text:
4511 Johnston Street, Lafayette, LA 70503 4511 Johnston Street, Lafayette Directions
+13379882959
4511 Johnston Street,
Revamp your home interior or seasonal wardrobe with some new department store finds from Dollar General in Lafayette. Stay healthy on the regular with the produce available here. It's super fresh and can be used with any meal. For all your fruit and veggie needs, this store has you covered.
If you are making your way over to Dollar General, make sure you check out the convenient parking options located nearby. Dollar General in Lafayette is a fine department store for you to get your retail therapy on so head on over today.
Smiley Heights - Melrose East (58.9 mi)
Jones Creek (62.2 mi)
River Forest (95.6 mi)

value: This website is an American global e-commerce marketplace connecting subscribers with local merchants by offering activities, travel, goods and services in 15 countries. Based in Chicago, Groupon was launched there in November 2008, launching soon after in Boston, New York City and Toronto.


text:
Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Arthur Carty, PhD, FRSC, OC
Alain Francq, MBA
The Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology (WIN) is located at the University of Waterloo and is co-located with the Institute for Quantum Computing in The Mike and Ophelia Lazaridis Quantum-Nano Centre (QNC). WIN is headed by Dr. Arthur Carty, former National Research Council President and National Science Advisor.
The Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology comprises faculty from eight different departments in the faculties of Science and Engineering.
1 Major research facilities
1.2.1 Giga to Nano Electronics Laboratory
1.2.2 WATLab
1.2.3 Advanced Micro-Nano Lab
2.1 Nano-engineered materials
2.1.1 Nano-engineered materials projects
2.2 Nano-electronics design and fabrication
2.2.1 Nano-fabrication projects
2.3 Nano-instrumentation
2.3.1 Nano-scale metrology projects
2.4 Nano–biosystems
2.4.1 Nano–bio projects
The Quantum-Nano centre is the site of a community laboratory for nano-metrology and nano-fabrication. Construction began on 9 June 2008 and is expected to be completed 21 September 2012. The 160 million dollar, 284,000-square-foot (26,400 m2) facility will be the home to a 17,000-square-foot (1,600 m2) laboratory.
Capital funding for construction of the QNC was made possible by major gifts and awards from multiple sources including a 101 million dollar donation from Ophelia and Mike Lazaridis (co-CEO of Research in Motion and Chancellor of the University of Waterloo). Government funding includes 17.9 million dollars from the Canada Foundation for Innovation (CFI) which has been matched by the Province of Ontario.[1] In addition, an anonymous donor has provided an endowment of 29 million dollars for 3 endowed chairs and 42 Graduate Nanofellowships.[1]
Giga to Nano Electronics Laboratory[edit]
G2N is a fabrication laboratory that integrates a range of thin-film manufacturing, assembly, testing, and characterization equipment to create electronic systems in the very large (a few billion pixels) and very small (a few nanometres) size range.[2]
WATLab[edit]
WATlab is a nano-materials metrology research facility, equipped with surface and nano-materials research tools for exploring areas of nanotechnology and nano-scale sciences.[3]
Advanced Micro-Nano Lab[edit]
The Advanced Micro-Nano Lab will address the following device technologies.[4]
Micro/Nanoelectromechanical Systems (MEMS/NEMS): micro-optics, electromechanical wireless components, and biomedical & microfluidics devices.
Carbon Nanotube devices, eventually targeting biomedical applications.
Nano-engineered materials[edit]
Research in nano-engineered materials includes many departments and Faculties at Waterloo. Researchers in chemistry, chemical engineering, mechanical and mechatronics engineering, and electrical and computer engineering are collaborating on modeling, design, fabrication, processing, characterization and analysis of nano-scale properties of materials, structures, devices and systems. This development will be further driven by the need to address a critical issue also faced in the integration of nano-scale devices: the interface between nano-structured materials and the macroscopic world.[citation needed]
Nano-engineered materials projects[edit]
Development and characterization of ferromagnetic iron-particles as drug delivery vehicles. These particles act like tiny magnets, and can be directed to specific areas of the body by an external magnetic field. These magnetic nanoparticles can also be used to purify enzymes, proteins and to remove organic contaminants from waste water systems.
The design, synthesis, characterization, application and fundamental studies of new crystalline metal oxide nano-materials that may be used for next-generation rechargeable batteries.
Nano-engineering of polymer electrolyte membranes. Hydrogen fuel cells use these membranes to combine hydrogen and oxygen and produce energy.
Development of nano-particles as powerful catalysts for petrochemical refinery applications.
Basic and applied research in photonic and photonic band gap crystals for optical and microwave communications.
Design, synthesis, fundamental understanding and processing of polymer nano-composites, which are used in several applications for the automotive, aerospace, electronic components and packaging industries.
Synthesis of electoactive nanomaterials
Bulk production of nanomaterials
Nanopowders, nanotubes, nanowires
CVD, crystallization laser ablation
Flexible transistors/electronics
Coatings/catalysts
Nano materials for imaging
Novel spintronic materials
Nano-electronics design and fabrication[edit]
Developing techniques to integrate NEMS/CMOS (nano electro mechanical systems/complementary metal oxide semiconductor) to develop manipulators with atomic precision in all three dimensions with on-chip control. Example applications include: scanning probe microscopy, atomic force microscopy, nano-materials characterization and atomic resolution imaging with the objective of developing technologies for precision nano-scale assembly and manufacturing.
Nano-fabrication projects[edit]
Fundamental and applied research into flexible, transparent electronics; that is, electronics embedded on a mechanically flexible substrate such as plastic, rather than on traditional and brittle ones such as silicon.
Organic synthesis, characterization and application of molecular organic semiconductor materials for electronic/optoelectronic devices. These materials are uniquely positioned to allow low cost fabrication processes (e.g., printable electronics) and to enable novel applications, such as, flexible and molecular electronics.
Terahertz detectors and sources
Spintronic device design and fabrication
Direct bandgap nanowires for solar cells
Quantum photovoltaic devices
Advanced CAD tool development and application to emerging devices and sensors
Nano-instrumentation[edit]
Techniques to fabricate new instrumentation to characterize critical parameters such as size, composition, stiffness, surface characteristics, dopant concentration, magnetic coercivity, and other properties of particular interest to the nano scale. Due to their small size, nano-systems are extremely challenging to assemble, and yet precise control of their parameters is often critical to their performance. A related goal is to cause a paradigm shift in classical chemical measurements (in which samples are brought to the lab for analysis) by developing wireless, energy-efficient mobile nano-instruments that allow users to bring the lab to the sample. Examples of "the lab" include nano-instruments of all types and two examples of "the sample" include the environment or a patient. The metrology arm of the new labs will be used to study measurements at the nano-scale, to develop new and unique nano-scale measuring instruments, and to calibrate such instruments. It will also address associated challenges involved in fabricating, integrating and packaging instruments at the nano-scale.
Nano-scale metrology projects[edit]
Fundamental studies leading to development of theories behind measurements at the nanoscale.
Fabrication of instrumentation and development of methodology for micro- and nano-analytical chemistry for measurements of pollutants on site.
Using micro as an interface between the nanoscale and the macroscopic, human-scale.
Development and characterization of mobile micro- and nano-instruments that are small, cheap and under wireless control.
Characterization and modeling of mechanical behaviour, fatigue properties, toughness and fluid dynamics of advanced materials as dimensions shrink.
Nano–micro interface technology
Advanced CAD-electromechanical systems
Development of novel cooling technologies for nano devices/high-density circuits
E-Beam epitaxy
Nanosampling techniques
Nano–biosystems[edit]
Nano–bio is a field that includes both the use of nanotechnology in biological and agrifood systems and use of biological or biomimetic techniques in nanotechnology. Nanobiotechnology shows a tremendous promise of improving the quality of life. For example, nanovehicles might deliver drugs directly to targeted cells, nanomembranes may be used for development of cheap, effective water purification systems, or nanochips that interface neurons with electronics may become common place. NEMS (nano-electromechanical systems) might use sensors and physical controls to stabilize individuals with heart, kidney or liver disease. As nanotechnology researchers strive to create self-assembling devices, they are beginning to exploit natural self-assemblers: proteins, DNA and viruses. Examples also include development of food quality monitoring sensors and microfluidic biosensor components.Nanoscale imaging of biological systems helps to understand the nanoscale structure–function relationship of materials and in evaluating the food quality–function information. Characterization of nanoscale fragments of biomaterials such as DNA, proteins, chromosomes, plant cells, bacteria, starch granules and anti-allergens are extremely important.
Nano–bio projects[edit]
Lab-on-a-chip applications, such as DNA chips and pharmacy-on-a-chip.
Creation of nano-vehicles that mimic the way viruses interact with specific cells. This will facilitate the delivery of drugs directly to targeted cells, and could, for instance, eliminate the toxic side-effects of chemotherapy by directing the therapeutic agents to cancer cells only.
Development of nanotech methods for therapeutic applications, for example, for replacing faulty DNA or RNA strands with corrected strands.
Fundamental and applied research into how certain peptides self-assemble into nano-structures, which will increase understanding of certain neurological diseases, and may subsequently lead to novel treatment methods.
Development of polymeric nanostructures from self-assembly block copolymers for delivery of drugs, proteins and DNA.
Application of nanotech research into flexible electronics to create low-dose, portable, “wrap-around” x-ray machines.
Development of nanotechniques for inactivation of microbes: an efficient and cheap method of food sterilization.
Creation of "nanowires" based on a chain-link arrangement of ferritin structures.
Interfacing nanochips to biomolecules.
Using micro-arrays for high-throughput screening and developing printable arrays.
Implantable nano-enabled devices
Sensors for food quality monitoring[5]
Collaborations and partnerships[edit]
College of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, Albany, New York
Canadian Centre for Electron Microscopy, Hamilton, Ontario
National Institute for Nanotechnology, Edmonton, Alberta
Ministry of Research and Innovation[7]
^ a b University of Waterloo Quantum-Nano Fact Sheet
^ to Nano Electronics Laboratory
^ WATLab
^ Advanced Micro/Nano-Devices Lab
^ Neethirajan, S., M.S. Freund, C. Shafai, D.S. Jayas and D.J. Thomson. 2009. Development of CO2 sensor for agri-food industry (US Provisional Patent US2009-61/238,91).
