective second regions of the peripheral surface. The first means includes polarizing means providing polarized light fluxes having rectangular vector components which are respectively parallel and perpendicular to the direction of the transverse stresses produced in the member. Detecting means of the second means receives the transmitted light fluxes at the second regions of the peripheral surface of the member and detects the light fluxes received for providing a detected signal for each path responsive to the polarization of the light fluxes respectively transmitted thereby. The detected signals may be delivered to a signal processing and output means of the second means for providing an output signal which is representative of the applied force and responsive to the components of the force which is applied to the third means.
Where the photoelastic device is provided for sensing force having components in a three dimensional space, the first means provides polarized light fluxes to the member for transmission therethrough along respective first, second and third paths. The flux of each path is responsive to stresses in the member along its path and the second means receives and detects respectively the light fluxes transmitted along each of the paths. The third means applies stresses to the member in response to the application to it of force which may be variable and has a magnitude and direction represented by its components along first, second and third vector coordinates of the three dimensional space. The second means provides an output signal which is responsive to each of the components of the force applied to the third means.
The third means of the photoelastic sensing device may have the form of an elongated member providing a control stick, for providing an output signal which is responsive to the magnitude and direction of the force which is applied thereto by manual or other means. In this form, vehicles, aircraft, heavy machinery, games, information input systems, and other such means may be effectively manipulated and controlled, since the output signal may have two or three independent components (depending upon whether the photoelastic device senses force in two or three dimensions), providing a plurality of coordinated signals for achieving the desired control functions.
The photoelastic sensing device can also be adapted for being acted upon by an unknown force which may be variable, to provide an output signal which is representative of the applied force including its direction and magnitude, and the output signal may be utilized as a measure and indication of the unknown force. Thus, the photoelastic sensing device may be used in apparatus for measuring and indicating wind direction, and its magnitude and velocity, or the force, direction and velocity of other fluids. The device may also be utilized as an inclinometer for indicating the orientation of a structure to which it is secured, or as an accelerometer for measuring and indicating rectilinear acceleration of a body. In another form, the photoelastic sensing device may be adapted for indicating the angular position, speed and acceleration of a rotatable body. Of course, in addition to the above adaptations, many other uses and applications of the photoelastic sensing device of the invention will be obvious to those skilled in the art.
DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING The foregoing and other objects of the invention will become more apparent as the following detailed description of the invention is read in conjunction with the drawing, in which:
FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a photoelastic sensing device embodying the invention,
FIGS. 2a, 2b and 2c are each a plan view of the photoelastic member of the sensing device of FIG. 1, illustrating different arrangements of the paths for transmitting polarized light fluxes for sensing force having components in a two dimensional space,
FIGS. 3a and 3b are exploded perspective views of a portion of the photoelastic member of the device of FIG. 1 diagrammatically illustrating the transmission of polarized light along a path therethrough respectively for applied tensile stress and compressive stress,
FIG. 4 graphically illustrates the output voltage as a function of the phase delay between the horizontal and vertical components of the polarized light flux transmitted along a path of the photoelastic sensing device of FIG. 1,
FIGS. 5a and 5b are each a plan view of the photoelastic member of the sensing device of FIG. 1 illustrating different arrangements of the paths for transmitting polarized light fluxes for sensing force having components in a three dimensional space,
FIG. 6 is a table diagram illustrating the components of the output signal generated by the photoelastic sensing device with the application of a force having components in a three dimensional space with rectangular x, y and z coordinate vector directions,
FIG. 7 is a block diagram of the signal processing means of the photoelastic sensing device which receives the detected signal components derived from the light fluxes transmitted by the photoelastic member, and which provides an output signal to indicating means and controlled means,
FIG. 8 is a perspective view of another form of the photoelastic sensing device of the invention, which is adapted for measuring and indicating the direction and magnitude of wind velocity,
FIG. 9 is a perspective view of still another form of the photoelastic sensing device providing an inclinometer or accelerometer, and
FIG. 10 is an elevational view with portions broken away and partially in section, of yet another form of photoelastic sensing device for indicating and measuring the angular position, speed and acceleration of a rotating body.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION Referring to the figures, FIG. 1 illustrates a photoelastic sensing device 10 which embodies the invention. The device 10 comprises a photoelastic member 12 of a transparent photoelastic material, such as glass, with top and bottom surfaces 14 and 16 which may be substantially plane horizontal surfaces, and a peripheral vertical surface 18 joining the top and bottom surfaces 14 and 16. Although other configurations may be utilized, the peripheral surface 18 as shown in FIG. 2a has a rectangular configuration, providing pairs of parallel oppositely spaced sides 20, 22 and 24, 26.
The bottom surface 16 of the photoelastic member 12 is preferably secured with a structure such as the base 28 which is stable or fixed with respect to relative movement of the device 10. The top surface 14 of the member 12 is secured with the bottom end 30 of an elongated body 32 having a top end 34 which may be in the form of a control knob. The elongated body 32, in this form, can provide a control stick to which force F may be applied manually at the knob end 34. The member 12 and the elongated body 32 shown in FIG. 1 may be individual structures which are joined together, or both may be provided by a single unitary structure of photoelastic material. Although the body 32 is shown as having a rectangular cross section conforming with the rectangular form of the member 12, it may have a circular or other desirable cross section which is constant or varies in size and configuration along its length.
The force F applied to the photoelastic device 10 may be in a two or three dimensional space having vector components along the horizontal x and y coordinate axes, and the vertical z coordinate axis. The coordinate axes intersect to provide an origin at the center of the knob end 34 as shown in FIG. 1, with the z axis extending along the axis of the elongated body 32. Thus, if the force F applied to the knob end 34 is in a two dimensional space, it can be represented by vector components in the x and y directions in the x-y plane, by components in the x and z directions in the x-z plane, or by components in the y and z directions in the y-z plane. When a three dimensional force F is applied to the knob end 34 of the member 32, then such force can be represented by its respective components in the x, y and z directions of the three dimensional space.
The application of a force Fxy in the x-y plane perpendicular to the z axis of the elongated body 32 as shown in FIG. 1, exerts a torque at its lower end 30. The torque is applied to the top surface 14 of the member 12 producing in the member 12 both compressive and tensile bending stresses in the z direction. The exertion of a force Fz along the axis of the elongated body 32 in the positive z axis direction, produces tensile stresses in the z axis direction throughout the the member 12, while a force Fz in the negative z axis direction correspondingly produces compressive stresses. It is noted, that with the exertion of a force on the knob end 34 which produces a torque on the body 32, the bending stresses produced in the member 12 comprise compressive stresses in one location and tensile stresses in another location of the member 12, with the locations depending upon the direction of the force Fxy in the x-y plane.
