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Red Garnet Earrings January Birthstone Earrings Garnet
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These January birthstone earrings feature sparkling Swarovski crystals in siam red (to represent garnet, January's birthstone), set in silver and dangling from silver plated lever back earwires.
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Sri Lanka Holiday: The room in the hotel was very... - Review of Royal Palms Beach Hotel - TripAdvisor
“Very nice and spacious rooms, delicious food, big...”
“Near to resort at walking distance”
“I've spent a week in Royal Palms Beach Hotel...”
“It’s a good location and a short tuktuk ride away...”
Sri Lanka Holiday: The room in the hotel was very... - Review of Royal Palms Beach Hotel
1 review 3 helpful votes “Sri Lanka Holiday”
Have just returned from 2 weeks holiday at the Royal Palms, what a great place. The journey from the airport took 2 hours plus, what an experience. I would suggest not arriving at rush hour in Columbo or using the new motorway which I am told will reduce the time taken. I would add that both I and my brother-in-law were in hysterics ,however, the wives were not. The room in the hotel was very good as was the service any problems (minor) were promptly dealt with, The dining room provided a varied selection of meals for breakfast, lunch and dinner, staff as always very polite and efficient. ( only one glass of wine) The pool area and grounds were always immaculate and the staff very friendly The three day trip we went on was great as was the guide Erish . The hotels we used were brilliant .The trip was very good value but tiring..
Room Tip: All rooms have a pool/sea veiw but suggest second floor .
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Czech first Dutch first English first French first German first Italian first Polish first Russian first Slovak first Spanish first Swedish first Turkish first Any Julie T
40 helpful votes “Delightful place”
Just returned from 3 weeks at the Royal Palms and it was an absolute delight. After a 2 1/2 hour drive from the airport we were shown to a smelly musty ground floor room but after complaining about it we were moved to the top floor and everything was fine. The staff are lovely, very friendly and helpful, the pool is fabulous and the food delicious (some nights are better than others but that is just personal preference).The sea is a no-no unless you are a strong swimmer as the current is very strong. The only thing I can complain about is the lack of atmosphere in the bar at night as very few people used it. We can only assume it was because the price of drinks to the people who weren't on all inclusive was astronomical (about £6 for a vodka and orange). We had all our washing done before we left and it cost less than £18 for everything - far better than arriving home with a suitcase full of dirty clothes. We will definitely look to stay at this hotel next year when the England cricket team tour Sri Lanka.
Room Tip: Top floor rooms are not smelly or musty
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This review is the subjective opinion of a TripAdvisor member and not of TripAdvisor LLC. heathermel
Just returned from 3 weeks at the Royal palms 4th to 25th Dec, got an absolute bargain at short notice from Mercury. After landing at Colombo airport at 8.30 am, the trip to the resort is an absolute nightmare taking two an a half hours. I would advise arriving late in the evening if possible as when we left, it took only one and a half hours to return to airport. On arrival we were allocated room 138 on the ground floor, this room was really musty. we then looked at 142, this too was very musty. After sleeping for a few hours we were told they would move us the day after to the 3rd floor room 334. This room was identical but no musty smell.After speaking with various staff members the Tsunami did affect this resort and flooded the ground floor rooms so seems these rooms are still showing the effects of this. The resort is well set out and has a very good pool, the food in general is well above average compared to many other all inclusive resorts we have visited in the Indian ocean and Caribbean.The themed nights are what they say, not just the odd pasta dish on Italian night as most do.Indian, Mexican, Mediterranean, Asian, Italian, Sri Lankan BBQ and Around the world. Monday to Sunday, we had our favourites but in all they were very good. Their are 3 bars on resort. Pool, Cabana and Hurricane. the latter being the main bar, The problems we found with the main bar is because the majority of people staying at the resort are on B&B or half board no one actually frequents it. Atmosphere in the evenings is non existent.When their is entertainment on e.g.. snake show, fire limbo, people turn up and watch, but as soon as they have finished every one leaves. On many a night of our 20 night stay no more than 6 people were in the bar.They seem to be selling this resort to the Easter block countries which may account for the lack of people in the bars, they tended to stay in their rooms with alcohol they brought with them. If you are on the All inclusive package make sure you know what's included. i.e. In room bar, only the 2 smaller bottles of water are included, no spirits, juice or nuts. Food at the Cabana and Japanese restaurant are not included, wine in the buffet is just one glass per person any more is payable. Pool and snooker is also payable at approximately £5 per 40 min's There is a fair amount of wildlife frequenting the resort, Chipmunks, Lizards and the occasional Monkey. There are a few dogs and cats in resort.All in all this is a really nice resort. The majority of the staff are very nice and helpful, any problem seems to be sorted very quickly. ...
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This review is the subjective opinion of a TripAdvisor member and not of TripAdvisor LLC. Dea M
The biggest hotel room i have ever seen. Pool, beach and hotel surroundings looks heavenly. Every room has view on the ocean. Food is also great, very big choice and thematic dinner every night. Also good starting point for trips.
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This review is the subjective opinion of a TripAdvisor member and not of TripAdvisor LLC. monkster21uk
Hotel Style: #2 Spa Hotel in Kalutara #2 Luxury Hotel in Kalutara #3 Family Hotel in Kalutara #3 Romantic Hotel in Kalutara Price Range (Based on Average Rates): $
TripAdvisor is proud to partner with Orbitz, Priceline, Booking.com, Hotels.com, Agoda, Expedia, TripOnline SA, Cheap Tickets, Travelocity, Hotwire, HotelQuickly and Cancelon so you can book your Royal Palms Beach Hotel reservations with confidence. We help millions of travelers each month to find the perfect hotel for both vacation and business trips, always with the best discounts and special offers.

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TO RUN TROLLEY DINING CAR.; Innovation Will Be Tried Between Chicago and Aurora. - The New York Times
Archives|TO RUN TROLLEY DINING CAR.; Innovation Will Be Tried Between Chicago and Aurora.
https://nyti.ms/1H6lMWc
TO RUN TROLLEY DINING CAR.; Innovation Will Be Tried Between Chicago and Aurora.
CHICAGO, Aug. 5. -- A trolley dining car is an innovation about to be established by the Aurora, Elgin and Chicago Railway Company. Within fifteen days the new car, which will rival a Pullman in equipment, will be placed in commission. View Full Article in Timesmachine »
A version of this archives appears in print on August 6, 1904, on Page 3 of the New York edition with the headline: TO RUN TROLLEY DINING CAR.; Innovation Will Be Tried Between Chicago and Aurora. Order Reprints| Today's Paper|Subscribe

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Orthodoxy by G. K. Chesterton | 9781502346117 | Paperback | Barnes & Noble
Overview Orthodoxy (1908) is a book by G. K. Chesterton that has become a classic of Christian apologetics. Chesterton considered this book a companion to his other work, Heretics. In the book's preface Chesterton states the purpose is to "attempt an explanation, not of whether the Christian faith can be believed, but of how he personally has come to believe it." In it, Chesterton presents an original view of Christian religion. He sees it as the answer to natural human needs, the "answer to a riddle" in his own words, ...
