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Patent US20100052978 - Method and apparatus for making airborne radar horizon measurements to ... - Google PatentsSearch Images Maps Play YouTube News Gmail Drive More »Sign inPatentsA method for determining a refractivity profile of an atmosphere of the Earth. The method may involve: generating radar signals from a radar device located above the Earth's surface toward the Earth's surface; measuring a time of flight and a reflected intensity of reflected radar signals received back...http://www.google.com/patents/US20100052978?utm_source=gb-gplus-sharePatent US20100052978 - Method and apparatus for making airborne radar horizon measurements to measure atmospheric refractivity profilesAdvanced Patent SearchPublication numberUS20100052978 A1Publication typeApplicationApplication numberUS 12/204,293Publication dateMar 4, 2010Priority dateSep 4, 2008Also published asUS7872603Publication number12204293, 204293, US 2010/0052978 A1, US 2010/052978 A1, US 20100052978 A1, US 20100052978A1, US 2010052978 A1, US 2010052978A1, US-A1-20100052978, US-A1-2010052978, US2010/0052978A1, US2010/052978A1, US20100052978 A1, US20100052978A1, US2010052978 A1, US2010052978A1InventorsBrian J. TillotsonOriginal AssigneeThe Boeing CompanyExport CitationBiBTeX, EndNote, RefManPatent Citations (57), Referenced by (3), Classifications (6), Legal Events (2) External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, EspacenetMethod and apparatus for making airborne radar horizon measurements to measure atmospheric refractivity profiles
US 20100052978 A1Abstract
generating radar signals from a radar device located above the Earth's surface toward the Earth's surface; measuring a time of flight and a reflected intensity of reflected radar signals received back at said radar device; using the measured time of flight and said reflected intensity of said reflected radar signals received by said radar device to determine a distance to a radar horizon where the radar signals are tangent to the Earth's surface; and using the distance to the radar horizon to determine a refractivity profile of the atmosphere through which said radar signals and said reflected radar signals have travelled. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein said generating radar signals from a radar device comprises generating radar signals from a radar device located on an airborne mobile platform.
measurements taken without the use of said radar signals; and a model of atmospheric behavior, to determine said refractivity profile. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein said generating a plurality of radar signals comprises generating a plurality of radar signals at different altitudes.
a location of said radar; and geometric optics formulas; to adjust an elevation angle of an antenna emitting said radar signals from said radar device, to account for known terrain characteristics. 12. The method of claim 1, further comprising using at least one of:
a topographic database; an air traffic database; an altitude-encoding transponder; and a ship traffic database; to determine the altitude of a first radar reflector that reflects a signal toward said radar device from beyond a radar horizon, and using the maximum distance at which said first radar reflector is detected to estimate a refractivity profile. 13. The method of claim 12, further comprising using a second radar reflector that reflects a signal toward said radar device from beyond a radar horizon, said second reflector being located at a different altitude than said first reflector, and using the maximum distances at which said first and second reflectors are detected to estimate a refractivity profile.
generating radar signals from a radar device located on an airborne mobile platform toward the Earth's surface; receiving ones of said radar signals that are reflected back to said radar device; measuring a time of flight and a reflected intensity of said radar signals reflected back at said radar device over a plurality of range gates; using the measured time of flight and said reflected intensity of said radar signals received by said radar device, to determine an approximate distance to a radar horizon where the radar signals are tangent to the Earth's surface; and assimilating the distance from the mobile platform to the radar horizon, and at least one additional measurement obtained without the use of said radar signals, to determine a refractivity profile of the atmosphere through which said radar signals have travelled. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein said generating radar signals from a radar device comprises generating a plurality of radar signals at different altitudes of said mobile platform.
a location of said radar device; and geometric optics formulas; to adjust an estimated grazing angle of a radar signal reflected from a particular patch of terrain toward said radar device, and using said estimated grazing angle together with the measured intensity of the reflected radar signal to compute an estimated intensity of a radar signal reflected from a hypothetical patch of level terrain at the same location. 19. A system for determining a refractivity profile of an atmosphere of the Earth, the system comprising:
a radar device located at an elevated location providing a view of the Earth's horizon, being adapted to emit radar signals toward the Earth's surface; a processor adapted to analyze time of flight information for ones of said radar signals reflected back to, and received by, said radar device, and adapted to determine a time of flight of flight of said radar signals to a radar horizon, the processor further being adapted to use said time of flight and information relating to an intensity of said reflected ones of said radar signals to determine a refractivity profile for a portion of an atmosphere of said Earth that said radar signals have travelled through. 20. The system of claim 19, further comprising a subsystem for measuring the position and altitude of the radar device and providing information relating thereto to said processor.
[0001] The present disclosure relates to systems and methods for measuring temperature and humidity levels, and more particularly to a system and method that makes use of an airborne mobile platform having a radar unit that measures temperature and humidity profiles.
[0003] There is growing interest in being able to obtain weather related information through the use of airborne mobile platforms, for example through the use of jet aircraft. More specifically, there is growing interest in being able to measure temperature and humidity at altitudes from the Earth's surface, such as an ocean surface, up to the cruising altitude of the mobile platform.
[0004] Previously developed airborne systems have relied on performing atmospheric measurements through the use of the Global Positioning System (GPS) or through Iridium signals reflected from the ocean's surface. This method relies on changes in index of refraction as the temperature and humidity of the air in the column between the ocean's surface and the aircraft vary. However, this method requires that new antennas and new electronics devices be installed on an aircraft. This raises the cost of implementing (or retrofitting) such a weather measurement system on an existing aircraft. Thus, it is a highly desirable goal to be able to implement such a system using as many existing electronic components on the aircraft as possible.
[0005] Various other devices and systems for predicting atmospheric conditions have been used. Such devices and methods include the use of radiosondes (i.e. weather balloons) to measure temperature, humidity and other variables from the ground surface up to fairly high altitudes. Drop parachutes, which can be viewed as the equivalent of radiosondes, have also been deployed from aircraft while in flight. GPS occultation measurements have also been made from low orbiting satellites, such as the COSMIC constellation of six satellites.
[0006] Radiosonde measurements are effective but their use is limited to industrialized countries over land. The infrastructure to routinely launch and monitor them is lacking in many nations, and this method is not well suited to monitoring atmospheric conditions over the oceans. Thus, this method is generally not usable over a large portion of the Earth covered by the oceans.
[0007] Dropping small parachute packages from aircraft is technically effective, but is costly over time and may raise environmental issues.
[0008] GPS occultation with satellites makes effective measurements only at fairly high altitudes. The GPS signal is too weak to effectively traverse the lower atmosphere with enough quality to allow an occultation measurement. In addition, the spatial and temporal coverage of LEO satellite constellations is too sparse to allow comprehensive coverage.
[0009] GPS or Iridium occultation measurements from aircraft provide better coverage than measurements from satellites. Measurements also reach somewhat lower altitudes because the signal does not need to traverse the entire atmosphere twice. However, the cost to install additional antennas and occultation receivers is a limitation when considering this type of system.
[0010] Reflected signal occultation is technically better than standard occultation. The reflected signal, especially using Iridium satellites, reaches all the way to the surface, allowing a full profile of the atmosphere to be measured. However, as with standard occultation, this method requires adding antennas and receivers to the aircraft and therefore has a relatively significant cost.
[0011] In one aspect the present disclosure relates to a method for determining a refractivity profile of an atmosphere of the Earth. The method may comprise: generating radar signals from a radar device located above the Earth's surface toward the Earth's surface; measuring a time of flight and a reflected intensity of reflected radar signals received back at the radar device; using the measured time of flight and the reflected intensity of the reflected radar signals received by the radar device to determine a distance to a radar horizon where the radar signals are tangent to the Earth's surface; and using the distance to the radar horizon to determine a refractivity profile of the atmosphere through which the radar signals and the reflected radar signals have travelled.
[0012] In another aspect the present disclosure relates to a method for determining a refractivity profile of an atmosphere of the Earth. The method may comprise: generating radar signals from a radar device located on an airborne mobile platform toward the Earth's surface, and over a plurality of range gates; receiving ones of the radar signals that are reflected back to the radar device; measuring a time of flight and a reflected intensity of the radar signals reflected back at the radar device; using the measured time of flight, the reflected intensity of the radar signals received by the radar device, to determine an approximate distance to a radar horizon where the radar signals are tangent to the Earth's surface; and assimilating the distance from the mobile platform to the radar horizon, and at least one additional, non-radar based measurement to determine a refractivity profile of the atmosphere through which the radar signals have travelled.
