text:
Patent US4926480 - Card-computer moderated systems - Google PatentsSearch Images Maps Play YouTube News Gmail Drive More »Sign inAdvanced Patent SearchPatentsA user controlled card computer C and communicating tamper-resistant part T are disclosed that conduct secure transactions with an external system S. All communication between T and S is moderated by C, who is able to prevent T and S from leaking any message or pre-arranged signals to each other. Additionally,...http://www.google.com/patents/US4926480?utm_source=gb-gplus-sharePatent US4926480 - Card-computer moderated systemsAdvanced Patent SearchPublication numberUS4926480 APublication typeGrantApplication numberUS 07/198,315Publication dateMay 15, 1990Filing dateMay 24, 1988Priority dateAug 22, 1983Fee statusPaidAlso published asDE68928240D1, EP0418328A1, EP0418328A4, EP0418328B1, EP0773647A2, EP0773647A3, WO1989011762A1Publication number07198315, 198315, US 4926480 A, US 4926480A, US-A-4926480, US4926480 A, US4926480AInventorsDavid ChaumOriginal AssigneeDavid ChaumExport CitationBiBTeX, EndNote, RefManPatent Citations (16), Non-Patent Citations (14), Referenced by (299), Classifications (33), Legal Events (17) External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, EspacenetCard-computer moderated systemsUS 4926480 AAbstract A user controlled card computer C and communicating tamper-resistant part T are disclosed that conduct secure transactions with an external system S. All communication between T and S is moderated by C, who is able to prevent T and S from leaking any message or pre-arranged signals to each other. Additionally, S can verify that T is in immediate physical proximity. Even though S receives public key digital signatures through C that are checkable using public keys whose corresponding private keys are known only to a unique T, S is unable to learn which transactions involve which T. It is also possible for S to allow strictly limited messages to be communicated securely between S and T.
Box 302 shows that W forms challenge c independently and uniformly from the interval 0 to 2.sup.n -1, where the power of 2 requirement is for the same reasons as mentioned in box 301, and only n bits are required by the protocol. Naturally, each bit of c could be thought of as being generated as it is needed, however, this pre-generation provides some consistency with the needs of T, as will be described, and is used here for clarity. Message [31.1] is also received before T proceeds further.
Box 303 is the pre-creation by T of the n response bits that comprise r. Thus r is chosen uniformly from the interval 0 to 2.sup.n -1. Pre-choice of these bits is desired since the amount of work to be performed by T in responding to each challenge bit below is preferably minimized, as has been mentioned. Message [31.2] is also received before W proceeds further.
Box 305 shows the reception of message [32.i], its exclusive-or'ing with the i'th bit of k, denoted k.sub.i, to form message [33.i]. This message is then sent from C to T.
Box 306 indicates that after T receives [33.i], the i'th bit of r, r.sub.i, is forwarded to C in message [34.i].
Box 307 describes how C transforms [34.i], by exclusive-or'ing it with j.sub.i. The result, [35.i], is then sent as a message to W.
Box 308 begins the post-processing for the neutralized challenge response sequence just described. The purpose of this processing is for each of C, T, and W to arrive at the same value, called m, m', and m", respectively, to be used later as will be described. At this point, C is already able to determine m as follows: First a value called for convenience here temp1 is formed as the bitwise exclusive-or of message [32] and k. In other words, for all i between 1 and n, the i'th bit of temp1 is the exclusive-or of [32.i] and k.sub.i. A value temp2 is formed in a similar way from [34] and j, that is temp2 is the bitwise exclusive-or of [34] and j. Then temp2, taken as an integer, is multiplied by 2.sup.n and the result is added as an integer with temp1 treated as an integer. This final sum is m. Thus, the low-order n bits of m are the bitwise sum of [32] and k, and the next higher order n bits are the bitwise sum of [34] and j. While this technique for forming m from the two n bit sequences is arbitrary, it is presented here for concreteness. The final part of this box shows C sending j to T as message [36.1] and k to W as [36.2].
Box 309 is the checking of [36.1] received and the forming of m' by T. The checking is by applying f to [36.1] and making sure that the result is equal to [31.1]. The forming of m' is essentially the same as that detailed in box 308 above for m, except that T only knows the bitwise sum, called temp1 above, instead of the actual components, c and k, of it known to C. Thus, the bitwise sum of r and [36.1] is formed, this is multiplied by 2.sup.n as an integer, and the result is added as an integer to [33], giving the result m'.
Box 310 describes the checking of [36.2] received and the forming of m", both in a way similar to that of box 309. The checking is performed by ensuring that f of [36.2] is equal to [31.2]. The forming of m" proceeds by computing temp1 as the bitwise exclusive-or sum of c and [36.2], and then adding this temp1 as an integer to the integer product of [35] and 2.sup.n.
Much of the arithmetic shown in FIG. 5 is preferably performed in a group of prime order, and it will be described using such a group for clarity. One example of a suitable such group of prime order is the group of squares modulo a prime p with p-1=2p' where p' is prime. It is well known in the art how to test an element modulo p to determine if it is a square, such as by using the Jacobi symbol test mentioned later. It is also known how to convert an element that is not a square into a square by shifting the bits and changing a few low-order bits until it is a square (as detailed in "Digitalized signatures and public-key functions as intractable as factorization," by M. O. Rabin, as MIT technical report MIT/LCS/TR-212, January 1979) or by simply taking the convention that all such conversion entails squaring the number to be converted. Another similar group is that comprised of integers between 1 and p' where the group operation is multiplication modulo p but with the result "normalized" to the least positive representative of the product or the least positive representative of the the additive inverse modulo p of the product, whichever is less. Conversion to this group is trivially accomplished by normalizing. Other suitable groups of prime order quite well known in the art are GF(2.sup.n) where 2.sup.n -1 is a prime. This group could of course have been used instead of the integers modulo p for FIG. 2 itself, thereby requiring no normalization or conversion. But for generality, the following description will include explicit reference to the group of order p' and will indicate when conversion may be required.
Box 607 details testing and extraction of the result of message [66] received by T. Message [66] is raised to the e power modulo ZN and the result is tested for equality with the result of multiplying m by r raised to the e power modulo ZN. The equality holding, m.sup.* is formed from message [66] with the factor r "divided out" by multiplying with its multiplicative inverse modulo ZN.
Box 706 is where T uses the signature on m.sup.* retained from FIG. 6 to form a response based on the challenge bit contained in message [75] received. The value m.sup.* is raised to the message [75] power (i.e. changed to zero if [75] is zero and left unchanged otherwise) and multiplied modulo ZN by a to form message [76] that is sent to C.
Box 708 depicts the testing of the three messages sent by C to W, and to give W confidence in T's possession of m.sup.*. First message [77] received is raised to the e power modulo ZN. Then this is compared for equality with a product modulo ZN of message [73.1] received and m" raised to a binary power. This binary power is the exclusive-or of the bit extraction function applied to c with the bit extraction function applied to message [73.2].
