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Patent US7913615 - Automated dual cooking surface grill and method - Google PatentsSearch Images Maps Play YouTube News Gmail Drive More »Sign inPatentsA dual-sided cooking device is provided that determines whether the upper and lower cooking platens are substantially parallel to each other when in a cooking position. In addition, the method and device in accordance with the invention are capable of identifying a type of food item placed on a lower...http://www.google.com/patents/US7913615?utm_source=gb-gplus-sharePatent US7913615 - Automated dual cooking surface grill and methodAdvanced Patent SearchPublication numberUS7913615 B2Publication typeGrantApplication numberUS 11/413,642Publication dateMar 29, 2011Filing dateApr 28, 2006Priority dateApr 28, 2006Fee statusPaidAlso published asCN101466293A, US8359970, US20070254078, US20110177222Publication number11413642, 413642, US 7913615 B2, US 7913615B2, US-B2-7913615, US7913615 B2, US7913615B2InventorsManuel Calzada, Ron Dorsten, Mike ZagorskiOriginal AssigneeRestaurant Technology, Inc.Export CitationBiBTeX, EndNote, RefManPatent Citations (29), Referenced by (3), Classifications (19), Legal Events (2) External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, EspacenetAutomated dual cooking surface grill and method
US 7913615 B2Abstract
1. A method of identifying a type of a food item using a two-sided grill having upper and lower cooking platens comprising:
placing at least one food item having a characteristic height on a lower cooking platen of a grill;
moving the upper cooking platen toward the lower cooking platen;
sensing when the upper cooking platen first contacts the food item;
automatically determining the distance between the platens when the upper cooking platen first contacts the food item by measuring with at least one distance measuring sensor the distance between the upper cooking platen and the lower cooking platen when the upper cooking platen first contacts the food item, which distance is a measure of the characteristic height of that type of food item; and
identifying the food item based on the distance compared to the characteristic height of at least one food item.
2. The method of claim 1 further comprising storing in a computer accessible memory a plurality of characteristic heights, each height corresponding to a different food item.
3. The method of claim 2 further comprising comparing a determined distance to a plurality of stored characteristic heights to identify the food item.
4. The method of claim 1 further comprising determining the number of food items of the identified type that are on the lower cooking platen.
5. The method of claim 4 wherein said determining the number of food items comprises weighing the food items on the lower cooking platen.
6. The method of claim 5 further comprising comparing the weight of the food items to an integer multiple of a plurality of characteristic food item weights.
7. The method of claim 5 wherein said determining the number of food items comprises identifying the number of food items with a machine vision device.
8. A dual-surface grill comprising:
means for sensing the distance between the platens by at least one distance sensing device positioned proximate to the platens when the upper cooking platen first contacts a food item placed on the lower cooking platen, the distance sensing device sensing the actual distance between platens when the platens are in the cooking orientation and when the upper cooking platen first contacts the food item placed on the lower cooking platen;
means for determining when the upper cooking platen first contacts a food item placed on the lower cooking platen;
means for determining the distance between the upper and lower cooking platens when the upper cooking platen first contacts the food item on the lower cooking platen.
9. The grill of claim 8 further comprising computer accessible memory storing a plurality of characteristic heights, each height corresponding to a different food item.
10. The grill of claim 9 further comprising a computer processor for comparing the determined distance to the plurality of characteristic heights to determine the food item type contained on the lower cooking platen.
11. The grill of claim 8 further comprising means for determining the number of food items that are present on the lower cooking platen.
12. The grill of claim 11 wherein said means for determining the number of food items comprises a weighing device associated with the lower cooking platen.
13. The grill of claim 12 wherein the weighing device comprises a load cell.
14. The grill of claim 11 wherein said means for determining the number of food items comprises a machine vision device.
15. The grill of claim 10 further comprising cooking data corresponding to the different food items.
16. The grill of claim 15 further comprising a microprocessor controller for operating the grill in accordance with the cooking data for the type of food item determined to be located on the lower cooking platen.
17. The grill of claim 8 wherein the means for determining when the upper cooking platen contacts a food item on the lower cooking platen comprises a pressure sensing device.
18. A dual-sided grill device comprising:
means for sensing the distance between the upper cooking platen and the lower cooking platen at three different locations that are non-linear with respect to each other when in the cooking orientation;
means for automatically comparing the three sensed distances to determine whether the upper and lower cooking platens are relatively parallel to each other when the platens are in the cooking orientation.
means for adjusting at three different non-linear locations independently of each other the distance between the upper and lower cooking platens while the platens are in the cooking orientation, if the comparison of the three sensed distances determines that the platens are not relatively parallel so that the platens can be placed in a relatively parallel relationship when in the cooking orientation.
20. The device of claim 19 wherein said means for adjusting at three locations independently of each other comprises a plurality of manually adjustable devices for changing the relative orientation of the platens with respect to each other, and at least three of the manually adjustable devices are positioned in a non linear relationship to each other.
21. The device of claim 18 further comprising means for determining when the upper cooking platen contacts a food item placed on the lower cooking platen; and
means for determining the distance between the upper and lower cooking platens when the upper cooking platen contacts the food item on the lower cooking platen.
22. The device of claim 21 further comprising computer accessible memory storing a plurality of characteristic heights, each height corresponding to a different food item.
23. The device of claim 22 further comprising a computer processor for comparing the determined distance to the plurality of characteristic heights to determine the food item type contained on the lower cooking platen.
24. The device of claim 20 further comprising means for determining the number of food items that are present on the lower cooking platen.
25. The device of claim 24 wherein said means for determining the number of food items comprises a weighing device associated with the lower cooking platen.
26. The device of claim 25 wherein the weighing device comprises a load cell.
27. The device of claim 24 wherein said means for determining the number of food items comprises a machine vision device.
28. The device of claim 23 further comprising cooking data corresponding to the different food item types.
29. The device of claim 28 further comprising a microprocessor controller for operating the device in accordance with the cooking data for the type of food item determined to be located on the lower cooking platen.
30. The grill of claim 8 wherein the means for determining when the upper cooking platen contacts a food item on the lower cooking platen comprises a pressure sensing device.
In accordance with another aspect of the method, the step of automatically determining whether the platens are substantially parallel to each other includes advancing the platens towards each other to a predetermined distance between the platens, which may be zero or contact between the platens, is reached and the distance between the platens is determined at a plurality of locations. This can be done by using a suitable sensor. Typically, the distance between the platens is determined at least two different locations and may be determined at, for example, at least three different locations, or four or more different locations. A sensor may be provided at each location for this purpose. A contact, pressure, optical or other type of sensor can be used for this purpose.
Referring to the Figures generally, and in particular to FIG. 1, there is illustrated a clamshell grill 10 in accordance with the invention. Generally, basic clamshell grills are well known in the art and hence a specific explanation of each component is not provided herein. For example, clamshell grills are disclosed in U.S. Patent Application Publication Number 2005/0000957 to Jones et al., U.S. Pat. No. 6,079,321 to Harter et al. and U.S. Pat. No. 6,614,007 to Reay, for example, the entire disclosures of which are hereby expressly incorporated by reference.
