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Declare a reference for a two dimensional array without typecasting - CodeProject 11,186,797 members (69,395 online)
Re: Unfortunately, in the code I've seen both in the projects I ... Stefan_Lang3-Jan-12 3:57 Unfortunately, in the code I've seen both in the projects I worked on and in the internet, I've found it to be true. At the very least, almost all typecasts I've seen are unnecessary, in the sense that the variables involved were not defined as the correct type (e. g. using int instead of size_t when dealing with memory sizes), or are only necessary as a consequence of bad API design.
In your case as It was mentioned x is an address and what th... SiarheiY27-Dec-11 4:46 In your case as It was mentioned x is an address and what the point of introducing the first dimension, if it's size is one.
Re: the first dimensions size can be anything FYKI Mukit, Ataul27-Dec-11 23:15 the first dimensions size can be anything FYKI
maybe Stefan_Lang is right. yellowcrd26-Dec-11 19:56 Reason for my vote of 4
Why do you say it's not useful? I'd say it is, especially si... Stefan_Lang5-Dec-11 23:19 Why do you say it's not useful? I'd say it is, especially since the second form you presented is wrong! The second form declares p as a pointer (or array of pointers) of pointers to int, and it will require additional memory to store the array of pointers it points to. The first form does not require additional memory to store pointers, because x is not the address to an array of pointers, instead it is the address of the first element! That's quite a difference, and the reason why your second form will likely cause your app to crash!
Re: Never thought of it that way about the second form taking ex... Mukit, Ataul6-Dec-11 18:50 Never thought of it that way about the second form taking extra memory.. thnx for pointing it out Re: Type casting is done implicitly.Isn't it? yellowcrd26-Dec-11 20:21 Type casting is done implicitly.Isn't it?
Re: "P.S.: type casting, especially C-style casts, are always ba... PIEBALDconsult3-Jan-12 3:43 "P.S.: type casting, especially C-style casts, are always bad, and almost almost always semantically wrong"
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Absolute altitude - definition of absolute altitude by The Free Dictionary
Absolute altitude - definition of absolute altitude by The Free Dictionary http://www.thefreedictionary.com/absolute+altitudePrinter Friendly
9,924,605,405 visitors served
absolute altitude Also found in: Acronyms, Encyclopedia.Related to absolute altitude: Pressure altitude, Density altitude, true altitude
Translationsabsolute altitude n (Aviat) → absolute Höhe, Flughöhe f → über Grund
Link to this page: absolute altitude
height above the ground surface) is 2 m and absolute altitude 4 m.The influence of coastal morphology on wind dynamics/Ranniku morfoloogia moju tuule dunaamikaleAbsolute altitude is the distance above the ground.The Long Cross-CountryHe said: "This is a fantastic record, everything went perfectly and I think I have broken eight world records including the absolute altitude record.A beer looks good from eight miles high
▲absent-mindednessAbsentnessabseyAbsey-bookabsiemensabsinthAbsinthateabsintheabsinthe oilAbsinthialAbsinthianAbsinthiateabsinthiatedAbsinthicAbsinthinabsinthismAbsinthiumAbsisAbsistAbsistenceabsitabsit omenabsoluteabsolute alcoholabsolute altimeterabsolute altitudeabsolute ceilingabsolute configurationAbsolute constantabsolute convergenceAbsolute curvatureabsolute dudAbsolute equationabsolute filterabsolute frequencyabsolute heightabsolute humidityabsolute judgmentabsolute magnitudeabsolute majorityabsolute monarchyabsolute musicabsolute pitchAbsolute refractive indexabsolute scaleabsolute spaceAbsolute superlativeabsolute temperatureabsolute temperature scaleAbsolute termsabsolute threshold▼

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Oakland A's Coaching Q&A: Scott Emerson, P1Melissa Lockard07/29/2014Part one of a conversation with Oakland A's minor league pitching coordinator Scott Emerson covers the A's draft class and the finer points of teaching pitching mechanics.The Oakland A's have a well-deserved reputation for being an organization skilled at developing major league pitchers. A big part of that development is thanks to the coaching of the A's minor league staff, starting at the top with A's minor league pitching coordinator Scott Emerson.
Since Emerson took over the position at the start of last season, he has graduated several pitchers to the big leagues, including All-Stars Sean Doolittle and Sonny Gray.
"Emo", as Emerson is known around baseball, spends the season traveling from affiliate to affiliate. We caught-up with Emo as he was preparing to leave on his next trip to discuss some of the newest pitchers in the A's organization, his philosophy on pitching, as well as several pitching prospects at all levels of the A's organization. Below is part one of that conversation. OaklandClubhouse: Let’s start with the new pitchers that have been added to the system through this year’s draft. Have you been pleased with what you have seen from the new draftees?
Scott Emerson: Tomorrow I am actually going up to Vermont again. I have only seen [third-round pick] Brett Graves pitch one inning, and that was his first pro inning when I was out in Phoenix. Tomorrow him and Daniel Gossett [second-round pick] are pitching together. That’s going to be an exciting day. Two young arms, guys that have good fastballs, can spin a breaking ball and have a good feel for a change-up.
I know those guys were our first couple of pitchers taken in the draft and you can see why. They have good ability. I have been very impressed just watching Graves throw one bullpen and one inning in a game. The same with Gossett. They both bring a professional maturity with them that is good to see right out of the chute. They are professional and they understand what is going on. They have an idea of what they are doing with their stuff and their routines. That was good to see.
OC: Is the idea this year to keep them on a three-to-four inning limit each outing given how many innings they threw this year already in college ball?
SE: Generally, you look at their innings from the year before and you want to bump them up 15-20% from the innings range the year before. Gossett is pretty close already. I can’t say off-hand, but I want to say that we are giving him about 30 innings this summer.
Graves actually is well under his innings from last year, so he will pitch a little bit more to get his innings up to where he was last year. The plan with Graves is to build him up like any starter we have built up in spring training in the past and then if we can get him up to 90 pitches by the end of the season, that would be great.
