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Patent US20030009669 - Method and system to uniquely associate multicast content with each of ... - Google PatentsSearch Images Maps Play YouTube News Gmail Drive More »Sign inPatentsMethods and systems are disclosed in which contact can be safely distributed and protected in a manner that is viable in terms of bandwidth economy and ensures that clients can be identified by the content received. Copies of encrypted content can be provided such that unique watermarks can be added...http://www.google.com/patents/US20030009669?utm_source=gb-gplus-sharePatent US20030009669 - Method and system to uniquely associate multicast content with each of multiple recipientsAdvanced Patent SearchPublication numberUS20030009669 A1Publication typeApplicationApplication numberUS 09/800,842Publication dateJan 9, 2003Filing dateMar 6, 2001Priority dateMar 6, 2000Also published asEP1134977A1, US7058809, US20060200416Publication number09800842, 800842, US 2003/0009669 A1, US 2003/009669 A1, US 20030009669 A1, US 20030009669A1, US 2003009669 A1, US 2003009669A1, US-A1-20030009669, US-A1-2003009669, US2003/0009669A1, US2003/009669A1, US20030009669 A1, US20030009669A1, US2003009669 A1, US2003009669A1InventorsMark White, Andrew WajsOriginal AssigneeWhite Mark Andrew George, Wajs Andrew AugustineExport CitationBiBTeX, EndNote, RefManPatent Citations (32), Referenced by (163), Classifications (44), Legal Events (8) External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, EspacenetMethod and system to uniquely associate multicast content with each of multiple recipients
FIELD OF THE INVENTION [0002] The present invention relates generally to data processing. More particularly, the present invention relates to “watermarking” or uniquely identifying content. Specifically, the present invention relates to a method and system to associate uniquely content with each of multiple recipients. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION [0003] Today, text, audio, and video content (“content”) can be transmitted using a number of technologies. For example, a server on the Internet can transmit a video clip to a plurality of users. Such a process is typically referred to as “streaming.” A number of challenges exist, however, for streaming content on the Internet. One challenge is content protection. The challenge of content protection relates to preventing illegal copying and distribution of premium content. Another challenge is bandwidth economics. The challenge of bandwidth economics relates to transmitting content within a limited bandwidth. [0004] One method for content protection is watermarking. Watermarking is a process of inserting unique information (“watermark”) into content in a non-removable manner. That is, an attempt to remove the watermark may cause loss of all or part of the original content. A watermark is a form of rubber-stamping, e.g., a frame of a motion picture, with a unique signature. Typically, for a server on the Internet to perform watermarking, the server must send content with a different watermark for each user. Thus, a disadvantage of the watermarking process alone is that each item of content must be uniquely watermarked for each user or entity to whom the content is to be distributed. If the number of users to receive the content is large, watermarking can be bandwidth intensive and very complex for the server. [0005] Another method for content protection is content encryption or scrambling. For example, in order to prevent unauthorized copying of content, the content can be encrypted with one or more keys and decrypted by users with correct keys to access the content. Generally, the content is both compressed and encrypted. A disadvantage of encrypting content alone is that after decrypting and descrambling the content unauthorized copies of the content can still be made. To locate the source of such unauthorized copying, a fingerprint or watermark can be added to content to indicate the content is copyright protected. A problem with adding a watermark to encrypted content is that it must be first decrypted before the watermark can be added. Consequently, if the content is encrypted, access to the content is not available. Moreover, adding watermarks and decrypting content requires extensive processing capacity. [0006] One method to address bandwidth constraints is multicasting. Multicasting is the process of a single server sending content to multiple users at the same time. For example, a server on the Internet can send a video clip once (“multicast”) to many users. Thus, a single server can send content to many users without either the server or the network becoming too congested. A disadvantage of multicasting alone is that it is difficult to protect the content being multicasted. For instance, multicasting is incompatible with existing watermarking technology because multicasting relies on all users receiving exactly the same data. Watermarking, however, relies on all users receiving uniquely “stamped” data. As such, a number of problems exist with distributing content such as text, audio, and video data on the Internet that relate to providing content within bandwidth constraints and ensuring content is protected or identified. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION [0007] According to one aspect of the present invention, a method is disclosed in which a copy of at least one part of content having a first watermark is encrypted. A copy of at least one part of a content having a second watermark is encrypted. Parts of the encrypted copy with the first watermark and parts of the encrypted copy with the second watermark are combined in a manner unique for an individual client. [0008] According to another aspect of the present invention, a method is disclosed in which first and second copies of content are watermarked with respective first and second watermarks. The first copy of the content is encrypted using a first key and the second copy of the content is encrypted using a second key. The encrypted first copy and second copy are combined into a single stream of data. [0009] Other features and advantages of the present invention will be apparent from the accompanying drawings, and from the detailed description, which follows below. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS [0010] The present invention is illustrated by way of example, and not limitation, by the figures of the accompanying drawings in which like references indicate similar elements and in which: [0011] [0011]FIG. 1 illustrates an exemplary diagram of a network environment in which the present invention can be implemented; [0012] [0012]FIG. 2 illustrates a diagram of encrypted content being combined according to one embodiment; [0013] [0013]FIG. 3 illustrates a block diagram of a content server communicating encrypted content with a client according to one embodiment; [0014] [0014]FIG. 4A illustrates a flow chart of an operation to provide encrypted content according to one embodiment; [0015] [0015]FIG. 4B illustrates a flow chart of an operation to decrypt encrypted content according to one embodiment; [0016] [0016]FIG. 5 illustrates a block diagram of a content server for unicasting keys and multicasting encrypted watermarked content according to one embodiment; [0017] [0017]FIG. 6A illustrates a flow chart of an operation to create a single stream of data having encrypted content; [0018] [0018]FIG. 6B illustrates a flow chart of an operation of distributing keys and the single stream of data of FIG. 6A; [0019] [0019]FIG. 7 illustrates exemplary video frames to perform the operation of FIG. 6A; and [0020] [0020]FIG. 8 is a block diagram of an exemplary digital processing or computing system in which the present invention can be implemented. DETAILED DESCRIPTION [0021] Methods and systems are described in which content can be safely distributed and protected in a manner that is viable in terms of bandwidth economy and ensures that clients can be identified by the content received. In one embodiment, copies of encrypted content can be provided such that unique watermarks can be added to the copies. In another embodiment, content can be both watermarked uniquely for multiple clients and multicasted to the clients. As such, content can be distributed using the bandwidth efficiency of multicasting while providing reliable content protection of watermarking. [0022] In the following description, a watermark refers to an identifier or signature. For example, the identifier or signature can be used to indicate copyright protected data. The watermark can also be used to indicate the origin and authenticity of the data or the identity of clients/users/customers of the data. In addition, watermarking refers to a process of encrypting content in such a manner that it can be multicasted and still yield a unique version upon decryption. Furthermore, in the following description, for purposes of explanation, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the present invention. It will be evident, however, to one skilled in the art that the present invention may be practiced without these specific details. Exemplary Network Environment [0023] [0023]FIG. 1 illustrates an exemplary diagram of a network environment 100 in which the present invention can be implemented. Referring to FIG. 1, content server 104 can communicate with a plurality of clients 1 (101-1) through N (101-N) via network 102. In one embodiment, network 102 is the Internet. The Internet is a worldwide system of interconnected networks that runs the Internet Protocol (IP) to transfer data (e.g., packets). In other embodiments, network 102 can be other types of networks such as, for example, a token ring network, local area network (LAN), or a wide area network (WAN). Network 102 can also be implemented in a wired or wireless environment. [0024] Content server 104 is a network device for communicating on network 102. In one embodiment, content server 104 is a general purpose computer such as a web server. In other embodiments, content server 104 is a network device including a network router, switch, bridge, gateway, or other like network device, for communicating on network 102. Content server 104 includes a media server module 108 coupled to content storage 106. Content storage 106 is a storage device such as, for example, a hard disk, compact disk (CD), digital video disc (DVD), a random access memory (RAM), a dynamic random access memory (DRAM), or other like memory devices to store content for distribution. [0025] In one embodiment, media server module 108 is a processing device to process instructions or code to perform the operations described herein. In other embodiments, media server module 108 is hardware and/or software modules to perform the same. Media server module 108 retrieves and processes content stored in content storage 106 and distributes the content to clients 1 through N. The content stored in content storage 106 can include video and/or audio data or other like types of data. For example, the content can include Moving Picture Experts Group (MPEG) data. In one embodiment, media server module 108 operates according to the processing techniques as described with respect to FIGS. 2, 3, 4A and 4B. In another embodiment, media server module 108 operates according to the processing techniques as described with respect to FIGS. 5, 6A, 6B, and 7. [0026] Clients 1 through N can be general purpose computers for receiving content from content server 104 via network 102. Alternatively, clients 1 through N can be another content server such as content server 104. For example, clients 1 through N can be personal computers, workstations, laptop computers, or other like computing devices. Clients 1 through N can also be electronic portable devices such as, for example, a personal data assistant (PDA), wireless telephone, or other like devices, which can communicate with content server via network 102 over a wired or wireless medium. Clients 1 through N can include applications to view and display content from content server 104. For example, clients 1 through N can include an application such as, for example, Real Player™ or QuickTime™ to play back video data. Providing Copies of Encrypted Content with Unique Watermarks Example [0027] The following embodiments with respect to FIGS. 2, 3, 4A and 4B describe providing copies of encrypted content with unique watermarks for each of a plurality of clients and broadcasting the encrypted content to the clients. FIG. 2 illustrates a diagram 200 of encrypted content being combined according to one embodiment. For purposes of explanation, the content is described as “movie content” but can easily be other types of content, e.g., an audio file of a record. [0028] In one embodiment, content storage 106 includes three copies of movie content. Each copy stored in content storage 106 is encrypted in a suitable manner. A first copy 210 referred to as “neutral copy” is encrypted. A second copy 220 of the content is obtained by adding a watermark a first identifier, e.g., a sequence of “1s” or a more complex binary sequence, to at least one part of the complete content. Thereafter, second copy 220 is encrypted in a suitable manner so that an encrypted copy watermarked with the first identifier is obtained. A third copy 230 is obtained by adding a watermark with a second identifier, e.g., a sequence of “0s” or a more complex binary sequence, to at least one part of the complete content. Thereafter, third copy 230 is encrypted in a suitable manner so that an encrypted copy watermarked with the second identifier is obtained. Second and third copies 220 and 230 can be watermarked with any unique identifiers. [0029] The watermarked copies 220 and 230 may include a percentage of the original movie content. For example, watermarked copies 220 and 230 may include 1% to 20% of the complete movie content. Nevertheless, the complete movie content can be watermarked with first and second identifiers, respectively. In an alternative embodiment, the neutral copy 210 can be omitted. Furthermore, copies 210, 220, and 230 can be stored on a separate storage device or on a separate server. [0030] In one embodiment, if a client requests the movie content from content server 104, media module