As shown in FIG. 1, a second set of coordinates is provided having X, Y and Z axes with directions corresponding to those of the x, y and z axes of the first set of coordinates and an origin displaced in the negative direction along the z axis and centered in the photoelastic member 12. The photoelastic member 12 of the sensing means 10 is provided with paths therethrough for the transmission of polarized light fluxes. A first means provides sources 35 of polarized light fluxes to regions of the peripheral surface 18 of the member 12 for transmission along the paths to opposite regions for receipt by a second means comprise detecting means 39 for providing an output signal representative of the force applied to the sensing device 10. Various arrangements of the paths for transmitting light fluxes are illustrated by the several photoelastic members 12a, 12b and 12c respectively of the FIGS. 2a, 2b and 2c.
Considering the arrangement of FIG. 2a, a source 36 of the sources 35 of the first means on the side 20 of the member 12a provides polarized light flux for transmission along path A through the member 12a to the opposite side 22, where it is received by a detecting means 38 of the detecting means 39 of the second means. The path A is along an axis Y' which is displaced parallel to the Y axis. A source 40 of polarized light on the side 24 of the member 12a provides polarized light flux for transmission along a path B through the member 12a to the flux detecting means 42 positioned on the opposite side 26. The path B is along the X' axis which is also displaced parallel to the X axis and is perpendicular to the path A and the Y' axis.
The arrangement of the member 12b shown in FIG. 2b is similar to that of the member 12a of FIG. 2a except that the path B is replaced by the path B' which extends along the X axis. In FIG. 2c, the path A of the member 12c is similar to the paths A of the members 12a and 12b of FIGS. 2a and 2b, but member 12c differs by having a second path C which replaces the second paths B and B'. The path C extends through the member 12c along the Y axis parallel to the path A. A source 44 of light flux on the side 20 of the member 12c provides polarized light flux for the path C, and a detecting means 46 on the side 22 receives the transmitted light flux.
The photoelastic effect produced by the photoelastic material of member 12 in the presence of stress in a direction transverse to the path of the transmitted light flux, results in delaying one component of the transmitted flux with respect to the other and changes the polarization of the transmitted light flux. This photoelastic or "stress birefringence" effect is well known and treated in detail in "Photoelasticity" by Max Mark Frocht, Volume II, Chapter 10, pages 333-337, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1948, and in "Principles of Optics," by Max Born and Emil Wolf, Fifth Edition, pages 703-705, Pergamon Press, 1975. The delay produced under stress is a function of the compressive and tensile stresses applied to the member. The tensile stress has an effect which is opposite to that of the compressive stress, and the effects on the polarization of the transmitted light flux is cumulative along the transmission path.
In considering, for example, the effects of the stresses applied along the paths of the member 12a of FIG. 2a the exertion of a force Fx in the positive x axis direction on the end 34 of the device 10, produces bending stresses in the member 12a. The bending stresses comprise compressive stresses C in the z axis direction through the member 12a over the region to the right of the Y axis, and tensile stresses T over the region to its left. The flux transmitted along the path A, thus, extends entirely through a region subjected to tensile stresses. This results in a modification of the polarization of the light flux received by the detecting means 38. When a force Fx in the negative x axis direction is applied, the regions of tensile and compressive stresses are reversed, so that the flux along the entire path A is subjected to compressive stresses.
With the application of the force Fx, the flux transmitted along the path B extends through tensile stresses in the region to the left of the Y axis and through compressive stresses over the remaining half of the path to the right of the Y axis. This produces opposite and equal effects, which cancel out, so that the flux transmitted over the path B is not affected by the force component Fx. However, when a force F is applied providing a component Fy along the positive y axis, the flux along the path B is subjected to tensile stresses T along its entire length, while flux transmitted along path A is subjected equally to both tensile and compressive stresses. The stresses along the path B affect the polarization of the transmitted flux, while the tensile and compressive stresses along the path A cancel out, resulting in no change in polarization of the flux transmitted along path A. When a force Fy in the negative y axis direction is applied, the regions of the tensile and compressive stresses are reversed providing opposite effects on the transmitted light flux therethrough.
When a force Fxy in the x-y plane is applied to the end 34 of the body 32, the force can be resolved into its Fx and Fy components as seen in FIG. 1. Each component has its own effect upon the respective fluxes of the paths A and B. These effects respectively produce changes along the paths A and B which are representative of and respectively correspond to the components Fx and Fy of applied force.
For the member 12b of FIG. 2b, the application of a force component Fx on the end 34 of the body 32, has the same effect on the flux transmitted along the path A as described in connection with the member 12a of FIG. 2a, and also has no effect on the polarization of the flux transmitted along the path B' for the same reasons given in connection with the path B of the member 12a. The application of a force component Fy in the positive y axis direction, places the region of the member 12b above the X axis in compression and the region below the axis X in tension. However, the region along the X axis is unstressed, being neither in tension nor in compression. The flux along the path B', thus, is not affected by the force Fy. A force Fz in the positive z axis direction, subjects the entire member 12b to tensile stress transverse to the paths A and B'. This stress results in modifying the polarization of the fluxes transmitted along both of the paths A and B'. It is noted however, that the flux along the path B' is affected only by the force component Fz. When the force Fz is in the negative z direction, compressive stress is applied to the entire member 12b, affecting the polarization of flux along the paths A and B' in a manner opposite to that produced by the tensile stress provided by the force component Fz in the positive z direction. The member 12b of FIG. 2b is, thus, responsive to force components in the two dimensional space represented by the x axis and z axis directions.