With Gossett, we are going to limit him to two-to-three innings each outing because he threw a lot more innings this spring than he did the year before, so we are going to keep his innings down. He is actually going to have 30-to-40 more innings this year than he did last year, but we are going to closely control these last 30 innings to make sure everything is alright.
OC: Joel Seddon [11th-round pick] and Brendan McCurry [22nd-round pick] jumped almost immediately up to Low-A Beloit after they signed. What have you seen from those two guys?
SE: Strike throwers. I saw them in mini-camp. The one thing about Seddon was that he had pitched in a game [for South Carolina] about a week before mini-camp. So it was like he got drafted, pitched and was sent to mini-camp all in one week. The process was already underway with him. We didn’t want to slow him down. I think he threw one bullpen, threw in a sim game and possibly threw in another sim game, tossed an inning or so in Arizona and then we sent him out to Beloit. McCurry was pretty much the same.
You’ve got two young relievers who pitched at high-profile programs and we thought that the Midwest League would be a good transition for them. Seddon had a little hiccup [Monday] night, but those guys have been throwing the ball really well.
OC: Branden Kelliher is one of the youngest pitchers in the system right now, but it looks like he has hit the ground running in Arizona. Is he a similar pitcher to fellow Washington state native Dustin Driver, or is he a different pitcher than Dustin was last year?
SE: I think that would be a good comparison. Branden is another guy who I was impressed with. He came in with a routine and had an idea of what he wants to do with the baseball. His work habits are great and he has done a great of integrating himself with the system and the guidelines and the program. I think he’s done a good job.
He’s got a good future. He has a fast arm that moves through the ‘zone well. Like any young pitcher, they want to come out and throw 100 miles per hour. Velocity seems to be what everybody loves. But as soon as he sees that every hitter in the big leagues can hit 100 miles per hour if they know it is coming, once he understands how to use his velocity to move the baseball, he has a good chance to shoot through the system.
OC: I know he’s not a 2014 draft pick, but Dillon Overton [2013 second-round pick] is really making his pro debut now after recovering from Tommy John surgery. He has put up good command numbers so far for a pitcher at that stage of his rehab. Are you excited about where he is at in his rehab at this point?
SE: Yeah, Dillon Overton has done a great job. He is a true strike-thrower. He doesn’t have his velocity back yet on a consistent basis, but that’s understandable. What has impressed me is his ability to go out there and pitch. I got to see him twice during my last trip to Arizona and he was able to come inside with the fastball. He’s got a good change-up and he’s got a good breaking ball. I think after having the surgery, once you come back, you have to pitch with your command until your velocity gets there. I think at times it makes these guys better pitchers because they start to learn to command the baseball. Then all of a sudden, that velocity comes back and he has that added element of command and velocity. He’s a smooth left-handed pitcher, a good competitor. He throws strikes. I think he’s got 28 strike-outs in about 19 innings. That’s a good sign that he is throwing strikes, mixing up his pitches and not getting predictable. He’s done a great job of controlling his delivery. Him and Garvin Alston, our rehab coordinator, have worked hard on his delivery throughout this process. He looks to be on-track.
OC: Did you have a chance to see Heath Fillmyer [fifth-round pick] when you were in Arizona?
SE: I saw him throw a sim game my last day there. Quick arm. Fast arm. He is a converted guy. He has what I call a ‘beautiful canvass.’ He’s really raw. He’s like a pitching coach’s dream. As long as he buys into what we are trying to accomplish with him – he’s got to understand his game as well; that it doesn’t do any good to throw 97 miles per hour if you can’t throw it over the plate or change speeds.
A lot of times position players are converted to the mound not because they are good pitchers, but because they have good arms. We have to turn them into good pitchers. When he understands how to make his arm work and how to use his pitches – because he has a good change-up and the ball has some late bite to it on the breaking ball – now it is just about learning the craft and becoming that pitcher instead of that thrower.
When he does that, he’s got a chance to be really good because that arm moves really fast.
OC: When you say that his arm moves really fast, what does that impact? Does it impact movement on the pitches or velocity or something else? What does that show you as a pitching coach when the arm is quick?
SE: It can offer a lot of deception. When that arm goes through the motion fast, when you go to throw a change-up or a breaking ball, the arm is coming through fast, but the ball is coming out a little bit slower. So that arm speed offers a little bit of deception. And that deception is key to hiding the ball from hitters. Hitters want to time the baseball, and we want to disrupt that timing. When the arm is moving fast, it looks like a fastball and all of a sudden it dies out as a change-up. That’s an added bonus.
When I say ‘arm speed’, I mean deception and it also involves trunk speed and driving the ball down the slope of the mound and having that ability to offer that deception. I call it arm speed, but without the trunk speed, you won’t really have arm speed. The guys that look like they are playing a game of catch sometimes look like they are playing a game of catch to the hitters, too. They can be easy to see. The guys that are looking like they are trying throw hard but under control are harder to see. That is one thing that we try to preach – be fast with every movement that you have, but it has to be under control. When you can do that, then the body parts are moving faster and the ball is going to move faster. But that is also going to offer deception to the hitter.
It’s like someone running up to you – sprinting up to you – and then they stop right in front of your face. You are going to flinch a little bit. When that one guy walks up to you and just stops, you aren’t flinching. That’s the analogy that I use. You are sprinting at the guy and then stop in his face, he’s going to be wondering ‘what the heck is this guy doing?’ All of a sudden, that guy is moving because you are getting into his space.
OC: So the hitter is reacting more to the movement of the delivery than the actual pitch?
OC: It seemed like about 10 years ago the organization had a lot of pitchers with very deceptive deliveries. Is that something that you still look to create as an organization?
SE: I don’t know if I would call it that we are trying to create a lot of deception. We are just looking to get these guys under control, balanced, down the slope of the mound and not side-to-side, which hides the arm. If you stay lateral down the slope of the mound longer, you are going to hide the ball better. If you fly open, especially when guys land, if their knee is outside of their body when they land, generally their head is going to go that way and their arm is going to be seen by the hitter a little bit earlier. Now if the hitter sees the ball earlier, he is going to be able to track the ball longer and now he’s got an advantage. Whatever his advantage may be and to what degree – obviously three-out-of-10 is a superstar [for a hitter]. If you bail out and you show the ball earlier, you make that guy a .300 hitter off of you, whereas maybe the guy that hides the ball longer or keeps his delivery closed longer, maybe that guy is a .200 hitter off of him.