The book is developed as an intellectual quest by a spiritually curious person. While looking for the meaning of life he finds truth that uniquely fulfills human needs. This is the truth revealed in Christianity. Chesterton likens this discovery to a man setting off from the south coast of England, journeying for many days, only to arrive at Brighton, the point he originally left from. He does not at first recognize it, and thinks he has discovered something new-only to find that it has been found by many before him. Such a man, he proposes, would see the wondrous place he grew up in with newly appreciative eyes. This is a common theme in Chesterton's works, and one which he gave fictional embodiment to in Manalive. It is also the way he describes his spiritual journey. He thought of himself as making a "blueprint" of what would be necessary in a religion, only to find that the structure had already been built and was standing in front of him-that structure is the Church.
Gilbert Keith (G.K.) Chesterton, a self-admitted "...person only too ready to write books upon the feeblest provocation", accepted a challenge from G.S. Street to pontificate on his personal philosophy in writing. Orthodoxy is that book. The author notes: "I will not call it my philosophy; for I did not make it. God and humanity made it; and it made me."
Chesterton puts forth the charming allegory of an English Yachtsman who sets off in search of high-adventure, erringly miscalculates, erringly misnavigates, and erringly returns to England, thinking all the while he's discovered a virgin island in South Seas. Chesterton himself is too lazy to write out this "fine work", so he "give[s] it away for the purposes of philosophical illustration".

value: This website is an American bookseller. It is a Fortune 1000 company and the bookseller with the largest number of retail outlets in the United States.


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Super - Review of Valentines Park, Ilford, England - TripAdvisor
Super - Valentines Park
Europe United Kingdom (UK) England Greater London Ilford Ilford - Things to Do Valentines Park
Website Improve this listing Ranked #1 of 33 things to do in Ilford 268 Reviews
Level 1 Contributor 3 reviews 1 helpful vote “Super”
Beautiful park :) Really large, with a nice pond and play structure. Also a neat outdoor fitness section! Tennis courts too and a cute snack bar type thing. Great for a picnic or to spend the afternoon when its nice out!
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Chinese (Simplified) first Danish first English first French first Italian first Japanese first Polish first Portuguese first Russian first Spanish first Swedish first Turkish first Any English first
Chinese (Simplified) first Danish first English first French first Italian first Japanese first Polish first Portuguese first Russian first Spanish first Swedish first Turkish first Any saranne1954
A very well maintained, clean and beautiful park - The Queens Dry Gardens, is the newest edition and was built for the Queens visit in 2012 - It is a very artist Park - lots of artist contribute to the look and have done so throughout it's history and there is a lot of history to be learned - you can read the plaques situated at various points - It is also home to to the beautiful Mansion, which can be visited for free. There is a farmers market every fourth Sunday. It also hosts many fairs and events, there is always a full calender at Valentines Park - but a walk through to see the wildlife that live there on a daily basis is a wondrous sight to see at any time.
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This review is the subjective opinion of a TripAdvisor member and not of TripAdvisor LLC. gordyk626Essex
Level 6 Contributor 121 reviews 37 attraction reviews
A lovely park, well kept, several large ponds and a lake. Refreshments available near the lake plus boat hire. A pleasant cafe by the old Mansion House which is open to visitors. Clean toilets beside each venue.
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1 review 2 helpful votes “having fun”
stores , boat rides , ice cream , emrald green grass , the sound of the children playing and ruby ged roses
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This review is the subjective opinion of a TripAdvisor member and not of TripAdvisor LLC. G-J-T-AND-K
139 helpful votes “Really nice park”
Its a long walk or a drive to get here but its always lovely. Go for a walk round pond , you can boat in summer, kids playgrounds were all done up a few yaers ago and there an outside gym by the tennis courts. We stumbled across the Holocause memorial a few weeks ago which is out on the outskirts of the park -It needs some benches!! You can eat or drink in cafe near kids bit. Its recently had a lick of paint but is a basic greasy spoon with cakes and ice creams really. Toilets are generally revolting unfortunately so avoid if u can. Try and combine with a trip to Valentines mansion which is really nice.
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Best Western London Ilford Hotel515 Reviews Ilford, Greater London0.2 miles from Valentines ParkShow Prices Park Hotel300 Reviews Ilford, Greater London0.2 miles from Valentines ParkShow Prices Rossmore Hotel185 Reviews Ilford, Greater London0.2 miles from Valentines ParkShow Prices Banks Hotel152 Reviews Ilford, Greater London0.2 miles from Valentines ParkShow Prices Britannia Inn Hotel158 Reviews Ilford, Greater London0.3 miles from Valentines ParkShow Prices Lucky 8 Hotel127 Reviews Ilford, Greater London0.5 miles from Valentines ParkShow Prices More Best Western Greater London Hotel159 Reviews Ilford, Greater London0.5 miles from Valentines ParkShow Prices Signature Hotel London - Ilford31 Reviews Ilford, Greater London0.5 miles from Valentines ParkShow Prices York Hotel17 Reviews Ilford, Greater London0.5 miles from Valentines ParkShow Prices Less Hotels near Valentines Park Browse nearby


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Review/Film - Decency Battles Tyranny In 'Spices,' From India - NYTimes.com
Review/Film; Decency Battles Tyranny In 'Spices,' From India
''Spices,'' opening today at the Cinema Third Avenue, is a socially alert, cinematically primitive Indian melodrama about feminism.
Set in a small village during the time of the Raj, ''Spices'' is the story of one woman's fight to keep her honor when threatened by a powerful tax inspector. The inspector, who sees his manliness at stake after he is turned down by the woman, Sonbai (Smita Patil), promises to destroy the village if she does not come to him.
''Spices'' was directed by Ketan Mehta and written by him and Shafi Hakim. Though Miss Patil is the film's star, the most important character in the film is the watchman at the spice factory where Sonbai finds refuge. While most of the other women at the spice factory think that Sonbai should sacrifice herself to save the village, the old watchman refuses to bow to tyranny.
