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Patent US7898949 - Brownout detection - Google PatentsSearch Images Maps Play YouTube News Gmail Drive More »Sign inAdvanced Patent SearchPatentsAn apparatus and automatic method for detecting brown-outs in a computer network includes determining normal rates of different types of traffic with respect to defined address prefixes. Thresholds are established based on the normal rates. The rates for the different traffic types are monitored, and...http://www.google.com/patents/US7898949?utm_source=gb-gplus-sharePatent US7898949 - Brownout detectionAdvanced Patent SearchPublication numberUS7898949 B2Publication typeGrantApplication numberUS 11/092,425Publication dateMar 1, 2011Filing dateMar 29, 2005Priority dateMar 29, 2005Fee statusPaidAlso published asUS20060221812Publication number092425, 11092425, US 7898949 B2, US 7898949B2, US-B2-7898949, US7898949 B2, US7898949B2InventorsVamsidhar Valluri, Martin DjernaesOriginal AssigneeCisco Technology, Inc.Export CitationBiBTeX, EndNote, RefManPatent Citations (11), Non-Patent Citations (2), Referenced by (2), Classifications (7), Legal Events (2) External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, EspacenetBrownout detection
US 7898949 B2Abstract
An apparatus and automatic method for detecting brown-outs in a computer network includes determining normal rates of different types of traffic with respect to defined address prefixes. Thresholds are established based on the normal rates. The rates for the different traffic types are monitored, and when a threshold is exceeded the detected addresses and traffic types are flagged for reporting. In some cases, the inventive system will monitor traffic to finer address granularities to further identify suspect addresses. The system may actively ping suspect sub-prefixes and/or initiate communications with the suspect sub-addresses that is then monitored to determine which sub-prefixes are experiencing abnormal activity.
establishing a first bucket associated with an address prefix;
establishing a baseline associated with the first bucket and indicative of a normal traffic pattern with the address prefix;
establishing a threshold indicative of an abnormal change from the baseline;
monitoring, by a traffic monitor of a network node, a traffic pattern with the address prefix;
comparing the monitored traffic pattern to the threshold; and
in response to the threshold being exceeded
creating a plurality of second buckets that are each associated with a different sub-prefix of the address prefix, wherein the second buckets each have a finer address granularity than the first bucket,
monitoring, by the traffic monitor, the traffic pattern to each sub-prefix associated with a second bucket,
identifying one or more particular sub-prefixes as experiencing an abnormal change, and
generating a notification of a suspected brown-out condition associated with the one or more particular sub-prefixes.
2. The method of claim 1 wherein the traffic pattern is completed three-way handshakes, and the monitoring a traffic pattern with the address prefix and the monitoring the traffic pattern to each sub-prefix, monitor a rate of completed three-way handshakes.
3. The method of claim 1 wherein the traffic pattern is out-of-order packets, and the monitoring a traffic pattern with the address prefix and the monitoring the traffic pattern to each sub-prefix, monitor a rate of out-of-order packets.
4. The method of claim 1 wherein the traffic pattern is data transfer, and the monitoring a traffic pattern with the address prefix and the monitoring the traffic pattern to each sub-prefix, monitor a rate of data transfer.
sending one or more packets to provoke the traffic pattern.
6. The method of claim 5 wherein the traffic pattern is completed three-way handshakes the one or more packets are packets with a SYN bit set.
in response to identifying the one or more particular sub-prefixes as experiencing an abnormal change, rerouting traffic directed to the one or more particular sub-prefixes to use an alternative route.
8. The method of claim 1 wherein the monitoring a traffic pattern with the address prefix comprises:
interrogating the first bucket periodically to examine the traffic pattern with the address prefix.
9. The method of claim 1 wherein the monitoring a traffic pattern with the address prefix comprises:
interrogating the first bucket in response to a trigger to examine the traffic pattern with the address prefix.
10. The method of claim 1 wherein the establishing a baseline associated with the first bucket and indicative of a normal traffic pattern with the address prefix further comprises:
measuring traffic with the address prefix over an initial period of time to build a history, and basing the baseline on the history.
a memory storing instructions that are executable by the processor, the instructions, when executed, to establish a first bucket associated with an address prefix, establish a baseline associated with the first bucket and indicative of a normal traffic pattern with the address prefix, establish a threshold indicative of an abnormal change from the baseline, monitor a traffic pattern with the address prefix, compare the monitored traffic pattern to the threshold, and in response to the threshold being exceeded, create a plurality of second buckets that are each associated with a different sub-prefix of the address prefix, wherein the second buckets each have a finer address granularity than the first bucket, monitor the traffic pattern to each sub-prefix associated with a second bucket, identify one or more particular sub-prefixes as experiencing an abnormal change, and generate a notification of a suspected condition associated with the one or more particular sub-prefixes.
12. The apparatus of claim 11 wherein the traffic pattern is completed three-way handshakes, and the instructions that, when executed, monitor a traffic pattern with the address prefix and the instructions that, when executed, monitor the traffic pattern to each sub-prefix, monitor a rate of completed three-way handshakes.
13. The apparatus of claim 11 wherein the traffic pattern is out-of-order packets, and the instructions that, when executed, monitor a traffic pattern with the address prefix and the instructions that, when executed, monitor the traffic pattern to each sub-prefix, monitor a rate of out-of-order packets.
14. The apparatus of claim 11 wherein the traffic pattern is data transfer, and the instructions that, when executed, monitor a traffic pattern with the address prefix and the instructions that, when executed, monitor the traffic pattern to each sub-prefix, monitor a rate of data transfer.
15. The apparatus of claim 11 further comprising instructions that, when executed, send one or more packets over the network interface to provoke the traffic pattern.
16. The apparatus of claim 15 wherein the traffic pattern is completed three-way handshakes the one or more packets are packets with a SYN bit set.
17. The apparatus of claim 11 further comprising instructions that, when executed, reroute traffic directed to the one or more particular sub-prefixes to use an alternative route.
18. The apparatus of claim 11 wherein the instructions that, when executed, monitor a traffic pattern with the address prefix further comprise instructions to interrogate the first bucket periodically to examine the traffic pattern with the address prefix.
19. The apparatus of claim 11 wherein the instructions that, when executed, monitor a traffic pattern with the address prefix further comprise instructions to interrogate the first bucket in response to a trigger to examine the traffic pattern with the address prefix.
20. The apparatus of claim 11 wherein the instructions that, when executed, establish a baseline associated with the first bucket and indicative of a normal traffic pattern with the address prefix further comprise instructions to measure traffic with the address prefix over an initial period of time to build a history, and to base the baseline on the history.
21. The apparatus of claim 11 wherein the suspected condition is a suspected brown-out condition.
means for establishing a first bucket associated with an address prefix;
means for establishing a baseline associated with the first bucket and indicative of a normal traffic pattern with the address prefix;
means for establishing a threshold indicative of an abnormal change from the baseline;
means for monitoring a traffic pattern with the address prefix;
means for comparing the monitored traffic pattern to the threshold; and
means for, in response to the threshold being exceeded, creating a second bucket that is associated with a sub-prefix of the address prefix, wherein the second bucket has a finer address granularity than the first bucket, monitoring the traffic pattern to the sub-prefix associated with the second bucket, identifying a particular sub-prefix as experiencing an abnormal change, and generating a notification of a suspected condition associated with the particular sub-prefix.
This invention relates generally to computer networks, and, more particularly, to network reachability problems.
An intermediate node, such as a router, may interconnect the sub-networks to extend the effective “size” of the computer network. The router executes routing protocols used to direct the transmission of data traffic between the end nodes, such as hosts or users. Typically, the router directs network traffic based on destination address prefixes contained in the packets, i.e., the portions of destination addresses used by the routing protocol to render routing (“next hop”) decisions. Examples of such destination addresses include Internet Protocol (IP) version 4 and version 6 addresses. A prefix implies a combination of an IP address and a mask that cooperate to describe an area or range (of addresses) of the network that a router can reach, whereas a route implies a combination of a set of path attributes and a prefix. Much of the following detailed discussion refers to routers that are specific examples of “nodes,” but the present invention applies wherever routing occurs.
The infrastructure of a router typically comprises functional components organized as a control plane and a data plane. The control plane includes the components needed to manage the traffic forwarding features of the router. These components include routing protocols, configuration information and other similar functions that determine the destinations of data packets based on information other than that contained within the packets. The data plane, on the other hand, includes functional components needed to perform forwarding operations for the packets.