[0013] In still another aspect the present disclosure relates to a system for determining a refractivity profile of an atmosphere of the Earth. The system may comprise: a radar device located at an elevated location providing a view of the Earth's horizon, being adapted to radar signals toward the Earth's surface; a processor adapted to analyze time of flight information for ones of said radar signals reflected back to, and received by, said radar device, and adapted to analyze information relating to an intensity of said reflected ones of said radar signals to determine a refractivity profile for a portion of an atmosphere of said Earth that said radar signals have travelled through.
[0016] FIG. 1 is a block diagram of one embodiment of the present disclosure;
[0017] FIG. 2 is a diagram showing how the Earth's atmosphere bends a radar signal, and how the actual radar “horizon” differs from the geometric horizon that is seen from the aircraft's perspective;
[0018] FIG. 3 is a graph of relative power of the reflected radar signal versus range;
[0019] FIG. 4 is a diagram showing how stronger bending of the radar signal affects the distance to the radar horizon;
[0020] FIG. 5 is a diagram showing how different atmospheric layers of the Earth with different refractivity gradients produce different radar beam path curvatures;
[0021] FIG. 6 is a diagram illustrating how different layers of the Earth's atmosphere can provide different refractivity profiles, and how these different refractivity profiles affect the distance to the radar horizon for radar signals traveling through the different atmospheric layers;
[0022] FIG. 7 is a diagram showing how averaging may be used with radar signals emitted from a moving aircraft to smooth out the power versus range curve for reflected intensity measurements;
[0023] FIG. 8A is a diagram illustrating how the system of the present disclosure may be used to average cells of a radar signal within a given range band;
[0024] FIG. 8B is a diagram that shows how the power of a reflected signal varies depending on the angle that the radar signal impinges swells in a large body of water such as an ocean;
[0025] FIG. 9 is a diagram showing how uneven terrain changes the grazing angle and the height of the signal's end point;
[0026] FIG. 10 is a flowchart setting forth various operations of the system of the present disclosure in generating refractivity profiles;
[0027] FIG. 11 is a series of graphs showing how the time of flight (TOF) of a radar signal varies as the radar's altitude is increased, for various levels of relative humidity;
[0028] FIG. 12 is a series of graphs that show how different levels of relative humidity affect the TOF of a radar signal emitted from an aircraft when the aircraft is flying at different altitudes;
[0029] FIG. 13 shows another embodiment in which radar reflectors beyond the radar horizon can be used to measure refractivity profiles for those situations when the Earth's surface near the horizon is insufficiently reflective to reflect a radar beam;
[0030] FIGS. 14A and 14B illustrate how different combinations of strong and weak curvature in each of three different atmospheric layers can give the same detection distance for a given radar reflector;
[0031] FIGS. 15A and 15B illustrate another embodiment that may be used where reflectors with various heights are available, and where the different heights can be used to resolve some degree of profile ambiguity with measurements from a single altitude;
[0032] FIGS. 16A and 16B show enlarged portions of FIGS. 15A and 15B respectively.
[0034] Referring to FIG. 1 there is shown a system 10 for obtaining refractivity information that may be used to predict atmospheric conditions in a column of atmosphere. As will be described in greater detail in the following paragraphs, the system 10 is adapted to measure the time of flight (“TOF”) for a signal from a radar device to reach a radar horizon. The “radar horizon” is the point at which a radar signal is tangent to the Earth's surface.
[0035] The system 10 may make use of an airborne mobile platform, for example, but not limited to, a jet aircraft 12. Any other form of airborne platform could be used but because of the speed of modern day jet aircraft, and the distance that can be covered with a jet aircraft in a short period of time, it is expected that the use of a jet aircraft may be the preferred type of airborne mobile platform for many applications.
[0036] The jet aircraft 12 may be a commercial or military aircraft that has an onboard system 14 that includes a radar device 16. In this example the radar device 16 is a preexisting component of the aircraft 12 and forms a well known airborne weather radar device. The radar device 16 is in communication with an antenna 18 and an antenna controller 34, which are also preexisting components of the aircraft 12. The radar device 16 generates radar signals 22 from the antenna 18 and receives reflected radar signals 24 back from the Earth's 26 surface 28 via the antenna 18. The radar device 16 typically generates a plurality of received radar signals 22 over short time intervals termed “range gates”, and outputs time of flight (TOF) information and information related to the intensity of reflected radar signals received back at the radar device 16. Each range gate thus has a particular TOF and a particular reflected intensity associated with it. The reflected signal intensity will vary depending on the angle that the radar signals impinge the Earth's surface 28. Signals that impinge normal to the Earth's surface will have the highest reflected intensity, while signals that impinge the Earth's surface closest to the radar horizon, labeled with reference number 30 in FIG. 1, will have the lowest signal intensity, or a signal intensity that is nearly zero. The radar horizon is tangent to the Earth's surface 28.
[0037] The TOF and reflected signal intensity information output from the radar device 16 are provided to a processor 32. The processor 32 may also be in communication with an antenna controller 34 and able to command the antenna controller 34 to control the elevation and azimuth pointing angles of the antenna 18. The processor 22 may also be in communication with a GPS/Inertial Navigation Unit 36 for providing information to the processor on the location, altitude and attitude of the aircraft 12. An air temperature and barometric pressure monitoring subsystem 38 may be used to provide air temperature and barometric pressure information for the ambient area around the aircraft 12, to the processor 32. The processor 32 may also be in communication with a network 40 that enables refractivity information generated by the processor 32 to be transmitted to a display/output device 42. The display/output device may comprise a video terminal, a printer or any other form of output device that is suitable for presenting information to a user for review. Optionally, the network 40 may also be in wireless communication with a remote substation 44 so that refractivity profiles generated by the processor 32 may be relayed to off-board subsystems or remotely located users. Furthermore, the remote substation 44 could be used to transmit information concerning weather related variables to the onboard system 14 that the processor 32 may use in generating refractivity profiles. The onboard system 14 may also optionally include a topographic information database 46 that the processor 32 may access to obtain topographic information about the region over which the aircraft 12 is flying. This information may be used to adjust TOF measurements made by the radar device 16.
[0038] In general operation, the processor 32 is adapted to receive TOF and reflected signal intensity information output from the radar device 16 and to use this information, by itself or in connection with other information, to determine the refractivity of a column of atmosphere through which the radar signals 22 and 24 have passed. An important factor in determining the refractivity of the atmosphere is the determination of the radar horizon 30, and more specifically the TOF of radar signals to the radar horizon. To understand why the TOF to the radar horizon 30 is useful, consider FIG. 2. With no atmosphere, a radar signal would travel straight, as shown by the dashed line 48. However, the Earth's atmosphere refracts, or “bends”, the radar signal's path slightly toward the Earth's surface 28 as shown by the solid curved line 50. Therefore, the radar horizon 30 is farther away from the aircraft 12 than the “geometric horizon”, which is labeled with number 52, which is the distance at which a perfectly straight line is tangent to the Earth's surface 28. A more strongly curved path would graze the Earth's surface 28 at an even farther distance from the aircraft 12. The curvature “K” of a one-dimensional path in a two dimensional plane is defined as:
[0000] K=1/R Equation (1)
[0039] where “R” is the local radius of a section of the path. The curvature of the radar path is proportional to the refractivity gradient of the atmosphere, so the refractivity profile of the atmosphere determines the distance to the radar horizon. Therefore measuring distance to the radar horizon constrains estimates of the refractivity profile.
[0040] In practice, the above described processing may be implemented by the use of suitable software with an existing airborne radar device. In other embodiments, this processing may be implemented by adding software to other processing components on the aircraft, where those components are connected to the radar device. In still other embodiments this processing may be implemented by adding a suitable processing component to the aircraft.
[0041] As mentioned above, the system 10 is used to determine an estimate of the refractivity of a column of atmosphere. The refractivity enables an estimate of a vertical profile of temperature and water vapor in the atmosphere to be obtained. The refractivity, “N”, is related to index of refraction, “n”, by:
[0000] N=(n−1)�106. Equation (2)
[0042] The refractivity N depends on the air's water content and density, where density is a function of pressure and temperature. An empirical formula is used to calculate the refractivity of a parcel of air as shown in Equation 3 below. In this formula, “T” is the temperature in Kelvin, “pd” is the partial pressure of dry air, “pv” is the partial pressure of water vapor, “Zd” is the inverse compressibility factor for dry air and “Zw” is the inverse compressibility factor for wet air. The constants k1, k2 and k3 are empirically determined.