For the member 12c shown in FIG. 2c, the application of a component of force Fx to the end 34 affects the polarization of flux transmitted along the path A, in the manner described in connection with FIGS. 2a and 2b. Since the path C for transmission of flux lies along the unstressed region of the Y axis between the regions subjected to compressive and tensile stresses, the stresses produced by the force Fx have no effect on the polarization of the light transmitted therealong. The compressive and tensile bending stresses produced by force component Fy also have no net effect on the polarization of the light transmitted along the paths A and C. This is because the effects of the compressive stresses along the paths A and C above the X axis cancel the effect of the tensile stresses along the portions of the paths through the lower half of the member 12c. The application of a force component Fz in either the positive or negative z axis directions, results in corresponding tensile and compressive stress in the member 12 c in the z direction along the paths A and C. The stresses thus produced have similar effects on the polarizations of the fluxes transmitted respectively by the paths A and C. It is noted, however, that the flux transmitted along path C is affected only by the force component Fz along the z axis, while the flux transmitted along the path A is affected by both the force component Fx along the x axis direction and the force component Fz along the z axis direction.
Refer to FIGS. 3a and 3b for an explanation in greater detail of the photoelastic or stress birefringence effect on the polarization of light flux transmitted along a path through the member 12, such as the path A of the member 12a of FIG. 2a. As diagrammatically shown in FIG. 3a, the source 36 of light flux may be from a light emitting diode 48 such as the Motorola MF OE 102F IR emitter, providing light flux of a given frequency propagated in the direction of the arrow 49. The light flux passes along the Y' axis and extends through a polarizing plate 50 which may be a sheet of plastic material having optical axes providing polarizing properties. The polarizing plate 50 has its optical axes arranged so that it only passes linearly polarized light flux Pi having a vector direction displaced 45� from the negative horizontal Xi axis and 45� from the vertical Z axis. The light flux Pi has a horizontal component PiX in the negative Xi axis direction and a vertical component PiZ in the Z axis direction. The components PiX and PiZ are respectively parallel to the Xi and Z axes. The linearly polarized light flux Pi next passes through a quarter wave phase delay plate 52 with its optical axes respective aligned with the Xi and Z axes for producing a phase delay between the components of π/2 radian or 90�. The phase delay plate 52, thus, produces light flux with circular polarization represented by the vector PR which rotates in the clockwise direction with its end moving along the dashed circle 54 which is delivered for transmission along the path A. In absence of stress along the path A, the circular polarization of the transmitted light flux is unchanged. At the end of the path A, the circularly polarized light passes through an analyzer plate 56 of the detecting means 38 which may also be a sheet of material having optical properties. The analyzer plate 56 has its optical axes arranged in crossed relationship to the optical axes of the polarizing plate 50 and only passes light flux having a direction along the line 58 which is displaced 45� clockwise from the Z' axis. The analyzer plate 56, thus, allows the passage only of light flux Po which is in the direction 58. The light flux Po which is passed by the analyzer plate 56 is received by a light detector 60 of the detecting means 38. The light detector 60 may be a detector diode, such as the Motorola MF OD 102F PIN photodiode, which produces an electrical output signal with an amplitude corresponding to the quantity of light flux Po which it receives. Where desirable, the light flux Po from the analyzer plate 56 may be transmitted over an optical fiber to a remote location where the detector 60 receives the light flux for providing the electrical output signal. Such as arrangement may be desirable where the installation requires transmission of signals through a hazardous area where the presence of electrical signals is undesirable.
When a tensile stress T is applied tranversely along the path A as shown in FIG. 3a, the transmission of the horizontal component PiX of the light flux Pi is delayed with respect to the vertical component PiZ . This delay of the PiX component with respect to the PiZ component modifies the circular polarization of the flux PR to provide the transmitted flux with an elliptical polarization. The elliptically polarized light is represented by a rotating vector Pe illustrated by the dashed line which varies in length by having its end extend to, and move along, the ellipse 62. The length of the vector Pe represents its amplitude as a function of its angular position as it rotates in the clockwise direction. The rotating vector Pe has a maximum amplitude Pm at a clockwise angular displacement of θ degrees from the vertical Z' axis. The analyzer plate 56 receives the elliptically polarized light flux Pe and passes light flux Po. The light flux Po has an amplitude which is greater than that of the circularly polarized light flux PR delivered to the analyzer plate 56 in the absence of stress to the member 12. As the applied tensile stress T shown in FIG. 3a increases, the maximum vector Pm also increases and shifts toward the direction of the line 58. This results in increasing values for the flux vector Po passed by the analyzer plate 56. When the maximum flux vector Pm is aligned with the direction of the line 58, the light flux received by the analyzer plate 56 is linearly polarized in the direction 58. This allows maximum passage of light flux through the analyzer plate 56 by passing all of the transmitted light flux.
When a compressive stress C is applied transverse to the path A of the member 12, as illustrated in FIG. 3b, an opposite effect is produced on the light flux PR, so that its component PiX is propagated at a greater speed than its vertical component PiZ. This also produces an elliptical polarized light flux Pe at the analyzer plate 56 which has a maximum vector P'm angularly displaced θ' degrees in a counter-clockwise direction or to the left of the axis Z'. This results in the light flux P'o which is passed by the analyzing plate 56 in the direction 58 having an amplitude smaller than that of the light flux Po produced by the circularly polarized flux PR in the absence of tensile stress and smaller still than the light flux Po for the elliptically polarized flux Pe produced by the application of tensile stress to the member 12. The detector 60, accordingly, receives light flux having a smaller amplitude. This results in a correspondingly reduced signal output by the detector 60 responsive to the application of the compressive stress. As the compressive stress C increases, the maximum vector P'm shifts in the counter-clockwise direction shown in FIG. 3b, towards its crossed relationship with the direction 58, further decreasing the light flux P'o transmitted through the analyzer plate 56.
When the maximum vector P'm is displaced 90� from the direction 58 and 45� counter-clockwise from the vertical Z' axis, the light flux P'm is linearly polarized in the crossed direction and has no component P'o in the direction of the line 58. This results in no light flux being passed through the analyzer plate 56, minimizing the output signal provided by the detector 60.
The curve 66 of FIG. 4 graphically illustrates the variation of amplitude of the voltage output Vo provided by the detector 60 of the detecting means 38 with the application of tensile and compressive forces transverse to a path transmitting light flux through the member 12 illustrated in FIGS. 3a and 3b. In the absence of an applied force to the member 12, a nominal voltage Vn is provided at the point where the curve 66 intersects the horizontal dashed line 72. As tensile stress T is applied and increased along the path, the relative phase delay between the horizontal and vertical components PiX and PiZ increases, producing an elliptical polarization with a maximum vector Pm displaced to the right as shown in FIG. 3a. This results in increasing the voltage output Vo of the detector 60, as shown by the positively sloped region 68 of curve 66 above the line 72. The curve 66 increases to a maximum value with increasing tensile force, after which the voltage output Vo decreases as illustrated. With the application of compressive stress C along the transmission path of the light flux, the voltage output Vo decreases as shown by the region 70 of the curve 66 below the line 72. The voltage decreases until a minimum value is reached, after which it again increases as shown. The curve 66 for the voltage output Vo is symmetrical about the point Vn and the output Vo is positive for all values along the curve 66. The decrease of voltage output Vo with the application of compressive stress C is a result of the greater speed of transmission of the horizontal component PiX of the polarized light with respect to that of the vertical component PiZ. Where it is desirable to obtain a linear output signal Vo in response to compressive and tensile forces applied to the member 12, the linear region 77 between the arrow heads on the curve 66 is utilized.