''Spices'' is less interested in his heroism than in the condition of women in general. Miss Patil, who died in childbirth after making this film in 1986, gives a credible performance, but most of the others are so broad they look strange to American eyes. The landscapes are exotic, and so is the soundtrack music, which threatens never to stop. THE PRICE OF HONOR - SPICES, directed by Ketan Mehta; screenplay (Hindi with English subtitles) and dialogue by Shafi Hakim and Mr. Mehta; original story by Chunilal Madia; camera, Jahangir Choudhury; edited by Sanjiv Shah; music by Rajat Dholakia; produced by the National Film Development Corporation. At Cinema Third Avenue, at 60th Street. Running time: 98 minutes. This film has no rating. Subedar...Naseeruddin Shah Sonbai...Smita Patil Abu Mian...Om Puri Mukhi...Suresh Oberoi Sonbai's husband...Raj Babbar Masterji...Raghu Nath Sarasvati...Deepti Naval
photo of Smita Patil


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NYX COSMETICS BRAND NEW BUTTER LIP GLOSS 0.27 OZ BRILLIANT SHINE ALL COLORS | eBay
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Song To A Seagull has been added to your Basket
Song To A Seagull Original recording remastered
MP3 Download, 5 Jul 1968
Audio CD, Original recording remastered, 11 Jan 1988
£5.11 £1.92
£6.38 11 Used from £1.92 37 New from £5.11
37 new from £5.11 11 used from £1.92
Song To A Seagull [Original recording remastered]
£6.38 & FREE UK Delivery on orders dispatched by Amazon over £20. Delivery Details Only 5 left in stock. Dispatched from and sold by Amazon. Gift-wrap available.
This item:Song To A Seagull by Joni Mitchell Audio CD £6.38
Clouds by Joni Mitchell Audio CD £3.99
Ladies Of The Canyon by Joni Mitchell Audio CD £5.99
Amazon Bestsellers Rank: 2,174 in CDs & Vinyl (See Top 100 in CDs & Vinyl)
#53 in CDs & Vinyl > Rock > Folk Rock
#54 in CDs & Vinyl > Folk > Singer-Songwriter
#85 in CDs & Vinyl > Country
5.0 out of 5 starsClear and honest first album ..
ByJibletman..on 13 May 2017
A very gentle and polite first album..
5.0 out of 5 starsHapy Customer
ByRon1210on 14 March 2017
4.0 out of 5 starsConfident beginning
ByD J FTOP 500 REVIEWERon 13 March 2017
Joni Mitchell's 1967 debut album shows an astonishing breadth of ability with a lyric as she paints not only the cover art but stories that resonate too. Most here is in the pure singer/songwriter tradition - just Mitchell accompanied by her own acoustic guitar with double tracking only appearing on 'The Pirate Of Penzance' and closer 'Cactus Tree'. The only change from this formula takes place on 'Night In The City', the album's unrepresentative single where Mitchell additionally plays piano accompanied by Stephen Stills on bass. Throughout David Crosby's production concentrates on the purity of Mitchell's early voice, miked close and personal. Despite having already supplied a number of famous songs to others she would later record herself everything here was, at the time, new material.
The two sides of the album are labelled "I Came To The City" and "Out Of The City And Down To The Seaside" and that coupled with the prodigious lyrics printed inside reveal this as a loose concept album.
Not as assured as her later work and perhaps more of it's time than the rest of her output this is nevertheless a confident beginning.
4.0 out of 5 starsSong To A Seagull
ByLozarithmVINE VOICEon 6 August 2004
Joni Mitchell was 25 when she first went into a recording studio to record the enviable inventory of songs that became Song To A Seagull. By this time she had been performing professionally for several years and her songs had already been recorded by some of folk's biggest names, notably Tom Rush and Judy Collins, whose orchestral version of Mountain From Mountains can be compared directly with the starker, simpler version heard here. The album was thematic with one side titled I Came To The City and the other Out Of The City And Down To The Seaside and comprised mainly Joni Mitchell accompanying herself on guitar and piano, with the occasional banshee and Stephen Stills on bass, thanks to David Crosby's sensitive production. This put the focus squarely on Joni's performance and the remarkable strength of her writing. Only a moderate success at the time it nevertheless set in motion the relentless trajectory of her fame, and still sounds fresh and perceptive, grating only when her voice enters the higher registers.
In the UK, Night In The City was released as a single and raised her profile with some radio plays on programmes such as Top Gear
5.0 out of 5 starsA stunning first album
ByDylan Mooreon 30 August 2007
This is a classic example of the "brilliant first album". An artist puts years of ideas into her first offering, with her own unadulterated personality on display. The result is powerful, innovative, and retains its rough edges.
I first heard it in 1968, when it fell loosely into the "folky" category. Adolescent fans of that genre (as I was) idolized people like Bob Dylan and Paul Simon as "Folk Poets". Half-way through the first track, scanning the words on the record cover, I had one of life's epiphanies. I thought "This woman really is a poet!" Her words, in this and many subsequent albums, make all those other song writers seem insipid, artless, incompetent.
Her arrival on the scene was actually quite explosive. She had a lot of street credibility from the outset. She grew up in Saskatoon, in the Canadian far-north. She had given birth to and parted with a child, been briefly married, and done her time playing in cellars in the Boho zone. She was in with Crosby, Stills and Nash and a host of others at the sharp end of the music scene of the time. Many well-known artists started recording her songs almost immediately. Everyone was entranced with her words. She had influential fans for two years before the production of this first album.
For her first album, she interestingly chose to record newly-written songs, in a "concept" format, rather than record the songs for which she was already famous (some of which she included in her second album). Although she was 25 when the album was issued, the sentiments of the songs are often adolescent, sometimes tooth-jarringly so. In the cover notes, she says "This album is dedicated to Mr Kratzman, who taught me to love words"!! Songs like "Michael from Mountains" and "The Dawntreader" seethe with adolescent neurosis. It contrasts with her work from 1971 onwards, which was as adult as it gets. This may seem like a criticism from anyone who is, or aspires to be, an adult, but I have always felt that we were all adolescents once, and adolescents have as much right to be heard as anyone, particularly when they express themselves with the artistry shown here.
Another juvenile characteristic of these songs is the sexual passivity of their sentiments - a trait she later gleefully abandoned. Perhaps also juvenile are the manic-depressive mood-swings of the album, ranging from wild elation to the depths of despair. However, this remained a characteristic of her later work. Compare "Carey" and "The Last Time I Saw Richard" on "Blue" (1971).
Musically, the album is set apart from later offerings by the extraordinary vocal range she then had. A complaint of people trying to sing her early songs (everybody did) was the impossibility of hitting the high and low notes she used, no matter what key was tried. Later, she lost this range, perhaps from over-exposure or from the excesses of the 1960s fast-lane. Listen to "Silky Veils of Ardour" on "Don Juan's Reckless Daughter" (1977), which is an amusing pastiche of her early, folky style, delivered in almost a monotone.
In the early days, she mainly played ukulele, often using (I think) strange tunings which she later transferred to guitar, and this adds to the edgy, spare and atmospheric feeling of the music on this album. Hear particularly "I Had a King", where the jarring chord structure mirrors the anger and menace of the words. Her instrumental eccentricity is treated very sympathetically by the Crosby/Stills production, which resists over-elaboration and maintains the simplicity and intimacy of the music with no more than just the right amount of reverb.