FIG. 1 is a prior art model of two autonomous systems AS1 and AS2 communicating with each other via routers R1 and R2 using Border Gateway Protocol (BGP). BGP is also know as Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP). R1 and R2 are “peer” routers, sometimes referred to as “edge” or “border” routers, since they communicate with each other between the autonomous systems. AS1 and AS2 within their autonomous networks may connect to many intermediate network nodes, e.g., end users, hosts, etc. and have many other internal intermediate routers (2, 2′, 4, 4′) connecting to networks and sub-networks, hosts, etc. Within the autonomous systems, the border routers may communicate via Interior Gateway Protocols (IGP's) as known in the art—R1 and R2 will run both BGP and IGP.
Autonomous systems are network structures, usually complex, that all fall under one administrative authority, such as a company, a branch of government, or an academic institution. In this way the administrative authority can guarantee that the internal routes remain consistent and viable. Typically, as known in the art, the administrative authority will designate one router, a border router, to advertise or inform the outside world of the autonomous system's “reachability”—those destination network addresses entirely within the autonomous system.
It is axiomatic that the reachability information carried by the protocols through the network reflect the current state of the last hop router, and the reachability information is propagated in such a way that the receiving routers will know how to reach the last hop router—the router that directly connects to a destination address. In the present discussion below a 32 bit IP version 4 address is used but other addressing schemes may be used with the present invention.
Unfortunately the routing protocols stored in the routing nodes may not have the correct information. This can be due to hardware/software/firmware problems along the network path to and including the last hop router. It can also be due to human error and to incorrect or bad policies along the network.
Hardware/software problems are straight forward. Examples are a fiber link that is marginally conducting light, some integrated circuit or connector malfunction, corrupted software, operating timeouts, looping, excessive delays, insufficient memory, etc. One very real practical example is a Denial Of Service (DOS) attack. In such an attack the routing information and the links operate properly but packets cannot be forwarded or are forwarded with significant delays all due to the link being saturated with traffic. Packets are routinely dropped although the system is functioning.
Human error may be an administrator or other user redistributing a static route into a routing protocol that points to a non-existing destination.
Policy problems include, for example, an Internet Service Provider (ISP) that limits or otherwise restricts inbound traffic to its customers. For example, an ISP may only allow a subscriber one hour of access to some information, and when the limit is reached the ISP will stop routing the traffic to the subscriber. In this case the routing and network paths are intact but the information is not reaching its intended destination. In other cases, an entity may restrict access to prefix areas containing confidential or important data.
In the present application the term “brown-out” refers to a sub-set of prefixes advertised by a router that are not reliably reachable. A “black-out” is the limiting case where all of the prefixes are unreachable.
When a “brown-out” occurs, often a customer will call his ISP and complain. A service person at the ISP will then, at a console, manually try to find some alternative route and/or identify the suspect addresses and the type of problem. Typically, the person “pings” or tries to interrogate specific addresses to see if they are reachable until he finds those that are unreachable. “Pinging” might denote trying to establish a TCP session with the suspect addresses. Such a scenario is a problem that service providers would wish to not happen. First, the customer is not happy, and, second, the manual detection and the correction may take some time.
The present invention is directed to automatically detecting brown-outs and notifying an administrator or some controlling entity of a specific problem at specific addresses. In the best case, the problem is corrected before any customer complains and without manual intervention to detect the problem locations. The administrator will then take corrective action. The efficiency of the system and public relations are improved—the customer may not be aware of any problem.
The present invention includes automatic detection of brown-outs by detecting abnormalities in traffic patterns for a given prefix or a sub-set of a prefix. In a preferred embodiment, after the detection of abnormalities, the present invention may automatically act to narrow the range of suspect sub-prefixes.
Since traffic abnormalities are being detected, a baseline is established and some threshold determined that is indicative of an abnormality. A router acting as a forwarding device can passively monitor the traffic passing through the router. Moreover, virtually any router or host may include a “helper” processing system that may send “specialized traffic” to measure or provoke a detection of traffic patterns and problems. The helper processing system, associated with or part of the router, then can build a history based on this information and use that history to detect if a prefix, or a subset of the prefix, is experiencing an abnormal change in its traffic pattern. When detected, the helper processing system can then identify the prefix or subset thereof as having a “brown-out” condition and notify an administrator and/or any consumer process client of this technology with specific information so appropriate action is taken.
In an illustrative embodiment, the “specialized traffic” may include the “pinging” described above but may also include initiating communications between the helper processing system and a suspect known host. The system may then monitor that traffic and detect “brown-out” conditions.
FIG. 1 is block diagram of a prior art system;
FIG. 2 is a block diagram schematic of a generic router system incorporating the present invention;
FIG. 4 is a block diagram of the Analysis Engine of FIG. 3.
FIG. 2 is a generic block diagram illustrating major functions and hardware in a router system that may employ the present invention. In this case the router may be an edge or border router or an internal router. The platform(s) used may be virtually any as known to those skilled in the art. The memory 20 is typically a RAM (of virtually any type, static, dynamic, etc.) containing locations that are addressable by the processor 22. The memory 20 may even be remote from the processor.
The memory 20 contains, inter alia, a routing operating system 24 that organizes and implements the routing of information traffic, typically packets, through the router of FIG. 2. Particular routing protocols 26 are stored for use by the routing operating system. These protocols may be interior routing gateways (IGP) and border routing gateways (BGP). Routing information is stored in a routing table 28. In general packets are received from a network, say Network A, and the operating system 24 finds a forwarding route based on the contents of the routing table 28. The proper protocol is provided by the operating system and the packet is forwarded. The IOS (trademark) operating system by Cisco Technology Incorporated is an example of an operating system 24 that may be used in accordance with this illustrative embodiment. The route processors 22 may comprise processing elements or logic for executing the software programs and manipulating the data structures. The router operating system 24, portions of which are typically resident in memory and executed by the processor, functionally organizes the router by, inter alia, invoking network operations in support of software processes executing on the processors. It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that other processor and memory means, including various computer readable media, may be used for storing and executing program instructions pertaining to the inventive techniques described herein.
The route processors R1, Rm may comprise a plurality of loosely coupled route processors connected to a plurality of forwarding processors F1, Fm that input (Rx) and output (Tx) messages to other networks. Each route processor system, preferably comprises at least one central processing unit (CPU), e.g., the Power-PC 7460 chip. The CPU is adapted to run a single copy of the router operating system 24 and access its memory space 20. The route processors and the forwarding processors are joined by an interconnect fabric 30 such as, e.g., a crossbar interconnection switch or high-speed bus. Those skilled in the art will recognize that other router platforms such as, e.g., a uniprocessor system or a plurality of independent processor nodes interconnected via a communications fabric as a multi-node cluster, could be used in accordance with the invention. The term “node,” defined above, further denotes a computer or processor complex comprising processors and an independent memory shared by the processors.
Each connection 32, 34 connects to neighboring network nodes where information is sent and received. In the present case the neighboring nodes may include both “peer” routers in adjacent autonomous networks and internal nodes 2, 2′ within an autonomous system. In other cases the forwarding processors F1, Fm may be adapted to transfer data packets from various data links, e.g., Ethernet, optical links, etc. Furthermore the various connections may use a variety of protocols, e.g. ATM (asynchronous transfer mode), FDDI (fiber distributed data interface), etc. However, in the present case we shall discuss the preferred embodiments with respect to peer router to peer router connections, although the present invention may be used advantageously communicating to all nodes within autonomous systems.
As used herein, a route comprises, inter alia, a combination of a set of path attributes and a prefix. The routing protocols, such as the Border Gateway Protocol version 4 (BGP) or Interior gateway Protocols (IGP) may be invoked for information transferring to exterior autonomous networks and to interior networks, respectively. BGP is an inter-domain routing protocol used for inter-domain routing (for the Internetwork layer) through the computer network. The neighboring routers (hereinafter “neighbors”) exchange routing and network layer reachability information (NLRI) among autonomous systems over a reliable transport layer connection, such as TCP. An adjacency is a relationship formed between selected neighbors for the purpose of exchanging routing messages and abstracting the network topology. A BGP routing protocol standard (BGPversion 4) is well known and described in Request For Comments (RFC) 1771, by Y. Rekhter and T. Li (1995), which is hereby incorporated herein by reference.