[0043] Thus, measuring refractivity allows temperature and humidity to be constrained in terms of each other. Given this mutual constraint, and using scientifically-based models of how temperature and humidity vary in the atmosphere, together with ancillary information from other weather instruments and numerical models, weather modelers can use refractivity measurements to compute the most probable estimates of temperature and humidity.
[0044] Referring further to FIG. 1, a more detailed description will be provided on how the reflected intensity of the return radar signals is determined. To simplify the description somewhat, reference will be made to a single one of the radar signals 22 that is emitted from the radar device 16. After traveling for some time, the signal 22 reaches the Earth's surface 28. It reflects from the surface 28, with part of the signal returning to the radar. In FIG. 1 the reflected signal is denoted by reference number 24. The total time between when the signal 22 was transmitted and when the signal 24 is received is the TOF.
[0045] The radar return intensity for an area is given by:
[0000] I r =k σ sin(ψ)/R 4 Equation (4)
[0046] where “k” is a constant proportional to the radar's 16 power and gain, “σ” is reflectivity, “R” is range, and “ψ” is grazing angle. To simplify the analysis, one can assume that the surface roughness is fairly uniform, so σ is fairly uniform. This is usually the case for mid-ocean regions spanning several miles. Then near the radar horizon 30, where fractional variation in R is small compared to fractional variation in ψ, the return intensity falls almost linearly to zero over a small interval of distance. An example case is shown in FIG. 3. It is therefore easy to extrapolate the curve of power versus distance to find the point where the curve reaches zero power. The “zero-power” point is the radar horizon—about 547 km in this example. Of course, the system 10 actually measures the TOF of the radar signal components 22 and 24, rather than distance. However, the distance depiction in FIG. 3 helps to illustrate this principle.
[0047] Referring to the diagram of FIG. 4, a stronger refractivity gradient causes a stronger curvature in the radar signal path. In FIG. 4, radar path 54 (the dotted line) curves more strongly than path 50 (the solid line). The radar horizon 56 for the strongly curved path is more distant from the aircraft 12 than the radar horizon 58 is for the less curved path 50.
[0048] If the atmosphere's refractivity gradient was uniform over the radar signal's path, then the path's curvature would be nearly constant. One could treat the radar path and the Earth's surface 28 as two circles that are tangent at the radar horizon. Given the radar's altitude and the distance to the radar horizon, one could easily compute the refractivity gradient from simple geometry. However, in practice, this calculation is not so simple. Various layers of the atmosphere have different refractivity gradients. FIG. 5 illustrates a simple model wherein the refractivity gradient ∇n2 in the lower layer 60 of the atmosphere is twice as strong as the gradient ∇n1 in the upper layer 62. The curvature 1/R of a radar path varies, becoming stronger as it crosses from the upper layer 62 (K1=1/R1) to the lower layer 60 (K2=1/R2). In FIG. 5 the curvatures and atmosphere thickness are exaggerated for clarity.
[0049] The challenge, then, is to deduce the gradient in each layer 60 and 62 of the atmosphere. Once the gradient is known, the refractivity for any altitude can be computed by starting with the known value of refractivity at the radar's altitude z0 and integrating ∫∇n�dz down to the desired altitude. A single measurement of radar horizon is usually not sufficient to resolve the gradient in each layer. FIG. 6 illustrates how different combinations of strong and weak curvature in each of three atmospheric layers 64, 66 and 68 can give the same radar horizon. The two drawings of the Earth 26 in FIG. 6 show two different refractivity profiles, but the distance to the radar horizon from a radar at the top of the upper layer 64 is the same in each case, i.e. 3A=3B, as indicated by line 70 a. However, the distance 2A to the radar horizon is greater than the distance 2B, as indicated by line 70 b. Similarly, the distance 1A to radar horizon is greater than the distance 1B to radar horizon, as indicated by line 70 c. [0050] One approach to resolve this ambiguity is to combine the radar horizon measurement with other, non-radar meteorological measurements. Such measurements may comprise surface temperature measurements and wind speed measurements. Physics-based models of atmospheric behavior may also be used to provide information, such as thermodynamic properties of water vapor, that may be used in resolving the above described ambiguity. Collecting numerous dissimilar measurements and collectively using them to form a single “best fit” model of the atmosphere would even further enhance the accuracy of predicted atmospheric conditions. The general term for bringing a measurement into a unified weather model is “assimilation”. Modern methods that would be suitable for assimilating a radar horizon measurement with other non-meteorological information include 4D VAR and Kalman ensemble assimilation. Both use statistical methods, together with models of various sensors and atmospheric principles, to minimize an error function. Thus, one embodiment of the present disclosure may include 4D VAR assimilation of isolated measurements of the radar horizon distance into an atmosphere model. Another embodiment may include Kalman ensemble assimilation of isolated measurements of radar horizon distance into an atmosphere model.
[0051] Another approach to resolve the radar path curvature ambiguity is to use radar horizon measurements made at various altitudes. In FIG. 6 the radar horizon for both cases is the same when measured from the top of the upper atmospheric layer 64, but is different when measured at the intermediate layer 66 and the lower layer 68. Measuring the horizon distance at an intermediate altitude is analogous to adding one data point to a graph of a curve with known endpoints but unknown form. Adding even a single intermediate point strongly constrains the set of plausible curves that could connect the two endpoints. Measuring the radar horizon distance at several intermediate altitudes gives even better resolution of the refractivity in each layer of the atmosphere. Therefore, one embodiment of the present system 10 may involve measuring the radar horizon at several different altitudes and using the obtained information to even more accurately predict refractivity profiles of the atmosphere.
[0052] One way to accomplish radar horizon measurements at multiple altitudes is for a single aircraft to make measurements while it climbs or descends. This gives a particularly accurate profile if the measurements occur during a typical cruising descent where the aircraft trajectory fairly closely matches the forward-looking radar's signal path. In this instance each measurement samples roughly the same patch of air. As a result, horizontal anisotropy of the atmosphere has minimal effect on the estimated refractivity profile.
[0053] Another way to accomplish radar horizon measurements at multiple altitudes is for multiple aircraft to make measurements while operating at various altitudes in the same geographic region. Using multiple, diverse aircraft enables different aircraft performing different missions to contribute to a single unified atmospheric model. Therefore, one embodiment of the present disclosure uses radars on multiple aircraft flying at different altitudes to measure radar horizon distances and report them (via a communication system) to a single facility where they are assimilated. Yet another embodiment may accomplish radar horizon measurements at multiple altitudes by mounting a plurality of radar devices at various altitudes on a mountainside, with the mountainside facing either a body of water that extends to the Earth's horizon or towards a similarly wide area of flat terrain where the horizon is clearly visible.
[0054] The above discussion treats the radar device 16 as a nearly ideal instrument for measuring the radar horizon distance. In reality, an airborne radar device is not typically operated in a way that supports optimal measurements of the radar horizon. The system 10 therefore may include various operating methods to improve the measurement precision, typically by improving the signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) of the reflected radar signals. In one embodiment the system 10 may average the reflected signal intensity for a given range gate over a large number of radar pulses. This has two benefits. First, it improves the signal to noise ratio. Second, if the radar device 16 is on a moving platform, averaging the reflected intensity over a long time interval causes the platform's motion to smooth out the effect of any anomalously reflective small areas on the Earth's surface, as shown in FIG. 7. In FIG. 7 the reflected intensity power curve 72 a produced from sampling while the aircraft 12 is at one position is shown, with a different curve 72 b produced when the reflected intensity power is averaged over a given distance “D” of travel of the aircraft 12. Curve 72 b will be noted as being a “smoothed” curve from which information can be more accurately extrapolated to find the zero-power point that indicates the radar horizon.
[0055] In another embodiment the system 10 may average the reflected intensities of received radar signals over a plurality of azimuth angles. Conventional radars do not operate in this fashion, but rather they treat each range-azimuth cell separately as illustrated in FIG. 8A. The processor 32 of the system 10 averages cells in a given range band, such as the cells 74 in FIG. 8A, to improve the signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio of the received, reflected radar signals. The processor 32 may average only cells from suitable azimuth angles. Suitable azimuth angles may be those where the reflectivity versus range contours are expected to be similar, based on known oceanographic data or known terrain data. An example is when the aircraft 12 is flying over an ocean with swells, with the swells being indicated by reference number 76 in FIG. 8B. Radar signals 78 a arriving perpendicular to the swells 76 will be reflected more strongly than radar signals 78 b arriving diagonally (i.e., non-normal) to the swells 76. As the notional plot 80 of FIG. 8B shows, however, the shape of the power versus range curve is the same at all azimuth angles, even though the power of the reflected signals is greater with signals directed at 90 degrees to the swells 76. Therefore, cells at all azimuth angles are suitable to contribute to the average reflected signal intensity for each range band. However, if part of the radar coverage area in FIG. 8B included a peninsula where radar reflectivity is different than the ocean, then azimuth angles covering the peninsula would not be suitable for averaging across a range band.
