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Patent US4092139 - Process for making colored photosensitive glass - Google PatentsSearch Images Maps Play YouTube News Gmail Drive More »Sign inAdvanced Patent SearchPatentsAn improvement upon the making of colored photosensitive glasses via the exposure thereof to high energy or actinic radiation followed by heat treatment thereof, the improvement comprising conducting the exposure of the glasses while such are at a temperature between about 200 410 developing color and...http://www.google.com/patents/US4092139?utm_source=gb-gplus-sharePatent US4092139 - Process for making colored photosensitive glassAdvanced Patent SearchPublication numberUS4092139 APublication typeGrantApplication numberUS 05/778,160Publication dateMay 30, 1978Filing dateMar 16, 1977Priority dateMar 16, 1977Also published asCA1099978A1, DE2800145A1Publication number05778160, 778160, US 4092139 A, US 4092139A, US-A-4092139, US4092139 A, US4092139AInventorsJoseph FerenceOriginal AssigneeCorning Glass WorksExport CitationBiBTeX, EndNote, RefManPatent Citations (6), Referenced by (18), Classifications (21) External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, EspacenetProcess for making colored photosensitive glassUS 4092139 AAbstract An improvement upon the making of colored photosensitive glasses via the exposure thereof to high energy or actinic radiation followed by heat treatment thereof, the improvement comprising conducting the exposure of the glasses while such are at a temperature between about 200 410 developing color and to produce colors of very high intensity.
I claim: 1. A method for making a glass article wherein at least a portion thereof is integrally colored by silver which consists of the steps:(a) melting a batch for a glass containing the constituents of alkali fluoride and the constituents of at least one silver halide selected from the group consisting of silver chloride, silver bromide, and silver iodide; (b) forming said melt into a glass article; (c) exposing at least a portion of said article at ambient temperature to high energy or actinic radiation; (d) heating at least said exposed portion of said article to a temperature between about the transformation range of the glass and the softening point thereof for a sufficient length of time to cause nucleation and growth of microcrystals of alkali fluoride containing at least one silver halide selected from the group consisting of silver chloride, silver bromide, and silver iodide; (e) re-exposing at least said portion of said glass article to high energy or actinic radiation while at least said portion is at a temperature below the transformation range of the glass that is at a temperature between about 200 metallic silver to be deposited as discrete colloidal particles less than 200A in the smallest dimension, and/or deposited within said microcrystals, the silver-containing part of the microcrystal being less than about 200A in the smallest dimension, and/or deposited on the surface of said microcrystals, the portion of the microcrystal coated with silver being less than about 200A in the smallest dimension, said microcrystals having a concentration of at least 0.005% by volume; and then (f) cooling said article to ambient temperature. 2. A method according to claim 1 wherein said re-exposing is conducted at about 275
3. A method of according to claim 1 wherein said glass consists essentially, in weight percent on the oxide basis as calculated from the batch, of about 10-20% Na.sub.2 O, 0.0005-0.3% Ag, 1-4% F, an amount of at least one halide selected from the group consisting of Cl, Br, and I at least sufficient to react stoichiometrically with the Ag, but not more than a total of about 3%, and the remainder SiO.sub.2.
4. A method according to claim 3 wherein said glass also contains about 0.01-0.2% CeO.sub.2.
5. A method according to claim 3 wherein said glass also contains up to 18% ZnO and/or up to 10% Al.sub.2 O.sub.3.
8. A method for making a glass article wherein at least a portion thereof is integrally colored by silver which consists of the steps:(a) melting a batch for a glass containing the constituents of alkali fluoride and the constituents of at least one silver halide selected from the group consisting of silver chloride, silver bromide, and silver iodide; (b) forming said melt into a glass article; (c) exposing at least a portion of said article to high energy or actinic radiation while at least said portion is at a temperature below the transformation range of the glass that is at a temperature between about 200 latent image therein. (d) removing the high energy or actinic radiation and subjecting at least said portion of said article to a temperature between the transformation range and the softening point of the glass for a period of time sufficient to cause nucleation and growth of microcrystals of alkali fluoride containing at least one silver halide selected from the group consisting of silver chloride, silver bromide, and silver iodide; (e) re-exposing at least said portion of said article to high energy or actinic radiation while at least said portion is at a temperature below the transformation range of the glass that is at a temperature between about 200 metallic silver to be deposited as discrete colloidal particles less than 200A in the smallest dimension, and/or deposited within said microcrystals, the silver-containing part of the microcrystal being less than about 200A in the smallest dimension, and/or depositied on the surface of said microcrystal, the portion of the microcrystal coated with silver being less than about 200A in the smallest dimension, said microcrystals having a concentration of at least 0.005% by volume; and then (f) cooling said article to ambient temperature. 9. A method according to claim 8 wherein said exposing and re-exposing are conducted at about 275
10. A method according to claim 8 wherein said glass consists essentially, in weight percent on the oxide basis as calculated from the batch, of about 10-20% Na.sub.2 O, 0.0005-0.3% Ag, 1-4% F, an amount of at least one halide selected from the group consisting of Cl, Br, and I at least sufficient to react stoichiometrically with the Ag, but not more than a total of about 3%, and the remainder SiO.sub.2.
11. A method according to claim 10 wherein said glass also contains about 0.01-0.2% CeO.sub.2.
12. A method according to claim 10 wherein said glass also contains up to 18% ZnO and/or up to 10% Al.sub.2 O.sub.3.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION U.S. application Ser. No. 646,259, filed Jan. 2, 1976 by J. E. Pierson and S. D. Stookey, now U.S. Pat. No. 4,017,318, describes the making of photosensitive colored glasses or polychromatic glasses, as they have been variously called. Two fundamental methods for preparing such glasses are disclosed therein, each method involving a sequence of irradiation and heat treating steps. The glasses can be composed of a wide range of base compositions but each must contain silver, an alkali metal oxide which is preferably Na.sub.2 O, fluoride, and at least one halide selected from the group of chloride, bromide, and iodide. The glasses are irradiated with high energy or actinic radiations selected from the group of high velocity electrons, X-radiations, and ultra-violet radiations in the range of about 2800A-3500A. The heat treatments involve exposures to temperatures between about the transformation range of the glass up to about the softening point thereof. Where the actinic radiation is supplied as ultra-violet radiation, CeO.sub.2 is a required component of the glass composition.
In one of the methods described therein, the glass is initially exposed to high energy or actinic radiations. This exposure develops a latent image in the glass. The intensity and time of this exposure determine the final color which will be produced in the glass. Thereafter, the glass is subjected to a heat treatment which causes the precipitation of colloidal silver particles in situ to act as nuclei. Where a transparent final product is desired, the heat treatment will be undertaken only for so long as to effect the precipitation of colloidal silver nuclei and to cause the growth thereon of extremely small microcrystals of alkali metal fluoride-silver halide, e.g., NaF + (AgCl and/or AgBr and/or AgI). If an opal glass product is sought, the heat treatment will be continued for a sufficient length of time to not only promote the precipitation of colloidal silver nuclei, but also to effect the growth of said microcrystals on the silver nuclei to a size large enough to scatter light. The nucleated glass in then cooled -- conveniently to room temperature but, in any event, to a temperature at least 25 below the strain point of the glass -- and again exposed to high energy or actinic radiations. This second exposure intensifies the color, the hue of which was previously determined via the first exposure. Finally, the glass is reheated to a temperature between about the transformation range and the softening point of the glass to produce the desired color in the glass. It has been theorized that submicroscopic particles of metallic silver are precipitated as discrete colloidal particles and/or deposited on the surface and/or within the alkali metal fluoride-silver halide microcrystals.
Furthermore, whereas that application discloses the utility of cooling the heat treated glass only to a temperature at least 25 transformation range and then exposing it to high energy or actinic radiation, no working example of that embodiment of the invention is supplied. In all of the exemplary illustrations of the inventive processes, the exposures were conducted at ambient temperatures.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION I have discovered a method for making glass articles wherein at least a portion thereof is integrally colored by silver and the colors achieved are of much improved intensity utilizing the basic process set forth in application Ser. No. 646,259, but without requiring consecutive or interrupted heat treatments. The preferred embodiment of the method contemplates exposing the nucleated glass to high energy or actinic radiation while the glass is at an elevated temperature. Thus, the nucleated glass is developed while being exposed at a temperature between about 200 C.
Contrariwise, where the nucleated glass is subjected to exposure of high energy or actinic radiation at temperatures between about 200 development shortened very extensively, but, even more importantly, the colors appear to be purer and more vivid. Thus, the colors developed are certainly equivalent to and, in some instances, appear to be of better quality than those produced through exposure at ambient temperatures followed by several consecutive heat treatments at temperatures between the transformation range of the glass and the softening point thereof.
The range of elevated temperatures to which the glass is subjected during the exposure step must be adhered to closely for the invention to be operable. Hence, at temperatures below about 200 improvement in speed of development and/or in color intensity becomes negligible. At the other extreme, temperatures much in excess of 410 produced, with the ultimate result that yellow is the only color present.
(2) at least a portion said glass article is exposed to high energy or actinic radiation while at least said portion of said glass article is at a temperature between about 200 length of time to develop a latent image therein;