^ Ontario's World-Class Quantum-Nanotechnology Research Centre at the University of Waterloo, Alain Francq, University of Waterloo
^ The Complete Specturm of Nanotechnology Education, Research, Facilities and Partnerships for a World Class Nanotechnology Centre, Power Point, Alain Francq, University of Waterloo
University of Waterloo Main Website
Advanced Micro/Nano-Devices Lab
to Nano Electronics Laboratory
Coordinates: 43°28′17″N 80°32′31″W / 43.4715°N 80.5420°W / 43.4715; -80.5420
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value: This website is the English-language edition of the free online encyclopedia Wikipedia. It was founded on 15 January 2001 as Wikipedia's first edition and, as of October 2021, has the most articles of any edition, at 6,412,521.


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London 2012 Olympics: Qiu Bo not worried about rivals like Tom Daley | Daily Mail Online
Daley's rival Bo not worried about his challengers in run-up to Games
Published: 12:31 EDT, 14 March 2012 | Updated: 13:00 EDT, 14 March 2012
Tom Daley's biggest rival in the quest for Olympic gold, Chinese world No 1 Qiu Bo, says his biggest challenge ahead of the Games is meeting the high stadards he sets himself, rather than worrying about other competitors.
Bo, 19, won gold at last year's world swimming championships in Shanghai in the 10-metre platform and 10-metre platform synchro alongside Huo Liang, form that earned him the 2011 Male Diver of the Year award.
'The biggest challenge is from myself to beat myself. The aim is to win everything,' he said.
Favourite: Qiu Bo is going for gold at the Games
Bo is currently in Dubai preparing for the first leg of the sport's World Series on Friday and Saturday.
He added: 'I enjoy the pressure (of being the Number One). That is the pressure that moves me to get stronger and stronger.
'I never think about winning the gold medal (in London). What is in my mind is good preparation for competitions and then if I can perform well then the results will look after themselves.'
Bo is one of eight Chinese world champions competing in Dubai and their line-up of 11 athletes includes all those who enjoyed a clean sweep of eight golds at last month's World Cup at the London Aquatics Centre - which will be used for the Olympic Games.
Hard to beat: Tom Daley will have to beat Bo to triumph at the Games
'(Our success is) all because we have a very good team that coach and service the athletes, and we have a very professional training system in China,' said Bo.
Double-Commonwealth Games gold medallist Jennifer Abel from Canada, who won silver in the three-metre springboard synchro and bronze in the three-metre springboard in Shanghai, said competing against the Chinese remained a positive experience despite their dominance of the sport.
'The Chinese have always been such great divers and I love watching them and learning from them,' she said.
'I do not feel dominated by them. It is a goal to get closer to them and every time I do (then) I know I am working hard and improving my diving.'
The World Series is very much a dress rehearsal for the Olympic Games with 58 athletes from 11 countries lining up to compete in Dubai.
Boarding School: Why China's talent factory threatens Tom Daley's dream Media commitments are not endangering Olympic medal hopes, says Daley agent
How Daley has gone from diver to driver to give his family a lift in...Tom's taxi Daley: Olympic pressure purely academic compared to wait for exam results
London 2012 Olympics: Qiu Bo not worried about rivals like Tom Daley

value: This website is the website of the Daily Mail, a newspaper in the United Kingdom, and of its sister paper The Mail on Sunday. MailOnline is a division of dmg media, which is owned by Daily Mail and General Trust plc.


text:
Patent US6117602 - Multicolor electrographic printer having an image support, first toner ... - Google PatentsSearch Images Maps Play YouTube News Gmail Drive More »Sign inAdvanced Patent SearchPatentsA method and apparatus for enhancing image resolution characteristics of an electrostatographic printing device use toners of opposite polarity to generate a toner image....http://www.google.com/patents/US6117602?utm_source=gb-gplus-sharePatent US6117602 - Multicolor electrographic printer having an image support, first toner applicator and second applicator for toner having opposite polarity and a charge generator which patterns first and second toner mixture deposited onto supportAdvanced Patent SearchPublication numberUS6117602 APublication typeGrantApplication numberUS 09/232,460Publication dateSep 12, 2000Filing dateJan 19, 1999Priority dateJan 19, 1999Fee statusPaidPublication number09232460, 232460, US 6117602 A, US 6117602A, US-A-6117602, US6117602 A, US6117602AInventorsChu-heng Liu, Weizhong ZhaoOriginal AssigneeXerox CorporationExport CitationBiBTeX, EndNote, RefManPatent Citations (8), Referenced by (5), Classifications (9), Legal Events (6) External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, EspacenetMulticolor electrographic printer having an image support, first toner applicator and second applicator for toner having opposite polarity and a charge generator which patterns first and second toner mixture deposited onto supportUS 6117602 AAbstract A method and apparatus for enhancing image resolution characteristics of an electrostatographic printing device use toners of opposite polarity to generate a toner image.
What is claimed is: 1. An image forming apparatus comprising:an image support; a first toner applicator that deposits first toner having a first polarity on the image support; a second toner applicator that deposits second toner having an opposite polarity on the image support; and a charge pattern generator that generates an electrostatic charge pattern on a photoreceptor separate from the image support that is used to operate on at least one of the first and second toner to create a toner image, that includes first and second toner, on the image support. 2. The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising two photoreceptors, wherein toner that is applied to the image support by each toner applicator is operated on by an electrostatic charge pattern on a respective photoreceptor.
3. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the toner applicators are controllable to selectively deposit the toner in patches of one of varying sizes, shapes and locations on the image support.
4. The apparatus of claim 3, further comprising a photoreceptor that carries an electrostatic charge pattern that operates on the toner patches on the support.
5. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the first toner develops image areas of the electrostatic charge pattern and the second toner develops background areas of the electrostatic charge pattern.
6. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the charge pattern generator generates a multilevel electrostatic charge pattern.
7. The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising image conditioning means for performing image conditioning between toner applications.
8. An image forming apparatus using a contact electrostatic printing process, comprising:an image support; a first toner applicator that deposits first toner having a first polarity on a support, the first toner having a solid concentration of approximately 10-50%; a second toner applicator that deposits second toner having an opposite polarity on a support, the second toner having a solid concentration of approximately 10-50%; and a charge pattern generator that generates an electrostatic charge pattern that is used to operate on at least one of the first and second toner to create a toner image, that includes first and second toner, on the image support. 9. The apparatus of claim 8, further comprising two photoreceptors, wherein toner that is applied to the image support by each toner applicator is operated on by an electrostatic charge pattern on a respective photoreceptor.
10. The apparatus of claim 8, further comprising a photoreceptor, wherein the electrostatic charge pattern is generated on the photoreceptor before at least one toner applicator applies toner to the photoreceptor.
11. The apparatus of claim 10, wherein the first toner applicator develops image areas of the electrostatic charge pattern and the second toner applicator develops background areas of the electrostatic charge pattern.
12. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein the charge pattern generator generates a multilevel electrostatic charge pattern.
13. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein the toner applicators are controllable to selectively deposit the toner in patches of one of varying sizes, shapes and locations on a support.
14. The apparatus of claim 13, further comprising a photoreceptor that carries an electrostatic charge pattern that operates on the toner patches on the support.
15. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein the toner applicators deposit toner on the image support.
16. The apparatus of claim 8, further comprising image conditioning means for performing image conditioning between toner applications.
17. A method of generating a toner image, comprising:depositing a first toner having a first polarity and having a solid concentration of approximately 10-50% on a support; depositing a second toner having an opposite polarity and having a solid concentration of approximately 10-50% on a support; and generating an electrostatic charge pattern that is used to operate on at least one of the first and second toner to create a toner image, that includes first and second toner, on an image support. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein the step of generating an electrostatic charge pattern comprises:generating a first electrostatic charge pattern on a first photoreceptor; acting on the first toner on the image support using the first electrostatic charge pattern; generating a second electrostatic charge pattern on a second photoreceptor; and acting on the second toner on the image support using the second electrostatic charge pattern. 19. The method of claim 17, wherein the step of generating an electrostatic charge pattern comprises:generating an electrostatic charge pattern on the image support, wherein the first and second toner are deposited on the image support. 20. The method of claim 17, wherein the step of generating an electrostatic charge pattern comprises:generating an electrostatic charge pattern on a photoreceptor that is used to act on the first and second toner on the image support. 21. The method of claim 20, further comprising:developing the electrostatic charge pattern such that the first toner develops image areas of the electrostatic charge pattern and the second toner develops background areas of the electrostatic charge pattern. 22. The method of claim 20, wherein the step of generating an electrostatic charge pattern comprises:generating a multilevel electrostatic charge pattern. 23. The method of claim 17, wherein the steps of depositing the first and second toner comprise controlling toner applicators to selectively deposit toner in patches of one of varying sizes, shapes, density and locations on a support.
24. A printing apparatus comprising:first toner applicator means for depositing a first toner having a first polarity and having a solid concentration of approximately 10-50% on a support; second toner applicator means depositing a second toner having an opposite polarity and having a solid concentration of approximately 10-50% on a support; and electrostatic charge pattern generating means for generating an electrostatic charge pattern that is used to operate on at least one of the first and second toner to create a toner image, that includes first and second toner, on an image support. Description
This invention generally relates to electrostatic printing apparatus and methods of electrostatic printing. In particular, the invention relates to methods and apparatus for enhancing the image resolution characteristics of an electrostatic printing apparatus, especially when performing image-next to-image (INI) printing processes.
For the purposes of the present description, the concept for latent image development via direct surface-to-surface transfer of a toner layer via image-wise forces will be identified generally as Contact Electrostatic Printing (CEP). As one variant of CEP, a thin layer of liquid developer is brought into contact with an electrostatic latent image on another surface, wherein development of the latent image occurs upon separation of the first and second surfaces, as a function of the electric field strength generated by the latent image. In this process, toner particle migration or electrophoresis is replaced by direct surface-to-surface transfer of a toner layer induced by image-wise fields.
