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(Redirected from Retail trade)
Retail markets have existed since ancient times. Archaeological evidence for trade, probably involving barter systems, dates back more than 10,000 years. As civilizations grew, barter was replaced with retail trade involving coinage. Selling and buying is thought to have emerged in Asia Minor (modern Turkey) in around the 7th millennium BCE.[5] Gharipour points to evidence of primitive shops and trade centres in Sialk Hills in Kashan (6000 BCE), Catalk Huyuk in modern-day Turkey (7,500–5,700 BCE), Jericho (2600 BCE) and Susa (4000 BCE).[6] Open air, public markets were known in ancient Babylonia, Assyria, Phoenicia and Egypt. These markets typically occupied a place in the town's centre. Surrounding the market, skilled artisans, such as metal-workers and leather workers, occupied permanent premises in alleys that led to the open market-place. These artisans may have sold wares directly from their premises, but also prepared goods for sale on market days.[7] In ancient Greece markets operated within the agora, an open space where, on market days, goods were displayed on mats or temporary stalls.[8] In ancient Rome, trade took place in the forum.[9] Rome had two forums; the Forum Romanum and Trajan's Forum. The latter was a vast expanse, comprising multiple buildings with shops on four levels.[10] The Roman forum was arguably the earliest example of a permanent retail shop-front.[11] In antiquity, exchange involved direct selling via merchants or peddlers and bartering systems were commonplace.[12]
The rise of retailing and marketing in England and Europe has been extensively studied, but less is known about developments elsewhere.[19] Nevertheless, recent research suggests that China exhibited a rich history of early retail systems.[20] From as early as 200 BCE, Chinese packaging and branding was used to signal family, place names and product quality, and the use of government imposed product branding was used between 600 and 900 CE.[21] Eckhart and Bengtsson have argued that during the Song Dynasty (960–1127), Chinese society developed a consumerist culture, where a high level of consumption was attainable for a wide variety of ordinary consumers rather than just the elite.[22] The rise of a consumer culture led to the commercial investment in carefully managed company image, retail signage, symbolic brands, trademark protection and sophisticated brand concepts.[23]
Luca Clerici has made a detailed study of Vicenza’s food market during the sixteenth century. He found that there were many different types of reseller operating out of the markets. For example, in the dairy trade, cheese and butter was sold by the members of two craft guilds (i.e., cheesemongers who were shopkeepers) and that of the so-called ‘resellers’ (hucksters selling a wide range of foodstuffs), and by other sellers who were not enrolled in any guild. Cheesemongers’ shops were situated at the town hall and were very lucrative. Resellers and direct sellers increased the number of sellers, thus increasing competition, to the benefit of consumers. Direct sellers, who brought produce from the surrounding countryside, sold their wares through the central market place and priced their goods at considerably lower rates than cheesemongers.[40]
The architect, Bertrand Lemoine, described the period, 1786 to 1935, as l’Ère des passages couverts (the Arcade Era).[49] In the European capitals, shopping arcades spread across the continent, reaching their heyday in the early 19th century: the Palais Royal in Paris (opened in 1784); Passage de Feydeau in Paris (opened in 1791) and Passage du Claire in 1799.[29] London's Piccadilly Arcade (opened in 1810); Paris's Passage Colbert (1826) and Milan's Galleria Vittorio Emanuele (1878).[50] Designed to attract the genteel middle class, arcade retailers sold luxury goods at relatively high prices. However, prices were never a deterrent, as these new arcades came to be the place to shop and to be seen. Arcades offered shoppers the promise of an enclosed space away from the chaos that characterised the noisy, dirty streets; a warm, dry space away from the elements, and a safe-haven where people could socialise and spend their leisure time. As thousands of glass covered arcades spread across Europe, they became grander and more ornately decorated. By the mid nineteenth century, they had become prominent centres of fashion and social life. Promenading in these arcades became a popular nineteenth century pass-time for the emerging middle classes. The Illustrated Guide to Paris of 1852 summarized the appeal of arcades in the following description:
The Palais-Royal, which opened to Parisians in 1784 and became one of the most important marketplaces in Paris, is generally regarded as the earliest example in the grand shopping arcades.[52] The Palais-Royal was a complex of gardens, shops and entertainment venues situated on the external perimeter of the grounds, under the original colonnades. The area boasted some 145 boutiques, cafés, salons, hair salons, bookshops, museums, and numerous refreshment kiosks as well as two theatres. The retail outlets specialised in luxury goods such as fine jewellery, furs, paintings and furniture designed to appeal to the wealthy elite. Retailers operating out of the Palais complex were among the first in Europe to abandon the system of bartering, and adopt fixed-prices thereby sparing their clientele the hassle of bartering. Stores were fitted with long glass exterior windows which allowed the emerging middle-classes to window shop and indulge in fantasies, even when they may not have been able to afford the high retail prices. Thus, the Palais-Royal became one of the first examples of a new style of shopping arcade, frequented by both the aristocracy and the middle classes. It developed a reputation as being a site of sophisticated conversation, revolving around the salons, cafés, and bookshops, but also became a place frequented by off-duty soldiers and was a favourite haunt of prostitutes, many of whom rented apartments in the building.[53] London's Burlington Arcade, which opened in 1819, positioned itself as an elegant and exclusive venue from the outset.[54] Other notable nineteenth century grand arcades include the Galeries Royales Saint-Hubert in Brussels which was inaugurated in 1847, Istanbul's Çiçek Pasajı opened in 1870 and Milan's Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II first opened in 1877. Shopping arcades were the precursor to the modern shopping mall.
In the 1980s, the customary sales concept in the retail industry gradually showed many disadvantages.Many transactions cost too much, the enterprise can not retain customers, only pay attention to the process of a single transaction, do not pay attention to the marketing of customer development and maintenance, which leads to each transaction need to spend marketing costs to develop new customers, but can not retain customers.The traditional marketing theory holds that the marketing process is a one-time value exchange process with the transaction as the means and exchange of goods needed by both parties as the ultimate purpose.This view holds that when the transaction is completed, the relationship between the two parties will also end, so it is called "transactive-oriented marketing concept", which realizes the transaction of products or services between the two parties through the identification of target clients.This transaction-oriented marketing concept generally follows the development process of finding target consumers, negotiating, trading and ending relationships to complete the transaction.This traditional transaction process is a one-time transaction in which both parties aim to maximize their own interests.This kind of transactional marketing concept will bring about follow-up problems such as poor after-sales service quality and lack of feedback channels for both parties.In addition, because it needs to redevelop client relationship for each transaction, it causes a high total transaction cost, which promotes the gradual development of the concept of establishing long term cooperative relationship with customers.That is to say, enterprises begin to pay attention to establishing long term good relations with clients, and focus on the core from transaction to relationship.[79] Although for retail enterprises, expand the sales market and attract new customers is very important, but also should pay attention to retail enterprises to establish and maintain long term good relationship with old customer is also very important, relationship marketing in order to improve the relationship with the customers as the core, which is beneficial to enterprises in the current competitive retail market for the competitiveness of the steady, also is retail enterprise development direction in the future. Once the strategic plan is in place, retail managers turn to the more managerial aspects of planning. A retail mix is devised for the purpose of coordinating day-to-day tactical decisions. The retail marketing mix typically consists of six broad decision layers including product decisions, place decisions, promotion, price, personnel and presentation (also known as physical evidence). The retail mix is loosely based on the marketing mix, but has been expanded and modified in line with the unique needs of the retail context. A number of scholars have argued for an expanded marketing, mix with the inclusion of two new Ps, namely, Personnel and Presentation since these contribute to the customer's unique retail experience and are the principal basis for retail differentiation. Yet other scholars argue that the Retail Format (i.e. retail formula) should be included.[80] The modified retail marketing mix that is most commonly cited in text-books is often called the 6 Ps of retailing (see diagram at right).[81][82]
For a retailer, finding the right balance between breadth and depth can be a key to success. An average supermarket might carry 30,000–60,000 different product lines (product length or assortment), but might carry up to 100 different types of toothpaste (product depth).[84] Speciality retailers typically carry fewer product lines, perhaps as few as 20 lines, but will normally stock greater depth. Costco, for example, carries 5,000 different lines while Aldi carries just 1,400 lines per store.[85]
