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Identification of 22 candidate structured ... [Nucleic Acids Res. 2007] - PubMed - NCBI
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See comment in PubMed Commons belowNucleic Acids Res. 2007;35(14):4809-19. Epub 2007 Jul 9.Identification of 22 candidate structured RNAs in bacteria using the CMfinder comparative genomics pipeline.Weinberg Z1, Barrick JE, Yao Z, Roth A, Kim JN, Gore J, Wang JX, Lee ER, Block KF, Sudarsan N, Neph S, Tompa M, Ruzzo WL, Breaker RR.Author information 1Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, Box 208103, New Haven, CT 06520-8103, USA. zasha.weinberg@yale.eduAbstractWe applied a computational pipeline based on comparative genomics to bacteria, and identified 22 novel candidate RNA motifs. We predicted six to be riboswitches, which are mRNA elements that regulate gene expression on binding a specific metabolite. In separate studies, we confirmed that two of these are novel riboswitches. Three other riboswitch candidates are upstream of either a putative transporter gene in the order Lactobacillales, citric acid cycle genes in Burkholderiales or molybdenum cofactor biosynthesis genes in several phyla. The remaining riboswitch candidate, the widespread Genes for the Environment, for Membranes and for Motility (GEMM) motif, is associated with genes important for natural competence in Vibrio cholerae and the use of metal ions as electron acceptors in Geobacter sulfurreducens. Among the other motifs, one has a genetic distribution similar to a previously published candidate riboswitch, ykkC/yxkD, but has a different structure. We identified possible non-coding RNAs in five phyla, and several additional cis-regulatory RNAs, including one in epsilon-proteobacteria (upstream of purD, involved in purine biosynthesis), and one in Cyanobacteria (within an ATP synthase operon). These candidate RNAs add to the growing list of RNA motifs involved in multiple cellular processes, and suggest that many additional RNAs remain to be discovered.PMID: 17621584 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] PMCID: PMC1950547 Free PMC ArticleShareImages from this publication.See all images (2)Free textFigure 1Consensus sequences and structures are depicted for seven of the 22 motifs identified. Other motifs are presented as Supplementary Data, as are the alignments on which these diagrams are based. Calculations for conservation of nucleotide identity/presence and evidence of covariation are described in the ‘Materials and methods’ section. Proposed base pairs with more than 5% non-canonical or missing nucleotides are not classified as covarying. Note that the levels of nucleotide conservation are affected both by biochemical constraints on the motif and by phylogenetic diversity; motifs with limited range (e.g. the COG4708 motif) will appear more conserved. Some covarying positions in variable-length stems are not shown.Identification of 22 candidate structured RNAs in bacteria using the CMfinder comparative genomics pipelineNucleic Acids Res. 2007 July;35(14):4809-4819.Figure 2.Common features of GEMM motifs. Two GEMM instances were selected to illustrate common features, although these two examples do not represent the full 322 GEMMs (see Supplementary Data). (A) This putative RNA contains a canonical GNRA tetraloop and receptor (gray regions). Almost 50% of GEMM instances contain a likely tetraloop receptor. Only the first gene in the downstream operon is shown. (B) Some GEMM RNAs lack the tetraloop receptor, but there are two extra bulged A residues (gray shading) that are found in roughly half of the sequences lacking a receptor. Gray overlined nucleotides can fold to form a stem of a rho-independent transcription terminator (followed by 3′-trailing Us). This terminator appears to compete with the 3′ part of the P2 stem (right-most hairpin). 78 of 322 GEMM instances have predicted transcription terminators overlapping P2.Identification of 22 candidate structured RNAs in bacteria using the CMfinder comparative genomics pipelineNucleic Acids Res. 2007 July;35(14):4809-4819.Publication Types, MeSH Terms, Substances, Grant SupportPublication TypesResearch Support, N.I.H., ExtramuralResearch Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.MeSH TermsBase SequenceComputational BiologyConsensus SequenceGenome, BacterialGenomics/methods*Molecular Sequence DataNucleic Acid ConformationRNA, Bacterial/chemistry*RNA, Messenger/chemistryRNA, Untranslated/chemistryRegulatory Sequences, Ribonucleic Acid*Sequence Analysis, RNA/methods*SubstancesRNA, BacterialRNA, MessengerRNA, UntranslatedRegulatory Sequences, Ribonucleic AcidGrant SupportGM 068819/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United StatesR01 HG02602/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/United StatesRR19895-02/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/United StatesLinkOut - more resourcesFull Text SourcesHighWireEBSCOEurope PubMed CentralOvid Technologies, Inc.PubMed CentralPubMed Central CanadaOther Literature SourcesCOS Scholar UniverseLabome Researcher Resource - ExactAntigen/LabomeAccess more work from the authors - ResearchGateLibraries


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Lansing Finance Co. Inc.: Private Company Information - Bloomberg
Lansing Finance Co. Inc. is based in Kansas.
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More Free eBook - Beyond Fun: Serious Games and Media
Videogames and American Society: America's disposition toward virtual environmen…
Crowdsourcing, Social Production and Network Economy Futures by Gerd Leonhard CE…
Foundations in Networked Journalism Like
Foundations in Networked Journalism 152 views
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Philip Trippenbach, Editor-in-Chief at Citizenside
You're right - my slides tend to be spare as I think [talking + images] is better than [talking + audience reading a schload of text]. But below the slide field you'll see a 'NOTES' section, where I've posted a transcript of what I said at the presentation. This doesn't appear if you go full-screen - so better to watch in the notes view. You'll get the notes too, if you download the PPT file. Finally, You can also get a full transcript on my blog: http://trippenbach.com/2009/05/16/futuresonic-09-why-we-must-use-games-for-good/
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Great, but certain slides don't make a whole lotta sense without explanation... slides 3, 4, and 14 for example. 'It's a drug'... what is? Games playing? Players? In what context? All games are addictive? All gamers are addicts?
Katy Lindemann, Strategist & Creative Problem Solver at Freelance
Games For Good Futuresonic09 Presentation Transcript
Why We Must Use Games for Good Philip Trippenbach, BBC Current Affairs The Nature of Fun Games are challenges Fun in video games is problem-solving Key game moments are achievements The process of learning how to solve problems is what makes games fun It’s a drug. Baghdad Taxi Driver “ Games are not just toys. If you look at how music, television and films have made sense of the complex issues of their times, it makes sense to do that with videogames.” - Peter Tamte, Atomic Games President CANCELLED The Limitations of Technology Top game genres: racing, shooting and sports All are genres where physics is everything Current state-of-the-art tech: allows accurate physics modeling & rendering Coincidence? I think not . simple is beautiful ARGs: Return of the Text Adventure? Platform-agnostic interactive storytelling Participatory - no audience, but an involved community, with players (90-9-1%) “The first web-native form of entertainment” This is where it gets meta. The Big Question Social media is turning my industry inside out and upside down How do you put journalism into personal communication, when everyone’s a publisher/broadcaster? How do you make sense of multiple information streams? Experience design. The answer comes from massively multiplayer gaming. Journalist = Game Master The journalist knows all the rules, and helps the player/user navigate herself through a landscape of information, finding the good bits. The same skills that make good ARG design help create communities and navigate them through factual situations Principles Build and produce communities Challenge structures provide focus Be platform agnostic Tell stories collaboratively Interact Zoom Lens trippenbach.com philip dot trippenbach at gmail dot com Follow us on LinkedIn