(4) at least said previously-exposed portion of said article is re-exposed to high energy or actinic radiation while at least said portion is at a temperature of about 200 time to cause metallic silver to be deposited as discrete colloidal particles less than about 200A in the smallest dimension, and/or deposited on the surface of said microcrystals, the portion of the microcrystal coated with silver being less than about 200A in the smallest dimension, and/or deposited within said microcrystals, the silver-containing part of the microcrystal being less than 200A in the smallest dimension, said microcrystals having a concentration of at least 0.005% by volume; and then
As was noted above, the initial exposure to high energy or actinic radiation may be conducted at temperatures between about 200 it does not appear to substantively improve the final coloration of the glass, although the step can be advantageous in reducing the time required for nucleation and incipient crystallization. Moreover, if the initial exposure of the glass at elevated temperatures is prolonged for an extended period of time, the glass will simply take on a yellowish cast, if transparent, or assume a white or yellow opaque appearance, if an opal product is formed. Thus, the "conventional" practice of exposure at ambient temperature followed by heat treatment is to be preferred.
The range of temperatures 200 the strain point or the transformation range of the glasses operable in the present invention. Thus, the strain points of the glasses form a minimum at about 425 is customarily deemed to comprise the temperature at which a liquid melt is converted into an amorphous solid, that temperature being considered to lie in the vicinity of the glass annealing point.
As has been observed above, the present invention is operable with the glasses set out in application Ser. No. 646,259. As reported therein, the glasses generally consist essentially, in weight percent on the oxide basis, of about 10-20% Na.sub.2 O, 0.0005--O.3% Ag, 1-4% F, an amount of at least one halide selected from the group consisting of Cl, Br, and I at least sufficient to react stoichiometrically with the Ag, but not more than a total of about 4%, and the remainder SiO.sub.2. Where ultraviolet radiation having wavelengths between about 2800A-3500A comprises the actinic radiation, about 0.01-0.2% CeO.sub.2 will be included in the composition. Finally, where Sb.sub.2 O.sub.3 and/or SnO are utilized as thermoreducing agents, about 0.1-1% Sb.sub.2 O.sub.3 and/or about 0.01-1% SnO will be included, the total Sb.sub.2 O.sub.3 + SnO not exceeding about 1%.
Likewise with respect to application Ser. No. 646,259, in the colored transparent glasses the concentration of the microcrystals will not exceed about 0.1% by volume and the size thereof will not exceed about 0.1 micron in diameter. Normally, to achieve transparent articles, the silver content will be maintained below about 0.1% by weight, the fluoride content will not exceed about 3% by weight, and the total of the remaining halides will be maintained below about 2% by weight. The addition of up to 18% by weight ZnO and up to 10% by weight Al.sub.2 O.sub.3 can be very helpful in improving chemical durability, melting and forming behavior, and other physical properties of the base glass. Such constitute the preferred glass compositions of the invention.
The actual batch ingredients can comprise any material, either the oxide or other compound, which, when melted with the total batch, will be converted into the desired oxide in the proper proportions. The halides are commonly added as alkali metal halides. Where Sn.sup.+2 is employed as the thermoreducing agent, it is frequently included in the batch in the form of a halide.
Whereas the following exemplary compositions primarily involved laboratory scale melting experiments, it will be recognized that large-scale commerical melts requiring pots or continuous glass melting tanks can be conducted with compositions of the subject invention. The batches recited below were compounded, the ingredients ballmilled together to aid in securing a homogeneous melt, and then melted in an electrically-fired furnace operating at about 1450 stirring. Glass blocks of various sizes and configurations were cast, ware was blown, sheet 0.125 inches thick was rolled on preheated graphite slabs, and 10 inches diameter dinner plates were pressed. The glass articles were placed in annealers operating at about 375
TABLE I______________________________________    1       2        3        4______________________________________SiO.sub.2  72.0      72.0     72.0   72.0Na.sub.2 O 16.2      16.2     16.2   16.2ZnO        5.0       5.0      5.0    5.0A1.sub.2 O.sub.3      6.9       6.9      6.8    6.8F          2.5       2.5      2.8    2.8CeO.sub.2  0.025     0.05     0.1    0.1Br         1.1       1.1      0.4    0.4Sb.sub.2 O.sub.3      0.5       0.2      0.3    0.5Ag         0.005     0.01     0.03   0.3SnO        0.04      0.05     0.09   0.12______________________________________
Subsequently, the disc was transferred to an electrically-fired furnace and heated at about 450 that temperature for one hour.
The disc was then removed from the furnace and placed upon an electrically-heated laboratory hot plate operating at 300 hot plate with the disc was then positioned under the ultra-violet lamp so that the disc was in the focal plane of the system. After an exposure of 0.5 hour, the ultra-violet light was extinguished and the disc removed from the hot plate.
EXAMPLE II This example illustrates the effect which conducting the initial exposure to actinic radiation at elevated temperatures (200 can have upon the rate at which color is developed and the hue thereof.
Two groups of square samples of composition 2 from the above table having a side measurement of about 1 inch were cut from glass sheet of about 0.125 inches thickness, and portions thereof masked. The squares of the first group were placed on the above-mentioned hot plate operating at 250 such that the samples were in the focal plane of the system. The masks were successively removed from the squares to yield areas of glass exposed for periods of 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 45, 55, 65, 80, 95, 110, 140, 170, and 230 seconds, respectively. The samples of the second group were positioned in the focal plane of the system and exposed for equal periods of time to ultra-violet radiation at ambient temperature.
The samples from each group were immediately transferred to the above-described electrically fired furnace and heated therein at about 450 all the samples were placed on the hot plate operating at 300 and the hot plate again positioned properly in the focal plane of the system. After an exposure to ultra-violet radiation for 1.0 hour, the lamp was extinguished and the squares removed into the ambient environment.
Thereafter, the disc was transferred to the above-noted electrically-fired furnace and heated at about 450 hour, the disc was placed upon the laboratory hot plate operating at 420 the disc was in the focal plane of the system. After 0.5 hour, the ultra-violet lamp was extinguished and the disc withdrawn into the ambient environment.
Examination of the disc disclosed very little color except various shades of yellow. This circumstance led to the determination of 410 a practical upper temperature limitation for the process.
EXAMPLE IV A pressed disc about 3 inches in diameter and 0.125 inches thick having composition 1 recited in the above table was ground and polished, and strips of masking tape applied thereto in accordance with the description of Example I. Subsequently, the disc was exposed to ultra-violet light for the periods of time reported above in Example III. Thereafter, the disc was heat treated for 1 hour at 520 Example III, and then placed upon the laboratory hot plate operating at 175 place the disc in the focal plane of the system and exposed for 1 hour.
Substantially no truly-definable color was observed in the disc, indicating the temperature was too low to cause the precipitation of metallic silver to produce the desired coloration. In view of that experience, 200 C. has been determined to constitute a practical minimum heat treating-exposure temperature.
Patent CitationsCited PatentFiling datePublication dateApplicantTitleUS3833511 *Mar 8, 1972Sep 3, 1974Hoya Glass Works LtdPhotochromic glass and process for producing the sameUS3876436 *Jul 12, 1972Apr 8, 1975Pilkington Brothers LtdAlumino-phosphate photochromic glassesUS3892582 *Feb 1, 1974Jul 1, 1975Robert A SimmsProcess for changing the tint of a photochromic material and material formed therebyUS3920463 *Feb 1, 1974Nov 18, 1975Simms Robert AProcess for changing the tint of a photochromic material and material formed therebyUS4017318 *Jan 2, 1976Apr 12, 1977Corning Glass WorksPhotosensitive colored glassesUS4057408 *Oct 28, 1976Nov 8, 1977Corning Glass WorksMethod for making photosensitive colored glasses* Cited by examinerReferenced byCiting PatentFiling datePublication dateApplicantTitleUS4212919 *Jun 28, 1979Jul 15, 1980Corning Glass WorksStrengthened polychromatic glassesUS4266012 *Oct 5, 1979May 5, 1981Corning Glass WorksColor photographic process utilizing polychromatic glassUS4295872 *Mar 10, 1980Oct 20, 1981Corning Glass WorksProducing a multi-color image in polychromatic glassUS4302235 *Mar 10, 1980Nov 24, 1981Corning Glass WorksProducing a multi-color image in polychromatic glassUS4309217 *Aug 25, 1980Jan 5, 1982Corning Glass WorksPolychromatic glasses and methodUS4979975 *Aug 7, 1989Dec 25, 1990Corning IncorporatedFast response photosensitive opal glassesUS5019538 *Nov 13, 1989May 28, 1991Coring IncorporatedColored photosensitive opal glassesUS5133791 *Aug 7, 1991Jul 28, 1992Tdk CorporationMethod for making surface-reinforced glassUS6298691Apr 16, 1998Oct 9, 2001Corning IncorporatedMethod of making glass having polarizing and non-polarizing regionsUS6566626Jul 3, 2001May 20, 2003Laserglass Ltd.Method and apparatus for generating color images in a transparent mediumUS7166549Aug 17, 2002Jan 23, 2007Schott AgAntimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, wound-healing and disinfecting glass and use thereofUS7192602Aug 17, 2002Mar 20, 2007Schott AgWater-insoluble, antimicrobial silicate glass and use thereofUS7288495Dec 20, 2004Oct 30, 2007Corning IncorporatedPhotorefractive glass and optical elements made therefromUS7709027Aug 17, 2002May 4, 2010Schott AgAntimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, wound-healing glass powder and use thereofUS8080490Feb 20, 2004Dec 20, 2011Schott AgAntimicrobial phosphate glassEP0044728A2 *Jul 17, 1981Jan 27, 1982Corning Glass WorksPolychromatic and potentially polychromatic glasses and production thereofWO1998047832A1 *Apr 16, 1998Oct 29, 1998Nicholas F BorrelliMethod of making glass having polarizing and non-polarizing regionsWO2005066089A2 *Dec 21, 2004Jul 21, 2005Nocholas F BorrelliPhotorefractive glass and optical elements made therefrom* Cited by examinerClassifications U.S. Classification65/30.1, 501/57, 501/13, 65/33.3, 65/33.7, 65/33.2International ClassificationC03C4/04, C03C3/11, C03C3/112, C03C4/02, C03C23/00Cooperative ClassificationC03C23/004, C03C3/11, C03C4/04, C03C23/003, C03C23/002European ClassificationC03C23/00B6, C03C23/00B10, C03C3/11, C03C23/00B14, C03C4/04RotateOriginal ImageGoogle Home - Sitemap - USPTO Bulk Downloads - Privacy Policy - Terms of Service - About Google Patents - Send FeedbackData provided by IFI CLAIMS Patent Services©2012 Google