Perspective of large retail enterprises of supply chain relationship marketing is based on the theory of supply chain management in large retail enterprises of supply chain in the application of relationship marketing, it emphasizes that the suppliers, large-scale retail enterprises, customers form a chain of large retail enterprises and suppliers to form cooperative marketing, establish mutually beneficial long term good relationship with customers.Relationship marketing of huge retail enterprises from the perspective of supply chain mainly includes two relationship markets, supplier relationship and customer relationship market.Because the two stakeholders that have the greatest influence on the profits of retail enterprises are suppliers and customers.First, as the supplier of commodities to retail enterprises, it directly determines the procurement cost of commodities to retail enterprises, which is mainly reflected in the purchase price of commodities themselves, the cost incurred in the procurement process, and the loss cost caused by unstable supply of commodities.In addition, the good relationship with supplier interaction, large retail enterprises can also promote the suppliers timely grasp the market information, improved or innovative products according to customer demand, which contributed to the retail enterprises improve the market competitiveness of the goods are sold, so the retail enterprise's relationship with supplier directly affects the retail enterprises in the commodity market competitive.Second, due to the transfer of advantages between buyers and sellers, the retail industry has turned to the buyer's market, and consumers have become the key resources for major retailers to compete with each other.[91] Therefore, it is very important to establish a good relationship with clients and improve customer loyalty. The relationship marketing of customer relationship market regards the transaction with clients as a long term activity.Retail enterprises should pursue long-term mutual benefit maximization rather than a single transaction sales profit maximization.This requires large retail enterprises to establish a customer-oriented trading relationship with the customer relationship market. Retail stores are typically located where market opportunities are optimal – high traffic areas, central business districts. Selecting the right site can be a major success factor. When evaluating potential sites, retailers often carry out a trade area analysis; a detailed analysis designed to approximate the potential patronage area. Techniques used in trade area analysis include: Radial (ring) studies; Gravity models and Drive time analyses.
A major retail trend has been the shift to multi-channel retailing. To counter the disruption caused by online retail, many bricks and mortar retailers have entered the online retail space, by setting up online catalogue sales and e-commerce websites. However, many retailers have noticed that consumers behave differently when shopping online. For instance, in terms of choice of online platform, shoppers tend to choose the online site of their preferred retailer initially, but as they gain more experience in online shopping, they become less loyal and more likely to switch to other retail sites.[92] Online stores are usually available 24 hours a day, and many consumers in Western countries have Internet access both at work and at home.
Operations-oriented pricing: where the objective is to optimise productive capacity, to achieve operational efficiencies or to match supply and demand through varying prices. In some cases, prices might be set to demarket.[93]
Revenue-oriented pricing: (also known as profit-oriented pricing or cost-based pricing) – where the marketer seeks to maximise the profits (i.e., the surplus income over costs) or simply to cover costs and break even.[93]
Customer-oriented pricing: where the objective is to maximise the number of customers; encourage cross-selling opportunities or to recognise different levels in the customer's ability to pay.[93]
Value-based pricing: (also known as image-based pricing) occurs where the company uses prices to signal market value or associates price with the desired value position in the mind of the buyer. The aim of value-based pricing is to reinforce the overall positioning strategy e.g. premium pricing posture to pursue or maintain a luxury image.[94][95]
Relationship-oriented pricing: where the marketer sets prices in order to build or maintain relationships with existing or potential customers.[96]
Socially-oriented pricing: Where the objective is to encourage or discourage specific social attitudes and behaviours. e.g. high tariffs on tobacco to discourage smoking.[97]
Retailers must also plan for customer preferred payment modes – e.g. cash, credit, lay-by, Electronic Funds Transfer at Point-of-Sale (EFTPOS). All payment options require some type of handling and attract costs. If credit is to be offered, then credit terms will need to be determined. If lay-by is offered, then the retailer will need to take into account the storage and handling requirements. If cash is the dominant mode of payment, the retailer will need to consider small change requirements, the number of cash floats required, wages costs associated with handling large volumes of cash and the provision of secure storage for change floats. Large retailers, handling significant volumes of cash, may need to hire security service firms to carry the day's takings and deliver supplies of small change. A small, but increasing number of retailers are beginning to accept newer modes of payment including PayPal and Bitcoin.[98] For example, Subway (US) recently announced that it would accept Bitcoin payments.[99]
One of the unique aspects of retail promotions is that two brands are often involved; the store brand and the brands that make up the retailer's product range. Retail promotions that focus on the store tend to be ‘image’ oriented, raising awareness of the store and creating a positive attitude towards the store and its services. Retail promotions that focus on the product range, are designed to cultivate a positive attitude to the brands stocked by the store, in order to indirectly encourage favourable attitudes towards the store itself.[109] Some retail advertising and promotion is partially or wholly funded by brands and this is known as co-operative (or co-op) advertising.[110]
The environment in which the retail service encounter occurs is sometimes known as the retail servicescape.[111] The store environment consists of many elements such as smells, the physical environment (furnishings, layout and functionality), ambient conditions (lighting, temperature, noise) as well as signs, symbols and artifacts (e.g. sales promotions, shelf space, sample stations, visual communications). Collectively, these elements contribute to the perceived retail servicescape or the overall atmosphere and can influence both the customer's cognitions, emotions and their behaviour within the retail space.
Relationship between market Large retail enterprises of relationship marketing refers to a large retail enterprise with suppliers, customers, internal organization, channel distributors, market impact, and other competitors such as the interests of the enterprise marketing process related everything to establish and maintain good relations, thus maximizing the interests of the large retail enterprise in the long-term marketing activities, it was based on the relationship marketing concept as the core of innovation.Different from traditional marketing concepts, relationship marketing focuses on maintaining long-term good relations with relevant parties on marketing activities. The ultimate goal of relationship marketing is tantamount to maximize the long term interests of enterprises. The marketing activities of large retail enterprises mainly have six relationship markets, which are supplier relationship market, customer relationship market, enterprise internal relationship market, intermediary relationship market at all levels, enterprise marketing activities influence relationship market and industry competitor relationship market.Among these six relational markets, supply relational market and customer relational market are the two markets that have the greatest influence on the relationship marketing of large retail enterprises.Substantial retail enterprises usually have two sources of profit. The principal source of profit is to reduce the purchase price from suppliers. The other is to develop new customers and keep old clients, so as to expand the market sales of goods.In addition, the extra four related markets have an indirect impact on the marketing activities of large retail enterprises.[112] The internal relationship market of an enterprise can be divided into several different types of relationships according to distinct objects, such as employee relationship market, department relationship market, shareholder relationship market and the mutual relations among the relationship markets. The purpose of carrying out relationship marketing is to promote the cohesion and innovation ability of enterprises and maximize the long term interests of enterprises. Another relationship of relationship marketing middlemen is the relationship between market and intermediary in the process of corporate marketing is playing the intermediary role between suppliers and customers, in the current increasingly fierce market competition, more important distribution channels for enterprises, but for retail enterprises, too much sales levels will increase the cost of sales of the enterprise. Therefore, large retail enterprises should realize the simplification of sales channel level by reasonably selecting suppliers.Large-scale retail enterprises purchasing goods to suppliers with procurement scale advantage, can directly contact with the product manufacturing, with strong bargaining power, therefore, direct contact with the manufacturer is a large retail enterprise to take the main purchasing mode, it is a terminal to the starting point of zero level channel purchasing mode, therefore, the elimination of middlemen, so as to make the large retail enterprise in the marketing activity, the dealer relationship market is not so important.Then there is the enterprise influence relationship market, which is a relational marketing influence in the enterprise supply chain. It mainly guides and standardizes the advance direction of enterprises through formulating systems at the macro level.The relationship market mainly includes the relationship between the relevant government departments at all levels where the enterprise is located, the relationship with the industry association to which the enterprise belongs, and the relationship with all kinds of public organizations, etc., and the enterprise influence itself cannot directly affect the marketing activities of the enterprise.The final relational market is the industry's competitors, potential competitors, alternative competitors and so on.How to correctly deal with the relationship between competitors and the market has become a problem that large retail enterprises need to solve.
In order to maximise the number of selling opportunities, retailers generally want customers to spend more time in a retail store. However, this must be balanced against customer expectations surrounding convenience, access and realistic waiting times. The overall aim of designing a retail environment is to have customers enter the store, and explore the totality of the physical environment engaging in a variety of retail experiences – from browsing through to sampling and ultimately to purchasing. The retail service environment plays an important role in affecting the customer's perceptions of the retail experience.[113]
The retail environment not only affects quality perceptions, but can also impact on the way that customers navigate their way through the retail space during the retail service encounter. Layout, directional signage, the placement of furniture, shelves and display space along with the store's ambient conditions all affect patron's passage through the retail service system. Layout refers to how equipment, shelves and other furnishings are placed and the relationship between them. In a retail setting, accessibility is an important aspect of layout. For example, the grid layout used by supermarkets with long aisles and gondolas at the end displaying premium merchandise or promotional items, minimises the time customers spend in the environment and makes productive use of available space.[114] The gondola, so favoured by supermarkets, is an example of a retail design feature known as a merchandise outpost and which refers to special displays, typically at or near the end of an aisle, whose purpose is to stimulate impulse purchasing or to complement other products in the vicinity. For example, the meat cabinet at the supermarket might use a merchandise outpost to suggest a range of marinades or spice rubs to complement particular cuts of meat. As a generalisation, merchandise outposts are updated regularly so that they maintain a sense of novelty.[115]