In the illustrative embodiment, the router operating system 24 implements separate software process modules that are distributed over active route processors 22, and line cards 38, 40. Operationally, the router builds the routing tables 28 after exchanging routing information with the neighbors. The routing processors 22 facilitate communication between the various components, i.e., the routing tables and the routing protocols. The routing table 28 provides information to the Forwarding Information Base (FIB) on the line cards 38, 40. The information describes how to forward data packets through the router.
The line cards 38, 40 perform forwarding of the data traffic, while the route processors 22 handle routing and control of the data traffic forwarding. The forwarding processors on the line cards render a forwarding decision for each packet received at a port and determine where to forward the packet.
An overview of FIGS. 3 and 4 is followed below by a more detailed description. FIG. 3 illustrates a preferred embodiment of system functions illustrating the present invention. These functions will typically be configured within a router. The incoming traffic 50 received by a router is monitored 52, classified as to address prefix and type 54, and stored in buckets 56, 56′ according to the address prefix and type. A traffic analysis engine 60 may periodically interrogate the buckets, but in other embodiments other triggers, as known to those skilled in the art, may be used. FIG. 4 illustrates functions within the analysis engine 60. Previously determined thresholds are stored and when exceeded 62 due to an abnormal occurrence, the particular prefix bucket and type are flagged 64. Appropriate action is then taken where some authority is notified 70, and in some instances further action is performed on sub-prefixes (of the suspect prefix) to further isolate the problem addresses. In any event, the prefix and type of traffic instance is stored and an administrator and/or a consumer process client of this technology are notified so that appropriate action may be taken.
As shown in FIG. 3, the traffic monitor 52 separates the traffic by prefix and type 54. Virtually any predictable traffic pattern may be a type and used to advantage with the present invention. For example, the TCP (transfer control protocol) is a well known protocol in use throughout the Internet. When a TCP session is established, there is a well known three-way handshake. In a simple form a message with the SYN bit is sent from one site to another. There is a return message with both the SYN and the ACK bits set acknowledging receipt of the initial message. The initiator then returns an ACK to indicate both sites agree that a connection has been established. In operation with the present invention the rate (number over time) of completed three-way handshakes for a given prefix is one type of traffic that may be used with the present invention.
Another routine predictable traffic pattern includes TCP segment ordering. This is a measure of receipt of out-of-order segments. If a segment is lost it must be re-transmitted, and the rate of such re-transmissions is a “quality” indicator of the path from one site to another. For example, often sliding “windows” are used to transmit packet streams. Rather than waiting for acknowledgement of each packet, a sequence of packets are sent. The sequence constitutes the “window.” As acknowledgments are received the window slides to include new packets. But if a packet is delayed too long and no acknowledgment is received, that packet must be re-transmitted. This occurrence often will require that the operating system reduce the window size making it more inefficient. The rate of out-of-order packets may be established as another type of traffic.
A third type of traffic pattern that may be useful with the present invention is the data rate. A change in the rate of data transfer to a particular prefix may be used as an indicator of a problem within the prefix.
Other types of traffic patterns that may be useful with the present invention are: the delays and jitter. Delay would include end-to-end and round trip measurements. Jitter is the “burstiness” of the packets or variations in the inter-packet time gaps of packets to a prefix. Delay and/or jitter often indicate problems along the path from one site to another.
The above examples of types of traffic patterns are well known in the art, and there may very well be other traffic types where changes indicate brown-out conditions that should be reported and/or investigated.
For each of the above types of traffic patterns, a threshold is established heuristically, by using knowledge of those familiar with the particular sites, or by accumulating data on the traffic patterns over time. The threshold indicates an abnormality that probably requires further investigation, and is stored in the Traffic Analysis Engine 60 of FIG. 4.
In operation, referencing FIG. 4, a threshold 62 is established and stored for each type of traffic pattern in the analysis engine 60. Each threshold may be normalized, inter alia, over particular time periods specific to the traffic and the particular sites. These would be set by a system administrator but could be automatically set as some offset from the initial (normal) rates measured by the traffic monitor over a time period. For example, if a typical rate of TCP terminations were established for traffic to a given prefix, those familiar with the sites may determine that a change of �2% from that normal rate may indicate an abnormality. The change is used as a threshold and flagged 64 if exceeded. The prefix is then saved as suspect for further action.
When flagged 64 the Analysis Engine may be simply passive and report 72, 70 the suspect prefix and traffic type to an administrator and/or any consumer process client of this technology for further action. In a semi-passive action, the traffic monitor system is arranged with a helper processor 66 that could be arranged to create and place traffic types in buckets with a finer address granularity. For example, if the original prefix detected as having a problem was 16 bits, the system might rearrange the buckets as address groups of more than 16 bits (of the 32 bit IP address), say 8 more bits. In this case, the traffic types, in the sub-prefixes of the original prefix, can be accumulated in buckets 56 and monitored. The abnormality will be associated with some group of the sub-prefixes, and the suspect sub-prefixes reported.
However, if flagged, the present invention may be arranged as pro-active 68 to furhther determine sub-prefixes demonstrating the problem. In this case, the Analysis Engine with use of the helper processor 66 may initiate transfers to sub-prefixes to provoke a detection of the problem traffic pattern in the sub-prefixes, and thereby narrows the range of addresses that need to be further investigated. For example, consider that a prefix of 16 bits is detected as having a rate of TCP sessions established that exceeds the threshold. An illustrative embodiment of the present invention may be arranged to initiate TCP session establishments, by sending out packets with the SYN bit set to a sub-set of the prefix addresses to 24 or more bits to find the sub-prefixes (of the 16 bit addresses) where the problem exists. As will be known to those skilled in the art, other types of messages may be used to test prefixes and/or sub-prefixes of suspect addresses.
In a semi-passive or active system the granularity may be tailored for particular applications, and extending the address prefix granularity, say to 25, 26, or more bits may be advantageous.
Furthermore, if an alternative routes, e.g., a back-up or repair route, were known for a destination address exhibiting an abnormality, the Analysis Engine may re-route 68 traffic by updating the routing tables with the alternative route while informing an administrator or other such controller of the problem path.
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Lib Dem silence over child benefit cut
Wed 6 Oct 2010 19.05 EDT First published on Wed 6 Oct 2010 19.05 EDT
Before the election the Guardian gave its support to the Liberal Democrats. So did I. I joined the party as it offered the fairest and most radical policies; far better than Labour, which seemed to have lost its way. What has happened since amounts to a betrayal. When Clegg et al supported the savage cuts in spending, I held my breath. When Michael Gove proposed even more division in our education system with free schools, I was relieved so few took it up. When Cameron announced another top-down NHS reorganisation, contrary to election pledges, I became very uneasy at what amounts to privatisation through the consultancies GPs will turn to.
Now Osborne announces cuts in child benefit, an action so manifestly unfair that Cameron has had to backtrack (Report, 6 October). Where are the Lib Dems? Not a squeak. Not even muted outrage. They seem content to tolerate the worst attack on our welfare system since it was set up, simply for the meagre ration of alternative voting, which may not happen anyway. I am following many others in resigning from the party I joined because I mistakenly thought its policies were radical, fair and honest. It seems they are none of these. Power tends to corrupt, as Lord Acton said. Sadly, that seems to be all too true for the Lib Dems.
• Two wrongs don't make a right. Cameron's suggestion that transferable tax allowances might address the unfairness created by the withdrawal of child benefit from higher rate taxpayers might appease the Tory right. But it is the wrong policy. It would not provide help directly to stay-at-home mums; instead it would direct money to the wallet rather than the purse and further undermine independent taxation. Moreover, if transferable tax allowances were extended to higher-rate taxpayers, the effect would be regressive. A fairer and simpler solution is to retain universal child benefit and require all higher-rate taxpayers – not just those with children – to make a sacrifice through the tax system.
Emeritus professor Ruth Lister
• Policy-making on the hoof is rarely satisfactory. The child benefit deal was cobbled together as a down-payment for Iain Duncan Smith's hazy welfare-to-work reforms. It is riddled with unfairness. But here comes a married couple's tax allowance to the rescue, if it can be extended to those on the higher rate. Yet the clear majority of married couples have no dependent children. To restrict it to those with children would in effect create a new child benefit for those who will soon be denied it! Curiouser and curiouser, as we inch towards the coalition's welfare wonderland.