An upper platen assembly 22 is movably mounted to the rear of support structure 12 by means of an upper platen positioning mechanism 24. Upper platen assembly 22 comprises an upper cooking platen 28 heated to cooking temperature by heating elements 20 a mounted within a casing. Upper cooking platen 28 may be of an equivalent size to lower cooking platen 14. In the illustrated embodiment, three upper cooking platens 22 a, 22 a′, 22 a″ are provided that together approximate the size of lower cooking platen 14. Each upper platen 28 has a flat cooking surface 26 and may be independently heated. By mounting three upper platen assemblies 22 over a single lower platen 14, three independent cooking zones between upper platen cooking surfaces 26 and lower platen cooking surface 18 may be created to allow greater flexibility for the cook/operator. For example, upper platen assembly 22 a may be used to cook one food product, while other food products can be simultaneously cooked adjacent upper platen assemblies 22 a′ and 22 a″. In other instances, one batch of food product, for example hamburger patties may be in the middle of a cooking cycle adjacent upper platen assembly 22 a. If additional customer orders are received, the cooking of additional patties may be initiated at upper platen assembly 22 a′ or 22 a″, while patties continue to cook at upper platen assembly 22 a.
As known in the art, positioning mechanism 24 may be used to facilitate two distinct motions by upper platen assembly 22 from its uppermost position to a cooking position. One motion is a rotational motion to rotate upper platen assembly 22 from an upward open position, for example at an angle of 54 degrees to the horizontal, to a downward horizontal cooking position parallel to lower platen 14. The other motion is a linear vertical motion to space a horizontally oriented upper platen assembly 22 relative to the lower platen 14. To provide the vertical movement to change the height of upper platen assembly 22 relative to cooking surface 18, a linear actuator 32 is linked to two vertical reciprocating shafts 34 by an actuator cross bar linkage 38. Actuator cross bar linkage 38 is clamped to vertical reciprocating shafts 34, which run through linear motion bearings 40. The rotational movement of upper platen assembly 22 may be manually accomplished by means of a handle 42. Alternatively, grill 10 may include means known in the art to automatically rotate upper platen assembly 22 between the open upward position and horizontal orientation.
An activation button 61 is pressed by the operator to start the movement of upper platen assembly 22 into the cooking position. Typically, a second activation button (not shown) is spaced from activation button 61, and must be pressed simultaneously with activation button 61 to start movement of upper platen assembly 22. Thus, both hands of the operator are in a safe location when grill 10 is activated. Other buttons typically include a “raise platen” button 63, a “cancel” button 65, a “calibrate now” button 67, a “lower platen” button 69, a “close cover” button 71, various food product cooking cycle selections, and the like. The control panel 56 is sealed behind a polyester cover for protection. Data is accepted by the computing device, typically microprocessor 62 and additionally includes, in this embodiment, a suitable computer memory device 81, which may be an EPROM (not shown) pre-programmed with relevant operating or cooking parameters, from control panel 56, temperature sensors, position sensor switches 48, and timer circuitry (not shown). The EPROM is capable of storing a variety of programs, including: menu items, whether individual foods are active or inactive menu items, cooking functions, temperature settings, gap settings, cooking times, and end of cook cycle protocols. The EPROM is easily accessible behind its panel on the control board. This allows for easy substitution in the case of a defect or a change in desired programming.
To illustrate, a typical cooking cycle will be outlined. The grill apparatus begins in an inactive state, with its upper platen assembly 22 in its fully opened and raised position. The upper platen assembly 22 is at an angle from horizontal, for example 54 degrees. The operator will select the relevant product setting, e.g., quarter-pound hamburgers, from the menu on control panel 56, then will load the frozen hamburger patties a single layer thick across the surface area of lower platen 14 which will be covered by one or more of upper platens 22 a, 22 a′ or 22 a″ when they are lowered. This area may be marked on lower platen 14 for easy reference. When loading is complete, the operator will simultaneously depress the “activation” button 61 and “standby” button (not shown), which are physically offset from one another, to initiate the cook cycle.
Movement of upper platen 28 by height adjustment devices 80 may be conducted independently of the movement of lower platen 14 by height adjustment devices 80. Movement of upper platen 28 and lower platen 14 may also be conducted concurrently. At times it may be advantageous to first operate height adjustment devices 80 to level the lower platen 14. Thereafter, height adjustment devices 80 adjacent the upper platen 28 may be operated to bring lower platen 14 and upper platen 28 into a parallel orientation. In other instances, it may be advantageous to lower upper platen 28 to rest upon lower platen 14, and thereafter adjust one or both of platens 14, 28 to a zero gap adjacent all height adjustment devices 80. Of course, in practice, bringing platens 14, 28 into a parallel relationship may most often be conducted when platens 14, 28 are spaced apart at a desired gap typical for the start point in a cooking cycle for a particular food product.
In one embodiment, the adjustment provided by height adjustment devices 80 may be conducted manually by a service technician. In another embodiment of the invention, when a misalignment of platens 14, 28 is sensed by sensors 70 and communicated to microprocessor 62, the adjustment to bring upper platen 28 back to a parallel relationship with lower platen 14 is accomplished automatically. In this embodiment, data concerning the location and the extent of misalignment of upper platen 28 is sensed by sensors 70 and sent to microprocessor 62. Based on the information received, microprocessor 62 then sends signals to one or more of height adjustment devices 80, to automatically manipulate selected height adjustment devices 80 to cause movement of one or both of platens 14, 28 to adjust the gap between platens 14, 28. The adjustment continues until the spacing between platens 14 and 28 is brought within the predetermined tolerance, i.e., an acceptable degree of a parallel orientation of platens 14 and 28. In the event that microprocessor 62 is unable to bring the platen alignment into tolerance, for example, if one or more of the platens are warped, an error message and/or alarm alerts the operator that further servicing is required. It is noted that microprocessor 62 may be programmed so that prior to beginning the automatic gap adjustment, the food cooking cycle is not initiated, or is discontinued if previously initiated. Microprocessor 62 may also be programmed to calibrate the gaps between platens 14, 28 at preset times. These might include the time grill 10 is first turned on each day. It may include the first time each day that a particular cooking cycle is selected. It may be that the calibration is programmed to take place at the beginning of each cooking cycle every time a cooking cycle takes place. The user also has the option of initiating a calibration procedure at any time by depressing “calibrate now” button 67.
Thus, in this mode of operation the operational sequence is as follows: (1) an operator places a plurality of same type hamburger patties on lower platen 14. The patties are placed so that no patty lies on top of another patty, i.e. the patties do not overlap and are not stacked upon each other; (2) The operator rotates the upper platen assembly 22 from the open position to the horizontal position, either manually or by automatic means; (3) The operator pushes the “cook” button 73 on user interface 52; (4) Microprocessor 62 sends a signal to upper platen positioning mechanism 24 to lower upper platen assembly 22 downward toward lower platen 14; (5) upper platen 28 contacts the upper surface of a hamburger patty; (6) Sensor 110 senses that upper platen 28 has initially contacted a patty and communicates this information to microprocessor 62. At the same time, height sensing devices 70 communicate to microprocessor 62 the information sensed by sensors 70 for determining the distance or gap between platens 14, 28 at the instant that sensor 110 first indicated that upper platen 28 contacted a hamburger patty; (7) Microprocessor 62 determines the distance or gap between platens 14, 28 at time of initial contact of the upper surface of the patty; (8) Microprocessor 62 communicates with computer memory 81, including stored information relating to the height of different food product types, and identifies the type of food product on lower platen 14; (9) Microprocessor 62 communicates with computer memory 81 to select the food cooking cycle corresponding to the type of food product identified as being on lower platen 14, and cooks the food product according to the selected food cooking cycle.