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A Power That May Not Stay So Super - The New York Times
Week in Review|A Power That May Not Stay So Super
By DAVID LEONHARDT OCT. 11, 2008
DECLINE Even as the future King Edward VIII shot a tiger in India in 1921, Britain’s empire was overstretched. Credit Central Press/Getty Images
On Friday, as the stock market finished one of its worst weeks by falling yet again, to roughly half of its level just one year ago, the Gallup Poll reported that Americans were substantially more pessimistic about the economy than they have been in more than two decades of polling. Nearly 60 percent say the economy is in poor shape, and 90 percent say it’s still getting worse.
“One thing seems probable to me,” Peer Steinbrück, the German finance minister, said recently. “The U.S. will lose its status as the superpower of the global financial system.” At another time, that remark might have sounded like mere nationalist bluster. Right now, it doesn’t seem so ridiculous to ask whether 2008 will come to be seen as the first year of a distinctly non-American century.
At the heart of the troubles, both short term and long term, is debt. Debt helped create the housing bubble and has now left almost one of every six homeowners with a mortgage larger than the value of their home. Debt built up, and then laid low, modern Wall Street, where firms borrowed $30 for every $1 they owned. And in the coming years, debt will constrain the United States government, as it copes with the combined deficits created by the Bush administration’s policies, the ever-more expensive financial rescue and the biggest item of all, Medicare for the baby boomers.
In essence, households, banks and the government have already spent some of their future earnings. The current crisis marks the point at which the bills begin to get paid. Whereas Britain lumbered under the weight of imperial overreach, as the historian Niall Ferguson has written, the United States will be shackled primarily by its financial overreach.
“Given the burden of debt that has accumulated, it’s hard to see the U.S. economy growing as fast as it did over the past few decades,” Mr. Ferguson said. “There is a profound mood shift occurring.”
But he added two caveats. The political language of both presidential campaigns makes clear that many voters, for all the current pessimism, still believe in the idea of American pre-eminence. So, apparently, do many of the world’s investors.
In recent weeks, the dollar has held its own. Stocks in every other major country are down about as much over the last year as they are in the United States, if not much more. America may not be a safe haven anymore, but it does seem to be safer haven.
Robert Zoellick, the president of the World Bank, said that he was recently speaking to a senior Chinese economist, who said that people in his home country — today’s rising economic power — don’t see the sky falling on the American economy. “They know its ability to turn around problems is really unmatched, historically,” Mr. Zoellick said, quoting the economist about the United States. “At the same time, they ask themselves, Will the United States get at some of the root causes that could determine its real strength over the next 10 or 20 or 30 years?”
This is not the first time in recent history that the economic position of the United States has appeared precarious. At various points between the mid-1970s and early 1990s, Europe and Japan each looked like the next great power. Neither turned out to be.
Japan suffered through its own burst bubble and spent years denying the depth of its problems. Europe proved unable to create engines of growth that could match the software, biotechnology or entertainment industries in the United States.
Taken to its extreme, the American preference for a faster, riskier capitalism led directly to the current crisis. But that preference also helps explain why America is weathering the crisis at least as well as other countries.
Compared with many banks elsewhere, American banks uncovered their problems fairly quickly. Consider the case of Mr. Steinbrück, the German finance minister. Only two weeks ago, around the time that he was predicting the end of American financial dominance, he rejected calls for a Europe-wide bailout. The crisis, he said, was largely American. Last Sunday, Mr. Steinbrück and Chancellor Angela Merkel had to go before television cameras to assure Germans that their government was guaranteeing their savings.
(On Friday, Paul Volcker, the former Federal Reserve chairman, seemed to deliver a message to the Germans in an op-ed article in The Wall Street Journal: “The days of finger pointing and schadenfreude are over.”)
Policy makers in this country have also seemed behind the curve for much of the last year. On Friday, only a week after Ben S. Bernanke, the current Fed chairman, and Henry M. Paulson Jr., the Treasury secretary, dismissed the idea as unwise, Mr. Paulson said the government would buy stock in financial firms. The British government announced a similar plan on Tuesday.
On the whole, though, American officials have been more aggressive than their overseas counterparts, and that has served as a reminder of the American economy’s durable flexibility.
It is possible, then, that the main legacy of the crisis will be some form of corrective to the country’s recent excesses. The economy looks to be heading into a period of more regulated, but still American-style, capitalism, more along the lines of how it operated in the 1950s, 1960s and 1990s. Those three decades happen to have produced the biggest and most widely shared economic gains since World War II.
But if that outcome is possible, it’s not inevitable, and many economists say it isn’t even likely. The debts run up in recent years are particularly unfortunate, because they stole resources from the future without laying the groundwork for future growth. “If you told me we were spending like crazy to build schools and send everyone to college, that would have infinitely different implications than borrowing like crazy to finance current consumption,” said Christina Romer, an economist at the University of California at Berkeley.
Schools, roads, airports and the medical system, as well as the country’s energy policy, all appear to need significant fixing, and yet there will be less money to fix them than there was 5 or 10 years ago. With the coming explosion in Medicare costs, the federal budget deficit could eventually get so large that foreign investors would get spooked. They might then decide that other economies were safer bets and shift more of their lending there. Were that to happen, and the United States struggled to attract financing, the country would face a whole new crisis.
As it is, the Chinese economy has grown so quickly in recent years that it could overtake the American economy as the world’s largest by 2027, according to Goldman Sachs. Just three years ago, Goldman predicted that China was unlikely to become No. 1 until at least 2040.
Some of this catch-up is inevitable. As in the British Empire’s day, poorer countries are able to attract investment thanks to their low wages and also copy the successes of their richer rivals, notes Benjamin Polak, an economic historian at Yale. China still seems considerably less advanced, relative to its rivals, than the United States was in 1905. China remains a politically insecure, deeply unequal country.
But it is indeed making enormous progress, and that progress has consequences. Economic might translates quite directly into political and military might.
Will that prospect be enough to galvanize a serious response to the long-term economic problems in the United States? Or are there still more crises to come?
“The political system does not deal well with gradual, long-term problems,” Peter Orszag, the director of the Congressional Budget Office, said. “It deals with crises, often imperfectly, but it does deal with them. The current experience makes the case.”
A version of this article appears in print on , on Page WK1 of the New York edition with the headline: A Power That May Not Stay So Super. Order Reprints| Today's Paper|Subscribe