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that the narrow focus on racial diversity in higher education has eclipsed larger issues of class and the quality, among colleges and universities. so, in advance of the u.s. supreme court's oral arguments in fisher versus university of texas, which will take place next week, the century foundation put together a report which i am going to outline which looks at the question, is it possible to create racial and ethnic diversity without using race, and instead paying attention to larger issues of economic equality in our society. it is called a better affirmative action. it makes three main points. the first, that racial affirmative action is likely on its way out. affirmative action based on race was always meant to be temporary by those who originally envisioned it, a deviation for a period of time away from the non-discrimination principle. but now there are both legal and political forces that appear to be bringing affirmative action to a end. to begin with, it is highly unpopular among average american voters. if you look at the supreme court briefs in the fisher case, you would think there i Politics Public Policy Today
improvements in public education, safety, welfare reform, and i described how worked with leaders in the other party to get results for the people. the bad economy, his decision, his choice serving as national party chairman rather than focusing on the economic crisis in virginia. it is the great, and answer a question in this campaign. how does a governor decide to take on a second job, giving partisan speeches, well over 100,000 jobs are lost here in virginia. if he had given his governorship the full attention, he might have avoided some mistakes like increase in college tuition by over 40%. if he had been listening to the people of virginia who are really facing tough times, he might not have proposed raising taxes on working people, working women, seniors, small business owners, and people earning $17,000. he might tip been against the sequestration deal threatening jobs in virginia right now. but he made different choices. soon, you'll get to choose. if i have the honor of being your senator, i will give all my energy to working with both parties and getting america us sending once again Erin Burnett Out Front
of the cuts and deductions he ght make and said they might come from areas like housing and education. and that means a tax increase on middle class families. and so he brought a big old etch-a-sketch to the debate. he brought it on wolf's program tonight. but ultimately, this means a tax increase on the middle class to pay for tax cuts weighted towards the wealthiest. >> it's interesting. i have to admit, i was shocked myself, recently to talking to one of the ceos on the phone, and he said he thinks we could get d of that mortgage interest deduction and wouldn't affect housing prices, which is a totally different conversation but a fascinating one. >> it would affect middle class families, sure. >> it would affect all americans. but his point was, it wouldn't distort housing prices we may mean we may be able to handle that more than we thought. but i want to get to this issue of the study. because you do cite a specific study which has been favorable to the romney campaign. it's by harvey rosen, a princeton economist. you cited in your release, in the romney tax plan. and so we call Search Results 0 to 7 of about 8 (some duplicates have been removed)

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4 bedroom detached house for sale in Fareham Road, Gosport, Hampshire, PO13, PO13
ASPIRE `for your home`, Gosport
46 Stoke Road,
PO12 1HX 02382 200386
www.rightmove.co.uk/property/40872432
Fareham Road, Gosport, Hampshire, PO13
02382 200386
FOUR BEDROOM DETACHED WITH EN-SUITE TO MASTER BEDROOM
TWO RECEPTION ROOMS AND LARGE SUN LOUNGE
FITTED KITCHEN AND SEPARATE UTILITY ROOM, CLOAKROOM
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EXTENSIVE GARDENS WITH LARGE OFFICE/GAMES ROOM
Aspire are delighted to offer for sale this seldom available four bedroom detached house, conveniently located and set in extremely large gardens with double garage with room above and offices, which could make dual living possibilities (subject to consent). Well presented accommodation offering en-suite to master bedroom, downstairs cloakroom and utility room.
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Dining room(12`0 x 10`8)(3.66m x 3.30m)
Double glazed window to the front aspect, dark wooden floor, double radiator. Kitchen (16`1 x 5`4)(4.90m x 1.64m)
An attractive range of units` comprising base and matching wall cupboards, fitted one and a half bowl sink unit with mixer tap, built in oven Utility room (9`1 x 5`8)(2.76m 1.77m)
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Laminate flooring, double radiator, double glazed window to the rear aspect. Bedroom Four (8`6 x 7`3)(2.63m x 2.24m)
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Offices (22`4 x 16`1)(7.48m x 4.90m) with carpet as fitted, telephone points, partition doors to Second office(24`6x 14`0)(7.48m x 4.25m) Listing History
Property reference portgosfar.
ASPIRE `for your home`, Gosport.
PO12 1HX View properties from this agent
381 Fareham Road, PO13
379 Fareham Road, PO13
375 Fareham Road, PO13

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text:
Airlines fly into Rs 2,100 cr loss | india | Hindustan Times
Airlines fly into Rs 2,100 cr loss
With airlines losses amounting to Rs 2,100 crore, new players may need private funding or foreign investment.
Updated: Sep 13, 2006 06:05 IST
Of course, the government could come to the rescue of the airlines and allow FDI in airlines — this could happen sooner than later. Industry sources say that Richard Branson had shown interest to pick up a stake in Air Deccan while gulf carriers are keen to have a slice of Jet.	tags
Apr 29, 2017 21:05 IST

value: This website is an Indian English-language daily newspaper introduced and founded in 1924 by Sunder Singh Lyallpuri, founder-father of the Akali movement and the Shiromani Akali Dal in the Punjab Province. It played integral roles in the Indian independence movement as a nationalist daily.


text:
A look at escalating Saudi Arabia-Canada diplomatic spat | Daily Mail Online
Published: 17:48 EDT, 8 August 2018 | Updated: 22:38 EDT, 8 August 2018
Otherwise, bilateral trade between the two nations is just $3 billion a year. Canada does get 10 percent of its imported crude oil from Saudi Arabia, but that could potentially be replaced with U.S. shale oil or oil from Canada's oil sands region - the third largest oil reserves in the world.

value: This website is the website of the Daily Mail, a newspaper in the United Kingdom, and of its sister paper The Mail on Sunday. MailOnline is a division of dmg media, which is owned by Daily Mail and General Trust plc.


text:
American Casino & Entertainment Properties LLC: Company Profile - Bloomberg
American Casino & Entertainment Properties, LLC owns and operates gaming and entertainment properties. The Company offers gaming, lodging, dining, recreation area, restaurants, resorts, and entertainment services. American Casino & Entertainment Properties serves customers in the United States.
Frank V Riolo
Edward W Martin III "Ted"
Pres:Stratosphere Dev
Phyllis A Gilland
VP/General Mgr:Stratosphere


