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Patent US7016356 - Method and system to assign transmission bandwidth in both radio and PON ATM ... - Google PatentsSearch Images Maps Play YouTube News Gmail Drive More »Sign inPatentsA method and a system are described to assign bandwidth in a point-to-multipoint ATM transmission system, comprising a centralized unit or Master Station (MS) and a plurality peripheral stations (PSs), in particular to assign transmission bandwidth on the channel from PSs to MS, by assigning transmission...http://www.google.com/patents/US7016356?utm_source=gb-gplus-sharePatent US7016356 - Method and system to assign transmission bandwidth in both radio and PON ATM P-MP systemsAdvanced Patent SearchPublication numberUS7016356 B1Publication typeGrantApplication numberUS 09/586,564Publication dateMar 21, 2006Filing dateJun 2, 2000Priority dateJun 2, 2000Fee statusLapsedPublication number09586564, 586564, US 7016356 B1, US 7016356B1, US-B1-7016356, US7016356 B1, US7016356B1InventorsAlberto Profumo, Claudio Santacesaria, Paolo Baldo, Luigi LovinoOriginal AssigneeItaltel Spa, Siemens Information And Communication Networks S.P.A.Export CitationBiBTeX, EndNote, RefManPatent Citations (9), Non-Patent Citations (3), Referenced by (6), Classifications (5), Legal Events (6) External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, EspacenetMethod and system to assign transmission bandwidth in both radio and PON ATM P-MP systems
US 7016356 B1Abstract
A method and a system are described to assign bandwidth in a point-to-multipoint ATM transmission system, comprising a centralized unit or Master Station (MS) and a plurality peripheral stations (PSs), in particular to assign transmission bandwidth on the channel from PSs to MS, by assigning transmission abilitations in defined time slots sending messages called Grants on the channel from MS to PSs. The system assigns bandwidth in the system using three different bandwidth allocation modalities, a static modality, and two separate dynamic modalities.
1. A method for assigning bandwidth in a point-to-multipoint communications system comprising a master station and a plurality of receiving stations, comprising:
allocating a first amount of bandwidth at setup to a first plurality of the receiving stations via the master station in accordance with a static modality;
receiving at the master station requests for bandwidth from a second plurality of the receiving stations;
in response to a request for bandwidth from each of the requesting second plurality of receiving stations, assigning to every one of the requesting second plurality of receiving stations the requested bandwidth up to a predetermined guaranteed minimum bandwidth; and
sharing a remaining bandwidth not assigned in accordance with the static modality and not assigned in response to a request for bandwidth among the requesting second plurality of receiving stations.
2. The system of claim 1 wherein said step of sharing a remaining bandwidth comprises the step of assigning all of a remaining bandwidth to the requesting second plurality of receiving stations.
3. The system of claim 1 wherein said step of sharing a remaining bandwidth comprises the step of sharing a remaining bandwidth among a subset of the requesting second plurality of receiving stations requesting bandwidth greater than the guaranteed minimum bandwidth.
4. A system for assigning bandwidth in a point-to-multipoint communications system including a master station and a plurality of receiving stations, comprising:
5. The system of claim 4 wherein said step of sharing a remaining bandwidth comprises the step of assigning all of a remaining bandwidth to the requesting second plurality of receiving stations.
6. The system of claim 4 wherein said step of sharing a remaining bandwidth comprises the step of sharing a remaining bandwidth among a subset of the requesting second plurality of receiving stations requesting bandwidth greater than the guaranteed minimum bandwidth.
The invention relates to the definition and the exploitation path of a Medium Access Control (MAC) protocol to be applied in wideband point-to-multipoint transmission systems, that rely on optical physical layer (Passive Optical Network) or radio physical layer and operate according to the time division multiple access schema and ATM transport format.
Among access techniques in telecommunication networks, point-to-multipoint on radio or physical channel are having a great market success due to their indubitable advantages in terms of flexibility and costs compared to point to point solutions.
As well known by skilled in the art, this kind of systems is characterised by the presence of a Master Station (MS) and a certain number of Peripheral Stations (PS): downstream channel (from MS to PS) is broadcast while upstream channel (from PS to MS) is used with time division multiple access (TDMA) under MS control.
To properly realise transmission from many PS to the single MS on a single channel, a point-to-multipoint system needs a solution to allow effective sharing of the single communication channel and to avoid that each PS transmission could interfere with others'.
The solution for physical mean sharing is generally based on time division multiple access, that is the single communication channel used for transmission from PSs to MS is divided into time slots defined on the basis of timing diffused on the broadcast downstream channel.
Each time slot is reserved to transmission from a single PS that is activated in that particular slot by a message, called ‘grant’, sent by the MS on the downstream channel.
MAC functionality, located in the MS, is in charge of generating these ‘grant’ messages in order to satisfy bandwidth requirements of PSs.
In an ATM system, moreover, MAC functionality has to be able to guarantee that bandwidth assigned to each PS allows to fulfil quality of service parameters of each connection belonging to different classes of traffic defined in the international specifications.
In specialised literature and patent specifications various TDMA solutions have been proposed; they can be divided into two categories:
extremely specialised ones, based on physical channel properties and little reusable even in different versions of the same equipment; these solutions are often enough simple, still being very sensitive to round trip delay, channel capacity and error probability. flexible solutions, very complex in hardware but with indubitable advantages of total adaptivity. We can quote some of the most interesting experiences about these techniques. In the CEE financed project “RACE 2024 Broadband Access Facilities” an experimental system to access a passive optical network has been implemented. In this system the MS (optical line termination) manages upstream channel by the generation of ‘grants’ dedicated to single users connected to peripheral stations. Complexity was high due to the exchange and treatment of queue status and the system was not able to optimise transportation of ATM connections carrying narrowband services like, for example, telephone calls.
A different approach, taking into account narrowband services, was based on a MAC protocol that allowed allocation of the bandwidth to services on a semi-permanent basis, but unfortunately treated in the same manner also variable traffic or wideband connections, like, for example, Internet access connections.
Technique described in the Italian patent 01286424, titled “Metodo di gestione dell'accesso ad una rete ottica passiva (PON) in un sistema PON di tipo TDMA”, introduced major improvements in comparison with previous techniques allowing narrowband and broadband traffic treatment and, as far as broadband traffic is concerned, giving the possibility to allocate bandwidth in dynamic fashion.
These results have been achieved with some new concepts:
Use of ‘grants’ addressing PS and not the user flux with the advantage of letting the PS choosing which user (connection) to serve each time that a grant is received. Narrowband and constant bandwidth broadband traffic treatment via a semi-permanent table. Variable bandwidth broadband traffic without maximum delay requirements is treated with an algorithm that takes into account the fullness level of queues in the PS to decide PS priority for ‘grant’ assignment. SCOPE AND SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
Object of present invention is a MAC protocol and related realisation modalities, capable of not only serve in adequate manner connections related to narrowband and broadband services with required efficiency, but also to satisfy some traffic parameters of broadband services, differentiating thus, within broadband services, treatment of connections belonging to different traffic classes, but guaranteeing in the meantime efficient use of all available transmission capacity or bandwidth in the channel from PSs to MS.
According to present invention, transmission bandwidth from PSs to MS is assigned by the MS to the PS, following two different modalities.
static allocation (known technique) dynamic allocation An important aspect of present invention is represented by the fact that dynamic allocation is made according to two different mechanisms:
one mechanism for dynamic guaranteed bandwidth allocation guarantee that PS has always the possibility to be assigned, for certain connections, a certain amount of “minimum guaranteed bandwidth” defined during connection setup phase but allows PS to momentarily free a part of or all this “minimum guaranteed bandwidth”, according to two different and concurrent mechanisms that can be separately used and are described below; a dynamic mechanism to partition bandwidth that remains available distributes this “available bandwidth” in equal parts among all PSs that have traffic to be transmitted, thus implementing a fairness model perfectly attending criteria specified by standardisation bodies. As to previously described mechanism of guaranteed dynamical bandwidth allocation, PS can modulate assigned bandwidth according to two modalities: first modality which is on/off, is based on the sending by the PS of an aggregated information about queue status related to those queue which rely on the dynamical bandwidth allocation; this information, indicating whether traffic to be transmitted is present or not can be used by the centralised unit to momentarily inhibit bandwidth assignment to PS that doesn't have traffic waiting to be transmitted in connections with dynamical bandwidth allocation.
Second modality is, instead, based on the sending by the PS of a more detailed information about real bandwidth requirements for guaranteed bandwidth connections and allows centralised unit, on the basis of received information, to change instantaneous bandwidth assignment to that PS on the basis of instantaneous requirements, in order to guarantee efficient statistical multiplexing.