Patents which may describe certain general aspects of CEP, as well as specific apparatus therefor, may be found in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,436,706 and 5,596,396, issued to Landa et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,619,313, issued to Domoto et al., as well as other patents cited therein.
Electrostatographic printing systems that perform image-next to-image (INI) printing processes are known. In an INI process, also known as highlight or spot color processes, toner layers are arranged side-by-side to achieve a desired image. For example, a highlight electrostatographic printing apparatus can form an image having a blue (the highlight color) square positioned next to a black square by forming two toner layers of black and blue toner next to each other.
However, image quality problems exist with the known printing systems when two images of different colors are developed onto a single image bearing member. In the known systems, the two different toners are typically deposited at two different times, often separated by a photoreceptor recharge and electrostatic latent image generation process. If the toner constituting the first image is still active (charged and can move under an electric field) when going through the development step of the second color, the toner can be removed from the image bearing member by the electrostatic field corresponding to the second latent image. In particular, the toner of the first image in the background area of the second image will be removed and give rise to the difficulties of producing two color images next to each other. Thus, the first layer of toner deposited on the photoreceptor is often attracted to and displaced when the second electrostatic latent image is formed on the photoreceptor and developed.
For example, FIG. 1 shows an intended toner image to be formed on a photoreceptor 1. In FIG. 2, a first development process is performed using first toner particles 2. In this example, charged area development (CAD) is performed with positive polarity first toner 2. In CAD, the discharged areas 3 of the photoreceptor (denoted by "o") have substantially no charge or have little charge so that the first toner particles 2 are not attracted to the discharged areas 3.
FIG. 3 shows the photoreceptor during second development using second toner particles 4. The second toner particles 4 are shown as squares in FIG. 3 to more clearly indicate the different toner particles. However, the second toner particles 4 do not necessarily have a square shape. In some cases, the first toner particles 2 are attracted away from the photoreceptor 1 due to charge on the toner support 5 or other electrostatic forces. FIG. 4 shows the photoreceptor 1 after the second development process using second toner particles 4 is complete.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The invention provides an image forming method and system having an enhanced image resolution characteristic, especially when performing an image-next to-image (INI) process.
The invention provides an image forming system that uses different polarity toner to generate an image. Using opposite polarity toner reduces the likelihood that a first developed toner image is disturbed during subsequent development processes.
In one aspect of the invention, a common charge director is used to charge both polarity types of toner.
In one aspect of the invention, the two toners charge each other without use of a charge director.
In one aspect of the invention, neutral or very low charged toner is charged using a corona-type charging device.
The invention also provides a method for enhancing image resolution. According to the method, a first electrostatic latent image is developed using toner of a first polarity. A second electrostatic latent image is developed using toner of a second polarity different from the first polarity. As a result, a toner image is generated that includes toner of two different polarities.
In one aspect of the invention, an electrostatic latent image (or a number or images) is developed using toner(s) of a first polarity, and a subsequent image is developed in the background area of the previous image(s) using toner of an opposite polarity.
In one aspect of the invention, an electrostatic latent image (or a number of images) is developed using toner(s) of a first polarity, and a subsequent image is developed using an opposite polarity toner resulting in no overlap of the image of different charge polarity.
In one aspect of the invention, a multilevel latent image is developed using different polarity toner.
FIGS. 1-4 show different stages in a conventional INI development process;
FIG. 5 is a first embodiment of a printing apparatus in accordance with the invention;
FIGS. 6-8 show three stages of an example image generation operation performed by the FIG. 5 printing apparatus;
FIG. 9 is a second embodiment of a printing apparatus in accordance with the invention;
FIGS. 10-14 show five stages of an example image generation operation performed by the FIG. 9 printing apparatus;
FIG. 15 is a third embodiment of a printing apparatus in accordance with the invention; and
FIGS. 16 and 17 show two stages of an example image generation operation performed by the FIG. 15 printing apparatus.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS The invention is described below as used in a printing apparatus that performs a contact electrostatic printing (CEP) process. However, the invention can be used in other processes, such as conventional liquid xerography and/or powder xerography processes.
CEP is similar to conventional liquid and powder xerography, but has several substantial differences from these conventional systems. Some of the hallmarks of a CEP system include:
(a) a liquid toner medium that has a relatively high solid content (approximately 10-50% solids), which is 5 to 25 times higher than the liquid developing medium typically used in liquid xerography;
(b) developing an electrostatic latent image on an image support using supply limited development techniques, i.e., the developing potential of the latent image is not typically exhausted after being initially developed; and
(c) limited relative movement between toner particles during and after latent image development, i.e., the relatively high solid content of the toner prevents toner particles from moving relative to each other, unlike that in other liquid developing mediums, and the liquid carrier in the toner serves to bind the toner particles together as a single mass, unlike the individual toner particles in powder developing systems.
FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram of a first embodiment of a printing apparatus in accordance with the invention. The printing apparatus can be a copier, printer or other image forming system. Two toner applicators 21-3 and 21-4 each apply a layer of toner on an outer surface of an image roll 22. Preferably, the toner applicators 21 are controllable to deposit patches of varying size, shape, density and location on the image roll 22, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,009,294. Although the apparatus 100 shown in FIG. 5 includes two toner applicators 21, more toner applicators 21 can be used. In addition, the toner applicators 21 need not be controllable to deposit discrete patches of toner on the image roll 22. Rather, the toner applicators 21 can deposit continuous layers of toner.
The toner applicators 21-3 and 21-4 preferably apply different color toners to the image roll 22. For example, toner applicator 21-3 can apply a black toner and toner applicator 21-4 can apply a red toner. As is understood by those of ordinary skill in the art, a variety of other colors can be used.
Electrostatic charge patterns are generated on the photoreceptors 23-3 and 23-4 by electrostatic charge pattern generators 24 that preferably include a charging device, such as a corotron, scorotron or roller that charges a photosensitive surface of the photoreceptors 23-3 and 23-4 to a desired voltage level. The electrostatic charge pattern generators 24 also preferably include a light source, such as a laser, that illuminates selected portions of the charged surface of the photoreceptors 23-3 and 23-4 to discharge the selected portions. The resulting charge pattern corresponds to or otherwise represents a desired image, such as an image scanned from a paper document or created using another imaging or image generating device, such as a camera or computer paint or draw application.
As the image roll 22 rotates as shown in FIG. 5, an electrostatic charge pattern on the photoreceptors 23-3 and 23-4 operates to selectively remove portions of the toner applied to the image roll 22 by the toner applicators 21-3 and 21-4. Other toner portions left on the image roll 22 represent a developed toner image that is preferably transferred to a final surface, such as a paper substrate, by a transfixing device 26. The transfixing device 26 transfers the toner image on the image roll 22 to the final surface using any one of known techniques, including pressure, heat and/or an electrical charge differential. Residual toner left on the image roll 22 or the photoreceptor 23 is removed by cleaning devices 25. The cleaning devices can include a scraping blade and/or a sponge roller and/or other known devices for removing residual toner and any remaining electrical charge on the image roll 22 and/or the photoreceptor 23.
Preferably, a common charge director for charging the opposite polarity toners is used. However, separate charge directors are possible. It is also possible that the two opposite polarity toners charge each other without using a charge director. Optionally, very lowly charged toner can be used or a neutral toner that is charge with a corona-type device can be used.
The FIG. 5 apparatus 100 is preferably controlled by a controller 27. The controller 27 is shown in FIG. 5 as only communicating with and controlling the electrostatic charge pattern generators 24, but the controller 27 can control other elements of the apparatus 100, as desired. The controller 27 preferably includes a general purpose computer that is programmed and has appropriate circuitry to supply the appropriate control signals to the control elements of the apparatus 100. The controller 27 can also be implemented, at least in part, as a single special purpose integrated circuit (e.g., ASIC) or an array of ASICs, each having a main or central processor section for overall, system-level control, and separate sections dedicated to performing various different specific computations, functions and other processes under the control of the central processor section. The controller 27 can also be implemented using a plurality of separate dedicated programmable integrated or other electronic circuits or devices, e.g., hardwired electronic or logic circuits such as discrete element circuits or programmable logic devices. The controller 27 also preferably includes other devices, such as volatile or non-volatile memory devices, communications devices, relays, motors, mechanical linkages, and/or other circuitry or components necessary to perform the desired input/output or other functions.
FIGS. 6-8 show three stages of generating a toner image using the FIG. 5 apparatus. FIG. 6 shows a portion of the image roll 22 after a first toner image of negative polarity toner particles has been developed on the photoreceptor 23-3, e.g., using a CEP process. FIG. 7 shows the image roll 22 portion after the toner applicator 21-4 has applied a layer of positive polarity toner particles on the image roll 22. In FIG. 8, the photoreceptor 23-4, which carries an electrostatic latent image, acts on the toner on the image roll 22. Negatively charged areas of the photoreceptor 23-4 attract positive toner particles, but repel negative toner particles. Uncharged areas of the photoreceptor 23-4 have no or little affect on deposited toner particles. Since the negatively charged areas of the photoreceptor 23-4 repel negative toner particles, the first toner image is actually kept in place rather than disturbed by the latent image on the photoreceptor 23-4. Positive polarity toner could be deposited first, followed by negative polarity toner, if desired. Likewise, a positive charging photoreceptor can be used rather than a negatively charging photoreceptor.
