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Patent US4387214 - Thermosetting powder coating compositions - Google PatentsSearch Images Maps Play YouTube News Gmail Drive More »Sign in<nobr>Advanced Patent Search</nobr>PatentsDisclosed are crystalline polyesters having low melt viscosities, and thermosetting compositions comprising these polyesters. The compositions are especially useful as powder coatings. At least 40 mole percent of the acid moiety is a terephthalic or isophthalic acid moiety, and the polyester contains...http://www.google.com/patents/US4387214?utm_source=gb-gplus-sharePatent US4387214 - Thermosetting powder coating compositionsAdvanced Patent SearchPublication numberUS4387214 APublication typeGrantApplication numberUS 06/278,228Publication dateJun 7, 1983Filing dateJun 29, 1981Priority dateJun 29, 1981Fee statusPaidAlso published asEP0070118A1, WO1983000155A1Publication number06278228, 278228, US 4387214 A, US 4387214A, US-A-4387214, US4387214 A, US4387214AInventorsDavid T. Passmore, Willis C. Wooten, Paul McBrideOriginal AssigneeEastman Kodak CompanyExport CitationBiBTeX, EndNote, RefManPatent Citations (4), Non-Patent Citations (1), Referenced by (34), Classifications (18), Legal Events (5) External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, EspacenetThermosetting powder coating compositionsUS 4387214 AAbstract Disclosed are crystalline polyesters having low melt viscosities, and thermosetting compositions comprising these polyesters. The compositions are especially useful as powder coatings. At least 40 mole percent of the acid moiety is a terephthalic or isophthalic acid moiety, and the polyester contains as moieties of the dihydric alcohol about 40-100 mole percent 1,6-hexanediol, the polyester being further characterized as having a molecular weight of about 700-3000, a melt viscosity of about 50-3000 cps at 160� C. and a hydroxyl number of about 30-160.
What is claimed is: 1. A linear saturated crystalline polyester of an acid moiety and a moiety of a dihydric alcohol, at least 40 mole percent of the acid moiety being a terephthalic or isophthalic acid moiety, said polyester containing as moieties of the dihydric alcohol at least 40 mole percent 1,6-hexanediol, said polyester being further characterized as having a molecular weight of about 700-3000, a melt viscosity of about 50-3000 cps at 160� C. and a hydroxyl number of about 30-160.
6. A linear saturated crystalline polyester of an acid moiety and a moiety of a dihydric alcohol, at least 40 mole percent of the acid moiety being a terephthalic acid moiety, said polyester containing as moieties of the dihydric alcohol at least 40 mole percent 1,6-hexanediol, said polyester being further characterized as having a molecular weight of about 1000-2000, a melt viscosity of about 50-1000 cps at 160� C. and a hydroxyl number of about 50-125.
7. A linear saturated crystalline polyester of an acid moiety and a moiety of a dihydric alcohol, at least 40 mole percent of the acid moiety being a terephthalic acid moiety, said polyester containing as moieties of the dihydric alcohol at least 40 mole percent 1,6-hexanediol and a second glycol selected from the group consisting of ethylene glycol, 1,4-butanediol, neopentyl glycol and 1,4-cyclohexanedimethanol, said polyester being further characterized as having a molecular weight of about 1000-2000, a melt viscosity of about 50-1000 cps at 160� C. and a hydroxyl number of about 50-125.
BACKGROUND ART Thermosetting polyesters have long been used in surface coatings. Hydroxyl and carboxyl groups are most frequently utilised to impart reactive functionality to these resins. In the area of powder coatings, hydroxyl-functional polyesters are usually cured using alkoxymelamine, anhydride or blocked isocyanate crosslinkers. Typical of the hydroxylated polyesters known for use in coating formulations are those derived from various combinations of terephthalic acid, neopentyl glycol, cyclohexanedimethanol, and polyols such as trimethylolpropane. Such polyesters are generally amorphous and have relatively high melt viscosities at fusion temperatures. These resins, at a typical fusion temperature of 160� C., have melt viscosities in excess of about 6500 cps, and often in excess of 10,000 cps.
The high melt viscosity tends to limit the flow of the molten coating and hence adversely affects the smoothness and gloss of the finished coating. Cure speed of these resins depends upon the type of crosslinking agent used, but none are recommended for use at cure schedules less than 160� C. for 35 minutes. Below these recommended temperatures, the coatings generally have a poor appearance and poor physical properties are obtained.
(b) The crystalline polyesters react more rapidly with the blocked isocyanate crosslinker than would be expected. This results in coating formulations which can cure at temperatures as low as 150� C. With suitable curing agents, even lower curing temperatures might be achieved.
According to this invention, there is provided a crystalline polyester which is especially useful in the production of thermosetting powder coating compositions, such as might be used as automobile coatings. The polyester may be described generally as a linear, saturated, crystalline polyester of acid moieties and dihydric alcohol moieties. The polyester is further characterized as having a number average molecular weight of about 700-3000, preferably about 1000-2000. Also, the polyesters have a melt viscosity of about 50-3000 cps at 160� C. The hydroxyl number is in the range of about 30-160, preferably about 50-125.
Although the thermosetting composition containing the polyester and curing agent has been found to cure without the use of a catalyst at temperatures as low as about 150� C., it is sometimes desirable to use a catalyst. Suitable catalysts are well known in the art and include acid catalysts such as p-toluenesulfonic acid for melamines and dibutyl tin dilaurate for isocyanates.
The components of the compositions according to this invention may be mixed by dry blending in a mixer or blender (e.g., a Waring Blender), followed by compounding in a Buss Ko-Kneader, Wearner and Pfleiderer or similar extrusion mixing machine at 90�-140� C. and 30-100 r.p.m., granulating, grinding and then screening to obtain a 150 mesh powder for coating. Also, the polyester pigment and stabilizer, if used, may be extruded at about 200� C., then mixed with the crosslinking agent, catalyst, and plasticizer (if used) in a Banbury mixer, a combination of a Banbury mixer and roll mill, a roll mill alone or an extruder at a temperature of between about 90� C. and 150� C. Alternately, all the components may be dissolved in a solvent such as methylene chloride (at about 20 weight percent solids) and spray dried at a chamber temperature of about 50� C. by well-known techniques.
Peel Adhesion Because powder coatings generally have superior adhesion properties to wet paints, the adhesion tape test commonly used for wet systems is often abandoned in favor of the more demanding peel adhesion test. In this test a scalpel is used to cut two intersecting lines, each about 2 cm. long, at about 60� to one another. The tip of the scalpel is used to try to lift the coating from the substrate. If the coating can be removed easily, the test result is rated as "fail". If the coating cannot be removed from the substrate, except by scraping, then a "pass" is recorded.
Caking Test 100 mls of powder are poured into a 27 mm diameter measuring cylinder which is then placed in a forced air oven at a constant temperature of 40� C. The powder is examined for loss of free-flowing properties after 24, 48, 72, 96 and 168 hours.