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A PORTION OF THE PROCEEDS OF EVERY SALE IS DONATED TO THE NATURE CONSERVANCY.
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This is just a small sampling of what's available by award winning environmentalist and photographer, Dorothy Birch. Check out all of her work at www.worldofcolorgallery.com
Beutiful print and beautifully framed!! Thank you for the high attention to detail with you packaging as well. This is an outstanding seller -- highly recommended!!!
White Peafowl - Framed Photograph - 12x12in
Even more beautiful than I hoped!
Grandmas Lavender - Framed Fine Art Photograph
Emerald Shallows at Navarre II - Framed Photograph
This is fantastic! I have a brown zebra-print themed room, and this giraffe print really brought some much needed pattern variety! It's just wonderful!
Giraffe - Framed Print
This is absolutely beautiful! I have it hung in my kitchen with the bowl of strawberries and the nectarine. They look gorgeous. Thanks so much!
Orange Peel - Framed Fine Art Photograph
The color of this is just beautiful. Thanks!
Nectarine - Framed Fine Art Photograph
These majorly look good enough to eat! Thanks for a beautiful photograph!
Bowl of Strawberries - 12x12 Framed Photograph

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American Islamic College Events | Eventbrite
AIC began its first academic semester in September 1983 as the first Islamic institution of higher education in the United States and may have been an idea ahead of its time, as ultimately efforts to offer degree programs were suspended in the 1990s. In 2010 American Islamic College reopened under a new administration and is rapidly moving forward, having recently received Degree Granting Authority for both a Bachelors degree and a Masters degree in Islamic Studies. In addition, AIC offers a variety of non-credit and non-degree classes that include: Islamic art (Arabic calligraphy and Ebru), music, and Arabic and Turkish languages. Numerous positive developments continue to enhance the campus. AIC has completely renovated its facility, including the auditorium, classrooms, offices, dormitory, and parking.
In Fall 2014 AIC will welcome its second cohort of BA and MA students. On April 1st, 2014, AIC received Degree Granting Authority from the Illinois Board of Higher Education. The College is therefore now authorized to confer both Bachelors and Masters degrees in Islamic Studies.
AIC LECTURE: The Mosque Lamp: Symbol of Divine Light
AIC LECTURE: Don’t Call it “Sharia Law”: How to Counter the Anti-Sharia Campaign in the United States
AIC LECTURE: In the Names of God: Approaching the Asma’ Allah al-Husna Genre in Islam
AIC LECTURE: Landmarks in the History of Madinah in the Prophetic Age
Conscious Living, Clean Eating: The Deeper Meaning of Halal
Escaping the Margins: Poetry of Protest, Poetry of Power
FILM SERIES: MARIAM
613 W Bittersweet Pl, Chicago
Spiritual Dimensions of Trauma Healing: An Islamic Perspective
How ISIS Has Changed the World Again
Islamic Manuscripts of Timbuktu: The Arabic Literature of Africa
Academic Study of the Qur'ān in the West: Issues and Prospects
Al-Firdaus Ensemble Concert
Big Da’wah: New Media and Islam
Open House Nov. 14th, 2015
Lecture Series - Modern Islamic Finance: Basic Principles and Practice
Lecture: “Muslim American Women: Difficult identity work in campus peer culture”
Turkey and the Middle East: From convergence to conflict
The Rise and Development of Violent Islamic Insurgency (Boko Haram) in Northern Nigeria
Lecture Series: “Higher Education and Global Engagement” by Ian H. Solomon, UofC
" The Sociology of Seerah: Reclaiming Prophetic Tradition For Our Time & Place"
640 W Irving Park Rd, Chicago
LECTURE - “Love and justice in an age of Empire: American Muslims, America, and the Civil Rights Movement.”