I would say as a hitting guy, you beat up on the guys you are supposed to beat up on because the great guys you probably aren’t going to get hits off of anyway. We are trying to get these guys to be the guy who can hide the ball and use what we call our elements of pitching – which is being able to locate the ball, change speeds, have movement on it and have some velocity. Those are the sort of things that we are preaching to these guys.
Some guys are going to have bad deliveries and command the baseball and some guys are going to have good deliveries and they can’t command the baseball. Sometimes it comes down to a mental thing. It’s like how some guys with bad deliveries never get hurt and some guys with good deliveries get hurt. How do you explain that? That’s a whole other subject.
Stay tuned for more of this Q&A, during which we cover several pitching prospects, ranging from Jesus Zambrano to Austin House to Seth Frankoff to Tucker Healy to Nate Long to Chris Jensen to Seth Streich, and much more...
Share on Facebook Share on TwitterTrending on ScoutLi'l Louisville fan sobs after Kentucky cheerLuke Kuechly's Jersey Retirement Ceremony2016 Year in Review: A's Draft Class, part 3AF Reaper Gets Universal Weapons InterfaceKicking game errors lead to tieOakland Clubhouse Top StoriesOC Annual now includes Sports Illustrated!New annual memberships to OaklandClubhouse now include a one-year subscription to Sports Illustrated!by StaffOakland ClubhouseFriday at 10:30 AM2016 Year in Review: A's Draft Class, part 3How did the Oakland A's 2016 draft class fare during their pro debuts? We take a look at the class, 10 rounds at a time. Third up, picks from rounds 21-30.by Melissa LockardOakland ClubhouseFriday at 9:14 AMOakland A's MLN: Barreto's big dayFranklin Barreto broke out of a "slump" in the Arizona Fall League, and the Oakland A's re-signed two more minor league free agents.by Melissa LockardOakland ClubhouseTuesday at 8:35 PM2016 Year in Review: A's draft class, p2How did the Oakland A's 2016 draft class fare during their pro debuts? We take a look at the class, 10 rounds at a time. Second up, picks from rounds 11-20.by Melissa LockardOakland ClubhouseTuesday at 12:04 PMOakland A's set 2017 MLB coaching staffThe Oakland A's announced their 2017 major-league coaching staff on Tuesday.by Melissa LockardOakland ClubhouseTuesday at 9:46 AMMLB Draft Top 50 Prospects: 31-40Scout.com is giving you a look to the future, and the top prospects for the 2017 MLB Amateur Draft. In the second edition of the top 50 MLB Draft Prospects breakdown, Taylor Blake…by Taylor Blake WardScouting Baseball10/17/2016First look: Frankie Montas, Oakland A'sHighly regarded pitching prospect Frankie Montas made his Oakland A's debut on Friday in the Arizona Fall League. Kimberly Contreras has video of his first official pitches as a…by Kimberly ContrerasOakland Clubhouse10/15/2016Oakland A's MLN: Three re-signThe Oakland A's re-signed three minor league free agents...plus news and notes from the first few days of off-season leagues.by Melissa LockardOakland Clubhouse10/13/20162016 Year in Review: A's Draft Class, P1How did the Oakland A's 2016 draft class fare during their pro debuts? We take a look at the class, 10 rounds at a time. First up, picks from rounds 1-10.by Melissa LockardOakland Clubhouse10/12/2016MLB Draft Top 50 Prospects: 41-50The MLB Draft is still eight months away, but now is the perfect time to start learning about the future stars of baseball. Taylor Blake Ward gives you an in depth look at the top…by Taylor Blake WardScouting Baseball10/11/2016A's lose Washington to BravesRon Washington is leaving the Oakland A's for a post with the Atlanta Braves.by Melissa LockardOakland Clubhouse10/11/2016Alcantara's option situation clarifiedOaklandClubhouse has received clarification on Raul Alcantara's option situation for the 2017 season.by Melissa LockardOakland Clubhouse10/10/2016Load More

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Patent US6266930 - Safeguard structure and transaction device - Google PatentsSearch Images Maps Play YouTube News Gmail Drive More »Sign inPatentsA safeguard structure for making burglary of an entire object device difficult or impossible. The safeguard structure includes and installation board that comes into surface contact with an installation place and has the area wider that the bottom area of the object device and a fixture mechanism for...http://www.google.com/patents/US6266930?utm_source=gb-gplus-sharePatent US6266930 - Safeguard structure and transaction deviceAdvanced Patent SearchTry the new Google Patents, with machine-classified Google Scholar results, and Japanese and South Korean patents.Publication numberUS6266930 B1Publication typeGrantApplication numberUS 09/418,513Publication dateJul 31, 2001Filing dateOct 15, 1999Priority dateMay 12, 1999Fee statusLapsedPublication number09418513, 418513, US 6266930 B1, US 6266930B1, US-B1-6266930, US6266930 B1, US6266930B1InventorsHiroyuki KitabatakeOriginal AssigneeFujitsu LimitedExport CitationBiBTeX, EndNote, RefManPatent Citations (11), Non-Patent Citations (1), Referenced by (16), Classifications (21), Legal Events (5) External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, EspacenetSafeguard structure and transaction device
US 6266930 B1Abstract
A safeguard structure for making burglary of an entire object device difficult or impossible. The safeguard structure includes and installation board that comes into surface contact with an installation place and has the area wider that the bottom area of the object device and a fixture mechanism for fixing the installation board with the object device. Affixing the object device and the installation board makes the combination of the object and the installation board device large enough to prevent removal of the combination from the installation place.
The present invention relates generally to structures, and more particularly to a safeguard structure that is connected to an object device and protects the object device against external/internal influence (e.g., centroidal unbalancing, seismic or other vibration, and burglary). The present invention is suitable, for example, as a safeguard structure for automatic transaction devices (vending machines, ATMs, etc.).