The present invention reaches therefore the target of over-performing known algorithms for bandwidth allocation in terms of efficiency, implementing a simple, robust and flexible MAC protocol for P-MP systems, capable of using in the best way the overhead to exchange information between PSs and MS, but capable in the meantime of guaranteeing support for different ATM classes of traffic, in conformance with existent rules.
The invention defines a MAC protocol suitable for P-MP radio or PON systems, operating on a single communication channel for each transmission direction and based on ATM transport format and TDMA multiple access technique on the channel from PS to MS.
Protocol is able to treat in an optimal fashion bandwidth allocation for ATM classes like CBR and UBR and, through a totally new mechanism, even for different variable bandwidth traffic types with guaranteed minimum (like UBR+, VBR non real time, ABR, GFR, etc.).
MAC protocol proposed in the present invention offer instruments that allow MS to assign to each PS a bandwidth which is evaluated on a instant by instant basis on the basis of state information received by PSs, always guaranteeing respect of traffic parameters and, in particular, of minimum guaranteed bandwidth, defined in the connection setup phase and MS can eventually modulate assigned bandwidth on the basis of state information received by PSs.
According to method proposed in the invention, ATM layer is left the responsibility to guarantee other service parameters, like cell loss probability and delay constraints (that are not treated by the new MAC protocol).
The invention is clearly defined in independent claims 1 and 13. Additional useful characteristics of present invention which are believed to be novel are set forth with particularity in the appended claims.
The invention, together with further objects and advantages thereof, may be understood with reference to the following description, taken in conjuction with the accompanying drawings, and in which:
FIG. 1 is a reference scheme of a P-MP system, in the case of radio physical layer;
FIG. 2 is a scheme that illustrates interfaces of MAC protocol processor in the MS;
FIG. 3 is a scheme illustrating generic mechanism of grant generation to be used in the MAC protocol processor in the MS;
FIG. 4 is a scheme that shows MAC protocol processor interfaces in the PS;
FIG. 5 is a schematic picture of the selective retransmission scheme without traffic distortion;
FIG. 6 is a scheme of grant generation mechanism with retransmission included for MS MAC Master Processor.
Reference scheme is shown in FIG. 1.
Used acronyms are the following:
PS: Peripheral station MS: Master Station Relevant entities are defined in the following way:
MAC Master Processor
Localised in the MS, it elaborates information received by PSs and generates messages (grant) to assign upstream transmission in each slot of the TDMA frame to selected PS.
MAC Slave Processor
Localised in the PS, it provides correct transmission commands, choice of traffic to be transmitted in each slot on the basis of MAC information received and information or messages to be sent to MS.
MAC protocol uses messages that are sent in both directions to co-ordinate various functional entities (MS and PS): these messages and their interpretation are called MAC protocol. MAC protocol of current invention, belongs to category of protocols without collision, with centralised controller (MAC Master Processor) that is the only entity which can enable transmission of one or another PS.
Centralised control allows, in fact, avoiding that, after independent decisions, collisions take place that is more than one PS transmit at the same time with the consequence of lost information.
Main requirements of the system hereby described in terms of functionality and protocol as best defined in the following are:
1) flexibility of bandwidth allocation where flexibility is intended as:
capability of varying, as a consequence of commands released by maintenance or control system, bandwidth allocation among various PS, without degrading already active traffic: it can be defined as capacity of bandwidth relocation. capability to dynamically assign, on the basis of information received by MS about various PS's queue status, each slot to one or another PS: this capability is usually called dynamic bandwidth allocation. 2) capability to support in proper way (QoS respect) various classes of traffic: CBR, UBR, VBR rt, VBR nrt, ABR, UBR+, GFR. 3) capability to operate independently of total channel capacity (from a minimum of 10 Mb/s to a maximum of 150 Mb/s). 4) capability to operate in every condition of distance between MS and PS up to a maximum distance of 20 km. Bandwidth allocation, that is proper assignment of slot to each PS, can be done in a static way, which is independent of queue status in the PSs, or in a dynamic way which depends on the queue status in the PSs.
To satisfy QoS (Quality of Service) requirements of CBR traffic, static assignment is used; for other types of traffic dynamic assignment is preferred.
MAC functionality must, thus, be able to operate, even simultaneously, in both ways. In the following, MAC messages, an essential part of the protocol are defined.
In MS→UP (downstream) direction the MAC Master Processor must send messages to indicate assignment of each upstream transmission slot. The message that carries assignment information is called Grant.
The number of these messages, in a certain time interval, must be equal to the number of upstream slots in the same interval. Duration of such interval depends on transport modality of the messages.
Grant carry the following information fields:
Type of slot to be transmitted by the PS (user traffic, operation and maintenance, minislot block); Identification number of the PS (or the PSs) to which slot is assigned (Connection ID or type of traffic is NOT carried). If messages are grouped and sent in blocks of K, each block of K messages is transmitted before a period in which K upstream slots will be transmitted.
Precise choice of modality to carry Grants in downstream frame is not essential to protocol functionality.
Grant is protected with an error correcting code, because a grant which isn't received or is erroneously receive can cause collisions or wasted slots with the effects of bandwidth waste and potentially an excessive Cell Delay Variation (CDV) fro CBR traffic.
In the upstream direction, each PS sends to the MS indications about (instantaneous) queue status and instantaneous bandwidth need for dynamic bandwidth allocation. This message is called “Request”.
Information fields are:
1) Aggregated queue status: the field carries information about queue status in the PS without distinguishing among connections but cumulating information of all ATM connections that use dynamic bandwidth allocation in the PS. Static allocation connections are excluded. This status can be expressed by 1 or more bits. 2) Requested dynamic bandwidth, always less than minimum guaranteed bandwidth defined during connection setup phase, expressed as instantaneous required minimum cell rate or Minimum requested bandwidth of the PS. This second information is optional and is computed by the PS on the basis of internal status (number of active connections of minimum guaranteed bandwidth type and related instantaneous traffic). This information reaches MAC Master Processor with a certain minimum periodicity, determined by a proper programming of MAC Master Processor, as to guarantee fulfilment of all traffic parameters of active connections.
Request transport can take place with two different and coexistent modalities:
1) piggy-back in traffic slot—in the upstream slot transmission, the PS to which the slot is assigned, transmits a Request as well as user traffic; 2) mini-slot—in special upstream slot assigned through particular grants, one or more PSs transmit only a Request (plus physical layer preamble), usually using only a part of the entire slot, called mini-slot, for each transmission. As already stated, MS hosts the MAC Master Processor, the block that implements MAC functionalities.
In FIG. 2 functional interfaces of the MAC Master Processor block are shown.
From control/configuration interface traffic descriptors related to the combination of all the connections belonging to each traffic class of each PS are received.
From interface towards Transmission Convergence (TC) layer the following information is transferred:
timing information and frame numbering (useful to generate retransmission grants) PSs' queue status information received through mini-slot or special field inside each upstream transmission burst. wrong burst reception notification: used in case of retransmission functionality is implemented. MAC processor, using these inputs and performing MAC algorithm that is described forward, generates a Grant Stream made of a Grant for each upstream slot.
These Grants are transferred to TC block or functionality in order to be inserted in the proper position in downstream frame.
Insertion modality (grouped or one by one, error correcting or detecting code etc.) is not relevant to scope and functionality of the system in the present invention.
Bandwidth allocation is therefore performed by the MAC Master Processor in the MS, through proper Grant generation in order to guarantee:
static bandwidth assignment (meaning by static that it can be modified by command sent to MAC Master Processor, but non according to PS queue status) of a certain amount of bandwidth to each PS. dynamic assignment of bandwidth not assigned statically to priority connections. This allocation scheme can be influenced by PS queue status. ex-equo assignment of bandwidth not assigned with previous mechanism to all the PSs that have traffic in the queue. Static allocation corresponds to the assignment of a fixed capacity, equal to a constant grant rate, to a certain PS, that is to a certain group of ATM connections with constant traffic profile in input to that PS.
Configuration information for static bandwidth allocation transits through proper maintenance and control interfaces and reaches MAC Master Processor control interface in the MS.
MAC Master Processor is not influenced by the status of the queue related to static allocation connections: for these connections no Request information carrying queue status is transmitted.
PS is informed about this static assignment in order to:
identify ATM connections to insert in highest priority static queue. control user traffic through a correct policing functionality. This information can reach PS through a dedicated operation and maintenance channel identified by a special VPI/VCI couple.
At the end of connection setup procedure, MAC Master processor starts generation of Grants related to those static connections.