______________________________________Process Time(Hr.)          Temp. �C.                    Distillate (ml)______________________________________6               0-200    --approx. 2      200-225   820 (Theory = 840)Resin PropertiesMolecular Wt.  = 1,338Hydroxyl No.   = 88Acid No.       = <1Melt viscosity at 160� C.          = 215 cp.______________________________________
______________________________________Process Time (hr)         Temp. (�C.)                    Distillate (ml)______________________________________0              22        --1.25          140        1001.5           165        3102.0           195        6302.5           200        6703.5           200        6806.5           180        680 (Theory = 710)Resin PropertiesHydroxyl No.     = 81Acid No.  = <1Molecular Wt.     = 1200 (Theory = 1500)______________________________________
TABLE 1______________________________________                           Melt%                          Viscosity*                                   SofteningEx.  1,4-      Molecular Hydroxyl                           (cps at RangeNo.  Butanediol          Wt.       No.    160� C.)                                   �C.______________________________________3    0         1174      73     150     99-1444    0         2100      62     362     118-1565    25         820      82      65     81-1206    25        1338      88     215     88-1367    50         860      122     84     96-1548    50        1018      62     257     114-1609    75         894      100    760     92-19010   75        1342      INSOL  --      158-20011   0         1200      81     632     80-12012   0         2200      81     906     96-138______________________________________ *The polyester of Ex. 11 is modified with 4 mole % trimethylolpropane. Th polyester of Ex. 12 is modified with 12 mole % trimethylolpropane.
Direct comparison of the melt viscosities at 160� C. of selected crystalline resins relative to currently used commercial resins (R, S and T) of comparable molecular weight and hydroxyl number is made in Table 2. These results clearly show the very low melt viscosity of the crystalline resins relative to the conventional polymers.
TABLE 2______________________________________     Molecular   Hydroxyl Melt ViscosityResin     Wt.         No.      (cps at 160� C.)______________________________________From Ex. 4     2100        62          362From Ex. 12     2200        81          906R         2400        56       >10,000S         1850        59         6,700T         2700        62       >10,000______________________________________
TABLE 3______________________________________CRYSTALLINE HYDROXYLATED POLYESTERS INAUTO PRIMER SURFACER FORMULATIONS        Parts By WeightCOMPONENT      A      B      C    D    E    F______________________________________Resin S        80     --     --   --   --   --From Ex. 4     --     76.7   --   --   --   --From Ex. 6     --     --     69.6 --   --   --From Ex. 8     --     --     --   76.7 --   --From Ex. 11    --     --     --   --   71.4 --From Ex. 12    --     --     --   --   --   71.4Crosslinking Agent          20     23.3   30.1 23.3 28.6 28.6Filler         90     90     90   90   90   90Plasticizer    5      5      5    5    5    5Polymerized Debutanized          5      5      5    5    5    2.5Aromatic HydrocarbonResinFlow Modifier  1      1      1    1    1    1Volatiles ReleaseAgent          0.5    0.5    0.5  0.5  0.5  0.55:1 Resin H:Catalyst          --     --     --   --   --   3.0Titanium Dioxide          10     10     10   10   10   10Mix Temperature (�C.)          120    110    100  90   120  120______________________________________
All of the primer surfacer formulations readily cured at 163� C. for 45 minutes to give finishes having low orange peel. However, the formulations based on the crystalline resins gave physical properties superior to those obtained using the commercial resin. Furthermore, the crystalline polyester-based formulations maintained their high performance even on curing at 150� C. for 45 minutes. On the other hand, the control primers completely lost their physical properties on curing at this lower temperature. This clearly demonstrates the novel low temperature cure properties of the crystalline polyesters.
Two of the crystalline polyesters (Example 8 and Example 11) give high gloss coatings of excellent physical properties even on curing at 180� C. for 5 minutes. Under these cure conditions, the commercial resin gives low gloss finishes having poor physical properties.
__________________________________________________________________________Thick-               Orange                    Impact Resistance   ness  20�      Peel Pencil                Peel                    Front                         ReverseEx.   m   Gloss      Adhesion           Hardness                Rating                    (in. lbs.)                         (in lbs.)                              Flexibility__________________________________________________________________________13 21  36  Pass 3H   2  >160  140   7 mm Cracking14 34  40  Pass 3H   6-7                   80    60   11 mm Cracking15 49  40  Pass 2H   7  60    8    27 mm Cracking16 18  21  Pass 2H   5  >160  >160 No Cracking17 31  17  Pass HB   7  >160  >160 No Cracking18 39  17  Pass B    7  >160  >160 No Cracking19 64  17  Pass B    7  >160  >160 No Cracking20 18  40  Pass F    7.1                   >160  >160 No Cracking21 27  45  Pass HB   7.1                   >160  >160 No Cracking22 34  52  Pass B    7.1                   >160  160  No Cracking23 50  53  Pass B    7.5                   >160  >160 No Cracking24 70  51  Pass B    7.7                   >160  >160 No Cracking25 21  39  Pass H    7  >160  >160 No Cracking26 36  42  Pass HB   7.1                   >160  >160 No Cracking27 48  34  Pass HB   7.1                   >160  >160 No Cracking28 63  45  Pass HB   7.6                   >160  >160 No Cracking29 71  45  Pass HB   7.6                   >160  >160 No Cracking30 20  15  Pass 2H   4  >160  >160 No Cracking31 30  23  Pass HB   7  >160  >160 No Cracking32 49  30  Pass HB   7.3                   >160  >160 No Cracking33 68  27  Pass HB   7.5                   >160  >160 No Cracking34 23  5   Pass 2H   2  >160  >160 No Cracking35 39  6   Pass 2H   3  >160  >160  5 mm Cracking36 55  5   Pass 2H   4  >160  80   15 mm Cracking37 23      Pass 2H      40    838 72      Pass HB      8     <239 24  21  Pass F    5  >160  >160 No Cracking40 37  19  Pass B    7  >160  >160 No Cracking41 45  20  Pass B    7  >160  >160 No Cracking42 66  18  Pass B    7  >160  >160 No Cracking43 19  40  Pass F    7  >160  >160 No Cracking44 50  51  Pass B    7.7                   >160  >160 No Cracking45 66  53  Pass B    7.8                   >160  >160 No Cracking46 18  41  Pass H    5  >160  >160 No Cracking47 29  43  Pass F    6-7                   >160  >160 No Cracking48 38  41  Pass HB   7  >160  >160 No Cracking49 51  42  Pass HB   7.3                   >160  >160 No Cracking50 69  43  Pass B    7.3                   >160  >160 No Cracking51 17  48  Pass F    7  >160  >160 No Cracking52 38  45  Pass B    7.3                   >160  >160 No Cracking53 69  61  Pass 2B   7.6                   >160  >160 No Cracking54 29  16  Pass H    2-3                   >160  >160 No Cracking55 49  19  Pass F    4  >160  100  10 mm Cracking56 79  20  Pass HB   6  80    8    62 mm Cracking__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________Resin Used In        Cure Time (Min.)                 Thickness                       Impact (inch/lbs)Ex.   Formulation        At 163� C.                 (m)   Front                           Reverse                                Flexibility__________________________________________________________________________57 Commercial Resin        15       58    8   <2   Cracking All Along58 having molecular        30       53    32  2    Cracking All Along   wt. of 1800 and59 hydroxyl No. of 59        45       49    60  4    33 mm Cracking60 Polyester of tere-        15       51    16  <2   No Cracking   phthalic acid, 5061 mole % 1,6-hexane-        30       47    >160                           >160 No Cracking   diol and 50 mole %62 1,4-butanediol        45       51    >160                           >160 No Cracking__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________                     Melt                     Viscosity                          Softening           Hydroxyl  (cps. at                          Range �C.Ex.   Glycols      No.  Mol. Wt.                     160� C.)                          (D.S.C.)__________________________________________________________________________63 25 mole % ethylene   glycol       36   1,800                     685  64-14064 50 mole % ethylene   glycol       44   1,500                     927  80-14065 25 mole % neopentyl   glycol       63     960                     316  80-13066 50 mole % neopentyl   glycol       47   1,570                     2,319                          --67 22 mole % 1,4-cyclo-   hexanedimethanol           71     970                     474  92-15068 22 mole % cyclohexane-   dimethanol   41   1,800                     1,160                          100-16069 30 mole % cyclohexane-   dimethanol   61   1,260                     740  100-13470 43 mole % cyclohexane-   dimethanol   INSOL                1,160                     --   160-192__________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________                             Melt ViscosityEx.  Resin   Molecular Wt.                    Hydroxyl No.                             (cps at 160� C.)______________________________________71   X       2,400       56       <10,00072   Y       1,850       59         6,70073   Z       2,700       62       <10,000______________________________________
In the following examples, Formulations G, H and I are used in primer surface application. Fusion time is 45 minutes and the fusion temperature is 163� C. In Example 74-76, Formulation G is used; in Examples 77-80, Formulation H is used; and in Examples 81-83, Formulation I is used.