The flowchart of FIG. 7 may be considered in a setting where T has a signature verifiable with some public key known to all three parties. In the preferred embodiment, by issuing a challenge and checking the response, W should gain confidence that a party holding a signature on a particular message (m) participated in forming the response after the challenge was issued. A "protector" value (a.sup.e) is created by T in such a way that T knows the signature on the protector value (box 701). This protector value is "sanitized" by C combining it with a sanitizing value (a'.sup.e) in such a way that substantially any sanitized protector results from any protector, for some sanitizing value (part of box 703). Also, the sanitizing value is at least unpredictable to the two parties, which is believed to prevent outflow. The sanitized value is provided to W (message [73.1]). A mutually-trusted challenge value is created by a suitable cryptographic coin-toss technique between C and W, such as are widely known in the art: one party commits to a part (C in box 702), the other supplies a part (W in part of box 703), and the first party opens the commit (box 704), thereby letting both parties compute the output as a group operation applied to the two parts, which are elements of a cyclic group (parts of boxes 705, 707 and 708). Once the sanitized protector is committed to and the coin-toss result is known, C and T can form the response. The preferred embodiment accomplishes this by passing the challenge from C to W (part of box 705); computing the response without knowledge of the sanitizing value by T (box 706); and C sanitizing the response (part of box 707). As will be appreciated, the sanitizing value could be provided to T who could then perform the entire response formation; but this should involve at least some commit by C to the sanitizing value before learning the protector. It is anticipated that the widely publicized Fiat-Shamir style challenge and response could also be employed, as would be obvious to those of skill in the art; a single signature and corresponding term in the response are shown here for clarity, but any number of such terms could of course be included. Finally, W checks the response (part of box 708). Another example variation anticipated, and that would be obvious to those of skill in the art, is simply using "discrete log" techniques instead of RSA signatures, as described in part in "An improved protocol for demonstrating possession of discrete logarithms and some generalizations," by the present applicant, J. H. Evertse, and J. v. d. Graaf, in Advances in Cryptology: Proceedings of Eurocrypt 87, D. Chaum and W. L. Price, Eds., Springer Verlag, 1988.
Patent CitationsCited PatentFiling datePublication dateApplicantTitleUS4264782 *Jun 29, 1979Apr 28, 1981International Business Machines CorporationMethod and apparatus for transaction and identity verificationUS4393269 *Jan 29, 1981Jul 12, 1983International Business Machines CorporationMethod and apparatus incorporating a one-way sequence for transaction and identity verificationUS4423287 *Jun 26, 1981Dec 27, 1983Visa U.S.A., Inc.End-to-end encryption system and method of operationUS4529870 *Jun 25, 1982Jul 16, 1985David ChaumCryptographic identification, financial transaction, and credential deviceUS4590470 *Jul 11, 1983May 20, 1986At&T Bell LaboratoriesUser authentication system employing encryption functionsUS4612413 *Jul 18, 1984Sep 16, 1986U.S. Philips CorporationAuthentication system between a card reader and a pay card exchanging dataUS4625076 *Mar 11, 1985Nov 25, 1986Nippon Telegraph & Telephone Public CorporationSigned document transmission systemUS4656474 *Nov 20, 1985Apr 7, 1987Compagnie Internationale Pour L'informatique Cii-Honeywell Bull (Societe Anonyme)Process and apparatus for authenticating the signature of a signed messageUS4667087 *Mar 31, 1986May 19, 1987Max A. QuintanaSecure credit cardUS4697072 *Aug 27, 1985Sep 29, 1987Casio Computer Co., Ltd.Identification card and authentication system thereforUS4710613 *Dec 4, 1985Dec 1, 1987Casio Computer Co., Ltd.Identification systemUS4748668 *Jul 9, 1986May 31, 1988Yeda Research And Development Company LimitedMethod, apparatus and article for identification and signatureUS4757185 *Apr 27, 1987Jul 12, 1988Hitachi, Ltd.Automatic cash transaction apparatusUS4759063 *Aug 22, 1983Jul 19, 1988Chaum David LBlind signature systemsUS4759064 *Oct 7, 1985Jul 19, 1988Chaum David LBlind unanticipated signature systemsUS4782455 *May 18, 1987Nov 1, 1988Sharp Kabushiki KaishaCard speed determination in a card reader* Cited by examinerNon-Patent CitationsReference1Chaum et al., "A Secure And Privacy Protecting Protocol For Transmitting Personal Information Between Organizations", Advances in Crytology: Proceedings of Crypto 86, Springer Verlag Press, 1987.2Chaum et al., "An Improved Protocol For Demonstrating Possession Of Discrete Logarithms And Some Generalations", Advances in Cryptology: Proceedings of Eurocrypt 87, Springer Verlag Press, 1988.3 *Chaum et al., A Secure And Privacy Protecting Protocol For Transmitting Personal Information Between Organizations , Advances in Crytology: Proceedings of Crypto 86, Springer Verlag Press, 1987.4 *Chaum et al., An Improved Protocol For Demonstrating Possession Of Discrete Logarithms And Some Generalations , Advances in Cryptology: Proceedings of Eurocrypt 87, Springer Verlag Press, 1988.5Chaum, "Design Concept For Tamper Responding System", Proc. of Crypto 82, Plenum Press, 1983.6 *Chaum, Design Concept For Tamper Responding System , Proc. of Crypto 82, Plenum Press, 1983.7Elgamal, "A Public Key Cryptosystem And Signature Scheme Based On Discrete Logarithms", Advances in Cryptology: Proceedings of Crypto 84, Springer Verlag Press, 1985.8 *Elgamal, A Public Key Cryptosystem And Signature Scheme Based On Discrete Logarithms , Advances in Cryptology: Proceedings of Crypto 84, Springer Verlag Press, 1985.9Peralta et al., "A Simple And Secure Way To Show The Validity Of Your Public Key", Proceedings of Crypto 87, Springer Verlag Press, 1988.10 *Peralta et al., A Simple And Secure Way To Show The Validity Of Your Public Key , Proceedings of Crypto 87, Springer Verlag Press, 1988.11Rabin, "Digitalized Signatures And Public-Key Functions As Intractable As Factorization", MIT Technical Report MIT/LCS/TR-212, Jan. 1979.12 *Rabin, Digitalized Signatures And Public Key Functions As Intractable As Factorization , MIT Technical Report MIT/LCS/TR 212, Jan. 1979.13Rivest et al., "A Method For Obtaining Digital Signatures And Public-Key Cryptosystems", Communications of the ACM, Feb. 1978, pp. 120-126.14 *Rivest et al., A Method For Obtaining Digital Signatures And Public Key Cryptosystems , Communications of the ACM, Feb. 1978, pp. 120 126.