Static allocation is usually applied to CBR traffic, but it can be used also for VBR real-time and, in principle, it can be applied to UBR traffic with clear inefficiencies.
Static modality must guarantee a continuous Grant generation stream, correspondent to a certain predetermined capacity to each requesting PS.
Each Master Processor is thus capable to generate up to M Grant streams in static modality, where M is the total number of PSs served by the same MAC Master Processor.
Grants needed to statically assign a certain constant capacity to a certain PS are inserted in a table in proper positions; the table is shown as a circular stripe in FIG. 3 to indicate that the table is cyclically scanned.
The position inside the table is decided by an algorithm whose task is to resolve conflicts if more than one PS have contemporary right to a certain slot assignment; the algorithm assigns subsequent and adjacent slot to the various PSs thus introducing a Cell Delay Variation which is acceptable because equivalent to that introduced by an ATM multiplexer.
Grants extracted from the table during cyclical scanning are transferred to the TC interface to be transmitted to the PSs.
Table dimension must be such as to obtain granularity and minimum allocation as requested by system specification.
Each position in the table corresponds to a slot and can contain:
a statical allocation user traffic Grant for a particular PS an Operation and Maintenance Grant for a particular PS a Grant for a group of minislots thus addressed to a group of PSs an available grant for dynamic allocation (free position) Dynamic allocation is mainly used for traffic with variable traffic profile.
In FIG. 3 MAC Master Processor functional scheme that implements static/dynamic Grant generation is shown according to present invention.
Functional blocks in FIG. 3 are:
A Priority Scheduler, that selects the right FIFO from which Grant must be extracted in each slot choosing on the basis of FIFO status and priority. Static traffic is the highest priority.
As many Grant Managers as the number of handled priorities.
Slots that aren't assigned statically are dynamically assigned to other traffic types. In the Figure three priorities are shown.
Grant Manager function is repeated for each priority; only one priority will be therefore described in the following.
Request Processor & Queue Status Mirror elaborates Requests sent by PSs for that traffic priority, rebuilding in dedicated registers the mirrored queue status related to each PS.
When the mirrored status indicates the queue of a PS is not empty, a ‘Pending request’ information related to that PS is active inside the MAC Master Processor. ‘Pending request’ can't be served until a down-counter associated to that priority of that PS has expired.
This constraint realises an automatic flux control on the upstream traffic in the system. The starting value of the down-counter is such as to generate a grant rate equal to the sum of all the guaranteed rates of all the connections in the PS.
At the beginning the starting value of the counters is chosen at connection setup. During normal operation, with a frequency determined by the MAC Master Processor, the PS, according to its instantaneous state sends a precise request of “Minimum requested bandwidth”, which is the new starting value for the correspondent counter in the MAC Master Processor; upon reception of the new Request, MS modifies counter starting value with the new requested value (MS must check that requested value is greater than the value identified during connection setup, that means that PS can only release part of the “Minimum Bandwidth” assigned at the beginning during connection setup phase and not increase that bandwidth); if current counter value is greater than new starting value, current value is set equal to new starting point.
All counters in MS are decremented at each upstream slot time. When a counter after downcounting from starting point to zero, expires, it is re-set to starting point and a binary information called ‘Expired Counter’ associated to related PS is set to 1. Activation of both ‘Expired Counter’ and ‘Pending Request’ at the same time for a particular PS corresponds to the activation of a ‘Pending Grant’ information associated to that PS.
Another process scans all the Pending Grants at each slot time and inserts in the Grant FIFO a Grant of user traffic type with the identification number of the related PS for each PS that has an active Pending Grant. At the same time the process sets to 0 the ‘Expired Counter’ information.
Grants are extracted from the FIFO one for each slot that is not reserved to higher priority traffics.
If the counter expires when ‘Pending Request’ is not active, the counter is re-set to starting value and then it resumes counting, while ‘Expired Counter’ is set and stays at 1, so that eventual later activation of Pending Request will immediately cause Pending Grant activation.
Counter structure can be used to realise more sophisticated flux control functions, simply varying according to more or less complicated algorithms modality of increment and decrement of the counter itself.
Bandwidth not assigned according to previously described mechanisms (that is when, on Grant generation time, no Pending Grant is active and no static assignment is preallocated) is distributed in equal shares to all the PSs that have at least one cell in queue in any connection which is handled by the dynamic modality (statically handled connections are therefore excluded) and therefore related Grants are assigned cyclically to all the PSs that have an active ‘Pending Request’.
If no PS has cells to be transmitted, bandwidth is used to allow sending of additional “minislots”, that is the Grant is assigned to a slot period to be used to send minislots when no Pending Request, no Pending Grant and no static allocation Grant are present at a certain slot time.
Minislot grants are assigned cyclically to all the PSs in the system.
In FIG. 4 PS MAC Processor interfaces towards other UP functionalities are shown. Through interface to Transmission Convergence (TC), the functionality that provides insertion of MAC messages and user data in the packet or frame to be transmitted on the physical channel and extraction of the same information in the reception side, MAC Slave Processor receives the following information:
timing of transmission slots Grants Through interface toward ATM functionalities MAC Slave Processor receives the following information:
queue status information MAC Slave Processor produces as an output towards TC:
transmission activation commands in determined upstream slots or minislots indication of the type of information to be served in correspondence of each activation command (user traffic, maintenance or mini-slot): user traffic queues associated to different classes of traffic or different connections are assumed to be part of ATM layer which is also responsible for the choice of the queue to be served at each transmission activation command. Request messages to be inserted in upstream slots and mini-slots with the correct timing when proper activation commands are activated. Retransmission functionality can be useful in some conditions and therefore can be optionally added to the MAC system of the invention.
As an example, it is here described a retransmission technique that can be optionally applied to only upstream traffic (the most sensitive to physical channel problems) in the system of the invention.
Considered retransmission technique will handle all the classes of traffic in the same manner.
As well as MAC messages and their contents, that have been previously described, special messages can be defined to implement retransmission: a “retransmission grant” will be added to grant types as well as user traffic, mini-slot and operation and maintenance traffic grant type.
A new downstream message is defined and named “reception acknowledge”; it is inserted in a dedicated field of each downstream slot and carries information on right or wrong reception of the upstream burst that has been transmitted in the upstream slot that immediately precedes the downstream slot in which the acknowledge is inserted.
Acknowledge implicitly carries information on the position of the wrong slot.
Support of retransmission functionality mustn't degrade unacceptably performance of normal traffic and therefore when a cell loss occurs, it must be avoided that:
normal traffic is delayed until retransmission of lost traffic has taken place cell sequence integrity is lost in the MS. To comply with these requirements, a reordering buffer is included in the MS; the buffer is made of M locations each capable of storing an entire cell.
Buffer is traversed by all the cells receive by MS TC, before they are transferred to other (usually ATM) functionality in the MS. In this manner a constant delay of M cells is introduced on all the upstream connections.
M is chosen so that:
up to K consequent cells can be retransmitted (lower bound); an unacceptable delay isn't introduced and a too large memory isn't required (upper bound). When up to K consequent cells are lost, K free positions are left in the reordering buffer; these positions will shift of a place at each slot time towards the end of the buffer.
When a retransmitted cell is received, it is directly inserted in the empty position, passing over all the positions nearer to buffer input.
K consequent cells retransmission doesn't necessarily take place in a single burst of the same length: the single burst would inevitably cause a potentially unacceptable distortion of other traffics (CBR in particular).
It is therefore advisable that K retransmission grants are generated with proper spacing: a grant scheduler handled with maximum priority will be therefore associated to retransmission traffic.
In this way a spacing of J slots between any two retransmission grants will cause the retransmission of K cells to take place in K*J slots.
Reordering buffer shall be dimensioned in Mmax cell positions in order to allow reconstruction when up to K consequent cells are lost where:
M max =K*(J−1)+T Round Trip Max /T Slot without considering elaboration times.
The functional behaviour is traced in FIG. 5.
When more than K consequent cells are lost, all the cells after the Kth cannot be retransmitted (cannot be received in time for reordering).
As MS is able to verify age and thus usefulness of retransmission grants, it's advisable to insert a check through a dedicated block (Age check block in FIG. 6) so that in case of excessive age grant won't be transmitted to the PS.
PS must have a FIFO buffer of the same dimension, in which transmitted cells are stored and shifted at each upstream slot time (if the slot is assigned to a different PS an idle cell is inserted). When a retransmission is requested the PS gets the requested cell from the buffer and sends it over.