Accordingly, it is a general and exemplified object of the present invention to provide a novel and useful safeguard structure in which the above disadvantages are eliminated.
FIG. 1 is a schematic perspective view for explaining a safeguard structure of one embodiment according to the present invention.
With reference to the accompanying drawings, a description will now be given of safeguard structure 100 as one aspect of the present invention. As shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, the safeguard structure 100 has installation board 10 and fixture mechanism 20. FIG. 1 is a schematic perspective view for explaining the safeguard structure 100 of one embodiment according to the present invention. FIG. 2 is an exploded perspective view of the safeguard structure 100 shown in FIG. 1.
As an example, the Japanese Industrial Standard (“JIS”) roughly defines elevator sizes; its Standard p-11-CO defines the frontage (width) 1400 mm×depth 1350 mm ×height 2300 mm, with an effective entrance width 800 mm ×height 2100 mm. If the safeguard structure 100 of this embodiment is installed in the building using this type of elevator, the installation board 10 designed to have a size of approximately width 2000 mm ×depth 1200 mm may be carried out when raised, but may not be taken out when incorporated with the object apparatus OD since its size exceeds the width of the elevator.
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The architecture of cancellous bone. - PubMed - NCBI
Format: AbstractFormatSummarySummary (text)AbstractAbstract (text)MEDLINEXMLPMID ListApplySend toChoose DestinationFileClipboardCollectionsE-mailOrderMy BibliographyCitation managerFormatSummary (text)Abstract (text)MEDLINEXMLPMID ListCSVCreate File1 selected item: 721692FormatSummarySummary (text)AbstractAbstract (text)MEDLINEXMLPMID ListMeSH and Other DataE-mailSubjectAdditional textE-mailDidn't get the message? Find out why...Add to ClipboardAdd to CollectionsOrder articlesAdd to My BibliographyGenerate a file for use with external citation management software.Create File
See comment in PubMed Commons belowJ Anat. 1978 Oct;127(Pt 2):305-10.The architecture of cancellous bone.Singh I.AbstractThe architecture of cancellous bone has been studied in macerated human bones. A number of distinct types of architecture can be recognized as follows: Type I consists of a very delicate meshwork of fine rods. Type II is made up of both rods and plates. Sub-type IIa is a meshwork similar to Type I, but a varying proportion of rad are replaced by delicate plates. Sub-type IIb shows the presence of thin but large fenestrated plates with a well marked orientation in preferred planes; these are interconnected by smaller plates and rods. Sub-type IIc is made up of relatively thick and extensive arranged for the most part parallel to one another, the plates being connected to each other by fine rods. Type III is made up entirely of plates. Delicate plates may form a meshwork in which a directional orientation may or may not be apparent (Sub-type IIIa). Elsewhere better defined, larger plates may enclose tubular spaces (Sub-type IIIb). In some areas (where cancellous bone is very dense) small relatively thick plates enclose irregular spaces; the appearance may closely resemble that of a honeycomb when the spaces are small, but elsewhere the spaces may show a definite directional orientation. The wall of the marrow cavity of long bones is seldom smooth. It is characterized by the presence of plates and rods in various configurations. A distinct marrow cavity is seen in the majority of clavicles examined.PMID: 721692 PMCID: PMC1235771 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] Free PMC ArticleShareMeSH TermsMeSH TermsBone and Bones/anatomy & histology*HumansLinkOut - more resourcesFull Text SourcesEurope PubMed CentralPubMed CentralPubMed Commons home

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Patent US8209516 - Method and system for dual mode access for storage devices - Google PatentsSearch Images Maps Play YouTube News Gmail Drive More »Sign inAdvanced Patent SearchPatentsA method and system for reading data from a non-volatile mass storage device is provided. The method includes, performing logical configuration for the non-volatile mass storage device, wherein file data is allocated addresses in a virtual logical address space; and data identified by virtual logical...http://www.google.com/patents/US8209516?utm_source=gb-gplus-sharePatent US8209516 - Method and system for dual mode access for storage devicesAdvanced Patent SearchPublication numberUS8209516 B2Publication typeGrantApplication numberUS 12/714,237Publication dateJun 26, 2012Filing dateFeb 26, 2010Priority dateDec 21, 2005Also published asUS7747837, US20070143532, US20100223308Publication number12714237, 714237, US 8209516 B2, US 8209516B2, US-B2-8209516, US8209516 B2, US8209516B2InventorsAlan W. SinclairOriginal AssigneeSandisk Technologies Inc.Export CitationBiBTeX, EndNote, RefManPatent Citations (100), Non-Patent Citations (116), Classifications (12), Legal Events (1) External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, EspacenetMethod and system for dual mode access for storage devicesUS 8209516 B2Abstract A method and system for reading data from a non-volatile mass storage device is provided. The method includes, performing logical configuration for the non-volatile mass storage device, wherein file data is allocated addresses in a virtual logical address space; and data identified by virtual logical addresses is read by a host system. The system includes a file storage segment that reads and writes data on a file-by-file basis, allowing a host system to access data from the non-volatile mass storage device using a file interface format; and a logical interface segment that allows the host system to access data using logical addressing, wherein the host system is unaware of a storage format under which data is stored on a file-by-file basis.
a logical interface segment that allows the host system to access data using logical addressing, wherein the host system is unaware of a storage format under which data is stored on file-by-file basis, wherein the logical interface includes a directory index, a file allocation table (�FAT�) index and a logical index created during a logical configuration mode.
a logical interface segment that allows the host system to access data using logical addressing, wherein the host system is unaware of a storage format under which data is stored on a file-by-file basis, wherein the logical interface segment includes a directory index, a file allocation table (�FAT�) index and a logical index created during a logical configuration mode.
PRIORITY CLAIM This application is a divisional patent application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/313,567, filed Dec. 21, 2005 now U.S. Pat. No. 7,747,837, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
FIG. 2A shows a block diagram of system 200 used by flash device 105 for a direct data file storage (�DFS�) methodology/system disclosed in co-pending patent application Ser. No. 11/060,249; Filed on Feb. 16, 2005; Attorney Docket Number SDK0380.US0, entitled �Direct Data File Storage in Flash Memories� and in the Direct Data File Storage Applications referenced above.