* Cited by examinerReferenced byCiting PatentFiling datePublication dateApplicantTitleUS4977595 *Mar 28, 1990Dec 11, 1990Nippon Telegraph And Telephone CorporationMethod and apparatus for implementing electronic cashUS5130519 *Jan 16, 1990Jul 14, 1992George BushPortable pin cardUS5131039 *Nov 5, 1990Jul 14, 1992David ChaumOptionally moderated transaction systemsUS5148479 *Mar 20, 1991Sep 15, 1992International Business Machines Corp.Authentication protocols in communication networksUS5191608 *Sep 11, 1991Mar 2, 1993Gemplus Card InternationalMethod for the management of an application program loaded in a microcircuit mediumUS5193114 *Aug 8, 1991Mar 9, 1993Moseley Donald RConsumer oriented smart card system and authentication techniquesUS5214699 *Jun 9, 1992May 25, 1993Audio Digital Imaging Inc.System for decoding and displaying personalized indentification stored on memory storage deviceUS5245656 *Sep 9, 1992Sep 14, 1993Bell Communications Research, Inc.Security method for private information delivery and filtering in public networksUS5247578 *Jan 22, 1992Sep 21, 1993France Telecom Etablissement Autonome De Droit Public (Centre National D'etudes Des Telecommunications)Process for exchange of rights between microprocessor cardsUS5276736 *Jul 13, 1992Jan 4, 1994David ChaumOptionally moderated transaction systemsUS5280527 *Apr 14, 1992Jan 18, 1994Kamahira Safe Co., Inc.Biometric token for authorizing access to a host systemUS5297205 *Oct 18, 1990Mar 22, 1994AdventurePortable electronic device to establish public loyalty to a medium or similarUS5311595 *Jun 7, 1990May 10, 1994Kommunedata I/SMethod of transferring data, between computer systems using electronic cardsUS5455407 *Jan 27, 1995Oct 3, 1995Citibank, N.A.Electronic-monetary systemUS5485520 *Oct 7, 1993Jan 16, 1996Amtech CorporationAutomatic real-time highway toll collection from moving vehiclesUS5521980 *Feb 28, 1994May 28, 1996Brands; Stefanus A.Privacy-protected transfer of electronic informationUS5557518 *Apr 28, 1994Sep 17, 1996Citibank, N.A.Trusted agents for open electronic commerceUS5557765 *Feb 21, 1995Sep 17, 1996Trusted Information Systems, Inc.System and method for data recoveryUS5585787 *May 2, 1994Dec 17, 1996Wallerstein; Robert S.Programmable credit cardUS5604804 *Apr 23, 1996Feb 18, 1997Micali; SilvioMethod for certifying public keys in a digital signature schemeUS5604805 *Feb 9, 1996Feb 18, 1997Brands; Stefanus A.Privacy-protected transfer of electronic informationUS5610980 *Feb 13, 1995Mar 11, 1997Eta Technologies CorporationMethod and apparatus for re-initializing a processing device and a storage deviceUS5610982 *May 15, 1996Mar 11, 1997Micali; SilvioCompact certification with threshold signaturesUS5613012 *May 17, 1995Mar 18, 1997Smarttouch, Llc.Tokenless identification system for authorization of electronic transactions and electronic transmissionsUS5619574 *Feb 13, 1995Apr 8, 1997Eta Technologies CorporationPersonal access management systemUS5621797 *Dec 19, 1995Apr 15, 1997Citibank, N.A.Electronic ticket presentation and transfer methodUS5638447 *May 15, 1996Jun 10, 1997Micali; SilvioCompact digital signaturesUS5642419 *Dec 19, 1995Jun 24, 1997Citibank N.A.Method for acquiring and revalidating an electronic credentialUS5666416 *Nov 16, 1995Sep 9, 1997Micali; SilvioCertificate revocation systemUS5671280 *Aug 30, 1995Sep 23, 1997Citibank, N.A.System and method for commercial payments using trusted agentsUS5682027 *Oct 26, 1993Oct 28, 1997Intellect Australia Pty Ltd.System and method for performing transactions and a portable intelligent device thereforeUS5682428 *Feb 13, 1995Oct 28, 1997Eta Technologies CorporationPersonal access management systemUS5689564 *Feb 13, 1995Nov 18, 1997Eta Technologies CorporationPersonal access management systemUS5692049 *Feb 13, 1995Nov 25, 1997Eta Technologies CorporationPersonal access management systemUS5694472 *Feb 13, 1995Dec 2, 1997Eta Technologies CorporationPersonal access management systemUS5696825 *Feb 13, 1995Dec 9, 1997Eta Technologies CorporationPersonal access management systemUS5696827 *Jan 30, 1997Dec 9, 1997Brands; Stefanus AlfonsusSecure cryptographic methods for electronic transfer of informationUS5703949 *Oct 23, 1996Dec 30, 1997Citibank, N.A.Method for establishing secure communications among processing devicesUS5717757 *Nov 19, 1996Feb 10, 1998Micali; SilvioCertificate issue listsUS5717759 *Jan 31, 1997Feb 10, 1998Micali; SilvioMethod for certifying public keys in a digital signature schemeUS5745573 *Jan 10, 1997Apr 28, 1998Trusted Information Systems, Inc.System and method for controlling access to a user secretUS5745886 *Jun 7, 1995Apr 28, 1998Citibank, N.A.Trusted agents for open distribution of electronic moneyUS5754938 *Oct 31, 1995May 19, 1998Herz; Frederick S. M.Pseudonymous server for system for customized electronic identification of desirable objectsUS5754939 *Oct 31, 1995May 19, 1998Herz; Frederick S. M.System for generation of user profiles for a system for customized electronic identification of desirable objectsUS5757917 *Nov 1, 1995May 26, 1998First Virtual Holdings IncorporatedComputerized payment system for purchasing goods and services on the internetUS5761311 *Apr 9, 1997Jun 2, 1998Microsoft CorporationBlind encryptionUS5774545 *Mar 28, 1996Jun 30, 1998Lucent Technologies Inc.Method and apparatus for enhancing security in and discouraging theft of VLSI and ULSI devicesUS5777903 *Jan 22, 1996Jul 7, 1998Motorola, Inc.Solar cell powered smart card with integrated display and interface keypadUS5778068 *Feb 13, 1995Jul 7, 1998Eta Technologies CorporationPersonal access management systemUS5793868 *Nov 5, 1996Aug 11, 1998Micali; SilvioCertificate revocation systemUS5799087 *Apr 21, 1995Aug 25, 1998Citibank, N.A.Electronic-monetary systemUS5826241 *Sep 16, 1994Oct 20, 1998First Virtual Holdings IncorporatedComputerized system for making payments and authenticating transactions over the internetUS5832460 *Jun 2, 1995Nov 3, 1998International Business Machines CorporationMethod and system for bill presentation and payment reconciliationUS5835087 *Oct 31, 1995Nov 10, 1998Herz; Frederick S. M.System for generation of object profiles for a system for customized electronic identification of desirable objectsUS5838812 *Jul 25, 1996Nov 17, 1998Smarttouch, LlcTokenless biometric transaction authorization systemUS5839119 *Sep 27, 1996Nov 17, 1998Xerox CorporationMethod of electronic payments that prevents double-spendingUS5857023 *Nov 25, 1996Jan 5, 1999Xerox CorporationSpace efficient method of redeeming electronic paymentsUS5861662 *Feb 24, 1997Jan 19, 1999General Instrument CorporationAnti-tamper bond wire shield for an integrated circuitUS5878139 *Oct 16, 1996Mar 2, 1999Citibank, N.A.Method for electronic merchandise dispute resolutionUS5892899 *Jun 13, 1996Apr 6, 1999Intel CorporationTamper resistant methods and apparatusUS5894521 *Aug 15, 1997Apr 13, 1999Direct Business Technologies, Inc.System and method for encrypting sensitive informationUS5898154 *Jan 