[0056] In still another embodiment of the system 10 the strength of the reflected signal from near the horizon may be increased by adjusting the elevation angle of the radar antenna 18 via suitable commands from the antenna controller 34. Airborne radars are typically adjusted to either minimize ground clutter by aiming the radar beam slightly above the horizon or to give a good look at surface features or roughness by aiming the beam below the horizon. In contrast, in this embodiment the system processor 32 and/or antenna controller 34 may be used to adaptively adjust the elevation angle of the antenna 18 to maximize the reflected signal strength near the horizon. This can even further improve the signal-to-noise ratio of the reflected radar signal.
[0057] Another adaptive embodiment of the system 10 may detect regions of precipitation in weather radar data. The system 10 uses this to identify azimuth angles where the signal at the radar horizon is significantly attenuated by airborne water. By “significantly attenuated” it is meant that either the signal-to-noise ratio of the reflected radar signal is too weak for a suitable measurement or that precipitation near the horizon may alter the returning signal intensity versus range. More specifically, it may change the zero-power point of the curve in FIG. 3. Accordingly, in this embodiment the system 10 ignores horizon measurements at any azimuth angles where it detects significant attenuation.
[0058] A particular advantage of the system 10 is how the system 10 handles complications that arise due to reflected signals from non-ideal surfaces. For example, when radar signals strike ocean waves the signals reflect from different heights depending on the angle at which each signal strikes the water surface. A nearly vertical signal reflects from points near the trough of the wave. A more horizontal signal reflects from points on the slope or crest of the wave. Thus, another embodiment of the system 10 may use a wave-reflection model, such as that disclosed in “Surface Roughness Estimation from GPS Sea Reflections,” Thompson et al., NASA Earth Science Enterprise, IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, 2002, hereby incorporated by reference into the present disclosure, to estimate the distribution of wave shapes and correct the TOF and reflectivity for signals reaching the waves at different angles.
[0059] All of the methods discussed above work well when the Earth's surface is level. However, it will be appreciated that the Earth's surface cannot be perfectly smooth, however, or the surface will not reflect radar signals back toward their source. Another embodiment of the system 10 may be implemented that is especially well suited for applications where the earth's surface is not level, for example in regions of rolling hills. With this embodiment the terrain's altitude variations are represented by a terrain database, such as topographic database 46 in FIG. 1. The system 10 uses the topographic database 46, the aircraft's 12 position, and geometric optics formulas to adjust various grazing angle values to account for the terrain characteristics. This embodiment may be further explained In connection with the drawing of FIG. 9. The system 10 uses the topographic database 46 to predict that radar signals emitted from the aircraft 12 at location A, with a particular time of flight, will reflect from a patch 82 of terrain that tilts toward the radar device 16, or is substantially normal to the path of the emitted radar signal. The database 46 is also used to predict that radar signals emitted at location B of the aircraft 12 with the same time of flight will reach the Earth's surface at a patch 84 that tilts away from the radar device 16. The system 10 multiplies the reflected intensity at each range-azimuth cell by a factor that accounts for the actual grazing angle versus the nominal “level terrain” grazing angle in Equation 5, thereby computing an even more accurate estimate of radar return signal intensity Ir.
[0060] With further reference to FIG. 9, in still another embodiment of the system 10, the system may use a terrain database to predict that radar signals emitted from the aircraft 12 at location A with a particular TOF will reach the Earth at a height “hA” above nominal sea level, while signals emitted at location B with the same TOF will reach the Earth at height “hB”. For areas over large bodies of waters such as oceans, the terrain database may comprise an up-to-date database of tides, winds, and other factors that affect ocean surface height. The system 10 may use this information to adjust the calculated path of the radar signal, and thereby to improve the estimated refractivity profile.
[0061] Referring now to FIG. 10 a flowchart 100 is shown setting forth various operations that the system 10 may perform in determining the refractivity of a column of atmosphere. It will be assumed that the on-board system 14 of FIG. 1 is installed on the aircraft 12 and that the processor 32 is loaded with suitable software for analyzing the TOF and reflected intensity information output by the radar device 16. Initially at operation 102 the aircraft 12 is flown over a predetermined area where refractivity profiles of the atmosphere are to be generated. At operation 104 the radar 16 is operated to collect simultaneous measurements of reflected intensity and TOF to points on the Earth 26. At operation 106 the obtained TOF and reflected intensity measurements are used to estimate the distance to the radar horizon. Concurrently, at operation 108, the aircraft's 12 location and altitude is recorded. Optionally, the radar device 16 may be scanned over a range of elevation or azimuth angles at operation 104 to obtain reflected signals with even better signal-to-noise ratios at the radar horizon.
[0062] At operation 110, the processor 32 may be used to computationally determine the atmosphere refractivity profile that gives the best fit to the radar horizon measurements. Where other measurements are available, such as radiosonde measurements or radar occultation data from multiple airplanes, such measurements and/or information may also be used to determine the atmospheric profile that best fits all the available data. At operation 112 the refractivity profile may be transmitted to weather modelers or forecasters. By this it is meant that the refractivity information may be displayed on the display device 42 (FIG. 1) of the on-board system 14 or transmitted wirelessly to the remote substation 44. It will be appreciated, however, that In a typical application, the radar device 16 will be used part time to perform refractivity measurements and part time to perform normal radar actions such as measuring precipitation rates and turbulence, or even scanning for potentially hostile vehicles or objects.
[0063] The system 10 in its various embodiments thus measures refractivity profiles along its flight path. The refractivity profiles can be used to improve atmospheric models, especially models of water vapor, and thereby to improve weather forecasts. The system 10 is expected to have particularly high utility and value when used in parts of the world with few existing weather instruments, such as China, India, or for predicting weather conditions/patterns over the world's oceans. The system 10 in its various embodiments is also expected to find significant utility in military theaters of operation where it is important to mission success to be able to predict weather conditions.
[0064] It is a particularly desirable feature of the various embodiments of the system 10 that the system is able to generate refractivity profiles of the atmosphere without the need to add special antennas to existing aircraft. In some embodiments the refractivity profile information can be obtained by the system 10 without adding any electronic boxes on an existing aircraft. The ability to obtain refractivity measurements without the need to integrate new hardware onto the aircraft significantly reduces the cost of the system 10. The system 10 is also advantageous as its implementation on an existing aircraft does not involve adding any significant weight to the aircraft.
[0065] With respect to previously developed or used weather prediction systems, the system 10 has a number of important benefits. Unlike radiosonde measurements, the system 10 provides coverage wherever an aircraft is able to fly. This includes less developed nations and the large portions of the earth covered by seas and oceans. When compared to dropping small parachute packages from aircraft, the system 10 has relatively low recurring cost and raises no safety or environmental issues. Unlike GPS occultation with satellites, the system 10 makes effective measurements from cruising altitude all the way to the ground. In addition, the system 10 is able to provide even better spatial and temporal coverage than low earth orbit (LEO) satellite occultation. When compared with occultation measurements from aircraft, the system 10 makes measurements all the way to the ground and it requires no additional antennas or occultation receivers. It therefore can offer significantly lower cost to implement that other types of weather prediction systems. And unlike reflected signal occultation, the system 10 requires no additional antennas or occultation receivers. The system 10 is also able to provide greater geographic and temporal coverage, greater vertical coverage (especially in the lower troposphere), and lower cost than previously developed systems.
[0066] Referring to FIGS. 11 and 12, results of simulations of operation of the system 10 are shown where the system is operating over level terrain. This model propagates a reflected radar signal from the radar horizon to the radar device. It outputs one-way time of flight. FIG. 11 shows how the time of flight varies as the radar's altitude increases from zero to 10,000 meters. The three curves show the effect of varying humidity. The horizon is more distant at low humidity, regardless of altitude.