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No. 11/342,170 (Oct. 17, 2009).110PNY Technologies Attache Flash Product, http://www.pny.com/products/flash/attache.asp (Copyright 2003).111Rankl, Wolfgang, "Smart Card Handbook," Third Edition, Translated by Kenneth Cox, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., pp. 52-93, 233-369, & 435-490, (2004).112Taiwanese Allowance Decision for Taiwanese application No. 095148079 (Nov. 28, 2010).113Taiwanese Office Action for Taiwanese Patent Application No. 095148079 (Apr. 23, 2010).114Taiwanese Office Action for Taiwanese Patent Application No. 09514877 (Sep. 10, 2010).115Written Opinion of the International Searching Authority for International Application No. PCT/US2005/000275 (Aug. 7, 2006).116Wu et al., "Envy: A Non-Volatile, Main Memory Storage System," ACM Sigplan Notices, vol. 29, No. 11, pp. 86-97, (Nov. 1, 1994).Classifications U.S. Classification711/203, 707/E17.01, 707/831, 711/102, 711/E12.001International ClassificationG06F12/00Cooperative ClassificationG06F3/0638, G06F3/0679, G06F3/0607European ClassificationG06F3/06A4F, G06F3/06A6L2F, G06F3/06A2A4Legal EventsDateCodeEventDescriptionJun 1, 2011ASAssignmentFree format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:SANDISK CORPORATION;REEL/FRAME:026368/0471Effective date: 20110404Owner name: SANDISK TECHNOLOGIES INC., TEXASRotateOriginal ImageGoogle Home - Sitemap - USPTO Bulk Downloads - Privacy Policy - Terms of Service - About Google Patents - Send FeedbackData provided by IFI CLAIMS Patent Services©2012 Google


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Patent US5223153 - Iron hydroxide removal method - Google PatentsSearch Images Maps Play YouTube News Gmail Drive More »Sign inPatentsCalcium silicate filter aids have been found to be effective to remove colloidal iron suspensions from aqueous streams without plugging filters. Calcium silicate filter aid is made by heating diatomaceous earth with hydrous lime....http://www.google.com/patents/US5223153?utm_source=gb-gplus-sharePatent US5223153 - Iron hydroxide removal methodAdvanced Patent SearchTry the new Google Patents, with machine-classified Google Scholar results, and Japanese and South Korean patents.Publication numberUS5223153 APublication typeGrantApplication numberUS 07/929,230Publication dateJun 29, 1993Filing dateAug 14, 1992Priority dateAug 14, 1992Fee statusLapsedPublication number07929230, 929230, US 5223153 A, US 5223153A, US-A-5223153, US5223153 A, US5223153AInventorsJimmie B. Lawson, David R. ThigpenOriginal AssigneeShell Oil CompanyExport CitationBiBTeX, EndNote, RefManPatent Citations (7), Non-Patent Citations (2), Referenced by (6), Classifications (13), Legal Events (4) External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, EspacenetIron hydroxide removal method
US 5223153 AAbstract
Calcium silicate filter aids have been found to be effective to remove colloidal iron suspensions from aqueous streams without plugging filters. Calcium silicate filter aid is made by heating diatomaceous earth with hydrous lime.
1. A method to remove iron hydroxides from an aqueous stream comprising more than about 10 mg/l of iron hydroxides, the method comprising the steps of:contacting the aqueous stream with calcium silicate filter aid in an amount effective to reduce the amount of the iron hydroxides to a level of about 10 mg/l or less; separating the calcium silicate filter aid and at least a portion of the iron hydroxides from the aqueous stream; and recovering an aqueous stream comprising less than about 10 mg/l of iron hydroxide solids as caught on a 0.8 micron filter membrane. 2. The method of claim 1 wherein the recovered aqueous stream comprises about 10 mg/l or less of total solids.
3. The method of claim 1 wherein the calcium silicate filter aid is separated from aqueous stream by a precoat filter apparatus.
4. The method of claim 1 wherein the aqueous stream is a brine used as a drilling fluid or a work-over fluid.
5. The method of claim 3 wherein the aqueous stream is a brine used as a drilling fluid or a work-over fluid.
This invention relates to a method to remove iron hydroxide contaminates from aqueous streams.
Iron hydroxide is particularly difficult to remove from water. Iron hydroxide is a gelatinous sticky substance that occupies much larger volumes than its concentration by weight would indicate. Consequently, it blinds faces of surface type filters and plugs depth filters. Diatomaceous earth is often used as a filter aid to remove solids and iron solids in particular from domestic water supplies and from oil field fluids, but with less than desirable results. Although effective to remove most solids, diatomaceous earth is not particularly effective at removing iron hydroxide due to the large amount of small particle size diatomaceous earth required and the rapid increase in pressure drop resulting from the large amount of diatomaceous earth.
Diatomaceous earth filters are operated by precoating a support with diatomaceous earth filter aid prior to service, and then additional diatomaceous earth body feed is added to the stream to be filtered. The body feed continuously renews the filter surface and keeps the filter cake permeable. Thus, sticky solids are removed without either plugging the filter surface or plugging the filter cake. Diatomaceous earth capable of filtering fine particles of iron hydroxide must be of relatively small particle size. Diatomaceous earth must also be used in relatively large quantities to prevent the iron hydroxide from plugging the filter cake. Mechanical removal of iron hydroxides requires that filter cakes have small pores to capture the iron hydroxide. Consequently, one has to use fine grades of diatomaceous earth, which causes high operating pressures, low filtration rates, and requires large capital investments in high surface area filters.
Brines used in well completions and work-overs tend to accumulate iron hydroxides due to exposure to iron containing tubulars. Such brines are used as many times as possible because weighing components, fluid loss additives and other chemical additives cost a considerable amount of money. Generally, the brines are filtered through diatomaceous earth filters to remove suspended solids. Iron hydroxides will tend to accumulate in the brines because of the difficulty of removing iron hydroxides. Brines containing more than about 10 mg/l of suspended solids, including iron hydroxides, are not suitable for use in completion and work-over. It would be desirable to have a filter medium which effectively and economically removes iron hydroxides from brines and other water mediums.