In the FIG. 5 apparatus 100, there preferably is no image conditioning between each toner image generation. That is, there is no device or other processing to stabilize the developed image, including removing fluid from a deposited toner patch before another toner patch is applied to the image roll 22 either next to or on top of the first deposited toner image. However, such image conditioning can be performed if desired to avoid any color contamination or ink poisoning problems that occur or may occur when toners mix or are near each other. Image conditioning removes liquid from the developed toner image, thereby decreasing the toner particle mobility and ability of the toner layer to mix with subsequently deposited toner layers FIG. 9 shows a second embodiment of a printing apparatus in accordance with the invention. In this embodiment, an electrostatic charge pattern is formed on the photoreceptor 23 by a first electrostatic charge pattern generator 24-1. Then, toner is applied to the photoreceptor 23 by two toner applicators 21-5 and 21-6. The developed toner image is then transferred to an image bearing member 28, such as a belt, or other surface as desired. Optionally, an additional electrostatic charge pattern is formed and/or the electrostatic charge pattern is enhanced by a second electrostatic charge pattern generator 24-2 after a toner layer is applied to the photoreceptor 23 by the toner applicator 21-5.
FIGS. 10-14 are used to describe one example of how a toner image can be generated using the FIG. 9 apparatus. FIG. 10 shows the photoreceptor 23 having a first electrostatic latent image formed on it. FIG. 11 shows the photoreceptor 23 after the electrostatic latent image has been developed by the toner applicator 21-5. In this example, CAD is used to develop the image, but discharged area development (DAD) could be used, if desired. In addition, positive polarity toner is used in this example, but negative polarity toner could be used by the toner applicator 21-5. In FIG. 12, the photoreceptor 23 is optionally recharged. In FIG. 13, a second electrostatic latent image is formed on the photoreceptor 23 by the electrostatic charge pattern generator 24-2. The second electrostatic latent image can be the same as or different from the first electrostatic latent image, as desired. In FIG. 14, the second electrostatic latent image is developed by the toner applicator 21-6 using negative polarity toner. Accordingly, in this example, CAD is used to develop the first latent image and DAD is used to develop the second latent image. However, DAD could be used to develop the first latent image and CAD used to develop the second latent image. In addition, this example uses a negative charging photoreceptor 23, but a positive charging photoreceptor 23 can be used.
As will be appreciated by those of skill in the art, the FIG. 9 apparatus could be modified to include only one electrostatic charge pattern generator 24 that can produce a latent image of more than two levels. For example, a trilevel latent image with areas of three distinct charge/voltage levels (fully charged, partially discharged, and fully discharged) can be used. Toner of one polarity can be used to develop the fully charged area while the toner of the opposite polarity will be developed in the fully discharged area through development stations 21-5 and 21-6 with different biases applied, respectively. The area with the intermediate voltage will be the background area.
As will be appreciated by those of skill in the art, the FIG. 9 apparatus could also be modified to include only one electrostatic charge pattern generator 24 and one toner applicator 21. In this case, the toner applicator 21 simultaneously applies toner of opposite polarities to develop an electrostatic latent image on the photoreceptor 23. For example, the toner applicator 21 could use a liquid developing medium that contains both positive and negative polarity toner. Optionally, the toner could be agitated with an AC electric field or other electric, mechanical or other force applied to the medium to keep the toner well suspended. Thus, an electrostatic latent image could be simultaneously developed using both CAD and DAD techniques at the same time.
FIG. 15 is a schematic block diagram of a third embodiment of a printing apparatus in accordance with the invention. In this embodiment, the toner applicators 21-7, 21-8 and 21-9 are controlled by a controller 27 to deposit patches of toner on the image roll 22 in varying sizes, shapes, densities and locations using a CEP process as described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,009,294. Although three toner applicators 21 are used in this example embodiment, fewer or more than three toner applicators 21 can be used. At least two of the toner applicators 21 apply toner of different polarities to the image roll 22. When using a CEP process, toner layers can also overlap, if desired. Accordingly, a single electrostatic latent image can be formed on the photoreceptor 23 by the electrostatic charge pattern generator 24 and used to operate on the toner layers on the photoreceptor 23 to generate a final toner image. The electrostatic charge pattern on the photoreceptor 23 operates on the toner layers by selectively removing portions of the toner on the image roll 22. Other toner portions left on the image roll 22 represent a developed toner image that is preferably transferred to a final surface, such as a paper substrate, by a transfixing device 26. The transfixing device 26 transfers the toner image on the image roll 22 to the final surface using any one of known techniques, including pressure, heat and/or an electrical charge differential. Of course, the desired toner image that is transferred by the transfixing device 26 to a paper substrate, for example, could be formed on and transferred from the photoreceptor 23 rather than the image roll 22. In this case, the image roll 22 serves only as a toner layer carrier. In either case, residual toner left on the image roll 22 or the photoreceptor 23 is removed by a cleaning devices 25. The cleaning devices 25 can include a scraping blade and/or a sponge roller and/or lamp and/or other known devices for removing residual toner and any remaining electrical charge on the image roll 22 and/or the photoreceptor 23.
FIGS. 16 and 17 are used to describe one example how the FIG. 15 apparatus 100 is used to form a toner image. FIG. 16 shows a portion of the image roll 22 having two toner layers formed on it. One toner layer of positive polarity toner overlaps a layer of negative polarity toner. In FIG. 17, an electrostatic latent image on the photoreceptor 23 acts on the toner to selectively remove toner from the image roll 22 to form a final toner image. Negatively charged portions of the latent image attract positive toner and repel negative toner. Positively charged portions of the latent image attract negative toner and repel positive toner. Thus, the FIG. 15 apparatus can accurately perform an INI process using opposite polarity toner, although in some cases, the accuracy of the resulting toner image depends on the accuracy of the addressable toner applicators 21.
Patent CitationsCited PatentFiling datePublication dateApplicantTitleUS4078929 *Nov 26, 1976Mar 14, 1978Xerox CorporationMethod for two-color development of a xerographic charge patternUS4267556 *Dec 14, 1978May 12, 1981Dennison Manufacturing CompanyElectrostatic transfer printing employing ion emitting print headUS4885220 *May 25, 1988Dec 5, 1989Xerox CorporationAmorphous silicon carbide electroreceptorsUS5619313 *May 1, 1995Apr 8, 1997Xerox CorporationMethod and apparatus for liquid image development and transferUS5696396 *Oct 21, 1996Dec 9, 1997Nippondenso Co., Ltd.Semiconductor device including vertical MOSFET structure with suppressed parasitic diode operationUS5781828 *Sep 26, 1996Jul 14, 1998Xerox CorporationLiquid color mixing and replenishment system for an electrostatographic printing machineUS5983045 *Nov 13, 1997Nov 9, 1999Canon Kabushiki KaishaImage forming apparatus for forming plural toner images on photosensitive member and for transferring toner images onto transfer material collectivelyUS5985499 *May 20, 1993Nov 16, 1999Eastman Kodak CompanyMethod and apparatus for forming two toner images in a single frame* Cited by examinerReferenced byCiting PatentFiling datePublication dateApplicantTitleUS6838447Mar 26, 2002Jan 4, 2005Linden Technologies, Inc.Immobilized nucleotide chargable particlesUS6855501Mar 26, 2002Feb 15, 2005Linden Technologies, Inc.Transfer of arrayed chemical compositionsUS7995081Jun 25, 2008Aug 9, 2011Palo Alto Research Center IncorporatedAnisotropically conductive backside addressable imaging belt for use with contact electrographyUS8606148Aug 18, 2011Dec 10, 2013Eastman Kodak CompanyReconditioning rotatable photoreceptor in electrophotographic printerUS8611793Aug 18, 2011Dec 17, 2013Eastman Kodak CompanyElectrical reconditioning for printer photoreceptorClassifications U.S. Classification430/42.1, 399/232International ClassificationG03G15/34, G03G13/01Cooperative ClassificationG03G15/342, G03G2217/005, G03G13/016European ClassificationG03G13/01P, G03G15/34PLegal EventsDateCodeEventDescriptionFeb 15, 2012FPAYFee paymentYear of fee payment: 12Jan 25, 2008FPAYFee paymentYear of fee payment: 8Jan 26, 2004FPAYFee paymentYear of fee payment: 4Oct 31, 2003ASAssignmentOwner name: JPMORGAN CHASE BANK, AS COLLATERAL AGENT, TEXASFree format text: SECURITY AGREEMENT;ASSIGNOR:XEROX CORPORATION;REEL/FRAME:015134/0476Effective date: 20030625Owner name: JPMORGAN CHASE BANK, AS COLLATERAL AGENT LIEN PERFFree format text: SECURITY AGREEMENT;ASSIGNOR:XEROX CORPORATION /AR;REEL/FRAME:015134/0476DFree format text: SECURITY AGREEMENT;ASSIGNOR:XEROX CORPORATION;REEL/FRAME:15134/476Owner name: JPMORGAN CHASE BANK, AS COLLATERAL AGENT,TEXASJun 28, 2002ASAssignmentOwner name: BANK ONE, NA, AS ADMINISTRATIVE AGENT, ILLINOISFree format text: SECURITY INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:XEROX CORPORATION;REEL/FRAME:013153/0001Effective date: 20020621Jan 19, 1999ASAssignmentOwner name: XEROX CORPORATION, CONNECTICUTFree format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:LIU, CHU-HENG;ZHAO, WEIZHONG;REEL/FRAME:009713/0548Effective date: 19981218RotateOriginal ImageGoogle Home - Sitemap - USPTO Bulk Downloads - Privacy Policy - Terms of Service - About Google Patents - Send FeedbackData provided by IFI CLAIMS Patent Services©2012 Google

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Unika Vaev: Board of Directors - Bloomberg
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Patent US7800002 - Multilayer wiring board - Google PatentsSearch Images Maps Play YouTube News Gmail Drive More »Sign inAdvanced Patent SearchPatentsDisclosed are a multilayer wiring board, which has a high degree of freedom of wiring design and can realize high-density wiring, and a method which can simply manufacture the multilayer wiring board. The multilayer wiring board comprises a core substrate and two or more wiring layers provided on the...http://www.google.com/patents/US7800002?utm_source=gb-gplus-sharePatent US7800002 - Multilayer wiring boardAdvanced Patent SearchPublication numberUS7800002 B2Publication typeGrantApplication numberUS 11/791,572Publication dateSep 21, 2010Filing dateNov 14, 2005Priority dateNov 24, 2004Also published asCN101066005A, CN101066005B, EP1830615A1, EP1830615A4, US20080083558, US20100116782, WO2006057174A1Publication number11791572, 791572, US 7800002 B2, US 7800002B2, US-B2-7800002, US7800002 B2, US7800002B2InventorsShigeki Chujo, Koichi NakayamaOriginal AssigneeDai Nippon Printing Co., Ltd.Export CitationBiBTeX, EndNote, RefManPatent Citations (16), Non-Patent Citations (3), Referenced by (3), Classifications (18), Legal Events (1) External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, EspacenetMultilayer wiring boardUS 7800002 B2Abstract Disclosed are a multilayer wiring board, which has a high degree of freedom of wiring design and can realize high-density wiring, and a method which can simply manufacture the multilayer wiring board. The multilayer wiring board comprises a core substrate and two or more wiring layers provided on the core substrate through an electrical insulating layer. The core substrate has a plurality of throughholes filled with an electroconductive material, and the front side and back side of the core substrate have been electrically conducted to each other by the electroconductive material. The throughholes have an opening diameter in the range of 10 to 100 μm. An insulation layer and an electroconductive material diffusion barrier layer are also provided, and the electroconductive material is filled into the throughholes through the insulation layer. A first wiring layer provided through an electrical insulating layer on the core substrate is connected to the electroconductive material filled into the throughhole through via.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is a partial longitudinal cross-sectional view showing one embodiment of the multilayer wiring board according to the present invention;
Example 1 A silicon substrate having a thickness of 625 μm and a diameter of 150 mm was provided as a core material. A novolak positive-working resist material (PMER-P-LA900PM, manufactured by Tokyo Ohka Kogyo Co., Ltd.) was coated onto one side of the core material, and the assembly was exposed and developed through a photomask for throughhole formation. Thus, mask patterns having four types of circular openings respectively with diameters of 10 μm, 30 μm, 70 μm, and 100 μm were formed. More specifically, a mask pattern having circular openings with a diameter of 10 μm provided at pitches of 20 μm, a mask pattern having circular openings with a diameter of 30 μm provided at pitches of 60 μm, a mask pattern having circular openings with a diameter of 70 μm provided at pitches of 150 μm, and a mask pattern having circular openings with a diameter of 100 μm provided at pitches of 200 μm were formed.
