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Patent US6148047 - DC offset compensation for zero if quadrature demodulator - Google PatentsSearch Images Maps Play YouTube News Gmail Drive More »Sign inAdvanced Patent SearchPatentsThe present invention provides dc offset compensation circuit (800) for a zero IF FM quadrature demodulator in an AMPS cellular mobile telephone system. A frequency offset is introduced to remove modulation inherent dc components from supervisory audio tones and Manchester codes from a modulated signal....http://www.google.com/patents/US6148047?utm_source=gb-gplus-sharePatent US6148047 - DC offset compensation for zero if quadrature demodulatorAdvanced Patent SearchPublication numberUS6148047 APublication typeGrantApplication numberUS 09/107,635Publication dateNov 14, 2000Filing dateJun 30, 1998Priority dateMay 6, 1998Fee statusPaidAlso published asCN1114304C, CN1269092A, EP0995293A2, WO1999057912A2, WO1999057912A3Publication number09107635, 107635, US 6148047 A, US 6148047A, US-A-6148047, US6148047 A, US6148047AInventorsRishi MohindraOriginal AssigneePhilips Electronics North America CorporationExport CitationBiBTeX, EndNote, RefManPatent Citations (11), Referenced by (20), Classifications (10), Legal Events (7) External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, EspacenetDC offset compensation for zero if quadrature demodulatorUS 6148047 AAbstract The present invention provides dc offset compensation circuit (800) for a zero IF FM quadrature demodulator in an AMPS cellular mobile telephone system. A frequency offset is introduced to remove modulation inherent dc components from supervisory audio tones and Manchester codes from a modulated signal. The local oscillator (608) is operated at a frequency that is slightly different, e.g. 5 kHz from a frequency which would mix down the intermediate frequency signal to zero. A dc offset is produced with a control loop to eliminate fixed dc components caused by leakage from a local oscillator (608). After a given time, the control loop may be frozen and the frequency offset of the local oscillator (608) can be removed.
What is claimed is: 1. A method of compensating for dc voltages in a quadrature demodulator, comprising:receiving a modulated signal with a center frequency fc ; splitting the modulated signal into a first path and a second path; mixing the modulated signal of the first path with a local oscillator signal to generate an I path signal and mixing the modulated signal of the second path with the local oscillator signal to produce a Q path signal, such that the I path signal is phase shifted from the Q path signal by approximately 90 degrees, and wherein the local oscillator signal is offset in frequency from the center frequency fc ; removing dc components from the mixed modulated signal; and demodulating the mixed modulated signal. 2. The method of compensating for dc voltages of claim 1, further comprising the step of variably amplifying the modulated signal.
3. The method of compensating for dc voltages of claim 1, wherein the local oscillator is offset from the modulated signal center frequency by approximately 5 KHz.
4. The method of compensating for dc voltages of claim 1, wherein the modulated signal center frequency is approximately 85 MHz.
5. The method of compensating for dc voltages of claim 1, wherein the dc components are removed using digital signal processing techniques.
6. The method of compensating for dc voltages of claim 1, wherein the dc components are removed by producing a dc-canceling signal.
7. The method of compensating for dc voltages of claim 6, further comprising the steps of:freezing the value of the dc-canceling signal; and setting the frequency of the local oscillator signal to a value approximately equal to the center frequency of the modulated signal. 8. A system for compensating dc voltages in a quadrature demodulator, comprising:means for receiving a modulated signal with a center frequency fc ; means for splitting the modulated signal into a first path and a second path; means for mixing the modulated signal of the first path with a local oscillator signal to generate an I path signal and means for mixing the modulated signal of the second path with the local oscillator signal to produce a Q path signal, such that the I path signal is phase shifted from the Q path signal by approximately 90 degrees, and wherein the local oscillator signal is offset in frequency from the center frequency fc ; means for removing the dc components from the mixed modulated signal using a feedback network; and means for demodulating the mixed modulated signal. 9. The system for compensating dc voltages of claim 8, wherein the local oscillator is offset from the modulated signal center frequency by approximately 5 KHz.
10. The system for compensating for dc voltages of claim 8, wherein the modulated signal center frequency is approximately 85 MHz.
11. The system for compensating dc voltages of claim 8, wherein the feedback network is implemented using digital signal processing techniques.
12. The system for compensating dc voltages of claim 8, wherein the feedback network removes the dc components by producing a dc-canceling signal.
13. The system of compensating for dc voltages of claim 12, further comprising:means for freezing the value of the dc-canceling signal in the feedback network; and means for setting the frequency of the local oscillator signal to a value approximately equal to the frequency of the modulated signal center frequency. 14. A system for removing a dc offset from a modulated signal in a communication receiver, comprising:an input communication signal, having a modulated signal center frequency of fc, the input communication signal further comprising a dc offset component; an I signal path and a Q signal path, each path coupled to the input communication signal, wherein the I signal path is phase shifted from the Q signal path by approximately 90 degrees; a local oscillator coupled to the I signal path and to the Q signal path for mixing with the input communication signal, the local oscillator having an oscillation frequency that is offset from the modulated signal center frequency; a cancellation circuit coupled to the I signal path and to the Q signal path for removing the dc offset component from the mixed input communication signal; a demodulator coupled to the cancellation circuit for demodulating the mixed input communication signal. 15. The system of claim 14, further comprising a gain stage coupled between the input communication signal and the I and Q signal paths for variably adjusting the amplitude of the input communication signal.
16. The system of claim 14, wherein the cancellation circuit is implemented using digital signal processing techniques.
17. The system of claim 14, wherein the local oscillator is programmable.
18. The system of claim 14, wherein the input communication signal comprises a voice signal component.
19. The system of claim 14, wherein the cancellation circuit is a feedback network that removes the dc offset component by introducing a dc-canceling signal, and the dc-canceling signal value can be stored by the feedback network and asserted independent of the mixed input communication signal.
20. The system of claim 19, wherein the local oscillator can be programmably set approximately equal to the modulated signal center frequency while the stored dc canceling signal is being asserted by the feedback network.
REFERENCE TO CLAIM BENEFIT OF AN EARLIER FILING DATE This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/084,415, filed May 6, 1998.
This inventions relates to compensation circuits for demodulators, and particularly to circuits for intermediate frequency (IF) quadrature demodulators.
Mobile phones are broadly classified as cellular or PCS (Personal Communication System). A cellular phone system operates at a carrier frequency of 900 MHz, while PCS operates at double this frequency, or 1.9 GHz. Analog modulation is Frequency Modulation (FM), while digital modulation includes CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access), TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access) and FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access).
Quadrature modulation/demodulation refers to modulation/demodulation of orthogonal carrier signals. Modulators and demodulators are built on a monolithic semiconductor chip. A block diagram of a typical prior art quadrature demodulator is shown in FIG. 1. The demodulator includes two mixers 101 and 102, both of which comprise a signal input, an input from local oscillator 108 and a low frequency output. A modulated signal is fed to mixer 101, and LO signal from local oscillator 105 is also fed to mixer 101. The modulated signal is also fed to mixer 102, while local oscillator signal LO is fed to mixer 102 through a phase shifter 103 that produces a 90� phase shift with respect to the local oscillator signal LO fed to mixer 101.
The local oscillator 108 has a tendency to leak its signal LO into other parts of the demodulator system. It is often difficult to balance mixers 101 and 102 such that the level of an incoming carrier signal and the local oscillator 108 leak into a modulated high frequency signal are small enough with respect to the incoming signal vi (t). A local oscillator signal leak creates a significant distortion in the voice signal.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,012,208 to Makinen discloses a quadrature modulator having compensation for local oscillator leak. Makinen utilizes a circuit adding different compensation voltages to two modulator signals independently of one another on the basis of the correlation between amplitude variation of the output signal and the corresponding modulation signal. However, this patent is concerned with a modulator rather than a demodulator, and does not provide a frequency offset in the local oscillator.
Other prior art devices perform dc offset compensation by shutting off the RF input signal during a guard space between TDMA slots. Still, this technique is not effective when the signal is present due to the inherent dc offset from the modulated signal itself. Thus, there is a need to utilize dc offset compensation in the presence of the received signal.