In considering the arrangement of the paths A and B of the photoelastic member 12a of FIG. 2a, the application of a component of force Fx in the positive x axis direction on the end 34 of the elongated body 32 as seen in FIG. 1, produces tensile stress T applied transversely along the path A. This results in an voltage output Vo of the detector 60 which is displaced upwardly from the neutral point Vn along the curve 66, while the exertion of a force Fx in the negative x axis direction produces a compressive stress C as shown in FIG. 3b, resulting in a decreasing voltage output Vo shown by the portion 70 of the curve 66 below the nominal voltage Vn. The exertion of a force Fy along the positive y axis direction on the end 34 of the device 10 as shown in FIG. 1, similarly results in a tensile stress T along the path B of the member 12a providing an output Vo which increases above the voltage Vn, while a force Fy in the negative y axis direction provides a corresponding decreasing voltage output Vo below the voltage Vn for the path B.
For the arrangement of the photoelastic member 12b shown in FIG. 2b, the path B' is along the center line X axis of the member 12b. The force Fy exerted on the end 34 of the device 10, therefore, has no effect on the output signal Vo of the detecting means 42' which provides the nominal output signal Vn. The exertion of the force Fz in the positive and negative directions along the z axis of the device 10 of FIG. 1, results respectively in tensile and compressive stresses exerted on both paths A and B', with the corresponding positive going and negative going voltage output Vo signals. The path A of the member 12c of FIG. 2c, provides a voltage output Vo responsive to the combined applied components of force Fx and Fz, and the path C provides an output signal responsive solely to the component of force Fz.
The arrangement of a pair of paths for transmission of light fluxes as illustrated by each of the members 12a, 12b, and 12c of the FIGS. 2a, 2b, and 2c, provides an output signal responsive to force in a two dimensional space. None of the arrangements utilizing two paths provides an output signal which is responsive to force in three dimensions as where the force F has components Fx, Fy, and Fz of a three dimensional space. Arrangements for paths providing an output signal representative of a force in three dimensions are described in connection with the photoelastic members 12d and 12e which are shown in FIGS. 5a and 5b respectively.
FIG. 5a shows a photoelastic member 12d provided with flux transmission paths A and B arranged as in the member 12a in FIG. 2a, and a third path C as provided in the photoelastic member 12c of FIG. 2c. The member 12d has flux sources 37 and detecting means 39' for transmitted flux, the paths A, B and C receiving flux respectively at sources 36, 40 and 44 and delivering flux to detecting means 38, 42 and 46. For this arrangement, a force F with x and y components Fx and Fy, provides output signals as described in connection with the photoelastic member 12a of FIG. 2a. The application of a force F with a component Fz in the positive or negative direction along the z axis respectively produces compressive or tensile stresses in the member 12d which stresses are in addition to the stresses resulting from the components Fx and Fy, to provide respective output signals by the detecting means 38, 42 and 46 for each of the paths A, B and C. The flux along path C, however, is affected only by the force component Fz. Since the effect of the force component Fz on the fluxes of the paths A and B is similar to its effect on the flux of the path C, its effect can be utilized for determining the effects produced solely by the force components Fx and Fy on paths A and B.
The photoelastic member 12e of FIG. 5b has an arrangement of paths which is similar to that of the photoelastic member 12d of FIG. 5a, except that the path C is replaced by the path C' along the Y" axis, displaced to the right of the Y axis. Flux is provided to path C' by source 44' and received by detecting means 46'. This arrangement results in an output signal by the detecting means 46' for the path C', which is opposite going to that produced by the detecting means 38 for the path A. Thus, when a force Fx in the positive x axis direction is applied to the end 34 of the elongated body 32 of the device 10, the applied torque results in a compressive stress along the path C' and a tensile stress along the path A of the member 12e. As the applied force Fx increases, the voltage output Vo provided at the detecting means 38 also increases above the nominal point Vn as shown in FIG. 4, while the voltage output Vo of the detecting means 46' decreases correspondingly. With application of force Fx in the negative x axis direction, opposite effects are obtained, with the voltage output Vo of the detecting means 38 decreasing as compressive stress is applied along the path A, while the voltage output Vo of the detecting means 46' increases with the tensile stress provided along the path C'.
For a description in greater detail of the relationship between the voltage output Vo signals provided by the device 10, for an arrangement of paths A, B and C' as shown in FIG. 5b for the photoelastic member 12e, consider the table of FIG. 6. When a force Fx applied to the end 34 of the device 10 is in the positive x direction, the bottom or lower portion 30 of the elongated body 32 applies bending stresses to the top surface 14 of the member 12e. This results in tensile force T being applied along the path A and compressive force along the path C'. The output signal VAx provided at the detecting means 38 is an increasing voltage illustrated by the rising portion of the curve 80 above the horizontal line 72, while the signal component of the detecting means 46' for the path C' is represented by a decreasing signal VCx along the curve 82 below the line 72. The output signals of the detecting means 38 and 46', thus, have an equal and opposite variations about the nominal voltage Vn. When the force Fx changes from the positive to the negative x direction, the tensile and compressive stresses are reversed. This results in a corresponding reversal in the output signals, the signal VAx from the detecting means 38 decreasing below the line 72, and the signal VCx from the detecting means 46' correspondingly increasing above the line 72. Since the force component Fx provides both compressive and tensile stresses along the path B and these effects cancel out, the table in FIG. 6 shows that the force component Fx produces no effect on the signal VBx of the detecting means 42.