server 108 will add a watermark unique to the client. That is, in the example of FIG. 2, the watermark will be a unique identifier having unique sequences of ones (“1s”) and zeroes (“0s”). In accordance with this unique sequence of ones and zeros, media module server 108 combines encrypted parts of the neutral copy 210, first copy 220 watermarked with ones, and second copy 230 watermarked with zeroes and forwards the combination to the requesting client. As such, the requesting client receives an encrypted copy with watermarks unique to the client. [0031] The watermarks, however, are not necessary to decrypt and encrypt the content in the relatively insecure environment of content server 104. The unique identification of ones and zeroes and associated client identification information can be stored in content storage 106 or in a separate storage device. Neutral copy 210 of scrambled content is used to reduce the amount of data that needs to be stored in content storage 106. Alternatively, a scrambled copy of content can be provided with a watermark without using neutral copy 210. [0032] [0032]FIG. 3 illustrates a block diagram 300 of content server 104 communicating scrambled content with a client 100 according to one embodiment. Client 100 can be representative of clients 1 through N in FIG. 1. Referring to FIG. 3, content server 104 includes media server module 108 having a receiving module 302 coupled to encryption module 304, which is coupled to key management module 306. Each of these modules can be a separate processing device or hardware and/or software modules operating within content server 104 to process instructions or code for performing the operations described herein. [0033] Encryption module 304 encrypts content from receiving module 302. In one embodiment, receiving module 302 can receive content from content storage 106. In another embodiment, receiving module 302 receives content from network 102 or an external connection such as a cable or modem line. Encryption module 304 can encrypt content using keys in a standard encrypting process. For example, encryption module 204 can insert keys into a stream of video content as entitlement control messages (ECMs) to encrypt the stream of video content. [0034] In one embodiment, watermarking can be performed on the client side. For example, client 100 can add watermarks during a decryption process for decrypting the encrypted content from content server 104. Client 100 can decrypt the encrypted content from content server 104 in real time or at a later time by storing the encrypted content. [0035] In the following description for purposes of explanation, receiving module 302 in client 100 receives encrypted content that represents a “movie,” which is to be broadcasted to client 100. Other types of content can be used such as text or audio content that is commonly broadcasted. Receiving module 302 can be programmed to provide a plurality of double parts or so-called double illuminated parts for the movie. In one embodiment, if the movie is compressed, e.g., under the MPEG standard, I-frames or similar parts are double illuminated to keep bandwidth low. In one embodiment, receiving module 302 provides the double illuminated sections with a watermark. For example, receiving module 302 can add a watermark of zeros (or a first identifier) and a watermark of ones (or a second identifier) to selective sections of each double illuminated part. Receiving module 302 then forwards a neutral section and the double illuminated sections to encryption module 304. [0036] Encryption module 304 uses keys provided by key management module 306. Key management module 306 can include one or more storage devices to store a number of keys to scramble content. In one embodiment, encryption module 304 uses a first key (Key 1) to encrypt the neutral section to provide neutral copy 210, a second key (Key 2) to encrypt watermarked sections with ones to provide second copy 220, and a third key to encrypt watermarked sections with zeros to provide third copy 230. [0037] Key management module 306 in content server 104 includes a key management application to allow client 100 to receive a unique copy of encrypted content by delivering client keys 2 and 3 in a predetermined manner. Key management module 306 also allows client 100 to decrypt the encrypted content from encryption module 304. That is, key management module 100 provides the unique key information to client 100 via encryption module 304 to decrypt the encrypted content having a unique combination of encrypted sections watermarked with zeros (or first identifier) and sections watermarked with ones (or a second identifier). Furthermore, key management module 306 can store information related to which client received which unique combination. In this manner, client 100 can provide a clear content stream of the movie with a unique watermark or identification. Thus, the content stream can easily be identified to determine if the appropriate client is receiving and viewing the movie. [0038] Key management module 306 can, for example, provide entitlement control messages ECMs with Key 1, Key 2, or Key 3. During broadcasting of the encrypted content, key management module 306 provides ECMs to respective clients containing the keys to obtain the unique combinations of ones and zeros at the respective clients. In the example of FIG. 3, key management module 306 can provide the ECMs to client 100 via encryption module 304 or directly using an external connection to network 102. [0039] Client 100 includes a receiving module 308 to receive encrypted content from content server 104. Receiving module 308 can also receive keys from key management module 306 within content server 104. Receiving module 308 is coupled to decrypting module 310, which is coupled to key management module 312. Each of these modules can be a separate processing device or hardware and/or software modules to process instructions or code for performing the operations described herein. [0040] Client 100 uses decryption module 310 to decrypt the encrypted content from content server 104. Receiving module 308 receives encrypted content from encryption module 304 and extracts ECMs from the encrypted content and forwards the ECMs to key management module 312. Key management module 312 provides keys from the extracted ECMs to decryption module 310. Receiving module 308 also provides the encrypted content from content server 104 to decryption module 310. [0041] In one embodiment, content server 104 provides ECMs with Key 1 and Key 2 or Key 3 unique to client 100. In particular, key management module 312 of client 100 delivers the keys to decryption module 310. Decryption module 310 uses the keys to obtain clear content with a unique combination of zeros and ones. In one embodiment, if only Key 2 is available, only the second watermark with ones can be decrypted whereas if only the third key is available only the section watermarked with ones can be decrypted. In this example, watermarking the neutral copy 210 is controlled directly by content server 104. [0042] In an alternative embodiment, key management programs or instructions