More generally, other parts of the signal contribute to producing dc components. These other dc components interfere with removal of the unwanted dc component from local oscillator leakage. It is therefore necessary to compensate for these other dc components prior to removing the unwanted dc components from local oscillator leakage.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present invention provides dc offset compensation in an AMPS cellular mobile telephone system using substantially zero IF FM demodulation. Leakage from the local oscillator generates a distortion producing dc offset signal that is removed using a compensating feedback loop. Other dc components, including those associated with supervisory audio tones and Manchester codes ("modulation inherent dc components"), that combine with and complicate removal of the leakage dc offset, are isolated by offsetting the frequency of the local oscillator slightly from frequency of the signal. The present invention avoids the use of distortion producing high pass filters in the removal of the leakage dc component.
A frequency offset is introduced to compensate for dc components caused by supervisory audio tones and Manchester codes. The frequency offset is introduced by running a local oscillator at a frequency slightly different, e.g. several kilohertz, from that required to mix down an intermediate frequency signal to zero. If the IF signal is 85 MHz, the local oscillator is offset to 85.005 MHz, so that the signal is mixed down to 5 kHz. In addition, a dc offset is produced using a digital signal processor control loop to compensate for dc leakage from the local oscillator. The control loop includes an integrator and an amplifier with a gain coefficient κ that is proportional to the dc offset. The effect of the frequency offset is to ensure that the control loop for the dc offset operates correctly even in the presence of SAT and Manchester codes. After a given time, the control loop may be frozen and the frequency offset of the local oscillator removed.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 shows a prior art quadrature demodulation circuit, illustrating leakage signals from the local oscillator into the gain and mixer stages of the circuit;
FIG. 2 is an I and Q-plane vector graph illustrating a modulation vector produced by the circuit of FIG. 1, requiring frequency offset;
FIG. 3 is time domain graph illustrating a waveform of a frequency modulated Manchester encoded signal, for a 1111 . . . data sequence of 10 Kb/s;
FIG. 4 is a time domain graph illustrating a 6 KHz supervisory audio tone frequency modulation waveform;
FIG. 5 is a time domain graph illustrating a 1 KHz voice modulation signal;
FIG. 6 shows a quadrature demodulation circuit of the present invention, in which the local oscillator frequency has been shifted by an offset frequency;
FIG. 7 shows details of the local oscillator of FIG. 6;
FIG. 8 shows details of the quadrature demodulator of FIG. 6, in which a digital signal processor feedback loop compensates for dc offset effects resulting from the local oscillator leakage illustrated in FIG. 1; and
FIG. 9 is an I and Q-plane vector graph illustrating the effects of dc compensation produced by the circuit of FIG. 6.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS Referring now to FIG. 1, a prior art circuit is shown which provides zero IF (Intermediate Frequency) demodulation in an AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone System) mobile telephone receiver. Zero IF quadrature refers to signal mixing of the IF carrier signal with a local oscillator to remove or zero out the carrier frequency component. In a zero IF quadrature system, the local oscillator is conventionally set at the same frequency (fL) as the IF carrier signal (fc, nominally at 85.0 MHz in an AMPS application). An incoming AMPS signal generally contains a number of components: (a) a voice signal, (b) a carrier frequency, (c) a supervisory audio tone, and (d) Manchester codes. The voice signal is the primary communication component containing audio frequency signals from the talker. The carrier frequency is conventionally used to modulate the voice signal, while the supervisory audio tone is used for remodulating the voice signal to another base station as a caller moves between cells. The Manchester code component communicates the AMPS protocol control signals between the phone and cell base station. Supervisory audio tones and Manchester codes produce an inherent dc modulation component when averaged over time.
Circuit 100 includes an automatic gain control variable amplifier 110, mixers 101 and 102, 90� phase shifter 103, low pass filters 104 and 105, analog-to-digital converters (A/D) 106 and 107, a digital signal processor (DSP) 109 and a local oscillator 108. The local oscillator 108 is preferably a VCTCXO (Voltage Controlled Temperature Compensated Crystal Oscillator), PLL (phase locked loop) or frequency synthesizer producing a signal LO. The analog-to-digital converters 106, 107 and the digital signal processor 109 combine to form the demodulator 115. Incoming modulated signal vi (t) is received by the amplifier 110 and split into two branches. The amplified vi (t) signal is combined with the local oscillator 108 signal at mixers 101 and 102. The local oscillator signal LO is phase-shifted by 90� at phase shifter 103. The I and Q output signals from mixers 101 and 102 are respectively low-pass filtered by filters 104 and 105 to produce time-varying voltages VI (t) and VQ (t), where the Q-subscript represents the phase-shifted quadrature component. Signals VI (t) and VQ (t) are FM demodulated by the DSP 109 (in the demodulator 115 ) to obtain a demodulated digital signal f'(t). One significant drawback of the demodulator circuit 100 is that the local oscillator 108 signal (fc) has a tendency to leak into the amplifier 110 and mixers 101, 102, as shown graphically by paths l1, l2, and l3. This signal leakage from the local oscillator 108 produces a distortion-producing dc offset in the VI (t) and VQ (t) signals. The present invention largely removes this dc offset caused by local oscillator 108 leakage.
The demodulator circuit 100 can be mathematically characterized by defining an input signal, ##EQU1## where the f0 term is the carrier frequency, and the κ term is the modulation index, the zero IF signals are (assuming fc =f0): ##EQU2##
VQ (t)=sin[θ(t)]                                (3).
θ(t) represents a time-varying phase function related to an integral of the frequency modulation f(t) over time
Referring now to FIG. 2, a deflection of modulation vector R(t) is shown in an I/Q circular coordinate plane. This deflection is due to the supervisory audio tone and the Manchester code, assuming no voice modulation is present. Scalar components VI (t) and VQ (t) are projections of modulation vector R(t) on the I and Q axes for angle θ(t). In the AMPS standard system, the modulation index is small for SAT and Manchester encoded data reception. Arc AB in FIG. 2 indicates a wobble in vector Rm due to the small modulation index of the SAT and Manchester codes. This wobble is further discussed with reference to FIG. 5. The modulation index in such systems is proportional to κ in Equation (1). There is an inherent time-varying dc content due to the time-averaged values of the SAT and Manchester codes that adds to the fixed dc component of local oscillator leakage. The `modulation inherent dc component,` i.e. the dc component averaged over time produced by the supervisory audio tone and Manchester codes, produces an equivalent dc offset vector Rm in the complex plane:
vIm +jvQm =-Rm                              (4).
The modulation-inherent dc component of the supervisory audio tones and Manchester codes combine with the dc leakage from the local oscillator 108, making cancellation of the local oscillator leakage (l1, l2, and l3) difficult. The modulation-inherent dc component acts to confuse the demodutor 115 so that further measures must be taken in order for the dc compensation scheme due to local oscillator leakage to be effective. In order to effectively eliminate the dc component resulting from local oscillator 108 leakage, it is necessary to isolate the local oscillator dc from the time-varying dc components contributed by the Manchester and SAT signals. This isolation is accomplished below by adding a small frequency offset to the local oscillator 108, as discussed with reference to FIG. 6.
Referring now to FIGS. 3-5, time-domain graphs illustrate the relationship between the supervisory audio tone (SAT), Manchester code and voice modulation signals. The AMPS SAT and Manchester codes are frequency modulated signals. A Manchester code is a digital format where binary values {0, 1} are represented as anti-phases [1, -1] and [-1, 1], respectively. The Manchester coding signal in the AMPS system communicates the AMPS protocol control signals between the phone and cell base station. Manchester coding for AMPS has a characteristic frequency of 10 kHz for a data bit rate of 10 kilobits per second, as shown in FIG. 3. This corresponds to a period, TMAN of 100 microseconds. The frequency deviation for the Manchester signal is ΔfMAN =8 KHz.
The supervisory audio tone of FIG. 4 is a sinusoidal waveform having a characteristic frequency of about 6 kHz. The function of the supervisory audio tone in the AMPS system is to enable remodulation of the voice signal between base stations as the caller moves from cell to cell. The frequency deviation for the SAT signal is ΔfSAT =2 kHz. Therefore, as shown in FIG. 4, the supervisory audio tone shifts a carrier frequency fc from a maximum of fc +ΔfSAT to a minimum of fc -ΔfSAT. The supervisory audio tone has a period TSAT of about 167 microseconds. The phase change, Δθ, due to the dc contributions of the Manchester code and supervisory audio tone can be obtained from the equation: ##EQU3## The effect of this time-varying change of phase, Δθ(t), on signal R(t) in the I/Q plane is shown in FIG. 2.