11, 1995Apr 27, 1999Citibank, N.A.System and method for updating security information in a time-based electronic monetary systemUS5909492 *Jun 18, 1997Jun 1, 1999Open Market, IncorporatedNetwork sales systemUS5917909 *Dec 22, 1993Jun 29, 1999Gao Gesellschaft Fur Automation Und Organisation MbhSystem for testing the authenticity of a data carrierUS5920629 *Dec 19, 1997Jul 6, 1999Citibank, N.A.Electronic-monetary systemUS5935246 *Apr 11, 1997Aug 10, 1999International Computers LimitedElectronic copy protection mechanism using challenge and response to prevent unauthorized execution of softwareUS5952638 *Nov 25, 1996Sep 14, 1999Xerox CorporationSpace efficient method of electronic paymentsUS5953423 *Dec 19, 1997Sep 14, 1999Citibank, N.A.Electronic-monetary systemUS5955961 *Sep 25, 1996Sep 21, 1999Wallerstein; Robert S.Programmable transaction cardUS5956403 *Jun 16, 1997Sep 21, 1999Network Association, Inc.System and method for access field verificationUS5960083 *Mar 24, 1997Sep 28, 1999Micali; SilvioCertificate revocation systemUS5963648 *Dec 19, 1997Oct 5, 1999Citibank, N.A.Electronic-monetary systemUS5983207 *Aug 26, 1997Nov 9, 1999Turk; James J.Electronic cash eliminating payment riskUS5987134 *Feb 24, 1997Nov 16, 1999Fuji Xerox Co., Ltd.Device and method for authenticating user's access rights to resourcesUS5991406 *Apr 20, 1998Nov 23, 1999Network Associates, Inc.System and method for data recoveryUS6021399 *Nov 25, 1996Feb 1, 2000Xerox CorporationSpace efficient method of verifying electronic paymentsUS6029150 *Oct 4, 1996Feb 22, 2000Certco, LlcPayment and transactions in electronic commerce systemUS6045039 *Oct 16, 1997Apr 4, 2000Mr. Payroll CorporationCardless automated teller transactionsUS6047067 *Dec 19, 1997Apr 4, 2000Citibank, N.A.Electronic-monetary systemUS6047887 *Mar 16, 1998Apr 11, 2000Citibank, N.A.System and method for connecting money modulesUS6049609 *Aug 6, 1997Apr 11, 2000Intel CorporationCell array providing non-persistent secret storage through a mutation cycleUS6049785 *Mar 2, 1998Apr 11, 2000Open Market, Inc.Open network payment system for providing for authentication of payment orders based on a confirmation electronic mail messageUS6087963 *Aug 7, 1997Jul 11, 2000Hitachi, Ltd.Vehicle-mounted device for automatic charge receipt systemUS6088797 *Aug 21, 1998Jul 11, 2000Rosen; Sholom S.Tamper-proof electronic processing deviceUS6091817 *Oct 24, 1997Jul 18, 2000Intellect Australia Pty Ltd.Host and user transaction systemUS6095412 *Oct 24, 1997Aug 1, 2000Intellect Australia Pty Ltd.Host and user transaction systemUS6097811 *Oct 11, 1996Aug 1, 2000Micali; SilvioTree-based certificate revocation systemUS6122625 *Feb 18, 1998Sep 19, 2000Citibank, N.A.Apparatus and method for secure transactingUS6131090 *Mar 4, 1997Oct 10, 2000Pitney Bowes Inc.Method and system for providing controlled access to information stored on a portable recording mediumUS6145738 *May 12, 1997Nov 14, 2000Mr. Payroll CorporationMethod and apparatus for automatic check cashingUS6145739 *Oct 24, 1997Nov 14, 2000Intellect Australia Pty Ltd.System and method for performing transactions and an intelligent device thereforUS6149056 *May 12, 1997Nov 21, 2000Mr. Payroll CorporationAutomatic check cashing using biometric identification verificationUS6154879 *Feb 5, 1999Nov 28, 2000Smarttouch, Inc.Tokenless biometric ATM access systemUS6157966 *Jun 29, 1998Dec 5, 2000Schlumberger Malco, Inc.System and method for an ISO7816 complaint smart card to become master over a terminalUS6164549 *May 11, 1998Dec 26, 2000Mondex International LimitedIC card with shell featureUS6175921Jul 16, 1997Jan 16, 2001Citibank, N.A.Tamper-proof devices for unique identificationUS6175925Sep 5, 1997Jan 16, 2001Intel CorporationTamper resistant player for scrambled contentsUS6178509Sep 5, 1997Jan 23, 2001Intel CorporationTamper resistant methods and apparatusUS6195649Mar 2, 1998Feb 27, 2001Open Market, Inc.Digital active advertisingUS6199051Mar 2, 1998Mar 6, 2001Open Market, Inc.Digital active advertisingUS6205437Mar 2, 1998Mar 20, 2001Open Market, Inc.Open network payment system for providing for real-time authorization of payment and purchase transactionsUS6205550Sep 5, 1997Mar 20, 2001Intel CorporationTamper resistant methods and apparatusUS6220510Apr 23, 1998Apr 24, 2001Mondex International LimitedMulti-application IC card with delegation featureUS6230148Jan 29, 1999May 8, 2001Veristar CorporationTokenless biometric electric check transactionUS6246996May 7, 1998Jun 12, 2001Messagemedia, Inc.Computerized system for facilitating transactions between parties on the internet using e-mailUS6269348Jan 29, 1999Jul 31, 2001Veristar CorporationTokenless biometric electronic debit and credit transactionsUS6272632Feb 12, 1998Aug 7, 2001Network Associates, Inc.System and method for controlling access to a user secret using a key recovery fieldUS6286756Feb 28, 2000Sep 11, 2001Innoventry CorporationCardless automated teller transactionsUS6301659Nov 26, 1997Oct 9, 2001Silvio MicaliTree-based certificate revocation systemUS6308270Feb 13, 1998Oct 23, 2001Schlumberger Technologies, Inc.Validating and certifying execution of a software program with a smart cardUS6328217May 13, 1998Dec 11, 2001Mondex International LimitedIntegrated circuit card with application history listUS6336095Nov 20, 1998Jan 1, 2002Citibank, N.A.Method for electronic merchandise dispute resolutionUS6366682Oct 30, 1998Apr 2, 2002Indivos CorporationTokenless electronic transaction systemUS6385723May 11, 1998May 7, 2002Mondex International LimitedKey transformation unit for an IC cardUS6397198Jul 20, 1999May 28, 2002Indivos CorporationTokenless biometric electronic transactions using an audio signature to identify the transaction processorUS6398115 *May 19, 1998Jun 4, 2002Arthur A. KrauseSystem for authenticating use of transaction cards having a magnetic stripeUS6415271Mar 26, 1999Jul 2, 2002Gm Network LimitedElectronic cash eliminating payment riskUS6446052Nov 18, 1998Sep 3, 2002Rsa Security Inc.Digital coin tracing using trustee tokensUS6449599May 4, 1999Sep 10, 2002Open Market, Inc.Network sales systemUS6488211May 12, 1998Dec 3, 2002Mondex International LimitedSystem and method for flexibly loading in IC cardUS6547130 *Aug 4, 1999Apr 15, 2003Ming-Shiang ShenIntegrated circuit card with fingerprint verification capabilityUS6564995Sep 17, 1998May 20, 2003Schlumberger Malco, Inc.Smart card application-selectionUS6575372Feb 12, 1998Jun 10, 2003Mondex International LimitedSecure multi-application IC card system having selective loading and deleting capabilityUS6581042May 3, 2001Jun 17, 2003Indivos CorporationTokenless biometric electronic check transactionsUS6591229Oct 9, 1998Jul 8, 2003Schlumberger Industries, SaMetrology device with programmable smart cardUS6594376Apr 1, 2002Jul 15, 2003Indivos CorporationTokenless electronic transaction systemUS6659354Dec 21, 2001Dec 9, 