text:
Care with Pride Listerine Cool Mint Antiseptic Mouthwash for Bad Breath, Plaque and Gingivitis, Limited Edition, 1 l - Walmart.com
Generated at Wed, 11 Dec 2019 19:58:55 GMT exp-ck: undefined; xpa: ;
Electrode, Comp-701311930, DC-prod-cdc03, ENV-prod-a, PROF-PROD, VER-19.1.31, SHA-771c9ce79737366b1d5f53d21cad4086bf722e21, CID-7a0d26ef-6c4-16ef68b00d8432, Generated: Wed, 11 Dec 2019 19:58:55 GMT
/Listerine
Care with Pride Listerine Cool Mint Antiseptic Mouthwash for Bad Breath, Plaque and Gingivitis, Limited Edition, 1 l
Average rating:4.8out of5stars, based on1105reviews1105 reviews
Walmart # 574931183
List Was $5.37$5.37
Colgate Max Fresh Toothpaste with Mini Breath Strips, Cool Mint - 6.0 Ounce (3 Pack)
$5.92$5.92 - $10.69$10.69
Protect your mouth from germs and get fresh breath with the limited edition Care with Pride Listerine Cool Mint Antiseptic Mouthwash. It kills 99.9% of germs that cause bad breath, plaque and gingivitis, for a fresher and cleaner mouth than brushing alone. Accepted by the American Dental Association, this germ-killing mouthwash is clinically shown to reduce plaque 52 percent more and reduce gingivitis 21 percent more than brushing and flossing alone. Adding a 30-second rinse to your morning and evening routines is all it takes to get 24-hour germ protection and achieve maximum results. Listerine Cool Mint Antiseptic Mouthwash leaves your mouth feeling intensely clean.
Special edition Care with Pride Bottle, limited time only
The J&J Care with Pride program continues to openly champion love & equality for the LBGTQIA community
Since 2011, the Care with Pride program has raised over $1 Million for its non-profit partners
Antiseptic mouthwash with refreshing mint flavor offers 24-hour protection against germs**With twice daily use
Skin Care Concern: Bad Breath
Ingredients: Active Ingredients: Eucalyptol 0.092%, Menthol 0.042%, Methyl Salicylate 0.060%, Thymol 0.064% Purposes Antiplaque/antigingivitis Inactive Ingredients: Water, Alcohol (21.6%), Sorbitol, Poloxamer 407, Benzoic Acid, Sodium Saccharin, Sodium Benzoate, Flavor, Green 3
Instructions: Rinse full strength for 30 seconds with 20 mL (2/3 fluid ounce or 4 teaspoonfuls) morning and night. Do not swallow. Other information Store at room temperature Cold weather may cloud this product. Its antiseptic properties are not affected. Questions? call toll free 888-222-0182 or 215-273-8755
4.35 x 2.68 x 10.43 Inches
Average rating:4.8out of5stars, based on1105reviews1105ratings
I use this product all of the time. We have had this product in our household for many years! I once had an AWFUL taste in my mouth, and I did not think anything was going to get rid of it, but when I used listening, it was the only thing that helped. I love how strong it is, and being so sure that all of the germs is gone and my mouth smells fresh & clean.
Great Product ----can't get into the bottle!!
Love the product but cannot get into the bottle. They have some sort of plastic flanges that make it impossible for me to get into the bottle. I will have to throw this away and try some one else's brand. You need to TEST your packaging and make it more consumer friendly.
1-5 of 1105 reviews
Afisher111, January 4, 2019
My teeth do not feel clean until I gargle with Listerine mouthwash. After use my mouth feels super fresh and clean.
Sheddy, November 13, 2016
I like this mouthwash a lot. It cleans well and I usually have a hard time using mouthwash because of the burn but this one isn't so bad. I will buy this again once I run out.
NTKN, January 2, 2014
Best breath friend
I have used listerine products for years. I can depend on the germs that cause my bad breath to be wiped out with my friend, Listerine. The product just keeps getting better. [This review was collected as part of a promotion.]
Annie, November 25, 2019
I bought this at my local store and I love it. I've been using the freshburst but I like this one better. It's all the good of the freshburst but it turns down the excitement. The blue color makes me so happy and it's a relaxing color. It makes me feel good knowing it's doing good things to my mouth. it's a nice, subtle flavor and it's so fun to use!
TeddyBearBurns, September 24, 2019
Can it be used after having teeth pulled if so how often
by JoeblowSeptember 2, 2019
© 2019 Walmart. All Rights Reserved. To ensure we are able to help you as best we can, please include your reference number: EN0REJDWCP
Generated at Wed, 11 Dec 2019 20:03:39 GMT exp-ck: undefined; xpa: ;
Electrode, Comp-701311960, DC-prod-cdc03, ENV-prod-a, PROF-PROD, VER-19.1.31, SHA-771c9ce79737366b1d5f53d21cad4086bf722e21, CID-5c509613-246-16ef68f58c8319, Generated: Wed, 11 Dec 2019 20:03:39 GMT
Electrode, Comp-389266829, DC-prod-cdc02, ENV-prod-a, PROF-PROD, VER-30.0.3-ebf-2, SHA-8c8e8dc1c07e462c80c1b82096c2da2858100078, CID-ba820c3b-a79-16ef691fe56304, Generated: Wed, 11 Dec 2019 20:06:33 GMT


text:
Junior Database Administrator Jobs, Employment in San Ramon, CA
Junior Database Administrator jobs in San Ramon, CA
The PACS/Imaging Administrator designs, implements... services) Ensures the integrity of the imaging database and archiving solution(s) Conducts complete... Sponsored by Martin Luther King, Jr. Community Hospital - 30+ days ago
network engineering, business application, and database administration functions to implement desktop and... and/or provide guidance to junior members of the team... Sponsored by Bare Escentuals - 24 days ago
Hands-on SQL Skills – requirements, design, development, transformation, and QA. Contribute in the assessment and development of long-term strategic goals for...
1+ years experience with Salesforce.com administration, with expertise in all common configuration tasks, including Service Cloud....
Salary Search: Junior Salesforce Administrator salaries in San Francisco, CA
Strong customer-focus. Management and expansion of the existing infrastructure that supports our ability to turn concepts into code and deliver quality to our...
Microstrategy Developer - Database Analyst 4
Experience querying/reporting against Analysis Services 2008 or higher. We make every decision and design every product and service with our customers in mind....
Salary Search: Microstrategy Developer salaries in Concord, CA
Lead Database Administrator (macys.com)
7+ years of experience in a lead DBA role managing & supporting mission critical production Oracle databases in excess of 5TB in 24x7 environments....
Senior Financial Analyst [5533 FCA Sr. Fin Analyst] ( Job Nu...
Relevant payroll and payroll tax experience highly desired. Assists in monitoring and preparing annual business license renewals including preparation of...
BS degree in Computer Science or related field, or 4+ years relevant work experience. 3+ years of experience in system administration, network administration,...
General understanding of equity awards and public company equity programs. Process daily option exercises including 10b5-1 transactions, ensuring accurate and...
Salary Search: Stock Administrator salaries in Palo Alto, CA
Expert skill level (5+ yrs) with Oracle’s Application Express framework (APEX). Strong knowledge of HTML5, JavaScript, Ajax, CSS, and JSON....
Salary Search: Senior Oracle Database Developer salaries in San Francisco, CA
Expert skill level (5+ yrs) with Oracle?s Application Express framework (APEX). Strong knowledge of HTML5, JavaScript, Ajax, CSS, and JSON....
Salary Search: Info Security Engineer salaries in San Francisco, CA
Req: Windows System Administrator
Administrator at Alviso, CA. Please go through and let me know your interest. Windows System Administrator... train and mentor junior administrators. Maintains a... Sponsored by TechFetch.com - 9 days ago
Database Administrator will assist the Macys.com Operations team deliver and support new and existing database systems help guide best practices in database... Sponsored by CareerBuilder - 12 days ago
database Document and propose solution to regional Knowledge and Solution, database administrator and... care and junior System administrator). Secondary... Sponsored by BCD Travel - 6 days ago
Get email updates for the latest Junior Database Administrator jobs in San Ramon, CA

value: This website is an American worldwide employment website for job listings launched in November 2004. It is a subsidiary of Japan's Recruit Co.