[0067] FIG. 12 even more clearly illustrates how the time of flight varies with humidity at a given measurement altitude. Each curve corresponds to an altitude (z) of the radar. The TOF difference between zero humidity and 100% humidity is about 100 microseconds (one way) at the cruise altitude of a jet aircraft. That corresponds to the horizon distance changing by about 30 km. An airborne weather radar can easily resolve such a large difference, and by averaging over several pulses, it can resolve TOF differences corresponding to relatively small changes in humidity.
[0068] With reference to FIG. 13, in yet another embodiment the present disclosure detects “beyond the horizon” radar reflectors. This embodiment is able to measure refractivity profiles even when the Earth's surface 28 near the horizon is insufficiently reflective to use the prior embodiments, such as over water in calm weather. FIG. 13 shows how this embodiment works. A radar reflector 200, such as a mountain or a ship, sticks up above the non-reflective surface. From the aircraft's 12 position, the weakly curved radar beam 202 skims the surface 28 at radar horizon 204 and passes above the reflector 200, so no reflection occurs. However, strongly curved radar beam 206 skims the surface 28 at radar horizon 208 and strikes the reflector 200, so part of the radar signal is reflected and is detected by the aircraft's radar device 16. Thus, radar detection of the reflector 200 by an aircraft at the position shown indicates that the refractivity profile must produce a path with more curvature than the path indicated by beam 202.
[0069] In the embodiment shown in FIG. 13, the present disclosure uses a measurement of the maximum distance at which the radar reflector 200 is detected, together with information about the location and the height “hobj” of the reflective object and the height of intervening terrain (if any) or water, to estimate the refractivity profile, or to generate data that is assimilated with other types of data to estimate an atmospheric profile. For stationary features such as mountains, islands or tall buildings, a geographic information system (GIS) may determine height and exact location, given the approximate location estimated by combining aircraft location and heading with the radar range measurement and azimuth angle. For marine environments, the approximate location of ships and buoys may be determined by combining aircraft location and heading with the radar range measurement and azimuth angle. The approximate location is then used to identify a particular ship or buoy using a suitable tracking database and to estimate its effective height as a radar reflector. For airborne reflectors, i.e. aircraft, the precise location and altitude may be determined either by the response from an encoding transponder (such as in the Traffic Alert and Collision Avoidance System, or TCAS) or by using the reflector's location to retrieve precise location and altitude from an Air Traffic Management database.
[0070] For a reflector that is vanishingly small at the top, such as a pyramid-shaped mountain, very little energy is reflected when the bottom edge of the radar beam touches the top few inches of the reflector. Thus, it may be impossible to directly measure the maximum distance at which the radar reflector peeks above the radar horizon. Instead, estimating the maximum detection distance may involve the use of an extrapolation operation similar to that for FIG. 3, but with two differences in the underlying physics: 1) reflected power decreases with range due to the reduced fraction of the reflector's area that protrudes into the radar beam at longer range, rather than due to the reduced grazing angle of the beam on a broad surface, and 2) the reflected power vs. range is measured over a series of pulses as the aircraft approaches the reflector, rather than as a series of measurements at different TOF within a single pulse. Extrapolating the power-vs-range curve for the reflector allows one to estimate the distance at which the power reflected from the reflector drops to zero, i.e. the true maximum detection distance.
[0071] A further variation of the above process involves measuring the detection distance from multiple altitudes to resolve the refractivity gradient in various layers of the atmosphere. FIGS. 14A and 14B illustrate how different combinations of strong and weak curvature in each of three layers can give the same detection distance for a given radar reflector. FIGS. 14A and 14B show two different refractivity profiles. The detection distance to the radar reflector 300 from a radar at the top of the upper layer 302 is the same in each case, as indicated by line 304 (i.e. 3A=3B), but is different when measured at intermediate altitudes. For the cases shown, radar detection distance at intermediate altitudes is greater in the left-hand case, as indicated by line 304 (i.e. 2A>2B) and line 306 (i.e., 1A>1B). Measuring the detection distance at an intermediate altitude is analogous to adding one data point to a graph of a curve with known endpoints but unknown form: even a single intermediate point strongly constrains the set of plausible curves that could connect the two endpoints. Measuring the detection distance at several intermediate altitudes gives even better resolution of the refractivity in each layer of the atmosphere.
[0072] Where reflectors with various heights are available, one can resolve some profile ambiguity with measurements from a single altitude. FIGS. 15A and 15B show the same two refractivity profiles as shown in FIGS. 14A and 14B. In this case, two mountains 400 and 402 with different heights are beyond the radar horizon. FIGS. 16A and 16B provide enlarged views of the reflectors 400 and 402 and the radar paths 404 and 406. In FIG. 16A, for the refractivity profile, the radar beam 404 touches (i.e. detects) reflector 402 from the same position at which it detects reflector 400, though reflector 204 is taller and farther away. For the refractivity profile shown in FIG. 16B, the radar beam 406 touches reflector 400 from the same position as for the profile shown in FIG. 16A, but the radar beam passes above reflector 402 without touching it. Thus, one can distinguish between different refractivity profiles by using a radar at a single altitude to measure the detection distance for radar reflectors with different heights.
[0073] While various embodiments have been described, those skilled in the art will recognize modifications or variations which might be made without departing from the present disclosure. The examples illustrate the various embodiments and are not intended to limit the present disclosure. Therefore, the description and claims should be interpreted liberally with only such limitation as is necessary in view of the pertinent prior art.
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Dieter R.Apparatus and process for measuring the gradient of refractivity of a gas* Cited by examinerReferenced byCiting PatentFiling datePublication dateApplicantTitleUS7973698 *Sep 26, 2008Jul 5, 2011Rockwell Collins, Inc.System and method for using a radar to estimate and compensate for atmospheric refractionUS8264395 *Feb 4, 2010Sep 11, 2012Furuno Electric Company, LimitedRadar device and rain/snow area detecting deviceUS20100207809 *Feb 4, 2010Aug 19, 2010Takumi FujikawaRadar device and rain/snow area detecting device* Cited by examinerClassifications U.S. Classification342/26.00BInternational ClassificationG01S13/95Cooperative ClassificationG01S13/953, G01S13/88European ClassificationG01S13/95B, G01S13/88Legal EventsDateCodeEventDescriptionSep 8, 2008ASAssignmentOwner name: THE BOEING COMPANY,ILLINOISFree format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:TILLOTSON, BRIAN J.;REEL/FRAME:021496/0247Effective date: 20080902Owner name: THE BOEING COMPANY, ILLINOISFree format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:TILLOTSON, BRIAN J.;REEL/FRAME:021496/0247Effective date: 20080902Jul 18, 2014FPAYFee paymentYear of fee payment: 4RotateOriginal ImageGoogle Home - Sitemap - USPTO Bulk Downloads - Privacy Policy - Terms of Service - About Google Patents - Send FeedbackData provided by IFI CLAIMS Patent Services


text:
Anodyne Electronics Holding Corp: Company Profile - Bloomberg
Anodyne Electronics Holding Corp
Anodyne Electronics Holding Corp was founded in 2009. The Company's line of business includes the wholesale distribution of electronic parts and electronic communications equipment.
1925 Kirschner Rd Unit 15
Phone: 1-2507631088
Fax: 1-2507631089
Web url: www.aem-corp.com

type: global

value: This website is an international news agency headquartered in New York City and a division of Bloomberg L.P. Content produced by Bloomberg News is disseminated through Bloomberg Terminals, Bloomberg Television, Bloomberg Radio, Bloomberg Businessweek, Bloomberg Markets, Bloomberg.com, and Bloomberg's mobile platforms. Since 2015, John Micklethwait has served as editor-in-chief.