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Satisfied with the stay during a recent business trip. I will say that the location- while visible from the main road, is very difficult to find, especially at night. The hotel sign was knocked down and with no lights and construction on the entrance road, it was tough. Definitely made me nervous pulling in, but that was really my only concern. The hotel overall is clean and the beds very comfy. For business travel, the free internet, proximity to major roads, comfortable beds, and cleanliness are most important and for the price, this hotel was great. Dunkin Donuts is about a mile down the road. The mall is across the street with Lord & Taylor, Macy's, Nordstroms, etc... Close to the highway. While I didn't need the full kitchen area in the room, I could see this being beneficial if you were staying for a few days and wanted to cook. Overall, it was clean, safe, and comfortable- I'd stay again.
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Dear ABBIE7878, Thank you for writing a review about your recent stay with us. I am delighted to hear that you were satisfied with your overall experience. We work diligently to ensure our facilities and services are superior and we try our hardest to provide not just good value, but comfortable, clean and friendly accommodations. It is always great to hear from our guests on how we are doing. Your patronage and support to the hotel is very important to us and we look forward to welcoming you back in the near future.If there is anything we can do to make your next stay more comfortable, please do not hesitate to ask the Manager on Duty.Sincerely,Lera PCase Manager IHGCare
hotel is right off route 95 and is close to the Lahey Clinic. The Burlington Mall is right across the street which has many shops and restaurants including the awesome Cheesecake Factory. The rooms are equipped with a fridge, microwave and stove along with all glasses and dishes. The bed was comfy and the room was clean. Will stay there again for sure
Room Tip: some rooms face the parking lot which are better than facing the woods
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Patent US4712936 - One-piece cap and brush and method of forming it - Google PatentsSearch Images Maps Play YouTube News Gmail Drive More »Sign in<nobr>Advanced Patent Search</nobr>PatentsA container closure includes a cap for sealing a container against leakage, and a brush-like pliable member for spreading contents of the container. The cap includes a top wall, an internally threaded skirt depending from perimetrical portions of the top wall, and a stem depending from a central portion...http://www.google.com/patents/US4712936?utm_source=gb-gplus-sharePatent US4712936 - One-piece cap and brush and method of forming itAdvanced Patent SearchPublication numberUS4712936 APublication typeGrantApplication numberUS 06/478,051Publication dateDec 15, 1987Filing dateMar 23, 1983Priority dateJun 26, 1981Fee statusLapsedPublication number06478051, 478051, US 4712936 A, US 4712936A, US-A-4712936, US4712936 A, US4712936AInventorsMilton KesslerOriginal AssigneeMilton KesslerExport CitationBiBTeX, EndNote, RefManPatent Citations (20), Referenced by (39), Classifications (27), Legal Events (4) External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, EspacenetOne-piece cap and brush and method of forming itUS 4712936 AAbstract A container closure includes a cap for sealing a container against leakage, and a brush-like pliable member for spreading contents of the container. The cap includes a top wall, an internally threaded skirt depending from perimetrical portions of the top wall, and a stem depending from a central portion of the top wall. The brush includes a paddle-shaped member or a plurality of bristles which depend below the stem for brushing the contents of the container onto a surface. The cap and the brush are formed as a one-piece structure. A method of forming the one-piece cap and brush includes the step of molding the cap using a specially configured mold which has at least three relatively movable parts for defining a mold cavity and for effecting a pop-off type of ejection of the threaded skirt from the mold once the integral cap and brush have been molded. The brush bristles can have relatively large diameters as molded, and can be elongated after molding as by stretching to reduce their diameters and to give bristles of proper pliability.
What is claimed is: 1. A method of forming a one-piece internally threaded cap and brush structure for closing a container and for spreading liquid content of the container, comprising the steps of:(a) providing a mold having at least three relatively movable mold parts which cooperate to define a cavity configured to form a one-piece cap, stem and brush structure which includes:(i) a top wall; (ii) a skirt depending from the top wall and formed integrally therewith, the skirt having threads formed on its inner surface; (iii) an elongated stem depending from central portions of the top wall along a central axis of the mold cavity and formed integrally with the top wall; (iv) a brush formed of discrete bristles depending from the stem and formed integrally therewith; and wherein said mold includes a cavity for forming said elongate stem with a plurality of discrete bristle projections integrally extending axially therefrom; (b) injecting molten plastics material into the mold cavity to form the cap and brush structure; (c) removing the cap and brush structure from the mold cavity by effecting relative movement of the three mold parts, with two of the mold parts separating to open the mold cavity to permit removal of the cap and brush structure from the mold cavity, and with a third of the mold parts moving in a direction paralleling the central axis to engage the cap and brush structure and to pop the threaded shirt off such one of the other two mold parts as formed the threaded inner surface of the skirt; and (d) elongating the plurality of discrete bristle projections to diminish their cross-sections, the elongation being effected after the cap and brush structure is removed from the mold cavity. 2. A one-piece cap and brush structure formed by the method of claim 1.
3. The method of claim 1 wherein the step of providing a mold includes the steps of:(a) providing a pin-shaped member to form at least portions of the bristles; and, (b) providing a vent extending along at least a part of the pin-shaped member for permitting gases to escape from the mold cavity as molten plastic material enters the portion of the cavity wherein the stem and brush are formed. 4. A one-piece cap and brush structure formed by the method of claim 3.
5. The method of claim 1 wherein the step of elongating the bristles includes the steps of heating the plurality of discrete bristle projections to bring the material from which they are formed to a workable temperature which will permit the bristles to be stretched, and then stretching the bristles.
6. A one-piece cap and brush structure formed by the method of claim 5.
7. The method of claim 1 wherein the step of providing a mold includes the step of providing one of the mold parts with a first elongate passage extending along the central axis for molding the stem, and providing said one mold part with a first generally cylindrical pin-shaped member extending into the elongate passage, said first pin-shaped member defining a peripheral ring of bristle projection-forming cavities for molding at least some of said plurality of discrete bristle projections.
8. A one-piece cap and brush structure formed by the method of claim 7.
9. The method of claim 7 wherein the step of providing said one mold part with a first pin-shaped member includes the step of forming a central passageway through the first pin-shaped member and providing a second pin-shaped member extending into the second passage and having a plurality of bristle projection-forming cavities for molding other of said plurality of discrete bristle projections.
10. A one-piece cap and brush structure formed by the method of claim 9.
11. The method of claim 9 wherein the step of providing said one mold part with first and second pin-shaped members includes the steps of providing said bristle projection-forming cavities on outer surfaces of the fist and second pin-shaped members to mold generally concentric rings of said bristle projections.
12. A one-piece cap and brush structure formed by the method of claim 11.
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS AND RELEVANT PATENT The present application is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 277,843, filed June 26, 1981, entitled ONE-PIECE CAP AND BRUSH AND METHOD OF FORMING IT, hereinafter referred to as the "Parent Case," now abandoned in favor of the present application.
Reference is additionally made to the following applications and patent:
CAP AND BRUSH ASSEMBLY AND METHOD OF FORMING IT, Ser. No. 478,062 filed 3/23/83 now U.S. Pat. No. 4,666,323 filed concurrently herewith by Milton Kessler as a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 277,840, filed June 26, 1981, entitled CAP AND BRUSH ASSEMBLY AND METHOD OF FORMING IT now U.S. Pat. No. 4,666,323, these applications being hereinafter referred to collectively as the "Cap and Brush Assembly Case," the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference; and,
The present invention relates to container closures having a capability for spreading contents of the container and, more particularly, to a container closure having a cap and a brush formed as a single unitary member, and to a method of forming a one-piece cap and brush.
The referenced Plural-Part Cap Assembly Case discloses such a two-piece arrangement. While the type of connection disclosed therein represents a significant advance in providing a cap and brush assembly with a secure connection between a cap and a brush stem, the cost of separately forming cap and brush stem components, and the cost of assembling these components in accordance with this proposal is still higher than desired.
To the degree that proposals have been made for forming a cap and an elongate applicator as an integral structure, the types of structures which have been proposed have been suitable for formation only with an unscrewing type mold which includes a complex assembly of parts for threading a molded cap and applicator structure off of the mold once the molded structure has been formed. Limitations imposed on the configurations of such structures as can be molded where there is a need to unscrew the resulting molded structures from the mold have not permitted a desirable type of integral cap and applicator to be formed. Moreover, unscrewing-type molds are undesirable from the viewpoint of their excessively high cost.