FIG. 9 illustrates an alternative optical or vision system 120 for determining the number of food product pieces on grill 10. Vision system 120 is provided at grill 10. Vision system 120 includes camera 124, camera software and, if needed, supplemental lighting (not shown). Camera 124 is preferably mounted on the ceiling above grill 10 so that camera 124 is out of the way but still has a clear view of the entire grill surface. Camera 124 may also be mounted at other locations, such as by support 122. Camera 124 may be enclosed in an enclosure 126 with a transparent panel to protect it from smoke, heat and grease. A suitable vision system is available from Banner Engineering Corp. of Minneapolis, Minn., which is a self-contained camera system with a built-in processor, an Ethernet connection and an output for connecting a television monitor. The camera operates with Banner's PresencePLUS software. The inspection time for this camera system is approximately one second. A standard grayscale camera may be used in basic applications. However, in a restaurant that serves a variety of food items having similar sizes, shapes and appearances, a color camera is preferred since color makes it easier to distinguish the different types of food items.
The vision system software includes analysis tools that use information from an image captured by the camera to create size, shape and count measurements. These tools use so-called “blob” processing to identify various food items with different sizes and then separate those that are the same size. Blob analysis consists of a series of processing operations and analysis functions that produce information about any two-dimensional shape in an image captured by the camera. It is useful for finding “blobs” whose spatial characteristics satisfy certain criteria and find their size and number. As such, it is well suited to identifying and counting food items of known shapes and sizes. A “blob tree” is defined in the software that includes all of the blobs for the various types of food items with which the system is used. A “roundness” parameter separates square patties from round patties. With system 120 communicating information with microprocessor 62, the number of food pieces about to be cooked at grill 10 can be ascertained, and microprocessor 62 can utilize this information to adjust the cooking power or fuel supplied to heating units 20 as described previously,
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OLYMPICS; Goalie Skates Into Spotlight - The New York Times
Archives|OLYMPICS; Goalie Skates Into Spotlight
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OLYMPICS; Goalie Skates Into Spotlight
This is the goalie's time. It was the time of Jack McCartan in 1960 and Jim Craig in 1980.
And now, the United States Olympic hockey team goalie is Mike Dunham, a silent worrier who exudes strength on the ice but who calls his mom when he is riddled with doubt.
Dunham and his fellow Olympians make their final appearance in the United States on Saturday when they face the Canadian Olympic squad at 1 P.M. at Nassau Coliseum. From there, they head for France and three exhibitions, then Sweden for one, and then Lillehammer, Norway.
"Historically, any U.S. team that succeeded in the Olympics had a spectacular goalie," said Tim Taylor, the American coach. "There was McCartan. There was Craig. There was Ray LeBlanc in '92, when we finished fourth." A Different Style of Play
The American goalie's significance looms so large in the Games because his teammates usually don't have the puck as often as their European opponents.
"North American teams don't play a possession style as well," Taylor said. "The Europeans are more likely to play a halfcourt offense. The quality of their shots is very high."
Enter Dunham, all of 21 years old, not far removed from the University of Maine, which has sent six players to the current American team and one to the Canadian Olympic squad.
Dunham has started 30 times in the Americans' cross-country, trans-Atlantic exhibition season. He has posted a 22-7-1 record that includes a shutout over the National Hockey League's Chicago Blackhawks at Chicago Stadium.
"The Olympics magnify the role of the goalie," said Dunham, who was drafted in 1990 by the Devils. "But a defenseman who makes a big block at the right time, who covers the high guy in the slot, is just as important. But the goalie will be the focus because of what Jim Craig did in '80." A Low Point in Hometown
But if the shutout against the Blackhawks was his high point, his performance in his hometown of Binghamton, N.Y., earlier this month was his low point.
It was the day after New Year's, the return of the team to action after its only extended time off since it was assembled in August. The Binghamton Rangers of the American Hockey League belted the Olympians, 10-9.
"We talked for two weeks, every day, about that game," says his mother, Mary Ann, who is known as Missie. "He took it upon his shoulders. He wanted to win that game himself."
Mother and son's hockey bond was formed when he was barely 18 months old and sat on her lap when she took him to see the newly formed Binghamton team play.
"He was mesmerized," she recalled. "He never even wanted to get up for intermission."
A version of this article appears in print on January 29, 1994, on Page 1001032 of the National edition with the headline: OLYMPICS; Goalie Skates Into Spotlight. Order Reprints| Today's Paper|Subscribe

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from etsy.com Buy 2 Get 1 FREE--Rectangle Chalkboard Labels Chalkboard Vinyl Labels 3.5 inch…
Again- totally make-able. And would also use that chalkboard paint.
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lace under holey jeans absolutely adorable
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ladder frame holder...interesting way of displaying ancestor photos. Decor Ideas, Itsy Bit, Bachman Spring, Creative Decor, Tours 2012 Bachman, Photos Display, Ideas House, Spring Ideas, Girls Rooms
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Beer cap table...what to do after Holly gets all she needs from my new cap source...love the rainbow effect!
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from BabyCenter Art Projects with LO (pics) - Page 2
Love this gift idea! Let child fingerpaint a mat, then frame pic
Pallet flag for front porch... wanna make this for Joanna one of these days when she buys a house! :-) Ideas, Pallets Art, Fourth Of July, Pallets Flags, 4Th Of July, Yards Art, Pallets Projects, Front Porches, Crafts
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his and hers towel hooks, he will probably still use mine though... grrr Decor Ideas, Towel Racks, House Ideas, Towels Hooks, Cute Ideas, Dreams House, Future House, His And Her Bathroom Ideas, Master Bathroom
his and hers towel hooks....he's always using mine!!!
by mcjess79 Pinned from
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Use old book cover. I was thinking to put the Christmas cards I receive in it instead or fill it with Christmas photos of my family through the years. Lots of possibilities. Vintage Books, Christmas Cards, December Daily, Wedding Cards, Collection Christmas, Families Photos, Book Covers, Christmas Photos, Old Books
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adorable...need to make asap
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OMGosh, I love this! Frames filled with cork board for kids artwork and writings- instead of pinning on fridge, hand on the wall and have constant changing wall art!
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Love this! What a great idea for Father's day!! - Handprint Canvas Kits from RedEnvelope.com Wall Art, Hands Prints, Gift, Mothers Day, Cute Ideas, Handprint Canvas, Hand Prints, Crafts, Kids Rooms
Love this! What a great idea for Father's day!! - Handprint Canvas Kits from RedEnvelope.com

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Alison Monaghan - Google+Search Images Maps Play YouTube News Gmail Drive More »Send Feedback | Web History | Help | Sign inProfileHomeProfilePeopleCollectionsCommunitiesEventsHangoutsPagesSettingsFeedbackHelp · RegionPrivacy · Terms · Maps TermsStart a hangout Alison Monaghan72 followers|13,356 viewsProfileAlison MonaghanWorks at Happy MediumAttended Iowa State University72 followers|13,356 viewsAboutPostsPhotosYouTubeReviewsStreamIn her circles23 peopleNathan BeckAllison DuckDrew WillenborgHave her in circles 72 peopleAlison hasn't shared anything with you.People are more likely to share with you if you add them to your circles.MoreLoading...PeopleIn her circles23 peopleNathan BeckAllison DuckDrew WillenborgHave her in circles72 peopleEducationIowa State UniversityJournalism, 2002 - 2005LinksYouTubeAlison MonaghanWorkEmploymentHappy MediumCommunications Director, 2015 - presentBasic InformationGenderFemaleWe were unable to fetch any YouTube videos at this time. Please try again.Videos are visible only to people they've been shared with.We were unable to fetch any videos at this time. Please try again.Mercedes-Benz of Des Moines 9993 Hickman Rd, Urbandale, IA 50322As a single woman who can only rely on personal research for my car-buying experience, you can imagine the fear that could be in place when deciding to explore a new vehicle. I have known what car I've wanted for months and the anxiety of actually walking into a dealership detoured me.