can be downloaded or permanently stored in key management module 312 within client 100. For example, key management module 312 can include a smart card to provide security to downloaded programs or instructions. In particular, the smart card could receive an ECM including all three keys (Key 1 through Key 3) in which the keys are provided to decryption module 310 in a manner unique to the smart card. [0043] [0043]FIG. 4A illustrates a flow chart of an operation 400 to provide scrambled content according to one embodiment. Initially, operation 400 begins at operation 402. [0044] At operation 402, a copy of at least parts of content watermarked with a first identifier (e.g., “0s”) is provided. For example, receiving module 302 provides content watermarked with “0s” to encryption module. [0045] At operation 404, a copy of at least parts of content watermarked with a second identifier (e.g., “1s”) is provided. For example, receiving module 302 provides content watermarked with “1s” to encryption module. [0046] At operation 406, the copies of the watermarked content with “0s” and “1s” is encrypted. In one embodiment, encryption module 304 can encrypt the watermarked content into three parts such as neutral copy 210 with a unique Key 1, a first copy 220 of encrypted content watermarked with “1s” with a unique Key 2, and a second copy 230 of encrypted content watermarked with “0s” with a unique Key 3. [0047] At operation 408, parts of first copy 220 and second copy 230 are combined unique to an individual client. In one embodiment, parts of first copy 220 and second copy 230 are combined with neutral copy 210. In an alternative embodiment, parts of first copy 220 and second 230 are combined without neutral copy 210. Encryption module 304 can perform the above operation. Encryption module 304 or key management module 306 can send the unique keys (i.e., Keys 1 through 3) to a client to decrypt the content. [0048] [0048]FIG. 4B illustrates a flow chart of an operation 450 to decrypt encrypted content according to one embodiment. Initially, operation 450 begins at operation 452. [0049] At operation 452, unique keys are received, which are used by content server 104 to encrypt content. For example, receiving module 308 within client 100 can receive the unique keys. Receiving module 308 can forward the unique keys to key management module 312 or decryption 310 within client 100. [0050] At operation 454, the encrypted content is received. The encrypted content is “double-illuminated” to refer that at least portions thereof are duplicated and watermarked with different identifiers. For example, client 100 can receive the encrypted content of operation 400 via receiving module 308. Encrypted content, however, can be received before the unique keys are received in operation 452. [0051] At operation 456, the encrypted content is decrypted. For example, decryption module 310 can decrypt the encrypted content from content server 104 using the received unique keys. Waterplexing Example [0052] The following embodiments with respect to FIGS. 5, 6A, 6B and 7 describe a method and system to identify uniquely multicast content with each of multiple recipients. The following embodiments describe a “waterplexing” process by encrypting, e.g., a single data-stream of video content, in a manner that allows numerous unlocking keys to be distributed to a plurality of recipients (“customers”). Each key can decrypt the content into a unique form. In one embodiment, the content is encrypted once and then distributed to multiple clients. In order for the content to be unlocked and viewed, one or more unique keys are required to decrypt the content. That is, each unique key will cause the resulting decrypted content to be universally unique and viewable. [0053] [0053]FIG. 5 illustrates a block diagram 500 of content server 104 for unicasting keys and multicasting encrypted content according to one embodiment. Referring to FIG. 5, content server 104 includes content storage 106 for storing content, which is coupled to server media module 108. In one embodiment, server media module 108 includes a watermarking module 506 coupled to content storage 106 and encryption module 507, which is coupled to keys database 508. Each of these modules can be a separate processing device or hardware and/or software modules to process instructions or code for performing the operations described herein. [0054] Content storage 106 stores content that is to be multicasted. For example, content storage 106 can store text, audio, and video content. In the following embodiments, content storage 106 stores a stream of video data. Watermarking module 506 processes the stream of video data in content storage 106. In one embodiment, watermarking module 506 adds unique watermarks or stamps to redundant data (e.g., frames or packets within the stream of video data) for a waterplexing process. That is, redundant pieces (e.g., “frames”) of data are included in the stream of video data. The watermarks or stamps refer to any modification to one or more frames of video that result in detectable information being added to those frames. Watermarking module 506 forwards the watermarked frames to encrypting module 507. [0055] Encrypting module 507 encrypts the watermarked frames. In one embodiment, because some frames are repeated in the video stream, encrypting module 507 can uniquely encrypt each frame of repeated frames. As such, unique encryption and decryption keys can be used and associated with each redundant frame. Keys database 508 can store such keys. Keys database 508 can include one or more tables of keys, which are mapped for unique clients/users/customers (“customers”), which will be described below. In one embodiment, encrypting module 507 unicasts unique keys from keys database 508 for individual customers. Encrypting module 507 can also multicast watermarked content, which has been encrypted, to all the customers requesting to receive the multicast. In an alternative embodiment, encrypting module 507 can multicast first and then unicast the keys. [0056] [0056]FIG. 6A illustrates a flow chart of an operation 600 to create a single stream of data having encrypted video frames. Initially, operation 600 begins at operation 602. [0057] At operation 602, selected frames within the stream of video data stored in content storage 106 are watermarked. For example, as shown in FIG. 7, frames 715 represents original content of 5 frames. Watermarking module 506 can provide unique watermarks to the repeated frames. The amount of repetition that occurs is not relevant except that repetition does occur, which allows for part of the whole to be uniquely encrypted. In the example of FIG. 7, visible letters are stamped onto the bottom right of the repeated frames as shown in frames 725. [0058] At operation 604, the selected watermarked frames and remaining frames are encrypted with unique keys. As shown in frames 735 of FIG. 7, the stamped frames are encrypted using unique keys that follow the uniqueness of the stamps. That is, if the stamp is unique then the key is unique. The remaining frames are encrypted using a common key. For