3. The Cap and Brush Assembly Case
The referenced Cap and Brush Assembly Case relates to a one-piece cap and brush stem construction to which brush bristles are secured in order to complete the formation of a cap and brush assembly. The one-piece cap and brush stem structure assures that the brush stem does not separate from the remainder of the cap, as is commonplace with many two-piece cap and brush stem assemblies. At the time the invention of the Cap and Brush Assembly Patent was conceived, it was not appreciated that brush bristles could be formed integrally with a one-piece cap and stem structure.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present invention addresses the foregoing and other drawbacks of the prior art, and provides a novel and improved container closure suitable for sealing a container against leakage and having a one-piece construction which includes an integrally formed brush stem which carries an integrally formed paddle or brush bristles to spread container contents. The one-piece cap and brush construction has desirable qualities of minimal manufacturing expense, elimination of assembly steps, and strength of construction.
A further feature of the invention lies in the provision of a method for forming a one-piece cap and brush structure. Prior to the present invention and to the invention described in the referenced Cap and Brush Assembly Patent, it had long been agreed by those skilled in the art to which the present invention pertains that the only reasonable method of forming cap and brush structure of the type used with typewriter correction fluid containers was to (1) form the cap separately from the brush stem, (2) form the brush bristles separately from the brush stem, and (3) assemble the cap, the brush stem and the bristles The present invention has proven prior thinking to have been in error.
The method of the present invention utilizes features of a pop-off molding technique which is described in the referenced Pop-Off Molding Method Patent. The referenced patent describes the use of either or both of an extensible rim-engaging ejector sleeve and an extensible center ram, which extensible parts are relatively movable with respect to other parts of a mold to effect a pop-off type of removal or ejection of a molded cap from its mold. The method of the present invention preferably utilizes one or both of these types of relatively extensible mold parts to effect removal or ejection of an integrally formed cap and brush structure from its mold.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is a side elevational view, on an enlarged scale, of a cap and brush structure embodying features of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a bottom plan view of the cap and brush structure of FIG. 1;
FIG. 4 is a side elevational view of portions of a plural-piece mold used to form the cap and brush structure of FIGS. 1-3, with parts of the mold pieces being broken away and shown in cross-section, and with portions of a cap and brush structure being shown in cross-section inside the cavity defined by the mold;
FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view of the mold of FIG. 4 with the relatively movable pieces of the mold separated, and with an ejector sleeve moved to an extended position to illustrate how it operates to effect a pop-off type of removal of a molded cap and brush structure from the mold;
FIG. 6 is an exploded perspective view, on an enlarged scale, showing portions of the mold pieces;
FIG. 7 is a sectional view showing the mold pieces of FIG. 6 in their assembled configuration;
FIGS. 8 and 9 are sectional views as seen from planes indicated by lines 8--8 and 9--9 in FIG. 7, with FIG. 9 also including a showing of stem and bristle portions of a cap and brush structure being molded;
FIG. 10 is a side elevational view showing the configuration of brush bristles when they are removed from the mold;
FIG. 11 is a side elevational view similar to FIG. 10 showing the configuration of brush bristles after they have been stretched to narrow their cross-sections; and,
FIG. 12 is a side elevational view similar to FIG. 11 showing the configuration of brush bristles when they are cut-off after having been stretched.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT Referring to FIGS. 1-3, a one-piece cap and brush structure embodying features of the present invention is indicated generally by the numeral 10. The elements of the integral structure 10 include a top wall 14, an annular skirt 16 depending from the perimeter of the top wall 14, a thin elongate stem 18 depending from central portions of the top wall 14, and brush bristles 22 located at the lower end region of the stem 18.
The stem 18 is tapered along its length. The bristles 22 are several in number and are formed as integral extensions of the stem 18.
The method utilized to form the cap and brush structure 10 involves the use of a mold which is indicated generally by the numeral 50 in FIGS. 4 and 5. Referring to FIGS. 4-9, the mold 50 includes a cavity half 52, a core half 54, an ejector sleeve 55, an outer pin member 56 which is permanently pressed into a hole 58 formed in the core half 54, and an inner pin member 156 which is permanently pressed into a hole 158 formed in the outer pin member 56.
A tapered hole 70 extends through the core half 54 to define a cavity portion for molding the stem 18. The pin member 56 has an end portion 72 which extends into the tapered hole 70 for molding an outer ring of the bristles 22. The pin member 156 has an end portion 172 which extends into the hole 158 for molding an inner ring of the bristles 22. A gate passage 66 is formed in the cavity half 52 for introducing plastics material in a molten state into the cavity defined by the mold parts 52, 54, 55, 56, 156 for molding the cap and brush structure 10.
Referring to FIGS. 6 and 7, the outer pin 56 and the hole 58 are specially configured to provide a vent which will let gases escape from the tapered hole 70 as plastics material flows along the hole 70 and into the hole 58. Flutes or grooves 78 are formed on the outer surface of a mold portion 72 of the pin 56 to form an outer ring of the bristles 22. The outer pin 56 has radially extending shoulders 80, 82 which define transitions between mold, central and head portions 72, 74, 76 which are each of progressively larger diameter. The central portion 74 has a knurled outer surface. The head portion 76 has a pair of flats 84 formed on its opposite sides.
Referring to FIG. 7, the hole 58 is coaxial with the hole 70 and has constant diameter inner, middle and outer portions 90, 91, 92 separated by tapered portions 93, 94. The inner portion 90 has a diameter which will snugly receive the fluted mold portion 72 of the pin 56. The middle portion 91, has a diameter which will receive the knurled surface of the central portion 74 of the pin 56 in a press fit, yet which will let gases filter along the pin 56 through passages defined by the grooves of the knurled surface 74. The tapered portions 93, 94 and the shoulders 80, 82 cooperate to define a passage therebetween which permits gases to travel from the hole portion 90 through the hole portion 91 to the hole portion 92. The flats 84 enable gases to escape through the hole portion 92.
Referring to FIGS. 6, 8 and 9, the inner pin 156 and the hole 158 are specially configured to provide a vent which will assist in letting gases escape as plastics material flows along the hole 70 and into the hole 158. Flutes or grooves 178 are formed on the outer surface of a mold portion 172 of the pin 156 to form an inner ring of the bristles 22. The inner pin 156 has a radially extending shoulder 180 which defines a transition between the mold portion 172 and a mounting portion 174 of the pin 156. The mounting portion 174 is of larger diameter than the mold portion 172 and has a knurled outer surface.
Referring to FIGS. 8 and 9, the hole 158 is coaxial with the holes 70, 58, and has constant diameter inner and outer portions 190, 192 separated by a tapered portion 194. The inner portion 190 has a diameter which will snugly receive the fluted mold portion 172 of the pin 156 and cooperate therewith to form separate channels or passages within which the inner ring of bristles 72 are molded. The outer portion 192 has a diameter which will receive the knurled surface 174 of the pin 156 in a press fit, yet which will let gases escape along the pin 156 through passages defined by the grooves of the knurled surface 174. The tapered portion 194 and the shoulder 180 cooperate to define a passage therebetween which permits gases to travel from the hole portion 190 to the hole portion 192 for escape.
In operation, the mold parts 52, 54, 55, 56, 156 are positioned as shown in FIG. 4 to mold a cap and brush structure 10. Molten plastics material is injected into the mold cavity through the gate passage 66. As the plastics material fills the cavity and travels along the hole 70 to form the stem 18, and into the holes 58, 158 to form the bristles 22, such gases as may have been trapped in the holes 70, 58, 158 escape along the pins 56, 156 by virtue of the venting arrangements described previously. Once a cap and brush structure 10 has been molded, the mold halves 52, 54 are separated as shown in FIG. 5, the cap portion is ejected or "popped off" of the mold member 60 by effecting movement of the ejector sleeve 55 to engage the rim 32 of a molded cap and stem structure 12 in the manner described in the referenced Pop-Off Molding Method Patent, whereby the stem and bristles 18, 22 are pulled out of the holes 70, 58, 158.
As will be apparent from the foregoing, the present invention represents a significant step forward in the provision of a cap and brush structure of the general type used on containers of typing correction fluid. By integrally forming cap, stem and brush components, considerable savings in molding result, as does an improved product, and assembly costs are eliminated.
While the pins 56, 156 have been described, in their preferred forms, it will be understood that they can be replaced by a single pin (not shown) and/or take a variety of other configurations which will result in the formation of bristles of other configurations and/or other arrangements of bristles. Instead of forming a plurality of bristles 22, a single pin (not shown) may be used which forms a thin, flat, elongate, pliable paddle for spreading container contents.
While the brush bristles 22 have been described as being formed in their final configurations, it will be understood that the bristles 22 can be reheated and elongated after the cap and brush structure 10 has been removed from the mold 50. Referring to FIG. 10, bristles 22 are shown on a stem 18 in the configuration assumed by the bristles 22 when the cap and brush structure 10 is removed from the mold 50. The bristles 22 can be reheated and stretched, as indicated by the numeral 22a in FIG. 11, to diminish their diameters, and can be trimmed to a desired length after being stretched, as indicated by the numeral 22b in FIG. 12.