In theme, the songs of the album follow the program laid down in "Song to a Seagull". In fact, on the original LP, side 1 was entitled "I came to the city" and side 2 was called "Out of the city and down to the seaside". It describes arrival in "the city" (presumably NY), elated participation in city life, inevitable sexual betrayal, and final descent into urban paranoia. Then comes the rural phase, idyllic at first, then menacing, and finally coming to terms with an adult fact: as every prisoner of the white lines on the freeway knows, when you run away, your problems follow close behind - geography is never the solution!
So what do you get from this album? Poetry as good as any you'll hear in a song, and music that's original and challenging. Although her later work was so much more mature, this remains almost (not quite) my favourite of her albums, because of the "first album" effect - the lack of sophistication is in itself attractive, and the pent-up force of what she had to say hits you between the eyes. Has it worn well over the last 38 years? Absolutely! Unlike much of the music of 1968 (a lot to choose from) it sounds as fresh now as that first day I heard it.
"I call to the seagull who dives to the waters
And catches his silver-fine dinner alone
Crying where are the footprints that danced on these beaches
And the hands that cast wishes that sunk like a stone?"
A great songwriter, but there is no such thing as a seagull as far as I am concerned, like calling man - land man really.Read more
5.0 out of 5 starsonly she is more honest and likely to kiss your wounds better rather than expect you to walk through walls
Sail to see with the Feminine Jonathan Livingstone...only she is more honest and likely to kiss your wounds better rather than expect you to walk through walls. Joni sea bird.Read more
Published 4 months ago by Ms Marple
Song of a Seagull is amazing.
Published 1 year ago by Aristide Bruant
5.0 out of 5 starsFast delivery, great price.
Very fast delivery from the US and a bargain price for this classic album.
Published 1 year ago by D Sillars
I bought this as a present for my sister. Arrived before the expected delivery date. No problems at all with this purchase
One of my absolute favourite Joni Mitchell albums. There really is and has never been anyone else like her.
Published 1 year ago by Ben Trovato
Clouds Audio CD
Ladies Of The Canyon Audio CD
Court And Spark Audio CD
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The Process of Making Ammonium Nitrate | Ammonia | Nitrogen
The Process of Making Ammonium NitrateUploaded by licrankyilRelated InterestsAmmoniaNitrogenCoordination ComplexCatalysisHydrogenRating and Stats0.0 (0)Document ActionsDownloadShare or Embed DocumentEmbedView MoreCopyright: Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)List price: $0.00Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from ScribdFlag for inappropriate contentAmmonia and its saltsAmmonia is a compound of nitrogen and hydrogen with the formula NH3. It is a colorless gas with a characteristic pungent odor. Ammonia contributes significantly to the nutritional needs of terrestrial organisms by serving as a precursor to food and fertilizers. Ammonia, either directly or indirectly, is also a building block for the synthesis of many pharmaceuticals. Although in wide use, ammonia is both caustic and hazardous. In 2006, worldwide production was estimated at 146.5 million tonnes.[4] It is used in commercial cleaning products. Ammonia, as used commercially, is often called anhydrous ammonia. This term emphasizes the absence of water in the material. Because NH3 boils at -33.34 °C, (-28.012 °F) the liquid must be stored under high pressure or at low temperature. Its heat of vaporization is, however, sufficiently high so that NH3 can be readily handled in ordinary beakers, in a fume hood (i.e., if it is already a liquid it will not boil readily). "Household ammonia" or "ammonium hydroxide" is a solution of NH3 in water. The strength of such solutions is measured in units of Baume (density), with 26 degrees baume (about 30 weight percent ammonia at 15.5 °C) being the typical high concentration commercial product.[5] Household ammonia ranges in concentration from 5 to 10 weight percent ammonia.
[13] About 80% or more of the ammonia produced is used for fertilizing agricultural crops. in about 1785. including camel dung.6%. while in the 15th century Basil Valentine showed that ammonia could be obtained by the action of alkalies on sal-ammoniac.[13] The People's Republic of China produced 28. the name spirits of hartshorn was applied to ammonia. most ammonia was obtained by the dry distillation[15] of nitrogenous vegetable and animal waste products. it was produced by the
. Dozens of chemical plants worldwide produce ammonia. ammonia is one of the most highly produced inorganic chemicals. in addition. thus the term Hammoniacus sal appears in the writings of Pliny. L.4% of the worldwide production (increasingly from coal as part of urea synthesis)[14] followed by India with 8.2%." In 1777 Karl Wilhelm Scheele showed that it contained nitrogen. Berthollet. Priestley in 1774 and was termed by him "alkaline air. although it is not known whether the term is identical with the more modern sal-ammoniac.Uses Of Ammonia
1) Manufacture of Fertilizer 2) Manufacture of synthetic fiber 3) Manufacture of explosives
Because of its many uses. United States with 8. In the form of sal-ammoniac. where it was distilled by the reduction of nitrous acid and nitrites with hydrogen. The worldwide ammonia production in 2004 was 109 million metric tonnes. It was first used on an industrial scale by the Germans during World War I. ascertained its composition.[13] Before the start of World War I. and the salts of ammonia have been known from very early times. ammonia was known. The ammonia was used to produce explosives to sustain their war effort. and C. however.4%. The Haber process to produce ammonia from the nitrogen contained in the air was developed by Fritz Haber and Carl Bosch in 1909 and patented in 1910. At a later period when sal-ammoniac was obtained by distilling the hoofs and horns of oxen. Russia with 8. and neutralizing the resulting carbonate with hydrochloric acid. Gaseous ammonia was first isolated by J. to the alchemists as early as the 13th century. being mentioned by Albertus Magnus.
the typical modern ammonia-producing plant first converts natural gas (i. methane) or liquefied petroleum gas (such gases are propane and butane) or petroleum naphtha into gaseous hydrogen. At one
. The process used in producing the hydrogen begins with removal of sulfur compounds from the natural gas (because sulfur deactivates the catalysts used in subsequent steps).e. Catalytic hydrogenation converts organosulfur compounds into gaseous hydrogen sulfide: H2 + RSH RH + H2S (g)
The hydrogen sulfide is then removed by passing the gas through beds of zinc oxide where it is adsorbed and converted to solid zinc sulfide: H2S + ZnO ZnS + H2O
Catalytic steam reforming of the sulfur-free feedstock is then used to form hydrogen plus carbon monoxide: CH4 + H2O CO + 3 H2
In the next step. the salt most generally used being the chloride (sal-ammoniac) thus: 2 NH4Cl + 2 CaO CaCl2 + Ca(OH)2 + 2 NH3
Today. the hydrogen is then catalytically reacted with nitrogen (derived from process air) to form anhydrous liquid ammonia. the water gas shift reaction is used to convert the carbon monoxide into carbon dioxide and more hydrogen: CO + H2O CO2 + H2
The carbon dioxide is then removed either by absorption in aqueous ethanolamine solutions or by adsorption in pressure swing adsorbers (PSA) using proprietary solid adsorption media. and also by the decomposition of ammonium salts by alkaline hydroxides[16] such as quicklime. This step is known as the ammonia synthesis loop (also referred to as the Haber-Bosch process): 3 H2 + N2 2 NH3
Hydrogen required for ammonia synthesis could also be produced economically using other sources like coal or coke gasification.distillation of coal. The final step in producing the hydrogen is to use catalytic methanation to remove any small residual amounts of carbon monoxide or carbon dioxide from the hydrogen: CO + 3 H2 CO2 + 4 H2 CH4 + H2O CH4 + 2 H2O
To produce the desired end-product ammonia.. less economically from the electrolysis of water into oxygen + hydrogen and other alternatives which are presently impractical for large scale.