Example 2 The same core material as used in Example 1 was first provided, and a plurality of pores were formed in the core material by ICP-RIE dry etching. The depth of the pores was about 350 μm.
Example 3 The same core material as used in Example 1 was first provided. Throughholes were formed in the core material in the same manner as in Example 1.
Example 4 A core substrate (a core substrate as shown in FIG. 2) of which the front side and back side have been electrically conducted to each other by filled copper plating was prepared in the same manner as in Example 3, except that an electroconductive base layer formed of a laminate of a 30 nm-thick titanium layer and a 200 nm-thick copper layer was formed by using vapor deposition instead of sputtering, and a filled plating solution having the following composition was used.
Example 5 The same core material as used in Example 1 was first provided. Throughholes were formed in the core material in the same manner as in Example 1.
Example 6 A core substrate (a core substrate as shown in FIG. 2) of which the front side and back side have been electrically conducted to each other by filled copper plating, was prepared in the same manner as in Example 5, except that an electroconductive base layer formed of a laminate of a 30 nm-thick titanium layer and a 200 nm-thick copper layer was formed by using vapor deposition instead of sputtering, and the same filled plating solution as in Example 4 was used.
Example 7 The same core material as used in Example 1 was first provided. Throughholes were formed in the core material in the same manner as in Example 1.
Example 8 The same core material as used in Example 1 was first provided, and a plurality of pores were formed in the core material by ICP-RIE dry etching. The depth of the pores was about 350 μm.
Example 9 The same core material as used in Example 1 was first provided, and throughholes were formed in the core material in the same manner as in Example 1.
Comparative Example 1 The formation of a core substrate followed by the preparation of a multilayer wiring board was carried out in the same manner as in Example 2, except that the order of the formation of the electroconductive material diffusion barrier layer and the formation of the insulation layer was reversed.
Comparative Example 2 The preparation of a core substrate followed by the preparation of a multilayer wiring board was carried out in the same manner as in Example 5, except that any second insulation layer was not formed.
INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY As described above, the present invention is useful for the manufacture of various multilayer wiring board and electronic equipment and the like.
Patent CitationsCited PatentFiling datePublication dateApplicantTitleUS6178082Feb 26, 1998Jan 23, 2001International Business Machines CorporationHigh temperature, conductive thin film diffusion barrier for ceramic/metal systemsUS6221769Mar 5, 1999Apr 24, 2001International Business Machines CorporationMethod for integrated circuit power and electrical connections via through-wafer interconnectsUS6248958 *Nov 30, 1998Jun 19, 2001International Business Machines CorporationResistivity control of CIC materialUS6625032Nov 1, 2000Sep 23, 2003Jsr CorporationAqueous dispersion forming conductive layer, conductive layer, electronic compent, circuit board and method for manufacturing the same, and multilayer wiring board and method for manufacturing the sameUS7030481 *Dec 9, 2002Apr 18, 2006Internation Business Machines CorporationHigh density chip carrier with integrated passive devicesUS7365272 *Aug 20, 2004Apr 29, 2008Phoenix Precision Technology CorporationCircuit board with identifiable information and method for fabricating the sameUS20030038344Aug 23, 2002Feb 27, 2003McncThrough-via vertical interconnects, through-via heat sinks and associated fabrication methodsUS20030086248 *Oct 28, 2002May 8, 2003Naohiro MashinoInterposer for semiconductor, method for manufacturing same, and semiconductor device using sameUS20050150683 *Jan 12, 2004Jul 14, 2005Farnworth Warren M.Methods of fabricating substrates and substrate precursor structures resulting therefromCN1335899ANov 1, 2000Feb 13, 2002Jsr株式会社Aqueous dispersion for forming conductive layer, conductive layer, electronic component, circuit board and method for manufacturing the same, and multilayer wiring board and method for manufacturingEP1146149A1Nov 1, 2000Oct 17, 2001JSR CorporationAqueous dispersion for forming conductive layer, conductive layer, electronic component, circuit board and method for manufacturing the same, and multilayer wiring board and method for manufacturing the sameGB2401485A Title not availableJP2003023251A Title not availableJP2004047667A Title not availableJP2004119698A Title not availableJPH09130050A Title not available* Cited by examinerNon-Patent CitationsReference1Chinese Office Action dated Mar. 6, 2009, including partial English Translation.2Extended European Search Report issued Mar. 30, 2010 to corresponding European Patent Application No. 05806323.1.3Lu Dacheng, "The New Generation of Semiconductor Wiring Material", Chinese Journal of Rare Metals, vol. 17, p. 308, Rare Metal News, 1992 (1664), 5; including English Translation.Referenced byCiting PatentFiling datePublication dateApplicantTitleUS8143532 *Feb 5, 2009Mar 27, 2012Xilinx, Inc.Barrier layer to prevent conductive anodic filamentsUS8188604 *Mar 2, 2009May 29, 2012Oki Semiconductor Co., Ltd.Semiconductor device incorporating preventative measures to reduce cracking in exposed electrode layerUS20120132460 *Jun 3, 2010May 31, 2012Hamamatsu Photonics K.K.Laminated wiring board* Cited by examinerClassifications U.S. Classification174/263, 174/262International ClassificationH05K3/46, H05K1/11Cooperative ClassificationH05K1/0306, H05K2201/096, H05K2201/09563, H05K3/445, H01L21/6835, H01L21/486, H01L23/49827, H05K3/423, H05K3/388, H05K3/4605European ClassificationH05K3/46A2, H01L21/48C4E, H05K3/44B, H01L23/498ELegal EventsDateCodeEventDescriptionMay 24, 2007ASAssignmentOwner name: DAI NIPPON PRINTING CO., LTD., JAPANFree format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:CHUJO, SHIGEKI;NAKAYAMA, KOICHI;REEL/FRAME:019385/0374Effective date: 20070507RotateOriginal ImageGoogle Home - Sitemap - USPTO Bulk Downloads - Privacy Policy - Terms of Service - About Google Patents - Send FeedbackData provided by IFI CLAIMS Patent Services©2012 Google


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In Crackdown, Bahrain Revokes the Citizenship of 31 People
By KAREEM FAHIM NOV. 7, 2012
CAIRO — In the latest sign of a crackdown on dissidents in Bahrain, the government on Wednesday revoked the citizenship of 31 people, including exiled political activists and former opposition members of Parliament, citing security concerns.
The decision was announced by the state news agency, which offered no details about individual cases, saying only that the law permitted the government to re-evaluate citizenship when the holder “causes damage to state security.” Those affected by the decision have the right to appeal, the agency said.
Opposition activists said the people on the list — all but one of them men — were members of Bahrain’s Shiite majority, which has led a 21-month uprising against the Sunni monarchy to win greater political freedoms and to dismantle what Shiites complain is a system of entrenched, official discrimination.
The rare move by the government came after weeks of escalating tensions in the island nation, which is home to the United States Fifth Fleet. In recent days, the government has banned demonstrations and arrested a prominent human rights advocate. On Monday, two foreign workers were killed in a spate of bombings in the capital, Manama.
The government hinted that the Lebanese Shiite group Hezbollah had played a role in the bombings, without providing evidence. Officials said four suspects had been arrested.
Some of the people had called for the overthrow of the monarchy, and others were members of the opposition who had favored negotiations with the government about reforms. In a statement, Amnesty International said the “arbitrary deprivation of nationality” and the fact that inclusion on the list made stateless those people who did not hold dual citizenship were “frightening and chilling,” and a violation of international law.
Jawad Fairooz, a former Parliament member from Wefaq, learned of the decision while in London from his wife, who had heard it on the news. Mr. Fairooz, who faces charges related to his role in the uprising, also learned he had been sentenced to 13 months in prison, on charges including illegal gathering.
His brother, Jalal Fairooz, who also served in Parliament and is on the list, has never been charged with a crime, Jawad Fairooz said. “There’s no logic to it,” he said.