While the preferred material from which the cap and brush structure 10 is formed is a plastics material such as polypropylene, other plastics materials such as polyethylene may be used.
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Gripper LlcNail polish container and applicator capUS7419626Oct 18, 2004Sep 2, 2008Young Microbrush, LlcMethod for injection molding a plastic monolithUS7524122 *May 26, 2006Apr 28, 2009J.P. Gripper LlcNail polish container and applicator capUS7695209Apr 14, 2005Apr 13, 2010Valois SasStopper for the neck of a fluid product reservoirUS8172473Feb 21, 2008May 8, 2012Chanel Parfums BeauteMethod for manufacturing a cosmetic applicator, an applicator, a package including the applicator, and a batch of applicatorsUS8651760 *Oct 14, 2010Feb 18, 2014L'orealDevice including an applicator for applying a cosmetic or care-product compositionUS8783451 *Feb 16, 2012Jul 22, 2014Allergan, Inc.Unit dose breakable vial with integrated brush applicatorUS20100287718 *Oct 30, 2008Nov 18, 2010Rnd Group Korea Inc.Cosmetic brushUS20120011674 *Jun 4, 2009Jan 19, 2012Sinwa CorporationCosmetic applicatorUS20120217177 *Feb 16, 2012Aug 30, 2012Slokovic Lorens FUnit dose breakable vial with integrated brush applicatorUS20120294665 *Oct 14, 2010Nov 22, 2012L'orealDevice including an applicator for applying a cosmetic or care-product compositionUS20130298344 *Dec 14, 2011Nov 14, 2013David BacharSilicone Broom and a Manufacturing Method of Silicone BroomCN101668450BFeb 20, 2008May 1, 2013香奈儿化妆品简单股份公司Method for making a cosmetic product applicator, applicator, container including said applicator and applicator batchEP0694266A1Jun 19, 1995Jan 31, 1996L'orealApplicator for applying liquid cosmetics and make-up assembly with such an applicatorEP1116447A2 *Jan 15, 2001Jul 18, 2001Victor Owen DaviesCleaning implementEP2199226A1 *Dec 17, 2008Jun 23, 2010J�rgen SchmidtApplication device for fluidsWO1994013461A1 *Dec 7, 1993Jun 23, 1994Oral Logic IncApparatus and technique for injection molding a plastic monolithWO2000054624A1 *Mar 9, 2000Sep 21, 2000Coronet Werke GmbhApplicator for liquid media, in particular, for decorative cosmetics such as nail polishWO2005105598A1 *Apr 14, 2005Nov 10, 2005Perignon FabriceStopper for the neck of a fluid product reservoirWO2008113939A2 *Feb 20, 2008Sep 25, 2008Chanel Parfums BeauteMethod for making a cosmetic product applicator, applicator, container including said applicator and applicator batch* Cited by examinerClassifications U.S. Classification401/129, 425/805, 401/126, 300/21International ClassificationA45D40/26, A46B1/00, B29C55/00, A46B11/04, B29C33/00, B29C45/26, B65D51/32Cooperative ClassificationY10S425/805, A45D40/265, B29C55/00, B65D51/32, B29C45/2626, B29C33/0027, B29L2031/7654, A46B1/00, B29C45/2618European ClassificationB29C55/00, A46B1/00, B29C33/00C2, B29C45/26H, B29C45/26F, B65D51/32, A45D40/26C2Legal EventsDateCodeEventDescriptionFeb 20, 1996FPExpired due to failure to pay maintenance feeEffective date: 19951220Dec 17, 1995LAPSLapse for failure to pay maintenance feesJul 25, 1995REMIMaintenance fee reminder mailedJun 17, 1991FPAYFee paymentYear of fee payment: 4RotateOriginal ImageGoogle Home - Sitemap - USPTO Bulk Downloads - Privacy Policy - Terms of Service - About Google Patents - Send FeedbackData provided by IFI CLAIMS Patent Services©2012 Google

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- Cardinals Camp Report: Day 4
• He’s been one of the talks of camp, but Michael Floyd put�his offseason improvement on display Tuesday. On one pass, Floyd got a step behind cornerback Patrick Peterson for a touchdown that sailed in just beyond Peterson’s reach. Floyd then hauled in another score�over cornerback Justin Bethel. Earlier Tuesday, quarterback Carson Palmer praised Floyd’s size and his ability to overpower cornerbacks, which was the case Tuesday. Bethel is listed as 6-0 and Peterson 6-1, but Floyd played taller and bigger than the 6-2, 220 pounds he’s listed as.
• Rookie kicker Chandler Catanzaro, who Arians praised Tuesday morning for being perfect through camp, missed three kicks in row during the afternoon practice. The three he missed were end-over-end kicks, different from his regular kicks. By my count, Catanzaro went 7-for-10, missing field goals�from 41, 47 and 48 yards.

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171159,178210,177258,174995,169255,169255|6,174945,169255|3,176971,178577,182121,180483,180140,177770,173978,173748,177358,174230,180808,178394,173978|1,182233,177717,169251

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Product Reviews: Music, Language, and the Brain: Amazon.com
5.0 out of 5 stars Similarities and Differences, Language and Music
This is the best book so far on language, the brain, and music. It is highly technical, especially the first five chapters. Nonspecialists with a serious interest can get through the last two ("Meaning" and "Evolution") but the first five are hard going unless you are fairly advanced. Patel reviews an enormous, and almost entirely very new, literature on...
Read the full review › Published on August 29, 2008 by E. N. Anderson
3.0 out of 5 stars So much disappointed and disappointing
This is an essential book on an essential subject. What is the managing device of both language and music in the brain. And yet you are going to be very disappointed by some essential absences, lacks and wants in the book and by some dubious arguments.The immense positive side of this book is that it understands language and music are two mental activities...
Read the full review › Published 19 months ago by Jacques COULARDEAU
5.0 out of 5 stars Similarities and Differences, Language and Music, August 29, 2008
This review is from: Music, Language, and the Brain (Hardcover)
4.0 out of 5 stars Music & Language: Heavy Brain Work, January 1, 2008
By M. Fischlowitz (San Diego, CA) - See all my reviews
4.0 out of 5 stars If you have to pick one book on the subject..., December 20, 2009
By Christopher Lavender (Orange County, California USA) - See all my reviews
4.0 out of 5 stars Dense, fascinating and informative read, October 7, 2012
By Angela Kamino (Atlanta, GA) - See all my reviews
This review is from: Music, Language, and the Brain (Paperback)
5.0 out of 5 stars A great reference book, April 17, 2011
By Amy L. McLean "scrabl1" (Pasadena CA) - See all my reviews
5.0 out of 5 stars An Amazing Book for those Interested in Both Music and Language, December 12, 2012
By knarli - See all my reviews
One of the most fascinating topics in both cognitive psychology and neuroscience is theway humans communicate with one another. Language is unique to humans and is inevitably atopic of both interest and curiosity. However, its uniqueness is also what makes it extremely hardto study. Despite the intrigue evoked by the topic, research progress has been slow due to thelimited number of techniques that can be conducted ethically on human subjects. Luckily,Aniruddh D. Patel has taken the time to thoroughly explore this possibility in his book, "Music,Launguage, and the Brain." In this book he carefully details aspects of both music and languagein order to successfully create and defend the theory that music and language are processed andcreated in the brain using linked pathways. Furthermore, he appeals to several audiences byincluding an non-biased account of both research on the music perception pathway and researchon the language perception pathway. One element that makes this book so versatile is the fact that Patel frames the informationregarding both music and language research in an equal manner so that someone coming fromeither a primarily music or primarily language background can see the connections between thetwo domains easily and sufficiently understand the material. These connections include elementsof sound such as pitch and timbre, rhythm, melody, syntax, meaning, and evolution. A researcherfrom either domain would agree that these elements are very important to their topic of study,and this in itself supports Patels argument that music and language share deep criticalconnections within the brain. He creates a convincing and well-supported argument by devotinga chapter to each of the six topics listed previously. These chapters each serve to support Patel'sclaim that there may be a neural connection between music and language mechanisms in thebrain. Patel begins with elements of sound, focusing on mainly pitch and timbre. Theseelements naturally play a role in both language and music, and Patel argues in this chapter thatsound category learning is the key link between music and language when it comes to soundelements. He argues that while on the surface, the fact that speech does not typically incorporatepitch and timbre differences like music does, the bigger picture is the fact that the brain's abilityto build two completely different sound category systems demonstrates category learning. Agreat place to research connections between music and language isn't necessary the soundelements themselves, but the mechanisms that create and maintain these sound category systems. In the second chapter, Patel moves on to talk about rhythm. Rhythm is guided by whatit commonly known as the beat, or the force adding an element of measurement to music.It also allows one to follow along more easily with the music. The connection is then madebetween rhythm and language. The most common connection is that regarding poetry, which iscommonly read with somewhat of a rhythmic patterning based on strong and soft syllables. Pateluses the fact that rhythm is found in both music and language as evidence that there may be aneural connection between the ways these two types of sounds are processed by the brain. Patel talks about melody in the third chapter. In this chapter, he takes more of acomparative approach, comparing music and language more directly throughout, instead ofintroducing them each separately in light of the topic of melody. He first describes how melodyis created and interpreted in music based on specific differences in pitch, which creates whatis often referred to as phrases. This relates to language, which is also often influenced by pitchchanges. For