The table of FIG. 6 indicates that for the application of a force component Fy in the positive y direction, the signals VAy and VCy of detecting means 38 and 46' for the paths A and C' are not affected. The force Fy only affects the transmitted light flux of path B. For an increasing force Fy in the positive y axis direction the tensile stresses produced result in a signal VBy with increasing values along the curve 84 above the neutral line 72, and for the force Fy applied in the negative y direction producing compressive stresses providing decreasing values below the neutral line 72. For an increasing force component Fz in the positive z axis direction which produces tensile stress in the photoelastic member 12e, the detectors 38, 42 and 46' produce signals for the paths A, B and C' which are increasing voltages VAz, VBz and VCz along their respective curves 86, 87 and 88 above the line 72. For compressive stress applied by the force component Fz in the negative z direction, the detecting means 38, 42 and 46' provide respective signals VAz, VBz and VCz which decrease along their respective curves 86, 87 and 88 below the line 72 as also represented in the table of FIG. 6.
When a force F, having components Fx, Fy and Fz in a three dimensional x, y, z space, is applied to the end 34 of the device 10, the qualitative effects of each of the components of the force on the flux transmitted along each of the paths A, B and C' are provided by the table of FIG. 6. Thus, for the path A, from a consideration of the column under the heading A, it is seen that the flux of path A is affected by the force components Fx and Fz, but not by the force component Fy. Therefore, the composite output voltage VA of the detecting means 38 is the sum of the voltage output components VAx and VAz produced along the linear curves 80 and 86 shown in FIG. 6. From the column under the heading B for the path B, it is seen that the voltage output VB of the detector 42 comprises the sum of the components VBy and VBz produced by the force components Fy and Fz. The force component Fx has no effect on the voltage output VB of the detecting means 42. Similarly, from the under the heading C' for path C', the voltage output VC is the sum of the voltage output components VCx and VCz produced in response to the force components Fx and Fz, with the force Fy providing no contribution.
In summary, the table of FIG. 6 shows that the voltage output VA derived by the detecting means 38 from the modified light flux transmitted along the path A comprises the sum of the effects or signal components in the column under heading A produced by the components Fx and Fz of the applied force. The addition of the signal components in the columns under the headings B and C, respectively, likewise provide corresponding voltage outputs VB and VC. These voltage outputs may be expressed as follows:
VA =VAx +VAz                                1)
VB =VBy +VBz                                (2)
VC =VCx +VCz                                (3)
The table of FIG. 6 also shows the following relationships between components of the applied force and the voltage outputs produced:
VAx =-VCx =αFx                        (4)
VBy =βFy (5)
VAz =VBz =VCz =δFz               (6)
where α, β and δ are constants of proportionality. The substitution of these relationships in the equations (1), (2) and (3) yields
VA =αFx +δFz                    (7)
VB =βFy +δFz                     (8)
VC =αFx +δFz                    (9)
Solving equations (7), (8) and (9) simultaneously for the components Fx, Fy and Fz of the force F in terms of the voltage outputs VA, VB and VC yields ##EQU1## As indicated above, the force components Fx, Fy and Fz can be represented by the voltage signals Vx, Vy and Vz. The voltage signaIs Vx, Vy and Vz are the components of an output signal V which is representative of the force applied to the sensing device 10. The signal V provides a measure and indication of the applied force F, and is responsive to the magnitude and direction of the applied force for providing control means.
In order to derive the output signal V, as shown in FIG. 1, a signal processing and output means 79, which may also provide energization to the light flux sources, derives detected signals from the detecting means 39 of the member 12 over a plurality of lines 78 for producing the output signal V. The output signal V comprising the voltage signals Vx and Vy delivered by the means 39 is produced from the voltage outputs VA and VB associated with the paths A and B received over the lines 78 from the detecting means 39. The output signal V when comprising voltage signals Vx, Vy and Vz is correspondingly produced from voltage outputs VA, VB and VC provided by the utilization of paths A, B and C. Where desirable, as noted previously, the output lines 78 may be optic fibers each transmitting light flux passed by a respective analyzer plate 56 of an associated path to a detector 60 which may be located within the signal processing and output means 79 at a remote location.
Refer to FIG. 7 for a description in greater detail of signal processing and output means 79', which for example, derives the detected signals or voltage outputs VA, VB, and VC from the photoelastic member 12e of FIG. 5b. The detected signals are responsive to applied force having components Fx, Fy, Fz in a three dimensional space and are provided by the light fluxes which are transmitted over the paths A, B and C' and modified by the photoelastic effect resulting from the tensile and compressive stresses exerted on the member 12e. The light fluxes from the paths A, B and C', represented by the blocks in FIG. 7, are received by respective signal detectors represented by the signal detecting means 39'. The signal detecting means 39' provides respective voltage outputs or signals VA, VB, and VC corresponding to the polarizations of the received light fluxes. The signals VA, VB, and VC, which may be in analog form or converted to digital form, are delivered for further processing to the signal processing and output means 79'.
The signals VA and VC are received by an adder 90 of the means 79' which substracts the signal VC from the signal VA and provides the difference signal (VA -VB) to a calibrator 92. The calibrator 92 divides the difference signal (VA -VC) by the constant value 2α to provide the output signal Vx as seen in equation (10). The input signal VB is received by a multiplier 94 of the means 79' which doubles its value and delivers it to an adder 96. The adder 96 substracts the sum (VA +VC) from the signal 2VB received from the multiplier 94 to deliver the difference signal 2VB -(VA +VC) to the calibrator 98. A calibrator 98 divides the received signal by the constant value 2β shown in equation (11), to provide the output signal Vy. The signals VA and VC are also received by an adder 100 which delivers their sum (VA +VC) to a calibrator 102 for division by the constant value 2δ shown in equation (12) for producing the output signal Vz. The calibrators 92, 98 and 102 may be used to provide additional processing for converting the signals to other useful forms.
The output signals Vx, Vy and Vz provided by the signal processing and output means 79' comprise the components of the output signal V, and correspond to the force components Fx, Fy and Fz of the force F applied to the knob end 34 of the elongated body 32 or control stick of the device 10. The components of the signal V may be delivered to an indicating means 104 such as in a oscilloscope or other visual or measuring device for providing an indication of direction and amplitude of the force F applied to the photoelastic sensing device 10. The indicating means 104 may be provided for indicating and measuring force in two or three dimensions depending upon whether the photoelastic sensing means 10 is sensitive to two or three dimensional applied force. The components Vx, Vy and Vz of the output signal V, when applied to a controlled means 106 provide a plurality of coordinated control signals for operating various devices in response to the force applied to the knob end 34 of the device 10. In addition to operating and controlling devices including vehicles, aircraft, machinery, games, and information input systems, many other applications will be obvious to those skilled in the art coming within the scope of this invention. Several additional embodiments of the invention are illustrated in FIGS. 8, 9 and 10.