According to Ziethaml et al., layout affects how easy or difficult it is to navigate through a system. Signs and symbols provide cues for directional navigation and also inform about appropriate behaviour within a store. Functionality refers to extent to which the equipment and layout meet the goals of the customer.[116] For instance, in the case of supermarkets, the customer's goal may be to minimise the amount of time spent finding items and waiting at the check-out, while a customer in a retail mall may wish to spend more time exploring the range of stores and merchandise. With respect to functionality of layout, retail designers consider three key issues; circulation – design for traffic-flow and that encourages customers to traverse the entire store; coordination – design that combines goods and spaces in order to suggest customer needs and convenience – design that arranges items to create a degree of comfort and access for both customers and employees.[117]
The way that brands are displayed is also part of the overall retail design. Where a product is placed on the shelves has implications for purchase likelihood as a result of visibility and access. Products placed too high or too low on the shelves may not turn over as quickly as those placed at eye level.[118] With respect to access, store designers are increasingly giving consideration to access for disabled and elderly customers.
Through sensory stimulation retailers can engage maximum emotional impact between a brand and its consumers by relating to both profiles; the goal and experience. Purchasing behaviour can be influenced through the physical evidence detected by the senses of touch, smell, sight, taste and sound.[119] Supermarkets offer taste testers to heighten the sensory experience of brands. Coffee shops allow the aroma of coffee to waft into streets so that passers-by can appreciate the smell and perhaps be lured inside. Clothing garments are placed at arms' reach, allowing customers to feel the different textures of clothing.[119] Retailers understand that when customers interact with products or handle the merchandise, they are more likely to make a purchase.
Ambient conditions, such as lighting, temperature and music, are also part of the overall retail environment.[119] It is common for a retail store to play music that relates to their target market. Studies have found that "positively valenced music will stimulate more thoughts and feeling than negatively valenced music", hence, positively valenced music will make the waiting time feel longer to the customer than negatively valenced music.[120] In a retail store, for example, changing the background music to a quicker tempo may influence the consumer to move through the space at a quicker pace, thereby improving traffic flow.[121] Evidence also suggests that playing music reduces the negative effects of waiting since it serves as a distraction.[120] Jewellery stores like Michael Hill have dim lighting with a view to fostering a sense of intimacy.
The design of a retail store is critical when appealing to the intended market, as this is where first impressions are made. The overall servicescape can influence a consumer's perception of the quality of the store, communicating value in visual and symbolic ways. Certain techniques are used to create a consumer brand experience, which in the long run drives store loyalty.[122]
Babin et al. carried out some of the earliest investigations into shopper motivations and identified two broad motives: utilitarian and hedonic. Utilitarian motivations are task-related and rational. For the shopper with utilitarian motives, purchasing is a work-related task that is to be accomplished in the most efficient and expedient manner. On the other hand, hedonic motives refer to pleasure. The shopper with hedonic motivations views shopping as a form of escapism where they are free to indulge fantasy and freedom. Hedonic shoppers are more involved in the shopping experience.[123]
Many different shopper profiles can be identified. Retailers develop customised segmentation analyses for each unique outlet. However, it is possible to identify a number of broad shopper profiles. One of the most well-known and widely cited shopper typologies is that developed by Sproles and Kendal in the mid-1980s.[124][125][126] Sproles and Kendall's consumer typology has been shown to be relatively consistent across time and across cultures.[127][128] Their typology is based on the consumer's approach to making purchase decisions.[129]
Some researchers have adapted Sproles and Kendall's methodology for use in specific countries or cultural groups.[130] Consumer decision styles are important for retailers and marketers because they describe behaviours that are relatively stable over time and for this reason, they are useful for market segmentation.
The retail format (also known as the retail formula) influences the consumer's store choice and addresses the consumer's expectations. At its most basic level, a retail format is a simple marketplace, that is; a location where goods and services are exchanged. In some parts of the world, the retail sector is still dominated by small family-run stores, but large retail chains are increasingly dominating the sector, because they can exert considerable buying power and pass on the savings in the form of lower prices. Many of these large retail chains also produce their own private labels which compete alongside manufacturer brands. Considerable consolidation of retail stores has changed the retail landscape, transferring power away from wholesalers and into the hands of the large retail chains.[131]
Softline retailers[132][133]
Retailers selling consumer durables are sometimes known as hardline retailers[134] – automobiles, appliances, electronics, furniture, sporting goods, lumber, etc., and parts for them. Goods that do not quickly wear out and provide utility over time. For the consumer, these items often represent major purchase decisions. Consumers purchase durables over longer purchase decision cycles. For instance, the typical consumer might replace their family car every 5 years, and their home computer every 4 years.
An anchor store (also known as draw tenant or anchor tenant) is a larger store with a good reputation used by shopping mall management to attract a certain volume of shoppers to a precinct.[135]
A Boutique is a small store offering a select range of fashionable goods or accessories. The term, 'boutique', in retail and services, appears to be taking on a broader meaning with popular references to retail goods and retail services such as boutique hotels, boutique beers (i.e. craft beers), boutique investments etc.[136]
By supplying a wide assortment in a single category for lower prices a category killer retailer can "kill" that category for other retailers.[137] A category killer is a specialist store that dominates a given category. Toys "R" Us, established in 1957, is thought to be the first category killer, dominating the children's toys and games market.[138] For a few categories, such as electronics, home hardware, office supplies and children's toys, the products are displayed at the centre of the store and a sales person will be available to address customer queries and give suggestions when required. Rival retail stores are forced to reduce their prices if a category killer enters the market in a given geographic area. Examples of category killers include Toys "R" Us and Australia's Bunnings (hardware, DIY and outdoor supplies) and Officeworks (stationery and supplies for the home office and small office). Some category killers redefine the category. For example, Australia's Bunnings began as a hardware outlet, but now supplies a broad range of goods for the home handyman or small tradesman, including kitchen cabinetry, craft supplies, gardening needs and outdoor furniture. Similarly Officeworks straddles the boundary between stationery supplies, office furniture and digital communications devices in its quest to provide for all the needs of the retail consumer and the small, home office.
Chain store is one of a series of stores owned by the same company and selling the same or similar merchandise.[139] Chain stores aim to benefit from volume buying discounts (economies of scale) and achieve cost savings through economies of scope (e.g. centralised warehousing, marketing, promotion and administration) and pass on the cost savings in the form of lower prices.
Concept stores are similar to speciality stores in that they are very small in size, and only stock a limited range of brands or a single brand. They are typically operated by the brand that controls them. Example: L'OCCITANE en Provence. The limited size and offering of L'OCCITANE's stores is too small to be considered a speciality store. However, a concept store goes beyond merely selling products, and instead offers an immersive customer experience built around the way that a brand fits with the customer's lifestyle.[140] Examples include Apple's concept stores, Kit Kat's concept store in Japan.
A co-operative store; also known as a co-op or coop, is a venture owned and operated by consumers to meet their social, economic and cultural needs.[141]
A convenience store provides limited amount of merchandise at above average prices with a speedy checkout. This store is ideal for emergency and immediate purchase consumables as it often operates with extended hours, stocking every day.[142]
Department stores are very large stores offering an extensive assortment of both "soft" and "hard" goods which often bear a resemblance to a collection of specialty stores. A retailer of such store carries a variety of categories and has a broad assortment of goods at moderate prices. They offer considerable customer service.[143]
A destination store is one that customers will initiate a trip specifically to visit, sometimes over a large area. These stores are often used to "anchor" a shopping mall or plaza, generating foot traffic, which is capitalized upon by smaller retailers.[144]
Discount stores tend to offer a wide array of products and services, but they compete mainly on price. They offer extensive assortments of merchandise at prices lower than other retailers and are designed to be affordable for the market served. In the past, retailers sold less fashion-oriented brands. However, in more recent years companies such as TJX Companies (Own T.J. Maxx and Marshalls) and Ross Stores are discount store operations increasingly offering fashion-oriented brands on a larger scale.[145]
The customer can shop and order through the internet and the merchandise is dropped at the customer's doorstep or an e-tailer. In some cases, e-retailers use drop shipping technique. They accept the payment for the product but the customer receives the product directly from the manufacturer or a wholesaler. This format is ideal for customers who do not want to travel to retail stores and are interested in home shopping.[146]
A general merchandise retailer stocks a variety of products in considerable depth. The types of product offerings vary across this category. Department stores, convenience stores, hypermarkets and warehouse clubs are all examples of general merchandise retailers.[147]