It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide a method that can reduce iron hydroxides (in aqueous mediums) to levels of 10 mg/l and less with good filtering rates.
These and other objects are accomplished by a method to remove iron hydroxides from an aqueous stream comprising more than about 10 mg/l of iron hydroxides, the method comprising the steps of:
contacting the aqueous stream with calcium silicate filter aid in an amount effective to reduce the amount of the iron hydroxides to a level of about 10 mg/l or less; and
separating the calcium silicate filter aid from the aqueous stream recovering an aqueous stream comprising less than about 10 mg/l of iron hydroxide solids as caught on a 0.8 micron filter membrane.
Calcium silicate-containing filter aids have been found to remove colloidal irons from water mediums efficiently. High filter rates and high levels of iron hydroxide removal are maintained for acceptably long run lengths. Preferred filter aids include MICRO CEL-C and SILISORB, both available from Celite Corp. Total iron in streams containing about 0.5 ppm total Fe can be reduced to less than 0.1 ppm total iron by filtration with calcium silicate filtering aids.
Calcium silicates of the present invention are preferably prepared by slurrying calcined diatomaceous earth with lime and steam. The resultant calcium silicate will be porous and will function as an effective filter aid. Commercially available calcium silicates acceptable for the practice of the present invention include MICRO CEL-C and SILISORB, both available from Celite Corp. These calcium silicates are generally used in the food and cosmetics industries to prevent caking of powders.
Filtering of liquids to reach low levels of solids when extremely small particle sizes must be removed is preferably accomplished with a precoat filter. The calcium silicate filter aid is either a precoat or used as a feed body filter. Body feeds are slurried with the fluid to be filtered to provide an increasing depth of filter cake and reduce the tendency of the filter plugging at the filter surface. The filters may be batch or continuous filters. For example, parallel plate filters, Nutsche filters, rotary, or vertical or horizontal tubular filters can be used. Because the calcium silicate filter aid can be used as a body filter aid, cartridge or other types of filters which are not precoat filters may also be utilized in the practice of the present invention.
Water to be filtered by the present invention can be brine or well water to be used in completion or work-over fluids. The invention is not limited to such uses for the filtered water, and this method to remove iron hydroxides can be used to improve drinking water, or as a pretreatment for boiler feedwater.
When the calcium silicate of the present invention is used as a body feed, between about 1.0 and about 1000.0 ppm by weight of the water to be filtered can be used. Greater amounts will result in excessive material costs and unnecessary increases in filter pressure drops. Lesser amounts may not be sufficient to remove iron hydroxides from the water to be filtered. When the calcium silicate of the present invention is used without body feed, between about 0.05 and about 0.2 pounds of calcium silicate filter aid per square foot of filter area is preferred.
Twelve tests were performed to test various filter aids in a laboratory scale filter. The results of these tests are below in Table 1. Tests 1 and 2 both used commercially available calcium silicate filter aids. The other ten tests used diatomaceous earth filter aids. The laboratory filter was about 47 mm in diameter, with a porous glass filter support. An 8 micron pad was placed over the filter support, and then 0.2 inches of the filter aid was placed on the pad. Iron containing water was then passed through the filter. In most tests, body feed of 10 ppm of the filter aid was mixed with the water prior to passing the water through the filter. Tests 4, 5, 7, and 9 did not contain body feed, the others did. Table 1 lists the suppliers of the filter aids. The supplier was either Celite Corp. ("CC") or Eagle Pitcher Corp. ("EP"). The iron containing water was well water to which about 0.78 weight percent sodium chloride was added. The water of test 1 was of an initial total iron content of about 0.34 ppm by weight. The water of the other tests were of an initial total iron content of about 0.34 ppm by weight.
TABLE 1______________________________________                                    Rate                      Size   Total Fe                                    gal/ft2Test  Filter Aid   Manf.   Microns                             ppm    min-psi______________________________________1     SILISORB     CC      19.3   0.09   0.702     MICRO CEL C  CC      16.2   0.07    0.4083     SUPER AID    EP      N/Avail.                             0.23   TLTM4     SPEED FLO    EP      N/Avail.                             0.35   TLTM5     FW-14        EP      N/Avail.                             0.40   TLTM6     FILTER CEL   CC      14.0   0.08   0.117     FILTER CEL   CC      14.0   0.07   TLTM8     CELLITE 577  CC      14.6   0.19   TLTM9     Standard SUPER CEL    CC      15.4   0 28   TLTM10    FP-2         EP      14.0   0.08   0.2311    FP-4         EP      N/Avail.                             0.12   0.6212    FW-6         EP      N/Avail.                             0.19   1.20______________________________________
Table 1 indicates that total iron content of filtered water was fairly low for the tests with calcium silicate filter aids, and some of the tests using diatomaceous earth filter aids. But the tests using diatomaceous earth filter aids that resulted in low total iron contents resulted in filter rates that were low or to low to measure (TLTM). Only the calcium silicate filter aids resulted in both high filter rates and low total iron in the resultant filtered water.
Some of the filter aids utilized in the laboratory tests were then tested on an 800 ft2 parallel plate filter press to remove iron from a stream of well water. Table 2 below includes the results of these tests. The water initially contained about 1.6 ppm by weight of solids and about 0.44 ppm of ferric iron. Only the tests utilizing calcium silicate filter aids resulted in useful amounts of water being filtered prior to the filter plugging.
TABLE 2______________________________________             Body   Filtered                           Tot.       Delta      Amt.   Feed   Vol.   Solids                                 Fe   PFilter Aid Lbs.   ppm    BBLS   ppm   ppm  psi______________________________________FILTER CEL 25      0     149    0.1   0.04 25+FP-2         37.5  0     22.1   --    0.19 --FP-2         37.5  0     28.7   --    0.14  5.4SILISORB   35     75     732    0.2   0.11  6.2MICRO CEL C      25     75     946    0.2   0.06 11.9MICRO CEL C      25     75     883    0.2   0.03 12.8______________________________________
The foregoing description and examples of the invention is explanatory of the invention, and various changes in detail of the described invention may be made within the scope of the following claims.