FIG. 5 shows a waveform for a corresponding voice modulation signal R(t). The voice modulation signal is frequency modulated over a carrier frequency fc from a maximum of fc +Δfvoice to a minimum of fc -Δfvoice, where Δfvoice =8 kHz maximum. Here, Δθvoice (t)>>ΔθSAT, Δθvoice (t)>>ΔθMan, and Δθvoice (t)>>2π. Thus, R(t) rotates many times around the origin of the I/Q circle in FIG. 2, while phase change ΔθSAT (t)+ΔθMan (t) produces vector Rm, which wobbles back and forth along arc AB due to the small modulation index of the SAT and Manchester codes. Averaging R(t) and -Rm over time, modulation vector R(t) has an average value of zero, but vector -Rm, has non-zero scalar average value components:
VI (t)=vIm , VQ (t)=vQm                (6)
Referring now to FIG. 6, the demodulation circuit of FIG. 1 is shown with a modified local oscillator 608. The modified demodulation circuit 600 utilizes the local oscillator 608 having an output signal LO with an oscillation frequency of fc +fOFFSET. The present invention enables isolation of the dc components of the SAT and Manchester code on the local oscillator cancellation scheme by producing a frequency offset in the local oscillator 608. This frequency offset operates to make the modulation resulting from the dc offset of the SAT and Manchester components very small in comparison to the local oscillator 608 leakage dc offset. Assuming the preferred intermediate frequency fc is 85 MHz, the local oscillator 608 is operated at a small frequency offset, e.g. 5 kHz, to obtain a local oscillator frequency of 85.005 MHz. Thus, an intermediate or radio frequency is not mixed down to zero, but to some small frequency offset, Δf, of 5 kHz. This eliminates vector Rm of FIG. 2 caused by the SAT and Manchester dc components, and permits cancellation of the dc component due to local oscillator 108 leakage with the feedback loop discussed below with reference to FIG. 8.
The present invention, therefore, contemplates mixing down to a very low intermediate frequency, e.g. 5 kHz, instead of zero Hz IF, so that the long-term average of the SAT/Manchester components of the signal disappears before the dc offset from the local oscillator leakage is canceled. If Δf is the frequency offset, ##EQU4## where vIlo = static dc offset in the I-channel, due to local oscillator leakage.
This assumes that ##EQU5## for an integration time t=T, over which the dc offset is cancelled.
Referring now to FIG. 7, a preferred embodiment is shown of the local oscillator 608 of FIG. 6. Local oscillator 608 utilizes a conventional voltage controlled, temperature compensated, crystal oscillator (VCTCXO) 702 to generate a stable base frequency of 19.68 MHz. The VCTCXO 702 receives a frequency control signal VAFC to maintain precise tuning. The VCTCXO 702 output signal is reduced in frequency by a factor of R in divider 704. The divided frequency signal is then phase detected in mixer 706 and filtered in filter 710. The filter 710 is a low pass filter to remove high frequency noise and harmonics. This filtered signal VTUNE from filter 710 is used to control a voltage controlled oscillator 712 for producing the local oscillator 608 output signal LO. The output signal LO is then reduced in frequency by a factor of N in divider 714 and phase detected with the divided (by R) VCTXCO 702 signal in mixer 706. In the preferred embodiment, both dividers 704 and 714 are programmable, enabling precise control over the frequency offset added to the oscillator frequency from the VCTCXO 702.
Referring now to FIG. 8, a functional schematic diagram is shown of a dc offset cancellation scheme to reduce the dc offset voltage resulting from the local oscillator 608 leakage. In the preferred embodiment, the dc cancellation is actually implemented in demodulator 115, using digital signal processing techniques which execute the analog components (801, 803, 805 and 807 ) of the FIG. 8 schematic. Analog functional blocks are shown in FIG. 8 to facilitate explanation of the invention. Analog and digital implementations of this dc canceling method are equivalent for purposes of this invention. It should also be noted that FIG. 8 illustrates dc cancellation for the I branch only, and that the I and Q branch cancellation methods are identical.
The I branch shown in FIG. 8 includes amplifier 110, mixer 101, filter 104, and compensating circuit 800. The compensating circuit 800 functionally consists of a control loop comprising mixer 801, κ amplifier 803, integrator 805 and low pass filter 807. The demodulation circuit 100 incoming voice signal, vi (t), is received by the amplifier 110 and mixed with the local oscillator 108 signal (LO) in mixer 101. It should be noted here that the Q branch equivalency of the I branch circuit of FIG. 8, receives a phase-shifted local oscillator 608 signal that has been passed through the phase shifter 103. The signal from mixer 101 is then filtered in filter 104 before being received by the compensating circuit 800. Upon entering the compensating circuit 800, the filtered signal is combined with feedback signal 809 in mixer 801. The mixed signal VI (t) is then amplified in amplifier 803 and integrated over time (t) in integrator 805. This time-integrated signal from integrator 805 is filtered in low pass filter 807. In the preferred embodiment, low pass filter 807 is a first-order RC filter. Feedback signal 809 from the low pass filter 807 is then combined with the output of filter 104 in mixer 801.
As discussed above with reference to FIG. 6, two different dc components are operating in the demodulation circuit 100. A modulation-inherent dc component is present as a result of the Manchester and SAT signals. Additionally, local oscillator 108 leakage produces a distortion-producing dc component. Unless the two dc signal sources can be separated, cancellation of the leakage dc is difficult. By providing a small offset to the local oscillator 608 frequency, the modulation-inherent dc component can be greatly reduced compared to the leakage dc, thus isolating the leakage dc. This isolated leakage dc can then be easily removed by the compensation circuit 800. Since the compensation circuit 800 is implemented using a digital signal processor 109, once the feedback signal 809 becomes stable for eliminating the leakage dc, the value of the feedback signal can be fixed. Once the demodulator 115 fixes the feedback signal 809, the slight frequency offset in the local oscillator 608 can be removed and the local oscillator signal LO frequency can be restored to match the AMPS carrier frequency (fc) of the incoming signal vi (t).
Referring now to FIG. 9, an I/Q circular coordinate plane illustrates the effect of dc leakage from local oscillator 108 in signal distortion, and the effect of compensating the demodulator using the circuit of FIG. 8. Vector R'(t) represents a voice modulation signal without distortion due to dc leakage from local oscillator 108, while vector RLO represents dc leakage from local oscillator 108. Local oscillator leakage vector RLO has components VIlo and VQlo projected onto I and Q axes, respectively. Modulation vector R(t) has components VI (t) and VQ (t) projected onto I and Q axes. Vector RLO causes voice modulation vector R'(t) to be displaced from the origin as distorted vector R(t).
While dc offset vector RLO has constant phase, that is, constant direction in the I/Q plane, modulation vector R(t) rotates around the origin many times since the frequency offset has significant phase modulation. The phase modulation of the frequency offset signal is the integral under the curve of the frequency modulated signal in FIG. 5. The integral of frequency curve f(t) over time represents a change of phase, and a rotation of voice modulation vector R(t) around the origin of the I/Q plane. With the frequency offset, vector R(t) rotates many times around the origin during each cycle. The half cycle period for voice, Tvoice /2 is on the order of 0.5 milliseconds, or 500 μsec, while TSAT /2 for a supervisory audio tone is about 83 μsec, which is much smaller.
However, local oscillator leakage causes an offset of the origin for modulation vector R(t). Therefore, the displacement of modulation vector R(t) by dc offset vector RLO changes modulation voltages VI (t) and VQ (t) due to the displacement of R(t) from the origin in FIG. 2. Voltages VI (t) and VQ (t) are no longer related as simple functions of R(t) cos θ and R(t) sin θ, respectively. Modulation vector R(t) adds to the dc offset vector RLO to produce modulation vector R'(t), which is displaced from origin O, as in FIG. 9. This produces distortion in voice modulation vector R'(t), which is eliminated by the compensating circuit 800 of FIG. 8.
The preferred embodiment described in the preceding description is provided to enable one of ordinary skill in the art to make and use the invention. Various modifications to these embodiments will be readily apparent to those having ordinary skill in the art. For instance, although the preferred embodiment shows the phase shifter 103 located between the local oscillator 608 and mixer 102, those with ordinary skill in the art will readily recognize that the phase shifter could equivalently be inserted along the vi (t) signal path prior to the mixer 102. In any event, the I signal path and Q signal path are phase shifted by 90 degrees. Therefore, the present invention is not intended to be limited to the specific embodiments described herein, but is to be accorded the widest scope consistent with the principles and novel features disclosed herein.
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Product Dimensions1.2 x 7.9 x 9.8 inches
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St. Paul's and Me: Digital Photography Review
FeaturesWHAT TO BUY - AND WHYCamera and Lens Buying GuidesFirst Impressions Review2.71KNikon Df: Is this retro done right?First Impressions Review2.26KSony A7/A7R: The new regimeGear of the Year287Panasonic Lumix GM1: Size mattersSmartphone review10Nexus 5: Google focuses on imaging In-depth review383Nikon D7100: The one to beat Old parts and tape = macro kit 176Homemade rig captures snowflakesLego love affair119Classic photographs recreated in LegoIn-depth review 389Olympus PEN E-P5: A step forwardIn-depth review355Nikon D3200: No-nonsense versatility Editorial content