text:
Webinar Slides 16mar Final Changing...
Desktops of our ppt not power poi...
! [Day] ppt_fi governance changes_p...
http://www.TheOceanProducts.comCome with us and ride the New Wave of opportunity with OGI. I love this company and its mission statement. Save the Ocean and ourselves. Free ourselves from chemicals and toxic lotions. Our products are all safely derived from the Ocean and bottled in recycled containers.Go to my site and take a tour.If you want to be a Distributor or Retailer, let me know and I will guide you in the right direction.Thanks,Danie Bellhttp://www.MySpace.com/flytheboat
Why OGI? Maybe you're looking for options in an economy that's gone crazy; Maybe a friend talked to you about OceanGrown International; Maybe you want to improve your health or lose weight. 2.
You are probably a bit skeptical. We understand that...we've been there. 3.
1. Look at some new information; 2. Consider the facts; and 3. Make the decision that is right for you. We hope you'll do what we did 4.
We're living in some tough times regarding our health! Obesity is epidemic. Diabetes, heart disease, and weight-related conditions are on the rise. Some medications have serious side effects. Medical bills have forced many into bankruptcy. 5.
We're living in some uncertain financial times! Corporate bailouts Credit crisis/ record-breaking foreclosures Baby Boomers unprepared for retirement Financially successful but time impoverished 6.
Let’s look at the Wellness Industry Paul Zane Pilzer has served as economic advisor to two U.S. Presidents. He is a world renowned predictor of economic catalysts and trends. He earned his first million before age 26. "Success in business depends largely on your adapting skills - the ability with which you learn new things.” Economist - Paul Zane Pilzer 7.
About the Wellness Industry - General "This is only the beginning (of the wellness industry), because most people don't even know these products exist, or don't think they are applicable to them. As the rest of the population begins to learn about wellness, this sector will explode.. At the rate it's going, I project that just as the PC industry did ten years ago, by the end of this decade, the wellness industry will exceed $1 trillion ." - From The Next Millionaires by Paul Zane Pilzer 8.
About the Wellness Industry - General "The opportunity of the mass merchandiser -- the Wal-Marts, Targets, and Home Depots --has already come and gone, and it has given birth to a new and even greater opportunity... The # 1 business opportunity for those who want to create new wealth is educating consumers about products and services that will improve their lives." - From The Next Millionaires by Paul Zane Pilzer 9.
About the Wellness Industry - General "We're in the midst of a boom in home-based businesses , and it shows no sign of slowing." "Because technology is advancing so rapidly and making so many new products that can dramatically improve the quality of people's lives , if you are the one who tells them about that technology, you stand to make a fortune." From The Next Millionaires by Paul Zane Pilzer 10.
About the Wellness Industry - General "Direct selling is the perfect intellectual distribution business for today's economy...The reason direct selling works so uniquely well is that a one-to-one personal conversation is virtually the only way we actively learn ." From The Next Millionaires by Paul Zane Pilzer OGI is a rising star in both aspects of the Wellness Industry 11.
We need new information Robert Kiyosaki is the best-selling author of the Rich Dad/Poor Dad series. "Job security is a myth... it is also risky for self-employed people in my opinion.If they get sick, injured, or die their income is directly impacted.“ Robert Kiyosaki's Cashflow Quadrant 12.
We need new information Left Side E= Employee S= Self-Employed The left side trades their time for money. Right Side B=Business System I=Investor The right side invests short term for long term residuals. "My rich dad taught me to focus on passive income and spend my time acquiring the assets that provided passive or long-term residual income”- Robert Kiyosaki 13.
Why do we need the B-Quadrant You start out working when you are about 20 years old. You climb the corporate ladder or build a business and then level off. At 65, if you are like most people, you retire on 1/2 of what had been your regular income. The Reason: The 45 Year Plan 14.
How do we make the move? New Information Who has that information? The people who are already in the B-Quadrant Define where you want to go, Learn from someone who has already gone there;and Do what they did. Who better to learn from than an entrepreneur like Michael Dell. Let's learn from what Michael Dell said is necessary. 15.
Michael Dell’s 3 C’s -Content, Commerce, and Community Content is your product line, including your information, and your training materials. 16.
Michael Dell’s 3 C’s -Content, Commerce, and Community Commerce is your technology and systems for processing and distributing your content. 17.
Michael Dell’s 3 C’s -Content, Commerce, and Community Community is your ability to connect people - to build relationship with and among them through your leadership skills. 18.
Content - World class products. OGI offers products with Astaxanthin and Fucoxanthin “ Let thy food be thy medicine and thy medicine thy food. - Hippocrates " The future of nutrition is in the Oceans.” Jacques Cousteau 19.
Astaxanthin

Over 700 Carotenoids in nature

Colorful Pigments in plants

Plankton, algae, Plants, Bacteria, Fungi

Lycopene, Lutein, B-Carotene, Zeaxanthin

Astaxanthin is a Super-carotenoid 20.
Natural Astaxanthin as an Antioxidant

6000X stronger than Vitamin C

8000X Stronger than Co Q10

550X more powerful than Vitamin E

40X stronger than B-Carotene

Y. Nishida, Carotenoid Science Vol 11:16-20 2007

Natural Astaxanthin

Super Carotenoid

Super Anti-Oxidant

Never a Pro-Oxidant

Approved by the FDA for

17 claims

The most powerful antioxidant known to man.

Astaxanthin Health Applications

Reduces proliferation of breast cancer tumor cells by 40%

Protects the brain from dementia and Alzheimer's

Greatly reduces inflammation and joint pain

Reduces oxidative damage to your DNA by 40% (even at low doses)

Greatly increases endurance, muscle recovery and workout performance

Reduces the risk of cancer

Reduces blood sugar level in diabetics and prediabetics

Improves fertility while decreasing the rate of stillborn births

Promotes cardiovascular health, reduces C-Reactive Proteins (CRP)

Astaxanthin Health Applications 10 . Reduces or eliminates carpal tunnel syndrome 11. Boosts immune function and helps the body resist infections 12. Protects the stomach from ulcers and invasive bacteria 13. Protects the kidneys from damage due to high blood sugar 14. Causes cancer cells to commit suicide (apoptosis) 15 . Greatly improves sperm quality, motility, and sperm count 16. Prevents asthma by normalizing histamine levels 17. Protects the body from highly oxidative foods like fried foods 24.
Natural Fucoxanthin

Fucoxanthin is a carotenoid found naturally in edible brown seaweed such as wakame which are used widely in Asian cuisine including miso soup.

Fucoxanthin is also found in much smaller amounts in red seaweed - the kind typically used in Japanese sushi rolls.

http://altmedicine.about.com

The product everyone will be talking about in 2009.

Fucoxanthin has been studied for it’s effect on weight loss, anti-diabetes effect, and lower tri-glycerides and bad cholesterol. 25.
Natural Fucoxanthin

In two separate double-blind placebo controlled clinical trials, 150 overweight female subjects followed an 1800 calorie diet for 16 weeks.

The group taking fucoxanthin lost an average of 14.5 lbs. The placebo group lost an average of 3 pounds.

In the second clinical trial study, participants who used fucoxanthin had higher rates of metabolism than participants using diet alone.