2003Mondex International LimitedSecure multi-application IC card system having selective loading and deleting capabilityUS6662166Jun 11, 2001Dec 9, 2003Indivos CorporationTokenless biometric electronic debit and credit transactionsUS6680924Dec 14, 2000Jan 20, 2004Carnegie Mellon UniversityMethod for estimating signal strengthsUS6695204Mar 17, 2000Feb 24, 2004Atc Realty Fifteen, Inc.Method and apparatus for automatic check cashingUS6736325Jan 13, 1999May 18, 2004Mondex International LimitedCodeletsUS6742120Dec 15, 1998May 25, 2004Mondex International LimitedSystem and method for controlling access to computer code in an IC cardUS6742715Sep 30, 2002Jun 1, 2004Mondex International LimitedSystem and method for flexibly loading an IC cardUS6761319Oct 30, 2001Jul 13, 2004Mondex International LimitedConfiguration of IC cardUS6786398Feb 28, 2000Sep 7, 2004Atc Realty Fifteen, Inc.Method and apparatus for automatic cashing of a negotiable instrumentUS6816595 *Mar 19, 1999Nov 9, 2004International Business Machines CorporationMini time key creation method and systemUS6856965Jun 28, 1999Feb 15, 2005Atc Realty Fifteen, Inc.Method and apparatus for automatic check cashingUS6859795Jul 29, 1999Feb 22, 2005Cyphermint, Inc.Method for carrying out transactions and device for realizing the sameUS6868408May 9, 2000Mar 15, 2005Citibank, N.A.Security systems and methods applicable to an electronic monetary systemUS6879966Mar 22, 2001Apr 12, 2005Indivos CorporationTokenless biometric electronic financial transactions via a third party identicatorUS6920435Apr 10, 2002Jul 19, 2005Indivos CorporationTokenless biometric electronic transactions using an audio signature to identify the transaction processorUS6926203 *Feb 3, 2003Aug 9, 2005Richard P. SehrTravel system and methods utilizing multi-application traveler devicesUS6926204 *Mar 11, 2003Aug 9, 2005Commissariat A L'energie AtomiqueSecure electronic deviceUS6945457May 9, 1997Sep 20, 2005Transaction Holdings Ltd. L.L.C.Automated transaction machineUS6950810Dec 6, 2000Sep 27, 2005Indivos CorporationTokenless biometric electronic financial transactions via a third party identicatorUS6959388Oct 24, 2000Oct 25, 2005At&T Corp.Method for generating many-time restrictive blind signaturesUS6985608Jul 14, 2003Jan 10, 2006Indivos CorporationTokenless electronic transaction systemUS7000110 *Jun 6, 2000Feb 14, 2006Fuji Xerox Co., Ltd.One-way function generation method, one-way function value generation device, proving device, authentication method, and authentication deviceUS7003501 *Feb 9, 2001Feb 21, 2006Maurice OstroffMethod for preventing fraudulent use of credit cards and credit card information, and for preventing unauthorized access to restricted physical and virtual sitesUS7028187Aug 21, 1998Apr 11, 2006Citibank, N.A.Electronic transaction apparatus for electronic commerceUS7058808Jun 16, 1999Jun 6, 2006Cyphermint, Inc.Method for making a blind RSA-signature and apparatus thereforUS7083089 *Jan 20, 2004Aug 1, 2006Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P.Off-line PIN verification using identity-based signaturesUS7107455Nov 4, 1999Sep 12, 2006Dell Usa, L.P.Computer information access based on a transmitted identification signalUS7143062Jun 28, 1999Nov 28, 2006Gm Network LimitedElectronic cash eliminating payment riskUS7152045Sep 10, 2002Dec 19, 2006Indivos CorporationTokenless identification system for authorization of electronic transactions and electronic transmissionsUS7162639Aug 31, 2005Jan 9, 2007At & T Corp.Method for generating many-time restrictive blind signaturesUS7181017Mar 25, 2002Feb 20, 2007David FelsherSystem and method for secure three-party communicationsUS7195154Sep 21, 2001Mar 27, 2007Privasys, Inc.Method for generating customer secure card numbersUS7205882Nov 10, 2004Apr 17, 2007Corestreet, Ltd.Actuating a security system using a wireless deviceUS7206763May 16, 2003Apr 17, 2007Gm Network LimitedMethod and system for commodity-based currency for payment of accountsUS7248719Oct 7, 2005Jul 24, 2007Indivos CorporationTokenless electronic transaction systemUS7254561May 14, 1998Aug 7, 2007Comex Electronics AbMethod and device for performing electronic transactionsUS7272639Jan 12, 1998Sep 18, 2007Soverain Software LlcInternet server access control and monitoring systemsUS7328276Dec 18, 2001Feb 5, 2008Coranet Solutions, LlcComputer oriented record administration systemUS7337315Mar 21, 2003Feb 26, 2008Corestreet, Ltd.Efficient certificate revocationUS7337326Mar 27, 2003Feb 26, 2008Innovation Connection CorporationApparatus and method for effecting secure physical and commercial transactions in a contactless manner using biometric identity validationUS7353396Apr 8, 2003Apr 1, 2008Corestreet, Ltd.Physical access controlUS7357312Mar 30, 2006Apr 15, 2008Gangi Frank JSystem for associating identification and personal data for multiple magnetic stripe cards or other sources to facilitate a transaction and related methodsUS7366702Jun 6, 2001Apr 29, 2008Ipass Inc.System and method for secure network purchasingUS7379919Apr 11, 2001May 27, 2008Mastercard International IncorporatedMethod and system for conducting secure payments over a computer networkUS7380138Apr 22, 2004May 27, 2008Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P.Cryptographic method and apparatusUS7447037Sep 21, 2007Nov 4, 2008Super Talent Electronics, Inc.Single chip USB packages by various assembly methodsUS7466556Oct 17, 2007Dec 16, 2008Super Talent Electronics, Inc.Single chip USB packages with swivel coverUS7469339Aug 17, 2001Dec 23, 2008Multos LimitedSecure multiple application card system and processUS7478239May 19, 1999Jan 13, 2009Citibank, N.A.Electronic ticket vending systemUS7483871Oct 1, 2002Jan 27, 2009Pinpoint IncorporatedCustomized electronic newspapers and advertisementsUS7499875May 22, 2000Mar 3, 2009Ebay Inc.Method and apparatus for facilitating online payment transactions in a network-based transaction facility using multiple payment instrumentsUS7516325 *Apr 8, 2002Apr 7, 2009Certicom Corp.Device authentication in a PKIUS7516886Oct 30, 2007Apr 14, 2009E-Micro CorporationSystem for associating identification and personal data for multiple magnetic stripe cards or other sources to facilitate a transaction and related methodsUS7523495Apr 19, 2007Apr 21, 2009Multos LimitedMethods and systems for IC card application loadingUS7529928May 13, 2004May 5, 2009Corestreet, Ltd.Certificate revocation systemUS7535719Oct 17, 2007May 19, 2009Super Talent Electronics, Inc.Single chip USB packages with contact-pins coverUS7536352Apr 18, 2005May 19, 2009Yt Acquisition CorporationTokenless biometric electronic financial transactions via a third party identicatorUS7558407Jun 14, 2007Jul 7, 2009Yt Acquisition CorporationTokenless electronic transaction systemUS7565329May 30, 2001Jul 21, 2009Yt Acquisition CorporationBiometric financial transaction system and methodUS7571850Oct 