text:
(Redirected from Xbox Live Party)
Centre: Redesigned slim model Xbox 360 S (2010) Right: Current model Xbox 360 E (2013)
AUS July 1, 2010
Worldwide: 83.7 million (as of March 31, 2014[update])[6][7][8][9]
Note: 1080p video playback is limited to content from the Zune marketplace[12]
Add-on: Wifi 802.11 a/b/g, Wifi 802.11a/b/g/n[13]
2.4 GHz wireless, 5 × USB 2.0, Digital Optical audio out, IR receiver, 100 Mbit/s Ethernet, Wifi 802.11b/g/n, AUX port
2.4 GHz wireless, 4 × USB 2.0, IR receiver, 100 Mbit/s Ethernet, Wifi 802.11b/g/n, AUX port
Kinect Adventures (18 million as pack-in game for Kinect)[14][15]
478 original Xbox games[16] (requires hard drive and the latest update)
The Xbox 360 features an online service, Xbox Live, which was expanded from its previous iteration on the original Xbox and received regular updates during the console's lifetime. Available in free and subscription-based varieties, Xbox Live allows users to: play games online; download games (through Xbox Live Arcade) and game demos; purchase and stream music, television programs, and films through the Xbox Music and Xbox Video portals; and access third-party content services through media streaming applications. In addition to online multimedia features, the Xbox 360 allows users to stream media from local PCs. Several peripherals have been released, including wireless controllers, expanded hard drive storage, and the Kinect motion sensing camera. The release of these additional services and peripherals helped the Xbox brand grow from gaming-only to encompassing all multimedia, turning it into a hub for living-room computing entertainment.[17][18][19][20][21]
Launched worldwide across 2005–2006, the Xbox 360 was initially in short supply in many regions, including North America and Europe. The earliest versions of the console suffered from a high failure rate, indicated by the so-called "Red Ring of Death", necessitating an extension of the device's warranty period. Microsoft released two redesigned models of the console: the Xbox 360 S in 2010,[22] and the Xbox 360 E in 2013.[23] As of June 2014, 84 million Xbox 360 consoles have been sold worldwide, making it the sixth-highest-selling video game console in history. Although not the best-selling console of its generation, the Xbox 360 was deemed by TechRadar to be the most influential through its emphasis on digital media distribution and multiplayer gaming on Xbox Live.[21][24] The Xbox 360's successor, the Xbox One, was released on November 22, 2013.[25] Microsoft has stated they plan to support the Xbox 360 until at least 2016.[26]
Known during development as Xbox Next, Xenon, Xbox 2, Xbox FS or NextBox,[27] the Xbox 360 was conceived in early 2003.[28] In February 2003, planning for the Xenon software platform began, and was headed by Microsoft's Vice President J Allard.[28] That month, Microsoft held an event for 400 developers in Bellevue, Washington to recruit support for the system.[28] Also that month, Peter Moore, former president of Sega of America, joined Microsoft. On August 12, 2003, ATI signed on to produce the graphic processing unit for the new console, a deal which was publicly announced two days later.[29] Before the launch of the Xbox 360, several Alpha development kits were spotted using Apple's Power Mac G5 hardware. This was because the system's PowerPC 970 processor running the same PowerPC architecture that the Xbox 360 would eventually run under IBM's Xenon processor. The cores of the Xenon processor were developed using a slightly modified version of the PlayStation 3's Cell Processor PPE architecture. According to David Shippy and Mickie Phipps, the IBM employees were "hiding" their work from Sony and Toshiba, IBM's partners in developing the Cell Processor.[30] Jeff Minter created the music visualization program Neon which is included with the Xbox 360.[31]
The Xbox 360 was released on November 22, 2005, in the United States and Canada;[5] December 2, 2005, in Europe and December 10, 2005, in Japan. It was later launched in Mexico, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Hong Kong, Singapore, South Korea, Taiwan, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, India, and Russia. In its first year on the market, the system launched in 36 countries, more countries than any other console has launched in a single year.[32]
In 2009, IGN named the Xbox 360 the sixth-greatest video game console of all time, out of a field of 25.[33] Although not the best-selling console of the seventh-generation, the Xbox 360 was deemed by TechRadar to be the most influential, by emphasizing digital media distribution and online gaming through Xbox Live, and by popularizing game achievement awards.[21] PC Magazine considered the Xbox 360 the prototype for online gaming as it "proved that online gaming communities could thrive in the console space".[17] Five years after the Xbox 360's original debut, the well-received Kinect motion capture camera was released, which set the record of being the fastest selling consumer electronic device in history, and extended the life of console.[34] Edge ranked Xbox 360 the second-best console of the 1993–2013 period, stating "It had its own social network, cross-game chat, new indie games every week, and the best version of just about every multiformat game...Killzone is no Halo and nowadays Gran Turismo is no Forza, but it's not about the exclusives—there's nothing to trump Naughty Dog's PS3 output, after all. Rather, it's about the choices Microsoft made back in the original Xbox's lifetime. The PC-like architecture meant those early EA Sports titles ran at 60fps compared to only 30 on PS3, Xbox Live meant every dedicated player had an existing friends list, and Halo meant Microsoft had the killer next-generation exclusive. And when developers demo games on PC now they do it with a 360 pad—another industry benchmark, and a critical one."[35]
25.4 million as of March 31, 2011[update][36]
13.7 million as of March 31, 2011[update][36]
8 million as of February 14, 2013[update][37]
1.5 million as of June 17, 2011[update][38]
1 million as of April 19, 2010[update][39]
80 million as of October 17, 2013[update][40]
The Xbox 360 began production only 69 days before launch,[41][42] and Microsoft was not able to supply enough systems to meet initial consumer demand in Europe or North America, selling out completely upon release in all regions except in Japan.[43][44][45][46] Forty thousand units were offered for sale on auction site eBay during the initial week of release, 10% of the total supply.[47] By year's end, Microsoft had shipped 1.5 million units, including 900,000 in North America, 500,000 in Europe, and 100,000 in Japan.[48]
In May 2008 Microsoft announced that 10 million Xbox 360s had been sold and that it was the "first current generation gaming console" to surpass the 10 million figure in the US.[49] In the US, the Xbox 360 was the leader in current-generation home console sales until June 2008, when it was surpassed by the Wii.[50][51][52] The Xbox 360 has sold a total of 870,000 units in Canada as of August 1, 2008.[53] Between January 2011 and October 2013, the Xbox 360 was the best-selling console in the United States for these 32 consecutive months.[54]
In Europe, the Xbox 360 has sold seven million units as of November 20, 2008, according to Microsoft.[55] In the United Kingdom, the Xbox 360 has sold 3.9 million units as of June 27, 2009, according to GfK Chart-Track.[37]
While the original Xbox sold poorly in Japan, selling just 2 million units while it was on the market (between 2002 and 2005),[citation needed] the Xbox 360 sold even more poorly, selling only 1.5 million units from 2005 to 2011.[38] Edge magazine reported in August 2011 that initially lackluster and subsequently falling sales in Japan, where Microsoft had been unable to make serious inroads into the dominance of domestic rivals Sony and Nintendo, had led to retailers scaling down and in some cases discontinuing sales of the Xbox 360 completely.[56]
The Xbox 360 sold much better than its predecessor, and although not the best-selling console of the seventh-generation, it is regarded as a success since it strengthened Microsoft as a major force in the console market at the expense of well-established rivals.[24] The inexpensive Nintendo Wii did sell the most console units but eventually saw a collapse of third-party software support in its later years, and it has been viewed by some as a fad since the succeeding Wii U had a poor debut in 2012.[21][57][58][59][60][61] The PlayStation 3 struggled for a time due to being too expensive and initially lacking quality titles,[62] making it far less dominant than its predecessor, the PlayStation 2, and it took until late in the PlayStation 3's lifespan for its sales and game titles to reach parity with the Xbox 360. TechRadar proclaimed that "Xbox 360 passes the baton as the king of the hill – a position that puts all the more pressure on its successor, Xbox One".[21]
The Xbox 360's advantage over its competitors was due to the release of high profile titles from both first party and third party developers. The 2007 Game Critics Awards honored the platform with 38 nominations and 12 wins – more than any other platform.[63][64] By March 2008, the Xbox 360 had reached a software attach rate of 7.5 games per console in the US; the rate was 7.0 in Europe, while its competitors were 3.8 (PS3) and 3.5 (Wii), according to Microsoft.[65] At the 2008 Game Developers Conference, Microsoft announced that it expected over 1,000 games available for Xbox 360 by the end of the year.[66] As well as enjoying exclusives such as additions to the Halo franchise and Gears of War, the Xbox 360 has managed to gain a simultaneous release of titles that were initially planned to be PS3 exclusives, including Devil May Cry,[67] Ace Combat,[68] Virtua Fighter,[69] Grand Theft Auto IV,[70] Final Fantasy XIII,[71] Tekken 6,[72] Metal Gear Solid : Rising,[73] and L.A. Noire.[74] In addition, Xbox 360 versions of cross-platform games were generally considered superior to their PS3 counterparts in 2006 and 2007, due in part to the difficulties of programming for the PS3.[75]
TechRadar deemed the Xbox 360 as the most influential game system through its emphasis of digital media distribution, Xbox Live online gaming service, and game achievement feature.[21] During the console's lifetime, the Xbox brand has grown from gaming-only to encompassing all multimedia, turning it into a hub for "living-room computing environment".[18][19][20] Five years after the Xbox 360's original debut, the well-received Kinect motion capture camera was released, which became the fastest selling consumer electronic device in history, and extended the life of the console.[34]
Microsoft announced the Xbox One, successor to the Xbox 360, at E3 on June 10, 2013. Although succeeded as Microsoft's main console by the Xbox One, support from publishers for the Xbox 360 is expected to continue until at least 2016.[76]
Various hard disk drives have been produced, including options at 20, 60, 120, 250, or 320 GB. Inside, the Xbox 360 uses the triple-core IBM designed Xenon as its CPU, with each core capable of simultaneously processing two threads, and can therefore operate on up to six threads at once.[77] Graphics processing is handled by the ATI Xenos, which has 10 MB of eDRAM. Its main memory pool is 512 MB in size.