http://www.gardenoflifeusa.com/

OceanBreakers Burn with Fucoxanthin A signature blend of ocean-based fucoxanthin and Coral Calcium, as well as other natural products. A convenient functional food to enjoy in mango-peach Breakers as a snack supplement. BURN is sweetened with all-natural, lower-glycemic agave to help you avoid spikes in your blood sugar levels. 27.
OceanBreakers Burn in the 15 Day Turnaround BURN works to increase your metabolism and boost your energy as you burn fat. It works to suppress your appetite and helps balance your body chemistry with natural ingredients. Ocean Breakers BURN, a powerful nutritional product placed in a support system that really works- The 15 Day Turnaround. 28.
Content - World class healthy-weight program. The 15 Day Turnaround People all over the country are experiencing a healthier weight with The 15 Day Turnaround. The 15 Day Turnaround can support them as you as you implement the principles achieve a healthier lifestyle. People enjoy increased energy and up to 10 pounds of weight loss. They are redefining their aging processes by learning to live a healthier lifestyle. 29.
Content - World class healthy-weight program. It is based on the Harvard School of Public Health Nutritional Guidelines. "Focus on food, not grams. The Healthy Eating Pyramid doesn't worry about specific servings or grams of food, so neither should you. It's a simple, general guide to how you should eat when you eat". The Harvard School of Public Health –Nutrition Plan OceanGrown also offers a line of skin care products featuring one of the world's most powerful antioxidants - Astaxanthin. 30.
Commerce - A world class partners Two types of opportunities Start ups You have great potential if the companies survive, but in today's economic climate , there is way too much risk. You just don’t know You don't always know if a start up has adequate financial strength or have the infrastructure to support the growth you want. 31.
Commerce - World class partners Two types of opportunities Old established companies You have great stability, but there is not much opportunity left . You're just too late to earn fast enough. Which do you choose? The start up company with great opportunity but way too much risk, or the old established company where you have stability, but very little opportunity? We believe there is another option. 32.
Commerce - OceanGrown International A brand new opportunity where almost no one in the world has heard about our company or our products. Kerry Brown - President & Founder An intuitive and perceptive entrepreneur; A proven business portfolio His experience in strategy and product development makes him the ideal leader of OGI's new, fresh lifestyle brand. Kerry served as a senior product manager for a multi-million dollar dietary supplement. 33.
Commerce - World class partners Our partner in technology, warehousing, and distribution Nature's Sunshine A rock solid stable debt free company over 35 years old. A mega company infrastructure, a management and field leadership team with a history of billions of dollars of success. Already positioned in over 35 countries around the world to help us with international expansion. 34.
Community - How we build it We build a communities of customers Direct sales reps which include both individuals and owners of fitness centers, chiropractors, and other small business owners. Through direct sales, party plans, personal coaching programs, and their small business offices, centers or their websites. Reps receive retail profits of up to 24% of the retail price of the products. They receive additional bonuses up to 30% of their wholesale volume when they purchase in bulk. 35.
Community - How we build it We build a communities of entrepreneurs The kind of entrepreneurs that Paul Zane Pilzer and Robert Kiyosaki talk about. When you build two teams of direct sellers, you receive team- building bonuses that allow you to earn income throughout your organization to infinity simply by sharing the information with others. 36.
Community - How we build it For a minimal investment you become an OGI rep. You share the information about OGI with a couple of people who like it and decide they want to become involved. In your organization they both are placed under you. The basic community building unit is called WaveMaker You place one on your left and one on your right. You then help each of them to do the same. 37.
Community - How we build it Your goal becomes to help the person you sponsored on your left and your right to build a right and left team. When they do that you become a WaveMaker. The basic community building unit is called WaveMaker Whether you want to earn an extra few hundred dollars a month or whether you want to earn more in a month than most people do in a year, our compensation plan can help you do just that as you build a community of entrepreneurs. 38.
Can you do it? You have to want change. You have to for your own reasons. Maybe it's retirement, debt reduction, education, charity, or living an improved lifestyle. Talk to the person who invited you to find out how you can get started. “ A home-based business doesn't require a storefront, warehouse, employees or massive back office support operations. It only requires one person- you .“ Paul Zane Pilzer 39.
Can you do it? “ The best way to predict the future is to create it.“ Unknown OceanGrown International does not claim that its products cures or prevents any specific diseases or health products. Always consult a physician before changing your diet or other activities that may affect your health. The statements in this presentation have not been evaluated by the F.D.A. Recommended


text:
Why is my jquery ajax POST function sending my form data to my base url rather than to the url I specified? - Stack Overflow
Why is my jquery ajax POST function sending my form data to my base url rather than to the url I specified?
I have a form that I would like to POST data to my backend. I have successfully prevented myself from being redirected when submitting the form. I want the POST request to go to MYBASEURL/form.
The code below almost works, however the Ajax call seems to ignore my specified URL, and makes a POST request to MYBASEURL.
Username: <input type="text" id="user" name="username"/><br/>
Password: <input type="text" id="email" name="email"/>
<input type="submit" id="submitForm" value="submit"/>
var user=$('#user').val(), email=$('#email').val();
$('#submitForm').bind('click', function() {
data: JSON.stringify({name:user, email:email}),
complete: function() { /* Do something with the response. */ }
return false; // Prevent form submit.
Changing the relative url to an absolute url changes nothing. Removing the '#' from action changes nothing.
How can I ensure this POST is going to MYBASEURL/form/ rather than just to MYBASEURL/?
jquery ajax node.js forms post
edited Apr 29 '16 at 21:49
try using full url .. may be declare a ajax_base_url global for javascript and use it here like url : ajax_base_url +'/form' – Poria Apr 29 '16 at 7:04
Changing the relative URL to an absolute URL does not fix or change my problem, thanks. – Chris Dillinger Apr 29 '16 at 21:33
I don't think your problem is in this code. After solving the errors in the code you posted (setting a 'user' var but submitting a 'username' and $('#subitForm').bind instead of $('#submitForm').bind), and it works fine. I would wonder if you have some sort of routing happening via .htaccess or otherwise.
If you would like to elaborate more on .htaccess that would be great. Is that related to the backend? My backend is in Node.js/express if that matters. I've assumed that this is a frontend problem since I AM able to receive GETs and POSTs and etc on my different routes. – Chris Dillinger Apr 29 '16 at 21:32
Deleted my first comment after re-reading what you said. Ok so after fixing these coding errors you're saying it IS a backend problem. Thanks! – Chris Dillinger Apr 29 '16 at 21:35
Just adding my own answer as I had a problem on both my frontend and backend:
First the variables weren't initialized in the right scope, my script should have been like:
data: JSON.stringify({name: user, email: email}),
This allowed my $.ajax POST to correctly send to the correct path: MYBASEURL/form
My second problem was understanding that I had to set my back-end to correctly parse content type that matches the type specified in this ajax call.
answered May 2 '16 at 15:22
Not the answer you're looking for? Browse other questions tagged jquery ajax node.js forms post or ask your own question.

value: This website is a question and answer website for professional and enthusiast programmers. It is the flagship site of the Stack Exchange Network, created in 2008 by Jeff Atwood and Joel Spolsky.


text:
Tips for Visual C++ Developers - CodeProject 12,943,904 members (62,044 online)
102K views843 downloads53 bookmarked
Re: Register/unregister for OCXs Ammar24-Sep-02 19:10
Directory cleaner Ernest Laurentin18-Sep-02 4:44
Ernest Laurentin17-Sep-02 6:40 This is the fastest rated "article" that I've ever had. Since I didn't really want to post it as an article, I don't really mind ( ) but I think it may be useful to others. So my conclusion: Give your suggestions about tips that you would like to see in there instead to prevent others to see it.
Re: Fastest rated article Nemanja Trifunovic17-Sep-02 7:09
Thanks Nemanja! BTW, which one you prefer?
Re: Fastest rated article Brigg Thorp17-Sep-02 7:37
Ernest Laurentin17-Sep-02 7:54 Yeah! good one too! but I may update it with other tips that are not "Registry" related

value: This website is a community for computer programmers with articles on different topics and programming languages such as web development, software development, C++, Java, and other topics. Once a visitor registers a user account on the site, they can gain reputation which allows users to unlock different privileges such as the ability to store personal files in the user's account area, have live hyperlinks in their profile biography, and more.