31, 2007Aug 11, 2009Transaction Holdings, Ltd. LlcAutomated transaction machineUS7574596Apr 22, 2004Aug 11, 2009Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P.Cryptographic method and apparatusUS7575158Oct 31, 2007Aug 18, 2009Transaction Holding Ltd. LlcAutomated transaction machineUS7584358Feb 16, 2007Sep 1, 2009Multos LimitedTamper resistant module certification authorityUS7584363 *Mar 2, 2005Sep 1, 2009France TelecomFair blind signature processUS7587368Jul 5, 2001Sep 8, 2009David Paul FelsherInformation record infrastructure, system and methodUS7590846 *Jan 20, 2004Sep 15, 2009France TelecomPublic key cryptographic method of protecting an electronic chip against fraudUS7591420Oct 31, 2007Sep 22, 2009Transaction Holdings Ltd., LlcAutomated transaction machineUS7597248Oct 31, 2007Oct 6, 2009Transaction Holdings Ltd., LlcAutomated transaction machineUS7597251Oct 31, 2007Oct 6, 2009Transaction Holdings Ltd. LlcAutomated transaction machineUS7600129Jul 16, 2004Oct 6, 2009Corestreet, Ltd.Controlling access using additional dataUS7600677Oct 31, 2007Oct 13, 2009Transaction Holdings Ltd., LlcAutomated transaction machineUS7606401Aug 4, 2005Oct 20, 2009Yt Acquisition CorporationSystem and method for processing tokenless biometric electronic transmissions using an electronic rule module clearinghouseUS7613659Sep 16, 1999Nov 3, 2009Yt Acquisition CorporationSystem and method for processing tokenless biometric electronic transmissions using an electronic rule module clearinghouseUS7617973Oct 31, 2007Nov 17, 2009Transaction Holdings Ltd., LlcAutomated transaction machineUS7620605Jan 31, 2005Nov 17, 2009Yt Acquisition CorporationSystem and method for processing tokenless biometric electronic transmissions using an electronic rule module clearinghouseUS7621444Oct 31, 2007Nov 24, 2009Transaction Holdings Ltd. LlcAutomated transaction machineUS7630986Oct 27, 2000Dec 8, 2009Pinpoint, IncorporatedSecure data interchangeUS7631193Jan 23, 2002Dec 8, 2009Yt Acquisition CorporationTokenless identification system for authorization of electronic transactions and electronic transmissionsUS7657751May 13, 2004Feb 2, 2010Corestreet, Ltd.Efficient and secure data currentness systemsUS7660994Jun 24, 2004Feb 9, 2010Corestreet, Ltd.Access controlUS7669055Oct 25, 2007Feb 23, 2010Multos LimitedKey transformation unit for a tamper resistant moduleUS7688982Mar 12, 2004Mar 30, 2010Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V.Protected return path from digital rights management dongleUS7689826Jan 19, 2007Mar 30, 2010Multos LimitedFlexibly loading a tamper resistant moduleUS7698567Dec 28, 2005Apr 13, 2010Yt Acquisition CorporationSystem and method for tokenless biometric electronic scripUS7699220Oct 31, 2007Apr 20, 2010Transaction Holdings Ltd., LlcAutomated transaction machineUS7702831Aug 23, 2006Apr 20, 2010Super Talent Electronics, Inc.Flash memory controller for electronic data flash cardUS7702908Oct 26, 2007Apr 20, 2010Multos LimitedTamper resistant module certification authorityUS7702984Jan 23, 2007Apr 20, 2010Super Talent Electronics, Inc.High volume testing for USB electronic data flash cardsUS7707295May 3, 2002Apr 27, 2010Foundry Networks, Inc.Connection rate limitingUS7707408Oct 25, 2007Apr 27, 2010Multos LimitedKey transformation unit for a tamper resistant moduleUS7708198Oct 31, 2007May 4, 2010E-Micro CorporationWallet consolidator to facilitate a transactionUS7712658Oct 31, 2007May 11, 2010E-Micro CorporationWallet consolidator and related methods of processing a transaction using a wallet consolidatorUS7716486Jul 16, 2004May 11, 2010Corestreet, Ltd.Controlling group access to doorsUS7730310Oct 25, 2007Jun 1, 2010Multos LimitedKey transformation unit for a tamper resistant moduleUS7730311Oct 25, 2007Jun 1, 2010Multos LimitedKey transformation unit for a tamper resistant moduleUS7730312Oct 26, 2007Jun 1, 2010Multos LimtedTamper resistant module certification authorityUS7734923Mar 29, 2007Jun 8, 2010Multos LimitedKey transformation unit for a tamper resistant moduleUS7761591Dec 16, 2005Jul 20, 2010Jean A. GrahamCentral work-product management system for coordinated collaboration with remote usersUS7774482May 3, 2002Aug 10, 2010Foundry Networks, Inc.Connection rate limiting for server load balancing and transparent cache switchingUS7792705May 21, 2007Sep 7, 2010Amazon.Com, Inc.Method and system for placing a purchase order via a communications networkUS7793830Oct 31, 2007Sep 14, 2010Transaction Holdings Ltd, LLCAutomated transaction machineUS7802718Oct 31, 2007Sep 28, 2010Transaction Holdings Ltd, L.L.C.Automated transaction machineUS7822989Jul 16, 2004Oct 26, 2010Corestreet, Ltd.Controlling access to an areaUS7828208Jan 26, 2009Nov 9, 2010E-Micro CorporationRetail point-of-transaction system, program products, and related methods to provide a customized set of identification data to facilitate a transaction using electronic couponsUS7835519Jan 23, 2009Nov 16, 2010International Business Machines CorporationMini time key creation memory medium and systemUS7837101Oct 31, 2007Nov 23, 2010Transaction Holdings Ltd, L.L.C.Automated transaction machineUS7850468Jul 17, 2009Dec 14, 2010Super Talent Electronics, Inc.Lipstick-type USB deviceUS7853600May 20, 2005Dec 14, 2010Pinpoint, IncorporatedSystem and method for providing access to video programs and other data using customer profilesUS7869219Jan 29, 2009Jan 11, 2011Super Talent Electronics, Inc.Flash drive with spring-loaded retractable connectorUS7873837Mar 12, 2007Jan 18, 2011Super Talent Electronics, Inc.Data security for electronic data flash cardUS7877331 *Sep 6, 2007Jan 25, 2011King Fahd University Of Petroleum & MineralsToken based new digital cash protocols with combined blind digital signature and pseudonym authenticationUS7882032Aug 17, 2000Feb 1, 2011Open Invention Network, LlcSystem and method for tokenless biometric authorization of electronic communicationsUS7885899Feb 8, 2000Feb 8, 2011Ipass Inc.System and method for secure network purchasingUS7899712Jan 13, 2006Mar 1, 2011Ebay Inc.Method and apparatus for facilitating online payment transactions in a network-based transaction facilityUS7944702Jul 12, 2010May 17, 2011Super Talent Electronics, Inc.Press-push flash drive apparatus with metal tubular casing and snap-coupled plastic sleeveUS7958057 *Mar 28, 2007Jun 7, 2011King Fahd University Of Petroleum And MineralsVirtual account based new digital cash protocols with combined blind digital signature and pseudonym authenticationUS7966487Jan 10, 2005Jun 21, 2011Corestreet, Ltd.Communication-efficient real time credentials for OCSP and distributed OCSPUS7970678Apr 14, 2009Jun 28, 2011Lapsley Philip DBiometric financial transaction system and methodUS8015592Oct 7, 2003Sep 6, 2011Innovation Connection CorporationSystem, method and apparatus for enabling transactions using a biometrically enabled programmable magnetic stripeUS8015597Jul 16, 