Patent CitationsCited PatentFiling datePublication dateApplicantTitleUS2832473 *Dec 3, 1952Apr 29, 1958Alton V OberholtzerProcess of preparing filters and the filtration of liquidsUS3259571 *Jan 7, 1963Jul 5, 1966Johns ManvilleMethod for removing iron from waterUS4012320 *Jul 22, 1975Mar 15, 1977Chemfix Inc.Method for improving the quality of contaminated waste waterUS4014787 *Sep 5, 1975Mar 29, 1977Systems Engineering & Manufacturing CorporationWastewater treatmentUS4430228 *Mar 5, 1982Feb 7, 1984Paterson Laurene OProcess for removing dissolved iron from waterJP3315190A * Title not availableJPH0430937A * Title not available* Cited by examinerNon-Patent CitationsReference1Coogan, George J., "Iron and Manganese Removal Research with Diatomite Filters", Presented Jun. 19, 1961 at Purification Divsion, American Water Works Association, Philadelphia, Pa.2 *Coogan, George J., Iron and Manganese Removal Research with Diatomite Filters , Presented Jun. 19, 1961 at Purification Divsion, American Water Works Association, Philadelphia, Pa.* Cited by examinerReferenced byCiting PatentFiling datePublication dateApplicantTitleUS5512491 *Oct 21, 1993Apr 30, 1996Areco Canada Inc.Method for ultra-trace level analysis of waterUS5750038 *Mar 7, 1997May 12, 1998Japan As Represented By Director General Of Agency Of Industrial Science And TechnologyMethod for the preparation of acid-resistant calcium silicateUS20110062085 *Sep 15, 2009Mar 17, 2011Halliburton Energy Services, Inc.Method of Removing Metal Contaminants from High-Density BrinesEP1483032A1 *Feb 24, 2003Dec 8, 2004Drm, Dr. Müller AgMethod for continuously filtering raw brine for use in chlor-alkali electrolysisEP2294156A4 *Jun 1, 2009Mar 23, 2016Imerys Filtration Minerals IncMethods for prevention and reduction of scale formationWO1994024553A2 *Apr 8, 1994Oct 27, 1994Cprt Laboratories Inc.Method for ultra-trace level analysis of water* Cited by examinerClassifications U.S. Classification210/778, 210/777, 210/681, 210/688International ClassificationB01J20/10, B01D39/06, B01D37/02Cooperative ClassificationB01D37/02, B01D39/06, B01J20/10European ClassificationB01J20/10, B01D37/02, B01D39/06Legal EventsDateCodeEventDescriptionApr 12, 1993ASAssignmentOwner name: SHELL OIL COMPANY, TEXASFree format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNORS:LAWSON, JIMMIE B.;THIGPEN, DAVID R.;REEL/FRAME:006485/0931Effective date: 19920804Feb 4, 1997REMIMaintenance fee reminder mailedJun 29, 1997LAPSLapse for failure to pay maintenance feesSep 9, 1997FPExpired due to failure to pay maintenance feeEffective date: 19970702RotateOriginal ImageGoogle Home - Sitemap - USPTO Bulk Downloads - Privacy Policy - Terms of Service - About Google Patents - Send FeedbackData provided by IFI CLAIMS Patent Services


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Capstone Reflection | Essays
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The sparkling lights shine off satiny black cars seen through the crystal pane and if my
eyes focus I see myself. This is a dream. My dream. Also, happening to be my reality. Ever since my rst Charlotte Christmas I have wanted to live here. Nevertheless, it takes a lot of energy and motivation to stay here when my entire life has been spent in Athens, Georgia. Sparring many details, I must elaborate to convey my message.
During my senior year, my grandfather became ill so my parents came to Charlotte to
take care of him and my grandmother. By myself back home, I was a wreck. I could not focus in school, quit many extracurricular activities, and alienated myself from friends. I took up writing because the page was like a friend I could tell absolutely anything to and not feel that I was bothering her. However, I should have spent that time writing applications because I had not applied anywhere. Therefore, while I was up here for my grandfathers funeral I toured UNCCharlotte. I got accepted and was planning to live in the dorms, but my dad got sick and we needed the money for his surgery. With my grandmother in Georgia and the house vacant, I moved in. My Grandfather Simpson was so important to me because he always told me how proud he was and helped me get the best education. I would not be here if it were not for him. So as I write this reection, I must focus on certain developmental aspects that happened throughout the calendar year instead of the school year. 2011 has been all about changing positions for me, in my life and in my English literacy.
I left my comfort zone in Athens just as I left my comfort zone in essays. Looking back
on my rst in-class writing assignment it seems so stiff. We were taught in high school not to use the word is. Consequently, it was only after reading Seans piece that I realized using the word does not make a piece any less worthy. And it was not until Samanthas did I realize one could actually write in rst and second person. I warmed up to it slowly by using second person in
ICW2 and rst person in ICW4. I imagine it as a sixteen year old having his rst class of wine in Europe. He feels a little self-conscience, but at the same time he thinks what a cool rebel he is.
You can tell if I have any idea what I am talking about whether I give personal examples
or not (do not look over my earlier work once you read this). For instance, when we rst started writing about literacy I had a very slim idea what was going on; therefore, I wrote very broad statements backing them up with big, intelligent words. Honestly, I think Scribner sometimes takes this approach. But she too admits no one really knows what literacy is. Luckily, with enough readings, writings and class discussions I realized you did not want an essay like the Websters dictionary. Teachers merely want an argument backed up with valid evidence, and I believe I nally got there with my Domain Analysis paper.