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Home Appliances Kitchen Appliances Griddles & Skillets > Refine Price $ to $ Go Top brands George Foreman Grills Hamilton Beach Farberware Cuisinart Presto Store availability Sort Best sellers Price: low to high Price: high to low Highest rating New $17.92 List price $29.99 Save $12.07 George Foreman 36-sq in 2 Serving, Classic-Plate Grill, Black, GR0040B 4.5 stars (116) ratings Free shipping on orders over $50 Free store pickup today $49.96 List price $59.99 Save $10.03 George Foreman 144-sq in 9 Serving, Classic-Plate Grill, Silver, GR2144P 4.5 stars (296) ratings Free shipping on orders over $50 Free store pickup today $46.99 List price $59.99 Save $13.00 Hamilton Beach 3-in-1 Grill/Griddle 4.5 stars (87) ratings Free shipping on orders over $50 Free store pickup Rollback $24.94 Faberware Family-Size 14" x 14" Griddle, Black 4.0 stars (79) ratings Free shipping on orders over $50 Free store pickup today $34.88 List price $39.99 Save $5.11 Hamilton Beach Indoor Grill with Removable Grids, Black 4.5 stars (88) ratings Free shipping on orders over $50 Free store pickup $50.31 List price $69.99 Save $19.68 George Foreman 5-Serving Removable Plate Grill, Black 4.5 stars (60) ratings Free shipping Free store pickup $29.92 List price $39.99 Save $10.07 George Foreman 60-sq in 4 Serving, Classic-Plate Grill, Black, GR2060B 4.5 stars (41) ratings Free shipping on orders over $50 Free store pickup Rollback $61.99 Hamilton Beach Searing Grill, Stainless Steel 4.5 stars (78) ratings Free shipping Free store pickup $42.96 Presto BigGriddle Cool Touch Griddle, 07046 4.5 stars (422) ratings Free shipping on orders over $50 Free store pickup $49.28 Presto 16" Electric Skillet With Glass Cover, 06852 4.5 stars (342) ratings Sold & Shipped by Wayfair.com Free shipping $79.00 List price $89.88 Save $10.88 George Foreman 100" Digital Grill 4.5 stars (280) ratings Free shipping Free store pickup Rollback $54.97 Was $79.99 Save $25.02 George Foreman 84-sq in 5 Serving, Removable-Plate Grill, Red, GRP2841R 4.5 stars (108) ratings Free shipping Free store pickup Rollback $18.99 The Champ 36" George Foreman Grill 4.0 stars (77) ratings Free shipping on orders over $50 Free store pickup Only at Walmart $34.92 FARBERWARE Non-stick Electric Skillet, Black 3.5 stars (66) ratings Free shipping on orders over $50 Free store pickup today Special Buy $98.76 Cuisinart GR-4N Griddler/Panini Press 4.5 stars (96) ratings Sold & Shipped by Purchase Pals LLC Free shipping $27.99 List price $45.98 Save $17.99 Elite Gourmet EMG-980B 14 Electric Indoor Grill, Black 4.5 stars (8) ratings Free shipping on orders over $50 Free store pickup Reduced Price $37.07 List price $54.07 Save $17.00 Mini Griddle 5.0 stars (41) ratings Sold & Shipped by Limited Goods Free shipping $39.99 List price $49.99 Save $10.00 Smart Planet Smokeless Indoor Grill 3.5 stars (43) ratings Free shipping on orders over $50 Free store pickup $17.00 List price $19.99 Save $2.99 Proctor-Silex 32" Grill 4.0 stars (13) ratings Free shipping on orders over $50 Free store pickup Rollback $44.97 Was $69.99 Save $25.02 George Foreman 5-Serving Grill with Removable Plates, Red 4.5 stars (40) ratings Free shipping on orders over $50 Free store pickup $29.99 Was $39.99 Save $10.00 Aroma Super Pot Indoor Grill, White 4.5 stars (19) ratings Free shipping on orders over $50 Free store pickup $38.99 Was $59.99 Save $21.00 Hamilton Beach 4-Burger 110" Grill with Removable Grids 4.0 stars (59) ratings Free shipping on orders over $50 Free store pickup $14.19 List price $20.46 Save $6.27 Elite Cuisine Sandwich Maker, White 4.0 stars (10) ratings Free shipping on orders over $50 Free store pickup $126.79 List price $158.5 Save $31.71 George Foreman Indoor / Outdoor Grill , 240 Sq In, Temp Gauge 4.0 stars (16) ratings Sold & Shipped by My Goods Free shipping $23.51 Was $24.99 Save $1.48 George Foreman 2-Serving Fixed Plate Grill, Red 4.0 stars (17) ratings Free shipping on orders over $50 Free store pickup Rollback $45.68 Hamilton Beach 125" Indoor/Outdoor Grill 4.5 stars (62) ratings Free shipping on orders over $50 Free store pickup $34.41 Presto Cool Touch Electric Tilt 'n' Drain Griddle 4.5 stars (69) ratings Free shipping on orders over $50 Free store pickup Rollback Black
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Boyar & Miller: Board Committees & Members - Bloomberg
Company Overview of Boyar & Miller
To contact Boyar & Miller, please visit . Company data is provided by S&P Global Market Intelligence. Please use this form to report any data issues.

value: This website is an international news agency headquartered in New York City and a division of Bloomberg L.P. Content produced by Bloomberg News is disseminated through Bloomberg Terminals, Bloomberg Television, Bloomberg Radio, Bloomberg Businessweek, Bloomberg Markets, Bloomberg.com, and Bloomberg's mobile platforms. Since 2015, John Micklethwait has served as editor-in-chief.


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5 bedroom detached house for sale in Roestock Lane, Colney Heath, ST. ALBANS, AL4, AL4
www.rightmove.co.uk/property/55456506
Roestock Lane, Colney Heath, ST. ALBANS, AL4
A versatile detached family home which is situated in the sought after village of Colney Heath, close to local shops, schooling and great access to the motorway networks.
This imposing home has been well cared for by the current owners and offers extensive accommodation to comprise entrance hall, open plan living room and dining room with bi fold doors opening to the rear garden, kitchen breakfast room, utility room, store room, a study and a ground floor bathroom. To the first floor there are five well proportioned bedrooms with an en suite shower room the family bathroom. Externally you have ample off street parking to the front and to the rear you have access to the sauna via the well maintained rear garden.
This lovely family home offers excellent accommodation and must be viewed to appreciate its spacious accommodation.
Kitchen / Breakfast Room 22' 6" x 8' 7" (6.86m x 2.62m )
Living Room 22' 10" x 10' 10" (6.96m x 3.3m )
Study 8' 5" x 6' 9" (2.57m x 2.06m )
Store Room 15' 3" x 4' 11" (4.65m x 1.5m )
Bedroom 10' 10" x 8' 5" (3.3m x 2.57m )
527987366/2
To view this media, please visit the on-line version of this page at www.rightmove.co.uk/property-for-sale/property-55456506.html?premiumA=true
Disclaimer - Property reference 527987366. The information displayed about this property comprises a property advertisement. Rightmove.co.uk makes no warranty as to the accuracy or completeness of the advertisement or any linked or associated information, and Rightmove has no control over the content. This property advertisement does not constitute property particulars. The information is provided and maintained by Your Move , St Albans. Please contact the selling agent or developer directly to obtain any information which may be available under the terms of The Energy Performance of Buildings (Certificates and Inspections) (England and Wales) Regulations 2007 or the Home Report if in relation to a residential property in Scotland.

value: This website is a UK-based company that runs rightmove.co.uk, the UK's largest online real estate portal and property website. It is listed on the London Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the FTSE 100 Index.


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2014 Parade Home - Lehi - Transitional - Entry - Salt Lake City - by JCD Custom Home Design
Entryway - mid-sized transitional medium tone wood floor and beige floor entryway idea in Salt Lake City with beige walls and a blue front door - Houzz
neat77o wrote:October 14, 2014
I must have this rug! Where can I find it?
Update to the rug I designed (in photo)! We have received the soft and beautiful 18" samples of our 100% New Zealand Talavera rug. Rugs can be ordered from our shop site: http://kdspain.com/wool/tufted-florette Samples ship immediately and all full-sized rugs will begin shipping in October. Thanks so much for inquiring. Best, Kate
This 100% New Zealand wool rug is in stock and ready to ship from our website! http://kdspain.com/wool/tufted-florette
Affecting Spaces added this to Want More Color in Your Home? Here’s How to Get StartedJune 27, 2016
4. Start small. It’s only natural when moving away from grays and beiges to feel lost and unsure of where to begin....
Amber Bradshaw added this to Kitchen Design2 hours ago
Other Photos in 2014 Parade Home - Lehi

value: This website is an American website, online community and software for architecture; interior design and decorating; landscape design and home improvement. It was founded in 2009 and is based in Palo Alto, California.


