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pierogen comments on My watchface prototypejump to contentmy subredditsannouncementsArtAskRedditaskscienceawwblogbookscreepydataisbeautifulDIYDocumentariesEarthPornexplainlikeimfiveFitnessfoodfunnyFuturologygadgetsgamingGetMotivatedgifshistoryIAmAInternetIsBeautifulJokesLifeProTipslistentothismildlyinterestingmoviesMusicnewsnosleepnottheonionOldSchoolCoolpersonalfinancephilosophyphotoshopbattlespicsscienceShowerthoughtsspacesportstelevisiontifutodayilearnedTwoXChromosomesUpliftingNewsvideosworldnewsWritingPromptsedit subscriptionsfront-all-random | AskReddit-funny-pics-todayilearned-worldnews-videos-gifs-gaming-aww-news-movies-Showerthoughts-tifu-mildlyinteresting-television-Jokes-Music-explainlikeimfive-photoshopbattles-food-LifeProTips-nottheonion-IAmA-space-OldSchoolCool-Futurology-books-science-EarthPorn-TwoXChromosomes-Fitness-dataisbeautiful-DIY-WritingPrompts-personalfinance-creepy-UpliftingNews-Art-sports-InternetIsBeautiful-history-Documentaries-askscience-nosleep-GetMotivated-listentothis-gadgets-philosophy-announcements-blogmore » pebblecommentsrelatedWant to join? Log in or sign up in seconds.|Englishlimit my search to /r/pebbleuse the following search parameters to narrow your results:subreddit:subredditfind submissions in "subreddit"author:usernamefind submissions by "username"site:example.comfind submissions from "example.com"url:textsearch for "text" in urlselftext:textsearch for "text" in self post contentsself:yes (or self:no)include (or exclude) self postsnsfw:yes (or nsfw:no)include (or exclude) results marked as NSFWe.g. subreddit:aww site:imgur.com dogsee the search faq for details.advanced search: by author, subreddit...this post was submitted on 14 Jan 201351 points (90% upvoted)shortlink: remember mereset passwordloginSubmit a new linkSubmit a new text postpebblesubscribeunsubscribe27,659 readers~91 users here now/r/pebble
created by pebble steel stainlessClapyourhandssayyeaha community for 3 yearsmessage the moderatorsMODERATORSpebble steel stainlessClapyourhandssayyeahpebble gray kickstarterHeaiserNexus 6/Android M Preview 2eMinjaiOSGuv_BubbsiOSspangbornabout moderation team »discussions in /r/pebble<>X13 points · 20 comments Adventure for Pebble now available on the App Store!13 points · 12 comments I do love my PTR!5 points · 2 comments Anyone else feel that Pebble is really refining these core functions to make a more solid OS rather than trying to pack in a bunch of features.6 points · 5 comments the quick-release pin of my stainless watchband is broken... So sad today... can i fix it? >.<4 points Anyone know how to display lyrics on pebble?If any of you devs have the time, I think these Ewok warchfaces are absolutely gorgeous3 points (PTS) Go Broncos6 points · 2 comments Slides of Time no longer compatible with OG Steel?29 points · 26 comments New pebble steel accessory3 points · 3 comments New low battery alert?This is an archived post. You won't be able to vote or comment.
505152My watchface prototype (dl.dropbox.com)submitted 3 years ago by pierogen33 commentssharesorry, this has been archived and can no longer be voted onloading...sorted by: besttopnewcontroversialoldrandomq&ayou are viewing a single comment's thread.view the rest of the comments →[–]sturmeh 1 point2 points3 points 3 years ago (3 children)sorry, this has been archived and can no longer be voted onThat's awesome!
Although I think making the hour indicator a little less ... ugly, might be in order. :P
permalinkembedsavegive gold[–]pierogen[S] 0 points1 point2 points 3 years ago (2 children)sorry, this has been archived and can no longer be voted onProbably, but it's hard to find the right balance so that the hour 'pops' from the minutes
permalinkembedsaveparentgive gold[–]charoygbiv 2 points3 points4 points 3 years ago (1 child)sorry, this has been archived and can no longer be voted onAs another suggestion, you could rotate the chocolate into a diamond shape for whatever hour it is.
permalinkembedsaveparentgive gold[–]pierogen[S] 0 points1 point2 points 3 years ago (0 children)sorry, this has been archived and can no longer be voted onthat's an interesting concept!
permalinkembedsaveparentgive goldaboutblogaboutvaluesteamsource codeadvertisejobshelpsite rulesFAQwikireddiquettetransparencycontact usapps & toolsAlien Blue iOS appmobile betabuttons<3reddit goldreddit storeredditgiftsUse of this site constitutes acceptance of our User Agreement and Privacy Policy (updated). © 2016 reddit inc. All rights reserved.REDDIT and the ALIEN Logo are registered trademarks of reddit inc.create a new accountusername:password:verify password:email: (optional)remember meget the best of reddit emailed to you once a week. learn moresign uplog inusername:password:remember mereset passwordlog inBy signing up, you agree to our Terms and that you have read our Privacy Policy and Content Policy.English [en]العربية [ar]Беларуская мова [be]български език [bg]Bosanski [bs]català [ca]česky [cs]dansk [da]Deutsch [de]Ελληνικά [el]English (Australia) [en-au]English (Canadian) [en-ca]English (Great Britain) [en-gb]English [en-us]Esperanto [eo]español [es]español [es-ar]eesti keel [et]Euskara [eu]فارسی [fa]suomi [fi]français [fr]Gàidhlig [gd]עברית [he]मानक हिन्दी [hi]hrvatski [hr]Magyar [hu]Հայերեն լեզու [hy]Bahasa Indonesia [id]íslenska [is]italiano (Italy) [it]日本語 [ja]ಕನ್ನಡ [kn_IN]한국어 [ko]Latin [la]1337 [leet]LOL [lol]lietuvių kalba [lt]latviešu valoda [lv]Nederlands [nl]Nynorsk [nn]Norsk [no]Arrrrrrrr! [pir]polski [pl]português [pt] (*)português [pt-pt]português brasileiro [pt_BR]română [ro]русский [ru]slovenčina [sk]slovenščina [sl]српски језик [sr]Srpski [sr-la]Svenska [sv]தமிழ் [ta]ภาษาไทย [th]Türkçe [tr]українська мова [uk]Tiếng Việt [vi]中文 [zh] (*) incomplete volunteer to translateπ Rendered by PID 7978 on app-309 at 2016-02-08 04:49:00.777792+00:00 running 32fec41 country code: US.

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Tempo Cafe Essential Rocket Blender Food Processor | eBay Please enable JavaScript Our new search experience requires JavaScript to be enabled. Please enable JavaScript on your browser, then try again.
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Carpet (1,154)
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The first examples of Nazarov cyclizations leading to annulated pyrroles. - PubMed - NCBI
Format: AbstractFormatSummarySummary (text)AbstractAbstract (text)MEDLINEXMLPMID ListApplySend toChoose DestinationFileClipboardCollectionsE-mailOrderMy BibliographyCitation managerFormatSummary (text)Abstract (text)MEDLINEXMLPMID ListCSVCreate File1 selected item: 16381593FormatSummarySummary (text)AbstractAbstract (text)MEDLINEXMLPMID ListMeSH and Other DataE-mailSubjectAdditional textE-mailDidn't get the message? Find out why...Add to ClipboardAdd to CollectionsOrder articlesAdd to My BibliographyGenerate a file for use with external citation management software.Create File
See comment in PubMed Commons belowOrg Lett. 2006 Jan 5;8(1):163-6.The first examples of Nazarov cyclizations leading to annulated pyrroles.Song C1, Knight DW, Whatton MA.Author information1School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main College, UK.Abstract[reaction: see text] Reactions between alpha-substituted unsaturated carboxylic acids 20 and N-tosylpyrroles [14, 23] in the presence of trifluoroacetic anhydride result in smooth alpha-acylation of the pyrrole, followed by Nazarov cyclization to give 50-80% yields of cyclopenta[b]pyrroles. The presence of an alpha-substituent in the unsaturated acid appears to be mandatory.PMID: 16381593 DOI: 10.1021/ol052683z [PubMed] ShareLinkOut - more resourcesFull Text SourcesAmerican Chemical SocietyOther Literature SourcesCOS Scholar UniversePubMed Commons home

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Central German football championship - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Central Germany, Duderstadt, Neustadt bei Coburg
The Central German football championship (German: Mitteldeutsche Fußball Meisterschaft) was the highest association football competition in Central Germany, in what is now the federal states of Saxony, Saxony-Anhalt and Thuringia, established in 1902. The competition was disbanded in 1933 with the rise of the Nazis to power.
3.1 1902 to 1919
3.2 1920 to 1933
4 Central German football champions