2004Sep 6, 2011Corestreet, Ltd.Disseminating additional data used for controlling accessUS8056100May 20, 2005Nov 8, 2011Pinpoint, IncorporatedSystem and method for providing access to data using customer profilesUS8082575Feb 21, 2006Dec 20, 2011Rampart-Id Systems, Inc.System, method and apparatus for enabling transactions using a user enabled programmable magnetic stripeUS8103881Dec 16, 2003Jan 24, 2012Innovation Connection CorporationSystem, method and apparatus for electronic ticketingUS8116083Nov 10, 2010Feb 14, 2012Super Talent Electronics, Inc.Lipstick-type USB device with tubular housingUS8132715Oct 31, 2007Mar 13, 2012Transaction Holdings Ltd, L.L.C.Automated transaction machineUS8141240Dec 28, 2007Mar 27, 2012Super Talent Electronics, Inc.Manufacturing method for micro-SD flash memory cardUS8171032Aug 4, 2008May 1, 2012Pinpoint, IncorporatedProviding customized electronic informationUS8204945Oct 9, 2008Jun 19, 2012Stragent, LlcHash-based systems and methods for detecting and preventing transmission of unwanted e-mailUS8225094Mar 3, 2009Jul 17, 2012Certicom Corp.Device authentication in a PKIUS8225995Sep 10, 2010Jul 24, 2012Frank Joseph GangiRetail point-of-transaction system, program products, and related methods to provide a customized set of identification data to facilitate a transaction using electronic couponsUS8241047Dec 1, 2009Aug 14, 2012Super Talent Electronics, Inc.Flash drive with spring-loaded swivel connectorUS8255325Mar 3, 2009Aug 28, 2012Ebay Inc.Method and apparatus for facilitating online payment transactions in a network-based transaction facility using multiple payment instrumentsUS8260716Dec 28, 2005Sep 4, 2012Open Invention Network, LlcSystem and method for processing tokenless biometric electronic transmissions using an electronic rule module clearinghouseUS8261319Jul 16, 2004Sep 4, 2012Corestreet, Ltd.Logging access attempts to an areaUS8261978Aug 26, 2011Sep 11, 2012E-Micro CorporationWallet consolidator to facilitate a transactionUS8272060Apr 18, 2010Sep 18, 2012Stragent, LlcHash-based systems and methods for detecting and preventing transmission of polymorphic network worms and virusesUS8341036Dec 29, 2006Dec 25, 2012Amazon.Com, Inc.Combining disparate purchases into a single purchase order for billing and shipmentUS8376222Oct 30, 2007Feb 19, 2013United Services Automobile Association (Usaa)Systems and methods to temporarily transfer funds to a memberUS8396810 *Dec 31, 2001Mar 12, 2013Zixit CorporationCentralized authorization and fraud-prevention system including virtual wallet for network-based transactionsUS8444423Aug 14, 2012May 21, 2013Super Talent Electronics, Inc.Dual-personality extended USB plugs and receptacles using with PCBA and cable assemblyUS8452680Oct 28, 2011May 28, 2013Open Invention Network, LlcBiometric financial transaction system and methodUS8499334Nov 18, 2011Jul 30, 2013Rampart-Id Systems, Inc.System, method and apparatus for enabling transactions using a user enabled programmable magnetic stripeUS8543507Oct 31, 2007Sep 24, 2013Transactions Holdings Ltd., LLCAutomated transaction machineUS8554677Oct 31, 2007Oct 8, 2013Transaction Holdings Ltd., LlcAutomated transaction machineUS8554929May 3, 2002Oct 8, 2013Foundry Networks, LlcConnection rate limiting for server load balancing and transparent cache switchingUS8560451Oct 31, 2007Oct 15, 2013Transaction Holdings Ltd., LlcAutomated transaction machineUS8571952Oct 31, 2007Oct 29, 2013Transaction Holdings Ltd., LlcAutomated transaction machineUS8572228May 21, 2010Oct 29, 2013Foundry Networks, LlcConnection rate limiting for server load balancing and transparent cache switchingUS8583522Oct 31, 2007Nov 12, 2013Transaction Holdings Ltd., LlcAutomated transaction machineUS8600830Jul 16, 2010Dec 3, 2013Steven M. HoffbergSystem and method for providing a payment to a non-winning auction participantUS8600887Oct 31, 2007Dec 3, 2013Transaction Holdings Ltd., LlcAutomated transaction machineUS8600888Oct 31, 2007Dec 3, 2013Transaction Holdings Ltd., LlcAutomated transaction machineUS8600889Oct 31, 2007Dec 3, 2013Transaction Holdings Ltd. LlcAutomated transaction machineUS8600890Oct 31, 2007Dec 3, 2013Transaction Holdings Ltd., LlcAutomated transaction machineUS8606900Apr 12, 2000Dec 10, 2013Soverain Software LlcMethod and system for counting web access requestsUS8625270Oct 6, 2011Jan 7, 2014Super Talent Technology, Corp.USB flash drive with deploying and retracting functionalities using retractable cover/capUS8630932Aug 16, 2012Jan 14, 2014Open Invention Network, LlcBiometric financial transaction system and methodUS8630933Apr 10, 2013Jan 14, 2014Open Invention Network, LlcBiometric financial transaction system and methodUS8635327Apr 12, 2000Jan 21, 2014Soverain Software LlcWeb advertising methodUS20090289936 *Sep 18, 2007Nov 26, 2009Reward Technology LimitedPortable electronic loyalty devicesUSRE36310 *May 10, 1996Sep 21, 1999Kommunedata I/SMethod of transferring data, between computer systems using electronic cardsUSRE42762Mar 17, 2000Sep 27, 2011Fuji Xerox Co., Ltd.Device and method for authenticating user's access rights to resourcesUSRE42892Oct 17, 2002Nov 1, 2011Netscape Communications CorporationMethod and apparatus for maintaining state information on an HTTP client system in relation to server domain and path attributesEP0758474A1 *Mar 28, 1995Feb 19, 1997Citibank, N.A.Trusted agents for open electronic commerceEP0932128A2 *Oct 20, 1998Jul 28, 1999Nippon Telegraph and Telephone CorporationElectronic ticket system, collecting terminal, service providing terminal, user terminal, electronic ticket correcting method and recording mediumWO1994010657A1 *Oct 26, 1993May 11, 1994Johannes Marinus Georg BertinaHost and user transaction systemWO1997048203A1 *Jun 12, 1997Dec 18, 1997Intel CorpTamper resistant methods and apparatusWO1998052151A1 *May 14, 1998Nov 19, 1998Access Security Sweden AbElectronic transactionWO1999013613A1 *Jul 17, 1998Mar 18, 1999David W AucsmithTamper resistant methods and apparatusWO1999013614A1 *Jul 16, 1998Mar 18, 1999David W AucsmithTamper resistant methods and apparatusWO1999013615A1 *Jul 16, 1998Mar 18, 1999David W AucsmithA tamper resistant player for scrambled contentsWO1999031587A1 *Oct 23, 1998Jun 24, 1999Intel CorpMethod and apparatus for utilizing mux scan flip-flops to test speed related defectsWO2002093378A1 *Apr 22, 2002Nov 21, 2002Solomon FriedmanSystem, method and apparatus for establishing privacy in internet transactions and communications* Cited by examinerClassifications U.S. Classification705/69, 235/379, 235/382, 705/74, 713/180, 235/380, 380/30International ClassificationH04L9/32, G07F7/10, H04L9/30, G06K7/00, H04L9/10, G09C1/00, G06K17/00Cooperative ClassificationH04L2209/56, H04L9/3257, H04L9/302, H04L9/3218, G07F7/1008, G07F7/1016, G06Q20/383, G06Q20/40975, G06K7/00, G06Q20/341, G06Q20/3678European