My experience with Aaron Christensen on the sales side was so enjoyable. He stayed in touch when the car I wanted wasn't available, let me know my options without being down my throat and I always felt comfortable with the decision making process. He was persistent but patient and someone I would gladly refer to a colleague or family member in the future.
I would say my last two experiences with the finance managers at other brand dealerships have been close to traumatic. The first, the gentleman was so outraged that I didn't want to add on any additional warranties, I feared he was actually going to throw the papers in my face. The last, the woman was so aggressive, I finally agreed to something I never ended up using, just so I could get out of the building.
Dealing with Connor Fineran at Mercedes Benz of Des Moines on the finance side was a complete 180 from this. He was polite, thorough, trustworthy and even made the experience fun when I'm sure it was the end of a long workday on his end. He explained everything so well that I had no questions at all when we wrapped up, it felt like dealing with a friend.
I have built a career in public relations so I always want to give good credit where it's deserved. It's so easy for someone to sit behind their computer and complain but too often we let the great service live on only in our own thoughts. My experience at this dealership was stress-free and satisfying, one I would recommend to anyone interested in this brand of vehicles. • • •As a single woman who can only rely on personal research for my car-buying experience, you can imagine the fear that could be in place when deciding to explore a new vehicle. I have known what car I've wanted for months and the anxiety of actually walking into a dealership detoured me.
I have built a career in public relations so I always want to give good credit where it's deserved. It's so easy for someone to sit behind their computer and complain but too often we let the great service live on only in our own thoughts. My experience at this dealership was stress-free and satisfying, one I would recommend to anyone interested in this brand of vehicles. • • •Public - a month agoreviewed a month ago1 reviewMoreLoading...

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9780441012794 - Alibris
Books ISBN: 9780441012794
13404894565
Very good in very good dust jacket. Sewn binding. Cloth over boards. With dust jacket. 304 p. Sookie Stackhouse Novels. Audience: General/trade.
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Close to my office - Review of The Windsor Suites - TripAdvisor
Close to my office - Review of The Windsor Suites
Ask njimic about The Windsor Suites
Thank njimic
TheWindsorMgtTeam, Manager at The Windsor Suites, responded to this reviewResponded February 13, 2014
Dear njimic,
Thank you for staying with us recently, as well as your kind comments which we have shared with our staff. We are especially thrilled when our guests take the time to highlight the service they receive here at The Windsor Suites. It is our pleasure to ensure that our guests leave happy. We look forward to taking care of you on your next visit.
All reviews full kitchen irish pub walk in closet rooftop pool front desk small kitchen franklin institute one bedroom suite museum district city hall within walking distance rocky steps suburban station logan square location is great two double beds spacious rooms
917 - 923 of 1,504 reviews
TheWindsorMgtTeam, Manager at The Windsor Suites, responded to this reviewResponded January 29, 2014
TheWindsorMgtTeam, Manager at The Windsor Suites, responded to this reviewResponded January 22, 2014
TheWindsorMgtTeam, Manager at The Windsor Suites, responded to this reviewResponded January 13, 2014
TheWindsorMgtTeam, Manager at The Windsor Suites, responded to this reviewResponded January 12, 2014
Price Range: $179 - $501 (Based on Average Rates for a Standard Room)
TripAdvisor is proud to partner with Booking.com, Hotels.com, Priceline, Hotwire and TripOnline SA so you can book your The Windsor Suites reservations with confidence. We help millions of travelers each month to find the perfect hotel for both vacation and business trips, always with the best discounts and special offers.

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Mizone Virgo Black Chevron Reversible 3-piece Quilt Set | Overstock.com Shopping - The Best Prices on Teen Quilts
$54.99 Item #: 16128275
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Der Fliegende Hollander: The Flying Dutchman Opera Guides Overture: Amazon.co.uk: Richard Wagner: Books
Der Fliegende Hollander: The Flying Dutchman (Opera Guides (Overture)) [Paperback]
Trade in Der Fliegende Hollander: The Flying Dutchman (Opera Guides (Overture)) for an Amazon Gift Card of up to �0.58, which you can then spend on millions of items across the site. Trade-in values may vary (terms apply). Learn more › See more product promotions
Publication Date: 28 April 2012 | Series: Opera Guides (Overture)
Lavishly produced and elegantly set, with a wealth of material which will appeal to opera lovers, academics and general readers. Includes articles by some of the leading music specialists in the world. Includes more than twenty black-and-white and colour pictures printed on special glossy paper and set in a separate plate section. Contains a thematic guide, and an up-to-date bibliography, select discography and website guide. Acclaimed by today's most exacting music critics. An essay in the guide places the opera in the context of emerging German Romanticism and another highlights the musical riches of the score. A further article explores the emerging importance of myth to Wagner and his contemporaries. As well as a detailed description of the work's performance history, Wagner's own instructions to his performers and his programme note about the overture are also included. Illustrations, a thematic guide, the full libretto with English translation and reference sections are also included.
This item: Der Fliegende Hollander: The Flying Dutchman (Opera Guides (Overture)) by Richard Wagner Paperback �8.85
Tannh�user: (English National Opera Guide 39) by Richard Wagner Paperback �7.14
Lohengrin: (English National Opera Guide 47) by Richard Wagner Paperback �10.00
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Lohengrin: (English National Opera Guide 47) › Richard Wagner
Tannh�user: (English National Opera Guide 39) › Richard Wagner
Parsifal: Libretto › Richard Wagner
Die Meistersinger von Nu? rnberg (The Mastersingers of Nuremberg): (English  › Richard Wagner
Tristan und Isolde: (English National Opera  › Richard Wagner
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Publisher: Overture Publishing (28 April 2012)
ISBN-13: 978-1847495495
Amazon Bestsellers Rank: 626,962 in Books (See Top 100 in Books)
The jolliest of bargains.' --The Musical Times'beautifully produced and designed... terrific value' --Rupert Christiansen - Daily Telegraph'marvellous... the best books of their kind' --Hugh Canning
Richard Wagner (1813 - 83) was a composer who drew inspiration from Christian and Nordic mythology, as well as the philosophy of Schopenhauer, to pioneer dramatically new forms of music. His concept of the "Total Artwork" led to the construction of the Bayreuth Festspielhaus, an opera house he designed specifically for productions of his own operas. He also wrote widely on music and art. His operas include Tristan und Isolde, Die Meistersinger von Nurnberg and the four parts of Der Ring des Nibelungen.
1409638772
The Flying Dutchman: Libretto by Wagner Richard Paperback
Tannh�user: (English National Opera Guide 39) by Richard Wagner Paperback
Lohengrin: (English National Opera Guide 47) by Richard Wagner Paperback
La boh�me (Overture Opera Guides in Association with English National Opera) (Overture Opera Guides in  by Giacomo Puccini Paperback
Flying colours for the Dutchman
Format:Paperback|Verified Purchase All the ENO opera guides are well written and illuminate one's knowledge and therefore enjoyment of the opera. This guide is no exception and it is so little to pay for a key to interpretation.