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Patent US5651347 - Fuel supply apparatus for internal combustion engine - Google PatentsSearch Images Maps Play YouTube News Gmail Drive More »Sign inAdvanced Patent SearchPatentsAccording to the present invention, a fuel supply apparatus includes a fuel pump, a delivery pipe to distribute the fuel to each injector of the engine by receiving fuel supply by the fuel pump, a pressure sensor to detect the fuel pressure supplied to the delivery pipe, and a check valve disposed in...http://www.google.com/patents/US5651347?utm_source=gb-gplus-sharePatent US5651347 - Fuel supply apparatus for internal combustion engineAdvanced Patent SearchPublication numberUS5651347 APublication typeGrantApplication numberUS 08/654,269Publication dateJul 29, 1997Filing dateMay 28, 1996Priority dateMay 30, 1995Fee statusPaidPublication number08654269, 654269, US 5651347 A, US 5651347A, US-A-5651347, US5651347 A, US5651347AInventorsKiyotoshi Oi, Kazuji Minagawa, Masao YonekawaOriginal AssigneeNippondenso Co., Ltd.Export CitationBiBTeX, EndNote, RefManPatent Citations (14), Referenced by (23), Classifications (17), Legal Events (4) External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, EspacenetFuel supply apparatus for internal combustion engine
US 5651347 AAbstract
According to the present invention, a fuel supply apparatus includes a fuel pump, a delivery pipe to distribute the fuel to each injector of the engine by receiving fuel supply by the fuel pump, a pressure sensor to detect the fuel pressure supplied to the delivery pipe, and a check valve disposed in the fuel discharge pipe of the fuel pump to prevent counterflow of the fuel from the delivery pipe. The amount of fuel discharged from the fuel pump is controlled to maintain the fuel pressure in the delivery pipe at a set value during fuel injection. At the stop of the engine, the amount of fuel discharged from the fuel pump is substantially reduced to zero, and the pressure of the fuel from the fuel pump is gradually reduced. After the pressure of the fuel discharged from the fuel pump reaches a predetermined value, the fuel pump stops. In this way the internal pressure of the delivery pipe is prevented from excessively rising without exterior parts such as a relief valve disposed outside of the fuel pump.
1. A fuel supply apparatus for supplying fuel to an internal combustion engine comprising:a fuel injection valve for injecting fuel to be supplied to said internal combustion engine; a fuel pump for discharging and supplying fuel with said fuel injection valve; discharged fuel pressure control means for controlling a pressure of fuel from said fuel pump; a check valve for preventing counterflow of fuel from said fuel injection valve; and pump control means for stopping said fuel pump after reducing pressure of said fuel pump gradually at a stop of the fuel supply to said internal combustion engine. 2. A fuel supply apparatus for an internal combustion engine according to claim 1, wherein said pump control means stops said fuel pump after said pressure of discharged fuel reaches a predetermined value.
3. A fuel supply apparatus for an internal combustion engine according to claim 1, wherein said pump control means reduces voltage applied to said fuel pump at a predetermined rate from a voltage value just before said internal combustion engine stops.
4. A fuel supply apparatus for an internal combustion engine according to claim 1, further comprising:delay means for delaying a responsive movement of said check valve at said stop of the fuel supply. 5. A fuel supply apparatus for an internal combustion engine according to claim 4, wherein;said check valve includes: a housing having a passage therein, one end of said passage being a discharge opening which leads to said fuel injection valve; a bar-shaped base disposed in said housing; and a valve portion connected to said bar-shaped base to open and close said discharge opening at said stop of the fuel supply. 6. A fuel supply apparatus for an internal combustion engine according to claim 5, wherein;fuel pressure is applied to said check valve so as to close said discharge opening at said stop of the fuel supply. 7. A fuel supply apparatus for an internal combustion engine according to claim 5, wherein;said delay means includes:a cylindrical wall having a closed end, to which said bar-shaped base is inserted said outer periphery of said bar-shaped base so as to form a pressure chamber therebetween for accumulating fuel pressure to close said check valve; restricting means for restricting fuel pressure from entering said pressure chamber at said stop of the fuel supply. 8. A fuel supply apparatus for an internal combustion engine according to claim 7, wherein said restricting means is defined by a clearance between an inner surface of said cylindrical wall and outer peripheral surface of said bar-shaped base.
9. A fuel supply apparatus for an internal combustion engine according to claim 8, wherein said cylindrical wall includes a through hole to release fuel pressure in said pressure chamber after said bar-shaped base moves slowly with a predetermined distance.
10. A fuel supply apparatus for an internal combustion engine according to claim 7, wherein;said closed end of said cylindrical wall includes a fuel flow hole; and a valve member disposed in said fuel flow hole for allowing fuel flow out of only from said fuel flow hole. 11. A fuel supply apparatus for an internal combustion engine according to claim 1, wherein said check valve is disposed at a tilting position from a perpendicular position.
12. A fuel supply apparatus for supplying fuel to an internal combustion engine comprising:a fuel injection valve for injecting fuel to be supplied to said internal combustion engine; a fuel pump for discharging and supplying fuel with said fuel injection valve; fuel pressure adjusting means for adjusting said pressure of fuel supplied to said fuel injection valve while a fuel supply is performed by said fuel injection valve; a check valve for preventing counterflow of fuel from said fuel injection valve; pressure reducing means for reducing the pressure of fuel discharged from said fuel pump gradually at a stop of the fuel supply to said internal combustion engine; and stop means for stopping said fuel pump after said pressure of fuel discharged from said is reduced to a predetermined value. 13. A fuel supply apparatus for an internal combustion engine according to claim 12, wherein said pump control means reduces voltage applied to said fuel pump at a predetermined rate from a voltage value just before said internal combustion engine stops.
14. A fuel supply apparatus for an internal combustion engine according to claim 12, further comprising:delay means for delaying a responsive movement of said check valve at said stop of the fuel supply. 15. A fuel supply apparatus for an internal combustion engine according to claim 14, wherein;said check valve includes:a housing having a passage therein, one end of said passage being a discharge opening which leads to said fuel injection valve; a bar-shaped base disposed in said housing; and a valve portion connected to said bar-shaped base to open and close said discharge opening at said stop of the fuel supply. 16. A fuel supply apparatus for supplying fuel to an internal combustion according to claim 15, wherein said check valve is opened while said pressure reducing means reduces said pressure of fuel discharged from said fuel pump gradually.
17. A fuel supply apparatus for supplying fuel to an internal combustion engine comprising:a fuel injection valve for injecting fuel to be supplied to said internal combustion engine; a fuel pump for discharging and supplying fuel with said fuel injection valve; fuel pressure detecting means for detecting a pressure of fuel supplied to said fuel injection valve; fuel pressure adjusting means for adjusting said pressure of fuel supplied to said fuel injection valve to a constant value while said fuel injection is performed by said fuel injection valve; a check valve for preventing counterflow of fuel from said fuel injection valve; pressure reducing means for reducing the pressure of fuel discharged from said fuel pump gradually at a stop of the fuel supply to said internal combustion engine; and stop means for stopping said fuel pump after said pressure of fuel discharged from said is reduced to a predetermined value. 18. A fuel supply apparatus for an internal combustion engine according to claim 17, wherein said pump control means reduces voltage applied to said fuel pump at a fixed rate from a voltage value just before said internal combustion engine stops.
19. A fuel supply apparatus for an internal combustion engine according to claim 17, further comprising:delay means for delaying a responsive movement of said check valve at said stop of the fuel supply. 20. A fuel supply apparatus for an internal combustion engine according to claim 19, wherein;said check valve includes:a housing having a passage therein, one end of said passage being a discharge opening which leads to said fuel injection valve; a bar-shaped base disposed in said housing; and a valve portion connected to said bar-shaped base to open and close said discharge opening at said stop of the fuel supply. Description
This application is based upon and claims priority of Japanese Patent Application No. Hei. 7-132349 filed on May 30, 1995, the content of which is incorporated herein by reference.
The present invention relates to a fuel supply apparatus for an internal combustion engine, especially to an improved structure of the fuel supply apparatus to maintain supplied fuel pressure at a set value by detecting the fuel pressure supplied to a delivery pipe with a pressure sensor and by adjusting a fuel discharge amount of a fuel pump.
FIG. 10 shows a conventional fuel supply apparatus for an internal combustion engine with a delivery pipe. A fuel supply pipe 22 extending from a fuel pump 1 disposed in a fuel tank 7 is connected to a delivery pipe 2 through a filter 23. Plural fuel injection valves (injectors) 21 disposed corresponding to each cylinder of an engine (not shown) are. connected to the side wall of delivery pipe 2.
A discharge amount of the fuel (rotational speed) of fuel pump 1 in this case is fixed. When a supplied fuel amount of injectors 21 changes according to a running condition of a vehicle, the internal pressure in delivery pipe 2 varies. Since the change of the fuel pressure in delivery pipe 2 causes fluctuation of an injection amount of injectors 21, a pressure regulating valve 24 is disposed in delivery pipe 2 as shown in the figure to maintain the fuel pressure in delivery pipe 2 at a constant value.
When pressure regulating valve 24 is disposed, however, a return pipe 25 for returning the fuel to fuel tank 7 is also needed, thus requiring a piping space in the engine compartment and a work for connecting the pipe. Furthermore, since pressure regulating valve 24 is disposed in delivery pipe 2, the fuel receiving heat from the engine returns to fuel tank 7, and a large amount of evaporated fuel is generated in fuel tank 7.
In light of the above-described problems, in a fuel supply apparatus as disclosed in JP-A-6-50230, a manifold with a built-in pressure sensor is disposed at the outlet of the fuel supply pipe in the fuel tank to maintain the fuel pressure, detected by the pressure sensor and supplied to the delivery pipe, at a constant value by controlling the rotational speed of the fuel pump. In this structure, the aforementioned pressure regulating valve for maintaining the internal pressure of the delivery pipe at the constant value and a piping for the valve are not needed.
In the fuel supply apparatus disclosed in the above-described publication, however, since the pressure regulating valve of the delivery pipe is eliminated, the delivery pipe is closed when fuel injection stops, e.g., the internal combustion engine is stops or fuel is cut off. Thus, the fuel in the delivery pipe receives residual heat of the engine to thereby raise the temperature. Accordingly, when the fuel is expanded in its volume or vaporized in the delivery pipe, there causes a problem that the internal pressure becomes abnormally high.
To solve this problem, a relief valve may be disposed at the downstream side of the check valve in the manifold to restrain the internal pressure of the delivery pipe from rising. In this case, the structure of the manifold with the built-in pressure sensor becomes so complicated that it is more difficult to manufacture the manifold.
An object of the present invention is to provide a fuel supply apparatus for an internal combustion engine without using exterior parts such as a relief valve and the like disposed in the fuel supply pipe outside a fuel pump to simplify the entire structure of the fuel supply apparatus.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a fuel supply apparatus for an internal combustion engine capable of preventing the pressure of supplied pressure from increasing excessively.
According to the present invention, the amount of fuel discharged from the fuel pump is controlled to maintain the fuel pressure supplied to the fuel injection valve at a set value during the fuel supply to the engine. At the stop of the engine, the amount of fuel from the fuel pump is substantially reduced to zero, and the pressure of the fuel from the fuel pump is gradually reduced. After the pressure of the fuel discharged from the fuel pump reaches a predetermined value, the fuel pump stops, and the check valve closes due to counterflow of the fuel caused by a rapid decrease of the pressure of the fuel discharged from the fuel pump. Accordingly, supplied fuel pressure is maintained at the predetermined value. In this condition, when remaining fuel expands in its volume or is vaporized due to residual heat of the combustion engine, the internal pressure in the fuel supply passage rises. However, since the supplied fuel pressure before being increased is lower than that while the internal combustion engine is running, the internal pressure in the fuel supply passage is prevented from being excessively high.
The internal pressure in the fuel supply passage after the reduction of the pressure is maintained at the predetermined value which is not zero, so that the generation of evaporative fuel can be restricted to the minimum.
According to the present invention, exterior parts such as a relief valve and the like disposed outside the fuel pump are not required, thereby simplifying the entire structure of the apparatus.
When the voltage applied to the fuel pump is reduced at a fixed rate from a voltage value just before the internal combustion engine stops, both discharged amount and pressure of the pump can be easily adjusted.
When the responsive movement of the check valve is delayed at the stop of the fuel supply to the engine, the pressure of the fuel supplied to the fuel injection valve is gradually reduced to the predetermined value, because counterflow of the fuel passes while the check valve is opened.
FIG. 1 is a view of an entire structure of a fuel supply apparatus according to a first embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a entire cross-sectional view of a fuel pump as a whole according to the first embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a circuit diagram of an FP controller according to the first embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 4A is a graph showing a change of voltage applied to the fuel pump with respect to time and FIG. 4B is a graph showing a change of fuel pressure inside a delivery pipe with respect to time according to the first embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 5 is a flow chart showing processes executed by an ECU according to a second embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional view of a discharge pipe of a fuel pump according to a third embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 7 is a cross-sectional view of the discharge pipe of the fuel pump according to the third embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 8 is a graph showing a change of fuel pressure in a delivery pipe with respect to time according to the third embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 9 is a cross-sectional view of a discharge pipe of a fuel pump according to a fourth embodiment of the present invention; and
FIG. 10 is a view of an entire structure of a conventional fuel supply apparatus.
A first embodiment of the present invention is described with FIG. 1 showing an entire structure of a fuel supply apparatus. A fuel supply pipe 22 extends upward from a discharge pipe 11 at the top end surface of a fuel pump 1 disposed perpendicularly in a fuel tank 7 so as to pass through the tank wall and leads to a delivery pipe 2 through a filter 23. Plural fuel injection valves (injectors) 21 disposed corresponding to each cylinder of an engine (not shown) are connected to the side wall of delivery pipe 2. Fuel in fuel tank 7 is sucked into fuel pump 7 from the inlet pipe at the lower part of fuel pump 7 through a filter 12 and is pressurized and discharged to discharge pipe 11.
A pressure sensor 3 is disposed at the side wall of the end of delivery pipe 2 for detecting fuel pressure "Pf" therein and its output signal is input to an electronic control unit (ECU) 6. A command signal is output from ECU 6 to a fuel pump (FP) controller 5 to control the fuel pressure Pf to a set value. FP controller 5 changes revolution speed, i.e., fuel discharging amount of fuel pump 1 according to the command signal.
FIG. 2 shows a structure of fuel pump 1 in detail. a motor rotor 13 is located at the center of a cylindrical pump housing 12 and is rotatably supported by shafts 131 and 132 protruding upward and downward on partition walls 14 and 15 in pump housing 12. An impeller 16 is disposed at the lower shaft 132 of motor rotor 13. After the fuel sucked by rotating impeller 16 through an inlet port 161 is compressed and pressurized in pump 162, the fuel is delivered to a space 12a in housing 12 from a discharge port (not shown in the figure).
The fuel delivered to a space 12a in housing 12 passes upward through the clearance between motor rotor 13 and a motor stator 17 disposed around motor rotor 13 and flows from a space 12b in housing 12 to an opening 142 of partition wall 14 so as to open check valve 4 disposed in discharge pipe 11 and further flows upward.