__________________________________________________________________________Thick-               Orange                    Impact Resistance   ness  20�      Peel Pencil                Peel                    Front                         ReverseEx.   m   Gloss      Adhesion           Hardness                Rating                    (in. lbs.)                         (in. lbs.)                              Flexibility__________________________________________________________________________74 27  30  Pass HB   6   >160 >160 No Cracking75 42  28  Pass HB   6-7 >160 >160 No Cracking76 64  24  Pass HB   7   >160 >160 No Cracking77 20  41  Pass F    4   >160 >160 No Cracking78 33  44  Pass HB   5   >160 >160 No Cracking79 54  44  Pass HB   6-7 >160 >160 No Cracking80 70  42  Pass HB   6-7 >160 >160 No Cracking81 26  54  Pass HB   6   >160 >160 No Cracking82 40  55  Pass HB   6-7 >160 >160 No Cracking83 66  55  Pass B    7.1 >160 >160 No Cracking__________________________________________________________________________
Examples 84-96, based on the formulations given in the following table, demonstrate the coating properties of powder top coats based on crystalline polyesters. Fusion time and temperature for Examples 84-88, 89-92 and Examples 93-96 are 20 minutes, 163� C.; 5 minutes, 180� C. and 10 minutes, 180� C., respectively.
__________________________________________________________________________                           ImpactThick-     Peel          Pencil    Appearance                           Resistance   ness  Gloss      Ad- Hard-              Acetone                    Orange Front                               ReverseEx.   um  20�      hesion          ness              Resistance                    Peel   in/lbs                               in/lbs                                    Flexibility                                            Formulation__________________________________________________________________________84 29  45  Pass          F   Slight                    6-7    >160                               >160 No Cracking                                            J              Break-Up85 64  55  Pass          HB  Slight                    7.4    >160                               100  17mm Cracking              Break-Up86 48  75  Pass          2B  Slight                    7.1    >160                               >160 No Cracking                                            K              Softening87 52  85  Pass          2B  Slight                    7.5    >160                               >160 No Cracking                                            L              Softening88 55  85  Pass          2B  Slight                    7.7    >160                               >160 No Cracking                                            M              Softening89 52  25  Pass          HB  Swelling                    7.4    40  2    40mm Cracking                                            J90 42  33  Pass          B   Slight                    7.3    20  <2   40mm Cracking                                            K              Softening91 41  74  Pass          B   Slight                    7      >160                               >160 No Cracking                                            L              Softening92 48  74  Pass          B   Slight                    7.7    >160                               >160 No Cracking                                            M              Softening93 48  26  Pass          HB  Slight                    7.4    >160                               >160 24mm Cracking                                            J              Softening94 61  46  Pass          B   Slight                    7.6    >160                               >160 No Cracking                                            K              Softening95 36  65  Pass          B   Slight                    7      >160                               >160 No Cracking                                            L              Softening96 36  69  Pass          B   Very Slight                    7.7    >160                               >160 No Cracking                                            M              Softening__________________________________________________________________________
When used in powder topcoat formulations, cured for 20 min. at 163� C., the crystalline polyesters, gave coatings having excellent physical properties, low orange peel and a significantly higher gloss than that obtained for the commercial resins. The same pattern is maintained on cure at 180� C./10 min. The high gloss finish characteristic of the crystalline resins is believed to be due to their outstanding flow properties, imparted to the coatings by virtue of the low melt viscosity of these polymers.