value: This website is a website about digital cameras and digital photography, established in November 1998. The website provides comprehensive reviews of digital cameras, lenses and accessories, buying guides, user reviews, and forums for individual cameras, as well as general photography forums.


text:
Tiger Roan by Balch, Glenn: Pocket Books Jr., USA Mass Market Paperback, First Edition. - Emily's Books
Home Balch, Glenn Tiger Roan
Published by Pocket Books Jr., USA, 1950
16mo - over 5?" - 6?" tall This is a nice clean book with moderate wear to the covers. Bookseller Inventory # 036554
Title: Tiger Roan
Publisher: Pocket Books Jr., USA

value: This website is an e-commerce global online marketplace with seven websites that offer books, fine art, and collectables from sellers in over 50 countries. Launched in 1996, it specialises in used, rare and out-of-print books.


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Heichinrou Co. Ltd.: Private Company Information - Bloomberg
Company Overview of Heichinrou Co. Ltd.
Heichinrou Co. Ltd. owns and operates a chain of Chinese Cantonese cuisine restaurants in Japan. The company was founded in 1884 and is based in Yokohama, Japan.
8th Floor Nara Building II
2-2-8 Shinyokohama
81 45 474 6711
Key Executives for Heichinrou Co. Ltd.
Heichinrou Co. Ltd. does not have any Key Executives recorded.
To contact Heichinrou Co. Ltd., please visit www.heichin.com. Company data is provided by S&P Global Market Intelligence. Please use this form to report any data issues.

value: This website is an international news agency headquartered in New York City and a division of Bloomberg L.P. Content produced by Bloomberg News is disseminated through Bloomberg Terminals, Bloomberg Television, Bloomberg Radio, Bloomberg Businessweek, Bloomberg Markets, Bloomberg.com, and Bloomberg's mobile platforms. Since 2015, John Micklethwait has served as editor-in-chief.


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$1.1 trillion spending bill passes Congress, en route to Trump | Fox News
$1.1 trillion spending bill passes Congress, en route to Trump
Congress on Thursday approved a $1.1 trillion spending bill that keeps the government running through September – and stands as President Trump’s first major piece of legislation.
The Senate passed the bill 79-18, a day after the House approved it.
The bill now heads to the White House for Trump’s signature with plenty of time left to dodge a midnight Friday deadline.
The passage came moments before the House also voted to approve a Republican-authored health care bill, in a major victory for the White House and majority party.
The spending bill includes $15 billion more for the Pentagon and $1.5 billion in emergency border security funds but does not include funding to begin construction work on the president’s southern border wall with Mexico.
Democrats who negotiated the bill with Republicans successfully defended other accounts targeted by Trump such as foreign aid, the Environmental Protection Agency, support for the arts, and economic development grants, among others.

value: This website is an American multinational conservative cable news television channel based in New York City. It is owned by Fox News Media, which itself is owned by the Fox Corporation.