A general store is a store that supplies the main needs of the local community and is often located in outback or rural areas with low population densities. In areas of very low population density, a general store may be the only retail outlet within hundreds of miles. The general store carries a very broad product assortment; from foodstuffs and pharmaceuticals through to hardware and fuel. In addition, a general store may provide essential services such as postal services, banking services, news agency services and may also act as an agent for farm equipment and stock-food suppliers.[148]
As the name implies, a give-away shop provides goods for free. There are several different models of give-away shop in popular use. One is where goods are free to any shopper; an alternative is that shoppers must provide a product before they can take a product and a third variation is where consumers have the option of taking goods for free or paying any amount that they can afford. For example, Australia's restaurant group Lentil as Anything operates on a pay whatever you feel is right model.[149]
Hawkers also known as a peddlers, costermongers or street vendors; refer to a vendor of merchandise that is readily portable. Hawkers typically operate in public places such as streets, squares, public parks or gardens or near the entrances of high traffic venues such as zoos, music and entertainment venues, but may also call on homes for door-to-door seling.[150] Hawkers are a relatively common sight across Asia.
A high street store is a term used widely in the United Kingdom where more than 5,000 High Streets where a variety of stores congregate along a main road.[151] Stores situated in the High Street provide for the needs of a local community, and often give a locality a unique identity.
A hypermarket (also known as hypermart) provides variety and huge volumes of exclusive merchandise at low margins. The operating cost is comparatively less than other retail formats; may be defined as "a combined supermarket and discount store, at least 200,000 square feet (19,000 m2) or larger, that sells a wide variety of food and general merchandise at a low price."[152]
A mall has a range of retail shops at a single building or outlet, arranged on a single level or multiple levels. A shopping mall typically includes one or more anchor stores.[153] The retail mix in a mall may include outlets such as food and entertainment, grocery, electronics, furniture, gifts and fashion. Malls provide 7% of retail revenue in India, 10% in Vietnam, 25% in China, 28% in Indonesia, 39% in the Philippines, and 45% in Thailand.[154] Malls are typically managed by a central management/ marketing authority which ensures that the mall attracts the right type of retailer and an appropriate retail mix.
A Pop-up retail store is a temporary retail space that opens for a short period of time, possibly opening to sell a specific run of merchandise or for a special occasion or holiday period. The key to the success of a pop-up is novelty in the merchandise.[155]
A Marketplace is defined as venue for the retail sales of all products, packed and unpacked where the sale is to end users.[156] In practice, retail markets are most often associated with the sale of fresh produce, including fruit, vegetables, meat, fish and poultry, but may also sell small consumable household goods such as cleaning agents. Globally, different terms may be used to refer to a retail market. For instance, in the Middle East, a market place may be known as a bazaar or souq/souk
A speciality (AE: specialty) store has a narrow marketing focus – either specializing on specific merchandise, such as toys, footwear, or clothing, or on a target audience, such as children, tourists, or plus-size women.[157] Size of store varies – some speciality stores might be retail giants such as Toys "R" Us, Foot Locker, and The Body Shop, while others might be small, individual shops such as Nutters of Savile Row.[157] Such stores, regardless of size, tend to have a greater depth of the specialist stock than general stores, and generally offer specialist product knowledge valued by the consumer. Pricing is usually not the priority when consumers are deciding upon a speciality store; factors such as branding image, selection choice, and purchasing assistance are seen as important.[157] They differ from department stores and supermarkets which carry a wide range of merchandise.[158]
A supermarket is a self-service store consisting mainly of grocery and limited products on non-food items.[159] They may adopt a Hi-Lo or an EDLP strategy for pricing. The supermarkets can be anywhere between 20,000 square feet (1,900 m2) and 40,000 square feet (3,700 m2). Example: SPAR supermarket.
Variety stores offer extremely low-cost goods, with a vast array of selection. The downfall to this is that the items are not very high quality.[160]
A vending machine is an automated piece of equipment wherein customers can drop the money in the machine which dispenses the customer's selection. The vending machine is a pure self-service option. Machines may carry a phone number which customers can call in the event of a fault.[161]
Warehouse clubs are membership-based retailers that usually sell a wide variety of merchandise, in which customers may buy large, wholesale quantities of the store's products, which makes these clubs attractive to both bargain hunters and small business owners. The clubs are able to keep prices low due to the no-frills format of the stores. In addition, customers may be required to pay annual membership fees in order to shop.[162]
Warehouse stores are retailers housed in warehouses, and offer low-cost, often high-quantity goods with minimal services, e.g. goods are piled on pallets or steel shelves. shopping aisles are narrow and cramped, added-value services such as home delivery are non-existent.[163]
China is currently the largest retail market in the world.[164]
Worldwide top ten retailers[165]
2017 revenue ($US billion)[166]
10 Aldi Germany $69.18[167] Discount Store 17
Retail stores may or may not have competitors close enough to affect their pricing, product availability, and other operations. A 2006 survey found that only 38% of retail stores in India believed they faced more than slight competition.[168] Competition also affected less than half of retail stores in Kazakhstan, Bulgaria, and Azerbaijan. In all countries the main competition was domestic, not foreign.[169]
% of retail stores facing competition[169]
Retail trade provides 9% of all jobs in India and 14% of GDP.[168]
Between 1985 and 2018 there have been 46,755 mergers or acquisitions conducted globally in the retail sector (either acquirer or target from the retail industry). These deals cumulate to an overall known value of around 2.561 bil. USD. The three major Retail M&A waves took place in 2000, 2007 and lately in 2017. However the all-time high in terms of number of deals was in 2016 with more than 2,700 deals. In terms of added value 2007 set the record with 225 bil. USD.[170]
STORES Magazine annually ranks the nation's top retailers according to sales.[171][172]
Since 1951, the U.S. Census Bureau has published the Retail Sales report every month. It is a measure of consumer spending, an important indicator of the US GDP. Retail firms provide data on the dollar value of their retail sales and inventories. A sample of 12,000 firms is included in the final survey and 5,000 in the advanced one. The advanced estimated data is based on a subsample from the US CB complete retail & food services sample.[173]
In 2011, the grocery market in six countries of Central Europe was worth nearly €107bn, 2.8% more than the previous year when expressed in local currencies. The increase was generated foremost by the discount stores and supermarket segments, and was driven by the skyrocketing prices of foodstuffs. This information is based on the latest PMR report entitled Grocery retail in Central Europe 2012[174]
National accounts show a combined total of retail and wholesale trade, with hotels and restaurants. in 2012 the sector provides over a fifth of GDP in tourist-oriented island economies, as well as in other major countries such as Brazil, Pakistan, Russia, and Spain. In all four of the latter countries, this fraction is an increase over 1970, but there are other countries where the sector has declined since 1970, sometimes in absolute terms, where other sectors have replaced its role in the economy. In the United States the sector has declined from 19% of GDP to 14%, though it has risen in absolute terms from $4,500 to $7,400 per capita per year. In China the sector has grown from 7.3% to 11.5%, and in India even more, from 8.4% to 18.7%. Emarketer predicts China will have the largest retail market in the world in 2016.[175]
In 2016, China became the largest retail market in the world.[164]
Retail trade, wholesale, hotels and restaurants (data from the United Nations)[176]
Among retailers and retails chains a lot of consolidation has appeared over the last couple of decades. Between 1988 and 2010, worldwide 40,788 mergers & acquisitions with a total known value of US$2.255 trillion have been announced.[177] The largest transactions with involvement of retailers in/from the United States have been: the acquisition of Albertson's Inc. for 17 bil. USD in 2006,[178] the merger between Federated Department Stores Inc with May Department Stores valued at 16.5 bil. USD in 2005[179] – now Macy's, and the merger between Kmart Holding Corp and Sears Roebuck & Co with a value of 10.9 bil. USD in 2004.[180]
Influential thinkers in sales and retail:[181]
^ Shaw, Eric H. (2016). "2: Ancient and medieval marketing". In Jones, D.G. Brian; Tadajewski, Mark. The Routledge Companion to Marketing History. Routledge Companions. London: Routledge. p. 24. ISBN 978-1-134-68868-5. Retrieved 2017-01-03. Perhaps the only substantiated type of retail marketing practice that evolved from Neolithic times to the present was the itinerant tradesman (also known as peddler, packman or chapman). These forerunners of travelling salesmen roamed from village to village bartering stone axes in exchange for salt or other goods (Dixon, 1975).
^ Fill, C., Marketing Communications: Framework, Theories and Application, London, Prentice Hall, 1995, p. 70; Ltd., JSB Market Research Pvt. "Retail Market Research Reports | Retail Market Reports". JSB Market Research. Retrieved 2018-10-23.
^ a b Hoch, Steven J.; Drèze, Xavier; Purk, Mary E. (October 1994). "EDLP, Hi-Lo, and Margin Arithmetic" (PDF). The Journal of Marketing. 58 (4): 16–27.
^ Hee, J.K., "Stand-alone Sale of a Free Gift: Is it effective to accentuate promotion value?" Social Behavior & Personality: An International Journal, Vol. 43, no. 10, 2015, pp. 1593–1606
^ a b Hul, Michael K.; Dube, Laurette; Chebat, Jean-Charles (1997-03-01). "The impact of music on consumers' reactions to waiting for services". Journal of Retailing. 73 (1): 87–104. doi:10.1016/S0022-4359(97)90016-6.
^ Bitner, M.J. (1992). "Servicescapes: The impact of physical surroundings on customers and employees". The Journal of Marketing. 56 (2): 57–71. JSTOR 1252042.
^ Greenfeld, Karl Taro (19 October 1998). "Turmoil in Toyland". Time. (Subscription required (help)).
^ a b c Charles Lamb; Joe Hair; Carl McDaniel (14 Jan 2008). Essentials of Marketing. Cengage Learning. p. 363. ISBN 978-0-324-65620-6.
^ "Stores Top Retailers 2018". Stores: NRF's Magazine. Retrieved 2018-11-08.
^ "M&A by Industries". Institute for Mergers, Acquisitions and Alliances (IMAA). Retrieved 2018-02-28.
^ "These are the 20 biggest retailers in America". Business Insider. Retrieved 2018-11-28.
^ McDonald, Samantha (2018-08-13). "Amazon vs. Walmart: Which One Is America's Biggest Retailer?". Footwear News. Retrieved 2018-11-28.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Retail&oldid=879317273"
This page was last edited on 20 January 2019, at 12:51 (UTC).