text:
Startup Weekend Presents New Year’s Eve 2014 at Celsius in Bryant Park: A Winter Wonderland!!! Tickets, Tue, Dec 31, 2013 at 9:00 PM | Eventbrite
Startup Weekend Presents New Year’s Eve 2014 at Celsius in Bryant Park: A Winter Wonderland!!!
Okta Forum Executive Networking Dinner Aureole, New York
Share Startup Weekend Presents New Year’s Eve 2014 at Celsius in Bryant Park: A Winter Wonderland!!!
Startup Weekend NYC is doing something special for the startup community to end 2013 with bang! Join Startup Weekend NYC and many others in the NYC startup community as we ring in the 2014 at The Celsius Lounge at The Bank of America Winter Village at Bryant Park! Event Details
Belgian fries – served with herb aioli Mini everything bagel – house cured salmon, cream cheese, sliced tomato PAST EVENT PICTURES
*click for full resolution
2013 NYE Pictures 2012 NYE Pictures
2011 NYE Pictures
International Business Times NYE Write-Up
Have questions about Startup Weekend Presents New Year’s Eve 2014 at Celsius in Bryant Park: A Winter Wonderland!!!? Contact Celsius at Bryant Park

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Patent US8008907 - Delay line calibration circuit comprising asynchronous arbiter element - Google PatentsSearch Images Maps Play YouTube News Gmail Drive More »Sign inPatentsA delay line calibration circuit is disclosed herein. The calibration circuit has an arbiter circuit having a unit for determining which of two signals that arrive first; a first and a second synchronous element each having an input for receiving a clock signal, and one of them having a unit for outputting...http://www.google.com/patents/US8008907?utm_source=gb-gplus-sharePatent US8008907 - Delay line calibration circuit comprising asynchronous arbiter elementAdvanced Patent SearchPublication numberUS8008907 B2Publication typeGrantApplication numberUS 11/546,888Publication dateAug 30, 2011Priority dateFeb 9, 2006Fee statusPaidAlso published asCN100578934C, CN101018050A, DE602006006964D1, EP1819050A1, EP1819050B1, US20070182423Publication number11546888, 546888, US 8008907 B2, US 8008907B2, US-B2-8008907, US8008907 B2, US8008907B2InventorsMike LewisOriginal AssigneeInfineon Technologies AgExport CitationBiBTeX, EndNote, RefManPatent Citations (9), Non-Patent Citations (3), Classifications (8), Legal Events (2) External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, EspacenetDelay line calibration circuit comprising asynchronous arbiter element
US 8008907 B2Abstract
A delay line calibration circuit is disclosed herein. The calibration circuit has an arbiter circuit having a unit for determining which of two signals that arrive first; a first and a second synchronous element each having an input for receiving a clock signal, and one of them having a unit for outputting the clock signal a clock period later; and a calibration circuit having inputs connected to the outputs of the arbiter circuit for receiving a signal from it indicative of whether the signal input to the arbiter circuit from the delay line is ahead or after the signal input to the arbiter circuit from the second element, the calibration circuit further being connected to the delay line for calibrating the delay line in accordance with the signal received from the arbiter circuit. The invention in at least one embodiment provides improved calibration of delay lines.
1. A delay line calibration circuit for controlling the delay of a delay line, the delay line calibration circuit comprising:
an arbiter circuit comprising at least two inputs for receiving two signals, a unit configured to determine which of said two signals arrive first, and outputs, wherein a first of said at least two inputs is connected to an output of said delay line;
a first D-Q flip-flop with a first input for receiving a first signal, a second input for receiving a clock signal and an output connected to an input of said delay line, for providing said first signal synchronized with the clock signal,
a second D-Q flip-flop with a first input connected to an output of said first D-Q flip-flop, a second input for receiving the clock signal and an output connected to a second input of said two inputs of said arbiter circuit, for providing a second signal synchronized with the clock signal, the second D-Q flip-flop generating a copy of the first signal synchronized with the clock signal exactly one clock cycle later, and
a calibration circuit comprising inputs connected to the outputs of said arbiter circuit and configured to receive a signal from said arbiter circuit indicative of whether the signal input to the arbiter circuit from the delay line is ahead or after the signal input to the arbiter circuit from the second D-Q flip-flop, said calibration circuit having an output connected to said delay line and configured to calibrate the delay of the delay line in accordance with the signal received from the arbiter circuit.
2. The circuit of claim 1 wherein said arbiter circuit comprises a NAND arbiter for handling a rising edge of the clock signal.
3. The circuit of claim 1 wherein the arbiter circuit comprises a NOR arbiter for handling a falling edge of the clock signal.
4. The circuit of claim 1 wherein the output of the calibration circuit is connected to delay elements of said delay line, the calibration circuit being configured to calibrate a delay of the delay elements based on the signal received from the arbiter circuit.
5. The circuit of claim 4 wherein said calibration circuit comprises a storage unit for storing delay calibration parameter values.
6. The circuit of claim 5 wherein said calibration circuit further comprises a unit for executing an updating algorithm for updating said calibration parameter values.
7. A modulator device comprising:
a pulse-width modulator;
a delay line calibration circuit configured to control the delay of a delay line comprising delay elements such that the delay of the delay line in its perfectly calibrated state is equal to one clock period of a clock signal, wherein said delay line calibration circuit comprises
a first D-Q flip-flop with a first input for receiving a first signal, a second input for receiving a clock signal and an output connected to an input of said delay line, for providing said first signal synchronized with a clock signal,
a second D-Q flip-flop with an input connected to an output of said first D-Q flip-flop, a second input for receiving the clock signal and an output connected to a second input of said two inputs of said arbiter circuit, for providing a second signal synchronized with said clock signal, the second D-Q flip-flop generating a copy of the first signal synchronized with the clock signal exactly one clock cycle later, and
8. The modulator device of claim 7 wherein the pulse-width modulator is connected to said first and second D-Q flip-flops of said delay line calibration circuit.
9. The modulator device of claim 7 wherein said arbiter circuit comprises a NAND arbiter for handling a rising edge of the clock signal.
10. The modulator device of claim 7 wherein the arbiter circuit comprises a NOR arbiter for handling a falling edge of the clock signal.
11. The modulator device of claim 7 wherein the calibration circuit is connected to delay elements of said delay line.
12. The modulator device of claim 7 wherein said calibration circuit comprises a storage unit for storing delay calibration parameter values.
13. The modulator device of claim 12 wherein said calibration circuit further comprises a unit for executing an updating algorithm for updating said calibration parameter Values.
14. A delay line calibration circuit configured to control the delay of a delay line comprising delay elements such that the delay of the delay line in its perfectly calibrated state is equal to one clock period of a clock signal, wherein said delay line calibration circuit comprises:
a first D-Q flip-flop with an input for receiving a first signal and an output connected to an input of said delay line, for providing said first signal synchronized with a clock signal,
15. The circuit of claim 14 wherein said arbiter circuit comprises a NAND arbiter for handling a rising edge of the clock signal.
16. The circuit of claim 14 wherein the arbiter circuit comprises a NOR arbiter for handling a falling edge of a clock signal.
17. The circuit of claim 14 wherein the calibration circuit is connected to delay elements of said delay line.
18. The circuit of claim 14 wherein said calibration circuit comprises a storage unit for storing delay calibration parameter values. Description
This application claims priority from European Patent Application No. 06002663.0, which was filed on Feb. 9, 2006, and is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
The invention relates to a delay line calibration circuit for calibration of a delay line comprising delay elements. An application in which such circuit is usable is for example pulse-width modulator.
In a synchronous digital circuit, the clock signal provides the timing reference for all operations. In power-sensitive applications it is desirable to keep the switching frequency of this clock signal as low as possible in order to minimize current consumption. However, there are some applications in which a low clock frequency causes problems since a low clock frequency puts a limit on the timing resolution available within the circuit.