The lower valve portion 41 of check valve 4 is in the shape of an umbrella having a large diameter and the spherical tip end of valve portion 41 contacts with an upper edge stepped portion of discharge opening 111 to thereby close it. A bar-shaped base 42 of check valve 4 inserted into a through hole 181 of a support member 18 disposed in delivery pipe 11 moves upward and downward while receiving a certain sliding resistance. When pump 162 discharges the fuel after motor rotor 13 is rotated, valve portion 41 of check valve 4 receives the discharge pressure, so that check valve 4 rises so as to open opening 111.
The discharge amount of the fuel can be changed by supplying a driving pulse signal of a predetermined duty with the coil of motor rotor 13 through electric supply connector 19 disposed at the top end portion of pump housing 12 and by changing the rotational speed of impeller 16 (motor rotor 13).
A relief passage where a relief valve 141 is disposed is open to a space 14a between partition wall 14 and an end frame 143.
FIG. 3 shows a detail of FP controller 5 which includes a duty/analog (D/A) converting circuit 51 connected in series, a peak hold circuit 52, a switch circuit 53, a comparator 54, a driving transistor 55 of p-channel FET and the like. D/A converting circuit 51 is an integrating circuit composed of a resistor and a condenser shown in the figure. Peak hold circuit 52 has a resistor 521 connected in parallel with a condenser 522, and its output voltage gradually decreases from the peak hold value based on time constant of resistor 521 and condenser 522.
An output pulse signal "fin" of ECU 6 is input to D/A converting circuit 51. Switch circuit 53 selectively connects D/A converting circuit 51 or peak hold circuit 52 with comparator 52 according to the switching command signal SW separately output by ECU 6. Output pulse signal fin has a duty ratio in accordance with operation volume at the time to compare an output signal by pressure sensor (in FIG. 1) with a set pressure value in ECU 6.
An output by switch circuit 53 is input to the inverting input terminal of comparator 54 while sawtooth wave output by a sawtooth generator circuit 56 is input to the non-inverting input terminal of comparator 54. Fuel pump 1 connected to driving transistor 55 in parallel with a diode 57 applies driving voltage to transistor 55, when transistor 55 is connected.
When the engine is running, the contact points "a" and "c" of switch circuit 53 in the figure are electrically connected to directly connect D/A converting circuit 51 to comparator 54. When the fuel injection amount (fuel consumption amount) by injector 21 increases and fuel pressure "Pf" inside delivery pipe 2 decreases below a set value "Ps", the high-level duty of output pulse signal "fin" increases and the output voltage of D/A converting circuit 51 increases. Thus, after comparing the output voltage of D/A converting circuit 51 with sawtooth wave, the low-level duty of the output in comparator 54 increases and the conducting duty of driving transistor 55 increases, thus increasing a voltage applied to fuel pump 1 and increasing the rotational speed of fuel pump 1. Consequently, the fuel discharge amount increases, and the fuel pressure "Pf" in delivery pipe 2 rises.
On the other hand, when the fuel consumption amount decreases and the fuel pressure "Pf" in delivery pipe 2 exceeds set value "Ps", the high-level duty of output pulse signal "fin" decreases and the output voltage of D/A converting circuit 51 is reduced. Thus, the low-level duty of output in comparator 54 decreases and the conducting duty of driving transistor 55 is reduced. Consequently, the rotational speed of fuel pump 1 decreases, the discharge amount is reduced, and the fuel pressure "Pf" in delivery pipe 2 decreases.
Fuel pressure Pf inside delivery pipe 2 can be maintained at a set value in the above-described manner.
In the idling condition immediately before the engine stops, fuel consumption amount is extremely small and fuel pump 1 maintains a desired fuel pressure "Pf" (for example, 250 KPa) at a relatively low rotational speed. When the engine stops in this condition, ECU 6 adjusts the high-level duty of output pulse signal "fin" to zero. Thus, the output voltage of D/A converting circuit 51 becomes 0 V.
When contact points "c" and "b" in switch circuit 53 are simultaneously switched to be connected to each other based on switching signal "SW" from ECU 6, an output from peak hold circuit 52 decreasing at a predetermined time constant from the voltage value just before the engine stop is input to comparator 54 so as to reduce the conducting duty of driving transistor 55. Consequently, the average voltage applied to fuel pump 1 gradually decreases, and accordingly its rotational speed is gradually reduced (in "B" range in FIG. 4A).
During that time, the amount of discharged fuel from fuel pump 1 substantially becomes zero and only the discharge pressure gradually decreases accompanied with lower rotational speed of fuel pump 1. Discharge pressure of fuel pump 1 decreases so moderately that counterflow is not caused substantially, and therefore, check valve 4 stops and keeps an open condition. In this condition, when discharge pressure of fuel pump 1 decreases according to a decrease in the rotational speed of fuel pump 1 as described above, fuel pressure "Pf" in delivery pipe 2 gradually decreases (in "B" range in FIG. 4B).
When fuel pressure "Pf" in delivery pipe 2 reaches the lowest limit value "PL", ECU 6 after receiving an output signal of pressure sensor 3 switches switch circuit 53 to connect contact point "c" to contact point "a" again. Thus, the output voltage of 0 V of D/A converting circuit 51 is input to comparator 54 and its output keeps a high level constantly to thereby disconnect driving transistor 55. As a result, voltage applied to fuel pump 1 becomes 0 V to stop the rotational speed of fuel pump 1 (in "C" range in FIG. 4A).
Since the discharge pressure of the fuel rapidly decreases to zero when fuel pump 1 stops, check valve 4 closes discharge opening 111 due to counterflow of the fuel. Accordingly, the fuel pressure in delivery pipe 2 is maintained at a slightly lower pressure than the lowest limit value "PL" (in "C" range in FIG. 4B). When fuel temperature in delivery pipe 2 receiving residual heat of the engine increases in this condition, fuel pressure Pf in delivery pipe 2 rises as shown in the figure, because the fuel expands in its volume or partially vaporized. However, since fuel pressure "Pf" in delivery pipe 2 is restrained to a low value close to the lowest limit value "PL", even if fuel pressure "Pf" rises, the fuel pressure "Pf" will not exceed a set value "Ps" while the engine is running. The fuel pressure "Pf" in delivery pipe 2 is prevented from being reduced to zero, because it is difficult to restart up the engine due to the accelerated evaporation of the fuel.
The broken line in FIG. 4B shows the situation when the voltage is not applied to fuel pump 1 simultaneously with an engine stop, wherein check valve 4 immediately closes due to counterflow of the fuel caused by rapid decrease of the discharged pressure. Thus, fuel pressure "Pf" in delivery pipe 2 exceeds the set value "Ps" and rises extremely.
In this embodiment, when fuel pump 1 is disposed at a slightly tilting position from the perpendicular position in fuel tank 7, sliding resistance of check valve 4 increases.. Therefore, even if a special machining is not performed to increase the sliding resistance between bar-shaped base 42 of check valve 4 and the inner periphery of through hole 181 of support member 18, check valve 4 can be kept open against a certain amount of the counterflow of the fuel.
Furthermore, check valve 4 may be made of a material having a smaller specific gravity than the fuel to prevent check valve 4 from moving downward even if the fuel counterflows by a certain amount. In addition, a spring member may be used to support check valve 4 at an open position.
According to the fuel supply apparatus of this embodiment, the conventional exterior-type manifold is not required, and further fuel pressure "Pf" in delivery pipe 2 can be prevented from rising excessively when the fuel injection stops, by employing a fuel pump substantially same as the conventional one with a minor change of the electric circuit in FP controller 5.
Although this embodiment where the internal combustion engine stops at the time of fuel injection stop is described, however, the same process may be performed when the fuel is cut off which is widely known as a method for preventing the fuel pressure from rising excessively. In this case, when the fuel is cut off, ECU 6 adjusts the high-level duty of an output pulse signal to zero.
A second embodiment of the present invention is hereinafter described with reference to the accompanying drawings.
According to the above-specified first embodiment, voltage applied to fuel pump 1 is controlled by peak hold circuit 52 and switch circuit 53, however, it may be controlled by a computer program of ECU 6, as shown in FIG. 5.
A step 101 in the flow chart judges whether the fuel injection is being performed or not. More specifically, it judges whether the engine is running based on a rotation pulse signal from the engine, or the fuel is not cut off based on a signal of an idle switch not shown (which turns on when a throttle valve not shown is fully closed) and revolution speed of the engine. When the engine is running and also the fuel is not cut off, it judges that the fuel injection is being performed and proceeds to a step 102.
To maintain fuel pressure "Pf" in delivery pipe 2 detected by pressure sensor 3 at set value "Ps", fuel pump 1 is rotated at a desired rotational speed by setting the high-level duty of output pulse signal fin at step 102.
When the fuel injection is not being performed at the step 101, the high-level duty of pulse signal "fin" is decreased at a constant rate so that the rotational speed of fuel pump 1 is slowly lowered at a step 103. When fuel pressure "Pf" in delivery pipe 2 reaches the lowest limit value "PL" at a step 104, the high-level duty of pulse signal "fin" becomes zero at a step 105 to stop fuel pump 1 at a step 105.
A third embodiment of the present invention is hereinafter described.
FIG. 6 shows a structure of a check valve 4 which needs a certain time to move downward when the fuel counterflows. By employing such a check valve 4, check valve 4 does not close for a while even if fuel pump 1 stops immediately when the fuel injection stops due to an engine stop or a cutoff of the fuel. The fuel pressure in delivery pipe 2 is reduced, thereby avoiding an excessive rise.
In FIG. 6, valve portion 41 of check valve 4 is located upward away from discharge opening 111 and is in a open position. A certain clearance "d1" is formed between the outer periphery of bar-shaped base 42 of check valve 4 and a cylindrical wall 182 of support member 18 where bar-shaped base 42 is inserted. Cylindrical wall 182 has plural through holes 183 at a position away from the top end of check valve 4 by a distance "L" when check valve 4 is opened.
When the fuel pump 1 stops with a stop of the fuel injection, the fuel counterflows from delivery pipe 2 to pump housing 12 at the bottom of the figure. A downward load is applied on valve portion 41 of check valve 4. While moving speed of check valve 4 is restricted by the amount of the fuel flowing from through holes 183 to a space 18a behind bar-shaped base 42 through a clearance "d1", discharge opening 111 is opened. Thus, the fuel in delivery pipe 2 returns to pump housing 12 through a clearance "d2" at the outer periphery of valve portion 41 of check valve 4, and the fuel pressure "Pf" in delivery pipe 2 is gradually reduced.
When bar-shaped base 42 of check valve 4 moving downward slowly passes by through holes 183, through holes 183 is largely opened so that the fuel flows into space 18a behind bar-shaped base 42, then check valve 4 moves downward rapidly to close discharge opening 111 (in FIG. 7).
By such a movement of check valve 4, fuel pressure "Pf" in delivery pipe 2 decreasing from set value "Ps" to the lowest limit value "PL" at a fixed rate as shown in FIG. 8 can be controlled. The lowest limit value "PL" can be altered as shown with a broken line in accordance with a length of distance "L" (in FIG. 6) from the top end of check valve 4 to through holes 183 when check valve 4 is opened.
A fourth embodiment is hereinafter described.
In this embodiment, a structure for a rapid opening of check valve 4 is further added to the structure in the third embodiment. That is, as shown in FIG. 9, a fuel circulating hole 185 passing upward from space 18a behind bar-shaped base 42 of check valve 4 through support member 18 and a rubber-made umbrella valve 184 covering fuel circulating hole 185 from the top thereof are disposed. The thin umbrella portion of umbrella valve 184 located immediately above fuel circulating hole 185.
In the above-described structure, when discharge pressure accompanied with a start of fuel pump 1 is applied on valve portion 41 at the top of check valve 4, the thin umbrella portion of umbrella valve 184 deforms upward so that the fuel rapidly flows out of space 18a behind bar-shaped base 42 through fuel circulating hole 185 and check valve 4 quickly moves upward to be opened. At the time of a stop of fuel pump 1, the thin umbrella portion returns to its original shape to cover fuel circulating hole 185. As a result, check valve 4 moves downward at a fixed speed determined by clearance "d1" between bar-shaped base 42 and cylindrical wall 182 to close discharge opening 111 in the same manner as in the third embodiment.
The present invention can be employed only when a fuel temperature or an ambient temperature at a stop of fuel injection is high.
Patent CitationsCited PatentFiling datePublication dateApplicantTitleUS3742256 *Oct 15, 1971Jun 26, 1973Motorola IncFuel pump driver circuitUS5148792 *Jan 3, 1992Sep 22, 1992Walbro CorporationPressure-responsive fuel delivery systemUS5263459 *Nov 27, 1992Nov 23, 1993Walbro CorporationFuel delivery with self-priming fuel pumpUS5293299 *Feb 18, 1992Mar 8, 1994Jidosha Kiki Co., Ltd.Fuel pump control circuitUS5327872 *Sep 28, 1993Jul 12, 1994Fuji Jukogyo Kabushiki KaishaFuel pressure control method for high pressure direct fuel injection engineUS5398655 *Jun 21, 1994Mar 21, 1995Walbro CorporationManifold referenced returnless fuel systemUS5425342 *Mar 16, 1994Jun 20, 1995Nissan Motor Co., Ltd.Fuel injection apparatusUS5477829 *Aug 8, 1994Dec 26, 1995Ford Motor CompanyAutomotive returnless fuel system pressure valveUS5582510 *Oct 18, 1995Dec 10, 1996Robert Bosch GmbhAssembly for feeding fuel from a supply tank to an internal combustion engineJPH0648768A * Title not availableJPH06272632A * Title not availableJPH07103097A * Title not availableJPS588265A * Title not availableJPS57200663A * Title not available* Cited by examinerReferenced byCiting PatentFiling datePublication dateApplicantTitleUS5823169 *Apr 29, 1997Oct 20, 1998Robert Bosch GmbhAggregate for feeding fuel from supply tank to internal combustion engineUS6367455Jan 23, 2001Apr 9, 2002Denso CorporationFuel supply amount controller for internal combustion engineUS6830439 *Dec 19, 2002Dec 14, 2004Airtex ProductsElectric fuel pump with universal relief valve installed in the pump inletUS6889656 *Apr 26, 1999May 10, 2005Robert Bosch GmbhFuel supply system of an internal combustion engineUS6918367 *Jan 12, 2004Jul 19, 2005Robert Bosch GmbhMethod for starting an internal combustion engine, particularly an internal combustion engine having direct fuel injectionUS6955148 *Aug 8, 2002Oct 18, 2005Robert Bosch GmbhInternal combustion engine controller and method for the operation of an internal combustion engine controllerUS7093576 *Jun 15, 2004Aug 22, 2006Ford Global Technologies, LlcSystem and method to prime an electronic returnless fuel system during an engine startUS7156077Dec 3, 2004Jan 2, 2007Ford Global Technologies, LlcFuel system for internal combustion engineUS7347177Apr 14, 2006Mar 25, 2008Ford Global Technologies, LlcFuel pump controlUS7363916 *Oct 28, 2003Apr 29, 2008Siemens AktiengesellschaftFuel injection system and method for determining the feed pressure of a fuel pumpUS7565898 *Jul 26, 2006Jul 28, 2009Denso CorporationController for direct injection engine and controlling methodUS7832375 *Nov 6, 2008Nov 16, 2010Ford Global Technologies, LlcAddressing fuel pressure uncertainty during startup of a direct injection engineUS7966984Oct 26, 2007Jun 28, 2011Ford Global Technologies, LlcDirect injection fuel system with reservoirUS8100109 *Oct 28, 2009Jan 24, 2012Denso CorporationControl device for in-cylinder injection internal combustion engineUS8155861 *Oct 22, 2008Apr 10, 2012Robert Bosch GmbhMethod for controlling a fuel supply system of an internal combustion engineUS8166943 *Jul 31, 2009May 1, 2012Ford Global Technologies, LlcFuel system controlUS8418677Feb 17, 2011Apr 16, 2013Hitachi Automotive Systems, Ltd.High pressure fuel pump control system for internal combustion engineUS8833343Oct 12, 2007Sep 16, 2014Ford Global Technologies, LlcFuel system for improved engine startingUS20110162624 *Jan 5, 2010Jul 7, 2011Denso International America, Inc.Diesel start-stop fuel pressure reserve deviceDE102006000396B4 *Aug 7, 2006Jul 19, 2012Denso CorporationSteuervorrichtung und Steuerverfahren f�r eine DirekteinspritzkraftmaschineEP2392809A1 *Feb 15, 2011Dec 7, 2011Hitachi Automotive Systems, Ltd.High pressure fuel pump control system for internal combustion engineWO2009097921A1 *Nov 14, 2008Aug 13, 2009Bosch Gmbh RobertMethod and apparatus for controlling a fuel metering system for an internal combustion engineWO2013083368A1 *Nov 13, 2012Jun 13, 2013Robert Bosch GmbhMethod for operating a piston pump* Cited by examinerClassifications U.S. Classification123/487, 123/179.17, 123/516International ClassificationF02D41/38, F02M37/20, F02D41/04, F02M37/08, F02D41/30Cooperative ClassificationF02D2250/31, F02D41/042, F02D41/3809, F02D2250/02, F02M2037/087, F02M37/08, F02D41/3082European ClassificationF02D41/30D, F02M37/08Legal EventsDateCodeEventDescriptionDec 31, 2008FPAYFee paymentYear of fee payment: 12Jan 4, 2005FPAYFee paymentYear of fee payment: 8Jan 11, 2001FPAYFee paymentYear of fee payment: 4May 28, 1996ASAssignmentOwner name: NIPPONDENSO CO., LTD., JAPANFree format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:OI, KIYOTOSHI;YONEKAWA, MASAO;MINAGAWA, KAZUJI;REEL/FRAME:008027/0694Effective date: 19960520RotateOriginal ImageGoogle Home - Sitemap - USPTO Bulk Downloads - Privacy Policy - Terms of Service - About Google Patents - Send FeedbackData provided by IFI CLAIMS Patent Services