A wind direction and force indicator device 108 illustrated in FIG. 8, is similar to the photoelastic sensing device 10 of FIG. 1, and utilizes the photoelastic member 12a of FIG. 2a. The member 12a has perpendicularly disposed paths A and B which are provided with light fluxes by respective light sources 36' and 40', and has corresponding light flux detecting means for producing signals VA and VB. The signals VA and VB correspond to the components Fx and Fy of the force F applied to the enlarged top portion 110 of the elongated body 32' of the device 108. The amplitudes of the signals VA and VB represent the force components Fx and Fy and provide the resultant amplitude as well as the direction of the force F for correspondence with the N, S, E and W geographical directions. The device 108 may also be subjected to various other fluid and liquid forces for measuring and indicating direction and velocity of fluid flow.
FIG. 9 illustrates an inclinometer or accelerometer device 112 having a photoelastic member 114 similar to the member 12a of FIG. 2a. The device 112 differs from the device 10 of FIG. 1, by having its elongated body 116 extending downwardly from the member 114, and the end of the member 114 secured with a body 118 which is to have its inclination measured. The lower end of the body 116 is secured with a weight 120 for exerting gravitational force on the member 114 and producing the output signals VA and VB. The device 112 may be arranged so that when the body 118 is horizontal, the extending body 116 is at an offset angle of 45� from the vertical direction shown by the dashed line 122. Thus, as the body 118 tilts towards or away from the vertical direction, a corresponding change is provided in the component signals VA and VB. Since the output signal is two dimensional, the inclinometer measures inclination in two directions. The device 112 may also be utilized as an accelerometer due to the inertial force exerted on the body 118 by the weight 120 with its acceleration. Thus, acceleration in a unilaterial direction also can be measured by the output signal produced.
The photoelastic sensing device 124 shown in FIG. 10 is adapted for measuring angular position, velocity and acceleration of a rotating body 126. The device 124 has a photoelastic member 128 similar to the member 12a of FIG. 2a which is secured with a relatively fixed structure 130. An elongated body 132 extending from the member 128 along a longitudinal axis 133, has a free cylindrical metal end 134. The end 134 is received within the opening 136 of a cup shaped end portion 138 of the rotatable body 126, which is aligned with and rotates about the axis 133. A magnet 140 is secured with the end portion 138 within its cavity 136 for rotation with the body 126 in proximate relationship to the cylindrical outer surfae of the metal end 134. A balancing non-magnetic counter-weight 142 is also secured with the cup 138 within its cavity 136 directly opposite to the magnet 140.
The magnet 140 exerts a magnetic force F on the metal end 134 of the body 132 in a direction towards the magnet 140. This force produces a torque on the elongated body 132 which is transmitted to the member 128. The member 128 produces an output signal V with components VA and VB as described in connection with the member 12A of FIG. 2a, for indicating the magnitude and direction of the applied force F. The output signal V of the device 124 indicates the angular direction of the force F of the magnet 140 and the angular position of the body 126. As the body 126 rotates about the axis 133, the output signal V of the device 124 changes to provide a corresponding vector indicator. The vector indicator also shows rotation and the direction of rotation, corresponding to the actual rotation and the direction of rotation of the body 126. The measure of incremental change of position with time or a count of the number of rotations with time, provides the angular velocity of the body 126. The acceleration of the body 126 is also derived from the output signal when processed to give the change in angular velocity as a function of time. An indication of the position, velocity and acceleration of the body 126 from the output signal V of the device 124 is readily obtained from an oscilloscope, while processing means employing counters and timers can be utilized for providing output readings for the desired values.
It will, of course, be understood that the description of the drawings herein contained are illustrative merely of several embodiments of the invention and that various modifications and changes may be made in the structures and methods disclosed without departing from the spirit of the invention.
Patent CitationsCited PatentFiling datePublication dateApplicantTitleUS3096388 *Nov 16, 1960Jul 2, 1963Budd CoPhotoelastic transducersUS3950987 *May 13, 1975Apr 20, 1976Isaak Isaevich SlezingerPiezo-optic measuring transducer and accelerometer, pressure gauge, dynamometer, and thermometer based thereonUS4010632 *Feb 3, 1976Mar 8, 1977Isaak Isaevich SlezingerPiezooptical measuring transducer* Cited by examinerNon-Patent CitationsReference1M. Born et al, "Principles of Optics", Fifth Ed., Pergamon Press, pp. 703-705, 1975.2 *M. Born et al, Principles of Optics , Fifth Ed., Pergamon Press, pp. 703 705, 1975.3M. M. Frocht, "Photoelasticity", vol. II, pp. 333-337, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1948.4 *M. M. Frocht, Photoelasticity , vol. II, pp. 333 337, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1948.5 *P. S. Theocaris et al, VDI Bericute NR 313, pp. 599 605, 1978.6P. S. Theocaris et al, VDI Bericute NR 313, pp. 599-605, 1978.* Cited by examinerReferenced byCiting PatentFiling datePublication dateApplicantTitleUS4635479 *Jan 15, 1986Jan 13, 1987Massachusetts Institute Of TechnologyForce sensing apparatusUS4648274 *Aug 7, 1985Mar 10, 1987General Signal CorporationPhotoelastic measuring transducer and accelerometer based thereonUS4894608 *Jul 22, 1987Jan 16, 1990Square D CompanyElectric current sensor using the faraday effectUS5128671 *Apr 12, 1990Jul 7, 1992Ltv Aerospace And Defense CompanyControl device having multiple degrees of freedomUS5435178 *Aug 2, 1991Jul 25, 1995G. D. Engineering Associates LimitedBlast gauge wherein four pressure sensors are positioned in a tetrahedral configuration on the surface of a sphereUS5699159 *Oct 29, 1996Dec 16, 1997Jatom Systems IncorporatedLoadmeter employing birefringence to measure mechanical loads and stressesUS5872320 *Dec 17, 1996Feb 16, 1999Bokam EngineeringForce transducer with co-planar strain gaugesUS8525979Jun 10, 2009Sep 3, 2013Duhane LamMonitoring device for detecting stress strain and method for using same* Cited by examinerClassifications U.S. Classification73/862.05, 73/514.26, 356/33, 73/170.15International ClassificationG01L1/24, G01L5/16Cooperative ClassificationG01L5/166, G01L1/241European ClassificationG01L1/24A, G01L5/16ELegal EventsDateCodeEventDescriptionMay 2, 1989FPExpired due to failure to pay maintenance feeEffective date: 19890212Feb 12, 1989LAPSLapse for failure to pay maintenance feesSep 13, 1988REMIMaintenance fee reminder mailedFeb 25, 1988ASAssignmentOwner name: LABINAL COMPONENTS AND SYSTEMS, INC., A DE CORP.Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNOR:TRW INC., A CORP. OF OH;REEL/FRAME:004853/0501Effective date: 19871224Apr 29, 1986CCCertificate of correctionJun 23, 1983ASAssignmentOwner name: TRW, INC., CLEVELAND, OH A CORP. OF OHFree format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNOR:WESSON, LAURENCE N.;REEL/FRAME:004145/0302Effective date: 19820609RotateOriginal ImageGoogle Home - Sitemap - USPTO Bulk Downloads - Privacy Policy - Terms of Service - About Google Patents - Send FeedbackData provided by IFI CLAIMS Patent Services©2012 Google


text:
Work Viscose Hand-wash Only Solid Dresses for Women | eBay
Work Viscose Hand-wash Only Solid Dresses for Women
CUE Black Cap Sleeve Panel Pleat Detail Bodycon Dress-size 8
Shape panelling detail front & back gives this little dress a very flattering fit. CUE Black Bodycon Dress -size 8. Bodycon style. Pleat / tuck detail at front waist line level. 18cm kick pleat at centre back hemline.