value: This website is a British news and media website owned by the Guardian Media Group. It contains nearly all of the content of the newspapers The Guardian and The Observer, as well as a substantial body of web-only work produced by its own staff, including a rolling news service.


text:
Secoeabil Co., Ltd.: Board Committees & Members - Bloomberg
Company Overview of Secoeabil Co., Ltd.
To contact Secoeabil Co., Ltd., please visit . Company data is provided by S&P Global Market Intelligence. Please use this form to report any data issues.

value: This website is an international news agency headquartered in New York City and a division of Bloomberg L.P. Content produced by Bloomberg News is disseminated through Bloomberg Terminals, Bloomberg Television, Bloomberg Radio, Bloomberg Businessweek, Bloomberg Markets, Bloomberg.com, and Bloomberg's mobile platforms. Since 2015, John Micklethwait has served as editor-in-chief.


text:
Families, youth and delinquency : the state of knowledge, and family-based juvenile delinquency prevention programs (eBook, 2009) [WorldCat.org]
I thought you might be interested in this item at http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/609993623 Title: Families, youth and delinquency : the state of knowledge, and family-based juvenile delinquency prevention programs Author: Julie Savignac; National Crime Prevention Centre (Canada) Publisher: Ottawa, Ont. : National Crime Prevention Centre, ©2009 ISBN/ISSN: 9781100116853 1100116850 OCLC:609993623
Julie Savignac; National Crime Prevention Centre (Canada)
Ottawa, Ont. : National Crime Prevention Centre, ©2009
Research report (National Crime Prevention Centre (Canada)), 2009-1.
Juvenile delinquency -- Canada -- Prevention.
Savignac, Julie.
Families, youth and delinquency.
(OCoLC)435872863
9781100116853 1100116850
609993623
Familles, jeunes et délinquance : portrait des connaissances et programmes de prévention de la délinquance juvénile en milieu familial
Julie Savignac.
Add tags for "Families, youth and delinquency : the state of knowledge, and family-based juvenile delinquency prevention programs". Be the first.
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text:
CIO Jobs, Employment in Brentwood, TN
CIO jobs in Brentwood, TN
Works with the Corporate CIO and hospital CFO to implement the appropriate staffing model and the sourcing of resources to deliver, maintain and support all...
Results Physiotherapy is looking for a progressive, creative, healthcare technology and tech strategy executive to join our senior executive team. Reporting
View all Results Physiotherapy jobs in Franklin, TN - Franklin jobsSalary Search: Chief Information Officer salaries in Franklin, TNLearn more about working at Results PhysiotherapyRelated forums: Results Physiotherapy - Franklin, Tennessee - CIO
Competitive Compensation, Generous Vacation and Holiday Plans, Medical, Dental, and Vision Insurance, Flexible Spending Accounts, Life Insurance, 401(k) Plan,...
View all CHS Corporate jobs in Franklin, TN - Franklin jobsSalary Search: Market CIO salaries in Franklin, TNLearn more about working at Chs CorporateRelated forums: Franklin, Tennessee - CHS Corporate
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In partnership with CIO, develop publishable communications relative to research, consumer insights, brand, etc. — Senior Research Manager*....
View all The Buntin Group jobs in Nashville, TN - Nashville jobsSalary Search: Senior Market Research Manager salaries in Nashville, TNLearn more about working at The Buntin GroupRelated forums: Market Research Manager - The Buntin Group - Nashville, Tennessee
The successful candidate will regularly interface and communicate with the key stakeholders in the business including sales, finance, distribution, marketing...
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Kroll Ontrack, LLC - 27 days ago - save job - email - more...
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Associate, IT Advisory Consultant
We are currently seeking an Associate in CIO Advisory for our Management Consulting practice to join us in our Nashville office....
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Get email updates for the latest CIO jobs in Brentwood, TN

value: This website is an American worldwide employment website for job listings launched in November 2004. It is a subsidiary of Japan's Recruit Co.


text:
Brenda GainesFrankfort59, 03-Nov, Harrod Brothers Funeral Home.
Jeffery passed away in November 2019.
John Gaines Sr.
John was born on November 22, 1930 and passed away on Thursday, November 28, 2019. John graduated from Milan, MI high school in 1947 and then served his country in the U.S. Air Force. In lieu of flowers please send memorial donations...
Amos Gaines Jr.
Amos Gaines Jr.Tallahassee - Amos Gaines Jr. 87, died Wednesday, November 27, 2019.Funeral service will be 11 A.M. FRIDAY, December 6, 2019 at House of Prayer at Innovation Baptist Church, 2150 Belle Vue Way with burial at 1 P.M.at the Tallahassee...
Joy Sue Gaines
Joy was born on March 29, 1936 and passed away on Saturday, November 23, 2019.
Elizabeth Washington Gaines
Elizabeth was born on September 11, 1926 and passed away on Monday, November 18, 2019. Family will receive friends on Sunday, November 24, 2019, 6 pm to 7:30 pm and Monday, November 25, 2019, from 11 am until 12 pm with funeral services...
Services provided by Joynes Funeral Home, Inc.
Betty was born on April 7, 1937 and passed away on Tuesday, November 19, 2019.
Age 97 of Bessemer, AL Funeral services Sat Nov. 23rd 11:00 am at Mt Hebron Baptist Church Bessemer, Viewing Fri. Nov. 22 from 2-7 pm at Brighton Funeral Home.
Services provided by Brighton Funeral Home Inc
Dorothy L. GainesLas Cruces - Dorothy L. GainesSeptember 20 1927- November 16 2019Dorothy L. Gaines (Dot) 92, of Las Cruces NM passed away November 16 2019 surronded by her family. She was born September 20 1927 in Otis, NM to Martin Wesley Hunt...
Desmond G. Gaines2000-2019Desmond Gibran Gaines, expired (Saturday) November 9, 2019. Visitation will be held (Saturday) November 16, 2019 from 9-9:55 a.m. Service at 10:00 a.m. Both services will be held at Christian Faith B.C., 4306 Brinkley...
Hulen R. L. Gaines (Ham)
Hulen was born on January 5, 1926 and passed away on Wednesday, November 13, 2019. He served in the United States Army during WWII. Visitation will be 2:00 pm to 8:00 pm, Thursday, November 14, 2019 at the Collinsville Dolton Funeral...
Ernest J. Gaines, internationally acclaimed author, Writer in Residency Emeritus at the University of Louisiana at Layfayette (UL), native and resident of Oscar, Louisiana entered into eternal rest at the age of 86 on November 5, 2019 at his home...
The Advocate, The Acadiana Advocate
James B. Gaines
James was born on March 26, 1935 and passed away on Monday, November 11, 2019.
Joe A. Gaines
Joe A. GainesMemphis80, 11-Nov, R S Lewis & Sons Funeral Home.
Joanne Holmes Gaines
Joanne passed away on Friday, November 8, 2019.

value: This website is a United States-based website founded in 1998, the world's largest commercial provider of online memorials. The Web site hosts obituaries and memorials for more than 70 percent of all U.S. deaths.


text:
All members (2,186)
"New in Winnipeg, kind of shy and quiet. Alright, not kind of..."
"Hi my name is Tim. I have been single for over a year. Looking to get out and meet new people. I like doing different social events. "
"Hi, my name is Rosina but you can call me -Ro. I am looking forward to meeting and making new friends all the while exploring our city!"

value: This website is a service used to organize online groups that host in-person and virtual events for people with similar interests. It was founded in 2002 by Chairman Scott Heiferman and four co-founders.


text:
Amazon.co.uk: Customer Reviews: Renshaw Professional Regalice - Lilac 250g
5.0 out of 5 stars In the pink!!
1.0 out of 5 stars MANAUFACTURED IN A FACTORY WHICH HANDLES NUTS
This is not so much a Hate the product but more as an advice... On purchasing this product there was no information relating to Allergies which is a requirement on the packaging. However, upon receipt of this product it was found to be Produced in a Factory which Handles Nut Products. This was very disappointing to find this out only after the product had been received.
5.0 out of 5 stars In the pink!!, 3 Mar. 2012
By Veerz - See all my reviews
This review is from: Renshaw Regal Icing Fuschia 250g (Kitchen & Home)
5.0 out of 5 stars Blackest of black!, 9 April 2012
By welshspud "welshspud" (wales) - See all my reviews
5.0 out of 5 stars Icing on the cake!, 29 Jun. 2012
By M. L. French (Essex UK) - See all my reviews
4.0 out of 5 stars regal icing, 4 Mar. 2013
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5.0 out of 5 stars fab icing, 23 Nov. 2012
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Arrived on timeExcellent colour match for my grand daughters Princess Birthday CakeExcellent quality, easy to useGreat Buy
5.0 out of 5 stars Ideal, 1 Jan. 2013
Renshaw Professional Regalice - Lilac 250g by Renshaw Regal Ice