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Funerary cult - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
In the anthropology of religion, a funerary cult is a body of religious teaching and practice centered around the dead, in which the living are thought to be able to confer benefits on the dead in the afterlife or to appease their otherwise wrathful ghosts. Rituals were carried on for the benefit of the dead, either by their relatives or by a class of priests appointed and paid to perform the rites. These rituals took place at the tombs of the dead themselves or at funerary temples appointed to this purpose. Funerary Cults have occurred in a wide variety of cultures.[1]
Notable cults [edit]
Funerary cults are especially associated with ancient Egypt, where it was common for Royalty, those associated with royalty, cats, and the wealthy to be mummified. This practice was done so as to preserve their bodies for the journey to the afterlife. The god Osiris, who was the dying and reviving god and Lord of the Egyptian afterlife, was usually depicted as a mummy in Egyptian art. Also at Bubastis, where Bast was worshiped, there was a massive cat cemetery. Cats were also thought to journey to the afterlife, usually to join their owners. These needed their own material goods for this journey, such as food.[2]
In Sumer, Assyria, and Babylonia, funerary cults were called kispu. This funerary cult mostly revolved around caring for deceased kin, with a specific family member assigned to providing for a specific ghost. The ghosts were provided with food and other goods, however the provision of clean water was of particular importance. Both deceased men and women were supposed to receive this care. Without this care, the dead had the potential to a become malicious supernatural force. With this care, the dead family continue to participate in the lives of the living family. Also, the practice of recycling the names of the deceased allowed for familial continuity. In Assyria, this was done by any consanguineal kin. A Babylonian variation of this cult treats the veneration of the dead as an extension of the veneration for parents. Offspring were responsible for this care. Scholar Miranda Bayliss had stated the function of this cult was to alleviate guilt and other tensions from the death of the deceased and form solidarity and continuity within the family. Typically only close kin received this care. When ancestors beyond the individual's grandparents were venerated, it was done at large gatherings of extended kin groups. This also functioned to promote solidarity within the larger kin group.[4][5]
The ancient Greek hero cult was also a funerary cult; in the original sense, a hero was a deified or semi-divine ancestor, worshiped at a shrine for his power to assist the living. The ancient Greek religion had three main aspect: the Gods, the heroes, and the dead. The dead are powerless and the Gods all-powerful, while the heroes are dead (live only in legend and memory) and are powerful. Heroes occupy a liminal space between the Gods and mortals. Mortals sacrificed livestock and plants at Heroes' tombs to intervene and commune with the Gods on their behalf.[6]
Italian Peninsula [edit]
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Funerary_cult&oldid=546171821"	Categories: Religion and deathDeath customsAnthropology of religion	Navigation menu
This page was last modified on 22 March 2013 at 03:19.

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Clothing Bags & Accessories > Refine Price $ to $ Go Top brands Disney No Boundaries George Faded Glory Shiraleah JanSport Eastsport Super Mario Store availability Sort Best sellers Price: low to high Price: high to low Highest rating New Reduced Price $4.23 List price $9.95 Save $5.72 Everest Extra Small Waist Pack Sold & Shipped by BeltOutlet Reduced Price $9.15 - $10.95 Everest Large Size Waist Pack 4.5 stars (7) ratings Sold & Shipped by BeltOutlet Reduced Price $4.95 List price $10.0 Save $5.05 Everest Girls Fabric Waist Pack Purse Sold & Shipped by BeltOutlet Reduced Price $5.95 List price $15.0 Save $9.05 Everest Fabric Big and Tall Waist Pack/Belt Bag Extended Size 2.0 stars (1) ratings Sold & Shipped by BeltOutlet Reduced Price Hot Pink
$5.65 List price $9.95 Save $4.30 Everest Signature Waist Pack - Standard 1.0 stars (1) ratings Sold & Shipped by BeltOutlet Reduced Price $4.95 List price $10.0 Save $5.05 Everest Boys Fabric Waist Pack Sold & Shipped by BeltOutlet Reduced Price $5.95 List price $12.95 Save $7.00 Everest Fabric Urban Camouflage Sports Pack Bag 2.5 stars (2) ratings Sold & Shipped by BeltOutlet Reduced Price Rust Orange/Black
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Airbrushing - Natural Skin
BrowseInterestsBiography & MemoirBusiness & LeadershipFiction & LiteraturePolitics & EconomyHealth & WellnessSociety & CultureHappiness & Self-HelpMystery, Thriller & CrimeHistoryYoung AdultBrowse byBooksAudiobooksArticlesSheet MusicBrowse allUploadSign inJoinAirbrushing - Natural Smooth Skin Photoshop TutorialStep 1
First, go to the File menu and select Open to open a photo you would like to edit. Because we will be working with fine details, it is important that the image is a high resolution so that the details of the skin can be seen. The image I used is a high resolution 10 megapixel image with plenty of skin detail.
In the next steps, we will be duplicating the layer twice and applying two filters to each of the new layers. Because the image I am working with is a large 31MB photo, processing the filters will be CPU intensive and slow. Before I continue to duplicate the layer, I'm going to use the Lasso tool to draw a selection of the skin and duplicate only that area. This will reduce the amount of pixels to work with and reduce the load on my computer. You don't have to do this if you don't need to. It may be helpful if you don't have a fast computer with lots of RAM or if your image isn't really large.
As you may have guessed. click on the eye beside the High Pass layer to hide the layer and select the Low Pass layer that we will be working on. press Ctrl+J or open Layer menu and select Duplicate to duplicate the layer.
Lets work on the Low Pass layer first. In the Layers palette. rename the top layer to "High Pass" and the middle layer to "Low Pass". Now. on the High Pass layer. we'll be applying a high pass filter and on the Low Pass layer. Do this once more so that you have two layers. we'll be applying a low pass filter.Step 3
The surface blur filter blurs the image but preserves the edges. we'll be using the Surface Blur filter instead. lower the Threshold and stop just when the edges become sharp. It is great for smoothing skin without losing the edges." . Use a higher setting for larger images. Then. set the radius and threshold so that the image becomes blurry but still recognizable. "The Threshold option controls how much the tonal values of neighboring pixels must diverge from the center pixel value before being part of the blur. Pixels with tonal value differences less than the Threshold value are excluded from the blur.
. Select the Filter> Blur menu and choose Surface Blur. also known as the gaussian blur filter." . "The Radius option specifies the size of the area sampled for the blur. The Surface Blur provides two options: • Radius: This setting specifies the size or strength of the blur.Step 5
Instead of applying a low pass filter.Adobe Help Center Threshold: This setting allows you to define the area to blur.Adobe Help Center
First. Now adjust the Radius so that the skin is smooth.
. click on the eye beside the High Pass layer. Now we'll work on the High Pass layer that'll restore the tiny details such as the bumps and pores. Add a layer mask by clicking the button or by going to the Layer> Layer Mask menu and selecting Reveal All. Select the layer. To simulate this natural effect. and change the layer blending mode to Linear Light. The tiny bumps of the skin is most visible on the neutral tones of the skin and least visible on the dark tones of the skin. we'll add a layer mask that will reduce the visibility of the bumps on the darker tones of the image.Step 6
We're done with the Low Pass layer.
We will be using the High Pass filter next. e
We're don with the lay mask. so before we proceed.Step 7
Now we'll use the Appl Image tool to apply a co of the ima in the laye mask. Now we have a la ly opy age er w ayer mask that defines and reduces the e t effect in those dark areas. The ne step will re e r ext equire a lot of precise adju f ustments. so click on the thumbnail of the layer (not the layer mas ne yer sk). zoo in 100% o somewher near the sk e om on re kin.
.) The filter removes lowfrequency detail in an image and has an effect opposite to that of the Gaussian Blur filter.Step 10
Expand the Filter> Other menu and select the High Pass filter. In the High Pass filter. "High Pass retains edge details in the specified radius where sharp color transitions occur and suppresses the rest of the image. adjust the Radius in small increments until the skin looks natural. (A radius of 0." .1 pixel keeps only edge pixels. Tip: Click on the Radius field and press the up and down button to quickly increase or decrease the effect.
go to the Image> Adjustments menu and select Brightness/Contrast.
. increase the contrast and adjust the brightness so that the bumps on the skin is less visible on the dark areas and more visible on the bright areas. In the Brightness/Contrast tool. In the layers palette.Step 11
Now we'll go back and tweak the settings of the layer mask. Then. click on the thumbnail of the layer mask to activate it.
We're done smoothing the skin. add a layer mask by going into the Layers> Layer Mask menu and selecting Hide All. but now the whole image is smooth. Select the top two layers and press Ctrl+G or go to the Layers menu and select Group Layers to group the layers.
. We need to use a layer mask to erase the effect from the areas that are not the skin. Then.
right mouse click anywhere and the Brush settings will appear. Select the brush tool and paint over the skin to make the smooth skin effect visible over those areas that you paint. Minor flaws will not be noticeable.
. add a new layer above the High Pass layer and fill it with the color red. fill in the tiny spots with a smaller brush.Step 13
You should now see back the image the way it originally was without the smooth skin effect. Then. So before we paint the layer mask. Then. Start with large diameter and a hardness about 50. Tip: To quickly change the brush size. You don't have to be too precise with this step. To change the setting of the brush. it may be difficult to see where we have painted over.
Select back the Group layer mask by clicking on the black thumbnail in the layers palette. But because this effect is subtle. change the opacity of the red layer to 50%. press the [ key to decrease the brush size and the ] key to increase the brush size. We will be painting the layer mask over the skin.
.Step 15
Delete the red fill layer when you're done.
It may take awhile for the images to load.Final Results
Rollover the images to see the before and after effect.
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Airbrushing - Natural Skin by Benni Wewok72 viewsEmbedDownloadRead on Scribd mobile: iPhone, iPad and Android.Copyright: Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)List price: $0.00Download as PDF, TXT or read online from ScribdFlag for inappropriate contentMore informationShow less
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3.6:1 Right Hand Saltwater Ice Fishing Reel Saltwater Spinning Reels With-Line | eBay
E76A Right Hand Trolling Reels Baitcasting Fishing Reel Saltwater With-Line^
Right Saltwater Ice Fishing Rolling Reels Line Drum Wheel Ice TB Liner 3.6:1 New
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Last updated on 19 Dec, 2018 05:01:55 AEDST View all revisions
Model: Fishing Reel MPN: 1CE1EY2DV6FG0HM2
Weight (g): Approx.92g Fish Species: All Saltwater
Size: 9cm*7cm Hand Retrieve: Right-Handed
Line capacity(mm/m): 0.28MM-50M