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text:
Patent US20030097173 - Biodegradable drug delivery material for stent - Google PatentsSearch Images Maps Play YouTube News Gmail Drive More »Sign in<nobr>Advanced Patent Search</nobr>PatentsA stent is fabricated utilizing a polymer that is selected for its tendency to degrade from the surface inwardly rather than undergo bulk erosion so as to substantially reduce the risk of large particles becoming detached and being swept downstream. Such polymer is hydrophobic yet has water-labile linkages...http://www.google.com/patents/US20030097173?utm_source=gb-gplus-sharePatent US20030097173 - Biodegradable drug delivery material for stentAdvanced Patent SearchPublication numberUS20030097173 A1Publication typeApplicationApplication numberUS 10/340,157Publication dateMay 22, 2003Filing dateJan 10, 2003Priority dateApr 13, 2000Also published asUS6527801, US7390333, US7470283, US8414642, US20030105518, US20090082853Publication number10340157, 340157, US 2003/0097173 A1, US 2003/097173 A1, US 20030097173 A1, US 20030097173A1, US 2003097173 A1, US 2003097173A1, US-A1-20030097173, US-A1-2003097173, US2003/0097173A1, US2003/097173A1, US20030097173 A1, US20030097173A1, US2003097173 A1, US2003097173A1InventorsDebashis DuttaOriginal AssigneeDebashis DuttaExport CitationBiBTeX, EndNote, RefManReferenced by (2), Classifications (7), Legal Events (1) External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, EspacenetBiodegradable drug delivery material for stentUS 20030097173 A1Abstract A stent is fabricated utilizing a polymer that is selected for its tendency to degrade from the surface inwardly rather than undergo bulk erosion so as to substantially reduce the risk of large particles becoming detached and being swept downstream. Such polymer is hydrophobic yet has water-labile linkages interconnecting the monomers. Ester or imide bonds are incorporated in the polymer to render the surface degrading materials suitable for use in stent applications. The stent may be coated with such polymer or may be wholly formed therefrom. Images(4) Claims(19)
What is claimed: 1. A stent wholly constructed of a biodegradeable polymer that degrades from its surface inwardly when subjected to blood flow, such that bulk erosion is effectively precluded. 2. The stent of claim 1, wherein said polymer is hydrophobic and has water-labile linkages connecting monomers. 3. The stent of claim 2, wherein said polymer comprises a polyanhydride. 4. The stent of claim 3, wherein said polymer incorporates ester bonds. 5. The stent of claim 3, wherein said polymer incorporates imide bonds. 6. The stent of claim 2, wherein said polymer comprises a polyorthoester. 7. The stent of claim 6, wherein said polymer incorporates ester bonds. 8. The stent of claim 6, wherein said polymer incorporates imide bonds. 9. The stent of claim 1, wherein said polymer is loaded with a pharmacological agent. 10. The stent of claim 9, wherein said pharmaceutical agent comprises heparin. 11. A coated stent, comprising: an underlying structure of metallic material; a coating of biodegradable polymer that degrades from its surface inwardly when subjected to blood flow, such that bulk erosion is effectively precluded. 12. The coated stent of claim 11, wherein said polymer comprises a polyanhydride. 13. The coated stent of claim 12, wherein said polymer incorporates ester bonds. 14. The coated stent of claim 12, wherein said polymer incorporates imide bonds. 15. The coated stent of claim 11, wherein said polymer comprises a polyorthoester. 16. The coated stent of claim 15, wherein said polymer incorporates ester bonds. 17. The coated stent of claim 15, wherein said polymer incorporates imide bonds. 18. The coated stent of claim 11, wherein said polymer is loaded with a pharmacological agent. 19. The coated stent of claim 18, wherein said pharmacological agent comprises heparin.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION [0001] The present invention generally relates to expandable intraluminal vascular grafts, most often referred to as stents, and more particularly pertains to biodegradable stents which completely or partially degrade or are bioabsorbed over a period of time after deployment. [0002] Stents are used to maintain the patency of vessels in the body. They are typically advanced through the vasculature to the deployment site while in a contracted state where they are then expanded to engage the vessel walls and thereby establish a flowpath therethrough. A stent can be moved along a guide wire previously positioned in the vessel and then expanded by the inflation of a balloon about which such stent is disposed. Subsequent deflation of the balloon and removal of it along with the guidewire leaves the stent in place and locked in its expanded state. It has been found that the continued exposure of a stent to blood can lead to undesirable thrombus formation, and the presence of a stent in a blood vessel can over time cause the blood vessel wall to weaken, which creates the potential for an arterial rupture or the formation of aneurisms. A stent can also become so overgrown by tissue after its implantation that its usefulness may be substantially diminished while its continued presence may cause a variety of problems or complications. [0003] In certain situations it is therefore desirable for the stent to be biodegradable or bioabsorbable so as to curtail the adverse risks that would otherwise be associated with the stent's continued presence once its usefulness at the treatment site has ceased or has at least become substantially diminished. To such end, some stents have heretofore been wholly constructed of materials that are biodegradable or bioabsorbable. It is of course necessary to select a material that while biodegradable is nonetheless biocompatible and additionally, has the physical properties necessary to properly serve its function as a stent. Such physical properties include, among others, sufficient strength to support the loads a particular stent is to be subjected to in its function as a splint, the radial flexibility necessary for it to undergo expansion, longitudinal flexibility to allow it to be advanced through a contorted vasculature and conceivably to adapt to a non-linear deployment site. [0004] Such characteristics have heretofore been achieved with the use of certain polymer materials such as polylactic acid, polylactic acid-glycolic acid copolymer, and polycaprolactone. However, all such previously known biodegradable/bioabsorbable stents exhibit bulk erosion and are as a consequence prone to break up into large particles as the matrix breaks down. Additionally, such materials have also been used as stent coatings to gradually release pharmacological agents that are infused throughout the coating. However, the bulk erosion to which such materials are inherently prone to can cause the coating to flake off or otherwise become detached. Should such large particles actually become dislodged before becoming completely degraded, they could be washed downstream and cause emboli. [0005] A biodegradable stent is therefore needed that is initially capable of providing the necessary structural support to a body lumen and then gradually and completely degrades or is absorbed in a manner that precludes a break-up into large particles. Similarly, a biodegradable coating is needed that is not prone to flaking or breaking up into large particles. By preventing the break-up of the stent or of the stent coating into large particles that may subsequently be swept downstream, the potential for embolic complications is thereby avoided. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION [0006] The present invention provides a stent or optionally, a stent coating which degrades in a very controlled and uniform manner so as to substantially preclude the possibility of sizeable particles becoming detached and possibly causing embolic problems downstream. This is achieved by employing a material in the construction of the entire stent or in the coating of the stent that erodes in a very controlled manner. Such material is selected for its strength characteristics as well as its tendency to erode from the surface inwardly rather than being subject to bulk erosion. By incorporating pharmacological agents within the material, the stent or stent coating not only eventually vanishes from within the body lumen in which it was implanted but additionally dispenses the incorporated drug in a gradual manner. [0007] Materials that exhibit the desired surface eroding characteristics without being subject to bulk erosion include polymers wherein the degradation rate of the matrix is faster than the rate of water penetration into the interior of the polymeric mass. Such polymers are hydrophobic but have water-labile linkages interconnecting the monomers. The hydrophobic property precludes water from penetrating into the interior of the polymer while water labile linkages nonetheless subject the surface to gradual erosion. As a result, the stent gradually degrades from the surface inwardly, substantially without the risk of large particles becoming dislodged. [0008] While hydrophobic polymers with water-labile linkages are known, their limited strength and processing capabilities have restricted their usage to passive devices that neither perform a structural function nor are subject to stress or distortion. Drugs infused throughout such material implanted in the body in the form of a tablet or other shape are gradually released as the polymer degrades. As such, these surface degrading polymers have functioned as an effective drug delivery vehicle. The use of such polymers in stent applications has however been precluded as they are unable to support a lumen wall or remain attached to a stent as it undergoes deformation during its expansion. [0009] The materials employed in either wholly forming a stent or in coating a stent in accordance with the present invention include hydrophobic polymers having water-liable linkages connecting the monomers that are fortified with the incorporation of ester or imide bonds. Examples of such polymers include polyanhydrides and polyorthoesters. Additionally, by employing such polymers in stent applications, a single device can be called upon to provide the necessary support to a body lumen and simultaneously dispense a pharmacological agent in a controlled manner. [0010] These and other features and advantages of the present invention will become apparent from the following detailed description of a preferred embodiments which illustrate by way of example the principles of the invention. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS [0011] The stent of the present invention is employed to support or otherwise treat a targeted site within the vasculature. Such stent is introduced into the vasculature, advanced therethrough to the deployment site and expanded using conventional techniques and delivery systems. Once in position and subject to the continuous flow of blood therethrough, it gradually degrades, substantially without the risk inherent in previously known biodegradable stents or stents with biodegradable coatings of breaking up into or releasing sizeable particles that may be swept downstream and cause emboli. [0012] The material employed in the manufacture of the stent of the present invention is a polymer that is simultaneously hydrophobic and has water-labile linkages interconnecting its monomers that are further fortified by ester or imide bonds. The hydrophobic nature of the polymer precludes the incursion of water into its interior while the water-labile bonds that are exposed on its surface nonetheless cause the polymer to degrade. Degradation thereby exclusively progresses from the material's surface inwardly to yield a much more uniform degradation rate and to preclude bulk erosion. The incorporation of the imide or ester bonds serves to impart sufficient strength to the material to enable it to provide the support that is required of a stent. Alternatively, if the material is used as stent coating, the incorporation of the imide or ester bonds impart sufficient strength to the material to prevent it from flaking off or otherwise becoming detached as the underlying stent undergoes the distortion attendant its being expanded by for example the inflation of a balloon. [0013] Many of the stent's ultimate performance characteristics are controllable by the appropriate selection of the various dimensional parameters of the stent. Increasing the dimensions of various structural elements of the stent will generally serve to increase strength and decrease flexibility. Such effect would result from both an increase in the width or in the wall thickness of the stent's structural elements. The time period in which the stent would become totally degraded or absorbed is a function of the wall thickness of the various elements while the degradation rate is a function of the total area exposed to contact with the blood. By for example selecting a stent configuration which employs a large number of relatively narrow spine and strut elements to achieve a particular level of strength, the time in which the stent degrades when subjected to the blood flow can be substantially accelerated. Conversely, a stent configuration in which a relatively few, wide structural elements are employed causes the degradation rate to be somewhat retarded. [0014] The stent's ultimate performance characteristics are of course also controllable by the appropriate selection of chemical variables. For example, the number of imide or ester bonds that are incorporated in the polymer material not only affects the ultimate strength and flexibility characteristics of the stent, but also has an effect on the rate at which the material degrades when subjected to blood flow. An increased bond content enhances strength, decreases flexibility and increases degradation time. The specific requirements of a particular application will ultimately determine the optimal combination of the stent configuration, wall thickness and ester or imide bond content. [0015] Polymers that satisfy the above-described requirements include polyanhydrides and polyorthoesters. Representative examples of polyanhydride polymers suitable for use in the construction of a stent or formulation of a stent coating in accordance with the present invention include anhydride-co-imide ter polymers containing trimellitylimido-L-tyrosine, sebacic acid (SA) and 1,3 bis(carboxyphenoxy)propane. Other examples of suitable polyanhydrides include poly(fatty acid�sebacic acid) synthesized from erucic acid and sebacic anhydride p(EAD:SA) and poly(L-lactic acid-co-L-aspartic acid). Representative examples of polyorthoester polymers suitable for use in the construction of a stent or formulation of a stent coating in accordance with the present invention include poly(4-hydroxy-L-proline ester), poly(1, 10 decanediol-1, 10 decanediol dilactide) and poly(1, 2, 6 hexanetriol-trimethylorthoacetate). An ester or imide content of 20%-40% has been found to be effective to provide sufficient strength for a stent application. [0016] The process for forming a polymer stent is well known in the art. A stent of the present invention is formed by first causing the appropriate reagents to react to form the desired polyanhydride or polyorthoester composition. During copolymer synthesis, the imide content of such composition is increased by incorporating higher imide containing monomers like trimellitylimido-L-tyrosine. Increasing imide content results in higher strength material. Flexibility of polyanhydrides like p(EAD:SA) can be increased by increasing the percentage of erucic acid dimer (EAD) during polymer synthesis. The ester content of such composition is increased by incorporating higher ester containing monomers such as L-proline ester or trimethyl orthoacetate. [0017] Selected pharmacological agents can be added to the reagents so as to incorporate such materials throughout the polymer to thereby provide for the gradual dispensation of the drug over the service life of the stent. The blending may be accomplished either in solution or in a melt state. Drugs such as for example heparin or other proteins can readily be added to the reactants before or during the polymerization process. Alternatively, some drugs may be infused throughout the polymer after polymerization is completed. If desired, the drug may be applied to the surface of the cured polymer to cause the entire dosage to be released shortly after implantation. [0018] The stent may be formed by any of a number of well known methods including the extrusion of the polymer into the shape of a tube. Preselected patterns of voids are then formed into the tube in order to define a plurality of spines and struts that impart a degree of flexibility and expandability to the tube. [0019] Alternatively, the drug loaded polymer may applied to the selected surfaces of a stent formed of for example stainless steel or Nitinol. In order to coat all of the surfaces of the stent, the stent is immersed in the molten polymer. Alternatively, the polymer may be extruded in the form of a tube which is then codrawn with a tube of stainless steel or Nitinol. By codrawing two tubes of the polymer with the metal tube, one positioned about the exterior of the metal tube and another positioned within such metal tube, a tube having multi-layered walls is formed. Subsequent perforation of the tube walls to define a preselected pattern of spines and struts imparts the desired flexibility and expandability to the tube to create a stent. [0020] While a particular form of the invention has been illustrated and described, it will also be apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Accordingly, it is not intended that the invention be limited except by the appended claims. Referenced byCiting PatentFiling datePublication dateApplicantTitleUS8778012 *Nov 27, 2012Jul 15, 2014Cormatrix Cardiovascular, Inc.ECM constructs for tissue regenerationUS8785382Mar 30, 2007Jul 22, 2014Abbott Cardiovascular Systems Inc.Lipid therapy* Cited by examinerClassifications U.S. Classification623/1.38, 623/1.15International ClassificationA61F2/86, A61F2/00Cooperative ClassificationA61F2/86, A61F2250/0067European ClassificationA61F2/86Legal EventsDateCodeEventDescriptionMay 25, 2012FPAYFee paymentYear of fee payment: 4RotateOriginal ImageGoogle Home - Sitemap - USPTO Bulk Downloads - Privacy Policy - Terms of Service - About Google Patents - Send FeedbackData provided by IFI CLAIMS Patent Services©2012 Google