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A Timbered Choir: The Sabbath Poems 1979-1997: Wendell Berry: 9781582430065: Amazon.com: Books
Berry’s Sabbath poems embrace much that is elemental to human life--beauty, death, peace, and hope.In his preface to the collection, Berry writes about the growing audience for public poetry readings. While he sees poetry in the public eye as a good thing, Berry asks us to recognize the private life of the poem. These Sabbath poems were written "in silence, in solitude, and mainly out of doors," and tell us about "moments when heart and mind are open and aware."Many years of writing have won Wendell Berry the affection of a broad public. He is beloved for his quiet, steady explorations of nature, his emphasis on finding good work to do in the world, and his faith in the solace of family, memory, and community. His poetry is assured and unceasingly spiritual; its power lies in the strength of the truths revealed.
This item: A Timbered Choir: The Sabbath Poems 1979-1997 by Wendell Berry Paperback $13.15
The Selected Poems of Wendell Berry by Wendell Berry Paperback $12.46
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Publisher: Counterpoint; 1 edition (April 1, 1999)
Amazon Best Sellers Rank: #225,452 in Books (See Top 100 in Books)
See all 12 customer reviews For example, 1979 is made up of twelve poems and 1986 only one.Tamara Hill MurphyBerry's words, his imagery and description, come alive and touch the heart... and impart on us through each poem to beginning healing, and then to act...Joe DietzMy favorite poems are towards the end, if you're only going to read a few, read the ones from 1992 on.William Krischke
40 of 42 people found the following review helpfulHD Thoreau of 1990
This book is a rarity of rarities -- quality poetry from a Christian perspective that any and all can enjoy. Though Berry's faith is evident, it is far from oppressive, and simply adds to the peace and quiet of the poems.Peace and quiet describe them best. Called "Sabbath Poems", they are often the result of a restful walk through the woods, a time of reflection and enjoyment of "the given world". Themes through the book are love of nature (and God through nature), a growing disgust with the modern world, the presence and comfort of death and life, and his love for his wife.Metrically, Berry's poetry is marked by the strength of his individual lines. Sometimes he rhymes; almost always there is an internal, even organic rhythm.As this book spans 1979 -- 1997, it is also interesting to trace the progression of his poetry. His lines grow stronger as his poems grow simpler. And he is less afraid to venture out a bit -- while most of his poems are 15-20 lines unrhymed with internal rhythm, he tries on rhyming patterns, writes one or two line works, and even writes a 13 page praise of the pastoral life.215 pages long is a good deal longer than most books of poetry that aren't "collections". My favorite poems are towards the end, if you're only going to read a few, read the ones from 1992 on.Poems to quite your soul and spirit. Highly recommended.A sample poem:I go among the trees and sit still.All my stirring becomes quietaround me like circles on water.My tasks lie in their places where I left them, asleep like cattle.Then what is afraid of me comesand lives a while in my sight.What it fears in me leaves me,and the fear of me leaves it.It sings, and I hear its song.Read more ›
19 of 19 people found the following review helpful"... the Sabbath comes. The valley glows."
VINE VOICE on March 1, 2004Format: Paperback
Of himself, Wendell Berry says, "I am an amateur poet, working for the love of the work." My own reading tends not to poetry but to philosophy, physics, exegesis, and related works in which language serves quite differently. And yet, whether reading Aristotle or Wendell Berry, it is inescapable that words are ultimately only allegories for much larger ideas. Perhaps in poetry this fact is embraced and romanced while in philosophic and scientific work it is ever a 'problem' to be rather embroiled in. Well, I am an amateur critic, but if the poetry in this volume is the work of an "amateur poet" I say why bother with "professional" poetry? If in fact there is such a thing, what more could it offer?Berry is a farmer, a tender of fields and flocks and fences. Of course he is also a highly regarded poet; a man of soil and art and meditation. In this collection his recurring themes include: The importance of honest labor and the importance of rest and contemplation, "the standing Sabbath of the woods" as he calls it; the nature and passing of time, the connectedness of ourselves to our histories and of matter to spirit. Recurring metaphors of light falling into darkness and light arising from darkness, of life fading into death and of life arising from death, have both material and spiritual meanings. . ."His passing now has brought him upInto a place not reached by road,Beyond all history that he knows,Where trees like great saints stand in time,Eternal in their patience. LossHas rectified the songs that comeInto this columned room, and heOnly in silence, nothing in hand,Comes here. A generosityIs here by which the fallen stand." (1984, p65)The author invites the reader to consider the verses here a few at a time, in moments of quiet and solitude, of "Sabbath rest," in the same manner in which the verses were created.
6 of 6 people found the following review helpfulMy favorite book of poetry
I can't recall the number of copies of this book that I have purchased. My own autographed copy remains a constant on my bedside table, doggeared, starred, and underlined. It is filled with the lovely, quiet poems of Wendell Berry, a true genius in the crafting of words. These poems, compiled over many years of Sunday walks (thus the Sabbath Poems), harken to the quieter side of life. The inevitable changing of seasons, places, and people. We all need a little space for thinking. Berry reminds us of who we are and why we're here. In a quiet way. Buy this book for yourself. Then order more copies for your friends.
3 of 3 people found the following review helpfulThe body of work in this book surveys creation, fall, death, resurrection -- it is a work wholly written.
The word love is overused, but what do we have left trying to describe the deep affection I have for Wendell Berry's poems? Actually, I feel a bit twitterpated with every single thing I've ever read of Mr. Berry's: the essays I stumble on across the internet, his poetry, his fiction. Ironically, I almost never got to know the work of Wendell Berry. Several years ago, before I'd been properly introduced to his work, a friend who'd actually written her Ph.D. dissertation on the work of Wendell Berry described him to me as a contrarian. As it turned out that friendship took on a contrarian flavour all the way around and, sadly, that scared me away from Wendell Berry as guilty-by-association. Thankfully, I overcame all those negative presumptions and started reading. As grace often does, the more I became acquainted with Berry's writing, the more I forgave and enjoyed the memories of that ill-fated friendship as well.From what I can understand, this collection of poems were written as a response to his practice of Sunday morning walking meditations over a period of two decades. In order to truly hear Mr. Berry in his poetry and his prayer, I read --out loud-- each poem as a chapter of a book. So for one evening, I read, for example, the six poems included from the 1990 collection. I do not know why the number of poems included from each year vary. For example, 1979 is made up of twelve poems and 1986 only one. Was Mr. Berry more prolific or more skilled in one particular year over another?Read more ›
A Timbered Choir: The Sabbath Poems 1979-1997 by Wendell Berry are a gentle collection of poems centered around Sunday walks through the woods and fields, and reflections on God,...
The poems in A Timbered Choir touch the heart and challenge the inner vision of the reader. The observations and insights about nature, man and spirit, gathered on his Sunday...
Published 8 months ago by Sandra E. Bush
Rich and evocative imagery, with themes enigmatic enough to keep you thinking about each poem long after you've read it.
Poetry for the Uninitiated
If you have not read much poetry and need to slow down, create some space for reflection, and consider sabbath, a good place to start is with this book of poems.
Published 13 months ago by Mike Sohm
Too morose
I like Berry's poetry very much, but not this collection. It is just too preoccupied with death and dying to suit my taste.
Published 14 months ago by Raven Ranch
Wendell Berry is a contemporary psalmist.
This book is appropriately subtitled, "The Sabbath Poems 1979-1997." For that is what this volume contains: the meditations and response of a poet taking time apart from the rush...
Published on December 13, 2010 by Eric Cheng
A strong antidote to American restlessness
Mr. Berry that Kentucky philosopher/poet is carrying on with his slow and steady turning. It may seem antithetical to the very being of American hurly-burly, but the agrarian Mr.
Published on February 5, 2010 by M. Bromberg
A beautiful and spiritual connection to the Earth
This collection of poems connects Christianity to Nature. It is Berry's answer in Western traditions to the more ecocritical values of Eastern religion and philosophy.
Published on May 21, 2000 by Joe Dietz