An example of such an application is a class-D digital modulator. A class-D digital modulator converts a sampled digital representation of a signal (e.g. audio) into a pulse train where the width of the pulses are controlled such that passing the pulse train through a low-pass filter will recreate the desired analog signal. One of the factors controlling how faithfully the analog signal can be recreated is how accurately the width of the pulses can be controlled. If the pulses are generated directly by logic driven by a low-frequency digital clock signal, the resolution of the pulse width modulator is fundamentally limited.
In a state of the art solution this problem is addressed by using a tapped delay line subsequent to the digital modulator, as is shown in FIG. 1. The delay is controlled by selecting an appropriate tap (in the figure tap1, tap2 or tap3) so as to provide sub clock-cycle accuracy in the output of the PWM modulator (Pulse Width Modulator). The example of the prior art shown in FIG. 1 uses three delay elements D1, D2 and D3 to provide an additional accuracy of 2 bits in the pulse width control.
The delay elements are typically implemented using a chain of standard logic gates, such as inverters. The delay through a logic gate is very much dependent on ambient temperature, voltage and variations in processing of the silicon, which means that it must be possible to adjust the delay elements. This is typically done by adjusting the number of logic gates in the signal path by means of multiplexers or, if finer control is required, by adjusting the drive strength of the logic gates in the signal path. The adjustment is performed by a calibration process, whereby the delay through the delay line is measured in order to calculate adjustment values “cal” for each delay stage.
In accordance with the state of the art, such as disclosed in J. D. Garside et al “Amulet3i—an Asynchronous System-on-chip”, Proc. 6th International Symposium on Advanced Research in Asynchronous Circuits and Systems, April 2000, calibration of such a delay line is managed by connecting the delay line in a ring oscillator configuration, in which the output of the delay line is connected via an inverter to the input of the delay line. The oscillation so generated has a period that depends on the delay experienced by the positive and negative flanks of the signal. A large number of cycles of this oscillation are measured and compared with the number of cycles of the system clock, which elapse during the same period. It is necessary to perform the large number of cycles due to the inevitable synchronization between the two asynchronous clocks, which can introduce an error of up to half a clock period. During the time that this calibration is in process, the delay line cannot be used for its normal, intended function, which of course is disadvantageous. Alternatively, two delay lines could be used, using one for the intended function and the other for calibration purposes, and alternate between normal operation mode and calibration mode. However, it would then be necessary to bear the hardware cost of implementing two delay lines. This solution also requires more chip area.
Furthermore, two sources of systematic errors remain in such a measurement, which cannot be mitigated by longer measurement periods. Firstly, the period of oscillation depends on the delays experienced by both positive and negative-going flanks of the signal through the delay line, which delays typically are different. This limits the accuracy with which the calibration of either flank can be performed. Secondly, the additional circuitry and signal paths required for connecting the delay line in the ring oscillator configuration also increases the period of the oscillation, as well as the complexity of the circuit.
It would thus be desirable to be able to simplify and improve the calibration of delay lines.
An advantage of an embodiment of at least one embodiment of the invention is to provide an improved calibration circuit enabling the calibration to be performed continuously and without the need to discontinue the use of the delay line in order to perform calibration, thereby at least alleviating the shortcomings of the prior art.
In accordance with at least one embodiment invention a delay line calibration circuit is provided. The delay line calibration circuit comprises an arbiter circuit connected to a delay line, which arbiter circuit has at least two inputs for receiving two signals. The arbiter circuit comprises means for determining which one of two signals arrives first. The delay line calibration circuit further comprises first and second synchronous elements, each comprising an input for receiving a clock signal and a signal synchronous to the clock signal. The first element comprises an output connected to the delay line, while the second element comprises an output connected to one of the two inputs of the arbiter circuit and means for outputting the signal output to the delay line a clock period later. The calibration circuit is connected to the arbiter circuit for receiving a signal from it, the signal being indicative of whether the signal input to the arbiter circuit from the delay line is ahead or after the signal input to the arbiter circuit from the second element. The calibration circuit is further connected to the delay line for calibrating the delay line in accordance with the signal received from the arbiter circuit. By means of at least one embodiment of the invention a very accurate calibration of a delay line is provided, enabling the use of a single circuit. This of course provides a more cost-efficient circuit requiring less hardware and less chip area. There is no need to take the delay line out of its normal operation and thereby the requirement of double delay lines is also eliminated. Further, in the calibration circuit in accordance with at least one embodiment of the invention the calibration is performed continuously, whereby for example variations in temperature or supply voltage affect the calibration performance less than if a calibration over a long period is performed.
In accordance with at least one embodiment of the invention the arbiter circuit comprises a NAND arbiter for handling a rising edge of a clock signal. In another embodiment the arbiter circuit comprises a NOR arbiter for handling a falling edge of a clock signal. The calibration circuit can comprise either one of the arbiter elements or both, depending on the intended use and application. A most flexible circuit is thereby provided able to separately calibrate the delay for both rising edges and falling edges of a clock signal.
In accordance with another embodiment of the invention the calibration circuit is connected to each of several delay elements of the delay line for calibrating the delay line. The calibration circuit can further have storage means for storing different delay calibration parameter values and handles the algorithm for updating these values. The calibration values used can thus easily be changed.
The present invention in at least one embodiment also relates to a modulator device comprising such calibration circuit, whereby advantages corresponding to the above are obtained.
Preferred embodiments of the present invention will be explained in detail in the following with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:
FIG. 1 illustrates a prior art pulse-width modulator using tapped delay line.
FIGS. 2 a and 2 b illustrate two mutual exclusion elements.
FIG. 4 illustrates a modulator in which the present invention can be used.
In at least one embodiment, the present invention provides a circuit and modulator device for separately calibrating the delay for positive and negative going flanks of a clock pulse, without the need to take a delay line out of its normal operation and with a potentially very low systematic error. The present method is based on the properties of the asynchronous arbiter element, which is an application of the S-R (set-reset) flip-flop allowing the order of arrival of two signals to be determined with a precision of less than 1 picosecond, as is described in the publication C. E. Molnar, I. W. Jones “Simple circuits that work for complicated reasons”, Proc. 6th International Symposium on Advanced Research in Asynchronous Circuits and Systems, April 2000.
There are two variants of this circuit, as illustrated in FIGS. 2 a and 2 b, which variants differ in the edge direction of the input signals (high-to-low or low-to-high flank) that they detect. The circuit based around NAND gates (FIG. 2 a) detect the order of arrival of low-high transitions on the input signals. Initially inputs in1 and in2 are low and outputs out1n and out2n are high. If in1 goes high before in2, then the output out1n will go low. Likewise, if in2 goes high before in1, then the output out2n will go low. If in1 and in2 transition from low to high at nearly the same time, then the circuit will enter a metastable state, in which both the outputs attempt to go low. If the device is laid out symmetrically, with care paid to matching between the transistors in the two logic gates, then the input that arrived first will gain a slight advantage and the metastability will resolve so that the associated output goes low. The NOR arbiter (FIG. 2 b) works in a similar manner, but with active low inputs and active high outputs.