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Words that end in falol | Words ending in falol
http://www.thefreedictionary.com/words-that-end-in-falol
Dictionary, Encyclopedia and Thesaurus - The Free Dictionary 10,129,625,305 visitors served
Words that end in falol
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value: This website is an American online dictionary and encyclopedia that aggregates information from various sources.


text:
P&P Real Estate GmbH: Board Committees & Members - Bloomberg
August 19, 2017 11:05 AM ET
Company Overview of P&P Real Estate GmbH
To contact P&P Real Estate GmbH, please visit . Company data is provided by S&P Global Market Intelligence. Please use this form to report any data issues.


text:
Talk:Alicia Patterson - Wikipedia
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Alicia_Patterson&oldid=663089677"
This page was last edited on 19 May 2015, at 14:31.

value: This website is the English-language edition of the free online encyclopedia Wikipedia. It was founded on 15 January 2001 as Wikipedia's first edition and, as of October 2021, has the most articles of any edition, at 6,412,521.


text:
Brain centre receives £8m grant | Daily Mail Online
A ground-breaking brain research centre has been awarded an £8 million grant, the Government has announced.
The funding, announced by Science and Innovation Minister Lord Sainsbury, will go towards the new Brain and Repair Imaging Centre at Cardiff University.
Lord Sainsbury said: "This award for new ground-breaking equipment recognises the outstanding work that Cardiff University and the University of Wales College of Medicine have already carried out in the field of brain research."
The centre, based in the School of Psychology at the university, is expected to cost £10 million and the funding was awarded to take advantage of the forthcoming merger of Cardiff University and the University of Wales College of Medicine.
Lord Sainsbury added: "The centre will help both organisations maximise the benefits of merger, and keep both UK science and the work that is being carried out in Cardiff at the cutting edge of research worldwide."
The £8 million grant will cover the cost of combining Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) and Magnetoencephalography (MEG), creating one of the first centres of its kind in the UK.
Project Director, Professor Peter Halligan explained: "In bringing together these two highly sophisticated pieces of equipment, we are creating a facility as advanced as any in Europe or North America."
Centre to treat stroke patients
Both brain imaging systems use non-invasive methods to study brain processes in everyday mental processes such as visual and auditory perception, attention, memory, learning, speech and reasoning.
It is also hoped application of these new technologies could lead to improved treatments for conditions such as strokes, multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease and for patients with schizophrenia and depression.
Mr Halligan added: "The combination of these systems will put Cardiff and Wales at the international forefront of developments in brain imaging for the cognitive, social and clinical neurosciences."
The remaining costs of building and staffing the centre will be met by the School of Psychology and the universities' resources that are earmarked for merger-related projects, as well as £600,000 of other DTI funding.
In a joint statement, Cardiff University's Vice-Chancellor Dr David Grant and the University of Wales College of Medicine's Vice-Chancellor Professor Stephen Tomlinson said: "This is a prime example of the benefits merger will deliver for Wales.
"It will be a world-leading research centre, which will increase our understanding of the human brain and ultimately lead to new treatments for sufferers of some very serious afflictions.
It is estimated that 1 million people in Britain attend hospitals each year as a result of a head injury, and that the death rate following traumatic brain injury is approximately nine per 1000.

value: This website is the website of the Daily Mail, a newspaper in the United Kingdom, and of its sister paper The Mail on Sunday. MailOnline is a division of dmg media, which is owned by Daily Mail and General Trust plc.


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Curva Is Y Lm Problemas | eBay
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value: This website is an American multinational e-commerce corporation based in San Jose, California, that facilitates consumer-to-consumer and business-to-consumer sales through its website.