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Use of Veterans Affairs medical care by enrollees in Medicare HMOs. - PubMed - NCBI
Format: AbstractFormatSummarySummary (text)AbstractAbstract (text)MEDLINEXMLPMID ListApplySend toChoose DestinationFileClipboardCollectionsE-mailOrderMy BibliographyCitation managerFormatSummary (text)Abstract (text)MEDLINEXMLPMID ListCSVCreate File1 selected item: 9312676FormatSummarySummary (text)AbstractAbstract (text)MEDLINEXMLPMID ListMeSH and Other DataE-mailSubjectAdditional textE-mailDidn't get the message? Find out why...Add to ClipboardAdd to CollectionsOrder articlesAdd to My BibliographyGenerate a file for use with external citation management software.Create File
See comment in PubMed Commons belowN Engl J Med. 1997 Oct 2;337(14):1013-4.Use of Veterans Affairs medical care by enrollees in Medicare HMOs.DeVito CA, Morgan RO, Virnig BA.PMID: 9312676 DOI: 10.1056/NEJM199710023371417 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] Free full textSharePublication Types, MeSH TermsPublication TypesLetterMeSH TermsAgedAged, 80 and overFloridaHealth Maintenance Organizations/utilization*Hospitals, Veterans/utilization*HumansMaleMedicare/utilization*United StatesLinkOut - more resourcesFull Text SourcesAtypon - PDFAtyponOvid Technologies, Inc.Other Literature SourcesCOS Scholar UniverseMedicalMedicare - MedlinePlus Health InformationPubMed Commons home

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Amazon.co.uk: £20 - £50 - Free UK Delivery by Amazon / Paperback / Puzzles & Quizzes / Hobbies...: Books
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Nat King Cole - Nature Boy (NEW 2CD) 3149020937549 | eBay
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Patent US5452248 - Method of operating a nonvolatile semiconductor memory device - Google PatentsSearch Images Maps Play YouTube News Gmail Drive More »Sign inAdvanced Patent SearchPatentsIn this invention, charges are extracted from the charge storage portion by means of F-N tunnel current, and then avalanche hot carriers are injected into the storage portion....http://www.google.com/patents/US5452248?utm_source=gb-gplus-sharePatent US5452248 - Method of operating a nonvolatile semiconductor memory deviceAdvanced Patent SearchPublication numberUS5452248 APublication typeGrantApplication numberUS 07/903,949Publication dateSep 19, 1995Filing dateJun 26, 1992Priority dateJun 27, 1991Fee statusPaidAlso published asDE69217738D1, DE69217738T2, EP0520505A2, EP0520505A3, EP0520505B1, US5623445, US5751636Publication number07903949, 903949, US 5452248 A, US 5452248A, US-A-5452248, US5452248 A, US5452248AInventorsKiyomi Naruke, Tomoko Suzuki, Seiji Yamada, Etsushi Obi, Masamitsu OshikiriOriginal AssigneeKabushiki Kaisha ToshibaExport CitationBiBTeX, EndNote, RefManPatent Citations (10), Non-Patent Citations (6), Referenced by (18), Classifications (21), Legal Events (4) External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, EspacenetMethod of operating a nonvolatile semiconductor memory device
US 5452248 AAbstract
1. A method of operating a nonvolatile semiconductor memory device including a semiconductor substrate of a first conductivity type having source and drain regions of a second conductivity type which define a channel region therebetween, a gate insulator provided on said channel region, electron-holding means provided on said gate insulator, and a control gate insulatively spaced from said electron-holding means, said method comprising the steps of:discharging electrons held in said electron-holding means by applying a voltage between said control gate and one of said source region, said drain region, and said substrate, so that at least one of said source region, said drain region, and said substrate has a potential greater than the potential of said control gate; and then injecting avalanche hot carriers into said electron-holding means in order to converge the potential of said electron-holding means to a predetermined value by applying a voltage between said source region and said drain region so that one of said drain region and said source region is at a higher potential, while simultaneously applying a voltage of 0 volts to said control gate. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein said channel region, when said control gate is applied with 0 volts, carries channel current smaller than that flowing when said control gate is applied with a reading voltage.
3. The method according to claim 2, wherein said avalanche hot carriers are induced by the channel current flowing when said control gate applied with 0 volts.
4. The method according to claim 3, wherein said electron-holding means comprises a floating gate, and said gate insulator comprises an insulating film, and the electrons held in said electron-holding means are discharged into said one of said source region, said drain region and said substrate by applying a voltage between said control gate and said one of said source region, said drain region and said substrate so that said one of said source, said drain region and said substrate region is at a higher potential, to allow F-N tunnel current to flow through said insulating film between said floating gate and said one of said source region, said drain region and said substrate.
5. The method according to claim 4, wherein said avalanche hot carriers include avalanche hot electrons and avalanche hot holes, and said floating gate has a balanced potential at which the amount of said avalanche hot electrons injected into said floating gate balances with the amount of said avalanche hot holes injected into said floating gate, and when the potential of said floating gate after the discharge of said electrons into said one of said source region, said drain region and said substrate is more positive than said balanced potential, more of said avalanche hot electrons than said avalanche hot holes are injected into said floating gate, whereas when the potential of said floating gate is more negative than said balanced potential, more of said avalanche hot holes than said avalanche hot electrons are injected into said floating gate.
6. The method according to claim 5, wherein said electrons are discharged into said one of said source region, said drain region and said substrate so that the potential of said floating gate may be more positive than said balanced potential, to suppress the injection of said avalanche hot holes into said floating gate.
7. The method according to claim 6, wherein an impurity concentration of said channel region is increased thereby inhibiting a threshold voltage decreasing due to the assistance of the potential of said floating gate when the potential of said floating gate is set at positive value close to said balanced potential after said discharge of electrons.
8. A method of erasing and programming a nonvolatile semiconductor memory device, said nonvolatile semiconductor memory device including a semiconductor substrate of a first conductivity type having source and drain regions of a second conductivity type which define a channel region therebetween, a gate insulator provided on said channel region, electron-holding means provided on said gate insulator, and a control gate insulatively spaced from said electron-holding means, said method comprising the steps of:discharging electrons held in said electron-holding means to erase data from said device by applying a voltage between said control gate and one of said source region, said drain region, and said substrate so that at least one of said source region, said drain region, and said substrate has a potential greater than the potential of said control gate; and then injecting avalanche hot carriers into said electron-holding means to converge the potential of said electron-holding means to a predetermined value by applying a voltage between said source region and said drain region so that said source region is at a higher potential than said drain region, while simultaneously applying a voltage of 0 volts to said control gate; and then injecting electrons into said electron-holding means to program data into said device by applying a voltage between said source region and said drain region so that said drain region is at a higher potential, while simultaneously applying a voltage higher than a reading voltage to said control gate. 9. The method according to claim 8, wherein said channel region, when said control gate is applied with 0 volts, carries channel current smaller than that flowing when said control gate is applied with the reading voltage.
10. The method according to claim 9, wherein said avalanche hot carriers are induced by the channel current flowing when said control gate is applied with 0 volts.