Another dissident on the list, Saeed al-Shehabi, a journalist who has lived in London since the 1970s, said the government was “reacting to my lifelong struggle against dictatorship.
An earlier version of this article, and the headline, referred incorrectly to the Bahrainis whose citizenship was revoked. Thirty are men and one is a woman. They are not all men.
A version of this article appears in print on November 8, 2012, on Page A3 of the New York edition with the headline: In Crackdown, Bahrain Revokes the Citizenship of 31 Men. Order Reprints| Today's Paper|Subscribe

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S. Y. Assaf - Semantic Scholar
S. Y. Assaf
J J Miller6
G J Mogenson3
J S Kelly3
V Crunelli2
18Robert P. Vertes
10Paul Q. Trombley
10A. Tobias Latal
10Mathias W. Seeliger
S. Y. Assaf, Shin-Ho Chung
The role of divalent transition metal ions in neural function is poorly understood. In excess, these ions are associated with neurological disorders such as Wilson's disease1, Pick's disease2 and… (More)
The role of a raphe serotonin system in the control of septal unit activity and hippocampal desynchronization.
S. Y. Assaf, James Jason Miller
Excitatory action of the mesolimbic dopamine system on septal neurones.
Fluorescence histochemical studies have demonstrated a topographical distribution of dopaminergic nerve terminals in limbic forebrain and cortical regions4, 9-11. These data, together with… (More)
Neuronal transmission in the dentate gyrus: role of inhibitory mechanisms.
Evidence that the preoptic region is a receptive site for the dipsogenic effects of angiotensin II.
S. Y. Assaf, Gordon Mogenson
Drinking elicited by administering angiotensin II (ANG II) to the preoptic region with cannulae passing through the lateral ventricles was attenuated significantly when the ventricles or subfornical… (More)
On the nature of depolarizing after-potentials in granule cells of the rat dentate gyrus maintained in vitro [proceedings].
S. Y. Assaf, John B. Kelly
Commissural potentiation of perforant path evoked responses in the dentate gyrus of the rat.
The effects of conditioning stimuli applied to the commissural pathway on the perforant path (PP) evoked EPSP and population spike response were examined in urethane anaesthetized rats. Whereas… (More)
Action of 5-hydroxytryptamine on granule cells in the rat hippocampal slice.
S. Y. Assaf, V. Crunelli, John B. Kelly
1. The action of iontophoretic applications of 5HT on granule cells of the dentate gyrus was studied in the rat hippocampal slice with intracellular electrodes. 2. The inhibition produced by 5HT was… (More)
Depolarizing postsynaptic actions of GABA in the rat dentate gyrus.
Differential effects of brain lesions on thirst induced by the administration of angiotensin-II to the preoptic region, subfornical organ and anterior third ventricle.
J. Kucharczyk, S. Y. Assaf, Gordon Mogenson
(1) The possibility that water intake elicited by the administration of angiotensin-II to the preoptic region (POA), subfornical organ and anterior third ventricle is mediated by separate neural… (More)

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Find sources: "Brazilian Association of Biological Psychiatry" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
The Associação Brasileira de Psiquiatria Biológica ("Brazilian Association of Biological Psychiatry") is a non-profit association of psychiatrists based in São Paulo, Brazil. Founded in May 1983, its goal is the development of biological psychiatry in Brazil. The association is a member of the World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brazilian_Association_of_Biological_Psychiatry&oldid=757967240"	Categories: Medical associations based in BrazilOrganisations based in São PauloOrganizations established in 1983Brazilian organisation stubsMedical organization stubsPsychiatry stubsHidden categories: Articles lacking reliable references from November 2009All articles lacking reliable referencesOrphaned articles from February 2012All orphaned articlesArticles with topics of unclear notability from November 2009All articles with topics of unclear notabilityOfficial website not in WikidataAll stub articles	Navigation menu
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gamelizard comments on Is this the future of urban combat ? Autonomous drone resupply stations on government buildings.jump to contentmy subredditsannouncementsArtAskRedditaskscienceawwblogbookscreepydataisbeautifulDIYDocumentariesEarthPornexplainlikeimfiveFitnessfoodfunnyFuturologygadgetsgamingGetMotivatedgifshistoryIAmAInternetIsBeautifulJokesLifeProTipslistentothismildlyinterestingmoviesMusicnewsnosleepnottheonionOldSchoolCoolpersonalfinancephilosophyphotoshopbattlespicsscienceShowerthoughtsspacesportstelevisiontifutodayilearnedTwoXChromosomesUpliftingNewsvideosworldnewsWritingPromptsedit subscriptionsfront-all-random | DIY-AskReddit-personalfinance-mildlyinteresting-movies-gifs-philosophy-UpliftingNews-Documentaries-aww-EarthPorn-books-videos-gaming-space-todayilearned-Music-listentothis-askscience-history-photoshopbattles-Showerthoughts-IAmA-WritingPrompts-Futurology-creepy-funny-Jokes-gadgets-GetMotivated-Art-nottheonion-nosleep-LifeProTips-sports-food-InternetIsBeautiful-dataisbeautiful-pics-OldSchoolCool-news-Fitness-explainlikeimfive-TwoXChromosomes-tifu-television-worldnews-sciencemore » Futurologycommentsrelatedother discussions (1)want to join? login or register in seconds|Englishlimit my search to /r/Futurologyuse the following search parameters to narrow your results:subreddit:subredditfind submissions in "subreddit"author:usernamefind submissions by "username"site:example.comfind submissions from "example.com"url:textsearch for "text" in urlselftext:textsearch for "text" in self post contentsself:yes (or self:no)include (or exclude) self postsnsfw:yes (or nsfw:no)include (or exclude) results marked as NSFWe.g. subreddit:aww site:imgur.com dogsee the search faq for details.advanced search: by author, subreddit...this post was submitted on 21 Nov 2012552 points (94% upvoted)shortlink: remember mereset passwordloginSubmit a LinkCreate a DiscussionFuturologyunsubscribesubscribe1,210,097 readers531 users here now
created by Xenophon1a community for 2 yearsmessage the moderatorsMODERATORSXenophon1ProgettocswiderbostoniaablinkergoesleftShitHawk883SeptuagintCreature_From_BeyondEntrarchycptn_jtkImmortal Futurologist...and 34 more »551552553Is this the future of urban combat ? Autonomous drone resupply stations on government buildings. (i.imgur.com)submitted 1 year ago by altibear173 commentssharecancelsorry, this has been archived and can no longer be voted onloading...sorted by: bestbesttopnewhotcontroversialoldrandomyou are viewing a single comment's thread.view the rest of the comments →[–]gamelizard 0 points1 point2 points 1 year ago (2 children)sorry, this has been archived and can no longer be voted onim saying that the government is not inherently war mongering and does the right things most of the time its just that those some of the times it doesn't are what every one pays attention to.
permalinkparent[–]rockkybox 2 points3 points4 points 1 year ago (0 children)sorry, this has been archived and can no longer be voted onWell I think military might has lots of other consequences, even if it's never used (which is rare). It gives the country unfair sway in global politics, and makes it bolder, more likely to strike out. It also causes feelings of resentment, and results in other countries growing their military to match.
permalinkparent[–]pureweevil 0 points1 point2 points 1 year ago (0 children)sorry, this has been archived and can no longer be voted onProbably because of the mountains of smouldering corpses.
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Entering Ephesus by Daphne Athas | NOOK Book (eBook) | Barnes & Noble®
by Daphne AthasDaphne Athas
Winner of the Sir Walter Raleigh Award: A humorous and unparalleled account of the lives of three young sisters during the Great Depression. It is 1939 and life has changed drastically for the Bishop family. After losing their money and being forced to abandon their lovely seaside home in Connecticut, they move to the all-black Southern town
Entering Ephesus available in
Winner of the Sir Walter Raleigh Award: A humorous and unparalleled account of the lives of three young sisters during the Great Depression. It is 1939 and life has changed drastically for the Bishop family. After losing their money and being forced to abandon their lovely seaside home in Connecticut, they move to the all-black Southern town of Ephesus. Patriarch P. Q. (which might stand for Peculiar) is a dreamer whose failed attempts at various schemes have landed the Bishops in a squalid shack that never stays warm and collects soot like a dustbin. And Mrs. Bishop is having an impossible time adjusting to their less than aristocratic conditions. But adolescent daughters Irene, Urie, and the zany Loco Poco—with their eccentric personalities and clothes made from tablecloths—won’t let anything stop them from taking on the world. Little Women meets The Grapes of Wrath, Daphne Athas’s award-winning novel has been hailed by critics and named one of the best books of the year by Time magazine. Entering Ephesus is a glorious and unforgettable story of life during the Great Depression through the eyes of three young, vivacious women. Read More
Forced by the Depression to move to a squalid, all-black Southern town called Ephesus, the father, mother and three daughters of the upper-class Bishop family gradually abandon their aristocratic ways. ``This is a big book in every sense of the word, glorious, fascinating and holding up perfectly in the 20 years since its first publication,'' said PW. (Sept.)