Various renewable energy electricity sources are also potentially applicable.
In certain organisms. The overall process is called nitrogen fixation. Although it is unlikely that biomimetic methods will be developed that are competitive with the Haber process. Most reptiles. as well as insects and snails solely excrete uric acid as nitrogenous waste. via the electrolysis route. it is quickly converted to urea. which consists of an Fe7MoS9 ensemble. which is much less toxic. intense effort has been directed toward understanding the mechanism of biological nitrogen fixation. birds. Ammonia is also a metabolic product of amino acid deamination. most of Europe's ammonia was produced from the Hydro plant at Vemork. In humans.time. Ammonia excretion is common in aquatic animals. ammonia is produced from atmospheric nitrogen by enzymes called nitrogenases. This urea is a major component of the dry weight of urine. The scientific interest in this problem is motivated by the unusual structure of the active site of the enzyme.
260 cm. if chlorine is present in excess. It is miscible with water. The aqueous solution of ammonia is basic. Pearson symbol cP16.5125 nm.19 kJ/mol. The maximum concentration of ammonia in water (a saturated solution) has a density of 0.6 kJ/mol) and can therefore be used in laboratories in non-insulated vessels without additional refrigeration. a useful analogy is an umbrella turning itself inside out in a strong wind.198.880 Ammonia'. cf. It is easily liquefied due to the strong hydrogen bonding between molecules. its density being 0. water 40.589 times that of air. then the highly explosive nitrogen trichloride (NCl3) is also formed. The ammonia molecule readily undergoes nitrogen inversion at room temperature. phosphine 14.[18] Ammonia may be conveniently deodorized by reacting it with either sodium bicarbonate or acetic acid. The absorption at this frequency was the first microwave spectrum to be observed.65 kJ/mol. except under narrow fuel-to-air mixtures of 15±25% air. ammonia is decomposed into its constituent elements. Liquid ammonia has a very high standard enthalpy change of vapourization (23. and solidifies at í77. It is lighter than air. Ammonia does not burn readily or sustain combustion. The energy barrier to this inversion is 24. space group P213 No.[17] Liquid ammonia possesses strong ionising powers reflecting its high of 22. the liquid boils at í33.35 kJ/mol. corresponding to microwave radiation of a wavelength of 1. and the resonance frequency is 23. lattice constant 0. Ammonia in an aqueous solution can be expelled by boiling.
. When mixed with oxygen.Properties
Ammonia is a colourless gas with a characteristic pungent smell. it burns with a pale yellowish-green flame. At high temperature and in the presence of a suitable catalyst. The crystal symmetry is cubic.7 °C to white crystals.7 kJ/mol. Both of these reactions form an odourless ammonium salt.880 g/cm3 and is often known as '.79 GHz. forming nitrogen and hydrogen chloride. methane 8. Ignition occurs when chlorine is passed into ammonia.3 °C.
Anhydrous ammonia is often used for the production of methamphetamine. with nitric acid. It combines with acids to form salts. etc. such as from insects and jellyfish.[19] NH3 + HCl NH4Cl
The salts produced by the action of ammonia on acids are known as the ammonium salts and all contain the ammonium ion (NH4+). ammonium nitrate. Dilute aqueous ammonia can be applied on the skin to lessen the effects of acidic animal poisons. perfectly dry ammonia will not combine with perfectly dry hydrogen chloride: moisture is necessary to bring about the reaction.Basicity
One of the most characteristic properties of ammonia is its basicity. thus with hydrochloric acid it forms ammonium chloride (sal-ammoniac). However.
For historical reasons. Werner noted that only two isomers (facand mer-) of the complex [CrCl3(NH3)3] could be formed. although deprotonation in aqueous solution is still rare. Known as Schweizer's reagent. This proposal has since been confirmed by X-ray crystallography. where the resulting amidomercury(II) compound is highly insoluble.
Ammine complexes of chromium(III) were known in the late 19th century. the active species in Tollens' reagent. and concluded that the ligands must be arranged around the metal ion at the vertices of an octahedron. Hg2Cl2 + 2 NH3 Hg + HgCl(NH2) + NH4+ + Clí
. It is a pure -donor. and formed the basis of Alfred Werner's theory of coordination compounds. An ammine ligand bound to a metal ion is markedly more acidic than a free ammonia molecule. One example is the Calomel reaction. Some notable ammine complexes include:
Tetraamminediaquacopper(II). and shows intermediate hard-soft behaviour. Diamminesilver(I).Ammonia as a ligand
Ammonia can act as a ligand in transition metal complexes. [Ag(NH3)2]+. a characteristic dark blue complex formed by adding ammonia to solution of copper(II) salts. silver bromide (AgBr) is only soluble in concentrated ammonia solution while silver iodide (AgI) is insoluble in aqueous solution of ammonia. in the middle of the spectrochemical series. ammonia is named ammine in the nomenclature of coordination compounds. [Cu(NH3)4(H2O)2]2+. Formation of this complex can also help to distinguish between precipitates of the different silver halides: silver chloride (AgCl) is soluble in dilute (2M) ammonia solution.
Consuming more than 1% of all man-made power.e. porcelain and stainless steel. Household ammonia ranges in concentration from 5 to 10 weight percent ammonia. such as in grocery store freezer cases and refrigerated displays due to its toxicity. depends on the wide boiling range of the ammonia-water mixture. It is also frequently used for cleaning ovens and soaking items to loosen baked-on grime. Ammonia is used less frequently in commercial applications. and many organonitrogen compounds. Nitric oxide is an intermediate in this conversion:[33]
NH3 + 2 O2 HNO3 + H2O
Nitric acid is used for the production of fertilizers.It was commonly used prior to the popularisation of chlorofluorocarbons (Freons). Because ammonia results in a relatively streak-free shine. Virtually all synthetic nitrogen compounds are derived from ammonia. explosives. ammonia is an attractive refrigerant. Anhydrous ammonia is widely used in industrial refrigeration applications and hockey rinks because of its high energy efficiency and low cost. The Kalina cycle. ammonium hydroxide) used as a general purpose cleaner for many surfaces. which is of growing importance to geothermal power plants.
Refrigeration R717
Because of its favourable vaporization properties. the production of ammonia is a significant component of the world energy budget.Uses
Approximately 83% (as of 2004) of ammonia is used as fertilizers either as its salts or as solutions.. ~9 atm.