11. The method according to claim 10, wherein said electron-holding means comprises a floating gate, and said gate insulator comprises an insulating film, and the electrons held in said electron-holding means are discharged into said one of said source region, said drain region and said substrate by applying a voltage between said control gate and said one of said source region, said drain region and said substrate so that said one of said source region, said drain region and said substrate region is at a higher potential, to allow F-N tunnel current to flow through said insulating film between said floating gate and said one of said source region, said drain region and said substrate.
12. The method according to claim 11, wherein said avalanche hot carriers include avalanche hot electrons and avalanche hot holes, and said floating gate has a balanced potential at which the amount of said avalanche hot electrons injected into said floating gate balances with the amount of said avalanche hot holes injected into said floating gate, and when the potential of said floating gate after the discharge of said electrons into said one of said source region, said drain region and said substrate is more positive than said balanced potential, more of said avalanche hot electrons than said avalanche hot holes are injected into said floating gate, whereas when the potential of said floating gate is more negative than said balanced potential, more of said avalanche hot holes than said avalanche hot electrons are injected into said floating gate.
13. The method according to claim 12, wherein said electrons are discharged into said one of said source region, said drain region and said substrate so that the potential of said floating gate may be more positive than said balanced potential, to suppress the injection of said avalanche hot holes into said floating gate.
14. The method according to claim 13, wherein an impurity concentration of said channel region is increased, thereby inhibiting a threshold voltage decreasing due to the assistance the potential of said floating gate when the potential of said floating gate is set at positive value closed to said balanced potential after said discharge of electrons.
15. The method according to claim 8, wherein said injected electrons for programming the data for said device are channel hot electrons.
16. A method of erasing and programming a nonvolatile semiconductor memory device, said nonvolatile semiconductor memory device including a semiconductor substrate of a first conductivity type having source and drain regions of a second conductivity type which define a channel region therebetween, a gate insulator provided on said channel region, electron-holding means provided on said gate insulator, and a control gate insulatively spaced from said electron-holding means, said method comprising the steps of:injecting avalanche hot carriers into said electron-holding means by applying a voltage between said source region and said drain region so that said source region is at a higher potential, while simultaneously applying a voltage of 0 volts to said control gate; and then discharging electrons held in said electron-holding means to erase data from said device by applying a voltage between said control gate and one of said source region, said drain region, and said substrate so that said one of said source region, said drain region, and said substrate has a potential greater than a potential of said control gate; and then injecting hot channel electrons into said electron-holding means to program the device by applying a voltage between said source region and said drain region so that said drain region is at a higher potential, while simultaneously applying a voltage higher than a reading voltage to said control gate. 17. The method according to claim 16, wherein said channel region, when 0 volts is applied to said control gate, carries channel current smaller than that flowing when said control gate is applied with the reading voltage.
18. The method according to claim 17, wherein said avalanche hot carriers are induced by said channel current.
19. The method according to claim 18, wherein said electron-holding means comprises a floating gate, and said gate insulator comprises an insulating film, and the electrons held in said electron-holding means are discharged into said one of said source region, said drain region and said substrate by applying a voltage between said control gate and said one of said source region, said drain region and said substrate so that said one of said source, said drain region and said substrate region is at a higher potential, to allow F-N tunnel current to flow through said insulating film between said floating gate and said one of said source region, said drain region and said substrate.
20. The method according to claim 19, wherein said avalanche hot carriers include avalanche hot electrons and avalanche hot holes, and said floating gate has a balanced potential at which the amount of said avalanche hot electrons injected into said floating gate balances with the amount of said avalanche hot holes injected into said floating gate, and when the potential of said floating gate after the discharge of said electrons into said one of said source region, said drain region and said substrate is more positive than said balanced potential, more of said avalanche hot electrons than said avalanche hot holes are injected into said floating gate, whereas when the potential of said floating gate is more negative than said balanced potential, more of said avalanche hot holes than said avalanche hot electrons are injected into said floating gate.
21. The method according to claim 20, wherein said electrons are discharged into said one of said source region, said drain region and substrate so that the potential of said floating gate is more positive than said balanced potential in order to suppress the injection of said avalanche hot holes into said floating gate.
22. The method according to claim 21, wherein an impurity concentration of said channel region is increased, thereby inhibiting a threshold voltage decreasing due to the assistance of the potential of said floating gate when the potential of said floating gate is set at positive value close to said balanced potential after said discharge of electrons.
23. An electrically erasable/programmable nonvolatile semiconductor memory device comprising:a semiconductor substrate; a memory cell array comprising a plurality of memory cells formed on said semiconductor substrate, each memory cell comprising:source and drain regions formed on said semiconductor substrate which define a channel region therebetween; an electron-holding means; and a control gate insulatively spaced from said channel region; a tunnel erase control circuit for controlling the respective potentials of said substrate and of said control gate, said source region, and said drain region each cell within said memory cell array to discharge electrons stored in said electron-holding means by Fowler-Nordheim tunnel current; an avalanche hot carrier injection control circuit for controlling the respective potentials of said substrate and of said control gate, said source region, and said drain region of each cell within said memory cell array to balance the potential of said electron-holding means such that the amount of avalanche hot electrons injected into said electron-holding means balances with the amount of avalanche hot holes injected into said electron-holding means, said avalanche hot carrier injection control circuit applying a voltage of 0 volts to said control gate and a voltage higher than the voltage of said control gate to said source region to inject avalanche hot electrons into said electron-holding means; and data erasure control means for sequentially activating/deactivating said tunnel erase control circuit and said avalanche hot carrier injection control circuit. 24. A nonvolatile semiconductor memory device comprising:a semiconductor substrate of a first conductivity type having source and drain regions of a second conductivity type which define a channel region therebetween; a gate insulator provided on said channel region; an electron-holding means provided on said gate insulator; a control gate insulatively spaced from said electron-holding means; means for discharging electrons held in said electron-holding means by applying a voltage between said control gate and one of said source region, said drain region, and said substrate, so that at least one of said source region, said drain region, and said substrate has a potential greater than the potential of said control gate; and means for injecting avalanche hot carriers into said electron-holding means in order to converge the potential of said electron-holding means to a predetermined value by applying a voltage between said source region and said drain region so that said source region is at a higher potential, while simultaneously applying a voltage of 0 volts to said control gate. 25. A nonvolatile semiconductor memory device comprising:a semiconductor substrate of a first conductivity type having source and drain regions of a second conductivity type which define a channel region therebetween; a gate insulator provided on said channel region; an electron-holding means provided on said gate insulator; a control gate insulatively spaced from said electron-holding means; means for discharging electrons held in said electron-holding means to erase data from said device by applying a voltage between said control gate and one of said source region, said drain region, and said substrate so that said one of said source region, said drain region, and said substrate has a potential greater than the potential of said control gate; means for injecting avalanche hot carriers into said electron-holding means to converge the potential of said electron-holding means to a predetermined value by applying a voltage between said source region and said drain region so that said source region is at a higher potential, while simultaneously applying a voltage of 0 volts to said control gate; and means for injecting electrons into said electron-holding means to program data into said device by applying a voltage between said source region and said drain region so that said drain region is at a higher potential, while simultaneously applying a voltage higher than a reading voltage to said control gate. 26. A method of operating a nonvolatile semiconductor memory device including a semiconductor substrate of a first conductivity type having source and drain regions of a second conductivity type which define a channel region therebetween, a gate insulator provided on said channel region, carrier-holding means provided on said gate insulator, and a control gate insulatively spaced from said carrier-holding means, said method comprising the steps of:discharging carriers held in said carder-holding means by applying a voltage between said control gate and one of said source region, said drain region and said substrate, to generate Fowler-Nordheim tunnel current; and injecting avalanche hot carriers into said carrier-holding means, in order to converge the potential of said carrier-holding means to a predetermined value, by applying a voltage between said source and drain region so that one of said drain region and said source region is at a higher potential, while simultaneously applying a voltage of 0 volts to said control gate. 27. The method according to claim 26, wherein said data is erased from said memory device in said discharging step, and the threshold value of said memory device whose data is erased tends to converge to a particular threshold value.