example, someone asking a question will usually add an inflection to the end of thesentence, or phrase, to indicate that they are asking a question. This connection is crucial andfurther drives home Patel's theory. In chapter four, Patel further supports his argument by introducing syntax as a mainconnection between language and music. Just like speech is divided into parts, such asphonemes, which are combined to create sounds, which comprise individual words, which go into the composition of sentences, music similarly is guided by syntax, where there are individualnotes, which comprise phrases, which are combined to create subsections and ultimately a pieceof music. Despite the extreme differences in types of syntax used between music and language,both involve multiple levels of organization. The ability of the brain to create these multiplelevels in these two different systems serves as yet another potential link between the way thebrain interprets music and language. Patel next tackles the topic of musical vs. linguistic meaning. He begins by introductingintramusical and extramusical meaning, which are crucial for his argument. Intramusicalmeaning is found when an element of music reminds someone of another musical element, andextramusical meaning is found when an element of music brings to mind something related tothings outside of music. When comparing this type of meaning to the meaning in language, itis important to remember, Patel points out, that meaning doesn't necessarily refer to semanticmeaning. Extramusical meaning can refer simply to emotions that are evoked. In the same way,emotions can be evoked through written work; just as a song can make you feel happy or sad, awritten work can do the same. This connection is crucial because all audiences can connect tothis point and accept it as relevant support. Finally, in chapter six Patel talks about the connections that are possible betweenmusic and language in relation to evolution, and how it is very possible that the brain evolvedover time to purposefully connect these two pathways. He argues that music is not adaptiveor something you are born able to develop and understand; that complex musical ability ischaracteristic of humans, and is something developed to serve a specific purpose, just as theinternet was manifested to serve a specific purpose. Similarly, language was developed in orderto share complex thoughts and to accumulate knowledge. He concludes that the brain over timedeveloped both the language and music perception pathways for a purpose. "Music, Language, and the Brain" is not only exceptional as an informatory piece, butit is also quite entertaining and easy to understand. One of the reasons for this is that the bookhas brilliant organization. It is organized in such a well thought-out way that each chapter ofthe book has the ability to stand on its own. Patel wrote the chapters purposefully this way, andclaims so in the introduction. This is especially useful because people studying a specific aspectof language and/or music can easily find that section of the book and read specifically in regardsto what interests them. Furthermore, this organization allows readers who choose to read thebook from cover to cover an easy way to organize their thoughts about what they are reading.This helps them to take it all in and retain more successfully the main points of the book thatPatel is trying to get across. Aside from organization, the voice and diction that Patel chooses to use throughout thebook convey the relevant information to the reader. The book is written in such a way thatsomeone with little to no background could easily follow along. That being said, Patel also findsa way to efficiently include detailed information regarding research and the specific findings thathave been made thus far in such a way that they are useful for those studying in the field, yet nottoo complicated or confusing for a casual reader to get lost in. This is an amazing feat in itself,since incorporating scientific language and jargon into a book meant to be understood by anykind of reader is no easy feat to accomplish. This says something tremendous about Patel as notonly a writer, but also a researcher. Research is only relevant in the long run if it is able to beapplied to life, and communicating the progress and scientific basis of the connection betweenmusic and language to all audiences is what makes this book exceptional. In conclusion, Patel successfully uses six specific elements with strong connections toboth music and language to convince the reader that there is a very possible connection betweenthe ways these two processes take place in the brain. I believe that "Music, Language, and theBrain" is worthy of 4.5 stars. Not only does Patel include detailed explanations, but he also laysout his evidence in a detailed and convincing manner. He uses clever organization as well as aneasy-to-read diction to convey this argument to readers from all backgrounds, and this is whatmakes "Music, Language, and the Brain" a truly exceptional book. It is informative, intriguing,and appropriate for all audiences. Anyone interested in either music or language would benefitfrom reading this book. Patel does a phenomenal job of fueling the growing interest inconnections between music and language in the brain, and it will inevitably lead to moreresearch being done in the field to validate the theory Patel, and surely others, hold regardinghuman communication.
5.0 out of 5 stars Am I that smart?, June 22, 2012
4.0 out of 5 stars A Worthy, But Difficult Read, November 3, 2013
This review is from: Music, Language, and the Brain (Kindle Edition)
A dense and difficult work. Being neither a musician nor a neurologist, the work was difficult at best. I was looking for something that would help students. This would help upper level and graduate students who already know the field, but not beginning undergrads.
3.0 out of 5 stars So much disappointed and disappointing, April 27, 2012
This is an essential book on an essential subject. What is the managing device of both language and music in the brain. And yet you are going to be very disappointed by some essential absences, lacks and wants in the book and by some dubious arguments.The immense positive side of this book is that it understands language and music are two mental activities that are managed by the brain, though I would prefer the mind, and that the two managing devices, if we can reduce the very complex coordination of the necessary mental abilities for both language and music, or for either language or music, are situated somewhere in the brain though not in one specific area.But at once the shortcomings arrive. It would have been very interesting to really work on brain-imaging when some linguistic and musical activities are performed by the human subject. This absence of clinical observation and experimentation is very critical since then the references to medical research is only scholastic or third had n at least.The second enormous drawback is the fact that the author does not study in detail the complete apparatus to produce language, to hear language, to read language, or on the other side to hear music, produce music to read music. Same want and absence with the complete apparatus to compose music, to perform music, to produce oral or written language, and at that level the author absolutely excludes any non common everyday language use, which is absurd because there is nothing that is everyday common language use, except maybe the conversation you may have on a subway train, or a public bus that is altogether reduced to something like 200 or 300 words and the simplest syntactic structures like "the weather is nice today, isn't it", whereas music is always an elaborate complex creative activity, even when it is only humming a tune in your head.In other words he compares a doughnut, maybe without a hole in the middle, on the linguistic side and a fancy wedding cake on the musical side. Obviously the comparison is uneven and then he misses a point. And what's worse this is syncretic thinking, but that is a basic remark because his basic way of thinking is syncretic and through comparisons.In fact he misses the creative use of language in two different ways. For one he misses the creative use of language in everyday life: slang, cockney creativity and all other dialects in that urban line, poetry, drama, television, debates, cinema, opera and so many other everyday activities, universal for some of them like TV news. The second way he misses it is that he never even envisages the fact that language did not come like a coconut on a tree. It was produced, invented by Homo Sapiens. The phylogeny of language is absolutely absent from his mind and we all know that the psychogenesis of language - that he considers - is in a way or another a reflection of the phylogeny of the same language. Hence he cannot understand that the development of language also induced a development not so much of the brain but of the mind.He absolutely misses the invention of language as being nothing but a collateral consequence of a basically physical and mental survival strategy of the human species with Homo Sapiens. He would have discovered that the very physiologically dangerous lowering of the larynx was genetically and naturally selected for the breathing of a bipedal long distance running species (the first and only one on earth). In the same way he would have discovered that the breathing requirements for this activity implied the development of the diaphragm, the lungs and the heart and that his funny little protein known as FOXP2 is not only present in the brain, in highly coordinating areas, but also in the guts massaged by the diaphragm used in long distance bipedal running, in the lungs used for the same activity and in the heart used for the same activity too. He would have also understood that the articulation needed for human language depends on the depth of the larynx but also on the breathing and its regulation and on the articulatory power of the mouth, the tongue and the sinuses. All that is also needed for long distance running and breathing. The hypoglossal nerve