Ending Friday at 20:47 AEST5d 11h
CUE sz 10 Little Black pencil Dress - VGC, lined, fitted, round neck
Ending Wednesday at 22:00 AEST3d 13h
VERONIKA MAINE. Veronika Maine. Cowl draping neckline. Gradient Stripe Jersey Dress. Large wrap around ties that criss-cross over the front and wrap around the back or the side. We desire to bring you beautiful Australian & International renowned designer piecess to add to your wardrboe collection.
Ivana Knot Dress. Fate's Ivana Dress is a gorgeous marle jersey dress featuring a deep V neckline, with gathered sleeve detail, cut below the bust, functioning through a side zipper, with elegant ruching, knot look below the bust, nipping in at the waist to highlight your narrowest point, extending down into a sultry soft ruched skirt and the skirt is lined for your comfort.
Retro 90's ARC FASHION COMPANY Navy & Cream Sleeveless Shift Dress Size 16
Pick up is available from Concord 2137. Slit at back. Navy Blue shift dress. Retro Classic. Cream detail on bodice. There is NO stretch in the fabric. Round neck. A great addition to your work wardrobe!
WAREHOUSE SIZE 12 VIBRANT ORANGE KNIT DRESS
Warehouse size 12 vibrant orange dress has a curved neckline. it is a stretch knit. length is 100cms. waist is 33cms.
New listingOJAY Dress Size 6 Black Work Corporate BNWT new SALE
OJAY Dress. Stunning dress just perfect for work. Dress is lined. REDUCED TO CLEAR.
RAXEVSKY SIZE L BLACK MIDI DRESS
LENGTH: MIDI. COLOUR: BLACK. LENGTH:112 CM. SIZE: L.
Seed Heritage Beige Gold Long Ribbed Knit Dress - Sz M
The fine knit is ideal for wearing to the office or wearing about. Up for sale is this gorgeous dress from Seed. It is manufactured from an easy care viscose linen blend which allows this dress to be hand washed.
Ending 1 Jul at 12:30 AEST7d 3h
Manufacturer: BASQUE. Auctiva's FREE Counter. Closure: Zip. Manufacturer Color: Black. Size: 10. Sleeve Length: Nil. Total Length: 38 I nches / 97 cm's. Size Origin: Aus.
Country Road Dress Size XS EUC & Free Post
Thanks for looking this beautiful Country Road dress. I am uploading items daily as I am doing a massive clean out of my wardrobe! I also offer combined postage for multiple orders. Please feel free to ask any questions :)
Label - Country Road Size on tag - S Approximate Measurements - Full Length 94cm, Bust 46cm (taken lying flat, multiply by 2 for all the way around).
New Coast sz 8 /10 beautiful black silk blend knit sweater dress
Coast sz 8 - but fits a 10 too- easy fitting knit dress, scoop neckline with a front ruffle design. Wear to work or dress up for evening. Feels beautiful to wear. Length approx. 87cm from the shoulder.
Preloved Ojay Grey ladies dress size 10
Preloved and in excellent condition. Great work or casual dress. Spring clean of the wardrobe – again! Knee length. Size 10.
VERTIGO PARIS SIZE M BEADED GREEN DRESS AS NEW CONDITION
VERTIGO PARIS SIZE M BEADED DRESS. NECKLINE: ROUND BEADED. COLOUR: GREEN. LENGTH: 90 CM. BUST: 48 CM. WAIST: 49 CM. LEFT TO RIGHT UNDERARM. LENGTH: JUST ABOVE KNEE.
Ending Saturday at 20:51 AEST6d 12h
Teaberry Designer Black Beige Grey Color Block Day Dress Size 8 #SJ20
Manufacturer: Teaberry. Manufacturer Color: Black Beige Grey. Closure: Button. Size: 8. Size Origin: Aus. Shockingblew: #SJ20. Specialty: Unlined. Fabric Type: Woven Stretch.
giordano Designer Black Sleeveless Shift Dress Size 1 #SJ20
Manufacturer: Giordano. Style Type: Sleeveless Shift Dress. Auctiva's FREE Counter. Manufacturer Color: Black. Sleeve Length: Nil. Total Length: 32 I nches / 83 cm's. Size: XS. Size Origin: Aus.
New Black Cap Sleeve PU Cutout Detail Trim Pencil Dress Work/Party, Size 8
Beautiful career dress in black. The dress has a PU cutwork trim at the front bodice and a concealed centre back zip. Fastenings : Invisible zipper at centre back. Size 8: bust is 44cm, waist is 38cm, hip is 44cm, and length is 96c m.
COLOUR: magenta purple. STYLE: knit shift. STRETCH: yes. MATERIAL: viscose nylon elastane. PRINT / PATTERN: solid. OCCASION: smart casual, corporate work, weekend event.