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text:
Games with a scientific purpose. - PubMed - NCBI
Format: AbstractFormatSummarySummary (text)AbstractAbstract (text)MEDLINEXMLPMID ListApplySend toChoose DestinationFileClipboardCollectionsE-mailOrderMy BibliographyCitation managerFormatSummary (text)Abstract (text)MEDLINEXMLPMID ListCSVCreate File1 selected item: 22204700FormatSummarySummary (text)AbstractAbstract (text)MEDLINEXMLPMID ListMeSH and Other DataE-mailSubjectAdditional textE-mailDidn't get the message? Find out why...Add to ClipboardAdd to CollectionsOrder articlesAdd to My BibliographyGenerate a file for use with external citation management software.Create File
See comment in PubMed Commons belowGenome Biol. 2011 Dec 28;12(12):135. doi: 10.1186/gb-2011-12-12-135.Games with a scientific purpose.Good BM1, Su AI.Author information1Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.AbstractThe protein folding game Foldit shows that games are an effective way to recruit, engage and organize ordinary citizens to help solve difficult scientific problems.PMID: 22204700 PMCID: PMC3334605 DOI: 10.1186/gb-2011-12-12-135 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] Free PMC ArticleShareMeSH Terms, Grant SupportMeSH TermsAlgorithmsProtein FoldingProteomics/methods*Recreation/psychologyThermodynamicsVideo Games/psychology*Grant SupportR01 GM083924/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United StatesLinkOut - more resourcesFull Text SourcesBioMed CentralEurope PubMed CentralPubMed CentralPubMed Central CanadaPubMed Commons home

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text:
New Handmade Fabric Cloth Doll 45cm Blonde Hair Toy Gift Baby Stuffed Girl sewin | eBay
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unique.handicraft (19 )
unique.handicraft has no other items for sale.
Details about New Handmade Fabric Cloth Doll 45cm Blonde Hair Toy Gift Baby Stuffed Girl sewin
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Decorative Plate And Bowl

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Phone spies: Town halls using anti-terror powers to bug residents' calls and emails | Daily Mail Online
Updated: 03:00 EST, 5 June 2008
Council spies: Local authorities are using anti-terror laws to spy on residents just like the film, The Lives of Others
If the same pattern were repeated across the remaining 322 councils, it would make a totalof around 3,000 people having their phone and email records accessed by bureaucrats.
Outraged: Jenny Paton and Tim Joyce were spied on because Poole Council wrongly suspected they were lying about living in a particular catchment area
The Freedom of Information requests also revealed the range of offences councils have used the anti-terror law to probe.
Kent County Council carried out 23 telephone subscriber checks as part of probes into storing petrol without a licence and bringing a dog into the UK without putting it into quarantine.
Warning: Shadow Home Secretary David Davis said surveillance was 'out of control'

value: This website is the website of the Daily Mail, a newspaper in the United Kingdom, and of its sister paper The Mail on Sunday. MailOnline is a division of dmg media, which is owned by Daily Mail and General Trust plc.


text:
Girls Gone Out Logo | Graphic Design | Logo Design
This project was awarded to ph0t0sh0pguy for $49 USD.
I am not happy with the quality of work. As matter of fact there was another guy that did it in half the time and really awesome.
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value: This website is an Australian freelance marketplace website, which allows potential employers to post jobs that freelancers can then bid to complete. Founded in 2009, its headquarters is located in Sydney, Australia, though it also has offices in Vancouver, London, Buenos Aires, Manila, and Jakarta.


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The Genesse County Sheriff's Office is the major local law enforcement agency between Buffalo, New York and Rochester, New York. It is headquartered in Batavia, New York. It is one of the busiest law enforcement agencies in western New York State, responding to more "index crimes" than any other agency in the area, 641 in 2007 alone.
It is responsible for services such as: Law Enforcement, Emergency Communications, Civil Processes, Corrections, Community Services/Victim Assistance and Animal Control in the Genesse County Area. The Sheriff's Office also has an Investigation and Road Patrol Division.
Like most other states, sheriffs and deputy sheriffs in the State of New York are regular law-enforcement officers, with full police powers and duties such as patrol work, prisoner transport, civil process, and court security.
In most counties in N.Y., the Undersheriff is the Warden of the county jail. In Genesee County, the sheriff has ultimate authority to operate the 80-bed county jail, built in 1985. In this county, rather than an undersheriff, it is managed by a "jail superintendent" with 27 other employees and managers.
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - https://wn.com/Genesee_County_Sheriff's_Office_(New_York)
Latest News for: genesee county sheriff's office
• Cayuga County District Attorney's Office, 95 Genesee St., Auburn. • Cayuga County Mental Health Office, 146 North St., Auburn. • Cayuga County Office Building, 160 Genesee St., Auburn. • Cayuga County Sheriff's Office, 7445 County House Road, Auburn. • Seymour Library (main lobby), 176 Genesee St., Auburn....
Man arraigned on second-degree strangulation charge
17 in Stafford, according to the Genesee County Sheriff's Office ... arraignment/ Genesee County Sheriff's Office/ ......
Man charged following single-car crash
... according to the Wyoming County Sheriff's Office ... Olcott was arraigned in Genesee Falls Town Court and held in Wyoming County Jail on $500 bail, according to the Sheriff's Office....
Two Genesee County residents were arrested on drug charges Friday following a traffic stop in Stafford, according to the Genesee County Sheriff's Office ... fentanyl/ Genesee County Local Drug Task Force/ Genesee County Sheriff's Office/ heroin arrest....
UPDATE: Amber Alert canceled for 14-year-old girl in Byron
The Genesee County Sheriff's Office had issued an AMBER Alert and is investigating a child abduction in Byron ... ....
UPDATE: Amber Alert canceled,14-year-old girl found safe
Monroe County Post 30 Nov 2018
The Amber Alert was activated by the Genesee County Sheriff's Office, which is investigating the girl's disappearance as a child abduction that occurred about 8 a.m ... The Genesee County Sheriff's Office said ... amber alert/ Genesee County Sheriff's Office....
 . BYRON, N.Y. -- An Amber Alert has been issued for a teenage girl abducted Thursday morning in Western New York ... from West Bergen Road in Byron, Genesee County, according to the state alert ... The Genesee County Sheriff's Office activated the Amber Alert ... ....
Amber Alert issued for 14-year-old girl in Byron
The Genesee County Sheriff's Office has issued an AMBER Alert and is investigating a child abduction in Byron ... ....
... been an accident caused by the careless handling of a weapon, the Genesee County Sheriff's Office said Tuesday ... byron/ Genesee County/ Genesee County Sheriff's Office/ police....
The Genesee County Sheriff's Office says the shooting was the result of horseplay in a barn on Byron Holley Road ... ....
A Genesee County woman injured Thursday in a one-car crash in Elba was charged by ... driving while ability impaired by drugs arrest/ Genesee County Sheriff's Office....
Genesee County Sheriff Robert Pickell said his office received a tip that the Fenton Road Tavern was dealing drugs ... ....