example, the frames stamped with “ADA,” “LME,” “XRD,” and “QEW” are encrypted with unique keys. The non-stamped or watermarked frames are encrypted with the common key. [0059] At operation 606, the frames 735 are combined into a single data stream as shown in frames 745 of FIG. 7. The single stream of data, i.e., frames 745 can be multicasted to requesting customers. In one embodiment, the common key is sent to all customers. The combination of the other keys set to a customer dictates which frames can be decrypted and thus which stamps will be in the customer's decrypted version. In one embodiment, the decryption keys unique to each customer are unicasted to the customer. [0060] Since frames can be repeated and uniquely stamped and uniquely encrypted, a two-dimensional array of key/stamp pairs can be constructed for any given item of content. The array has a width equal to the number of times a frame is selected for unique stamping, and has a depth equal to the number of times a frame is repeated. [0061] As shown in FIG. 7, individual frames in frames 725 were selected for watermarking of stamping. Here, two watermarks or stamps are used thus requiring an array with a width of two. Within each stamping selection, each frame is repeated twice, which requires a depth of 2. As shown in Table 1 below, a 2�2 array is shown mapping unique keys to individual stamps. TABLE 1 Frames 2 & 3 Frame 5 Key1 = ADA Key3 = LME Key2 = XRD Key4 = QEW [0062] By choosing which keys to send to any given customer, it can be determined as to which stamps will be present in the content once decrypted. For example, the above array has four potential combinations. Thus, four uniquely identifiable versions could exist after decryption. An exemplary Table 2 is shown below associating individual customers with which keys are to be received based on the stamps in the content. TABLE 2 Consumer Keys received Stamps in content Michael Key 1, Key 3 ADA, LME Donald Key 2, Key 4 XRD, QEW Jane Key 1, Key 4 ADA, QEW Mary Key 2, Key 3 ZRD, LME [0063] With repetition of parts of a video-stream, video content can be encrypted in a manner that guarantees uniqueness of the decrypted version. This concept relies on the fact that no customer is given all of the keys required for an item of content, but is given a unique combination of keys just sufficient to decrypt the content to a viewable state. [0064] Most popular video compression techniques involve using key frames (or I frames) to begin a sequence of animation, which is then followed by data that describes how the remaining frames sequentially differ from each other. In one embodiment, since the waterplexing example described above relies on repetition of video frames, a waterplexing engine can be used in conjunction with a video compression engine to determine where key-frames occur in order to provide a compression solution. [0065] [0065]FIG. 6B illustrates a flow chart of an operation 650 of distributing keys and the single stream of data of FIG. 6A. Initially, operation 650 begins at operation 652. [0066] At operation 652, the unique keys are unicasted. For example, the keys in Tables 1 and 2 above are unicasted to one or more clients or customers. [0067] At operation 654, the single data stream having unique watermarks and encrypted with unique keys is multicasted. For example, the frames 745 shown in FIG. 7 are multicasted to one or more clients or customers. In other embodiments, the order of operation 652 and operation 654 can be reversed. [0068] Thus, the above operations described in FIGS. 6A and 6B show how to uniquely associate multicast content with each of multiple clients or customers. Exemplary Digital Processing or Computing System [0069] [0069]FIG. 8 is a block diagram of an exemplary digital processing system 800 for a content server or a client. For example, digital processing system 800 can represent content server 104 as described in FIGS. 1, 2, and 5. Digital processing system 800 may store a set of instructions for causing the system to perform any of the operations as explained above. Digital processing system 800 can also represent a client on a network or other types of network devices, which include a network router, a network switch, or a network bridge or gateway. Digital processing system 800 can also represent a client being a portable electronic device such as, for example, a personal data assistant, a mobile device, a web appliance, or any other type of machine capable of executing a sequence of instructions that specify actions to be taken by that machine. [0070] Referring to FIG. 8, digital processing system 800 includes a bus 808 coupled to a central processing unit (CPU) 802, main memory 804, static memory 806, network interface 822, video display 810, alpha-numeric input device 812, cursor control device 814, drive unit 816, and signal generation device 820. The devices coupled to bus 808 can use bus 808 to communicate information or data to each other. Furthermore, the devices of digital processing system 800 are exemplary in which one or more devices can be omitted or added. For example, one or more memory devices can be used for digital processing system 800. [0071] The CPU 802 can process instructions 826 or instructions 826 stored in main memory 804 or a machine-readable medium 824 within drive unit 816 via bus 808. For one embodiment, CPU 802 can process and execute instructions 826 to implement the operations as described in FIGS. 2A, 2B, 6A, and 6B. Bus 808 is a communication medium for communicating data or information for digital processing system 800. [0072] Main memory 804 can be, e.g., a random access memory (RAM) or some other dynamic storage device. Main memory 804 stores instructions 826, which can be used by CPU 802. Main memory 804 may also store temporary variables or other intermediate information during execution of instructions by CPU 802. Static memory 806, can be, e.g., a read only memory (ROM) and/or other static storage devices, for storing information or instructions, which can also be used by CPU 802. Drive unit 816 can be, e.g., a hard or floppy disk drive unit or optical disk drive unit, having a machine-readable medium 824 storing instructions 826. The machine-readable medium 824 can also store other types of information or data. [0073] Video display 810 can be, e.g., a cathode ray tube (CRT) or liquid crystal display (LCD). Video display device 810 displays information or graphics to a user. Alpha-numeric input device 812 is an input device (e.g., a keyboard) for communicating information and command selections to digital processing system 800. Cursor control device 814 can be, e.g., a mouse, a trackball, or cursor direction keys, for controlling movement of an object on video display 810. Signal generation device 820 can be, e.g., a speaker or a microphone. [0074] Digital processing system 800 can be connected to a network 102 via a network interface device 822. Network interface 822 can connect to a network such as, for example, a local area network (LAN), wide area network (WAN), token ring network, Internet, or other like networks. Network interface device 822 can also support varying network protocols such as, for example, hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP), asynchronous transfer mode (ATM), fiber distributed data interface (FDDI), frame relay, or other like protocols. [0075] Thus, a method and system to uniquely identify multicast content with each of multiple recipients have been described. In the foregoing specification, the invention has been described with reference to specific exemplary embodiments thereof. It will, however, be evident that various modifications and changes may be made thereto without departing from broader spirit and scope of the invention as set forth in the appended claims. The specification and drawings are, accordingly, to be regarded in an illustrative sense rather than a restrictive sense. 