text:
Open Minded Dog Training: Dog training for everyone
u/pangolin88
educator collar question
i am working with my 10 month old wheaten and we use a sprenger collar and an ecollar when we go on walks. I always have a 15ft leash on her. I want to let her wander within the 15 ft radius but to heel and come when called. So my question is how to let her know it is ok to wander but not pull. Right now, if she wanders, she will return to my side if i say heel. But after 30 seconds or so, she will wander to the length of the collar (and sometimes will pull). Am i doing anything wrong? I realize this might be a confusing question so:
If you are teaching a dog to heel, and she knows it pretty well, how do you teach them it is ok to explore?
If they are exploring, is there a sensible way to teach not to pull when the reach the end of the leash?
Too young for a prong?
My puppy just turned 4 months and according to the trainer we used for our family dogs, is very spoiled. She’s mostly potty trained and knows sit, but needs basic training beyond that and needs corrections because she gets growly and bitey if you try and take a bone from her sometimes. The trainer wants to put her in a prong collar, but she seems too young and too small(around 8lbs) for that to be good. Also I don’t want her to distrust me. Is it really the best option? Am I just being an overemotional wreck that IS spoiling her dog? Thanks in advance.
u/HappyHowly
Dog Trainer recommends tools I'm not certain about
I posted this in r/dogs, and someone suggested coming here as well, so here I am. Lol. Anyway:
So, there aren't a lot of options for dog training where I live, but one place came really highly recommended to me. Me and my puppy go to the dog park with a few dogs who have been through the classes and they're all exceptionally well behaved, not to mention the trainer's own dogs are all titled in agaility and obedience. Sounds great, so I signed up for a class starting August 1st.
The problem is, the trainer just emailed me a class supplies list, and in addition to stuff I expected like treats, treat pouch, long recall leash, etc., she also wants us to have a prong collar and a squirt bottle full of vinegar which makes me a bit uncomfortable.
Should I give it a try and see what it's all about since none of the dogs I know who went there seem scared or abused or hurt, or are these harsh correction methods an automatic deal breaker and I should keep looking for another trainer?
From reading the sidebar, it sounds like some of y'all use these methods, and others don't. What are the pros and cons of both? I tried looking it up on Google, but everything was really biased either one way or another.
u/TittyMcFuckstain
June was diagnosed with heartworm, any tips on keeping her socialization/training from slipping while on bed rest?
June is a 1 1/2 year old lab. We've had her for just shy of 3 months. She was just diagnosed with heartworm and needs to go on immediate restricted activity. We plan to continue her on leash obedience (as long as it's low stress and feasible), but I'm worried about her socialization. She showed a bit of leash reactivity and some minor fence aggression when we first got her, but it's been steadily improving since she came to us. I'm not sure that there is much I can do until she is done with treatment! Any tips would be much appreciated.
Also, any ideas for keeping a wild child calm and happy while restricted? We have a large selection of special "crate only" chews to cycle through and I've started giving her her meals in a variety of puzzle box feeders. I'm hoping between that, and maybe some trick training to keep her as happy as possible, but I will gladly take any suggestions!
u/thesobie
Mini Educator Collar and Saint Bernard (A Long Hair Saga): Seeking advice.
I have a Saint Bernard, and I have been using the eCollar for about two months with him, but his training is inconsistent because I can't keep consistent skin contact with the prongs due to his infuriatingly and adorable thick hair and undercoat, not to mention his floppy skin. I just bought the thick hair 3/4 in prongs with the little nubs that are supposed to get through undercoat, but it's still inconsistent. It works well on the back and side of the neck, but it won't stay there no matter how tight I make the collar. Short of trimming his neck beard with some clippers (not shaving, just a trim), has anyone encountered this or have any tips? I love love love the mini educator, and when it's making contact, he responds unbelievable well (his working level is 8), but I need to figure out a method to consistently get skin contact with the collar.
Tips for if someone elses dog runs up to your dog?
Hi, I have a dog i adopted from my local shelter about a year and 1/2 ago. She was at the shelter for roughly 3 years due to dog aggression and fear aggression towards people. I hired a trainer that showed me how to properly use an E-collar along with a prong collar and difference has been night and day.
A few times however, I have had where other people lose control of their dogs and run up one mines. My dog is trained to be off leash (recalls consistently, stays near me, doesn't run up to other dogs/people, downs/sits/drops from a distance), but today I had a someones else dog run up towards us aggressively while my dog was off leash. My dog did not run towards the other dog and only reacted once the dog was too close. They fought for a few seconds but I was able to grab my dog and get her back in command quickly. She remained calm for the duration of the walk.
When something like this has happen while my dog's on leash, I usually just grab her until the other owner can get control of their dog. Then I make sure I have her attention and continue the walk. Wanted to know if anyone has any tips on how to better handle this type of situation while both on and off leash.
u/s_twig
New Puppy, 4.5 Year Old Dog
Some background first: we've had a desexed male blue staffy for the past 4 1/2 years, he's been great, but has a lot of energy and we feel he needs some company. He has a few larger 'dog friends' that he loves to get silly and boisterous with. One time he did chase a smaler fluffy dog at the dog park, which was the only time I've seen him act aggressively. He doesn't seem to like smaller dogs in general, for example if we've at the park sitting and a small dog walks past, he stiffens up, puts his ears up, points his tail and has a few small barks. But certainly nothing I don't feel in control of.
Last week we picked up a new girl 10-week-old bulldog puppy, and tried to introduce on as neutral ground as possible (my parent's place). We held the puppy and when he arrived he smelt around a bit, and then went straight outside to his ball and did nothing but really want to play with his ball outside, the puppy was inside the whole time and the times they did approach the screen door he did jump up on the door in his usual excited way which scared her. I thought the intro went okay, not the potential disaster I feared, but not the pleasant curiosity I wanted either.
Fast forward a few days and both dogs are at home but separated. When we take her near (still separated by screendoors he doesn't growl or anything, and although he wags his tail he seems a bit rigid and aroused. This appearance makes me nervous with the new puppy, like if given the chance he would just grab her and run off (like I've seen him do with a rat once or twice). Another note, he seems to have become desensitised to her cries.
I tried to call a dog trainer to see if he'd help with the introduction but said he doesn't have any 'tricks', I found this strange to be honest. A guy at work who adopts dogs suggested that since my boy dog is ball obsessed, try crating the puppy and taking her outside while I play with the ball outside. This wasn't terrible, he was his usual energetic self, just chasing the ball and largely ignoring her in the crate, despite her tail wags and puppy sounds, he did at one stage abruptly approach the crate which made me nervous but a quick "No" and he was back to his ball. (it was the same look he gave when he chased the little fluffy dog).
The only thing the trainer did say on the phone was that the longer they are separated the harder it will make it. So I do feel a sense of urgency. I am confident that once the puppy is a bit bigger there won't be an issue.
Has anyone experienced this before? Or can you offer some advice?
u/melancholicflamingo
Prong collar for a whiny, frustrated dog
Hi. My dog is 1 year and 8 months old amstaff mix. He is easily overstimulated and he can't calm down on its own. He's reactive on the leash, but his reactivity is frustration-based (when he sees a dog, he wants to play with it, he's not aggressive). I tried positive training methods. I tried switching food to grain-free, below 30% of protein. It didn't help much. He got even worse, because he starts to flip out when he sees other positively-associated things (he started reacting towards stopping cars, trams and buses, because that means PLAY TIME).
So when I say flip out, I mean he stops everything and starts staring, when trigger is too close he starts lunging. If it's impossible to reach the desired object, he starts whining very loudly and scream from frustration. He loses it when we are in the crowd so going anywhere public is impossible. Sometimes, when it's too much, he just turns over and redirects his frustration on me (jumping to my hands, trying to bite, trying to tug the leash, trying to eat snacks from my training pouch)... He whines even if we stay too long in one place, not moving.
I was recently at some group class and one person suggested prong collar because he was whining so much during the event (it was my mistake to bring him there...). We did a slip leash and I was able to control him (he was sitting and not lunging and dragging me in every direction), but he was still screaming. Right now I think it's because he was already over the threshold.
Inside the house he's the cuddly, sweet dog who can lay around and chill. But outside... He turns into the whining monster. I walk him on a gentle leader + collar and he's walking fairly good on the loose leash, but his behaviour turns in the presence of a trigger.
I'm giving positive training one more chance (relaxation protocol), but if it's not going to help I think I need to try something else. But I'm very scared of prong collars. Not only were they absolutely discouraged by every trainer I was talking to. But also I worry that it might hurt his neck. He has little fur on his neck and I worry that if he lunges, the skin will break. Would a prong collar help with his extreme frustration, or the opposite? Are there any equally good alternatives?
Edit: I wonder why downvotes?
u/shaniakody
Cat/Dog Help Needed
I am currently going through a situation with my cat and dog. When I moved away for school, about 7 months ago, I rescued a 6 year old cat in a different city. My dog who is a 2 year old German Shepherd will be living with me at my new apartment (where my cat resides) for a week. He has never interacted with a cat before, and usually when he sees strays, he barks and tries to chase them.
Last night was his first night here. The cat was locked in a room with her necessities. After vigorously exercising him, I decided to let them meet. So I held my dog by the collar and brought him into the room. Initially, he did not even notice her, but he noticed her litter, as he was more intrigued by her poop (he's icky like that) and cat food in her bowl. It was only when I pointed her out he noticed her. I watched his body language, he was surprisingly not at all hostile, his tail was wagging and he slowly began moving towards her as he continuously sniffed. Their noses even touched as they both were sniffing each other out. Through out this, my cat was staring straight into his eyes and she constantly hissed at home. When their noses touched, she smacked him causing him to bark and run out of the door.