Ammonia is directly or indirectly the precursor to most nitrogen-containing compounds. This key material is generated via the Ostwald process by oxidation of ammonia with air over a platinum catalyst at 700±850 °C. one of its most common uses is to clean glass. An important derivative is nitric acid.
Household ammonia is a solution of NH3 in water (i.
it requires 1..[
As early as in 1895 it was known that ammonia was "strongly antiseptic . relies on a vanadia-based catalyst."[40] Anhydrous ammonia has been shown effective as an antimicrobial agent for animal feed[41] and is currently used commercially to reduce or eliminate microbial contamination of beef.. the process was rated by the US Department of Agriculture as effective and safe on the basis of a study (financed by Beef Products) which found that the treatment reduces E. then disinfecting the lean product with ammonia. This technology.For remediation of gaseous emissions
Ammonia is used to scrub SO2 from the burning of fossil fuels. coli to undetectable levels. Further investigation by The New York Times published in December. which turns fatty beef trimmings.[42][43][44] The New York Times reported in October. called SCR (selective catalytic reduction). Beef Products Inc. averaging between 50 and 70 percent fat. into seven million pounds per week of lean finely textured beef by removing the fat using heat and centrifugation. Ammonia neutralizes the nitrogen oxides (NOx) pollutants emitted by diesel engines. 2009 on an American company. and the resulting product is converted to ammonium sulfate for use as fertilizer.4 grams per litre to preserve beef tea. 2009 revealed safety concerns about the process as well as consumer complaints about the taste and smell of beef treated at optimal levels of ammonia
For the reaction with calcium nitrate. These prills or granules are the typical AN products in commerce. and then coated to prevent caking. even at room temperature. although chemically simple. part of which can be oxidized to nitric acid and combined with the remaining ammonia to produce the nitrate. or into granules by spraying and tumbling in a rotating drum. are technologically challenging. Ammonium nitrate is also manufactured by amateur explosive enthusiasts by metathesis reactions: (NH4)2SO4 + 2 NaNO3 Ca(NO3)2 + (NH4)2SO4 Na2SO4 + 2 NH4NO3 2 NH4NO3 + CaSO4
Sodium sulfate is removed by lowering the temperature of the mixture.9% concentration (AN melt). and may be filtered off. The prills or granules may be further dried. it precipitates. Another production method is used in the so-called Odda process. The AN melt is then made into "prills" or small beads in a spray tower.
. Since sodium sulfate is much less water-soluble than ammonium nitrate. depending on grade. The acid-base reaction of ammonia with nitric acid gives a solution of ammonium nitrate:[3] HNO3(aq) + NH3(g) NH4NO3(aq)
For industrial production. typically at about 83% concentration.Preparation of ammonium fertilizer
The processes involved in the production of ammonium nitrate in industry. this is done using anhydrous ammonia gas and concentrated nitric acid. cooled. This reaction is violent and very exothermic. the excess water is evaporated to an ammonium nitrate (AN) content of 95% to 99. After the solution is formed. The Haber process combines nitrogen and hydrogen to produce ammonia. the calcium sulfate generated is quite insoluble.
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Island City House Key West (FL) Estats Units - Ofertes d'hotels amb els MILLORS DESCOMPTES EN LÍNIA
Tots els tipus de viatgers (390) Parelles (183) Viatgers en solitari (15) Famílies amb infants petits (83) Famílies amb infants grans (36) Grups (73)
Great location and key west charm!”
Great location, however there is only street parking. We arrived late but was able to get key left for us near the office very simple. The room had a great kitchen with stove, keuirge and big fridge. Bathroom was big and clean.
Some cups were left un washed in sink, and they didn't pick up a wine glass in bedroom.
Good quite little getaway”
Rooms were spacious and clean with quiet casual setting
Too far from Duval Street and too little parking
It was an absolute pleasure to stay here. The location of the hotel was perfect, very close to the shops, bars, restaurants, harbour and beaches but far enough away that it was quite. The hotel was to a very high standard, clean, well appointed with facilities, modern refurb and updated but still retaining the old charm associated with a magnificent period property - we had a ball and recommend Key West and the Island City House to anybody.
Good place to stay in Key West”
Good location, good atmosphere, good facilities.
Like everything else in Key West, the place is pricey although compared to other options it is very good value for money.
Property made you feel relaxed.
Can't think of anything negative except maybe would not take a unit on the third floor.
Fab hotel with spacious rooms”
Lovely friendly staff, great pool and super room
Best Hotel House in Key West!”
The staff was so friendly and accomodating. We rented bikes right on the premises. It was so clean, beds were VERY comfortable. So close to everything. Would highly recommend this place to others! Cutely decorated for Halloween as well.
Recently remodeled but not everything worked. Beds very comfortable. Kitchen was nice. Snacks were available , nice touch
Location lousy; on busy street, heard traffic all night Bathroom sink did not drain well

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text:
Patent US6877095 - Session-state manager - Google PatentsSearch Images Maps Play YouTube News Gmail Drive More »Sign inAdvanced Patent SearchPatentsWithout actually storing session-state information, the described exemplary implementations of session-state manager identify a user, validate the user's current logon state, and determine whether the user's session should expire. User identification and logon validation are checked by a server in a...http://www.google.com/patents/US6877095?utm_source=gb-gplus-sharePatent US6877095 - Session-state managerAdvanced Patent SearchPublication numberUS6877095 B1Publication typeGrantApplication numberUS 09/522,063Publication dateApr 5, 2005Filing dateMar 9, 2000Priority dateMar 9, 2000Fee statusLapsedAlso published asUS7428641, US7478245, US20050060548, US20050060553Publication number09522063, 522063, US 6877095 B1, US 6877095B1, US-B1-6877095, US6877095 B1, US6877095B1InventorsJoshua AllenOriginal AssigneeMicrosoft CorporationExport CitationBiBTeX, EndNote, RefManPatent Citations (8), Referenced by (53), Classifications (11), Legal Events (6) External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, EspacenetSession-state manager
User Identification—Who is the user, and is the user really who she claims to be? Logon Validation—Is the user currently logged on? Logon Expiration—How long has it been since last contact with the user?
Logon expiration is optional. However, most systems utilize some sort of session time-out tracking. This is particularly true in communications networks that employ communications protocols that do not inherently track session-state information. These networks are called “stateless”. Most asynchronous communications networks are stateless.
MinTO=(X+Y)T b
MaxTO=(2X−Y)T b
At 512, the Web server gets the user's UserID that identifies the user of the client. This UserID may have been supplied by the user or may be retrieved from a database. The UserID may or may not be equivalent to the “username” used for logon authentication.
At 514, the Web server gets a code key (i.e., “secret string” or “trapdoor key”). This code key is defined data that will be used with the TimeID and the UserID so that it is more difficult to decode the encoded token and determine the TimeID and UserID. This code key may be statically or dynamically designated. If the code key is dynamically designated, it is preferable that code key be tracked carefully so that compared tokens are based upon the same code key.