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Patent US6365247 - Zero oxygen permeation plastic bottle for beer and other applications - Google PatentsSearch Images Maps Play YouTube News Gmail Drive More »Sign inPatentsMultilayered plastic bottles are disclosed having oxygen scavenging capacity sufficient to maintain substantially zero or near zero (depending on product requirements) presence of oxygen in the bottle cavity for the planned shelf life of the bottled product under specified storage conditions. The bottles...http://www.google.com/patents/US6365247?utm_source=gb-gplus-sharePatent US6365247 - Zero oxygen permeation plastic bottle for beer and other applicationsAdvanced Patent SearchTry the new Google Patents, with machine-classified Google Scholar results, and Japanese and South Korean patents.Publication numberUS6365247 B1Publication typeGrantApplication numberUS 09/254,138PCT numberPCT/US1997/016711Publication dateApr 2, 2002Filing dateSep 22, 1997Priority dateSep 23, 1996Fee statusPaidAlso published asCA2266634A1, CA2266634C, CN1085604C, CN1231642A, DE69701814D1, DE69701814T2, EP0932561A1, EP0932561B1, US6558762, US20020155236, WO1998012127A1Publication number09254138, 254138, PCT/1997/16711, PCT/US/1997/016711, PCT/US/1997/16711, PCT/US/97/016711, PCT/US/97/16711, PCT/US1997/016711, PCT/US1997/16711, PCT/US1997016711, PCT/US199716711, PCT/US97/016711, PCT/US97/16711, PCT/US97016711, PCT/US9716711, US 6365247 B1, US 6365247B1, US-B1-6365247, US6365247 B1, US6365247B1InventorsPaul J. Cahill, Donald F. Ackerley, Roman F. Barski, Weilong Chiang Chiang, David C. Johnson, Walter M. Nyderek, George E. Rotter, Stephen Y. ChenOriginal AssigneeBp Corporation North America Inc.Export CitationBiBTeX, EndNote, RefManPatent Citations (14), Referenced by (70), Classifications (23), Legal Events (13) External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, EspacenetZero oxygen permeation plastic bottle for beer and other applications
US 6365247 B1Abstract
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CorporationOxygen scavenging copolymers made from cyclic aliphatic monomersUS20030012904 *Mar 4, 2002Jan 16, 2003Hutchinson Gerald A.Polyester laminate materialsUS20030219555 *Jan 24, 2003Nov 27, 2003Hutchinson Gerald A.Coated polyester preforms and articlesUS20030235667 *Jun 13, 2003Dec 25, 2003Darr Richard C.Multilayered plastic containerUS20040043172 *Aug 26, 2003Mar 4, 2004Continental Pet Technologies, Inc.Enhanced oxygen-scavenging polymers, and packaging made therefromUS20040065984 *Jun 18, 2003Apr 8, 2004Yoshino Kogyosho Co., LtdLaminated polyester resin container and method of molding such a containerUS20040151937 *Nov 10, 2003Aug 5, 2004Hutchinson Gerald A.Injection mold having a wear resistant portion and a high heat transfer portionUS20040211744 *Apr 24, 2003Oct 28, 2004Radwan MarzokahClosure cap and container and method for making sameUS20040247735 *Feb 26, 2004Dec 9, 2004Hutchinson Gerald A.Preform molds incorporating high heat conductivity materialUS20050048285 *Aug 28, 2003Mar 3, 2005Ebner Cynthia L.Oxygen scavenger compositions derived from isophthalic acid and/or terephthalic acid monomer or derivatives thereofUS20050048286 *Aug 28, 2003Mar 3, 2005Ebner Cynthia L.Ionomeric oxygen scavenger compositionsUS20050048287 *Aug 28, 2003Mar 3, 2005Ebner Cynthia L.Oxygen scavenger block copolymers and compositionsUS20050112308 *Dec 28, 2004May 26, 2005Plastipak Packaging, Inc.Multilayered plastic containerUS20050136201 *Dec 22, 2003Jun 23, 2005Pepsico, Inc.Method of improving the environmental stretch crack resistance of RPET without solid statingUS20050139570 *Nov 1, 2004Jun 30, 2005SnapdragonSealed single serve containers for wineUS20050139806 *Dec 21, 2004Jun 30, 2005Havens Marvin R.Oxygen scavenger compositionsUS20050170115 *Feb 8, 2005Aug 4, 2005Tibbitt James M.Oxygen scavenging monolayer bottlesUS20050181156 *May 19, 2004Aug 18, 2005Schmidt Steven L.Enhanced oxygen-scavenging polymers, and packaging made therefromUS20060006586 *Sep 14, 2005Jan 12, 2006Said FarhaMethod of improving the environmental stress crack resistance of RPET without solid statingUS20060051451 *Jun 10, 2005Mar 9, 2006Hutchinson Gerald AMethods and systems for controlling mold temperaturesUS20060065992 *Apr 18, 2005Mar 30, 2006Hutchinson Gerald AMono and multi-layer articles and compression methods of making the sameUS20060099362 *Nov 5, 2004May 11, 2006Pepsico, Inc.Enhanced barrier packaging for oxygen sensitive foodsUS20060183804 *Dec 22, 2005Aug 17, 2006Brinkman Kyle ROxygen-impervious packaging with optional oxygen scavenger, stabilized thyroid hormone compositions and methods for storing thyroid hormone pharmaceutical compositionsUS20060199922 *Mar 1, 2006Sep 7, 2006Firestone Polymers, LlcOxygen scavenging polyesters with reduced recycle colorUS20060216445 *May 30, 2006Sep 28, 2006Ebner Cynthia LOxygen scavenger compositions derived from isophthalic acid/or terephthalic acid monomer or derivatives thereofUS20070108668 *Aug 29, 2006May 17, 2007Hutchinson Gerald AMethods and systems for controlling mold temperaturesUS20070154667 *Jan 25, 2005Jul 5, 2007Patrice RobertGlycolised copolyester-based structure for manufacturing transparent hollow bodies by coextrusion blow-moldingUS20080044605 *Jul 2, 2007Feb 21, 2008Advanced Plastics Technology Luxembourg S.A.Multilayer containers and preforms having barrier propertiesUS20080061476 *Aug 20, 2007Mar 13, 2008Advanced Plastics Technologies Luxembourg S.ACoated polyester preforms and articlesUS20080138455 *Nov 30, 2007Jun 12, 2008Advanced Plastics Technologies Luxembourg S.AMethods and systems for controlling mold temperaturesUS20080153939 *Jan 30, 2008Jun 26, 2008Graham Packaging Pet Technologies Inc.Enhanced oxygen-scavenging polymers, and packaging made therefromUS20080203617 *May 5, 2008Aug 28, 2008Advanced Plastics Technologies Luxembourg S.A.Injection mold having a wear resistant portion and a high heat transfer portionUS20080241521 *Mar 26, 2008Oct 2, 2008Multisorb Technologies, Inc.Oxygen absorbing plastic structureUS20090030115 *Aug 17, 2005Jan 29, 2009Invista North America S.Ar.L.Colored oxygen scavenging polymersUS20090306268 *Mar 1, 2007Dec 10, 2009James PawlowPolyester Compositions Containing Metathesis Polymers with Reduced Recycle ColorUS20100029850 *Aug 4, 2009Feb 4, 2010Pawlow James HAdducts Of Metathesis Polymers And Preparation ThereofUS20100143546 *Dec 2, 2009Jun 10, 2010The Coca-Cola CompanyContainer and composition for enhanced gas barrier propertiesUS20100143547 *Dec 2, 2009Jun 10, 2010Coca-Cola CompanyPet Container And Compositions Having Enhanced Mechanical Properties And Gas Barrier PropertiesUS20120241406 *Mar 23, 2012Sep 27, 2012Beuerle Frederick CBarrier system for wide mouth containersEP1640408A1Sep 27, 2005Mar 29, 2006Futura Polyesters LimitedOxygen scavenging compositionWO2003086899A1 *Apr 1, 2003Oct 23, 2003Licher PrivatbrauereiDrink packaging and method for producing a drink packagingWO2004000659A2 *Jun 18, 2003Dec 31, 2003Plastipak Packaging, Inc.Multilayered plastic containerWO2004000659A3 *Jun 18, 2003Feb 26, 2004Plastipak Packaging IncMultilayered plastic containerWO2005037677A1 *Oct 13, 2004Apr 28, 2005Frank SchellenbachClosure for containers and method for the production thereofWO2006023583A3 *Aug 17, 2005Apr 13, 2006Invista North America SarlColored oxygen scavenging polymersWO2010120347A2 *Apr 1, 2010Oct 21, 2010Bates Thomas WReusable beer kegWO2010120347A3 *Apr 1, 2010Dec 9, 2010Bates Thomas WReusable beer keg* Cited by examinerClassifications U.S. Classification428/35.7International ClassificationB65D1/02, B65D81/26, B65D77/30, B29C49/22, B65D1/00, B32B27/36Cooperative ClassificationB32B1/04, B29B2911/1412, B29B2911/14093, B29B2911/14053, B65D1/0215, B32B27/36, Y10T428/1352, B65D81/266, B29B2911/1408, B29B2911/14126, B29B2911/14066, B29B2911/14153, B29B2911/14146European ClassificationB32B27/36, B65D1/02B1, B65D81/26FLegal EventsDateCodeEventDescriptionMar 22, 1999ASAssignmentOwner name: BP AMOCO 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text:
2 bedroom flat to rent in Rowes Mews, St Peters Basin, Newcastle, Tyne and Wear, NE6
www.rightmove.co.uk/property/76007669
TWO BEDROOM FLAT TO LET IN ST PETERS BASIN !! AVAILABLE - 1ST NOVEMBER 2018
Anderson Properties bring this lovely first floor flat to the rental market which is located in St Peters Basin. The property comprises of a living room, fully fitted kitchen, two double bedrooms and a family bathroom.
This flat can be furnished or unfurnished - available 1st November 2018.
Admin Fees - Half a month's rent plus vat
Property ref: 121_1673_4475353
To view this media, please visit the on-line version of this page at www.rightmove.co.uk/property-to-rent/property-76007669.html
This property is marketed by Anderson Properties, Jesmond at £650 per month. Rightmove has calculated the price per week for comparison purposes only.
Property reference 4475353. The information displayed about this property comprises a property advertisement. Rightmove.co.uk makes no warranty as to the accuracy or completeness of the advertisement or any linked or associated information, and Rightmove has no control over the content. This property advertisement does not constitute property particulars. The information is provided and maintained by Anderson Properties, Jesmond.

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text:
Understanding Modern Electronics (Transcript) by Richard Wolfson - Book - Read Online
Understanding Modern Electronics is the companion book to the audio/video series of the same name. It contains a full transcript of the series as well as the complete course guidebook which includes lecture notes, bibliography, and more.
Publisher: The Great CoursesReleased: Jun 27, 2014ISBN: 9781629970806Format: book
Read More From Richard Wolfson
Understanding Modern Electronics (Transcript) - Richard Wolfson

value: This website is an American e-book and audiobook subscription service that includes one million titles.


text:
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text:
Growing Herbs in Containers: Storeyandapos;s Country Wisdom Bulletin A-179 by Gilbertie, Sal: Storey Books 9781580170147 PAP - Books2Anywhere
Growing Herbs in Containers: Storeyandapos;s Country Wisdom ...
Growing Herbs in Containers: Storeyandapos;s Country Wisdom Bulletin A-179
ISBN 10: 1580170145 / ISBN 13: 9781580170147
New Book. Shipped from US within 10 to 14 business days. Established seller since 2000. Bookseller Inventory # IB-9781580170147
Title: Growing Herbs in Containers: Storeyandapos;s...

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text:
Sleep disturbance in chronic fatigue syndrome. - PubMed - NCBI
Format: AbstractFormatSummarySummary (text)AbstractAbstract (text)MEDLINEXMLPMID ListApplySend toChoose DestinationFileClipboardCollectionsE-mailOrderMy BibliographyCitation managerFormatSummary (text)Abstract (text)MEDLINEXMLPMID ListCSVCreate File1 selected item: 8510058FormatSummarySummary (text)AbstractAbstract (text)MEDLINEXMLPMID ListMeSH and Other DataE-mailSubjectAdditional textE-mailDidn't get the message? Find out why...Add to ClipboardAdd to CollectionsOrder articlesAdd to My BibliographyGenerate a file for use with external citation management software.Create File
See comment in PubMed Commons belowJ Psychosom Res. 1993 May;37(4):325-31.Sleep disturbance in chronic fatigue syndrome.Krupp LB1, Jandorf L, Coyle PK, Mendelson WB.Author information1Dept of Neurology, State University of New York, Stony Brook 11794-8121.AbstractSleep and fatigue characteristics were evaluated in 72 patients who met major criteria for the chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS), 57 multiple sclerosis (MS) patients preselected for fatigue complaints, and 40 healthy controls. Using previously validated rating scales, CFS patients had significant elevations in fatigue and sleep disturbance compared to the MS and healthy control groups. To confirm these subjective measures, polysomnography was carried out in a subgroup of CFS patients who included sleep disturbance as one of their symptoms on initial clinical interview. In 10 of 16 (62.5%) polysomnography revealed clinically significant and potentially treatable sleep abnormalities. Their sleep disorders included periodic movement disorder (4), excessive daytime sleepiness (3), apnea (2), and narcolepsy (1). We conclude that subjective sleep disturbance is common in CFS and some CFS patients may have objective sleep disorders.PMID: 8510058 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] ShareMeSH TermsMeSH TermsAdultAgedDepression/diagnosisDepression/psychologyDiagnosis, DifferentialFatigue Syndrome, Chronic/diagnosisFatigue Syndrome, Chronic/psychology*FemaleHumansMaleMiddle AgedMultiple Sclerosis/diagnosisMultiple Sclerosis/psychologyNeurologic ExaminationPolysomnographySleep Wake Disorders/diagnosisSleep Wake Disorders/psychology*Sleep, REMWakefulnessLinkOut - more resourcesOther Literature SourcesCOS Scholar UniverseMedicalChronic fatigue syndrome - Genetic AllianceChronic Fatigue Syndrome - MedlinePlus Health InformationSleep Disorders - MedlinePlus Health InformationMiscellaneousNCI CPTC Antibody Characterization ProgramPubMed Commons home

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text:
4.7-Magnitude Quake Rocks Los Angeles | Fox News
4.7-Magnitude Quake Rocks Los Angeles
LOS ANGELES – A moderate earthquake jolted the Los Angeles region late Sunday, shattering glass, setting off alarms and fraying nerves. There were no reports of any major injuries or damage.