and canal with its unique size in Homo Sapiens control the articulatory apparatus needed for long distance breathing and running as well as linguistic articulation.Then he would have understood that his hypothesis of some kind of genetic natural selection for language, targeting language was a mistake. Language is the side effect, some would say the collateral side effect, of long distance running and breathing, including a mutation, the lowering of the larynx (and the best part is he actually mentions the choking hazard of this mutation), that is dangerous for the survival of the human subject and that only develops in the human, subject after six months and within three years, hence when the child learns how to sit and then walk, which is entirely physical though complex and hence dominated, controlled and managed by the zones and proteins specialized for this coordination of complex activities in the brain, the locali in the brain where you find FOXP2. Language like music is a complex mental activity founded more than music on a physical array of capabilities that are there for a totally other reason than language.Then his ten plus supplementary, arguments for the genetically selected capability to speak are just superficial, especially the FOXP2 that I would consider as definitely unacceptable since Sally McBrearty has convincingly rejected the thesis about the Neolithic Human Revolution. Maybe Oxford should listen to or simply read Cambridge a little bit more.The second (but is it only the second?) shortcoming of the book is that he mixes up mind and brain (though he never uses the term central nervous system). Maybe he should have used the term central nervous system. That would have led him to a consideration that Bertrand Russell defended some 90 years ago. All stimuli from the outside world only create some nervous influx impact on the five senses of the human subject. These sensations are nothing and most of our sensations go unidentified, unnoticed and of course unprocessed. For a sensation to be processed the sixth sense of the Buddhists has to come into the picture, and that is the mind. In other words, Russell's words, the mind only knows the constructs that it builds in the brain from the sensations it receives via the central nervous system. This is the crux of the problem. The mind receives nervous influx and the mind, with its central nervous system and its education, and its experience, constructs representations that are what it works with. In other words notes (pitches), intervals, beats, rhythm and words, phonemes, lexemes, semantemes, and all syntactic elements are nothing but constructs. The mind, and the brain, only have developed the capability to manage complex activities and to analyze complex objects, sensations and perceptions.Then we come to a methodological mistake and this one is not even debatable. The author compares as if comparing were proving. This is basic syncretic thinking which is unacceptable in any scientific reasoning. Metaphorical thinking can be poetically very rich but it is nothing but a metaphor. Comparing language and music is such a metaphor and has no value whatsoever. Music does not have words endowed with a signifying phonetic dress and a signified semantic content. What's more syntax is purely linguistic since it implies some abstract functional values that have nothing to do with subject and object (the function the author uses) and certainly not with the architecture of music. The architecture of a bird and a plane could be compared since both do the same thing, they fly, but that would in many ways be absurd since the bird has a physiological architecture and the plane has a man-made technical architecture. Can we compare the architecture of Mount Everest and the Empire State Building since both of them are scraping the sky? Asking the question is answering it at the same time.That leads to two conclusions the author misses. A child today in his/her physiology and learning procedure recreates the invention of language by Homo Sapiens. A child in the dire trauma of birth and hunger learns in the hard way the need to communicate to simply survive. A child at birth has a nine month heritage of in utero experience and empathetic sharing with his mother and a twenty week hearing period when he could assimilate phonetic clusters, music, rhythm among others those of his heart (from the fourth week onward) and his mother's heart. All that is neglected and in a way rejected by the author. And of course he has not heard of mirror neurons that make children imitate everything in the adults around him/her including the sounds, as soon as he physiologically can produce them. By the way the babble he likes so much is nothing but the association of the flow of air that produces the vowel /a/ when the larynx starts lowering and the lip movements of sucking the mother's breast or the feeding bottle and that produces /m/ but if some "dental" movement of the tongue comes into the articulation it produces /d/ and if it is the movement of the lips ending the sucking movement, then it is the sound /b/. The author considers babbling as some kind of genetic miracle, when it is nothing but the result of the basic activities, and feelings, of an empathetic child that learned that in his mother, is endowed with mirror neurons, is learning lip movements by feeding and is using the air flow the starting of the lowering of the larynx is endowing him with.In other words this book is good if you have a lot of knowledge in the field that you can review, revise and air freely. Otherwise it is fully misleading.Dr Jacques COULARDEAU
$37.95 $35.16

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cup_of_cake comments on Maybe you can help. I was wondering why the bloating stops when the menstruation starts. What is going on (hormonally I presume)?jump to contentmy subredditsannouncementsArtAskRedditaskscienceawwblogbookscreepydataisbeautifulDIYDocumentariesEarthPornexplainlikeimfiveFitnessfoodfunnyFuturologygadgetsgamingGetMotivatedgifshistoryIAmAInternetIsBeautifulJokesLifeProTipslistentothismildlyinterestingmoviesMusicnewsnosleepnottheonionOldSchoolCoolpersonalfinancephilosophyphotoshopbattlespicsscienceShowerthoughtsspacesportstelevisiontifutodayilearnedTwoXChromosomesUpliftingNewsvideosworldnewsWritingPromptsedit subscriptionsfront-all-random | creepy-EarthPorn-philosophy-UpliftingNews-sports-Art-videos-Fitness-nosleep-IAmA-LifeProTips-food-Jokes-explainlikeimfive-gadgets-worldnews-aww-personalfinance-GetMotivated-pics-listentothis-gifs-Showerthoughts-science-nottheonion-tifu-funny-Music-Documentaries-gaming-books-dataisbeautiful-DIY-TwoXChromosomes-InternetIsBeautiful-Futurology-askscience-news-AskReddit-space-television-movies-history-todayilearned-photoshopbattles-OldSchoolCool-mildlyinteresting-WritingPromptsmore » TwoXChromosomescommentsrelatedwant to join? login or register in seconds|Englishlimit my search to /r/TwoXChromosomesuse the following search parameters to narrow your results:subreddit:subredditfind submissions in "subreddit"author:usernamefind submissions by "username"site:example.comfind submissions from "example.com"url:textsearch for "text" in urlselftext:textsearch for "text" in self post contentsself:yes (or self:no)include (or exclude) self postsnsfw:yes (or nsfw:no)include (or exclude) results marked as NSFWe.g. subreddit:aww site:imgur.com dogsee the search faq for details.advanced search: by author, subreddit...this post was submitted on 24 Apr 20136 points (87% upvoted)shortlink: remember mereset passwordloginSubmit a new linkSubmit a new text postTwoXChromosomesunsubscribesubscribe1,029,295 readers1,420 users here nowWelcome to TwoXChromosomes, a subreddit for thoughtful content - serious or silly - related to gender, and intended for women's perspectives.
created by HiFructoseCornFecesa community for 5 yearsmessage the moderatorsMODERATORSHiFructoseCornFeceshiddentofuredtaboodemented_pantsLittleMissPheatherannekallisti_goldleedlebugMeghanAMAwhMan...and 10 more »567Maybe you can help. I was wondering why the bloating stops when the menstruation starts. What is going on (hormonally I presume)? (self.TwoXChromosomes)submitted 1 year ago * by PinkStraw9 commentssharecancelsorry, this has been archived and can no longer be voted onloading...sorted by: bestbesttopnewhotcontroversialoldrandomyou are viewing a single comment's thread.view the rest of the comments →[–]cup_of_cake 1 point2 points3 points 1 year ago (2 children)sorry, this has been archived and can no longer be voted onmine just started up this month, and I didn't bloat up until I saw red. is it unusual to bloat during your cycle? I'm on the pill, and I swear every month it's something different. last month is was nausea, this month it's lots of bloating and heavy flow. I usually just ride it out. :/
permalink[–]PinkStraw[S] 0 points1 point2 points 1 year ago (1 child)sorry, this has been archived and can no longer be voted onI'm not sure what's normal with bloating, honestly. For me, I tend to bloat during that horrible time before the period starts... that time when your stamina and energy is down, etc. After it starts, things get better until my period is near again. I end up only having one week a month where I feel good:
permalinkparent[–]cup_of_cake 1 point2 points3 points 1 year ago (0 children)sorry, this has been archived and can no longer be voted onO.o that's awful!! I only have one bad week: shark week. no pms symptoms until the actual time. I used to pms the week before my period, but since being on the pill, it's all combined into the one week. permalinkparentaboutblogaboutteamsource codeadvertisejobshelpwikiFAQreddiquetterulescontact ustoolsmobilefirefox extensionchrome extensionbuttonswidget<3reddit goldstoreredditgiftsreddit.tvradio redditUse of this site constitutes acceptance of our User Agreement {Genitive} and Privacy Policy {Genitive}. © 2014 reddit inc. All rights reserved.REDDIT and the ALIEN Logo are registered trademarks of reddit inc.close this windowyou'll need to login or register to do thatcreate a new accountall it takes is a username and passwordprivacy philosophy
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