Assuming that Tencrypted is the encrypted token; N[ ] is a function that takes a given number of bits; and H[ ] is a cryptographic hash function, the generation of the encrypted token of the exemplary embodiment may be represented by this formula:
STDMETHODIMP CSessMan::GetToken(BSTR root, BSTR *pbstrToken) { HRESULT hr; CComBSTR tmpRoot(root); tmpRoot.Append (“”); if (tmpRoot.Length ( ) == 0) { CComVariant vtOut(“Timeout”); hr = VariantChangeType(&vtOut, &vtOut, 0, VT_BSTR); if (FAILED(hr)) return hr; *pbstrToken = ::SysAllocString(V_BSTR(&vtOut)); return S_OK; } char tmpOut [33]; tmpRoot.Append(m_szSecretSeed); tmpRoot.Append (GetTimeBucket ( )); CalcHash((char *)tmpRoot.m_str , tmpOut, ((int) (tmpRoot.Length( )) + 1) * 2); tmpOut [m_HashLength] = 0; CComVariant vtOut (tmpOut); hr = VariantChangeType(&vtOut, &vtOut, 0, VT_BSTR); if (FAILED(hr)) return hr; *pbstrToken = ::SysAllocString(V_BSTR(&vtOut)); return S_OK; } Encryption Schemes
One-way encryption schemes are those where the encrypted data cannot be decrypted. Applied Cryptography by Bruce Schneier (John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1994) (p. 27) describes a one-way encryption scheme as one that is “relatively easy to compute but significantly harder to undo or reverse.” It also says that “hard” means “it would take millions of years to compute . . . .” In general, one-way encryption schemes are far more secure than two-way encryption schemes.
′ previously set to “Orca.Crypto”
Respone.Redirect “login.asp”
STDMETHODIMP CSessMan::CheckToken(BSTR root, BSTR token, BSTR *pbstrIsOK) { HRESULT hr; char logRoot [255]; char logToken [255]; char logTmpRoot [255]; char logTmpRootReturn [255]; wcstombs (logToken, token, 255); CComBSTR tmpRoot (root); tmpRoot.Append (“”); if (tmpRoot.Length( ) == 0) { CComVariant vtOut (“Timeout”); hr = VariantChangeType (&vtOut, &vtOut, 0, VT_BSTR); if (FAILED (hr)) return hr; *pbstrIsOK = ::SysAllocString (V_BSTR (&vtOut)); return S_OK; } wcstombs (logRoot, tmpRoot.m_str, 255); char tmpOut [33]; tmpRoot.Append(m_szSecretSeed); tmpRoot.Append (GetTimeBucket ( )); wcstombs (logTmpRoot, tmpRoot.m_str, 255); CalcHash ((char *) tmpRoot.m_str, tmpOut, ((int) (tmpRoot.Length ( )) + 1) * 2); tmpOut [m_HashLength] = 0; strcpy(logTmpRootReturn, tmpOut); if (CComBSTR (token) == CComBSTR (tmpOut)) { CComVariant vtOut (tmpOut); hr = VariantChangeType (&vtOut, &vtOut, 0, VT_BSTR); if (FAILED(hr)) return hr; *pbstrIsOK = ::SysAllocString (V_BSTR (&vtOut)); return S_OK; } else { char tmpOut2 [33]; CComBSTR tmpRoot2 (root); tmpRoot2.Append (m_szSecretSeed); tmpRoot2.Append (GetPrevTimeBucket ( )); CalcHash((char *)tmpRoot2.m_str, tmpOut2, ((int) (tmpRoot2.Length ( )) + 1) * 2); tmpOut2 [m_HashLength] = 0; if (CComBSTR (token) == CComBSTR (tmpOut2)) { CComVariant vtOut (tmpOut); hr = VariantChangeType (&vtOut, &vtOut, 0, VT_BSTR); if (FAILED(hr)) return hr; *pbstrIsOK = ::SysAllocString (V_BSTR (&vtOut)); return S_OK; } else { CComVariant vtOut (“Timeout”); hr = VariantChangeType (&vtOut, &vtOut, 0, VT_BSTR); if (FAILED(hr)) return hr; *pbstrIsOK = ::SysAllocString (V_BSTR (&vtOut)); return S_OK; } } } TimeID Verification
Using this analogy, the encoded token is the key to the safe-deposit box; the encrypted token is the key to and seal of the door behind which is placed the key; and Web server is the bank housing the safe-deposit boxes including the one box that the encoded token “safe-deposit” box unlocks. Inside, that box is session-state information of the user.
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2000Aug 7, 2012International Business Machines CorporationURL-based sticky routing tokens using a server-side cookie jarUS8255539 *Dec 29, 2006Aug 28, 2012Amadeus SasSystem and method for extending sessionsUS8291228Oct 21, 2008Oct 16, 2012American Express Travel Related Services Company, Inc.Method and system for modular authentication and session managementUS8311218 *Oct 29, 2009Nov 13, 2012Cisco Technology, Inc.Rounding for securityUS8364957 *Mar 2, 2004Jan 29, 2013International Business Machines CorporationSystem and method of providing credentials in a networkUS8418150Apr 3, 2009Apr 9, 2013Oracle International CorporationEstimating impact of configuration changesUS8494520Jul 20, 2007Jul 23, 2013Bridgewater Systems Corp.Systems and methods for providing centralized subscriber session state informationUS8650307Oct 15, 2009Feb 11, 2014Michael J. MillerSystem for automated device-to-device transferUS8661420Aug 3, 2005Feb 25, 2014Oracle International CorporationSystem and method for runtime interface versioningUS8683550Jun 3, 2011Mar 25, 2014Blackberry LimitedSystem and method for validating a user of an account using a wireless deviceUS8732126Aug 11, 2011May 20, 2014Oracle International CorporationFiltering workload for database replayUS8819416 *Sep 20, 2012Aug 26, 2014Iii Holdings 1, LlcMethod and system for modular authentication and session managementUS8874901Sep 14, 2012Oct 28, 2014Facebook, Inc.Authentication of data streaming serviceUS8893239Sep 14, 2012Nov 18, 2014Facebook, Inc.Authentication of a device with a service providerUS8997048Feb 14, 2007Mar 31, 2015Oracle America, Inc.Method and apparatus for profiling a virtual machineUS20080256617 *Dec 15, 2006Oct 16, 2008Brian Ross CartwellCentralized Identity Verification and/or Password ValidationUS20100329453 *Oct 29, 2009Dec 30, 2010Cisco Technology, Inc.Rounding for securityUS20130031359 *Sep 20, 2012Jan 31, 2013American Express Travel Related Services Compnay, Inc.Method and system for modular authentication and session managementWO2009013561A1 *Nov 21, 2007Jan 29, 2009Bridgewater Systems CorpSystems and methods for providing centralized subscriber session state information* Cited by examinerClassifications U.S. Classification713/182, 709/228, 726/9, 707/999.01International ClassificationH04K1/00, H04L9/00, H04L29/06Cooperative ClassificationH04L63/0869, H04L63/0428European ClassificationH04L63/08G, H04L63/04BLegal EventsDateCodeEventDescriptionMay 26, 2000ASAssignmentOwner name: MICROSOFT CORPORATION, WASHINGTONFree format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:ALLEN, JOSHUA;REEL/FRAME:010862/0748Effective date: 20000504Sep 22, 2008FPAYFee paymentYear of fee payment: 4Nov 19, 2012REMIMaintenance fee reminder mailedApr 5, 2013LAPSLapse for failure to pay maintenance feesMay 28, 2013FPExpired due to failure to pay maintenance feeEffective date: 20130405Jan 15, 2015ASAssignmentOwner name: MICROSOFT TECHNOLOGY LICENSING, LLC, WASHINGTONFree format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:MICROSOFT CORPORATION;REEL/FRAME:034766/0001Effective date: 20141014RotateOriginal ImageGoogle Home - Sitemap - USPTO Bulk Downloads - Privacy Policy - Terms of Service - About Google Patents - Send FeedbackData provided by IFI CLAIMS Patent Services