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text:
Romántico (film) - Wikipedia
Romántico theatrical poster
Carmelo Muñiz Sanchez
Kino International (theatrical)
November 6, 2006 (2006-11-06) (United States)
Romántico is a 2005 documentary film directed by Mark Becker and starring Arturo Arias and Carmelo Muñiz Sanchez.[1]
New York Newsday Romantico is visual poetry on the run… And, as any work of art does when it’s successful, improves our perceptions of the world.”"[2]
Slant Magazine offered in 2006 that Romántico might be the documentary of the year, in that its "sensitively detailed surveillance of one man's personal misfortune" illuminates a national crisis. They favorably compared it with Carlos Reygadas' Battle in Heaven in that both films deal with the same social circle and maintain a "vigilant aesthetic".[3] In revisiting the film in 2010, they offered that the film was a "well-done character study" that could teach "a lot about how someone else thinks and experiences the world."[4]
The New York Times wrote that Romántico was "a sympathetic portrait of Carmelo Muñiz Sánchez, an illegal Mexican immigrant living in San Francisco who, after scuffling for three years as a mariachi musician, returns home to care for his ailing mother." They found the film to be representative of the stories of "countless illegal immigrants" who are a "struggling shadow population that is all but invisible in the United States."[5]
Film Threat made note that the film was originally to be about the life of two immigrant musicians in San Francisco, but due to Carmelo Muñiz Sanchez deciding to return home to Mexico during the filming, the film "evolved into a richly observed slice of life tale about a man returning home".[6]
2005, nominated for 'Grand Jury Prize' for best documentary at Sundance Film Festival[7]
2006, nominated for Independent Spirit Award for best documentary at Independent Spirit Awards[8]
2006, nominated for 'Truer Than Fiction Award' at Independent Spirit Awards[8]
^ LaSalle, Mick (19 January 2007). "Who really is that man with guitar?". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 16 November 2010.
^ Anderson, John (November 3, 2006). "review: Romántico" (PDF). New York Newsday. Retrieved 19 November 2010.
^ Gonzalez, Ed (October 23, 2006). "review: Romántico". Slant Magazine. Retrieved 19 November 2010.
^ Nakhnikian, Elise (August 21, 2010). "A Movie a Day, Day 96: Romántico". Slant Magazine. Retrieved 19 November 2010.
^ Holden, Stephen (November 1, 2006). "In Clutches of Poverty, Not Despair but Survival". The New York Times. Retrieved 19 November 2010.
^ Wible, Daniel (May 25, 2005). "review: Romántico". Film Threat. Retrieved 19 November 2010.
^ Scott, A. O. (January 31, 2005). "Nonfiction Has Its Day at Sundance". The New York Times. Retrieved 19 November 2010.
^ a b "Independent Spirit Awards". Movie City News. Retrieved 19 November 2010.
Romántico on IMDb
Romántico at Rotten Tomatoes
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Romántico_(film)&oldid=765032557"

value: This website is the English-language edition of the free online encyclopedia Wikipedia. It was founded on 15 January 2001 as Wikipedia's first edition and, as of October 2021, has the most articles of any edition, at 6,412,521.


text:
Avis COLES Condolences | Newmarket Journal
Avis COLES
Thank you for signing the Guest Book for Avis COLES.
This Guest Book will remain online permanently courtesy of H Peasgood & Sons.
Please take a moment to sign the Guest Book for Avis COLES.
Send me a daily email when updates are made to the obituary or Condolence page for Avis COLES.

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BBC - Press Office - Atholl Duncan to leave the BBC
Category: Scotland; BBC
BBC Scotland's Head of News and Current Affairs, Atholl Duncan, is leaving the corporation to take up a role as Executive Director, UK and Global for ICAS – the professional body for accountants.
Duncan, who has been in charge of the BBC's Scottish news operation since December 2006, will start his new job after overseeing BBC Scotland's coverage of the Scottish Election.
BBC Scotland Director, Ken MacQuarrie, paid tribute to Duncan's commitment and professionalism: "Atholl has played a key role in delivering high quality journalism for our audiences, however they choose to consume it. Under his stewardship, our news team has won a string of awards and we wish him well in his new role."
Atholl Duncan said: "It has been a pleasure and a privilege to lead the BBC's journalism in Scotland. This has been a period during which the news team has delivered significant improvements in our coverage. Audience figures have increased and audience satisfaction has improved. Our ambition is to deliver the best journalism in the world. Over the past four and half years we have taken significant steps towards that ambitious goal."

value: This website is the BBC's online service. It is a large network of websites including such high-profile sites as BBC News and Sport, the on-demand video and radio services co-branded BBC iPlayer, the children's sites CBBC and CBeebies, and learning services such as Bitesize.


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Subway - Lake Forest Park, WA | Groupon
+12063683544
Enjoy made-to-order sandwiches on homemade bread at Subway in Shoreline. Feed the gang at your next get-together with catering from Subway as well.
Swing by Subway in Shoreline for a quick sandwich and side of chips. Low-fat, gluten-free, and vegan options are all available here. Little guys and gals will also love dining at this restaurant, which offers a family-friendly environment (and menu). If dining outdoors is your idea of a good time, you'll love the gorgeous patio seating at Subway.
Save time and money on parking when you take advantage of the open lot next door. For those who travel by bike, Subway offers bike racks for diners.
Appease your inner-foodie without spending a fortune when you swing by Subway for one of many flavorful (and inexpensive) dishes. The breakfast dishes at the restaurant really bring the crowds in, though lunch and dinner are also served. If you are looking for a new lunch or dinner option, stop by Subway and enjoy a great sandwich.
Cedar Terrace (2.7 mi)
Melody Hill (3.8 mi)


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Car Rental Dallgow-Doeberitz: Cheap Rental Car Deals |
Dallgow-Doeberitz Car Rental
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Land in Dallgow-Doeberitz with your eye on new experiences and an exciting agenda in hand, and you won't be disappointed. Last year, vacations to Dallgow-Doeberitz were a popular activity, and Dallgow-Doeberitz is so lovely that scores of residents call it home. Yes, you could hail a cab after you deplane and grab your luggage. Or you might want to use public transport to explore after you put your luggage down at your hotel. But thanks to a rental car you're able to visit all the points of interest in Dallgow-Doeberitz on your own schedule; booking a car rental gives you more independence during your getaway. Wave goodbye to being held to the public transit route and howdy to the freedom of the open road.
Dallgow-Doeberitz Adventures by Car
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Expedia makes it simple to choose your dates and your ideal car, and your rental car is secured before you know it--searching for the perfect rental car in Dallgow-Doeberitz is a piece of cake! Now it's time to go shopping for a pair of shades for the ride and reserve a hotel in the heart of Dallgow-Doeberitz.
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value: This website is an online travel agency owned by Expedia Group, an American online travel shopping company based in Seattle.


text:
17 styles Lot Ladys Fashion Natural Feather Dangle Chandelier Hook Earrings | eBay Please enable JavaScript Our new search experience requires JavaScript to be enabled. Please enable JavaScript on your browser, then try again.
View: Gallery view 17 styles Lot Ladys Fashion Natural Feather Dangl...: 17 styles Lot Ladys Fashion Natural Feather Dangle Chandelier Hook Earrings0 results. You may also like
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How acupuncture helps in pregnancy? by Northside Acupunc... 1485 views
Find Out The Ways Acupuncture Can S... by Northside Acupunc... 2596 views
Acupuncture is quite popular in increasing the fertility rate; chances of getting pregnant are high as well with this treatment process. But along with this advantage, it is also beneficial for those women who are pregnant. Want to know how? Just go through the slides.
1. ways ACUPUNCTURE can support your PREGNANCY
2. Acupuncture is quite popular in increasing the fertility rate; chances of getting pregnant are high as well with this treatment process. But along with this advantage, it is also beneficial for those women who are pregnant. Want to know how? Just go through the slides.
4. Helps to ease Heartburn, Morning Sickness & Nausea
5. Relieves Pain and Discomfort Naturally and without Medications
6. Helps to resolve a Breech Presentation
7. Lessens Pre and Post-Partum Depression
8. Helps to prepare the body for labor and can help smooth the labor process
9. To know more about Advantages of Acupuncture during pregnancy Visit