An embodiment of the inventive concept will now be described with reference first to FIG. 3, which illustrates schematically the core idea of the delay line calibration circuit 10 in accordance with at least one embodiment of the invention. The delay line calibration circuit 10 comprises a delay line 11, which is shown very schematically. It is understood that the delay line 11 preferably comprises conventional delay elements and corresponding tap outputs (not shown). The total delay of the delay line 11 should be exactly equal to one clock period, that is, if the circuit is perfectly calibrated, the delay line 11 delays the signal a whole cycle and the output is thus synchronised with the clock cycle. Two synchronous elements 12, 13, such as flip-flops or the like, are also included for providing synchronised input clock signals; that is, the second element 13 provides an identical copy of the signal exactly one clock cycle later. The delay line calibration circuit 10 further comprises an arbiter circuit 14 for determining which of two received signals arrive first. This arbiter circuit 14 comprises one or more of the arbiter elements described with reference to FIGS. 2 a and 2 b, i.e. one or more NAND arbiter and/or one or more NOR arbiter. Lastly, the delay line calibration circuit 10 comprises a calibration logic control unit 15 receiving inputs from the arbiter circuit 14, and based on this input the calibration logic control unit 15 determines how to calibrate the delay line 11.
The inventive calibration circuit 10 can, for example, be used in a pulse-width modulator device, which will be described next with reference to FIG. 4. It is understood that the calibration circuit 10 may be utilised in other applications as well in order to calibrate a delay line. A pulse-width modulator device 20 comprises a pulse-width modulator 21 taking data samples as one input signal and a clock signal as another input signal. The output from the pulse-width modulator 21 is a pulse-width modulated signal, the pulse-width of which is controlled by means of a delay line 11 in order to obtain a higher accuracy of the signal output from the pulse-width modulator device 20, and thereby providing a higher resolution of the modulator.
Compared to the prior art pulse-width modulator 1 illustrated in FIG. 1, an additional delay element D4 is added to the delay line 11 of the pulse-width modulator device 20, in addition to delay elements D1, D2 and D3. This means that the total delay through all of the delay elements D1, D2, D3 and D4 should, when calibration is performed correctly, be exactly equal to one clock cycle, that is, if the delay line 11 is tapped at the fourth delay tap output, tap4, then the total delay should be equal to one clock cycle. If this holds and the calibration values for each delay stage are approximately equal, then the delay to each of the taps tap1, tap2, tap3 and tap4 should be substantially equal to evenly spaced fractions of one clock cycle.
As was described in the introductory part, the delay through a logic gate is highly dependent on for example the operating temperature and the delay elements D1, D2, D3 and D4 therefore need to be adjusted or calibrated. A digital calibration logic control unit 26 is therefore provided and stores the appropriate delay calibration values and also comprises means for managing an algorithm for updating these values. The calibration values for each respective delay stage do not need to be equal, i.e. the amount of delay between the various taps can be different, and the calibration values can thus be set in accordance with specific requirements. However, for the case of a pulse-width modulator it is advantageous that the calibration values and hence the corresponding delays are substantially equal. The calibration logic control unit 26 is connected to an arbiter circuit 14 comprising arbiter elements 24, 25, which were described earlier.
The pulse-width modulator device 20 in accordance with at least one embodiment of the invention is capable of calibrating the delay for both a rising edge and a falling edge. The calibration of the delay for a rising edge is performed via a NAND arbiter 25, and the calibration of the delay for a falling edge is performed via a NOR arbiter 24. If calibration is required for only one edge, which for example can be the case if the other edge is always generated directly from a clocked latch, then only one of the arbiter elements 24, 25 and relevant parts of the calibration algorithm need to be used, and the other can be left out.
When a rising edge is to be fed through the delay line, then the calibration values setting the delay for the positive-going edges are applied to the delay line by the calibration logic 26. From the active clock edge, the positive-going edge passes from the D-Q flip-flop 22 and moves along the delay line 11. An additional D-Q flip-flop 23 generates an identical copy of the positive-going edge exactly one clock cycle later. If the delay through the delay line 11 is too small, then a signal nEarly from the NAND arbiter 25 will go low and the calibration values should be updated to increase the delay through the delay line 11, in such a way that the delays through each delay element D1, D2, D3 and D4 are as near to identical as possible. If on the other hand the delay through the delay line 11 is too large, then a signal nLate will go low and the calibration values should again be updated, but now to decrease the delay through the delay line 11 in a corresponding way.
Negative edges are handled in a similar manner: prior to the negative-going edge being fed into the delay line, the calibration values for negative-going edges are applied by the calibration logic 26 and this time the signals Early and Late from the NOR arbiter 24 are used to determine the order of arrival and calibration parameter values setting the delay for the negative-going edges are applied to the delay line 11 by the calibration logic control unit 26.
As long as care is taken in matching the layout of the delay stages, in matching the fan-out loads at each point and in balancing the clock paths, it should be possible to reduce the error in measurement to a very low value. The rate of calibration is limited only by the statistical spread of times required for metastability in the arbiter elements to resolve, which in practice is very much faster than the pulse repetition rates for e.g. audio PWM systems.
Patent CitationsCited PatentFiling datePublication dateApplicantTitleUS3265986Apr 25, 1962Aug 9, 1966Raytheon CoVariable frequency oscillatorsUS5034967 *Dec 16, 1988Jul 23, 1991Datapoint CorporationMetastable-free digital synchronizer with low phase errorUS5822768 *Jan 11, 1996Oct 13, 1998Opti Inc.Dual ported memory for a unified memory architectureUS6390579 *Apr 15, 1999May 21, 2002Hewlett-Packard CompanyPulse width modulator using delay-line technology with automatic calibration of delays to desired operating frequencyUS6661860 *Jan 4, 2000Dec 9, 2003Massachusetts Institute Of TechnologyMultiple arbiter jitter estimation system and related techniquesUS7039824 *Aug 13, 2004May 2, 2006Intel CorporationCalibrating return time with cross-coupled arbiter/delay circuits to compare clock signalsUS20020006178Jun 25, 2001Jan 17, 2002Konica CorporationDigital PLL pulse generating apparatusUS20020049936 *Jul 31, 2001Apr 25, 2002Vadim GutnikClock distribution circuits and methods of operating same that use multiple clock circuits connected by phase detector circuits to generate and synchronize local clock signalsUS20040120437Dec 19, 2002Jun 24, 2004Casper Bryan K.Power supply dependent delay compensation* Cited by examinerNon-Patent CitationsReference1Garside, J.D. et al. "AMULET3i-an Asynchronous System-on-Chip." IEEE Sixth International Symposium on Advanced Research on Asynchronous Circuits and Systems. IEEE Computer Society Press, 2000. pp. 162-175. (14 pages).2Garside, J.D. et al. "AMULET3i—an Asynchronous System-on-Chip." IEEE Sixth International Symposium on Advanced Research on Asynchronous Circuits and Systems. IEEE Computer Society Press, 2000. pp. 162-175. (14 pages).3Molnar, Charles E. and Ian W. Jones. "Simple Circuit that Work for Complicated Reasons." IEEE Sixth International Symposium on Advanced Research on Asynchronous Circuits and Systems. Sun Microsystems Laboratories: Palo Alto, California, 2000. pp. 138-149. (12 pages).Classifications U.S. Classification324/76.54International ClassificationG01R23/175Cooperative ClassificationH03K5/14, H03K7/08, H03L7/0814European ClassificationH03K5/14, H03K7/08, H03L7/081A1Legal EventsDateCodeEventDescriptionOct 12, 2006ASAssignmentOwner name: INFINEON TECHNOLOGIES AG, GERMANYFree format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:LEWIS, MIKE;REEL/FRAME:018417/0716Effective date: 20060728Feb 19, 2015FPAYFee paymentYear of fee payment: 4RotateOriginal ImageGoogle Home - Sitemap - USPTO Bulk Downloads - Privacy Policy - Terms of Service - About Google Patents - Send FeedbackData provided by IFI CLAIMS Patent Services

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