Many accessories are available for the console, including both wired and wireless controllers, faceplates for customization, headsets for chatting, a webcam for video chatting, dance mats and Gamercize for exercise, three sizes of memory units and five sizes of hard drives (20, 60, 120, 250 (initially Japan only,[78] but later also available elsewhere[79][80]) and 320 GB), among other items, all of which are styled to match the console.
A Kinect sensor device
Kinect is a "controller-free gaming and entertainment experience" for the Xbox 360. It was first announced on June 1, 2009 at the Electronic Entertainment Expo, under the codename, Project Natal.[81] The add-on peripheral enables users to control and interact with the Xbox 360 without a game controller by using gestures, spoken commands and presented objects and images. The Kinect accessory is compatible with all Xbox 360 models,[82] connecting to new models via a custom connector, and to older ones via a USB and mains power adapter.[83] During their CES 2010 keynote speech, Robbie Bach and Microsoft CEO Steve Ballmer went on to say that Kinect will be released during the holiday period (November–January) and it will work with every 360 console. Its name and release date of 2010-11-04 were officially announced on 2010-06-13, prior to Microsoft's press conference at E3 2010.[84]

value: This website is the English-language edition of the free online encyclopedia Wikipedia. It was founded on 15 January 2001 as Wikipedia's first edition and, as of October 2021, has the most articles of any edition, at 6,412,521.


text:
Digital Mass- Totally Massive [treetrunk108] : Digital Mass : Free Download & Streaming : Internet Archive
[archiveorg Totally_Massive width=560 height=384 frameborder=0 webkitallowfullscreen=true mozallowfullscreen=true]
Digital Mass- Totally Massive [treetrunk108] by Digital Mass Published September 25, 2010
experimental, ambient, drone, sample, anonymous, electronica, techno, classical The anonymous musical collective Digital Mass strike once again, with this eccentric EP of wacky electronica. There is beauty in chaos we believe, and so do the Mass. Wild stuff, but well done, with ambient and classical influences.
Run time 12:10NotesVisit Digital Mass at Last FM: Digital Mass Home Page
Original Image by: Jake Eldridge
pafufta816 - - September 27, 2010 Subject:
wax trunk? tree trax? wax trax got me into music. treetrunk is the natural progression over 15 years of industrial music obsession.
wax trax sound + tree trunk = one very happy hippie :[o>
- seth Reviewer:
cpmcdill [Webbed Hand] - - September 26, 2010 Subject:
strong! Solid industrial-tinged electronica. Reminds me of the work found on the classic Wax Trax label, which itself single-handedly redefined the industrial genre. Good beats and samples. DOWNLOAD OPTIONS
1 file BOOK COVER 3 files FLAC BACK
Open Sesame 24.3M
Brutal Cycle 16.3M
Chaos Afoot 1 file JPEG 1 file TORRENT 1 file VBR M3U 3 files VBR MP3 BACK
01_Open_Sesame 10.7M
02_Brutal_Cycle 9.8M
03_Chaos_Afoot 13 Files

value: This website is an American digital library with the stated mission of "universal access to all knowledge". It provides free public access to collections of digitized materials, including websites, software applications/games, music, movies/videos, moving images, and millions of books.


text:
Genteel earrings / Round ceramic studs / Gold & Marble Clay/
Ceramic earrings in a circular shape. These studs are made of marble clay in gray colour with a drop of pink. The clay has been glazed with a transparent glaze and gilded with a ceramic 24 carat gold.
Earrings look modern and they will add an energetic character to your everyday look.
My geometric earrings are very lightweight. Materials are selected for allergies. The studs are gilded, closed with a pare of silicone plugs.
Size of circles is 2 cm. Both earrings are slightly different in color as you can see in the picture.
** All pieces are designed and handmade in my Warsaw ceramic studio **
Every day earrings / Round geometric studs / Cobalt Blue & Green / Pins / Silver bars / For alergic / Ceramic earring / Silicone plugs
Teal Silicone Plugs
"4512" polymer clay pins

value: This website is an American e-commerce company focused on handmade or vintage items and craft supplies.


text:
Amazon.com: Hidden Object - Where Vampires Dwell: Appstore for Android
$0.99 Hidden Object - Castle Spirits: A Hidden Legacy
$1.99 Hidden Object - Where Ghosts Dwell
$1.99 Hidden Object - Night of the Spirits!
$1.99 Hidden Object - Dreaming with Fairies
$1.99 Hidden Object - Snow Fairies
B00R2ABSXY,B009GPSBGU,B009RBKLDE,B009JU4NGE,B00AZODFE4,B00AYKU0MO,B00B8XSLIQ,B008L3T37O,B00AC4XXJY,B00AGKQU9O,B00BLSXK3Y,B00B72I4BW,B009ZCSBNM,B00BOUN0YS,B00B2PI37E,B00BR1Y9QW,B00AYJ7X2K,B00BI74UY6,B00BUV9DII,B00BEJG2MQ,B00APN5XZE,B009YZOJZE,B00AUB8GA0,B00B5KHZA2,B00C03ZKYG,B0070CV848,B00C2CYFJ6,B00CKXYSGC,B00B1VM7G2,B00768WTXA,B008BBCL3E,B00AL3H0CM,B00CNECNNS,B00QHXQW7Y,B00BO9XEKO,B00QUXR0EK,B00CQ4SXO8,B008VXURLA,B00D3PSPUG,B00BGTHNIG,B00C77141I,B00BUGAZ6M,B00CBX1KQM,B009R4S6DI,B00BSE9UBC,B00BO9YTZI,B0089XFW76,B00CLS2D22,B00CXWA4J0,B00B6XWYEA,B008EXIYQC,B00BLD2C0Q,B00D6O50BG,B00A3BXE9U,B00ANSS9FM,B00QLSGRKM,B00A9ONSP6,B007Y9YH04,B0070CQNKM,B00DZSNT3E,B00BJ8RNCU,B008U184U4,B006G2ZCB8,B00EPMD2U4,B006G2ZT8E,B00PQ5ZJWI,B00DBEUQWO,B00BIPMVW6,B00FHCN9VI,B009K46R7C,B00CELIPL4,B00B6XXMN2,B00CLLK3BM,B00AM2TECG,B00CGGJMNW,B009M9U6AE,B00BQVVNN0,B00BF9TU1A,B00EAQYOL6,B00ASKP5PW,B00DIGD6C2,B007ZQK1MY,B00DEL2LHW,B00CSY22J8,B00BOEMP18,B00EPXR1JQ,B00QHLU9C0,B00ELXX3O2,B00EODJ3KC,B00DQTFNPE,B00DYCXYR2,B00D984H2C,B00OYJRB50,B00EKTYTY0,B00DROWEWS,B00BH69RSM,B008Z4QSCM,B00F78P0PU,B007MPJQ38
-Added level selector and improved game performance
ASIN: B009UV8UWU
Amazon Best Sellers Rank: #10,382 Paid in Appstore for Android (See Top 100 Paid in Appstore for Android)
25 Beautiful levels with move coming soon
Three find styles (pictures, silhouette and word)!
Beautiful spooky artwork!
Experience the magical work of Stephanie Herrera in her follow up game to Where Fairies Dwell and Where Ghosts Dwell! Where Vampires Dwell has 25 beautifully crafted levels but as usual we are working on free update that will add additional content! The launch sale will end when we release the update so buy now to get the best price and all future updates for FREE!Three different modes of play! -NORMAL mode, Timed, limited hints and exciting bonus rounds! -CASUAL Mode, nice and relaxing experience. -CHALLENGE Mode, an extra challenge for those that are willing to accept! Three ways to find items! -Find items by their PICTURE. This is the easiest mode and great for kids. -Find by items by the WORD. This is great if your child is just learning how to read and a slight step up in difficulty for everyone. -Find items by SILHOUETTE. This is a tricky way to play that will often surprise you once you finally find the correct object. Hints are available if you get stuck!