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text:
Eric's Rentals 3007 Highland St, Milan, TN 38358 - YP.com
Rental Service Stores & Yards near Milan, TN
Eric's Rentals
3007 Highland St, Milan, TN 38358
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amex, discover, check, cash, mastercard, visa
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We offer delivery and pick-up services for rental items.
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Services: Wedding and Event rentals:  From tents, tables, chairs, linens and candelabras to china, glassware, and silverware.  We also rent concession items, jumpers, dunking booths, staging, PA systems and much, much more!!
Homeowner/Contractor rentals: Backhoes, trenchers, buffers, sanders, augers, pumps, sod cutters, brush cutters, bed edgers, generators, and much more!

type: global

value: This website is a United States-based web site operated by YP Holdings that provides listings for local businesses. In 2013 it was re-branded as YP.com or simply "YP".


value: This website is an American internet retailer selling primarily furniture headquartered in Midvale, Utah, near Salt Lake City.


text:
HX100 Macro and Super Macro: Sony Cyber-shot Talk Forum: Digital Photography Review
Forum indexSony Cyber-shot TalkChange forum HX100 Macro and Super Macro
HX100 Macro and Super Macro Jul 22, 2012
Took all these in my garden. Handheld with Raynox 250 added.I never noticed till later on the computer when focusing on the spider and bee (in the first pic) a tiny fly had landed on the bee.CLICK TWICE FOR FULL SIZE Reply to thread Reply with quote Complain
Post (hide subjects)Posted byWhenHX100 Macro and Super MacroNewRoxy1945 Jul 22, 2012 Re: HX100 Macro and Super MacroNewLTZ470 Jul 22, 2012 Re: HX100 Macro and Super MacroNewRoxy1945 Jul 23, 2012 Re: HX100 Macro and Super MacroNewKJaay Jul 23, 2012 Re: HX100 Macro and Super MacroNewRoxy1945 Jul 23, 2012 Super good!!!Newaaanouel Jul 23, 2012 Re: Super good!!!NewRoxy1945 Jul 23, 2012 Future Sony all-in-one bridge camera.Newaaanouel Jul 24, 2012 Re: Future Sony all-in-one bridge camera.NewRoxy1945 Jul 24, 2012 Re: HX100 Macro and Super MacroNewhawk65 Jul 23, 2012 Re: HX100 Macro and Super MacroNewsparkle1103 Jul 23, 2012 Re: HX100 Macro and Super MacroNewRoxy1945 Jul 24, 2012 Re: HX100 Macro and Super MacroNewBenoz Jul 24, 2012 Re: HX100 Macro and Super MacroNewRoxy1945 Jul 24, 2012 Re: HX100 Macro and Super MacroNewric63 Jul 24, 2012 Re: HX100 Macro and Super MacroNewRoxy1945 Jul 24, 2012 Very very goodNewBas Hamstra Jul 24, 2012 Re: Very very goodNewRoxy1945 Jul 25, 2012 Re: HX100 Macro and Super MacroNewdrumsultan Jul 24, 2012 Re: HX100 Macro and Super MacroNewRoxy1945 Jul 25, 2012 ForumParentFirstPreviousNextNext unread
Top threads in this forum30***Mini Challenge #398*** "Product Photography" Part II.30RX1rii first gallery16Does the RX10 Mark I....10RX1/R or II, A mode aperture adjustment question10RX1R II Grips?6Differences between RX100IV and RX10II5Best DSC-RX1R II settings for street photography?5Focal length equivalents for other aspect ratios4RX10 / RX10 II past 200mm for video4Grand Tetons3What, No Turkey Pictures......2RX1RII for landscape?2Black Friday Deal on Sony SDXC UHS-1 memory cards2Christmas Gift - RX100 III vs. Lumix ZS502Moon shots with the HX90V1RX100 iv Shooting Family Pics Indoors1RX100 iv Video White Balance As Compared to iPhone 6s1keeping smile shutter on all the time1First Impressions Sony Cyber-shot DSC-RX1R II1Canadian Delivery Of The RX1R MKII
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| Op-Ed Contributor Smokeless in Seattle
Leigh Guldig SeattleIT was January of 1998 when a friend and I drove to a basement in South Seattle to set up a pot garden. We were terrified. If a police officer pulled us over, how would we explain these bags of rapid-bloom fertilizer — in winter?Still, we had to go. A friend was suffering from the late stages of a degenerative muscular disease. He spent all day strapped into something that looked like a hospital bed crossed with an easel. Smoking pot helped ease his pain; after his wife held joints to his lips, he would eat soup. He would watch TV. He’d laugh.Growing pot was illegal at the time, but stories like ours, and a strong public campaign, persuaded 59 percent of Washington State voters to legalize medical marijuana that fall. In the 14 years since, an entire industry has emerged to serve incapacitated patients like my friend, who couldn’t grow pot himself. Doctors write authorizations, dispensaries sell the stuff, trade magazines flourish.In the eyes of most opponents and many supporters of easing pot laws, medical marijuana is supposed to be a slippery slope to full legalization. But in Washington, the opposite is happening: a momentous initiative to legalize marijuana for all adults, which will be on the ballot this fall, is being opposed by the medical marijuana industry that the previous initiative created.
Initiative 502, as the measure is known, would allow adults 21 and older to possess up to an ounce of marijuana without penalty. The state would issue licenses to marijuana farmers, distributors and even stores, which could then sell pot over the counter like beer. Continue reading the main story
The plan, supported by the likes of John McKay, a former federal attorney, and Rick Steves, the travel writer, is about more than stoners’ rights: legalizing and regulating the pot market would wrest profits from murderous foreign cartels while helping the beleaguered state budget. Officials recently estimated the measure could generate up to $606 million in tax revenue in the first year.Every recent poll except one has shown most Washington voters are now ready to pass the initiative. But support has slipped since last fall, down to only 51 percent, according to SurveyUSA. The flagging enthusiasm correlates with the escalating effort to stop the initiative.In late February, Dr. Gil Mobley, a physician with a local clinic providing medical-marijuana authorizations, began a campaign called No on I-502, a new name for a group that, before, called itself Patients Against I-502. It anticipates donations from lawyers and doctors, said its treasurer, Anthony Martinelli, and pot dispensaries may also finance a fall volley of television commercials.The campaign claims that a provision in Initiative 502 would penalize medical marijuana users who drive with active THC, the psychoactive compound in marijuana, in their blood, even a day or a week after the last time they got high. (Any driver who exceeds a limit of five nanograms of THC per milliliter of blood would be automatically guilty of driving under the influence.) They also complain that the law would have zero tolerance for drivers under 21 years old with active THC in their blood. Mr. Martinelli goes so far as to claim that the measure “will take away driving for all cannabis users.”
The anti-502 effort has also played on civil liberties fears. A glossy medical-marijuana magazine, Dope, warned recently that patients would be required to apply for licenses if they wanted to grow cannabis and that the Drug Enforcement Administration could then access their names.This type of opposition isn’t uncharted political territory: In 2010, a group of medical marijuana dispensaries banded together to help narrowly defeat a legalization initiative in California.What’s the threat? A legal, regulated market for all consumers — not just sick people — could negate demand for a niche medical pot industry altogether.“The medical marijuana industry is driven by profit,” said Allen St. Pierre, executive director of the National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws, which supports medical marijuana legalization. “It’s not driven by compassion anymore. It is driven by the need to make money.”

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text:
1577666844 - How to Know the Insects by Roger G Bland; H E Jaques - AbeBooks
1577666844 - How to Know the Insects by Roger G Bland; H E Jaques
About this Item: Waveland Press, Incorporated. Condition: Acceptable. Ships SAME or NEXT business day. We Ship to APO/FPO addr. Choose EXPEDITED shipping and receive in 2-5 business days within the United States. See our member profile for customer support contact info. We have an easy return policy. Seller Inventory # 43692570
How To Know The Insects 3Ed (Hb)
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About this Item: Condition: New. New. International edition. Different ISBN and Cover image but contents are same as US edition. Perfect condition. Customer satisfaction our priority. Seller Inventory # ABE-FEB-150492
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About this Item: Condition: New. Brand New Paperback International Edition.We Ship to PO BOX Address also. EXPEDITED shipping option also available for faster delivery. Seller Inventory # AUSBNEW-137695
About this Item: Condition: Brand New. New, SoftCover International edition. Different ISBN and Cover image but contents are same as US edition. Excellent Customer Service. Seller Inventory # ABEUSA-150492
Bland, Roger G.; Jaques, H. E.
About this Item: Waveland Pr Inc. SPIRAL-BOUND. Condition: Good. 1577666844 Item in good condition. Textbooks may not include supplemental items i.e. CDs, access codes etc. Seller Inventory # Z1577666844Z3
About this Item: Waveland Pr Inc. Condition: Good. Used - Good TEXTBOOK ONLY! 3rd Edition May contain highlighting/underlining/notes/etc. May have used stickers on cover. Ships same or next day. Expedited shipping takes 2-3 business days; standard shipping takes 4-14 business days. Seller Inventory # UNT-232-588
About this Item: Waveland Pr Inc, 2010. Spiral-bound. Condition: Very Good. Great condition with minimal wear, aging, or shelf wear. Seller Inventory # P021577666844
About this Item: Condition: Very Good. Ready for quick shipment to any US location by Experienced seller. CDs and Access codes may not be included as is the case with most used books. Seller Inventory # 262782
About this Item: Waveland Pr Inc, 2010. Spiral-bound. Condition: New. 3. Seller Inventory # DADAX1577666844
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About this Item: Waveland Pr Inc, 2010. Spiral-bound. Condition: New. Never used!. Seller Inventory # P111577666844
Balnd, Roger
About this Item: Waveland Pr Inc, 2010. Hardcover. Condition: Brand New. 3rd edition. 448 pages. 9.40x7.00x0.90 inches. In Stock. Seller Inventory # zk1577666844
About this Item: Waveland Pr Inc, 2010. Spiral-bound. Condition: Good. 3. Ships with Tracking Number! INTERNATIONAL WORLDWIDE Shipping available. May not contain Access Codes or Supplements. May be ex-library. Shipping & Handling by region. Buy with confidence, excellent customer service!. Seller Inventory # 1577666844

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Joanna L. - Raritan Valley Start ups and Entrepreneurs (Bridgewater, NJ)
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I have worked with startup software companies for most of my career, doing marketing and software enabling for Intel, market research for Gartner, and now I do consulting in business planning, marketing and strategy
Joanna Lees, Member
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James S Nason (1864-1952) - Find A Grave Memorial
James S Nason
12 Apr 1952 (aged 87)
86860460 · View Source
Jennie M Nason
Find A Grave Memorial 86860460
Find A Grave, database and images (https://www.findagrave.com : accessed ), memorial page for James S Nason (24 Dec 1864–12 Apr 1952), Find A Grave Memorial no. 86860460, citing Grandview Cemetery, Fort Collins, Larimer County, Colorado, USA ; Maintained by Judson Rhoads (contributor 47089591) .
Add Photos for James S Nason
Fulfill Photo Request for James S Nason
your computer for James S Nason memorial.
I thought you might like to see a memorial for James S Nason I found on Findagrave.com.

value: This website is a website that allows the public to search and add to an online database of cemetery records. It is owned by Ancestry.com.