I tried this exercise with both of them multiple times last night and today, my dog remains very calm while she hisses and stares at home. Occasionally, their gazes will fix, and this where I noticed my dog getting a bit hostile towards her. I have even left him in the room with her, while I sit beside her petting her, and it is only when she hisses, he even notices her and wants to come close to her. Usually, he is just more interested in the smell of the room (as it is my roommates) or her food. He has even laid down underneath the bed she was sitting on, not even bothering her. However, as I continue to introduce them, I notice that my dog's hostility is slightly increasing towards her when she hisses at him. He went from being so careful and gently, to barking at her. I am also worried about her feeling cooped up in one room. Even though, I go in a couple of times to give her some cuddles a kisses, it is hard to do so when there is a barking dog outside wanting to be let it. And if I let him in, my cat hisses at him, causing him to be hostile.
As a first time dog and cat owner, I am not sure if this is the reaction I should expect as they have only known each other for about 28 hours. Any tips that could be helpful?
u/ManikinHands15
4 month old biting
We have a 4 month old golden retriever who continues to bite a lot. I know he’s teething and it’s natural but I am concerned if we don’t teach him biting our hands/forearms is not ok, he will continue to do so into his adult age. Other than redirecting and time outs, has anyone had success with other techniques?
u/firstaccountwasdumb
1 year male dog aggressive?
My 1 year old black lab/blue heeler mix has had some aggression problems for a few months now. It started as possessive aggression (He'd get aggressive when he had a bone or special food). We elected to stop giving him bones because of that and stopped giving him table scraps: he's down to just his dog food. We also left his food out all the time which seems to help.
He's gotten a whole lot more unpredictable though; he gets mad randomly now and tries to bite. What happened just a few minutes ago was we were sitting on the couch together and he was sleeping. He started to growl and I said "What's wrong buddy?" and he turned and bit me.
What am I missing? I can't find a cause/solution. Help?
u/moss_back
Dog scared of rainfall
I’m kind of at my wit’s end here. I have a six year old Frenchie/Boston mix. We had a Great Pyrenees about four years ago, who my Frenchton didn’t particularly like. When the Pyrenees passed away, and only after that, my Frenchton decided to freak out every time rainfall hit the roof.
Now, I live in the PNW. It rains the majority of the year. I’m not sure how to train him, and it’s getting really bad. We have to medicate him sometimes because it gets so bad. And I’m not talking about thunderstorms at all. Just rainfall.
u/Eric8928
Getting my husky back on dry food
He's a 3 year old, likely of Malmute Alaskan Husky decent, who just hates dry food.
He would rather go without eating than eat dry food or even some dry food mix.
I switched from purina one to natural food dry dog food in hopes of a better diet, but I'm unsure of what to do next.
I was thinking of switching to Blue Buffalo, and just only giving him dry dog food and taking it away until he folds and decides to eat it.
I did start a bad habit a while back and would give him ranked scrapes, and now that's all he wants. Any advice would be appreciated.
u/pegasobr
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mqD50_6fplA
I liked it, I agree with a lot of what he said. For me the balanced method is the best.
Trainer recommendations that do not use positive reinforcement
Hi guys, on the topic I've done previously several users have already posted recommendations, but let's increase it!
I would like book recommendations with good trainers who do not use positive reinforcement, I believe that we all want a balance here, we do not want one to be spoiled, but we do not want one that uses violence.
Does anyone have books to indicate? And youtube channels? By the way, what do you think of Cesar Millan? Is he a good trainer or is he outdated?
I think positive trainers are dominating the market so it's very rare to find anyone other than Cesar or Koehler (but this is very old).
u/MaryASublett
https://imgur.com/a/lkEj3Ep
u/Pliskin88
E-Collar Guide - Please UpVote
I have noticed that there are many people who are wondering how to use the E-Collar correctly and many that are using it are using it incorrectly. There are many ways to use the E-Collar but I think that the most humane way is to use it the way that Larry Krohn uses it. I am going to do a quick summary of how he uses the E-Collar and you should view his YouTube page for lots of free information and the E-Collar playlist. If you have any questions please ask them here and I will add them to the Guide. Also if you can up vote this or if a mod can sticky this at the top of the page it would be helpful. This may help to reduce duplicate posts. :) I will continue to update and expand the guide on a regular basis. Thank you and enjoy time with your dogs!
Do not begin by trying to stop unwanted behavior You should never purchase a E-Collar and start using it by attempting to stop a dog from doing unwanted behavior. This is abusive to the dog and the dog needs to be properly conditioned to the E-Collar and go through a structured training program based on reward based training. In regards to correcting aggression/reactivity to other dogs/people please do not stimulate the dog when he shows this behavior. This is one common way that the E-Collar is used and will often result in short term gain for long term loss if there is any short term gain at all. You will likely mess the dog up psychologically and the E-Collar should not be used in this manner. Take the dog through the process and these behaviors will almost always disappear during the intermittent phase.
Before beginning to use the E-Collar train the "recall" command and "place" command through reward based training
All behaviors like sit, come, stand, heel, etc are taught through reward based training and NOT with the E-Collar
If properly implemented the dog should look happy and confident
if the dog looks sad or depressed you are doing it wrong
The E-Collar should not be viewed as a tool for punishment
Remember that everything is taught through reward based training and the E-Collar is layered over these behaviors
Remember to rotate the collar every 3 hours to prevent pressure necrosis
Remember to build engagement with the dog, if you are a trainer make sure that you are spending the first few days building a good relationship with the dog
We do not correct dog aggression/reactivity directly with the E-Collar.
as an indirect effect of going through the training properly, dog aggression and reactivity will almost always disappear on its own
Always be compassionate to the dog
Teach your dog about leash pressure
For a great foundation in reward based training look up Michael Ellis, he is one of the top 3 best dog trainers out there.
Other Trainers include Ivan Balabanov and Bart Bellon
An E-Collar is used when necessary if a dog cannot be fully trained with only Reward Based Training. If the dog can be fully trained without the E-Collar then there is no need for an E-Collar
Develop off-leash freedom for the dog
dogs are meant to run and be free
New communication system with your dog, especially at a distance
Help Anxiety/Fearful dogs become confident
Proper E-Collar training improves confidence in dogs. Lots of anecdotal evidence is available on Larry Krohns YouTube Channel
Reduce Euthanasia rates in dogs. Shelters and Rescues are filled with dogs that can be easily rehabilitated with a good reward based training system that is supplemented with E-Collar training. It is great to see more and more of these organizations implementing this tool in their work.
Sport dogs/Gun dogs do great that are trained this way with the E-Collar.
Aggression and Reactivity seem to go away on their own with proper E-Collar training. This was one of the reasons I decided to look into using an E-Collar after using only positive reinforcement methods for the first few years of my dogs life. He was extremely reactive to other dogs and it disappeared as I went through the training with him.
Please remember that all dogs are different and have different personalities, drive, and traits. This is important to remember as you should not expect your dog to look like an Schutzhund champion if the dog was not breed to be or has the traits to become one. All dogs can be trained very well but just remember that they are not robots, they are animals and they love us.
E-Collar Training (if necessary)
recommended 30 ft and 15ft leads. A 50 ft one is good as well. You can just get a 50 ft and shorten it in your hand if needed.
high quality treats (natures balance food rolls are great)
Mini Educator 300, this is all the E-Collar you are going to need if you properly train the dog.
You MUST CONDITION the dog
Recommend E-Collar
E-Collars Technologies Mini Educator 300
DO NOT BUY A CHEAP E-COLLAR OR ONE FROM A BIG BOX STORE because they often do not have enough settings for use among many other things. Some other quality manufacturers are Dogtra, Tri-Tronics
E-Collar Training requires 3 Stages
This is where you teach the dog the meaning of the stimulus on his neck. This is done on the lowest level on the e-collar that the dog can perceive. So that the dog understands the language of the E-Collar. This is the laying of the foundation, once the foundation is laid the E-Collar can be used on all known behaviors and help remove unwanted behaviors in the intermittent phase.
Materials: Treats, Leash, E-Collar
This is where you add distractions, distance, and duration. You also do not reward the dog every time and begin to slowly ween the dog off the collar.
After training in the Intermittent stage for a while, this is where issues like chasing wildlife, counter surfing, digging can be addressed.
Materials : Treats, Leash, E-Collar
This is where the dog is off-leash and reliable. E-Collar is still recommenced when the dog is off-leash in public in case you need to use it in an emergency or need to communicate with the dog at long distances.
Why MUST you condition the dog?
To avoid the dog developing unwanted superstitious behavior
Not conditioning the dog to the E-Collar is unfair to the dog and abusive
Allows you to use the tool in a wide range of circumstances and situations
The dog will not have a negative association with the E-Collar
E-Collar training should be made the least stressful possible on the Dog
The e-collar is a tool to communicate with the dog and *NOT* to punish the dog
Timelines will vary based on trainer experience, time available to train, and temperament of the dog
usually 3 days up to 1 month
To reach the maintenance phase it could take up to several months so please do not rush with this tool. Make sure that the first 2 steps are properly implemented
Remember that the E-Collar is a great tool to give your dog off leash freedom and to develop a great relationship with your dog. Our dogs aren't here long enough, so please enjoy every moment you can!
I no longer wish to use positive reinforcement
Calm down, I'm not saying I'm going to spank my dog or something. But I just can not understand how they think a method just goes for any type of dog. I'll tell you my case: I've always used positive reinforcement for my dog, from the 45 days of his life to 1 year old, the problem is that he was always very hyperactive and I always refused to scold him, my hand was completely marked of bite to the point of people asking the reason of this, since according to Zak George and others the bite process is natural, that I should only give different textures to him ... well, I did it and did nothing. I always trained my dog every day and the most he learned were tricks, but never had any improvement in behavior. Until the barking crisis began and I was threatened with losing my dog. Understand, my dog is the only thing I have in life, I could not bear a life without it. I tried the command "speak", "look me" and nothing. Until the neighbors were doing signed down to arrest him and know what he solved? One girl told me to throw water at him at all times of continuous barking. Resolved. Today I hardly need to throw water, at most I get close when he's barking and he already knows that he screwed up and goes inside the house, but he knows I do not scold him if he did not do anything wrong. The water method saved my dog and he continues to love me, is excited to see me and does not get depressed, in fact I throw only a minimal amount, just to frighten. Already with positive reinforcement my dog did not like his kibbles anymore because I gave treats many times, in the same way that Zak and other instructors say, as a result he was getting thin by not eating right. I take a bottle of water for walks since my dog wants to bark at other dogs at 4 in the morning or tries to bite me, I just lay a little on his head and the same stopped with the behavior. Another example was that my mother taught him to enter the house when she is cleaning, just by ordering him to come in rigidly, he loves my mother more than anything in the world. I do not know why they think it's all abuse, I'm not saying I'm going to strangle my dog or anything like Cesar Milan, but those aversive methods worked for my dog and I do not think he became a more depressed dog for that reason. I would like to have more balanced authoring options that would give me more options so that I do not have to keep taking treats to all locations and having to survive a bite attack by simply offering a piece of chicken but unfortunately all methods against the positive reinforcement end up being much criticized (including in the reddit) and today almost no other alternative method exists anymore.