Despite good evidence, my wording is rarely simple. Once, I was compared to Faulkner
(a complement until I read Absalom, Absalom!). Till this day I get editing comments about how confusing my wordiness is. I blame this on teachers why comments smeared all over adolescents papers encouraging because in every sentence. Nevertheless, my brain rants for pages once I understand a topic. A blessing, right? Wrong. Before this semester I had no idea how to decipher which ideas should be elaborated on or not, therefore I wrote down everything. Editing my This I Believe statement was the rst time I have ever eliminated an untting paragraph. With the help of my peers, I made my paper cleaner by getting rid of underdeveloped clutter.
I babble because I refuse to outline. In high school I would write my essay, then write an
outline if I had to turn one in. As I mentioned in my Domain Analysis paper, AP English courses only allow forty-ve minutes on each essay; thus in my opinion getting my thoughts down is more important than arranging them perfectly and concisely. But this is no longer AP English.
This is college and soon enough the real world. Still having not outlined this year, I now manage to jot-list which helps me pick the more signicant ideas I want to expand on.
By writing process I am sure you were referring to outlining and such. But since I do not
outline I must be honest with you about my process. I have a drinking problem. Water, coffee, hot tea, hot chocolate and in special cases (which really means not-so-special cases), I break into my Vault energy drink stash. Whenever I write I have to be drinking something with sugar in it. It activates my brain. Then, I sit down and write. Except on the really tough cases I sit down and get so frustrated I resort to the jot-list in outline form. But before all of that I make a list of goals. I look at the prompt and put down in my own words what you are looking for. Afterwards, I mentally compile the goals so everything gets covered in a semi-efcient way. However, that is not the problem which haunts me till this day.
Run-on sentences. Freshmen year my teacher wrote kids down a letter grade for run-on
sentences. Hence, my phobia of them and my addiction to commas. Commas are my best friend. I have become so attached its no longer a healthy relationship. Receiving therapeutic help from a peer, I received a comment on my Honors reection: all the commas can be confusing. I have never appreciated honest criticism so much.
Even with jumbled ideas scattered everywhere across the page, like a kid slinging paint I
manage to create some nice artwork. Throughout peer reviews people mostly comment on sentence structure rather than content, and whenever my toughest critique (myself) edits them I rarely second-guess my thoughts. Before I write, I walk around thinking. As soon as I have enough material, I simply sit down and type it out.
Moving to this city brought about freedom for me as did ENGL 1103 with the freedom to
write however we chose. That in itself allowed us to think creatively, especially during the Inquiry Project. I love organization, but teachers should take from you and make guidelines instead of laws when it comes to presentations and writings. As if bottled up inside us, thoughts, words and creativity pour out in those instances. Even more so when there are not projects and essays due every other day. I have learned to love doing multiple, seemingly-irrelevant activities because it leaves so much room for analysis at the end of the semester. Such as the simple oral or writing activities we did in English. After those assignments when it was time for the portfolio we had enough personal experience, inquiries, and knowledge to make it sufcient.
This semester I have not had a miraculous awakening, but merely a change in positions. I
have always known I prefer writing stories and I was able to develop it more so this year. Last April, I wrote a 200-word short story which brought my mom both tears and laughter. She said it was the best thing I had ever written which is a lot since she has never been a fan on my writing. Then, during a conference, you said I had A+ Artifact Analysis paper. It only strengthened my belief that writing stories, taken from my experiences, is what I do best. In stories, it becomes acceptable to add details whereas in informative essays, teachers want concision. I was just writing in the wrong style this whole time.
Overall freshman year I have explored different perspectives. Part of it becomes the fact
that UNC-Charlotte is more diverse than my high school was. I have become more open-minded in my approach with people and similarly with readings. College permits me to establish my own opinions and ways of doing things. Even in simple instances, such as responding to Brandts pieces. I did not read other peoples passages, but I believe I took a different approach by commenting on the disfavored sponsors of literacy. It is as if I have shifted my thoughts from
irrelevancy to relevancy. This year I took various risks from writing styles to life styles, fortunately to nd out development requires changing positions.
20120526 Watts - Bible and Homosexuality
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P. 1Anaemia in PregnancyAnaemia in PregnancyRatings: 5.0 (1)|Views: 840|Likes: 9Published by api-3705046More info:Published by: api-3705046 on Oct 14, 2008Copyright:Attribution Non-commercialAvailability:Read on Scribd mobile: iPhone, iPad and Android.download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from ScribdFlag for inappropriate content|Add to collectionSee moreSee lesshttps://www.scribd.com/doc/6586790/Anaemia-in-Pregnancy03/18/2014pdftextoriginal ANAEMIA IN PREGNANCY
DR E. K. OKAGUA
DEPT OF OBS/GYNAE
\ue000Anaemia is by far the most common
Anaemia is by far the most common
pregnancy complication worldwide
(Harrison,2001)
\ue000It affects 2/5
It affects 2/5th
th of the non-pregnant
of the non-pregnant
and over \u00bd of all pregnant women in
developing countries (WHO).
\ue000It however affects less than 20% of
It however affects less than 20% of
pregnant women in developed
countries, the higher figure in
developing countries due to poverty,
poor antenatal attendance and
\ue000Anaemia in pregnancy is a major
Anaemia in pregnancy is a major
health problem in many developing
countries where nutritional
deficiency, malaria and other
parasitic infections contribute to
increased maternal and perinatal
\ue000After the puerperium, the debilitating
After the puerperium, the debilitating
effect of anaemia undermines the
woman's health, lowers her economic
productivity and reduces their ability
to care for their homes and look after
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text:
jeffharris • Veteran Member • Posts: 9,013
In reply to PR9 • Aug 18, 2017
PR9 wrote:
I am fairly new to MFT, and have an Olympus e-m10 mk. 1 with a variety of lenses.
After a recent holiday, I am thinking of trading my Oly 14-42 Mk.1 lens for a more all in one such as the Panasonic 14-140 or Olympus 14-150.
Can you advise if I would lose out on sharpness etc and if it would be worth it?
34 Plan A - Get E-M1X. Plan B - Stay with E-M1 Mk II and...
26 So Olympus launch the futuristic EM1X and Canon answer with the EOS RP
107 Okapi001
56 mostlyboringphotog
52 981S

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