value: This website is an American multinational technology company which focuses on e-commerce, cloud computing, digital streaming, and artificial intelligence.


text:
LaunahsBowtique on Etsy
LaunahsBowtique
Keri Clapp
Thank you very much!!! Love this and thanks for the extra gift!!! Terrific Seller!!!
Pink and Orange Polka Dot Hair Bow
White bling flower on a purple crochet headband
I enjoy making things for little princesses
I started my Etsy shop in June of 2012 because I want to help add some money to my family's income. Before I started my shop I just made bows and jewelry for my daughter and then had been approached by a couple of women from my church to make their daughters some bows and that's when I actually decided to make an Etsy shop.
I am a full time stay at home mommy, full time nursing student, and full time wife. I love my life, however at times I get stressed out and to relieve my stress I make crafty things. I love what I do and I love making things for others
I hope you are enjoying your experience here. I have something for everyone's little princess and items just keep coming up. If you have something custom that you would like made please contact me and I will see what I can do.
I currently accept PayPal and Personal Checks however, I will be adding the Credit card option very soon. I will ship your order after I receive payment and it will be shipped through the US Post Office. If payment has not be received within 3 days I reserve the right to place the item for sale again.
Once payment is received, I will send your purchase via the US Postal Service. Please allow 3-7 days for the item/items to arrive at your house. I will request a delivery confirmation and if you would like insurance that will be extra depending on the item.
For Custom orders please send me a message via email or through Etsy. You also have the option to call me if you would rather place a custom order that way.