CUE sz 10 Little Black pencil Dress - VGC lined, fitted, round/collared neckline
I am selling quite a few designer items on behalf of my boss this week, so check my other listings for some great designer bargains! Happy to combine postage too.... This listing: "CUE" little black dress, the style is a sophisticated and chic classic pencil dress, lovely quality dress, made in Australia. Features a scooped neckline with collar lapels at the side, fitted to waist and pencil skirt, back concealed zipper closure, fully lined. Measurements: Bust 45 cm across the front laying flatWaist - 38cmsHips 47cm Length is 74cm from underarm to bottom hem. In excellent pre-loved condition
Viscose Hand-wash Only Formal Solid Dresses for Women
Viscose Hand-wash Only Solid Little Black Dresses for Women
Viscose Hand-wash Only Work Geometric Dresses for Women

type: global

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text:
ISBN/ISSN: 0151001804 9780151001804 9780156032483 0156032481
Online version:Lethem, Jonathan.Wall of the sky, the wall of the eye.New York : Harcourt Brace & Co., ©1996(OCoLC)604887638
0151001804 9780151001804 9780156032483 0156032481
<http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/32969434>library:oclcnum"32969434"library:placeOfPublication<http://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/countries/nyu>dcterms:identifier"nyu"rdf:typeschema:Placelibrary:placeOfPublication<http://dbpedia.org/resource/New_York_City>rdf:typeschema:Placeschema:name"New York"rdf:typeschema:Bookschema:about<http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1108635>rdf:typeschema:Intangibleschema:name"Science fiction, American."@enschema:about<http://dewey.info/class/813.54/e20/>rdf:typeschema:Intangibleschema:bookEdition"1st ed."schema:copyrightYear"1996"schema:creator<http://viaf.org/viaf/56745677>rdf:typeschema:Personschema:familyName"Lethem"schema:givenName"Jonathan"schema:name"Lethem, Jonathan."schema:datePublished"1996"schema:description"Seven futuristic stories. In The Happy Man, a dead man is periodically let out of Hell so he can support his family, while in The Hardened Criminals the walls of a jail are made of convicts in suspended animation. By the author of Gun, with Occasional Music."@enschema:description"The happy man -- Vanilla dunk -- Light and the sufferer -- Forever, said the duck -- Five fucks -- The hardened criminals -- Sleepy people."@enschema:exampleOfWork<http://worldcat.org/entity/work/id/611138>schema:genre"Fiction"@enschema:inLanguage"en"schema:name"The wall of the sky, the wall of the eye : stories"@enschema:publication<http://www.worldcat.org/title/-/oclc/32969434#PublicationEvent/new_york_harcourt_brace_&_co_1996>rdf:typeschema:PublicationEventschema:location<http://dbpedia.org/resource/New_York_City>rdf:typeschema:Placeschema:name"New York"schema:organizer<http://experiment.worldcat.org/entity/work/data/611138#Agent/harcourt_brace_&_co>rdf:typebgn:Agentschema:name"Harcourt Brace & Co."schema:publisher<http://experiment.worldcat.org/entity/work/data/611138#Agent/harcourt_brace_&_co>rdf:typebgn:Agentschema:name"Harcourt Brace & Co."schema:workExample<http://worldcat.org/isbn/9780156032483>rdf:typeschema:ProductModelschema:bookFormatschema:Paperbackschema:isbn"0156032481"schema:isbn"9780156032483"schema:workExample<http://worldcat.org/isbn/9780151001804>rdf:typeschema:ProductModelschema:isbn"0151001804"schema:isbn"9780151001804"wdrs:describedby<http://www.worldcat.org/title/-/oclc/32969434>rdf:typegenont:InformationResourcerdf:typegenont:ContentTypeGenericResourceschema:about<http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/32969434>void:inDataset<http://purl.oclc.org/dataset/WorldCat>Content-negotiable representationsTurtle (text/turtle)JSON-LD (application/ld+json)RDF/XML (application/rdf+xml)N-TRIPLES (text/plain)HTML+RDFa (text/html)

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text: SAMPLE PLAY AUDIO SAMPLE http%3A%2F%2Fsamples.audible.com%2Fbk%2Freal%2F000067%2Fbk_real_000067_sample.mp3+flashcontent0K2H7HSDYY7SGFHC4W950 Fool Me Once: A New World Order Agenda for 2012

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Society Against Violence in Education (SAVE) is a non profit organisation working against violations of human rights in the name of ragging in India.
SAVE is possibly the only registered Anti Ragging NGO in India, till May, 2008.
It is mainly composed of young professionals and students from various fields
Ragging has been taking a huge toll of innocent lives and careers for long. But there had been no single civil movement against the evil of ragging. There were websites and online groups, from where some conscientious youths gave birth to a non profit organisation, which later came to fame in the name of the "No Ragging Foundation". Later, the No Ragging Foundation was registered as the Society Against Violence in Education (SAVE).
SAVE is against any kind of ragging. They are open to healthy & humane interactions between the seniors & juniors.
Create a strong public mandate against ragging.
Device alternative but healthy and humane modes of interaction between seniors & juniors.
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia -	https://wn.com/Society_Against_Violence_in_Education

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monkeyman4's Ideas
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text:
MAISTO 1:18 Triumph SPRINT RS MOTORCYCLE BIKE DIECAST MODEL TOY NEW IN BOX
71 new & refurbished from GBP 11.99
It is complete with card display box. A fine example of this classic motorcycle made by Maisto. Triumph Thunderbird Gold. Working Stand. Soft Rubber Tyres.
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Ixo Models 1/24 scale diecast JMC008 - 1967 Triumph Bonneville - Red
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Minichamps 1/12 Scale Diecast - 122 133501 Triumph TR6 1962 Matt Green
Material Diecast. Scale 1/12. Ending Soon. New Arrivals. The RM Toys Team. Kind Regards. MINT - The item is in perfect condition. Our aim is to ensure no matter what the model, we will provide an excellent service experience.
WELLY DIECAST MODEL WITH PLASTIC PARTS - TRIUMPH DAYTONA 675 SCALE 1/18
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NOS Maisto 1:18 Scale Diecast TRIUMPH THUNDERBIRD BLUE/SILVER
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1:18 Diecast Motorcycle TRIUMPH DAYTONA 675 Motorbike Model Toy
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