Patent CitationsCited PatentFiling datePublication dateApplicantTitleUS3185669 *Aug 31, 1959May 25, 1965Standard Oil CoTotal liquid phase esterificationUS3907733 *Jan 8, 1974Sep 23, 1975Eastman Kodak CoHot melt adhesive compositionsUS4094721 *Jul 15, 1975Jun 13, 1978Dynamit Nobel AktiengesellschaftTerephthalic acid, 1,4-butanediol, 1,6-hexanediolUS4197353 *Apr 14, 1978Apr 8, 1980Mobil Oil CorporationThermosetting powder coating polyesters* Cited by examinerNon-Patent CitationsReference1 *Chemical Abstracts, 90:40330x, 1979.* Cited by examinerReferenced byCiting PatentFiling datePublication dateApplicantTitleUS4520188 *Sep 13, 1984May 28, 1985Whittaker CorporationPolyester-forming composition for coil coatings, improved polyester resin and method of making sameUS4728719 *Jan 2, 1987Mar 1, 1988Eastman Kodak CompanyHigh tensile strengthUS4859760 *Dec 7, 1987Aug 22, 1989Eastman Kodak CompanyPolyurethane powder coating compositionsUS4973646 *Apr 9, 1990Nov 27, 1990Eastman Kodak CompanyPowder coating compositionsUS5264153 *Jul 10, 1992Nov 23, 1993Day-Glo Color Corp.Thermoplastic resin with dyesUS5373084 *Apr 21, 1994Dec 13, 1994Eastman Chemical CompanyThermosetting powder coating compositionsUS5543475 *Mar 18, 1992Aug 6, 1996North Dakota State UniversityCompounds with liquid crystalline properties and coating binders based thereonUS5543476 *Jun 5, 1995Aug 6, 1996North Dakota State UniversityCompounds with liquid crystalline properties and coating binders based thereonUS5639560 *Apr 22, 1996Jun 17, 1997U C B S.A.Powder composition of crystalline polyesters containing end methacrylyl groupsUS5677395 *Jun 5, 1995Oct 14, 1997North Dakota State UniversityCompounds with liquid crystalline properties and coating binders based thereonUS5700882 *Jun 5, 1995Dec 23, 1997North Dakota State UniversityCompounds with liquid crystalline properties and coating binders based thereonUS6184311May 19, 1995Feb 6, 2001Courtaulds Coatings (Holdings) LimitedCorrosion resistance and outdoor-durabilityUS6599993Oct 11, 2000Jul 29, 2003Basf CorporationA powder coating composition that includes at least about 9% by weight, based on total vehicle weight, of a branched carboxylic acid-functional polyester having a number average molecular weight of from about 425 to about 1050 and at leastUS6673874 *Jul 28, 2000Jan 6, 2004Imperial Chemical Industries PlcMixture of cleavable carbonyl polymer and polymer capable of reacting with carbonyl polymer to form polymer having crosslinkable groups, quenching and coolingUS7344769Jul 24, 2000Mar 18, 2008High Voltage Graphics, Inc.Flocked transfer and article of manufacture including the flocked transferUS7364782Dec 13, 2000Apr 29, 2008High Voltage Graphics, Inc.Flocked transfer and article of manufacture including the application of the transfer by thermoplastic polymer filmUS7381284Jun 4, 2003Jun 3, 2008High Voltage Graphics, Inc.Flocked transfer and article of manufacture including the application of the transfer by thermoplastic polymer filmUS7390552Sep 23, 2003Jun 24, 2008High Voltage Graphics, Inc.Flocked transfer and article of manufacturing including the flocked transferUS7393576Jan 14, 2005Jul 1, 2008High Voltage Graphics, Inc.Carrier coated with release adhesive bonded to parallel conductively coated, concentric multi-component fibers with a polyester outer surface; other fiber ends are bonded to permanent adhesive; heat resistance; loft retentionUS7402222Jun 4, 2003Jul 22, 2008High Voltage Graphics, Inc.Flocked transfer and article of manufacture including the flocked transferUS7410682Jul 3, 2003Aug 12, 2008High Voltage Graphics, Inc.Flocked stretchable design or transferUS7413581Jul 3, 2003Aug 19, 2008High Voltage Graphics, Inc.Process for printing and molding a flocked articleUS7459494May 5, 2003Dec 2, 2008The Procter & Gamble CompanyPhase change solvents for thermoplastic elastomersUS7465485Nov 30, 2004Dec 16, 2008High Voltage Graphics, Inc.Process for dimensionalizing flocked articles or wear, wash and abrasion resistant flocked articlesUS7468411Jan 30, 2004Dec 23, 2008The Procter & Gamble CompanyTo reduce viscosity of a thermoplastic at high temperatures; producing a glass transition temperature of greater than about 85 degrees C. for a polystyrene homopolymerUS7524984May 5, 2003Apr 28, 2009The Procter & Gamble CompanyTo reduce viscosity of a thermoplastic at high temperaturesUS7563838Sep 9, 2004Jul 21, 2009The Procter & Gamble CompanyPolymer and solvent blends; reduce sheer viscosity and low processing temperatures; improving the processability of polymerUS7632371Oct 22, 2007Dec 15, 2009High Voltage Graphics, Inc.Flocked transfer and article of manufacture including the application of the transfer by thermoplastic polymer filmUS7749589Sep 20, 2006Jul 6, 2010High Voltage Graphics, Inc.Flocked elastomeric articlesUS8168262Jun 14, 2010May 1, 2012High Voltage Graphics, Inc.Flocked elastomeric articlesUS20130034741 *Aug 4, 2011Feb 7, 2013Ppg Industries Ohio, Inc.Branched polyester polymers comprising isophthalic acid and coatings comprising the sameEP1647564A1 *Oct 1, 2005Apr 19, 2006Bayer MaterialScience LLCA flexible,weather resistant powder coating composition based on phthalic acid units containing polyestersWO1999029785A2 *Nov 30, 1998Jun 17, 1999Blatter KarstenCoating powder compositions suited for weather resistant coatingsWO2002042385A2 *Aug 17, 2001May 30, 2002Basf CorpLow gloss, textured powder coating* Cited by examinerClassifications U.S. Classification528/296, 528/307, 528/308.6, 528/305International ClassificationC09D167/00, C08G18/42, C08G63/181, C09D5/46, C08G63/20Cooperative ClassificationC08G63/20, C08G2150/20, C08G18/4211, C09D167/00, C08G63/181European ClassificationC08G18/42B2D, C09D167/00, C08G63/20, C08G63/181Legal EventsDateCodeEventDescriptionOct 31, 1994FPAYFee paymentYear of fee payment: 12Aug 30, 1994ASAssignmentOwner name: EASTMAN CHEMICAL COMPANY, TENNESSEEFree format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:EASTMAN KODAK COMPANY;REEL/FRAME:007115/0776Effective date: 19940223Oct 23, 1990FPAYFee paymentYear of fee payment: 8Oct 22, 1986FPAYFee paymentYear of fee payment: 4Feb 8, 1983ASAssignmentOwner name: EASTMAN KODAK COMPANY; ROCHESTER, NY. A CORP OF NFree format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNORS:PASSMORE, DAVID T.;WOOTEN, WILLIS C.;MC BRIDE, PAUL;REEL/FRAME:004093/0803;SIGNING DATES FROM 19810602 TO 19810626RotateOriginal ImageGoogle Home - Sitemap - USPTO Bulk Downloads - Privacy Policy - Terms of Service - About Google Patents - Send FeedbackData provided by IFI CLAIMS Patent Services©2012 Google


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text:
Patent US7746844 - Method and apparatus for analysis of VoIP network performance - Google Patents
A method, apparatus and computer product for modeling and analyzing performance of a Voice-over-IP (VoIP) configuration, composed of a plurality of components, is disclosed. The method comprises the step of representing selected ones of the plurality of components and relationships among the selected...http://www.google.com/patents/US7746844?utm_source=gb-gplus-sharePatent US7746844 - Method and apparatus for analysis of VoIP network performance
Publication number US7746844 B1
Application number US 11/823,930
Publication number 11823930, 823930, US 7746844 B1, US 7746844B1, US-B1-7746844, US7746844 B1, US7746844B1
Inventors Sudhir Vijendra, Patricia Florissi
Patent Citations (7), Non-Patent Citations (1), Referenced by (2), Classifications (25), Legal Events (4)
Method and apparatus for analysis of VoIP network performance
US 7746844 B1
A method, apparatus and computer product for modeling and analyzing performance of a Voice-over-IP (VoIP) configuration, composed of a plurality of components, is disclosed. The method comprises the step of representing selected ones of the plurality of components and relationships among the selected components, wherein said component representations are selected from the group of configuration non-specific representations consisting of: VoIP-DHCP Service, VoIP-CallOperation Service, VoIP_Signaling Service, VoIP_MediaGateway Service and VoIP_SIP Service, and wherein the representations of relationships are selected from the group of configuration non-specification representations consisting of: Hostedby/HostsServices and Integrates/IntegratedIn, providing a mapping between a plurality of first events and a plurality of second events occurring in the selected components, the mapping representing the relationships along which the first events propagate among the selected components, and determining at least one first event based on at least one of the plurality of second events by determining a measure between each of a plurality of relationship values associated with the plurality of first events and the plurality of second events.