9781497633247
Read an Excerpt Chapter One Packed in among the blankets, linens, and Loco Poco's dolls, the three girls and their mother sat upright like bankers. Their faces were shaded and dark in contrast to the scorching glare of the sun, but their eyes betrayed a certain eerie wildness. Cars passing in the opposite direction jerked away from the Pontiac, giving it a wide berth. The grilled hood was lined with suitcases. Three mattresses, two bedsprings, and a carton box were roped onto the roof. The valves in the engine were worn, and in the airless heat the pistons pounded monotonously. "I see no sign saying Ephesus," said Irene, the oldest, a beauty of fourteen known as the family fool. "We're only at Richmond," answered Urie derisively. "How far away is home now?" asked the youngest, Loco Poco, in a lonesome voice. She was ten years old and clutched a doll on her knees. Dark curls matted her temples. No one answered. "Will the moving van get there before us?" asked Irene. Again no one answered. They had left their old home two days ago, at six-fifteen, August 18, 1939. Irene had taken a picture of that moment. Urie, Loco, and Mrs. Bishop lined up before the Pontiac, the great white house behind, the ocean its infinite backdrop. Urie, thirteen years old, had stood like a general with one foot on the running board, her grandeur mitigated by the Grapes of Wrath car. This moment was entitled "The End of Their Oceanic Life." They had gotten in,slammed the four doors, and left. The Indian's nose pointed south. For two days they had been traveling, passing through New York, New Jersey, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia. Urie told everyone that the wheels clicked the following words: "Wrong South Wrong South Wrong South Wrong South." Mrs. Bishop allowed these remarks to pass without comment, but she had to restrain herself. She needed all her energy to nurse this Pontiac to P.Q. at Ephesus. The girls commented lugubriously on everything. "Look at that woman sweeping the yard with a broom!" "Whoever heard of such a thing! Sweeping a yard!" "She's white trash." "Mamma, is she white trash?" "Why does she do it?" "Because it's a dirt yard. They don't have any grass. See!" "Who ever heard of dirt yards?" "What good is sweeping dirt?" Or: "Look. Negroes with umbrellas. And it's not even raining!" Or: "Look. Red dirt." "Who ever heard of red dirt?" "Dirt is supposed to be brown." "Red dirt stinks." "What does red dirt make you think of?" "Old rusted stoves." "Red dirt comes from real iron rusting in the ground," Urie informed them. "It makes me think of the earth having an operation," said Loco. "Yeah. Trenchmouth!" spat Urie. Or: "Look at that high grass." "It looks like upside-down brooms. See how dull and boring it is." "Will you people keep still!" exploded Mrs. Bishop finally. "We're coming to a town!" It was Richmond. At the moment of Mrs. Bishop's words the radiator began to steam. Billows of smoke poured out. The Pontiac picked up speed on the descent. It wobbled down onto the long James River bridge. Smoke heaved up over the roof of the automobile and down each side of the red-stained railings of the bridge. "Get the milk bottles out," barked Mrs. Bishop. "But there must be a gas station!" The automobile plummeted into a long street of houses. "Try to make it through town," said Irene. "People are staring." "Since when does Mamma take your orders?" asked Urie. "Yes. What does our family care what people think?" parroted Loco. Blankets, dolls, magazines twitched spasmodically as Urie and Loco fought to unearth the milk bottles. "They're empty, Mamma," said Loco. "After I told you to fill them on Grandfather Mountain?" said Mrs. Bishop in a shocked voice. Rusty water began to spit on the windshield. The smell of hot metal threatened. A red-necked man on the sidewalk dropped a chocolate ice-cream cone in surprise. They passed through Tin Town. Two Negroes backed into their shack-yard. They turned into a street of brick houses with black wooden porches. People turned their heads. Expressions varied from pleased suspense to the hope that this incipient Mount Vesuvius would erupt farther down the street. Cords stood out in Urie's neck until she looked like a quivering airplane of the Lindbergh era. Loco clenched her fists together and sucked the mouth of the milk bottle. Only Irene was impassive. She hid her fear under the creamy imperturbability of a sacred cow. Suddenly Loco Poco screamed, "There's a Sears Roebuck!" The sound, given Biblical authority by its descent into and emanation as echo out of the empty milk bottle, caused Mrs. Bishop to slam on the brakes. The Pontiac jerked sidewise like a crab. Mrs. Bishop piloted it bumping and stuttering past the row of brick houses to the brand-new yellow Sears Roebuck sitting in a bulldozed red gravel pit. She swung fully around, holding the wheel and holding the motor in a pronounced idle, facing the back-seat three as if from a pulpit. Clouds, sun, and sky were blotted out by the billows of wet steam. "Why did you tell me to stop here?" she demanded. Loco Poco rolled her eyes up into her head. "She didn't tell you to stop," said Urie, but seeing the expression in her mother's face, improvised rapidly: "There's water in Sears Roebuck." "Oh," said Mrs. Bishop. She turned off the key. Outside, people seemed to be running, and a crowd gathered. A man's face appeared in the steam and said, "The engine ain't got no air to breathe with all them suitcases lined up against it." "You, Loco and Urie, hurry into Sears Roebuck and fill those bottles," whispered Mrs. Bishop, her hand on the door handle. "You, Irene, get out and help me unload this stuff." Assuming a brave, gallant, elegant, "so glad you are helping me, how wonderful you are" expression, she opened the door. Urie and Loco sneaked out of the car and threaded their way through the curious faces, clutching their empty bottles. Just as they stretched out their hands to push, the Sears Roebuck doors swept open to usher them into an automatic embrace. They were welcomed from limbo into a new, hushed, shiny, impersonal world. Lawnmowers, light bulbs, refrigerators glowed in indirect lighting. People were moving up and down the appliance counter, slow and reverent as in church. "It's air-conditioned," whispered Urie. They walked down a green carpet. A thousand automobile tires hung above them, some black, some pure velvety, others wrapped modestly in fluted brown paper. Everything smelled unreal. They did not question the unreality. They accepted it naturally, as if they had not lost their home forever, as if they were not eight hundred miles away from their Oceanic Life, on their way to their father P.Q., to a home and life they could not imagine. Suddenly Loco Poco stood in front of a gigantic suspended trailer-truck tire. "Look! It's the kitty of the Little Cat's Paw!" she breathed. She drew her finger over the tire tread. Outlined against her fingernail, a small rubber cat was cut to the pattern of the tread. It lay sleeping in a bed, its nose and one paw exposed. "If I ever have a chance to buy a tire, I'm going to buy the Cat's Paw Tire. Isn't it cute!" "We're supposed to be in here getting water!" "This little kitty is home in bed. If you put ink on it, it would make a hundred little cats all the way down the highway!" Searching the labyrinth of the store, Urie suddenly spotted something at the end of Straw Seat Covers. "Look, there are two fountains!" Forgetting the sleeping cat, Loco darted forward. "One has colored water, Urie!" Pink, she bet. She had the milk bottle ready, aiming it under the spout. But before she had time to push the handle, a horned finger touched her shoulder. It belonged to a bony middle-aged woman. "You're not supposed to use that fountain," she informed Loco in a low voice. There was such strangeness in her disapproval that Loco was frightened. She backed away. Outside, having delivered plain old white water without having spilled a drop, having for fifteen minutes maintained careful, minuscule footsteps like a serving girl's on a Greek vase, Loco paid no heed to the honks and brays of her sisters. She was only faintly pleased at Mrs. Bishop's diatribe: "All right. If you older ones don't know how to behave in a public place, you can just get right in the car and stay there until we get to Ephesus." In this case the Truth Urie had told was a Lie. Maybe only Negroes were supposed to use the fountain, but Loco had been prevented from ever finding out what color the water was. Was it pink? Was it blue? Was it iridescent? Secretly she still thought it was pink. Forever she would be dedicated, like Ponce de Leon, to looking for the pink water in the magic fountain she saw so clearly in her mind's Garden of Eden. It was more than an hourrestarting the motor, pouring endless milk bottles of water inbefore they could repack the suitcases and wobble onward again, halting and starting out of Richmond, out of sight of the crowd of waving helpers. Hours passed. Everything descended into monotone. The family's personalities became dissolved until they became a Pontiacal zoom upon the universe. Toward evening they saw a sign pointing to Ephesus. They stirred. Their faces were dusty, and they became slightly scared. It was like awakening. At once they thought of the ocean. They could not believe it was lost. And they thought of P.Q. They had not seen him for more than a year. Mrs. Bishop had the address of the house he had taken for them on a piece of paper. It was dusk when they entered the town. Mrs. Bishop squinted over the steering wheel and went slowly. The stores were flat. The gravel sidewalks were gullied by erosion. Trees clutched their hands over the automobile. The lights of the town came on. They passed a gas station in front of which there was a large magnolia tree which stuck out its blossoms through vulgar, shiny patent-leather leaves, like tongues. They turned right, passing the post office and the Ephesus Inn. Then, following the directions carefully, they entered an area of houses. Lights from the windows twinkled obscenely through large padded leaves. Bushes were overgrown in the yards. The fruitfulness of the Judas, quince, dogwood, honeysuckle was a disguise, and the fragrance that permeated everything was overpowering. Suddenly a bell from a bell tower rang: "O Love That Will Not Let Me Go." The F-sharp was flat. Urie made a face at Loco. Behind this ritual their hearts were sinking. The houses became closer and closer together. Mrs. Bishop veered toward the curb. "Nineteen Ransome Street," she said. It was a squatting bungalow set in a gully. Bushes hid everything except the light inside and two fat orange columns which held up the porch. Mrs. Bishop looked at her paper again to make sure. "It can't be!" said Irene in a shocked voice. "This is a residential district!" Their old house had been splendid, private and white, with fourteen rooms and forty-nine windows, fronting on the harbor, its back toward the ocean. P.Q. named it Thalassia. It stood on Eastern Point, an area of estates. The green blinds opened from white clapboard above the breakwater and Rafe's Chasm. Sea gulls cried in the morning, pure and merciless. Through the spring leaves of their cherry tree on a clear evening they could see Minot's Light and the Portland steamer heading on its weekly way to Maine. At first they were summer people. The moon rose over the Atlantic, a shattering glister on choppy waves. Mrs. Bishop played Brahms and Chopin and the music drifted up to the girls' bedrooms at night. The wind sang through long grasses. The leaves of silver poplars sighed in the sun. The milkweeds wept tears of milk when their stems were broken. Sudden lightning storms erupted and broke bolts over the ocean. After the Depression they became winter people too. One winter a storm came. The wind ripped the eaves. Warning bells lashed by fifteen-foot waves called from the ocean. The Leggetts' bathhouse, green and lonely above the empty swimming pool, was torn off its rock and tossed away to sea. The girls laughed. Blizzards piled up ten-foot snowdrifts on the hills. Brace's Rock became encrusted with salt-water ice. The harbor froze, and ice cutters had to come in so that the