text:
P. 1SAP Portal Help ManualSAP Portal Help Manual|Views: 99|Likes: 3Published by Anoop SureshMore info:Published by: Anoop Suresh on Jun 07, 2011Copyright:Attribution Non-commercialAvailability:Read on Scribd mobile: iPhone, iPad and Android.download as PDF, TXT or read online from ScribdFlag for inappropriate content|Add to collectionSee moreSee lesshttps://www.scribd.com/doc/57249126/SAP-Portal-Help-Manual06/22/2013pdftextoriginalSAP Services & Support Desk Document Title: Version: SAP Portal Help Manual 1.0
Prepared By Amit Kumar Bhatt
Reviewed by Shubham Kiyawat / Vikesh Kumar
Approved by Harish Kumar Malani
Issued By Harish Kumar Malani
Issue Date 18 Nov 2008
Reason for Issue Operational Guidelines
Confidentiality Agreement: This document is intended for the internal use of Reliance ADAG Personnel only. The recipient should ensure that this document is not deconstructed, reproduced or circulated without the prior approval of the document owner.
User Manual ver1.0
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Introduction................................................................................................................. 3 User Registration on Portal......................................................................................... 5 New SAP ID Creation ................................................................................................. 8 User Access Management........................................................................................ 13 Issue Management ................................................................................................... 17 Training Management............................................................................................... 21 Knowledge Bank....................................................................................................... 22 Miscellaneous ........................................................................................................... 24
Reliance ADA Group Proprietary and Confidential
To access the portal. track and get resolution of issues . b. e.through Issue Management System. Refer to FAQs.0
Once the user presses ‘Enter’ in the keyboard. the following URL is to be typed in the Internet Explorer Address Bar
http://rcomsap.relianceada. he/she will be taken to the next screen
.User Manual ver1. d. c. Obtain their SAP User ID Obtain necessary role based rights for performing their functions in SAP Log. User Manuals through Knowledge Bank segment. by providing them facility to a. for better performance Improve their knowledge through Training Management on a time-bound manner. Introduction
SAP Services & Support Desk Management portal is devised to help various SAP business users to perform their functions in SAP R/3 system smoothly and easily.
Here six segments are provided for user to get maximum benefit of the portal. These are mentioned below:-
In the Registration Form. the registration will not be completed. the user has to select the appropriate Type of Employment ::
. are mandatory fields.User Manual ver1. User registration on Portal
Users can register on the portal by clicking on Form Screen as given below:. User will be taken to the Registration
Fields that are marked as *. if not filled. under Employee Details.0
Check mail for User name & Password. The fields provided are simple and are self-explanatory. a mistake is made and there is a need to cancel the entries made in the fields.User Manual ver1. click on and the fields will become blank so as to enable data entry afresh. Incase the user does not have any SAP User ID. from the SAP ID Dropdown list as given below. click the message will appear: button.0
Similarly. the system will ask the user to change the password through this screen shown below:
. Once all the required details have been filled in. user can sign in by entering User Name and Password in the segment given below and clicking on
When the User Name and Password is entered for the first time.
The user should also fill the HOD details as required in the above screen. this detail may be skipped. After receiving the mail. the user has to select the appropriate SAP Server in which he/she already has SAP User ID. If at any point.
he/she will be taken to the Home
Once the user changes the password and presses the page.User Manual ver1.
Click on New SAP ID Creation segment:
. New SAP ID Creation
For new users who want SAP ID to be created.0
3. login into the portal with provided User name & Password. Following screen will appear.User Manual ver1.
The user should fill all the necessary information as shown in the screen below (for example) :-
button. the following message will appear :-
.User Manual ver1.
on the left hand side below the SAP Services segment. as shown below : -
. the following screen will appear where
HOD approval:
A mail will be sent to the user’s HOD for approval of the user’s request. option. Upon clicking on user can check the status of the request.0
In the above screen.User Manual ver1. the option is available.
HOD has to click on
HOD can approve. any time. by clicking on described earlier.
Status at User End:
The request status can be checked by the user. then status is changed as ‘Admin Assigned’
. reject or sent back to user using link which is provided in mail. option as
Status is changed to : -
Once the user’s request is assigned to the support staff.User Manual ver1.
the status will be changed to ‘Closed’.User Manual ver1.
Once SAP ID is created.
should click on User Access Management segment :-
The following screen will appear :-
4. User Access Management
New or existing users wishing to place request for getting role-based rights (transaction codes) as per their function in SAP.User Manual ver1.
The user should fill up the necessary information that is shown in the following screen :-
button.User Manual ver1. the following screen will appear
In the above screen. Upon clicking the where user can check the status of the request. option. the option will be available. on the left hand side below the SAP Services segment.
User Manual ver1. as shown below :-
HOD can approve.
To approve the request. HOD has to click on
User request for New Authorization Request AG00018 Has been approved successfully
A mail will be sent to the user’s HOD for approval of the request.
. reject or sent back to user using the link which is provided in mail.
When the Support Desk finds the AG request. Following screen will appear :-
Basis team will attach the AGs. option as
Status is changed to :-
User can check the status of the request by clicking on appear :-
.User Manual ver1. they will verify the AGs and send to the Basis Team for attachment.0
The request status can be checked by the user any time. The status will be changed to ‘Closed’. by clicking on described earlier.
All SAP Users are to log their SAP issues. please click on the Issue Management segment and the following screen will appear:
In the above screen. on the left hand side below the SAP Services segment. after signing in.0
5.User Manual ver1. Issue Management has three options : • • • Issue Status List Create Issue Solved Issues
To log an Issue. in the Support Desk through the Portal. three options are available:-
the same will be displayed.
Upon clicking on user will be taken to the next screen as shown below :-
The user’s Name. Employee ID. as explained below:1. HOD Email ID gets filled by default as shown above. Email ID.0
used for viewing Issues already logged used for logging new issues used for viewing solved issues
The table will not list any issues for the first time. HOD Name. Once issues are logged through ‘Create Issue’ option. Contact Number. 3. Company Code Plant Server Name : : : 4-digit alphanumeric code as applicable 4-digit alphanumeric code as applicable Choose from the option given
. 2. The following fields are to be filled by user. as no issues have been logged yet.User Manual ver1.
1. if necessary)
3. so that the details can be
After entering all the above details. button.
Details for Issue
User should fill the text box with a brief description of the issue.
User may prioritize the issue as per option given below
(This may be changed by the Module administrator after interaction and analysis.
In case the user wants to cancel the input details entered. user can log the issue to the SAP Support desk by clicking on button
4. he/she should click on entered afresh.
User should choose from the options given (depends on issue)
2.User Manual ver1.
This option is provided for the user for attaching any file containing screenshots of process or any other attachment that may help in clearly stating the issue (The file size cannot exceed 5 MB)
The person to whom the issue is assigned is also reflected in the ‘Assign To’ column
Apart from containing the details entered by the user. it will also contain the following important information 1. For eg.
How to view the issues logged by a user?
After signing in. 2. Assignment of Issue Issue log date and time Issue latest status Issue Escalation Button provided for escalation (if required)
. following system message will be displayed :-
An auto generated issue id is displayed as given above User is to refer to this Issue ID for enquiring on the status of the logged issue for all purposes in future. two issues are not assigned and one issue is assigned. 3..0
Once user clicks on Submit button. 4. when user clicks on he/she will be taken to the screen shown below which will list out all the issues raised by user other than solved issues
The above list will give a clear idea of the issues logged. in the above case.User Manual ver1.
6. This Option is currently under construction and will be available very shortly
Users can now nominate themselves for training on the basis of their role / profile in SAP module / submodule / business process wise.User Manual ver1.
SAP Users can now read User Manuals and FAQs pertaining to SAP business transactions performed by them. This is aimed to self train the end users on the correct procedures and process in using SAP for carrying out their daily business functions. through this portal.
Upon clicking on Knowledge Bank segment. the following screen will appear :-
.User Manual ver1.0
Click on any process. GRN Process and the following screen will appear :-
In the above screen please click on link The required document will be available in Display mode. for example.
Click on any process document as shown in the right side of the screen (for example Material Management) Following screen will appear :-
In the above screen user can click on the material management related process.User Manual ver1.
User Manual ver1. Miscellaneous
Link for some of the specific information is provided in the home page of the portal.0
8. These are: • • • SAP Operation Team’s Contact Matrix SAP Master Guardian’s Contact Matrix Portal – User Manual
More From This UserMU0009 Assignment Feb 11Anoop SureshMU0009 Assignment Feb 11MU0008 Assignment Feb 11Anoop SureshMU0008 Assignment Feb 11MU0007 Assignment Feb 11Anoop SureshMU0007 Assignment Feb 11MU0006 Assignment Feb 11Anoop SureshMU0006 Assignment Feb 11
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Vintage Bread Basket Cover Bun Cover with Appliques
This is a bread - bun basket cover. Size is 15" x 14 1/2". THe flowers are done in yellow and blue with small white flowers and the edges are bound in white. There are a few faint stains on it that show more in the picture than they do when you see them in person.
It will be packaged carefully and shipped via Canada Post.
Reviewed by rosyandgrey
Exactly as described and came quickly.
Vintage Pillowcases - Pair of Whitework Pillowcases, Envelope Style Cases, 28" Wide x 19.5" Long, Bridal Pillowcases
Reviewed by kathybressner
Perfect gift! Great for our bar
Vintage Shooter Glasses - Luminarc Card Party Glasses, Card Party Shot Glasses, Six 2 Oz Shooters in Box, Poker Party Glasses, Father's Day
Vintage Canisters - Canning Jars, Set Of 4 Sizes, ARC "Spice O Life", Made in France, Wire Bale Closures, Rubber Gasket Seals, Kitchen Decor
Reviewed by Michael Pasciolla
Vintage Advertising - 2 Nestle Milk Drinking Glasses, Green Cow Milk Glasses, Drinking Glass
Reviewed by Sabine AV
Beautiful Servers, well received. Thank you very much!
Vintage Utensils - Salad Servers, Fork and Spoon, Silver Plated EP Zinc, Made in Italy, Bamboo Pattern
Reviewed by Tia Sundell
Exactly as described, arrived quickly! Was a birthday gift, just need to find the dark brown one! (Milk chocolate)
Vintage Advertising Mar's Chocolate Company Flocked Bears M&M, Snickers, Milky Way
Reviewed by Rebecca Worcester
Vintage Baking Pans - Kaiser Flan Pans, Fluted Tart Tins, Waffle Design, Rolled Edge, Made in W Germany, 1970s, Large and Small
Reviewed by edmarge157
Vintage Quilted Reversible Runner and Four Placemats - One Side Paisley, One Side Taupe
The necklace is well made & nothing is wrong with the structure. Shipping & customer service was excellent. I counted off 2 stars because the photograph was misleading. The color of the necklace in the picture was so different from the actual necklace, I didn't even realize I had received it. The picture appears as if the beads are gray(which I was expecting), but the beads are actually a less pleasing shade of vanilla.
Vintage Necklace - Wood Bead Necklace, Chunky Natural Beads, Silver Tone Metal, Choker Necklace, Boho Necklace, Summer Necklace, 1970s
Reviewed by qmcchoi1
It is a Christmas gift for my sister. I know she will absolutely love it.
Vintage Mirror - Brass Mirror, Vanity Mirror, Makeup Mirror, Swivel Magnifying Mirror, Hollywood Regency
Items ship from Canada and will go out via Canada Post unless otherwise arranged.
We make a couple of trips to the Post Office each week, so items that are ready to ship go out within 3-4 business days from receipt of cleared payment.
The most inexpensive option is letter mail however the item cannot exceed 2 cm in thickness and 500 g in weight. All other items are shipped parcel with tracking and insurance.
SHIPPING TO THE USA AND INTERNATIONAL
Shipping charges listed are the most inexpensive option. Purchases are sent airmail or surface if the parcel weight exceeds the postage paid. There is no tracking or insurance. The delivery times we quote are the Canada Post estimates but please understand that it could take longer if items are held by customs or delivery is delayed in your country.
If you are a USA or International customer, please be aware of your country's Customs Rules as you are responsible for paying any taxes or custom fees. They are not included in the purchase price. There may be countries we are unable to mail to due to custom regulations, restrictions or high levels of loss parcels.
We accept payment via Direct Checkout with your credit card, debit card, or Etsy Gift Card.
All vintage items are sold in as-is condition and all sales are final. Please email us if you have any concerns and we will do our best to resolve the situation. In cases where EU regulations may apply, a customer has 14 days to return the purchase. Return postage is paid by the purchaser.
Meet the owner of LookHiLookLow
Vintage Bread Basket Cover - Bun Cover with Appliques
Vintage Linen Doilies / Pair of Ecru Linen Doilies with Ecru Embroidery
Vintage Small Tablecloth or Centerpiece White Embroidery and Crocheted Edging
Vintage Linen and Lace Crocheted Doilies Set of Three
Vintage Woven Napkins - Set of 4 Napkins in a Natural Shade with Fringe and Chocolate Edging
Vintage Linen Ecru Cocktail Tea Napkins Embroidered Flowers with Crocheted Edges - Set of 4
Vintage Tea Towel - Chocolate Brown - White Applique
Vintage Towels - Hand Towels, Swedish Needlework, Embroidered Guest Towels, Huck Towels, Salmon Embroidery on Green, Tray Mat
Vintage Tablecloth Set - Madeira Tablecloth and Four Napkins, Embroidered Flowers, Bridge Tablecloth, 4 Napkins
Vintage Bread Basket Warmer insert/liner
Tiny Bread Basket
Vintage Bread Pan-Banana Bread-Bread Pans-Baking Supply-Baking Tools-Baking Pans-Banana Bread Pans-Housewares-Baking Dish-Loaf Pans-Antique
Bread basket and little sister