28. The method according to claim 27, wherein said avalanche hot carriers are induced by a channel current.
29. A method of operating a nonvolatile semiconductor memory device including a semiconductor substrate of a first conductivity type having a source and drain regions of a second conductivity type which define a channel region therebetween, a gate insulator provided on said channel region, a floating gate provided on said gate insulator, and a control gate insulatively spaced from said floating gate, said method comprising the steps of:discharging electrons held in said floating gate by applying a voltage between said control gate and one of said source region, said drain region, and said substrate, so that at least one of said source region, said drain region, and said substrate has a potential greater than the potential of said control gate; and then injecting avalanche hot carriers into said floating gate in order to converge the potential of said floating gate to a predetermined value by applying a voltage between said source region and said drain region so that one of said drain region and said source region is at a higher potential, while simultaneously applying a voltage of 0 volts to said control gate. 30. A method of operating a nonvolatile semiconductor memory device including a semiconductor substrate of a first conductivity type having source and drain regions of a second conductivity type which define a channel region therebetween, a gate insulator provided on said channel region, a floating gate provided on said gate insulator, and a control gate insulatively spaced from said floating gate, said method comprising the steps of:discharging electrons held in said floating gate by applying a voltage between said control gate and one of said source region, said drain region, and said substrate, so that at least one of said source region, said drain region, and said substrate has a potential greater than the potential of said control gate; and then injecting avalanche hot carriers into said floating gate from said source region in order to converge the potential of said floating gate to a predetermined value by applying a voltage between said source region and said drain region so that said source region is at a higher potential, while simultaneously applying a voltage of 0 volts to said control gate. 31. A nonvolatile semiconductor memory device comprising:a semiconductor substrate of a first conductivity type having first and second regions of a second conductivity type which define a channel region therebetween; a gate insulator provided on said channel region; an electron-holding means provided on said gate insulator; a control gate insulatively spaced from said electron-holding means; means for discharging electrons held in said electron-holding means to erase data from said device by applying a voltage between said control gate and said first region, said first region having a potential higher than the potential of said control gate, the electrons held in said electron-holding means being discharged to said first region; means for injecting avalanche hot carriers into said electron-holding means to converge the potential of said electron-holding means to a predetermined value by applying a voltage between said first region and said second region so that said first region is at a higher potential, while simultaneously applying a voltage of 0 volts to said control gate, said avalanche hot carriers being injected from said first region to said electron-holding means; and means for injecting electrons from said second region into said electron-holding means to program data into said device by applying a voltage between said first region and said second region so that said second region is at a higher potential, while simultaneously applying a voltage higher than a reading voltage to said control gate. 32. A method of erasing and programming a nonvolatile semiconductor memory device, said nonvolatile semiconductor memory device including a semiconductor substrate of a first conductivity type having first and second regions of a second conductivity type which define a channel region therebetween, a gate insulator provided on said channel region, electron-holding means provided on said gate insulator, and a control gate insulatively spaced from said electron-holding means, said method comprising the steps of:discharging electrons held in said electron-holding means to erase data from said device by applying a voltage between said control gate and said first region so that said first region has a potential greater than the potential of said control gate, the electrons held in said electron-holding means being discharged to said first region; and then injecting avalanche hot carriers into said electron-holding means to converge the potential of said electron-holding means to a predetermined value by applying a voltage between said first region and said second region so that said first region is at a higher potential than said drain region, while simultaneously applying a voltage of 0 volts to said control gate, said avalanche hot carriers being injected from said first region to said electron-holding means; and then injecting electrons from said second region into said electron-holding means to program data into said device by applying a voltage between said first region and said second region so that said second region is at a higher potential, while simultaneously applying a voltage higher than a reading voltage to said control gate. 33. The method according to claim 16, wherein said injected electrons for programming the data for said device are channel hot electrons.
First, at step 1, the data is written into all cells. This is done to prevent overerasure of the data by injecting electrons into the floating gates 6 of all cells and then extracting electrons. This action is called preprogramming.
FIG. 7 is a flowchart for the operation off the erasing action control section;
As shown in FIG. 4, a plurality of memory cells 12 (121 to 12n) are arranged in matrix form on a chip 10.
The area where memory cells 121 to 12n are arranged in matrix form is called a memory cell array 14. Provided around the memory cell array 14 are a column decoder 16 for selecting the bit lines BL in the memory cell array 14, a row decoder 18 for selecting the word lines WL, and a mode select circuit 20 for selecting one of the write, erase, and read modes. The mode select circuit 20, which is connected to a data write/read circuit 22 and a data erase circuit 24, supplies a signal activating the write/read circuit in the data write/read operation and a signal activating the data erase circuit in the erase operation. The data erase circuit 24 is composed of a Fowler-Nordheim (hereinafter, abbreviated as F-N) tunnel erase control circuit 26 and an AHC injection control circuit 28. How the data in the flash EEPROM is erased will be explained below.
As shown in FIG. 9, an erase signal E is supplied to the F-N tunnel erase circuit 26 and a first input of an AND gate 29. The F-N tunnel erase circuit 26, which is activated by the erase signal E, produces a signal A. The signal A is used to set the respective potentials of the gate, source, and drain of the memory cell 12 so that the data may be erased by F-N tunnel current. The signal A is supplied to the input of an inverter 27. During the time when signal A is at the high (H) level, data erasure by F-N tunnel current is carried out. The inverter 27 supplies a low (L) level signal to a second input of the AND gate 29. The F-N tunnel erase circuit 26 measures a particular erase time, and brings the signal A to a low level after the particular erase time has elapsed. When the signal A is brought to a low level, the data erasure by F-N tunnel current has completed. When the inverter 27 supplies a high level signal to the second input of the AND gate 29, both inputs of the AND gate 29 are supplied with high level signals, which causes the AND gate 29 to supply a high level signal to the AHC injection control circuit 28. The AHC injection control circuit 28, which is activated by the high level signal, supplies a signal B. During the time when signal B is at a high level, the threshold value is tuned by AHC injection. The AHC injection control circuit 28 measures a particular tuning time, and brings the signal B to a low level after the particular tuning time has elapsed. The device recognizes the completion of data erasure from the falling of the signal B, and brings the erase signal E to a low level.
As shown in FIGS. 14 and 15, when the source diffused layer 103 of the MOSFET is grounded and the drain diffused layer 105 is applied with, for example, 6 V, channel electrons are accelerated in the vicinity of the drain diffused layer 105, generating AHCs, or AHEs (e) and AHHs (h) as a result of ionization by collision. Both AHEs and AHHs are injected into the gate with the injection efficiency depending on the gate voltage. The gate voltage has a balanced voltage Vg* at which AHE injection balances with AHH injection. When the gate voltage Vg is lower than the balanced voltage Vg*, AHHs (h) are predominantly injected into the gate 110, allowing the gate current Ig to flow. Conversely, when the gate voltage Vg is higher than the balanced voltage Vg*, AHEs (e) are predominantly injected into the gate 110, allowing the gate current Ig in a similar manner. When the gate voltage Vg is much higher than the balanced voltage Vg* carriers are sufficiently accelerated at the channel and turned into channel hot carriers (in this example, channel hot electrons CHEs because an n-type channel MOSFET is used), which are then injected into the gate 110, allowing the gate current Ig to flow.