This and several other of the hidden object games are not good. ”
Kim Webb|
No story no other puzzles and no vampires, (although it does have a bit of a Gothic appeal to it.) ”
Sometimes it is hard to tell what they are. ”
Very Lost Boys
After playing Where Fairies Dwell and Where Ghosts Dwell, I was expecting a rather whimsical version of vampires in this game. Instead I got vampires with a very Lost Boys feel (and maybe a touch of steampunk). Not what I expected, but it works, and it works well!I found this game a little easier than Where Ghosts Dwell, although that may be more about the random objects I got on each level. Because of the more real-world feel, I had a lot of fun making up stories about why the vampire girl with the ripped lace stockings was holding a lollipop, or why the vampire guy lounging against the wall seemed so interested in a peacock. For those reasons, I think this is still an excellent game for children even though the feel is a bit less whimsical. (Okay, children and people like me with a short attention span and the habit of making up stories about vampires and lollipops.)Oh, one word of warning: when the game says porcupine, it means hedgehog.At any rate, much recommended!
Save your money for a real mystery game.
Verified Purchase I thought this would have a story line, like most of the other (far far better) hidden object games. there is zero plot; just an image with WAY too easy to find items with a weird goth picture in the middle. Its generally dull; save your money.
Creepy fun for hidden object fans
Verified Purchase I love "hidden object" games, and I've played a lot of them on my Kindle Fire and Kindle Fire HD. I played "Where Vampires Dwell" on my Kindle Fire HD. "Where Vampires Dwell" is one of the few hidden object games that I would recommend for all ages from kindergarten to adult. Younger kids will love playing in the simplest mode - Nice and Casual - which is untimed, and they can match the hidden objects by their pictures; also there are no penalties for guessing wrong, and there are unlimited hints. Anyone who want to raise the bar can play the High Score mode or Challenge mode, where a timer bar is running, hints are very limited (6 per game), and you get penalized for blindly stabbing away at the screen. They can also match objects by words or silhouettes, which are more difficult than matching pictures.Finding the lists of hidden objects can be challenging, but it's not terribly difficult. Many of the hidden objects are relatively easy to spot, but there are always some that are either small, or they're partially hidden, or they're located near the edges. Also, some objects are camouflaged into the background, and these can be tough to find. (Hint: some areas of some screens are fairly dark, making it difficult to find objects; manually adjusting the screen brightness can make it easier.) The graphics are very good, especially the photo-realistic vampires in each scene (they're a little creepy, but I doubt if they would be too scary for kids.I played all three modes, but I preferred the Nice and Casual mode, with no time limit or penalties. In this mode, I completed all levels for the maximum score of 6,750. One caution if you play either of the timed modes: If the timer bar runs out, you have to return to the first screen and start over. If you need to take a break, press the Pause button first, and the timer will stop until you resume the game. With 15 screens (9 hidden objects on each screen), it's not a long game, but with so many combinations of playing modes and object identification modes, the game has a lot of replay value. Also, every time you replay a screen, the object list changes, so no two games are ever alike. Read more ›
Nothing New in Hidden Objects
Verified Purchase I already have one hidden object and the pictures are different but the objects are the same. Plus there are no vampires that I can see only pictures of people in places.
Verified Purchase This and several other of the hidden object games are not good. The actual picture is very dark and you can't see the hidden objects to even see the shape of them. All of the ones I got are very dark. So another waste of money.
Verified Purchase THE HIDDEN OBJECT GAMES ARE MY FAVORITE, ARE INTERESTED AND FUN, I RECOMMEND TO ALL THE FAMILY. ONCE YOU TRY, YOU CAN'T LET PLAY.
By ArBarron
Verified Purchase This puzzle has beautiful colors make the objects are almost invisable to the eye. I enjoy playing nice and casual.
Verified Purchase Good hidden object game, not hard to find objects, but still worth getting. I would recomend anyone to get this game if you like hidden objects.
The Worst We should be able to have a 0-5 rating that way I could rate 0 for this product and its manufacturer. I bought this game when it was 99c. Read more
Published 21 months ago by Beverly DeJoise
Awful Worst game yet, the graphics are dull, the hidden objects blend in with the bland background. No zoom. No clues. Yuck. Uninstalled it. Total waste of money.
Published 22 months ago by Platinum customer
Eye trouble This hidden ojest is hard because it so dark and hard to see if you have a eye problem at all
Where Vampires Dwell I loved this game. Now I'm so used to playing this I know where the objects are. Anything Hidden Object is my favorite game to play.
Published 23 months ago by Rosemary Simone
Cheesy Sorry, but this game is just cheesy. No graphics, just "photos" and not very good ones at that. Sometimes it is hard to tell what they are.
Published 24 months ago by Kathleen Casey
Nice Hidden Objects Game If you like vampires and looking at where they dwell this is for you. It is a decent hidden objects game too. Read more
Published 24 months ago by Lady Song
Hidden Object- Vampires This is great for the mind to find the objects. Keeps you thinking. I enjoy this when sitting down to relax.
Published 24 months ago by Joanne
boring I found it boring, I like some challenge to my games, My grand kids enjoy it though. So I keep it for them

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Alan Jones Wins 500 Race at Glen - The New York Times
Archives|Alan Jones Wins 500 Race at Glen
https://nyti.ms/1PuckCw
Alan Jones Wins 500 Race at Glen
WATKINS GLEN, N. Y., July 11 (AP)—Alan Jones of England, in a new March he really didn't want to drive, edged past Al Unser with two laps to go for a disputed victory today in a rainplagued 100‐mile event for Formula 5000 road‐racing machines.
Jones finished 6.8 seconds ahead of Unser who said he let Jones pass him because he thought him to be a lap behind.
Unser's team questioned Jones's victory, especially in view of a two‐minute pit stop Jones made once for tires. Unser did not stop, but he did spin three times.
Unser had taken over the lead from Warwick Brown of Australia, who wound up a close third, on the 23d of the 30 laps around the 3.377mile Watkins Glen Grand Prix course. Jones then took over just before both drivers completed the 28th lap.
Unser and the two‐lime Formula 5000 champion Brian Redman of England, who had the other front row starting position, both flew off the course in the first turn of the first lap. Unser spent most of the race chasing either Brown or Jackie Oliver of England, who led on laps 3 through 22 before breaking down.
Redman finished fifth.
1 Alan Jones, March 76A, 30 laps,101.08 miles An hour.
2 AI Unser, Lola 7337
3 Warwick Rrown, Lola T332C
4 Breit Lunner, Lola T332
5 Brian Redman, Iola T332C
6 Horst Kroll Lnla 7300
7 Peter Gethin. Lola 1432
8 Arlon Koons, Lola 7330
9 Danny Onqais. Lola T332C
10 Bob Nagel, Lola T332

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Revision history of "Mariposa California Family History Center" Genealogy - FamilySearch Wiki
Revision history of "Mariposa California Family History Center"
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Commercial Properties To Let in Upper Edmonton - Rightmove
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Re: Getting the 24-70 2.8, 70-200 2.8 and D600 today, tests?: Nikon FX SLR (DF, D1-D5, D600-D800) Talk Forum: Digital Photography Review
Getting the 24-70 2.8, 70-200 2.8 and D600 today, tests?
Re: Getting the 24-70 2.8, 70-200 2.8 and D600 today, tests?
good idea to test. a subtle problem may not be visible on the device you view it on today but in 5 years when maybe we'll be having window sized displays, it might show. then you'll say "WTF"!!!also, you may not appreciate the shortening of the 70-200mm at close focus. look up 'focus breathing". Reply
Getting the 24-70 2.8, 70-200 2.8 and D600 today, tests? imax2k2
Re: Getting the 24-70 2.8, 70-200 2.8 and D600 today, tests? spineguy
Re: Getting the 24-70 2.8, 70-200 2.8 and D600 today, tests? Knute
1 Re: Getting the 24-70 2.8, 70-200 2.8 and D600 today, tests? Zardoz
Re: Getting the 24-70 2.8, 70-200 2.8 and D600 today, tests? TOF guy
Re: Getting the 24-70 2.8, 70-200 2.8 and D600 today, tests? frank-in-toronto
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