value: This website is an American e-commerce company focused on handmade or vintage items and craft supplies.


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Yasenevo Vacations: Package & Save up to $570
Yasenevo VacationsFlight onlyFlight + HotelHotel only	Over 282,000 worldwideSearch Flight + Hotel Please correct the errors below.Leaving fromGoing toDepartingReturningRooms 1 2 3 Adults (18 +)123456Children (0 - 17)0123456Child 1: Age <1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Child 2: Age <1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Child 3: Age <1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Child 4: Age <1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Child 5: Age <1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Child 6: Age <1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Room 1Adults (18 - 64)123456Children (0 - 17)0123456Child 1 -?- <1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Child 2 -?- <1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Child 3 -?- <1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Child 4 -?- <1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Child 5 -?- <1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Child 6 -?- <1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Room 2Adults (18 - 64)123456Children (0 - 17)0123456Child 1 -?- <1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Child 2 -?- <1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Child 3 -?- <1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Child 4 -?- <1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Child 5 -?- <1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Child 6 -?- <1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Room 3Adults (18 - 64)123456Children (0 - 17)0123456Child 1 -?- <1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Child 2 -?- <1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Child 3 -?- <1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Child 4 -?- <1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Child 5 -?- <1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Child 6 -?- <1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Children under 2 must either sit in laps or in seats.In lapIn seatI only need a hotel for part of my tripCheck-inCheck-out Advanced options Advanced optionsFirst ClassBusinessEconomyPremium Economy Search Save up to $570 by booking Flight + Hotel. Search 282,000 hotels and 400 airlines worldwide. Get the guaranteed best price available for your trip. Share
https://www.expedia.com/Yasenevo.d179642.Destination-Travel-Guides
Expedia.com • Packages • Europe • Russia • Yasenevo
Yasenevo Vacation Packages Spend some time in Yasenevo. Yasenevo is in Moscow Oblast, a region known for its forests, rivers and lakes. Yasenevo is situated 11 miles (18 kilometers) south of the national capital Moscow.The area around Yasenevo is wonderfully endowed with sights and attractions, from firmly-established, must-see spots to quiet, secret places that are waiting just for you. Some interesting places in the vicinity of Yasenevo are Putilkovo, 19 miles (31 kilometers) to the south, and Abramtsevo, 20 miles (32 kilometers) to the southwest.While you are on holiday in Yasenevo, experience Moscow. Approximately 11 miles (18 kilometers) away, this regional transport and shopping hub is where you'll find Moscow Durov Animal Theatre, Lossiny Ostrov National Park and Andrei Rublev Museum of Early Russian Art. Yury Dolgoruky Monument, Izmailovsky Park and Market and Moscow Sovremennik Theatre are also good places to visit.Follow the threads of the region's rich cultural makeup at Moscow Oblast's great art museums, art galleries and theaters. To really get an understanding of the present, it often pays to understand the past. Moscow Oblast's colorful old towns provide a wonderful starting point. Pack a pair of walking shoes so you can join one of the fascinating city walking tours. When your time is up in Yasenevo, you'll be sure to bid this region a sad "Poka!" Rest assured, however, you'll be heading home with memories and momentos that you'll have for years to come. Read less Read more	1.0 out of 5.0
Most popular package deals found by our travelers	Most popular package deals found by [originCity] travelers	Yasenevo Vacation Package Deals
See all Yasenevo flights Book your Yasenevo Vacation Package
Flights to Yasenevo Yasenevo hotels Yasenevo car rental *Savings based on all vacation package bookings with Flight + Hotel on Expedia.com from September 2013 through February 2014, as compared to price of the same components booked separately. Savings will vary based on origin/destination, length of trip, stay dates and selected travel supplier(s). Savings not available on all packages.
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A Simple and Effective Way to Localize ASP.NET MVC Data Annotation Texts and Error Messages - CodeProject
A Simple and Effective Way to Localize ASP.NET MVC Data Annotation Texts and Error Messages
By use of a cutomized metadata provider, MVC model data annotation validation messages can be localized in a simple and elegant way.
Recently, I was working on an ASP.NET MVC 4 project which needs language localization. Generally speaking, it can be done in this way...
Design a class file which connects the database (my project uses a database to store localization languages. Of course, one can use resource files), and get the localized text by the resource key.
Suppose we have a Notes view model:
[StringLength(100, ErrorMessage="NotesError"]
In the page .cshtml file, we can use the class like this:
@using MyUIResources
var ui = new UiResources();
In places where localization is needed, call the class method:
@ui.GetResourceValueFromDatabase( "Notes" )
<!-- Text "Notes" does not come from the model display name. --></span />
@Html.ValidationMessageFor( m => m.Notes, @ui.GetResourceValueFromDatabase( "NotesError" ) )
<!-- Text "NotesError" does not come from the model ErrorMessage. --></span />
Then the localized text and validation message (if there is validation error) will be displayed in the table cell.
Though it works, it is not how I want it to work due to comments as above.
There are quite a few samples of how to localize validation messages. But they may be either too heavy weighted, or do not fit into my case.
At first, I wanted to use ErrorMessageResourceName as the resource key, and create a localization provider. So define a view model like this:
[StringLength(100, ErrorMessageResourceName="NotesError",
ErrorMessageResourceType = typeof(MyLocalizationProvider)]
And then define the resource type like this:
using MyUIResources
public class MyLocalizationProvider
static readonly UiResources ui = new UiResources();
public static string NotesError
get { return ui.GetResourceValueFromDatabase( 'NotesError' ); }
public static string OtherError
get { return ui.GetResourceValueFromDatabase( 'OtherError' ); }
It works fine with validation error message, but not with display name. The worst with this approach is that it needs every message to be generated by such a GETTER method, which is not practical even for a middle size web site. It is said that this issue can be addressed by T4 Text Template. But I did not know how to use it and it needs approval from the architect.
So I investigated and experimented. Finally I made it by changing the model data annotation metadata and using the display name and error message as resource keys.
using (some other namespaces);
namespace MyUIResources
public class MyLocalizationProvider : DataAnnotationsModelMetadataProvider
private static UiResources ui = new UiResources();
IEnumerable<attribute> attributes ,
Type containerType ,
Func<object> modelAccessor ,
Type modelType ,
string sKey = string.Empty;
string sLocalizedText = string.Empty;
foreach ( var attr in attributes )
string typeName = attr.GetType().Name;
string attrAppKey = string.Empty;
if ( typeName.Equals( "DisplayAttribute" ) )
sKey = ( ( DisplayAttribute ) attr ).Name;
if ( !string.IsNullOrEmpty( sKey ) )
attrAppKey = string.Format( "{0}-{1}-{2}" ,
containerType.Name , propertyName , typeName );
if ( HttpContext.Current.Application [ attrAppKey ] == null )
HttpContext.Current.Application [ attrAppKey ] = sKey;
sKey = HttpContext.Current.Application [ attrAppKey ].ToString();
sLocalizedText = ui.GetResourceValueFromDb( sKey );
if ( string.IsNullOrEmpty( sLocalizedText ) )
sLocalizedText = sKey;
( ( DisplayAttribute ) attr ).Name = sLocalizedText;
else if ( attr is ValidationAttribute )
sKey = ( ( ValidationAttribute ) attr ).ErrorMessage;