The magnitude-4.7 quake hit at 8:39 p.m. about 10 miles southwest of downtown Los Angeles and three miles east of Los Angeles International Airport, according to a preliminary report by the U.S. Geological Survey. The quake was followed minutes later by at least three smaller aftershocks, with the largest registering at magnitude-3.1.
Additional reporting at MyFoxLA.com
However, people who live north of downtown Los Angeles either felt a light shake or nothing at all.
The Los Angeles Fire Department received plenty of calls, but none to report any major injuries, said spokesman Brian Humphrey. There were no reports of any damage at LAX.
Hough said there will likely be more aftershocks, but only a five percent chance of a larger quake.
Click for complete details from the USGS

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text:
Black Sparkle Clutch Vinyl Purse Rockabilly by HOLDFASThandbags
ALL ITEMS ARE MADE TO ORDER. PLEASE ALLOW 2-3 WEEKS FOR CONSTRUCTION AND DELIVERY. BLACK SPARKLE CLUTCH WITH YOUR CHOICE OF TRIM & LINING!*Trim = studded stripsPerfect for the psychobilly gals! This retro black sparkle vinyl clutch is contrasted with your choice of vinyl trim (shown here with lime green sparkle). Silver rivets give this clutch a great twist when combined with a retro nickel-free iron kisslock frame. Lined with a sturdy cotton, inside you will find a handy zippered pocket.This clutch is the perfect size for an evening out on the town-- fits right under your arm. Dimensions:● 9" long x 5" high x 3" deep● 8" frame★Interested in a different color combination? Contact me and I can set you up a custom listing with your preferred colors/fabrics.***Shipping prices are an estimate, excess shipping will be refunded.Back to the main shop: holdfasthandbags.etsy.com Meet the owner of HOLDFASThandbags
Handmade itemMaterials: silver rivets, kisslock frame, black sparkle vinyl, choice of vinyl trimMade to orderShips worldwide from United StatesFeedback: 453 reviewsFavorited by: 222 people
White Bat Print Clutch with Your Choice of Vinyl Trim - MADE TO ORDER
sparkle vinyl clutch
retro vinyl bag

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text: License OSI-Approved Open Source (2) BSD License (1) GNU General Public License version 2.0 (1) GNU General Public License version 3.0 (1) Programming Language C (2) C++ (2) C# (1) Java (1) PL/SQL (1) Visual Basic .NET (1) Status 1 - Planning (1) 4 - Beta (1) 5 - Production/Stable (1) OS BSD (2) Linux (2) Solaris (2) Windows (2) Embedded Operating Systems (1) VxWorks (1) WinCE (1) Windows Mobile (1) uClinux (1) Grouping and Descriptive Categories (1) 64-bit MS Windows (1) All 32-bit MS Windows (1) All POSIX (1) Freshness Recently updated (1) Cross Compilers Software

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Rehabilitation Services Technician Jobs, Employment in Atlanta, GA
Rehabilitation Services Technician jobs in Atlanta, GA
Educates patients in the prevention of injuries, conditioning, and rehabilitation of injuries; Provides services that help improve mobility, relieve pain, and...
May provide clerical support services which include the receipt and distribution of mail, telephone and visitor reception adn data entry....
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The Rehabilitation Services Department provides services in many settings:. Service Area Overview. Northside Hospital-Atlanta provides compassionate care for...
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View all IES Communications jobs in Atlanta, GA - Atlanta jobsSalary Search: Fiber Tech salaries in Atlanta, GALearn more about working at Ies CommunicationsRelated forums: Atlanta, Georgia - IES Communications
About Grady's Rehabilitation Medicine. Previous rehab therapy or patient care experience such as a CNA or Guest Services Associate preferred....
Certification in Rehabilitation Technician OR Rehabilitation Assistant Required. Knowledge of Rehabilitation CPT codes....
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IES Holdings, Inc. - 26 days ago - save job - email - more...
And 4) coordinating rehabilitation services as specified in the consumer’s IRP. Identifying service needs; Social Services Technician ICM 1305 Cartersville, GA...
We have developed a unit-specific Orthopedic Education Program with mobility training in partnership with Rehabilitation Services....
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text: Patent US5810728 - MR imaging method and apparatus for guiding a catheter - Google PatentsSearch Images Maps Play YouTube News Gmail Drive More »Sign inAdvanced Patent SearchPatentsThe invention relates to an MR imaging method in which a plurality of sequences, each of which comprises at least one RF pulse and at least one magnetic gradient field, act on an examination zone and in which at least one MR image is reconstructed from the MR signals thus acquired, and also relates to...http://www.google.com/patents/US5810728?utm_source=gb-gplus-sharePatent US5810728 - MR imaging method and apparatus for guiding a catheterAdvanced Patent SearchPublication numberUS5810728 APublication typeGrantApplication numberUS 08/820,688Publication dateSep 22, 1998Filing dateMar 18, 1997Priority dateApr 3, 1993Fee statusLapsedAlso published asDE4310993A1, EP0619498A2, EP0619498A3, EP0619498B1Publication number08820688, 820688, US 5810728 A, US 5810728A, US-A-5810728, US5810728 A, US5810728AInventorsMichael H. KuhnOriginal AssigneeU.S. Philips CorporationExport CitationBiBTeX, EndNote, RefManPatent Citations (9), Non-Patent Citations (2), Referenced by (130), Classifications (18), Legal Events (5) External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, EspacenetMR imaging method and apparatus for guiding a catheter