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Moving Questions : Norwayjump to contentmy subredditsannouncementsArtAskRedditaskscienceawwblogbookscreepydataisbeautifulDIYDocumentariesEarthPornexplainlikeimfiveFitnessfoodfunnyFuturologygadgetsgamingGetMotivatedgifshistoryIAmAInternetIsBeautifulJokesLifeProTipslistentothismildlyinterestingmoviesMusicnewsnosleepnottheonionOldSchoolCoolpersonalfinancephilosophyphotoshopbattlespicsscienceShowerthoughtsspacesportstelevisiontifutodayilearnedTwoXChromosomesUpliftingNewsvideosworldnewsWritingPromptsedit subscriptionsfront-all-random | IAmA-GetMotivated-funny-LifeProTips-space-Art-AskReddit-gadgets-philosophy-history-Documentaries-worldnews-DIY-food-todayilearned-aww-tifu-books-news-pics-nottheonion-dataisbeautiful-listentothis-nosleep-Fitness-creepy-television-movies-explainlikeimfive-photoshopbattles-TwoXChromosomes-InternetIsBeautiful-personalfinance-mildlyinteresting-sports-Music-gaming-EarthPorn-UpliftingNews-gifs-askscience-science-Jokes-WritingPrompts-Showerthoughts-Futurology-videos-OldSchoolCoolmore » Norwaycommentsrelatedwant to join? sign in or create an account in seconds|Englishlimit my search to /r/Norwayuse the following search parameters to narrow your results:subreddit:subredditfind submissions in "subreddit"author:usernamefind submissions by "username"site:example.comfind submissions from "example.com"url:textsearch for "text" in urlselftext:textsearch for "text" in self post contentsself:yes (or self:no)include (or exclude) self postsnsfw:yes (or nsfw:no)include (or exclude) results marked as NSFWe.g. subreddit:aww site:imgur.com dogsee the search faq for details.advanced search: by author, subreddit...this post was submitted on 25 Oct 20130 points (50% upvoted)shortlink: remember mereset passwordloginSubmit a new linkSubmit a new postNorwaysubscribeunsubscribe10,481 readers~16 users here nowA subreddit for anything related to Norway!
created by ohashia community for 5 yearsmessage the moderatorsMODERATORSKingOfDaCastlemikkjelohashiM-musicabout moderation team »001Moving Questions (self.Norway)submitted 1 year ago * by norwayiscoming16 commentssharecancelsorry, this has been archived and can no longer be voted onloading...sorted by: bestbesttopnewhotcontroversialoldrandomyou are viewing a single comment's thread.view the rest of the comments →[–][deleted] -1 points0 points1 point 1 year ago (2 children)sorry, this has been archived and can no longer be voted onUhm, why wouldnt you want that? You just remove your post when you've accepted an offer and you wont get any more.
permalinkparent[–]Stridsape 3 points4 points5 points 1 year ago (1 child)sorry, this has been archived and can no longer be voted onPMS - Premenstrual Syndrome. SMS - Short Message System.
There's a certain difference. ;) permalinkparent[–][deleted] 1 point2 points3 points 1 year ago (0 children)sorry, this has been archived and can no longer be voted onI ment private messages.
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View h o l i d a y by maddyandme on Etsy
maddyandme is taking a short break
Thanks for finding my little corner of etsy! I am away from the shop for a little bit - seems real life has intervened. I will be back soon....please stop by again :)
kiora W on May 25, 2017


text:
A personal story of genocide and Rwanda : a personal story of genocide and Rwanda. (Large print book, 2015) [WorldCat.org]
I thought you might be interested in this item at http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/919075615 Title: A personal story of genocide and Rwanda : a personal story of genocide and Rwanda. Author: David Belton Publisher: Oxford : Isis, 2015. ISBN/ISSN: 0753153998 9780753153994 OCLC:919075615
A personal story of genocide and Rwanda : a personal story of genocide and Rwanda.
Into the heart of a genocide that left a million people dead 6 April 1994: in the skies above Rwanda, the President's plane is shot down in flames. The mass slaughter that follows - friends against friends, neighbours against neighbours - is one of the bloodiest chapters in history. Twenty years on, BBC Newsnight producer David Belton, one of the first journalists into Rwanda, tells of the horrors he experienced at first-hand. Following the stories of two men, family man, Jean-Pierre, and missionary priest, Vjeko Curic, he revisits a country still marked with blood, in search of those who survived and the legacy of those who did not. Read more...
Find more information about: David Belton
0753153998 9780753153994
919075615
9780753153994.
Into the heart of a genocide that left a million people dead 6 April 1994: in the skies above Rwanda, the President's plane is shot down in flames. The mass slaughter that follows - friends against friends, neighbours against neighbours - is one of the bloodiest chapters in history. Twenty years on, BBC Newsnight producer David Belton, one of the first journalists into Rwanda, tells of the horrors he experienced at first-hand. Following the stories of two men, family man, Jean-Pierre, and missionary priest, Vjeko Curic, he revisits a country still marked with blood, in search of those who survived and the legacy of those who did not.
Add tags for "A personal story of genocide and Rwanda : a personal story of genocide and Rwanda.". Be the first.
<http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/919075615> # A personal story of genocide and Rwanda : a personal story of genocide and Rwanda.
library:oclcnum "919075615" ;
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<http://experiment.worldcat.org/entity/work/data/2603834979#Topic/genocide> # Genocide
<http://experiment.worldcat.org/entity/work/data/2603834979#Topic/genocide_rwanda> # Genocide--Rwanda
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A personal story of genocide and Rwanda : a personal story of genocide and Rwanda./David Belton; Oxford : Isis, 2015.