value: This website is an American e-commerce company focused on handmade or vintage items and craft supplies.


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 Book Ideal Location in Lima, Peru - 2020 Promos
Book Ideal Location
See all 4103 properties in Lima
Huaca Pucllana250 m
Miraflores Boardwalk1.56 km
Miraflores1.88 km
Parque de la Reserva4.4 km
Barranco4.42 km
Circuito Magico Del Agua4.62 km
Museo Larco5.69 km
Plaza de Armas (Plaza Mayor)7.2 km
Centro Historico de Lima7.24 km
Iglesia Y Convento De San Francisco7.29 km
Juana Alarco de Dammert 195, Lima City Center, Lima, Peru, 18 - See map
Rooms available at Ideal Location
More about Ideal Location
Located only 197 feet from an array of restaurants and commerce, Departamento Óvalo Gutierrez Miraflores offers self-catering accommodations in Lima. FreeWiFi access is available. The fully-furnished apartments are all fitted with a seating area, a piano in the living room, a flat-screen TV with cable channels, a dining area, a fully-equipped kitchen and a balcony. Bed linen and towels are included. At Departamento Ovalo Gutierrez Miraflores guests will find a 24-hour front desk and 24-hour secutiry. There is a Starbucks just 328 feet away. With an excellent view of the park, the building has a privileged location 197 feet from Wong supermarket, a cinema and several stores. Kennedy Park is an 8-minute drive away and Larcomar Shopping Center is a 15-minute drive away. Jorge Chavez International Airport is a 45-minute drive from the property.
Huaca Pucllana - 250 m
Miraflores Boardwalk - 1.56 km
Miraflores - 1.88 km
Parque de la Reserva - 4.4 km
Barranco - 4.42 km
Circuito Magico Del Agua - 4.62 km
Museo Larco - 5.69 km
Plaza de Armas (Plaza Mayor) - 7.2 km
Centro Historico de Lima - 7.24 km
Iglesia Y Convento De San Francisco - 7.29 km
Philomena - 120 m
Palos de Moguer - 220 m
Special Book Services - 590 m
Museo Enrico Poli Bianchi - 600 m
Fundacion Museo Amano - 700 m
Bizarre Lima - 770 m
Mercado Indios - 940 m
INTERNET WiFi is available in the hotel rooms and is free of charge. PARKING Free public parking is possible at a location nearby (reservation is needed). PETS Pets are not allowed. CHILDREN AND EXTRA BED POLICY Children older than 9 years are welcome. All children or adults are charged USD 30 per person per night for extra beds. There is no capacity for cots in the room. The maximum number of extra beds in a room is 1.
Based on local tax laws, Peruvian citizens (and foreigners staying more than 59 days in Peru) must pay an additional fee of 18% .To be exempt from this 18% additional fee (IGV), a copy of the immigration card and passport must be presented. Please note both documents are required for fee exemption. Guests who are not able to present both documents will be required to pay the fee. Foreign business travelers who require a printed invoice, will also be charged the additional 18% regardless of the length of their stay in Peru. This fee is not automatically calculated in the total costs for the reservation. Please inform Ideal Location of your expected arrival time in advance. You can use the Special Requests box when booking, or contact the property directly using the contact details in your confirmation. A security deposit of USD 300 is required upon arrival for incidental charges. This deposit is fully refundable upon check-out and subject to a damage inspection of the accommodation. Payment before arrival by bank transfer is required. The property will contact you after you book to provide instructions.

value: This website is a Singaporean online travel agency and metasearch engine for hotels, vacation rentals, flights, and airport transfer. It is owned by Agoda Company Pte.