1. A method for modeling and analyzing performance of a Voice-over-Internet Protocol (VoIP) configuration, composed of a plurality of components, said method comprising the steps of:
one or more computers generating a model representing selected ones of the plurality of components and relationships among the selected components, wherein said component representations are selected from the group of configuration non-specific representations consisting of: VoIP-DHCP Service, VoIP-CallOperation Service, VoIP_Signaling Service, VoIP_MediaGateway Service and VoIP_SIP Service, and wherein the representations of relationships are selected from the group of configuration non-specific representations consisting of: HostedBy/HostsServices and Integrates/IntegratedIn;
the one or more computers generating a mapping between a plurality of first events and a plurality of second events occurring in the selected components, said mapping representing the relationships along which the first events propagate among the selected components, and
the one or more computers determining at least one first event based on at least one of the plurality of second events by determining a measure between each of a plurality of relationship values associated with the plurality of first events and the plurality of second events.
representing selected ones of the plurality of components, and associated relationships, associated with each of a plurality of domains, wherein at least one of the plurality of components is associated with at least two of the domains;
determining at least one first event based on at least one of the plurality of second events by determining a mismatch measure between each of a plurality of relationship values associated with the plurality of first events and the plurality of second events in each domain; and
3. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein the first and second events are selected from the group consisting of: causing events, observable events, problems, symptoms.
4. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein the values are selected from the group consisting of: deterministic and probabilistic.
5. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein said measure is a Hamming distance.
6. An apparatus for analyzing a Voice-over Internet Protocol (VoIP) configuration containing a plurality of components, the apparatus comprising:
representing, in a model on one or more computers, selected ones of the plurality of components and relationships among the selected components, wherein said component representations are selected from the group of configuration non-specific representations consisting of: VoIP-DHCP Service, VoIP-CallOperation Service, VoIP_Signaling Service, VoIP_MediaGateway Service and VoIP_SIP Service, and wherein the representations of relationships are selected from the group of configuration non-specification representations consisting of: Hostedby/HostsServices and Integrates/IntegratedIn;
providing a mapping between a plurality of first events and a plurality of second events occurring in the selected components, said mapping representing the relationships along which the first events propagate among the selected components, and
determining at least one first event based on at least one of the plurality of second events by determining a measure between each of a plurality of relationship values associated with the plurality of first events and the plurality of second events.
7. The apparatus as recited in claim 6, wherein the processor further executing code for executing the step of:
determining at least first event based on at least one of the plurality of second events by determining a measure between each of a plurality of relationship values associated with the plurality of first events and the plurality of second events in each domain; and
8. The apparatus as recited in claim 6, wherein the first and second events are selected from the group consisting of: causing events, observable events, problems and symptoms.
10. The apparatus as recited in claim 6, wherein the values are selected from the group consisting of: deterministic and probabilistic.
11. The apparatus as recited in claim 6, wherein said measure is a Hamming distance.
12. A computer program product for analyzing a Voice-over Internet Protocol (VoIP) configuration containing a plurality of components, by providing instruction to a processor enabling the processor to execute the steps of:
13. The computer program product as recited in claim 12, further providing instruction for enabling the processor to execute the steps of:
14. The computer program product as recited in claim 12, wherein the first and second events are selected from the group consisting of: causing events, observable events, problems and symptoms.
15. The computer program product as recited in claim 12, wherein the values are selected from the group consisting of: deterministic and probabilistic.
16. The computer program product as recited in claim 12, wherein said measure is a Hamming distance.
17. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein the causing events are associated with performance issues selected from the group consisting of: jitter, Mean Opinion Score (MoS), delay and packet loss.
18. The apparatus as recited in claim 6, wherein the causing events are associated with performance issues selected from the group consisting of: jitter, Mean Opinion Score (MoS), delay and packet loss.
19. The computer-program product as recited in claim 12, wherein causing events are associated with performance issues selected from the group consisting of: jitter, Mean Opinion Score (MoS), delay and packet loss.
This application is related to the patent application entitled “Method and Apparatus for Representing, Managing and Problem Reporting in VoIP Networks,” filed in the US Patent and Trademark Office on Jul. 3, 2006, and assigned Ser. No. 11/325,109, and to patent application entitled “Method and Apparatus for Management and Analysis of Services in VoIP Networks,” filed in the US Patent and Trademark Office on Jun. 29, 2007, and assigned Ser. No. 11/824,238, the contents of both of which are incorporated by reference herein.
The present invention relates generally to Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) networks and more particularly, to methods and apparatus for analyzing VoIP network performance.
FIG. 1 illustrates a VoIP configuration or network 100 wherein conventional packet-switched network 110, e.g., the Internet, provides service link between telephone 140.1 and 140.2. In this illustrated example, a user, at telephone 140.1 enters the telephone number of telephone 140.2 and the information is provided through router 135.1 to gateway 120.1. Gateway 120.1 provides signals, through router 130 to gateway 120.2 to establish the connection, i.e., pathways within network 110. After the connection is established, telephone 140.1 communicates with telephone 140.2 through the established transport connection 138.
The above referred-to patent application Ser. No. 11/325,109 discloses a method for managing aspects of a VoIP network by modeling components within the VoIP network and determining a physical status of the network by analyzing detected or observed events and correlating these events with most-likely causes of the detected or observed events. Such an analysis is referred-to as a root-cause analysis and, more specifically, an availability root cause analysis. VoIP availability root-cause analysis and other similar analysis are presented in detail in the referred-to patent application and need not be discussed in detail herein.
However, while an availability analysis will determine whether a component, device or element within the VoIP network is not performing correctly, and, thus, impacting overall performance, conditions within the VoIP network may arise wherein the network elements are performing within their desired operational ranges but some degradation in the performance may be experienced because of other conditions occurring within the network.
Hence, there is a need in the industry for a method and system for representing, analyzing and determining root cause of errors in the performance of the VoIP network and the impact of such errors.