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text:
Glencoe, Florida - Wikipedia
Coordinates: 29°0′35″N 80°57′57″W / 29.00972°N 80.96583°W / 29.00972; -80.96583Coordinates: 29°0′35″N 80°57′57″W / 29.00972°N 80.96583°W / 29.00972; -80.96583
Glencoe is located at 29°0′35″N 80°57′57″W / 29.00972°N 80.96583°W / 29.00972; -80.96583 (29.009764, -80.965759).[4]
According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 6.42 square miles (16.64 km2), of which 6.39 square miles (16.55 km2) is land, and 0.037 square miles (0.095 km2) (0.57%) is water.[5]
^ a b "American FactFinder". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 2008-01-31. ^ "US Board on Geographic Names". United States Geological Survey. 2007-10-25. Retrieved 2008-01-31. ^ "Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010 Demographic Profile Data (DP-1): Glencoe CDP, Florida". U.S. Census Bureau, American Factfinder. Archived from the original on September 11, 2013. Retrieved February 16, 2012. ^ "US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990". United States Census Bureau. 2011-02-12. Retrieved 2011-04-23. ^ "Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Demographic Profile Data (G001): Glencoe CDP, Florida". U.S. Census Bureau, American Factfinder. Archived from the original on September 11, 2013. Retrieved February 16, 2012. v
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Glencoe,_Florida&oldid=763851269"	Categories: Census-designated places in Volusia County, FloridaCensus-designated places in FloridaHidden categories: Coordinates on Wikidata	Navigation menu
Bân-lâm-gúDeutschEspañolNederlandsनेपाल भाषाOʻzbekcha/ўзбекчаPortuguêsРусскийСрпски / srpskiSrpskohrvatski / српскохрватскиاردو	Edit links	This page was last edited on 5 February 2017, at 16:10.


text:
Blair Walters - Mets Blog - ESPN New York
New York Mets: Blair Walters
Adam Rubin retweetedDocGooden16 Dwight Gooden@JdeGrom19 just put a stamp on the R.O.Y ! @Mets @MLBabout 4 hours ago AdamRubinESPN Adam RubinJacob deGrom said he purposely held back until he really needed it, but his average fastball velocity today matched season low at 92.3 mph.about 5 hours ago AdamRubinESPN Adam RubinDid deGrom just make final 2014 start? http://t.co/DWLWYGf5ng #NYM #Metsabout 6 hours ago AdamRubinESPN Adam RubinView from Atlanta: Mets rookie hazing http://t.co/kmqEkjU9dv #NYM #Metsabout 6 hours ago Adam Rubin retweetedPepeBeisbol Raul LopezNovatos de Los #Mets http://t.co/57QXC668TCabout 7 hours ago AdamRubinESPN Adam RubinJacob deGrom and Juan Centeno. Rest will be on blog ... http://t.co/PGQnRXEnJXabout 7 hours ago AdamRubinESPN Adam RubinRapid Reaction: Mets 10, Braves 2 http://t.co/9p30m08jfT #NYM #Metsabout 7 hours ago AdamRubinESPN Adam RubinThink you're correct in asking, but all the MLB teams do it. RT @Lawson890: @AdamRubinESPN why are they still hazing rookies in 2014?about 7 hours ago AdamRubinESPN Adam RubinJacob deGrom's costume, he noted, is the "pretty patriot." Looks New England Patriots cheerleader-ish.about 7 hours ago AdamRubinESPN Adam RubinRookie dress-up day for Mets.about 7 hours ago AdamRubinESPN Adam RubinI asked Terry Collins if it's leaning no for deGrom getting another start. "No, it's up in the air," Collins said.about 7 hours ago AdamRubinESPN Adam RubinTerry Collins said deGrom's innings cap is 180-185. At 178.2 now. Collins met with deGrom, who wants another start. Decision in couple days.about 7 hours ago Adam Rubin retweetedDOBrienAJC David O\'Brien#Braves officially eliminated from postseason with this loss and #Pirates winabout 7 hours ago AdamRubinESPN Adam RubinRapid Reaction: #Mets 10, #Braves 2: http://t.co/BF9R9Nz941about 7 hours ago AdamRubinESPN Adam RubinMets now plus-nine in run differential for the season, which is sixth-best in NL (at a quick glance).about 8 hours ago AdamRubinESPN Adam Rubin81. RT @JimmyDeLancey: Cuddyer?about 8 hours ago AdamRubinESPN Adam Rubin91 RT @_BaBaBoom: yasmani Tomas?about 8 hours ago AdamRubinESPN Adam RubinAnthony Recker two-run double. #Mets 10, #Braves 2, top 9about 8 hours ago AdamRubinESPN Adam Rubin83 RT @tim55081: melky?about 8 hours ago AdamRubinESPN Adam Rubin88 RT @mike5_5_5: Stanton or Trout.about 8 hours ago Adam Rubin on Twitter »

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text:
Delhi govt suspends Apollo Hospital’s kidney transplantation licence till Jan 5 | health | Hindustan Times
The hospital now has around 40 patients awaiting kidney transplants.
health Updated: Nov 17, 2017 12:50 IST
Representative picture of a patient in a hospital.(Shutterstock)
During the suspension period, the hospital cannot register new kidney transplant patients, but close to 40 patients who have been cleared by the committee for transplantation will continue with their treatment.
On average, the hospital carries out around 15 kidney transplants each month.
Hospital sources said the management will appeal against the decision as no one employed by the hospital was involved in the illegal dealings.
In June 2016, two personal secretaries staff of a senior nephrologist and three touts were arrested for being involved in a racket of buying and selling kidneys.
Under the Transplantation of Human Organs Act, only a close relation -- parents, siblings, spouse, son, daughter or grandchild -- can donate a kidney.
If a match within the family isn’t found, a non-relative can donate after it is proven the deal is not commercial and is on compassionate grounds.
All hospitals have ethical committees to ensure the donor and recipient are related or that no sale is involved.
A police probe revealed a racket run by middle men who facilitated transplants at the Apollo hospital with fake and forged documents after luring the poor with money to donate their organs.
“The hospital has a very tight system of verifying the authenticity of the donors and recipients, including biometric check of the Aadhar card, and the probe committee feels the same. Even then some cases miss the scanner,” said an Apollo hospital source.
In India, nearly two lakh new patients are put on the kidney transplant list every year and only 8,000 of them end up getting an organ. The massive shortage leads to illegal trafficking of organs where poor people are paid to pose as compassionate donors.
Nearly half of abortions worldwide are unsafe, putting thousands at risk, finds study
Mar 21, 2018 12:03 IST

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