text:
Retromer terminates the generation of cAMP by internalized PTH receptors. - PubMed - NCBI
1 selected item: 21445058
Nat Chem Biol. 2011 May;7(5):278-84. doi: 10.1038/nchembio.545. Epub 2011 Mar 27.
Feinstein TN1, Wehbi VL, Ardura JA, Wheeler DS, Ferrandon S, Gardella TJ, Vilardaga JP.
Laboratory for GPCR Biology, Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
The generation of cAMP by G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and its termination are currently thought to occur exclusively at the plasma membrane of cells. Under existing models of receptor regulation, this signal is primarily restricted by desensitization of the receptors through their binding to β-arrestins. However, this paradigm is not consistent with recent observations that the parathyroid hormone receptor type 1 (PTHR) continues to stimulate cAMP production even after receptor internalization, as β-arrestins are known to rapidly bind and internalize activated PTHR. Here we show that binding to β-arrestin1 prolongs rather than terminates the generation of cAMP by PTHR, and that cAMP generation correlates with the persistence of arrestin-receptor complexes on endosomes. PTHR signaling is instead turned off by the retromer complex, which regulates the movement of internalized receptor from endosomes to the Golgi apparatus. Thus, binding by the retromer complex regulates the sustained generation of cAMP triggered by an internalized GPCR.
Signaling: retromer arrests receptor on the run. [Nat Chem Biol. 2011]
21445058
PMC3079799
10.1038/nchembio.545
Time courses of cAMP and calcium responses to PTHR
a, HEK293 cells stably expressing PTHR were transfected with either si-RNA targeting both human β-arrestin1 and 2 (si-βArr1/2) or scrambled siRNA. Changes in the intracellular levels of Ca2+ in response to 100 nM PTH(1–34) were measured by epifluorescence imaging at 488 nm excitation. Traces are representatives N = 4 independent experiments and n = 28 (control), and n = 45 (si-βarr1/2) cells.
b, Averaged cAMP response over a 50-min time course measured by FRET changes from HEK293 cells stably expressing PTHR and transiently expressing the cytoplasmic cAMP FRET sensor epacCFP/YFP. Cells were continuously perfused with control buffer or 100 nM PTH1–34 (horizontal bar). Data represents the mean ± s.e.m. of N = 4 independent experiments and n = 25 (control), and n = 20 (si-βarr1/2) cells.
c, Bars represent the average calcium and cAMP responses for experiments represented in (a) and (b), respectively, determined by measuring the area under the curve from 0–3 min for calcium response, and 0–30 min for cAMP. Statistical analysis was performed by a t-Test (***, P < 0.001; **, P < 0.05).
Nat Chem Biol. 2011 May;7(5):278-284.
Signaling and arrestin mobilization by PTH analogs
a–b, Averaged cAMP response over a 45-min time course measured by FRET change from HEK293 cells stably expressing PTHR and transiently expressing Epac-CFP/YFP. Cells were continuously perfused with control buffer or 100 nM of ligand (horizontal bars) Data represents the mean ± s.e.m. of N = 5 independent experiments and cell number n = 25 for PTH(1–34), n = 10 for M-PTH(1–14), n = 44 for M-PTH(1–28), n = 18 for βarr1, and n = 13 for βarr1[IV-AA].
c, PTHR-arrestin dynamics induced by PTH analogs. HEK293 cells were co-transfected with GFPN-PTHR and wild-type β-arr1tom or β-arrestin 1[IV-AA]tom and imaged at 1 min intervals for 1 h after a brief challenge with 100 nM PTH(1–34). The horizontal white bar represent 10 μM.
Retromer terminates the PTH-mediated cAMP response
a, Time-course of endosomal co-localization between PTHR, arrestin and retromer. HEK293 cells cotransfected to express GFPPTHR, Vps29YFP and β-arr1tom were challenged with a brief pulse of PTH(1–34) (100 nM), and endosomes were visualized on a confocal microscope using spectral and spatial deconvolution. Representative endosomes showed characteristic colocalization patterns of GFPPTHR, Vps29YFP and β-arr1tom at early (<15 min), medium (15–20 min) and late (>25 min) time points after ligand challenge. The horizontal white bar represent 1 μM.
b, Quantitative analysis of experiments in a. Individual endosomes were classified according to time after ligand challenge and colocalization (Pearson’s, JACoP plugin, ImageJ) was measured for each endosome. Data represent the mean ± s.e.m of N = 4 independent experiments and n = 19 cells. We used a Pearson’s analysis to quantify the change of PTHR localization from arrestin- to retromer-labeled endosomal domains. For each individual endosome, simultaneously labeled with GFPPTHR/Vps29YFP/β-arr1tom or with GFPPTHR/Vps29YFP/β-arr1[IV-AA]tom, we measured the Pearson’s correlation coefficients for the colocalization between PTHR and arrestin, and between PTHR and retromer.
c, PTHR-retromer interaction detected using co-immunoprecipitation. HEK293 cells co-transfected with HA-PTHR and either empty vector or Myc-Vps26 and Vps29YFP were challenged with carrier or with 100 nM PTH(1–34) for the designated time period at room temperature before lysis in ice-cold immunoprecipitation buffer. PTHR was immunoprecipitated with sepharose beads conjugated to anti-HA monoclonal antibody, and Vps29YFP was detected with a polyclonal antibody against GFP (n = 4).
Modulation of PTHR signaling by retromer
a–b, Averaged cAMP response time-course measured by FRET changes from HEK-293 cells stably expressing PTHR (control, black), and transiently transfected to express (a) Vps26 and Vps29 (retromer, red), or siRNA of Vps35, and (b) βarr1[IV-AA]. Data represent the mean ± s.e.m of N = 4 independent experiments and cell number n = 10 (control), n = 15 (retromer), n = 15 (si-Vps35), and n = 9 (retromer + βarr1[IV-AA]).
c, Averaged cAMP response time-course measured by FRET changes from HEK-293 cells expressing β2-AR alone (control, black), or in combination with Vps26 and Vps29 (retromer, red). Data represent the mean ± s.e.m of N = 4 independent experiments and cell number n = 20 (control), and n = 20 (retromer). Cells were continuously perfused with control buffer or 100 nM PTH(1–34) (a,b), or 10 mM isoproterenol (c) (horizontal bar).
Retromer and arrestin regulate PTH-mediated cAMP production in bone cells
a, Averaged cAMP response measured by FRET changes in ROS17/2.8 cells expressing either epacCFP/YFP alone or co-expressing epacCFP/YFP with either β-arrestin1[IV-AA]tom or Vps26 and Vps29. Cells were treated with control buffer or a brief challenge of 100 nM PTH(1–34) (arrow). Data represent the mean ± s.e.m. of N = 4 independent experiments and n = 20 cells.
b, Expression level of wild-type β-arrestin1 influences cAMP signaling. ROS cells co-transfected with epacCFP/YFP and β-arrestin1tom were challenged with PTH (100 nM) as in (a) and time-courses of cAMP response were measured as described in . Integrated signaling was estimated by summing the area under the curve from 0–15 min after ligand challenge. Arrestin expression levels were estimated by epifluorescence imaging of tdTomato fluorescence. Integrated cAMP values were then binned according to arrestin expression level and plotted as averages (mean ± s.e.m. N = 4 independent experiments). The dotted line represents the 95% confidence interval.
c, The total PTH-induced cAMP responses for experiments represented in the were determined by measuring the area under the curve from 0–10 min. Bars represent the mean ± s.e.m. of N = 4 independent experiments and n = 12 (control), n = 14 (U0126), n = 15 (rolipram), and n = 20 (βarr1[IV-AA]) cells.
d, Representative Western blots of time courses of ERK1/2 activation in ROS 17/2.8 cells control (Ctrl) or transiently transfected to express βarr1[IV-AA] in response to 100 nM PTH(1–34). The data are the mean ± s.e.m. of N = 3 separate experiments; Statistical comparison of the curves was performed by a two-way ANOVA (***, P < 0.001).
Mode of regulation of PTHR signaling by retromer and arrestin. PTH-activated PTHR (green) generating cAMP (grey) by activation of adenyly cyclases internalizes to endosomes in a process that involves binding of β-arrestin (red). Activated PTHR is then maintained in the early endosome bulk compartment by arrestin binding, where arrestin-mediated activation of ERK1/2 signaling causes inhibition of phosphodiesterases and permits sustained cAMP signaling. Binding of PTHR and retromer (blue) causes sorting of the receptor to retrograde trafficking domains. Generation of cAMP is stopped after either retromer binding in the retrograde domain or after retromer-mediated traffic to the Golgi.


text:
Losing ground : American social policy, 1950-1980 (Libro, 1984) [WorldCat.org]
Título Losing ground : American social policy, 1950-1980
This outspoken and explosive book argues that the ambitious social programs of the Great Society to help the poor and disadvantaged not only did not accomplish what they set out to do but often made things worse.
Agregar etiquetas para "Losing ground : American social policy, 1950-1980".
Public Policy(13 material)
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value: This website is a union catalog that itemizes the collections of 15,637 libraries in 107 countries that participate in the OCLC global cooperative. It is operated by OCLC, Inc.