FIG. 1 illustrates a conventional VoIP network;
FIG. 2A illustrates an applicable portion of a known VoIP model;
FIG. 2B illustrates an extension of the VoIP model shown in FIG. 2A in accordance with the principles of the present invention;
FIG. 3 illustrates a causality graph relating causing events and observed events associated with the VoIP model shown in FIG. 2B;
FIG. 4 illustrates a causality matrix relating causing events and observed events associated with the VoIP model shown in FIG. 2B;
FIG. 5 illustrates a block diagram of an integration of a VoIP performance manager into a system for performing analysis of a VoIP network; and
FIG. 2A illustrates an exemplary embodiment of a VoIP software-based model and FIG. 2B illustrates an extension of the model shown in FIG. 2A in accordance with the principles of the present invention. Referring to FIG. 2A, the model 200 shown is an extension of known network models, such as the EMC Smarts Common Information Model (ICIM), or similarly defined or pre-existing CIM-based model and adapted, herein, for the VoIP network. EMC and SMARTS are trademarks of EMC Corporation, Inc., having a principle place of business in Hopkinton, Ma, USA. The EMC model is an extension of the well-known DMTF/SMI model. A discussion of the EMC model's application to VoIP networks is presented at least in the commonly-owned U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/263,689, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,107,185, issued on Nov. 1, 2005 to Yemini, Y., et al., and its application to VoIP networks is discussed in the aforementioned related U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/325,109, the contents of both of which are incorporated by reference herein.
Referring to FIG. 2A, an exemplary abstract model 200 of the VoIP infrastructure section of network 100 (FIG. 1) is shown. The existing ICIM model 210 includes at least the elements SoftwareServices 212, SoftwareReducdnacyGroup 214, N-TierApplicationService 216, which represent elements of a network system. For example, the object SoftwareServices represents the attributes and properties associated with a collection of services that represent operations such as call processing, music-on-hold, etc. In addition to the known objects, model 210 includes at least the objects VoIPSoftwareService 230, VoIPSoftwareServiceRedundancyGroup 236, and VoIPApplicationService 240. The element VoIPSoftwareService 230 represents attributes and properties associated with a collection of services that comprise a VoIP application subsystem. VoIPSoftwareServiceRedundancyGroup 236 represents a collection of services that provide resilient VoIP services to some set of IP telephones or other VoIP signaling entities. VoIPSoftwareService 230, VoIPServiceRedundancyGroup 236, and VoIPApplicationService 240, objects represent configuration, i.e., network, non-specific representations of the attributes and parameters of the associated hardware and further inherits the attributes and parameters of associated class and subclass. Similarly, the exemplary model shown is not related to any specific configuration and the illustrated relationships between the objects are not associated with any specification VoIP configuration.
Objects associated with VoIPNetworkServices 232 and VoipVoiceService 234, include the attributes or properties associated with the network aspects of the VoIP service and the voice aspects of the VoIP service, respectively. For example, managing the physical gateway is associated with a network service, as shown in block 270, and voice mail service is associated with the voice service, as shown in block 280. Devices providing either voice services or acting as client endpoints in the VoIP system are considered VoIPVoiceServices, whereas elements involved in the transmission and/or routing of voice data traffic are considered VoIPNetworkServices. For example, object H323Devices H.323 Devices represents codecs and tools for conducting multimedia conference calls and object CTIDevices represents Computer Telephony Integration services, such as conducting phone calls in coordination with another application (e.g.: integrated whiteboard and audio conversations).
Model 210 also includes object VoIPSystem or UnitarycomputerSyattributes and properties associated with a system or host running on one or more applications that support VoIP. The ICIM model 210 includes element or object VoIPSystem or Unitary Computer System 218, which presents attributes and properties of the physical elements, i.e., processors, and processing systems, of the network. For example, host object 218.1 represents a processing system that upon which aspects of the VoIP service or application reside. Such processing systems may be based on, for example, Pentium processors. Pentium is a registered Trademark of Intel Corporation.
To accommodate VoIP service performance attributes, the VoIP_NetworkServices object 232 is extended to include the new object VoIP_PerformanceService 290 object (see FIG. 5B). The VoIP_PerformanceService object 290 represents attributes and properties associated with a collection of performance parameters or characteristics of a VoIP application subsystem.
In this illustrated example, specific network performance services may be represented by the VoIP-DHCP Service object 292, VoIP-CallOperation Service object 294, VoIP_Signaling Service object 296 and the VoIP_MediaGateway Service object 298. The VoIP_Signaling Service object 260 may further include a VoIP_SIP Service object 298.1. The VoIP_Signaling Service object describes properties and attributes associated with the VoIP signaling function. The VoIP-CallOperation Service object 294 describes properties and attributes associated with the VoIP call. The VoIP_MediaGateway Service object 298 describes the properties and attributes of the gateway servicing the VoIP connections. Gateways typically provide a path between VoIP networks and older POTS (Poor Old Telephone System) or TDM telephone networks. The VoIP_SIP Service object 298.1 defines the properties and attributes of SIP device handling SIP protocol requests.
FIG. 3 illustrates an exemplary causality graph or map associated with the VoIP service model shown in FIG. 2. In this illustrative example, when a host is determined to be in a Down condition (e.g., non-operational), then the VoIP_Network Service is effected by is effectively also operationally down or not-available. Similarly, when a VoIP_Network Service is determined to be operating in a sub- or non-optimal manner, the non-optimal performance may be caused by the detection or determination of a large time jitter among a plurality of data packets carrying the VoIP data, or by the loss of an excessive number of packets, or an excessive MOS score or a determined excessive packet delay (transmission or received). Determination of an excessive time jitter, number of lost packets, Mean Opinion Score (MOS) score or delay, may be determined by a processor maintaining a count of the appropriate condition per unit time and comparing the determined values with corresponding threshold values. For example, a processor may determine a difference in time of arrival of packets and maintain a count of those differences greater than a first known threshold. At the conclusion of a unit time period the count of the differences greater than a first known threshold are compared to a threshold associated with, in this case, time jitter, and determine whether excessive time jitter exists. An indication of non-optimal performance may then be indicated.
FIG. 4 illustrates an exemplary causality matrix associated with the model shown in FIG. 2 and causality graph or map shown in FIG. 3 for determining a root-cause of an observed event or symptom. In this form, the mapping illustrates the relationship along which observed events propagate from causing events, wherein the relationship value (i.e, “1”), indicates that a symptom is caused or generated by the associated event. Although the relationship value is shown as deterministic (i.e., 100 percent probability of occurring), it should be recognized that the value may also represent a probability of an event causing a symptom to occur. Hence, the value may also be probabilistic.
In this exemplary matrix when a indication of “down” is observed, the cause of such a indication may be associated with the host being non-operational or one of the performance criteria is so excessive that the service is not performing at all. Similarly, if an indication of non-optimal performance is observed, the root-cause may be that at least one of the performance parameters has exceeded its associated threshold value. Information regarding different performance parameters may be determined and provided by well-known methods as previously described.