The initial threshold voltage Vthint immediately after F-N tunnel erasing may be either lower or higher than the balanced threshold voltage Vth* as explained in the above embodiments. Since AHE injection efficiency is higher than AHH injection efficiency, it is desirable that the initial threshold voltage Vthint should be set lower than the balanced threshold voltage Vth* to allow AHE injection to take place predominantly. When AHH injection is decreased by enabling AHE injection to occur predominantly, the trapping of holes into the gate oxide film or the like is suppressed, thereby preventing the gate oxide film from deteriorating.
The VFG -AHC relationship illustrating in FIG. 22A results from the fact that the AHC injected is proportional to the product of the AHC and the AHC-injection efficiency shown in FIGS. 22A and 22B, respectively. Since the channel-impurity concentration is low, a channel current starts flowing at a low floating-gate voltage. At a low floating-gate voltage, both the AHH and the AHH-injection efficiency increase, and the AHH can readily be injected. At a high floating-gate voltage, on the other hand, both the AHE and the AHE-injection efficiency increases, and the injection of the AHE is predominant.
FIG. 25 is a flowchart covering the erase and write operations. FIG. 26 shows the relationship between the erase operation of FIG. 25 and the cell threshold value.
As shown in FIGS. 25 and 26, electrons are simultaneously extracted by F-N tunnel current from the written cells and erased cells (ST. 1). Then, AHCs are injected into the just erased cells to tune the threshold value (ST. 2). Next, the control gate of the selected cell is applied with a program voltage of, for example, 10 V, the source diffused layer is grounded, and the drain diffused layer is applied with an operating voltage of, for example, 5 V, to accelerate channel electrons to generate channel hot electrons (CHEs), which are then injected into the cell to write the data (ST. 3). The data may be written by applying 10.5 V to the control gate, and 5.0 to the drain diffused layer, and leaving the source diffused layer open to break down the junction of the drain diffused layer and substrate to generate AHEs, which are then injected into the cell. These AHEs differ in their source from the AHEs used in tuning the threshold value. That is, the AHEs used for threshold value tuning are generated by channel current, whereas those used in writing the data are produced by breakdown current. When the voltage of the control gate is lower than the threshold value, the potential of the floating gate converges at the balanced potential VFG*. When the voltage of the control gate is higher than the threshold value, however, AHEs are accelerated more heavily, so that more AHEs are injected into the floating gate. As a result, the potential of the floating gate is shifted toward a written potential lower than the balanced potential.
With this method, after the data is erased by F-N current, there is variation in the threshold value of the erased cells. However, the process of raising the threshold value by AHC injection as with the method shown in FIG. 25, prevents the cells from being overerased.
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Yamada et al., A Self-Convergence Erasing Scheme For A Simple Stacked Gate Flash EEPROM, 1991 International Electron Devices Meeting, Article No. 11.4.1, pp. 307-310, Dec. 1991.* Cited by examinerReferenced byCiting PatentFiling datePublication dateApplicantTitleUS5650964 *Jun 7, 1995Jul 22, 1997Advanced Micro Devices, Inc.Process for discharging a floating gate active semiconductor deviceUS5680350 *Dec 14, 1994Oct 21, 1997Micron Technology, Inc.Method for narrowing threshold voltage distribution in a block erased flash memory arrayUS5719807 *Jul 25, 1996Feb 17, 1998Sgs-Thomson Microelectronics S.R.L.Flash EEPROM with controlled discharge time of the word lines and source potentials after eraseUS5815440 *Mar 24, 1997Sep 29, 1998Fujitsu LimitedSemiconductor memory device with electrically controllable threshold voltageUS5930169 *Feb 9, 1998Jul 27, 1999Kabushiki Kaisha ToshibaNonvolatile semiconductor memory device capable of improving of chip's lifetime and method of operating the sameUS5930173 *May 15, 1997Jul 27, 1999Nec CorporationNon-volatile semiconductor memory device having trapped charges pulled outUS5933367 *Mar 18, 1998Aug 3, 1999Nec CorporationErasing method in nonvolatile semiconductor memory deviceUS5999456 *Oct 3, 1997Dec 7, 1999Stmicroelectronics S.R.L.Flash EEPROM with controlled discharge time of the word lines and source potentials after eraseUS6288945Dec 10, 1999Sep 11, 2001Fujitsu LimitedNonvolatile semiconductor memory device having electrically and collectively erasable characteristicsUS6414874Apr 12, 2001Jul 2, 2002Fujitsu LimitedNonvolatile semiconductor memory device having electrically and collectively erasable characteristicsUS6563738May 20, 2002May 13, 2003Fujitsu LimitedNonvolatile semiconductor memory device having electrically and collectively erasable characteristicsUS6611464Oct 7, 2002Aug 26, 2003Fujitsu LimitedNonvolatile semiconductor memory device having electrically and collectively erasable characteristicsUS6618288Oct 7, 2002Sep 9, 2003Fujitsu LimitedNonvolatile semiconductor memory device having electrically and collectively erasable characteristicsUS6646920Oct 7, 2002Nov 11, 2003Fujitsu LimitedNonvolatile semiconductor memory device having electrically and collectively erasable characteristicsUS6711060 *Mar 13, 2002Mar 23, 2004Renesas Technology Corp.Non-volatile semiconductor memory and methods of driving, operating, and manufacturing this memoryUS6784483 *Sep 4, 2002Aug 31, 2004Macronix International Co., Ltd.Method for preventing hole and electron movement in NROM devicesUS7529136Aug 24, 2007May 5, 2009Rino MicheloniMethod for compacting the erased threshold voltage distribution of flash memory devices during writing operationsCN100446253CJul 1, 2005Dec 24, 2008马维尔世界贸易股份有限公司Semiconductor device, nonvolatile storage unit and operation method thereof* Cited by examinerClassifications U.S. Classification365/185.18, 365/185.09, 257/E29.306, 365/185.24, 365/185.29, 257/E27.103, 365/185.27International ClassificationG11C16/16, H01L29/788, H01L27/115, G11C16/34Cooperative ClassificationG11C16/16, G11C16/3404, H01L29/7885, G11C16/3409, H01L27/115European ClassificationG11C16/34C2, G11C16/16, G11C16/34C, H01L29/788B6B, H01L27/115Legal EventsDateCodeEventDescriptionFeb 26, 2007FPAYFee paymentYear of fee payment: 12Dec 25, 2002FPAYFee paymentYear of fee payment: 8Mar 8, 1999FPAYFee paymentYear of fee payment: 4Jun 26, 1992ASAssignmentOwner name: KABUSHIKI KAISHA TOSHIA A CORP. OF JAPAN, JAPANFree format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNORS:NARUKE, KIYOMI;SUZUKI, TOMOKO;YAMADA, SEIJI;AND OTHERS;REEL/FRAME:006199/0809Effective date: 19920622RotateOriginal ImageGoogle Home - Sitemap - USPTO Bulk Downloads - Privacy Policy - Terms of Service - About Google Patents - Send FeedbackData provided by IFI CLAIMS Patent Services


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