text:
The doctrine of chances, or, A method of calculating the probabilities of events in play (Book, 1756) [WorldCat.org]
I thought you might be interested in this item at http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1417674 Title: The doctrine of chances, or, A method of calculating the probabilities of events in play Author: Abraham de Moivre; Andrew Millar; James Mynde Publisher: London : Printed for A. Millar, in the Strand, 1756. OCLC:1417674
Abraham de Moivre; Andrew Millar; James Mynde
London : Printed for A. Millar, in the Strand, 1756.
Print book : English : The third edition, fuller, clearer, and more correct than the formerView all editions and formats
Moivre, Abraham de, 1667-1754.
Doctrine of chances, or, A method of calculating the probabilities of events in play / By A. De Moivre, fellow of the Royal Society, and a member of the Royal Academies of Sciences of Berlin and Paris.
London : printed for A. Millar, in the Strand, 1756
(OCoLC)647482430
Find more information about: Abraham de Moivre Andrew Millar James Mynde
Engraved title vignette; initials; head- and tail-pieces.
Head-piece signed: J. Mynde sculp.
Errata: 1 p., third count.
[4], xi, [1], 348 pages : illustrations ; 30 cm
Method of calculating the probabilities of events in play
by A. De Moivre, fellow of the Royal Society, and a member of the Royal Academies of Sciences of Berlin and Paris.
Add tags for "The doctrine of chances, or, A method of calculating the probabilities of events in play". Be the first.
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The doctrine of chances, or, A method of calculating the probabilities of events in play/Abraham de Moivre; Andrew Millar; James Mynde; London : Printed for A. Millar, in the Strand, 1756.


text:
Words that end in etadiscourse | Words ending in etadiscourse
Words that end in etadiscourse | Words ending in etadiscourse http://www.thefreedictionary.com/words-that-end-in-etadiscoursePrinter Friendly
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Words that end in etadiscourse
Found 1 words that end in etadiscourse. Browse our Scrabble Word Finder, Words With Friends cheat dictionary, and WordHub word solver to find words that end with etadiscourse. Or use our Unscramble word solver to find your best possible play! Related: Words containing etadiscourse
13-letter words that end in etadiscourseSee also13-letter words that end in etadiscoursemetadiscourseSee also:3-letter wordsWords with the letter xWords that start with sWords that end in qWords that start with hWords that end in z

value: This website is an American online dictionary and encyclopedia that aggregates information from various sources.


text:
Cheap flights from Fort Myers to Bologna [RSW - BLQ] - TripAdvisor
Cheap flights from Fort Myers (RSW) to Bologna (BLQ) Review
Cheap flights from Fort Myers to BolognaRound TripOne-wayMulti-city 04/12/201704/19/2017 04/12/2017 04/12/2017 Economy Premium Economy Business Class First Class Prefer nonstop 1 Person Adults (18-64) -1+Seniors (65+) -0+Children (0-17) -0+*Specify the age of each child at the time of travel. Age ? Age ? < 11234567891011121314151617Child 1 Age ? Age ? < 11234567891011121314151617Child 2 Age ? Age ? < 11234567891011121314151617Child 3 Age ? Age ? < 11234567891011121314151617Child 4 Age ? Age ? < 11234567891011121314151617Child 5 Close More OptionsEconomy Premium Economy Business Class First Class Prefer nonstop Include nearby airports My dates are flexibleLESSGet an alert when prices drop. Get an alert when Fort Myers to Bologna prices drop. Search Flights Browse Airline Reviews
About TripAdvisor Flights Your one-stop shop for finding the best flights from Fort Myers to Bologna. Simply tell us where and when you want to travel and we'll do all the legwork for you. Featuring the most powerful shopping tools on the web, we search the largest online travel websites, established airfare discounters, plus the world's leading airlines and low-cost carriers to bring back thousands of flight options. 1 Traveler
Travel information for Fort Myers, FL to Bologna
Fort Myers, FL is 5097 miles from Bologna
Atlanta, GA - Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta Intl Airport is the most popular connection for one stop flights between Fort Myers, FL and Bologna
Cheap flights from Brussels to Fort Myers
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Popular airlines flying to Bologna Ryanair 16,386 reviews“Another four hours on the Ryanair Booking Website”The flight referred to is imaginary. Was hoping to do it but yet...Read more March 28, 2017Gerry885, Portsmouth

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Harz Mountain - definition of Harz Mountain by The Free Dictionary
https://www.thefreedictionary.com/Harz+Mountain
Dictionary, Encyclopedia and Thesaurus - The Free Dictionary 10,945,897,995 visitors served
THE DEAL: Great Rail Journeys' Harz Mountain Christmas Markets tour starts at PS895pp for five nights' B&B in Wernigerode's four-star HKK Hotel, three dinners, train ride and town tours.
In 1987, Holsten revived the Duckstein tradition, using Harz mountain water and a special dark malt kilned exclusively for the brand.
These Unesco-listed destinations all have lovely Christmas markets, while the mountains themselves, home to ski slopes in the winter, are served by the historic steam-hauled Harz Mountain Railway, which sends spectacular pillars of smoke into the snow-clad firs as it climbs up and over the passes.
If you'd rather not fly but like the group tour idea, head over to Germany's Harz Mountains to see fairytale villages and follow the Pied Piper of Hamelin.
Calendar pearls; Travel


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Rapid Review of Exotic Animal Medicine and Husbandry: Pet Mammals, Birds, Reptiles, Amphibians and Fish by Karen L. Rosenthal, Gregory A. Lewbart, Neil A. Forbes, Fredric L. Frye (Paperback, 2008) | eBay
Rapid Review of Exotic Animal Medicine and Husbandry: Pet Mammals, Birds, Reptiles, Amphibians and Fish by Karen L. Rosenthal, Gregory A. Lewbart, Neil A. Forbes, Fredric L. Frye (Paperback, 2008)
"The Rapid Review" is designed to appeal to veterinary practitioners dealing with an ever-wider variety of animals, to veterinary instructors and students, technicians, nurses and assistants, and to other animal health professionals in practice and training.
item 1 Rapid Review of Small Exotic Animal Medicine and Husbandry by Karen Rosenthal. -Rapid Review of Small Exotic Animal Medicine and Husbandry by Karen Rosenthal.
item 2 Rapid Review Of Exotic Animal Medicine and Husbandry: Pet Mammals, Birds, Reptil -Rapid Review Of Exotic Animal Medicine and Husbandry: Pet Mammals, Birds, Reptil
item 3 Rapid Review of Exotic Animal Medicine and Husbandry: Pet Mammals, Birds, Reptil -Rapid Review of Exotic Animal Medicine and Husbandry: Pet Mammals, Birds, Reptil
item 4 Rapid Review of Exotic Animal Medicine and Husbandry: Pet Mammals, Birds, Reptil -Rapid Review of Exotic Animal Medicine and Husbandry: Pet Mammals, Birds, Reptil
Four authors of international rewn have combined their practical and instructional skills to provide this focused yet wide-ranging review. The book is divided into four sections-small mammals, birds, reptiles/amphibians, ornamental fish-and consists of an introduction to the essential aspects of medicine and husbandry of each group of animals, 400 color-illustrated clinical cases, plus summary questions to highlight key points. The cases are a blend of the more common and especially interesting conditions, and cover clinical presentation, etiology/pathogenesis, investigation, diagsis and differential diagsis, management options, progsis and husbandry advice to the client. The case-based approach offers the freedom to deal succinctly with multifactorial and multisystemic conditions. Cases are cross-referenced, cite key references and there is a detailed index. The Rapid Review is designed to appeal to veterinary practitioners dealing with an ever-wider variety of animals, to veterinary instructors and students, technicians, nurses and assistants, and to other animal health professionals in practice and training.
Fredric L. Frye, Gregory A. Lewbart, Karen L. Rosenthal, Neil A. Forbes
1840760559


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Great Men of Genius Series (Audiobook) by Mike Daisey | Audible.com
Why did you decide to do a mash-up of vague biographies of "men of genius" and your own memoirs?
Shouldn't you do one or the other?
Also, you need to do a little more research on the geniuses lives. Perhaps unearth some little known fact that the average History Channel viewer (me,) wouldn't have picked up in their various TV viewings or in their travels through a public library or bookstore. (I do that, too. Travel, that is. Through libraries and bookstores.)
You do have a lot of energy in your readings and applied to your performance. For that, I give you credit but also a bit of advice; Tone it DOWN. TOO MUCH SHOUTING and then weird softer modulation IS VERY ANNOYING. (Sorta like what I just did with those caps, right?)
I have a feeling that you will find a real voice if you get your objectives clarified about what you mean to relate in your monologues. Although I might be wrong in saying you may never end up in someone else's book about men of genius, you are obviously not a dumb guy and you do have a talent for stringing words together. You just need to get them to say something coherently.
P.S. I did get a slight whiff of a Garrison Keillor type homage in your presentation. Please don't do that. He got creepier and creepier as he aged. You'll want to avoid that.
Great to listen to while painting over photos
I’m always looking for things to listen to while making art - so far this is the best. Funny, incisive, and obviously an incredible performance - love.
Exploding, hilarious, scaring and bit unsettling!
Certainly an extremely gifted storyteller. I'm nailed to the chair, partly nervous - because anything unexpected comes purging out of this massive man - and at the same time completely mesmerized by his words, especially how he uses his voice in sending the words towards me at tremendous speed and a massive power, which resembles violence.
Still I need to stay and listen intensely to every frase, every word - because everything embodied so rich meaning and understanding of what the real world and the (crazy) people placed in it.
It makes me think... and wonder ... for days ...
Recommended very high ! Enjoy, wonder and return a little bit richer and wiser.

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