In some aspects of the network processing, although a failure may occur, symptom(s) may, or may not, be generated to indicate that a component is experiencing failures. The root-cause correlation described herein is powerful enough to be able to deal with scenarios in which symptoms are generated to indicate the cause of the failure. An analysis, e.g., a root cause analysis, of the VoIP network, similar to that described in the aforementioned related US patent application may be used to determine from the exemplary causality or behavior model(s) shown, herein. Root Cause analysis by the determination of a measure of the elements of the causality matrix shown in FIG. 4 may be used to determine the most likely root cause of the one or more of the observed symptoms. Such root cause analysis is described in detail in commonly-owned U.S. Pat. No. 7,107,185, issued on Nov. 1, 2005 to Yemini, Y., et al., the contents of which are incorporated by reference herein. In one aspect, a most likely causing event may be determined by determining a minimum Hamming distance between a plurality of observed events and the causing events.
As presented herein, the VoIP system resides on or “hosted by” existing network components that may generate alarm indications, associated with errors, independent of corresponding alarm indications that may be generated by the VoIP system. For example, when a port fails on a host, the host may generate a failure report, i.e., an event, trigger, alarms, etc., while the VoIP system may generate a port failure report and the VoIP performance may be degraded. The network failure reporting may further be performed by a second failure system. Thus, performance behavior of a network composed of IP and over-layed VoIP components may be analyzed by formulating behavior models for selected ones of the components,—i.e., managed components—in each of the IP, and VoIP system networks and the VoIP performance domain. An analysis of the each of the networks (referred to as domains) may be separately performed and the results of each analysis may then be correlated through a behavior model which combines the characteristics of each of the domains. Such cross-correlation of the information from the individual networks or domains further refines the analysis provided to a user by removing one or more redundant alarms and providing only the most-likely cause of the alarm indications (i.e., observed events).
FIG. 5 represents a block diagram 500 illustrating the integration of the processing of the instant application with similar processing to determine the source or root cause of observed events or symptoms. In this illustrated example, each of a managers associated with the elements of an IP network 510, a VoIP availability manager, 520, and a VoIP performance manager reference an associated causality matrix which determine most-likely causing events (problems) from a plurality of observed events. The selected most-likely causing events from each of the mangers 510, 520, and 530 are provided to a correlator 540 which analyzes the received causing event to determine at least one most-likely causing event. The correlator may include information regarding the relationship of components within each of the domains. For example, a host or application may be considered a managed component in each of two domains and the knowledge of this component being an intersection point between two domains may be used to resolve ambiguity in the causing event associated with observed events in each of two domains.
Although not shown it would be recognized that the behavior model described herein may further provide sufficient information to perform an impact analysis, i.e., the affect of a degradation, on the VoIP performance domain. In this case, it may be determined what symptoms may be expected when a problem is introduced or simulated. Impact analysis using the behavior models described herein is more fully described in the aforementioned US patents and patent application and need not be discussed in detail herein. In another aspect, the impact of failures may be projected to determine the impact of a degradation on a higher level function.
The examples provided herein are described with regard to root-cause analysis and impact analysis, it would be recognized that the method described herein may be used to perform a system analysis may include: fault detection, fault monitoring, performance, congestion, connectivity, interface failure, node failure, link failure, routing protocol error, and/or routing control errors.
FIG. 6 illustrates an exemplary embodiment of a system 600 that may be used for implementing the principles of the present invention. System 600 may contain one or more input/output devices 602, processors 603 and memories 604. I/O devices 602 may access or receive information from one or more devices 601, which represent sources of information. Sources or devices 601 may be devices such as routers, servers, computers, notebook computer, PDAs, cells phones or other devices suitable for transmitting and receiving information responsive to the processes shown herein. Devices 601 may have access over one or more network connections 650 via, for example, a wireless wide area network, a wireless metropolitan area network, a wireless local area network, a terrestrial broadcast system (Radio, TV), a satellite network, a cell phone or a wireless telephone network, or similar wired networks, such as POTS, INTERNET, LAN, WAN and/or private networks, e.g., INTRANET, as well as portions or combinations of these and other types of networks.
Input/output devices 602, processors 603, e.g. Pentium processors, and memories 604 may communicate over a communication medium 625. Communication medium 625 may represent, for example, a bus, a communication network, one or more internal connections of a circuit, circuit card or other apparatus, as well as portions and combinations of these and other communication media. Input data from the sources or client devices 601 is processed in accordance with one or more programs that may be stored in memories 604 and executed by processors 603. Memories 604 may be any magnetic, optical or semiconductor medium that is loadable and retains information either permanently, e.g. PROM, or non-permanently, e.g., RAM. Processors 603 may be any means, such as general purpose (e.g., Intel Corporation Pentium processor) or special purpose computing system, such as a laptop computer, desktop computer, a server, handheld computer, or may be a hardware configuration, such as dedicated logic circuit, or integrated circuit. Processors 603 may also be Programmable Array Logic (PAL), or Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC), etc., which may be “programmed” to include software instructions or code that provides a known output in response to known inputs. In one aspect, hardware circuitry may be used in place of, or in combination with, software instructions to implement the invention. The elements illustrated herein may also be implemented as discrete hardware elements that are operable to perform the operations shown using coded logical operations or by executing hardware executable code.
In one aspect, the processes shown herein may be represented by computer readable code stored on a computer readable medium. The code may also be stored in the memory 604. The code may be read or downloaded from a memory medium 683, an I/O device 685 or magnetic or optical media, such as a floppy disk, a CD-ROM or a DVD, 687 and then stored in memory 604. Similarly the code may be downloaded over one or more networks, e.g., 650, 680, or not shown via I/O device 685, for example, for execution by processor 603 or stored in memory 604 and then accessed by processor 603. As would be appreciated, the code may be processor-dependent or processor-independent. JAVA is an example of processor-independent code. JAVA is a trademark of the Sun Microsystems, Inc., Santa Clara, Calif. USA.
Information from device 01 received by I/O device 602, after processing in accordance with one or more software programs operable to perform the functions illustrated herein, may also be transmitted over network 80 to one or more output devices represented as display 692, reporting device 690 or second processing system 695.
US20050192965 * Feb 9, 2005 Sep 1, 2005 Ferreira Nelson S. Method and apparatus for discovering network based distributed applications
1 U.S. Appl. No. 11/325,109, W. Stuart Mackie.
US8976783 * Dec 19, 2007 Mar 10, 2015 At&T Intellectual Property I, L.P. Method and apparatus for assuring voice over internet protocol service
US20090161657 * Dec 19, 2007 Jun 25, 2009 Li-Jin Chung Method and apparatus for assuring voice over internet protocol service
U.S. Classification 370/351, 379/219, 702/183
International Classification H04L12/28, H04M7/00, G06F11/30, G21C17/00
Cooperative Classification H04L41/145, H04L43/0829, H04L43/0852, H04L41/142, H04L41/0631, H04L41/5035, H04L41/5087, H04L65/1053, H04L41/5009, H04L65/103
European Classification H04L29/06M2N6, H04L29/06M2N2M4, H04L41/14B, H04L41/50A2, H04L41/50M2, H04L41/50E, H04L41/06B, H04L12/24D2
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:VIJENDRA, SUDHIR;FLORISSI, PATRICIA;REEL/FRAME:019918/0476

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We did not use the pools, but many people were... - Review of Zoders Inn & Suites - TripAdvisor
We did not use the pools, but many people were... - Review of Zoders Inn & Suites
“25yrs with the same man the father of my sons...”