gill-netters could make their way out to the Grand Banks. They put on their skates in the house and walked out to the pond which separated their house from the ocean. Holding burlap bags between them, they sailed at fifty miles an hour. They played hide-and-seek in the winter-deserted estates, hiding behind snow-covered naked Roman statues of gods and goddesses imported from Italy. They walked the winter beach. They followed the leader. Urie was the leader. She made them go over cliffs and through woods. Ghosts of snow pretending to be trees watched them. They learned purity in the winter. They had to be strong to enter into eternal, merciless freedom. They tramped all the millionaires' estates, fake Tudor castles, Norman turrets, Italian rococo mansions, glass piazzas gleaming in the snow, and one carved French palace, its windowpanes etched white upon the vicious ocean. They broke and entered with the confidence of kings. Forgotten locks and rusty hinges were a challenge. They gazed with rapturous awe at the acres of deserted rooms, furniture shrouded by sheets as if in spectral imitation of the snow. White congealed in hypostasis the powerful absent owners. Who had stood where? What had they said, these dead rulers of the universe? Everything was haunted. Once Loco discovered some leftover cheese-cracker crumbs in a great dark kitchen at Maynards'. They ate them, all three, thrilling to this actual evidence of the absent owners. They were like mice taking Communion and becoming lords. Their kingdom was endless and undisputed. Trespass made them gods. Illuminated by a consciousness of what this experience meant, Urie became a preacher as well as a leader. She waited until they were at the farthest extremity from home, in the bleakest room of the Ramparts, or at the last stone of the Point, looking at the figure of Mother Ann, a granite, bosomy stone facing the sea. Then she turned to them, her breath supernatural with enthusiastic steam, her eyes very blue. "You see, there is no boundary to us. We are completely limitless. We are just like the ocean and the sky. We own everything in the world!" "I want to go home, Urie," said Loco in a scared voice. "Where do you think you are?" "At the lighthouse." "No, you are not at the lighthouse." It was because Loco was the smallest against the endless waste of snow that she was scared. Once she had got stuck for four hours in a snowbank at the Ramparts. Irene and Urie had not been able to pull her out. They had had to leave her and go for help. March lay upon February's back and the sea stretched away to infinity. The wind was tugging at the sky. All Loco could see was endless miles of granite, mansion and maze overwhelming her. "Where am I, then?" she asked. "You are at home!" crescendoed Urie, stretching out her arms to embrace all power. "No. I'm at the lighthouse!" said Loco, beginning to cry. "I want to go home, Urie!" "Go home, then!"petulantly turning away, knowing none of them would go alone. "Make her go home, Irene!" Loco held her mittens pleadingly before her chin, her tears beginning to freeze on her cheeks. "Oh, lily-livered cowards," scorned Urie. She led the tramp back, etching her mittens into the sky into huge gestures of espousal. "Home. Home. Everything is home!" All through the years of losing the house Mrs. Bishop called the family "aristocrats of the soul." They did not take this as compensation for losing paradise, for they were not aware of losing it. The banks closed. The Bishops lost their money. Four of the millionaires whose mansions the girls explored jumped off skyscrapers in New York and Chicago. But the girls did not notice that Mrs. Bishop no longer brought them toys. They were surprised when she talked about it. They went to school. They did not associate with other children. They were too far from the school. They were the only ones who rode to it in an automobile. The townschildren spoke with bad grammar. The Bishops spoke with good grammar and made top grades. The bank did not believe the Bishops would never pay off the mortgage. So they were allowed to stay in hope. For five years they stayed, owning their house, the millionaires' estates, the Point, the ocean, and the sky. And then the bank made the first steps toward foreclosure. They got out of the car. They fanned through the shrubbery, creeping toward the bungalow with the repulsion and curiosity of wary soldiers ordered to capture a hill. Through the screen door they saw P.Q. He was sitting in an empty living room in the glare of a naked 150-watt light bulb. The only stick of furniture was the camp chair upon which he sat. His left leg was perched on his right knee. He was reading Plutarch. He looked like a marooned tyrant ruling fathoms of polished floor. The only articles in his emptiness were a string rug, upon which his foot was carefully placed, and books, neatly lined along the wall from one end of the floor to the other. He sensed the forces outside and stepped out the screen door to look, the book in his right hand, his forefinger marking his place. His cheeks had acquired squint lines from sun. His face had grown sharper and hollower. His nose had grown longer and more sarcastic. His bald head was more imposing than ever, giving a new, total authority to the uniqueness that made him unable to get along in the world. He saw them. "Ah! So you got here at last!" Such gladness spilled through these words, punctuating his old dashing knife-smile in the darkness and his foreign accent, so strange, yet so familiar, that suddenly they felt as if it were yesterday. Loco Poco, squealing with delight, ran up the wooden steps and half tripped. He caught her in his arms. The others came more slowly and shyly. All this time they had not even missed him because his dominance, in abeyance, was always felt. But now his presence was overpowering. "This is a crazy place, P.Q." "You bet your life it is." They walked around the empty room to inspect. To talk about anything was irrelevant. "We saw white trash sweeping dirt yards." "We saw Negroes with umbrellas and it was ninety-eight degrees and the sun was out." The repetition of what had been flotsam to their mother was suddenly recognizable as the coin of Bishopry. Bishopry against the world, Bishopry dancing in enlightened ecstasy upon the wet spots of ignorance, stupidity, craziness, and dumbness. Bishopry, wise as owls witnessing the wonders and absurdities of the world. "The moving van didn't come," said Irene. "There's nothing here but floors." "What a funny house, P.Q. It's so small I feel like I'm a doll in it." They came into possession of hysterical euphoria, laughing insanely. They walked like goslings about P.Q. They went from one room into another. Their footsteps echoed on the plaster walls. Echoes pursued them from room to room. They repeated rooms as if to make the place bigger. Unreality became total reality. Their Bishopry thwacked over the echoes of themselves, over the emptiness, over the meaninglessness of their footsteps, into the very workings of their leg muscles. "No furniture! Insane!" "Where are we going to sleep?" "Where do you sleep, P.Q.?" He opened a last door. He was poker-faced. In the empty room on the empty floor lay a mattress. It was dressed in sheets. A pillow was its head. It wore a blue blanket. An alarm clock sat next to it, pointing to nine-five. "You sleep on the floor?" "Of course." "We can sleep on the floor too, can't we, P.Q.?" asked Loco Poco. "You bet your life. That's the way I slept in nineteen-oh-eight on my first day at the University of Illinois." "Come on," said P.Q. from the hallway, after they had unloaded everything. "Let's go for a walk. We'll get some ice cream. I want to show you the university." "At this time of night? It's eleven o'clock," said Mrs. Bishop. "Mamma!" breathed Loco. "You only live once," said P.Q. P.Q. Bishop, born in Khartoum and originally named Pavlos Episcopoulos, had dropped the name of Paul because of Saint Paul, whom he hated. He was Greek but had never been in Greece. Sometimes he claimed to be a Jew, but no one in the family knew whether to believe it because he told lies and truths with the same straight face. He laughed at Christianity but literally translated his name into English as Bishop. He had come to America at the age of sixteen, though he told some people it was at twelve. He was a combination of opportunist and utopian. When he was young he worked as bellhop, shoeshine boy, and grocery clerk to put himself through college. The mythology of America opened his eyes. If a man was smart in this country, he could make money. But education was the guide light. Ignorance kept people down. As a student P.Q. tried to organize the Greeks of New England, to make them learn English and read American history to get them out of the mills of Lawrence and Lowell, out of the ghettos and raise them up. He did not believe in work. Horatio Alger was folderol, the Puritan ethic nonsense. Understanding operated through enlightened self-interest (business) with technology and relieved man for higher spheres of service. This was the lesson of America. Before the First World War he tried to enlist in the Canadian Air Force but was rejected for being underweight. He entered law school. There he met Clara Parsons, the daughter of Hector J. Parsons, sugar broker and owner of real estate. The Parsons family went back to the Mayflower. P.Q., always separated from the rest of the Greeks by his slow-burning egotism and the arrogance of messianic idealism, began to straddle the bridge between immigrancy and the cream of Yankee society. Hector J. Parsons took a fancy to him. The irascible old man liked to pit P.Q. against his relatives who had never made a bean themselves. He liked to watch him drop neatly turned bombs in society and reveled in his wicked, young delight at flustering men and women. P.Q.'s flair turned strong-willed, generous Clara Parsons' head, and winning over her divinity-student suitors, egged on by her doting old father, he married her. He never finished law school, for he was drafted and spent the war teaching English to immigrants. Hector J. Parsons died, and P.Q. went into the banking business with Clara's money. His new affluence proved his ideas. Outward circumstances mattered little to him, and he fitted himself to the life of golf clubs, roadster, club memberships, and the summer house on Eastern Point as easily as he had once lived in boarding houses. The first child, a boy, died. When Irene was born, P.Q. was disappointed. A second girl changed his disappointment into transcendence. He began to conceive of women as potential Athenas, superior to men. He began to teach his daughters manners, ideas, and philosophies as if they were not children but the leaders of future generations. At three years old, Urie was taught to repeat after him man's progress from the animal: "Man has progressed from being an animal. First he was a savage. Then he was a barbarian. And at last he became a social man." By the time Loco was born, P.Q. had sated his desires for inculcation, so she became his favorite and looked to him just like a little Clara. When the Depression came, he could not believe it. Clara came to the fore. She buoyed him up. He raised himself out of a paralysis of inaction, cutting down on their way of life, moving into the Eastern Point house. He started a business making radio casings. The NRA closed it up. None of his former associates had anything to do with him. He began a new business in wool. It failed. Years passed. He started two new ventures. The more he failed, the more he became convinced of his belief in free enterprise as panacea. He preached. He became more stubborn and more enthusiastic. But bitterness began to turn the edges of his enthusiasms brown. He grew hard in his preachings. (Continues...) Excerpted from ENTERING EPHESUS by Daphne Athas. Copyright © 1971 by Daphne Athas. Excerpted by permission.
Daphne Athas has published five books, countless articles, stories, poems, and plays, and has won a dozen literary awards and honors over the past 30 years. She currently teaches writing and literature at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.

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