Hello all, I am happy I found this sub as the other dog training ones seem toxic with positive only training.
I have been clicker training my 4 month old golden since he was 8 weeks. He knows sit, down, recall (indoors w/ no distraction), place (still working on but he gets the concept) and shake/high five.
I have always wanted my dogs to be off leash dogs as I feel their life is so much better that way. I planned on reinforcing and proofing recall and place with an E-Collar (currently own the mini educator) at around 4 months or when he can do it outside on a long lead consistently. He seems extremely distracted outdoors so it’s tough and I know he’s just a puppy and that’s what they do. Do you think it’s too early to condition and train with the E-Collar at his age?
Also- any helpful tips to get his biting minimized? I tried a bonker but it doesn’t faze him. I need something I can be consistent with for both my girlfriend and I to use. spray bottle of water?
Animal Aggressive Dog Around Apartment
I have a ~2yo dachshund mix that has been having problems in the last 8 months or so on walks around the apartment building, including in the hallways, with other dogs. Whenever he sees a dog, big or small, around the apartment on our daily walks, he lunges, snarls, pulls, mohawks, and barks. He had some reactivity to strangers before training but that has since gone away, dogs are still a major problem despite me having a somewhat better understanding of his triggers/thresholds and what I have to do to set him up for success.
However, I can't help coming across another dog in the hallway (close quarters), or along the sidewalk on a busy road (can't cross the road). Typically my procedure is to go around the dog, far enough a way where my dog sees the other dog but I can get his attention with a light stim and a 'heel' every couple of feet, all with a confident and soothing tone. If I run into a dog in the hallway, all bets are off, and my dog is usually going to go nuts. In these situations my dog will lunge, snarl, bark, and I'll usually have to restrain him. No level of stim will grab his attention and I'll usually just repeat 'sit' or 'heel' commands while giving him stims. A few instances this week where we were out on a walk and a dog walked by and my dogs attention was immediately grabbed and he would lunge and bark until he hit the end of his leash and I'd lead him away.
He is relatively obedient and is in the process of being e-collar trained (knows heel, sit, down, recall, off, quiet, place). His is respectful with other dogs at dog parks, at my friends houses. I've recently started to switch up his routine, where he spends his day in his crate, has enforced barriers, gets about 2-3 15min training sessions in the apartment, 2-3 walks around the apartment with intermittent training sessions (mainly working on place, sit, down around distractions - including dog trafficked areas). He has to hold place while we are cooking/eating. I'm going to get some of his doggy-friends to walk around with him farther away from the apartment and then walk them together closer to my apartment and then eventually inside my apartment hallways, etc.
He has been really receptive to a lot of his training and is very smart, but I can't figure out what I need to do to help him with this dog reactivity problem. I'm begging for help!!! Thank you in advance :).
TL/DR: Dog is reactive to other dogs around apartment, including in hallways and on sidewalks around building. Mostly respectful otherwise. Is being e-collar trained.
Help! 1 y/o Foster Dog W/ odd bathroom habits
We've had our 1-year-old foster dog (Terrier / Border Collie mix we think) for just over a week. We were told she was house-trained when we got her. However, that's proven to not be true. Her bathroom habits are baffling us--she will hold her pee for upwards of 12 hours a day. The first day we got her, she did not pee or poop for 24 hours. After that, she's roughly going pee every 12-16 hours and pooping maybe once a day.
Stranger is the fact that we cannot get her to pee outside. She will poop outside on walks, but will not pee. We've been on long hikes and hour-long walks and nothing...but the second we get inside, she'll run to the couch and pee on it or just simply pee on the floor. Again, this has happened every time she's peed in the past week--always right after we come inside from being outside.
I'm not sure what her past was like, but I do think she suffered some sort of abuse as she can be pretty timid and cower. Other than that, she's really playful and sweet and seems like a smart dog. We thought maybe she's used to pee pads indoors, but we got those and she will not use them either.
Any tips? PS, we are in an apartment.
u/Andy0505
Dog growling when head put on chest or tummy when laying down.
I have a 1 year Lab / Pit who is who is very very friendly/submissive. When laying down on couch I used her as a pillow and she started growling.. I checked to see if there were any sore spots and there are none. Has anyone experienced this?
My dog and I are hitting an impasse
Backstory ; I adopted my long hair German shepherd female from a rescue org in California 5 years ago. She was, at the time, estimated to be one year old and was thought by animal control who picked her up to have been ferrel most of her life.
The rescue org (who I also did adoption and foster home reviews for) was about to give up on her. She was a mess behaviorally speaking. Insane dog reactivity, aggression towards dog, hyper general re-activity, horribly untrained (I mean, she was basically a wild dog), extremely powerful and driven. Basically, if it hadn't been for the reactivity issues which were likely caused by early trauma, she would have been the perfect police/military dog. And as many of you know, when those skills/traits go wrong, they can really go wrong.
So, I had always had dogs in my life, and I had been involved in training and behavioral rehabilitation, but for a few years while I got my career off the ground I refused to get a dog because I thought it would be irresponsible. She came along right at that time when I felt like "its time" and so I adopted her and made it my mission to help her become a better dog.
I am happy to say, on that front, mission accomplished. After 2 years of day in and day out work I managed to get her to the point of being able to successfully attend doggy day care without incident, mange her on walks, become very well trained in obedience and scent work, and even at one point be able to live with other dogs.
We were the perfect team. The quintessential man and his best friend. at the time we lived in Northern California and we hiked multiple times a week, camped, road tripped, did bike rides, enjoyed a very dog friendly culture, etc...
Then work and life took me across the country. We moved, I started my own businesses, started having less free time, ended up in a more urban setting with far less of a dog friendly culture and far less well trained dogs around, we had lots of dogs rush us on walks which set her back etc etc...
Then another move.... I met my wife and we decided to buy a small farm and start homesteading while I continued to run my business from home. Less time and now lots of distractions and other animals around.
Her behavior has deteriorated at a pace I haven't been able to keep up with. She relentlessly chases the cats on the property at any chance she gets (shock collar hasn't even worked with this) she's started to revert to her wild dog ways. Her anxiety levels have gotten terrible when in the house. She's clawed up a number of original farm house doors which is a behavior she's never done before.
The final straw was the other night... we went out with friends and when we returned she had somehow managed to squeeze her 85lb body out of the corner of her crate. I still can't wrap my mind around how she did it and she destroyed the bathroom... but what really killed me was thinking of how stressed and anxious she must have been to do that.
Everything I used to be able to count on her on... I can't anymore. She's become a nightmare and I really am not sure what to do.
I'm sorry for the life story.... but I'm really having trouble here. I love her to death and I made a vow to her and to myself that she would be safe with me until the day she passed. But there are days now that I almost feel like she would be better off with someone else. I'm heart broken at whats happening and I just dont know how to manage it all with the way my life and available time has changed.
u/HollieKay
Failed logic or undeveloped methods.
I am becoming increasingly irritated with the dog training company that I've been working for. I feel like their purely positive training methods are a bit extreme. We aren't allow to say no or use a no-reward marker, but we use a reward marker and the books I've read that use no-reward markers are positive training books.
I feel like they provide us with no way to enforce a learned behavior, we are always supposed to go back to luring with a treat is a dog isn't listening. And I will "go back to kindergarten" while teaching a new behavior, but once I am confident that it is learned I don't feel like starting all over again is going to be that helpful and you'll probably just remain having to rely on treats.
We are told we cannot use negative reinforcement or positive punishment, in my opinion, we are not given very good data on the subject. To me it seems like they read the first chapter of a book on positive training methods and left it there. Discussions with other co-workers are almost painful because they will just recite the curriculum, which doesn't go into any depth (scientifically speaking).
It makes no sense say "we don't use prong collars because they cause discomfort, try this gentle leader instead". Anyone who has seen a dog in a gentle leader for the first time knows it is not comfortable. No one ever further expands on this idea by saying with a prong collar the corrections are typically administered by the handler by yanking on the leash, but with a gentle leader the correction isn't administered by the handler, the dog pulling directly causes the correction. The fundamental difference is in how the correction is administered, it's not about comfort. I'm not even sure that a gentle leader would be categorized within our allowed type of reinforcement/punishment.
According to the curriculum the whole reason for not using any positive punishment or negative reinforcement is because it damages the relationship between owner and dog. So it sounds like they are heading on the right track, depending on the sensitivity level of the dog and if the punishments are excessive or misunderstood, sure your dog may not be too fond of you. But older dogs will correct younger dogs when they step out of line, I see it all the time, and it doesn't affect the relationship. Also, the reason of damaging the relationship is given to any for of positive punishment, this goes for things like spraying something with bitter apple spray so the dog won't chew it. How is that going to damage the relationship, the dog isn't associating the negative taste with the owner but the object. Sorry this post is long and all over the place. I need more people to discuss dog training with. I know I will never be able to learn everything there is to know but I am always looking to expand my knowledge.
u/lovemesideways

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