“There is covered parking for these specific rooms...”
“The room appeared to be as advertised”
“Our room was lovely and overlooked the creek”
“Rooms were clean, and the grounds were peaceful”
“Carefull here”
“Close to everything without being in all the...”
“There is also an outdoor pool but we didn't use it”
“Close to traffic light 3 right on main street”
See the most recent reviews Tonkel
My family stayed at Zoders for two nights in Late July 2013. We had two adults and two children sharing a room with two double beds (I would never do that again, although I knew they were doubles when we booked). We stayed in a first floor room with a balcony over the stream. We really enjoyed the balcony, but some might find the noise of the rushing water to be too loud when outside. The hotel was dated, but kept nicely. The room appeared clean, but we did find a spoon under the bed while looking for a lost item. We did not use the pools, but many people were using them while we were there, and they appeared to be well kept. We also did not participate in the free wine/cheese or cookies/milk that are offered nightly, but appreciated the offer. The best quality of this hotel is the location. A short walk to the parkway attractions and NO driving down the Parkway through Gatlinburg for 20 minutes to get to the other side. It was so nice when returning to Gatlinburg on Saturday afternoon to not have to wait for all of the traffic. If I return to Gatlinburg, I would definitely stay there again.
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English first French first German first Japanese first Spanish first Any Aurelia M
The front desk staff at Zoders is great! I don't think I've ever been greeted as nicely as I was upon arriving at this hotel. It is pleasantly situated in Gatlinburg and one can easily walk to all the attractions. I did not attend the nightly wine and cheese nor the cookies and milk but I could see from the indoor pool area that these were very popular events. We didn't use the restaurant at all. We only stayed for 2 nights - it was just a quick getaway in preparation for a busy month - but we scoped out the property and decided on the type of room we would like to stay in the next time (sans the child). The front desk staff was gracious enough to let us look at a room that we were curious about. Our room was very clean and we enjoyed the balcony. There are a lot of cobwebs and spider webs on the balcony and if you clean them off, they will be back the next day. Can't fight mother nature.
Room Tip: The townhomes are not on the river. The rooms in the 340's are great but you have to climb some...
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This review is the subjective opinion of a TripAdvisor member and not of TripAdvisor LLC. Nornironal
35 helpful votes “Big Regret”
Stayed here 3 nights in June 2013. The worst of 10 hotels we used during our recent road trip (other 9 hotels were brilliant.) Room was dated, washbasin outside bathroom, old fashioned "key" safe (other hotels had electronic safes) & had to pay to rent the key. But worst: our 20 year old daughter's little "beanie" horse (that she had since "forever" (with her baby bracelet around its neck & which she has taken with her all round the world) disappeared from our room. Michael (the Manager) was not bothered despite our obvious distress re losing this little keepsake. We had several dealings with Michael re this - he suggested that it had accidentally been gathered up when the beds were changed, but assured us all the linen had been searched. We even personally contacted the laundry company twice (& even after returning to Ireland) but sadly it never turned up. WORRYINGLY: Michael told us he'd had to dismiss several staff over previous 18months in relation to guests "losing" items from their rooms... We love holidaying in the USA! but this hotel spoiled this otherwise fantastic trip.
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This review is the subjective opinion of a TripAdvisor member and not of TripAdvisor LLC. BamaGirl36567
2 helpful votes “Exciting first night!”
We stayed two nights-- September 10 & 11, 2013. After arriving pretty late the first night, we were unpacking our van, when my husband spotted a BIG bear strolling down the drive!! He (she?) walked right by us (within just a few feet!)!!! What an exciting beginning to our trip!! Apparently, the bear had been making the rounds of the property nightly for a few nights, and has been spotted quite often. ----As for the inn, the room was nice and clean, but the bed was a little worn in our first room. The second night we moved to a ground level room and it was much nicer--- bathroom was a little larger and bed was much more comfortable.. Zoder's is a great place to stay--away from all the hustle and bustle, but close enough to get there if that's what you enjoy! Plus, you might get to spot a bear! :-)
Room Tip: We preferred the ground level room-- right on the river!
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This review is the subjective opinion of a TripAdvisor member and not of TripAdvisor LLC. kraylaf
Was kind of skeptical about this hotel but after arriving found it to be very pleasant and quiet..I had asked for a room with no stair climbing and they did just that. It was shady and quiet. It has 2 pools and a hot tub. The breakfast was sparse but the coffee was good. Also, very clean room. Will be back for sure..
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This review is the subjective opinion of a TripAdvisor member and not of TripAdvisor LLC. nannybug17
We had to be in Gatlinburg over Labor Day week-end for a wedding. Not an appealing thought, until we checked into room 144 in this fine establishment. Loved almost every minute of our stay. Our room was ground floor with a balcony overlooking the mountain stream. We felt isolated from all of the hustle and bustle of the strip not far away. Yes, it's a simple breakfast. Yes, it's an older but well-maintained place. Yes, there was an odor (the odor from the mixture spread on the carpet when vacuuming?); it went away. Yes, they served wine (we each had two glasses) with cheese and a party mix . Yes, they served milk and cookies. We never moved the car...and only left to get lunch and supper! Loved the wonderful, personal service. The staff--from front desk, to cleaning personnel, to breakfast & snack servers--welcomed us. We will stay here when/if we're back in Gatlinburg. The only reason the overall rating was 4 was that the internet would not work in the room, but service was available in the office and in the vending/guest office room.
Room Tip: Ask for a room with a balcony over the stream. Don't miss the afternoon wine. Take advantage o...
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This review is the subjective opinion of a TripAdvisor member and not of TripAdvisor LLC. KM-RI
14 helpful votes “Walkable downtown location next to trolley stop, squishy beds”
Older hotel that could use updating but is well maintained. Room was tidy with very soft bed. Request a room that overlooks the river. The bathroom is tight. The sink was located outside the bathroom which was convenient when getting ready in the morning. Our room also had a small refrigerator and small bar sink. Hotel has an outdoor and indoor pool, gym and indoor racket ball court - all clean and well maintained. The indoor pool has stacks of towels which you can use for the outdoor pool as well. Continental breakfast is served in the morning along with biscuits and gravy, hard boiled eggs, cereals, small yogurts, whole fruit, coffee, juice and various toasts. Tip: Request a room that overlooks the river. Specify if you want a non-smoking room. AAA discount offered. Tip: Trolley rides are 50 cents per person per ride. Go to the aquarium or visitor center to get an unlimited all day trolley pass for $2 per person.
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