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Courtenay Browne - Semantic Scholar
G D Champion12
R. O. Day9
P N Sambrook7
M L Cohen7
12G D Champion
9R. O. Day
7P N Sambrook
7M L Cohen
Occupational repetition strain injuries. Guidelines for diagnosis and management.
Courtenay Browne, Barbara M. Nolan, Donald K Faithfull
Occupational repetition strain injuries (RSI) are a major, unchecked source of disability in industry and commerce, and have considerable social and economic consequences. The long-term morbidity associated with these injuries is preventable, but a coordinated approach to awareness, diagnosis, management, and prevention has been lacking. Confusing… (More)
Auranofin in rheumatoid arthritis.
G. David Champion, David S. Bieri, +5 authors Jasmine Vallance
Corticosteroid injection for osteoarthritis of the knee: peripatellar compared to intra-articular route.
Philip N. Sambrook, G. David Champion, +7 authors Steve Kempler
Intra-articular injection of micro-crystalline corticosteroid is used to treat symptomatic osteoarthritis (OA) of the knee, but its duration of effect and efficacy are uncertain. From the observation that pain in OA of the knee can often be blocked by infiltration of the soft tissues at the patella margin with local anaesthetic, this study investigated an… (More)
Aurothioglucose in rheumatoid arthritis. Outcome of treatment in patients intolerant of sodium aurothiomalate.
Ellen E McGirr, Courtenay Browne, G. David Champion, Richard O. Day, Philip N. Sambrook
Forty-three patients in whom treatment with sodium aurothiomalate was discontinued because of adverse reactions that either were relatively severe or recurred on rechallenge received treatment with aurothioglucose in oily base. Thirty-six of them had rheumatoid arthritis, four had psoriatic arthritis and three had juvenile chronic arthritis. Aurothioglucose… (More)
Digging in the desert.
Courtenay Browne, Michael G Browne
Palaeopathology is the study of disease in antiquity. Doctor Christopher Browne has spent several years studying skeletal material recovered from an archaeological site in Jordan to gain insight into the evolution of rheumatic and bone diseases.
The effect of smoking on the distribution of gold in blood.
Garry G. Graham, Teija Haavisto, Patrick McNaught, Courtenay Browne, G. David Champion
The uptake of gold by the red blood cells (RBC) of patients treated with aurothiomalate (GSTM) was greatly potentiated by smoking. The ratios of gold concentrations in RBC to the concentrations in plasma were 0.35 +/- 0.07 (mean +/- SE, n = 14) in smokers and 0.028 +/- 0.003 (n = 23) in non-smokers. Gold uptake by RBC in vitro was also greater in smokers… (More)
In search of the pathogenesis of refractory cervicobrachial pain syndrome.
Matt L Cohen, G. David Champion, Courtenay Browne
Osteoarthritis antirheumatic drug trials: Effects of a standardized instructional videotape on the reliability of observer-dependent dependent outcome measures
Nicholas Bellamy, Charles Bachmeier, +6 authors John M. Campbell
A study was designed to assess the effects of a standardized instructional videotape on reducing interobserver variability for several commonly used observer dependent outcome measures. During a single day, six rheumatologists independently examined six patients with osteoarthritis (OA) in a predetermined order using a Latin square design, before and after… (More)
Terminations of treatment with gold sodium thiomalate in rheumatoid arthritis.
Philip N. Sambrook, Courtenay Browne, G. David Champion, Richard O. Day, Jasmine Vallance, Neil Warwick
Treatment terminations with gold sodium thiomalate (GST) in 200 patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) were analyzed using the life table method. The termination rate was 27% at 6 months, 48% at 12 months and 84% at 48 months. The major reason for termination was mucocutaneous reaction. Pretreatment clinical and laboratory status of the RA did not… (More)
Matt L Cohen, Jésus F. Arroyo, G. David Champion, Courtenay Browne
OBJECTIVE To discuss the clinical and social phenomenon of refractory cervicobrachial pain, more popularly known as repetitive strain injury (RSI), from the standpoint of medical knowledge and to present the phenomenon as a problem of chronic musculoskeletal pain in which clinical clues suggest a neuropathic pathogenesis. DATA SOURCES Published articles… (More)

value: This website is an artificial-intelligence backed search engine for academic publications developed at the Allen Institute for AI and publicly released in November 2015. It uses advances in natural language processing to provide summaries for scholarly papers.


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$6.29 Retail: $7.99 Save 21% ($1.70) In Stock Stock No: WW943475 Harvest House Publishers / 2012 / Paperback Quantity:
Empowered: Experience Living in the Power of the Spirit By: Josh McDowell, Sean McDowell
In StockCBD Stock No: WW943475
$2.99 Perspective: Experience the World Through God's Eyes
Format: PaperbackNumber of Pages: 80Vendor: Harvest House PublishersPublication Date: 2012Dimensions: 9.00 X 7.00 (inches)ISBN: 0736943471ISBN-13: 9780736943475Series: Unshakable Truth Journey Growth Guides
An entire generation of young Christiansalong with millions of older believersis confused about what they believe, why they believe it, and how it's relevant.The Unshakable Truth Journey® Growth Guides are a series of 12 courses designed especially for churches, church classes, and small groups. They get to the heart of what being a true follower of Christ means and what knowing Christ is all about. Each five-session guide is based on one of 12 core truths of the Christian faith presented in Josh and Sean McDowell's book The Unshakable Truth®.Orthodox, hard-hitting, and relevant, these guides are uniquely positioned for today's culture because they highlight how Christianity's beliefs affect relationships; promote a relational, group context in which Christians can experience the teaching in depth; and show believers how they can live out Christianity's central truths before their community and world.More than just a program, The Unshakable Truth Journey® Growth Guides are a tool for long-term change and transformation!EmpoweredExperience Living in the Power of the Spirit opens up the truth of God's being three in one. Because he is a Trinity, his natural is relational; he defines the essence of how any relationship works. Through the power of the Holy Spirit, we can experience the truth of relationships in the way God defines them.
I'm the author/artist and I want to review Empowered: Experience Living in the Power of the Spirit. Back×

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Christian Book Distributors was started in 1978 by Stephen Hendrickson, 19 years old and a sophomore at Central Bible College in Springfield, Missouri, out of his parents’ home in Lynn, Massachusetts.


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Take off your hat when the flag goes by
Weigle, Charles F.
Victory for the U.S.A war ballad
Notated Music. print | 1 score (1 page) ; 27 cm | lyric by Martin Louis Busch ; music by W.C. McCullough. (Statement Of Responsibility). For voice and piano. Manuscript in ink; accompanied by a typed lyric sheet. Also available in digital form on the Library of Congress Web site. (Additional Physical Form). Staff notation. (Language). Print (Form). Unmediated (Form). Volume (Form).
MC Cullough, W.C. - Busch, Martin L. - McCullough, W.C.
The flag of a thousand years
Notated Music. print | 1 score (2 pages) ; 35 cm | by Nat S. Hart. (Statement Of Responsibility). For voice and piano. Also available in digital form on the Library of Congress Web site. (Additional Physical Form). Staff notation. (Language). Print (Form). Unmediated (Form). Volume (Form).
The C. E. Leslie Music House - Hart, Nat S.
Notated Music. print | 1 score (2 unnumbered pages) ; 35 cm | words by T.A. Daly ; music by J.M.F. McCloskey. (Statement Of Responsibility). For voice and piano. Photocopy of manuscript; lyric sheet pasted in. Also available in digital form on the Library of Congress Web site. (Additional Physical Form). Staff notation. (Language). Print (Form). Unmediated (Form). Volume (Form).
McCloskey, J. M. F. - Daly, T. A. (Thomas Augustine)
We're out to save the star spangled banner
Notated Music. print | 1 score (* pages) ; * cm | music by R. A. Browne ; poem and copyright by Michael J. Kew. (Statement Of Responsibility). For voice and piano. Manuscript in ink, with typescript lyrics. Also available in digital form on the Library of Congress Web site. (Additional Physical Form). Staff notation. (Language). Print (Form). Unmediated (Form). Volume (Form).
Browne, Raymond A. - Kew, Michael J.
Notated Music. print | 1 score (2 pages) ; 34 cm | music by M. E. Hogan. (Statement Of Responsibility). For voice and piano. Also available in digital form on the Library of Congress Web site. (Additional Physical Form). Staff notation. (Language). Print (Form). Unmediated (Form). Volume (Form).
Delmar Music Co. - Hogan, M. E.
The stars and stripes over old Berlin
Notated Music. print | 1 score (3 pages) ; 35 cm | Words by Mrs. Ethel Parks ; music by Leo Friedman. (Statement Of Responsibility). For voice and piano. Staff notation. (Language). Print (Form). Unmediated (Form). Volume (Form).
North American Music Company - Friedman, Leo - Parks, Ethel

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