( ( ValidationAttribute ) attr ).ErrorMessage = sLocalizedText;
return base.CreateMetadata
(attributes, containerType, modelAccessor, modelType, propertyName);
The main point here is to use the Application object as a resource key container to hold the key as the display name and error message will be changed to the corresponding localized texts. In the Application object, string.Format( "{0}-{1}-{2}" , containerType.Name , propertyName , typeName ) will effectively make a unique key for each display name or error message.
This localization provider should be registered in Application_Start() in Global.asax.cs:
ModelMetadataProviders.Current = new MyUIResources.MyLocalizationProvider();
With this provider in place, we can show Notes property in the view in a centralized and kinda view-model coupled way:
@Html.DisplayNameFor( m => m.Notes )
@Html.TextBoxFor( m => m.Notes )
@Html.ValidationMessageFor( m => m.Notes )
If we need to add RequiredAttribute, just simply add the annotation to Notes property:
[Required(ErrorMessage = "RequiredMsg")]
[StringLength(100, ErrorMessage="NotesError")]
And @Html.ValidationMessageFor( m => m.Notes ) will also take the responsibility to show Required localized message in addition to StringLength error message, provided that there is the "RequiredMsg" resource key.
Olivier Voutat3-Mar-16 1:48
Olivier Voutat 3-Mar-16 1:48
Thank you. Was looking for something simple to understand. I modified it a little bit using a concurrent dictionary and linq.
/// Gets the metadata for the specified property.
/// Only display and validation attributes are processed.
/// <param name="attributes">The attributes.</param>
/// <param name="containerType">The type of the container.</param>
/// <param name="modelAccessor">The model accessor.</param>
/// <param name="modelType">The type of the model.</param>
/// <returns>The metadata for the property.</returns>
protected override System.Web.Mvc.ModelMetadata CreateMetadata(IEnumerable<Attribute> attributes, Type containerType, Func<object> modelAccessor, Type modelType, string propertyName)
ConcurrentDictionary<string, string> httpCache = HttpRuntime.Cache[AttributesCacheKey] as ConcurrentDictionary<string, string>;
if (httpCache == null) httpCache = new ConcurrentDictionary<string, string>();
SetDisplayName(httpCache, attributes, containerType, propertyName);
SetValidationErrorMessages(httpCache, attributes, containerType, propertyName);
HttpRuntime.Cache.Insert(AttributesCacheKey, httpCache, null, Cache.NoAbsoluteExpiration, Cache.NoSlidingExpiration);
/// Set the display attribute name with the localized text.
/// <param name="httpCache">Concurrent dictionary containing the resource keys.</param>
private void SetDisplayName(ConcurrentDictionary<string, string> httpCache, IEnumerable<Attribute> attributes, Type containerType, string propertyName)
Attribute disAttribute = attributes.FirstOrDefault(x => x is DisplayAttribute);
if (disAttribute != null && !string.IsNullOrEmpty(((DisplayAttribute)disAttribute).Name))
string sKey = string.Format(KeyFormat, containerType.Name, propertyName, disAttribute.GetType().Name);
httpCache.TryAdd(sKey, ((DisplayAttribute)disAttribute).Name);
((DisplayAttribute)disAttribute).Name = GetValidationResource(httpCache[sKey]);
/// Set the validation attributes error messages with the localized texts.
private void SetValidationErrorMessages(ConcurrentDictionary<string, string> httpCache, IEnumerable<Attribute> attributes, Type containerType, string propertyName)
IEnumerable<Attribute> colAttributes = attributes.Where(x => x is ValidationAttribute);
foreach (Attribute valAttribute in colAttributes)
if (valAttribute != null && !string.IsNullOrEmpty(((ValidationAttribute)valAttribute).ErrorMessage))
string sKey = string.Format(KeyFormat, containerType.Name, propertyName, valAttribute.GetType().Name);
httpCache.TryAdd(sKey, ((ValidationAttribute)valAttribute).ErrorMessage);
((ValidationAttribute)valAttribute).ErrorMessage = GetValidationResource(httpCache[sKey]);
Shajahan KK7-Apr-15 21:50
Shajahan KK 7-Apr-15 21:50
very good post and need complete sample for this
can you help me? Am searching for a solution for localizing my new MVC5 application(from db side).
Prakash Balasubramanian4-Jun-14 2:51
Prakash Balasubramanian 4-Jun-14 2:51
can you please tell me how it works?..
More hits to DB
TAMIZH199012-Dec-13 22:08
TAMIZH1990 12-Dec-13 22:08
I am also do in this way. Its worked well. But the page is loaded slowly.By your way, i think the Database hit for each request. so, How to fix it?
Re: More hits to DB
Abu Ali Muhammad Sharjeel22-Jan-14 1:03
Abu Ali Muhammad Sharjeel 22-Jan-14 1:03
It is simple load the resource in a dictionary<string, string=""> and store it as application variable, at login/Sign In page and use that dictionary as resource instead of database hit.
mohamed sobhey mahmoud27-Jun-13 3:26
mohamed sobhey mahmoud 27-Jun-13 3:26
very good and need complete sample for this
Article Copyright 2012 by scott_liu

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Chris Carpenter to undergo season-ending surgery | Fox News
ST. LOUIS – Chris Carpenter was starting to think his career might be over. Instead, the St. Louis Cardinals pitcher hopes he's just looking at another lengthy interruption.
When healthy, he's among the game's best. Carpenter was 21-5 in 2005, led the National League with a 2.24 ERA in 2009 and is 95-42 since 2004 — a winning percentage of .693 that leads the majors over that period.
"I'm past the 'woe is me part, the here we go again,'" Carpenter said. "I'm excited about the outcome I might get. We can get this taken care of and hopefully I can get back out there and be better than I have been in the past."

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text:
Nick Grimshaw and Pixie Geldof lark around | Daily Mail Online
02:56 EST, 29 November 2012
Although they look like they could be auditioning for Strictly Come Dancing, they are simply larking about.Best friends forever Nick Grimshaw and Pixie Geldof were full of energy as they took a stroll on Wednesday afternoon.The two mates were seen playing around as they walked through Primrose Hill, London, on a chilly day. Show time: Nick Grimshaw danced around the street as he walked down the road in Primrose Hill, London with Pixie Geldof on Wednesday
Making moves: While Nick energetically jumped up and down Pixie struggled to keep her balance with his weight pulling her down
Nick, 28, was clearly full of beans as he took the lead and jumped around excitedly.Pixie, 22, was not feeling as exuberant as her camp friend and she tried to maintain a sense of cool while he put on a show.The daughter of Bob Geldof looked smart in a thick double breasted jacket which she teamed with jeans and boots. Walk this way: The best friends forever were dressed warm for the cold winter weather
Keep calm and carry on: Nick kept his head covered in a black hoody but drew attention to himself with his silly moves
She accessorised the outfit with a large designer Louis Vuitton handbag and just about kept her balance as Nick pulled on her arm.Grimshaw was dressed a lot more casually in a Letterman-style jacket with hoody, jeans and trainersThe pair of party animals have been hanging out a lot recently and were seen looking dapper at the British Fashion Awards, earlier this week. The music man: Grimshaw has been named as the host for the BRIT Awards nominations launch in 2013
The cool kids: Pixie and Nick were joined by a friend as they headed through Primrose Hill
Perhaps Grimshaw was in joyous mood after hearing that he will be playing an active part in next year's BRIT Awards.The Radio 1 breakfast DJ will host the nominations launch for the BRIT Awards 2013 at The Savoy Hotel.James Corden will take control of the main show for the fourth time, which will be held at the O2 Arena. The fashion pack: Nick and Pixie have been inseparable lately and were together at the British Fashion Awards on Tuesday evening

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text:
Words containing alkap | Words that contain alkap
http://www.thefreedictionary.com/words-containing-alkap
Dictionary, Encyclopedia and Thesaurus - The Free Dictionary 10,374,991,706 visitors served
Found 5 words containing alkap. Browse our Scrabble Word Finder, Words With Friends cheat dictionary, and WordHub word solver to find words that contain alkap. Or use our Unscramble word solver to find your best possible play! Related: Words that start with alkap
12 letter words containing alkap8 letter words containing alkapSee also
12 letter words containing alkap
8 letter words containing alkap

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