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Land reform in South Africa : an uneven transformation (eBook, 2016) [WorldCat.org]
http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/926048980
Title: Land reform in South Africa : an uneven transformation
Author: Brent McCusker; William G Moseley; Maano Ramutsindela
ISBN/ISSN: 9781442207189 1442207183
OCLC:926048980
Brent McCusker; William G Moseley; Maano Ramutsindela
Print version:McCusker, Brent, author.Land reform in South Africa(DLC) 2015032711(OCoLC)910856293
9781442207189 1442207183
926048980
The multiple meanings of land and agrarian change --
Theorizing land reform and agrarian change --
Theoretical insights for land reform --
The making of land policy before 1948 --
Post-1948 land questions and territorial dominance --
Space, race, and the fall and rise of hegemonic blocs --
The ideals versus the realities of land reform --
Continuity and change in the former Bantustans --
Land reform, farmworkers, and commercial farming areas --
Tenure reform and small-scale agriculture in the "coloured reserves" --
The land question in national parks --
The urban built environment and land claims --
This book explores South Africa's land reform program in the post-Apartheid era. Examining land use and land reform from a deep historical perspective, it draws on key recent case studies to assess the progress and ultimate outcome of land redistribution and restitution.
Publisher Synopsis The first classic of twenty-first-century geography, this book displays the best in people-place research that lies at the heart of environmental management. Focused on land reform in South Africa, not just farms but game parks and urban areas, the authors capture empirical case material in a historical-geographical materialist perspective. They answer the key question of why so little land reform has taken place from a mature perspective and interpretation of the consent and coercion processes that underlie the adoption of neoliberal agendas in a democratic South Africa. There is a sense of widespread, and intense, political discussion and a celebration of the joy of fieldwork. I wish I had been on that team. This text will become the standard against which work in the global south will be judged. -- Phil O'Keefe, Northumbria University An important and timely contribution. McCusker, Moseley, and Ramutsindela effectively stitch together diverse insights from across the country, illuminating the key challenges shaping South Africa's land reform program. Incorporating historical information and current case studies, this invaluable book will benefit anyone with an interest in the geographical transformation of South Africa. -- Alistair Fraser, Maynooth University Land Reform in South Africa is a very important book. McCusker, Moseley, and Ramutsindela provide a rich historical context for understanding the contradictory land reform and land use terrain in contemporary South Africa. And, they provide an essential reminder that apartheid was a geographic project with racialized land access at its core. -- Daniel Weiner, University of Connecticut
Add tags for "Land reform in South Africa : an uneven transformation".
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Land reform in South Africa : an uneven transformation/Brent McCusker; William G Moseley; Maano Ramutsindela; Lanham : Rowman & Littlefield, [2016] ©2016

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https://www.thefreedictionary.com/words-containing-phoenici
Dictionary, Encyclopedia and Thesaurus - The Free Dictionary 10,992,306,760 visitors served
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.net - Jagged PowerShell array is losing a dimension when only one element exists - Stack Overflow
Jagged PowerShell array is losing a dimension when only one element exists
I have the following PowerShell function that works well for any input except for 1. If I pass it an input of 1 it will return an array with two elements 1,1 instead of a single element which is itself an array of two elements (1,1).
Any ideas how I can make PowerShell return a jagged array with one element that is itself an array?
function getFactorPairs {
$factorPairs = @()
$maxDiv = [math]::sqrt($n)
write-verbose "Max Divisor: $maxDiv"
for($c = 1; $c -le $maxDiv; $c ++) {
$o = $n / $c;
if($o -eq [math]::floor($o)) {
write-debug "Factor Pair: $c, $o"
$factorPairs += ,@($c,$o) # comma tells powershell to add defined array as element in existing array instead of adding array elements to existing array
return $factorPairs
Here is my test and it's output showing the problem. You can see that the first example (1 as input) is returning a length of 2 even though there was only one factor pair found. The second example (6 as input) is working properly and is returning a length of 2 with two factor pairs found.
~» (getFactorPairs 1).length
DEBUG: Factor Pair: 1, 1
~» (getFactorPairs 6).length
DEBUG: Factor Pair: 1, 6
DEBUG: Factor Pair: 2, 3
.net arrays powershell share|improve this question edited Sep 7 '09 at 20:28
asked Sep 7 '09 at 19:59
I tested this on the PowerShell V2 CTP on Windows XP, and saw the same results as the OP.
The problem appears to be PowerShell's habit of "flattening" collections as they're passed along the pipeline. A simple solution is to wrap the return value in an collection by prefacing the expression to be returned with the comma operator thus:
return ,$factorPairs
See Keith Hill's blog entry Effective PowerShell Item 8: Output Cardinality - Scalars, Collections and Empty Sets - Oh My! for a little more detail.
share|improve this answer edited Aug 17 '12 at 18:10
answered Sep 7 '09 at 21:39
Great workround and great link, and the bug appears to have been fixed (connect.microsoft.com/feedback/…) presumably in PowerShell v3
You are close. The problem you are running into is that PowerShell unrolls (flattens) the array when it is returned from the function. Use the comma operator to return the array as-is without unrolling it:
When there is only one element in the array, which is the case for inputs 1,2,3 and other primes, PowerShell unrolls the contents of the array into the output so each element (1,1) appears on the output. Why PowerShell unrolls both the outer and the inner array in this case - I don't know for sure. I suspect they do it because there are scenarios where folks would expect this behavior from PowerShell.
share|improve this answer edited Sep 7 '09 at 22:22
answered Sep 7 '09 at 21:44
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