ClassificationG06Q20/3678, G06Q20/341, G06Q20/40975, G06Q20/383, H04L9/32S1, G07F7/10E, H04L9/30, G07F7/10DLegal EventsDateCodeEventDescriptionAug 20, 2010ASAssignmentEffective date: 20080513Owner name: VAN DETSAN NETWORKS LIMITED LIABILITY COMPANY, DELFree format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:INFOSPACE, INC.;REEL/FRAME:024864/0001Sep 1, 2009CCCertificate of correctionJul 19, 2002ASAssignmentOwner name: ECASH TECHNOLOGIES, INC., WASHINGTONFree format text: RELEASE OF SECURITY AGREEMENTS, WITH ATTACHMENTS;ASSIGNOR:E-CASH INVESTMENT CORPORATION;REEL/FRAME:013101/0754Effective date: 20020131Free format text: RELEASE OF SECURITY AGREEMENSTS, WITH ATTACHMENTS;ASSIGNOR:TRILLIUM INVESTORS IV, LLC;REEL/FRAME:013101/0717Effective date: 20020129Free format text: RELEASE OF SECURITY AGREEMENTS, WITH ATTACHMENTS;ASSIGNOR:AUGUST CAPITAL, L.P.;REEL/FRAME:013109/0001Free format text: RELEASE OF SECURITY AGREEMENTS, WITH ATTACHMENTS;ASSIGNOR:EONE GLOBAL, L.P.;REEL/FRAME:013101/0679Free format text: RELEASE OF SECURITY AGREEMENTS, WITH ATTACHMENTS;ASSIGNOR:RULOFF CAPITAL CORPORATION;REEL/FRAME:013108/0031Free format text: RELEASE OF SECURITY AGREEMENTS, WITH ATTACHMENTS;ASSIGNOR:TRILLIUM CORPORATION;REEL/FRAME:013110/0079Free format text: RELEASE OF SECURITY AGREEMENTS;ASSIGNOR:TIE MEZZANINE FUND, L.P.;REEL/FRAME:013108/0891Owner name: ECASH TECHNOLOGIES, INC. 19015 NORTH CREEK PARKWAYFree format text: RELEASE OF SECURITY AGREEMENTS, WITH ATTACHMENTS;ASSIGNOR:RULOFF CAPITAL CORPORATION /AR;REEL/FRAME:013108/0031Owner name: ECASH TECHNOLOGIES, INC. 19015 NORTH CREEK PARKWAYFree format text: RELEASE OF SECURITY AGREEMENTS, WITH ATTACHMENTS;ASSIGNOR:EONE GLOBAL, L.P. /AR;REEL/FRAME:013101/0679Owner name: ECASH TECHNOLOGIES, INC. 19015 NORTH CREEK PARKWAYFree format text: RELEASE OF SECURITY AGREEMENTS, WITH ATTACHMENTS;ASSIGNOR:E-CASH INVESTMENT CORPORATION /AR;REEL/FRAME:013101/0754Owner name: ECASH TECHNOLOGIES, INC. 19015 NORTH CREEK PARKWAYOwner name: ECASH TECHNOLOGIES, INC. 19015 NORTH CREEK PARKWAYOwner name: ECASH TECHNOLOGIES, INC. SUITE 105 19015 NORTH CREOwner name: ECASH TECHNOLOGIES, INC. SUITE 105 19015 NORTH CREFree format text: RELEASE OF SECURITY AGREEMENTS;ASSIGNOR:TIE MEZZANINE FUND, L.P. /AR;REEL/FRAME:013108/0891Free format text: RELEASE OF SECURITY AGREEMENSTS, WITH ATTACHMENTS;ASSIGNOR:TRILLIUM INVESTORS IV, LLC /AR;REEL/FRAME:013101/0717Free format text: RELEASE OF SECURITY AGREEMENTS, WITH ATTACHMENTS;ASSIGNOR:AUGUST CAPITAL, L.P. /AR;REEL/FRAME:013109/0001Free format text: RELEASE OF SECURITY AGREEMENTS, WITH ATTACHMENTS;ASSIGNOR:TRILLIUM CORPORATION /AR;REEL/FRAME:013110/0079Jun 24, 2002ASAssignmentOwner name: INFOSPACE, INC., WASHINGTONFree format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:ECASH TECHNOLOGIES, INC.;REEL/FRAME:013029/0082Effective date: 20020207Owner name: INFOSPACE, INC. 601 108TH AVENUE N.E., SUITE 1200Owner name: INFOSPACE, INC. 601 108TH AVENUE N.E., SUITE 1200BFree format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:ECASH TECHNOLOGIES, INC. /AR;REEL/FRAME:013029/0082Dec 4, 2001REMIMaintenance fee reminder mailedNov 14, 2001FPAYFee paymentYear of fee payment: 12Oct 1, 2001ASAssignmentOwner name: EONE GLOBAL LP, CALIFORNIAFree format text: SECURITY INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:ECASH TECHNOLOGIES, INC.;REEL/FRAME:012211/0200Effective date: 20010910Owner name: EONE GLOBAL LP 801 TREFETHEN WAY NAPA CALIFORNIA 9Owner name: EONE GLOBAL LP 801 TREFETHEN WAYNAPA, CALIFORNIA,Free format text: SECURITY INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:ECASH TECHNOLOGIES, INC. /AR;REEL/FRAME:012211/0200Sep 28, 2001ASAssignmentOwner name: ECASH TECHNOLOGIES, INC., WASHINGTONFree format text: PATENT SECURITY RELEASE;ASSIGNOR:IMPERIAL BANK;REEL/FRAME:012188/0626Effective date: 20010625Owner name: ECASH TECHNOLOGIES, INC. SUITE 105 19015 NORTH CREFree format text: PATENT SECURITY RELEASE;ASSIGNOR:IMPERIAL BANK /AR;REEL/FRAME:012188/0626Jan 2, 2001ASAssignmentOwner name: IMPERIAL BANK, WASHINGTONFree format text: SECURITY INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:ECASH TECHNOLOGIES, INC.;REEL/FRAME:011425/0149Effective date: 20001010Owner name: IMPERIAL BANK 5330 CARILLON POINT KIRKLAND WASHINGOwner name: IMPERIAL BANK 5330 CARILLON POINTKIRKLAND, WASHINGFree format text: SECURITY INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:ECASH TECHNOLOGIES, INC. /AR;REEL/FRAME:011425/0149Sep 22, 2000ASAssignmentOwner name: TRILLIUM CORPORATION, WASHINGTONFree format text: SECURITY INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:ECASH TECHNOLOGIES, INC.;REEL/FRAME:011149/0534Effective date: 20000921Owner name: TRILLIUM CORPORATION 4350 CORDATA PARKWAY BELLINGHOct 13, 1999ASAssignmentOwner name: ECASH TECHNOLOGIES, INC., A CORP. OF DELAWARE, WASFree format text: CHANGE OF NAME;ASSIGNOR:DIGICASH ACQUISTION CORPORATION, A CORP. OF DELAWARE;REEL/FRAME:010299/0575Effective date: 19990730Owner name: ECASH TECHNOLOGIES, INC., A CORP. OF DELAWARE SUITJul 19, 1999ASAssignmentOwner name: DIGICASH ACQUISTION CORPORATION, WASHINGTONFree format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:DIGICASH INC.;REEL/FRAME:010095/0654Effective date: 19990104May 3, 1999ASAssignmentOwner name: DIGICASH INCORPORATED, CALIFORNIAFree format text: REASSIGNMENT & RELEASE OF SECURITY INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:TECHNOLOGIES FOR INFORMATION ENTERTAINEMNT III, L.P.;NEGROPONTE, NICHOLAS;REEL/FRAME:009968/0664Effective date: 19990324Nov 3, 1997FPAYFee paymentYear of fee payment: 8Dec 17, 1996ASAssignmentOwner name: TECHNOLOGIES FOR INFORMATION AND ENTERTAINMENT, MAFree format text: SECURITY AGREEMENT;ASSIGNOR:DIGICASH INCORPORATED;REEL/FRAME:008283/0249Effective date: 19961127Nov 29, 1996ASAssignmentOwner name: DIGICASH INCORPORATED, NEW YORKFree format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:CHAUM, DAVID;REEL/FRAME:008251/0038Effective date: 19961121Nov 3, 1993FPAYFee paymentYear of fee payment: 4RotateOriginal ImageGoogle Home - Sitemap - USPTO Bulk Downloads - Privacy Policy - Terms of Service - About Google Patents - Send FeedbackData provided by IFI CLAIMS Patent Services©2012 Google

value: This website is a search engine provided by Google. Handling over 3.5 billion searches per day, it has a 92% share of the global search engine market.


text:
Frances Stephenson (1805-1805) - Find A Grave Memorial
3 Aug 1805 (aged 0–1 months)
Burial: 4 Aug 1805.
197596844 · View Source
Plan a visit to Longbenton, England?
Find A Grave Memorial 197596844
Find A Grave, database and images (https://www.findagrave.com : accessed ), memorial page for Frances Stephenson (Jul 1805–3 Aug 1805), Find A Grave Memorial no. 197596844, citing St. Bartholomew's Churchyard, Longbenton, Metropolitan Borough of Newcastle upon Tyne, Tyne and Wear, England ; Maintained by mcpjm61 (contributor 49327049) .
Add Photos for Frances Stephenson
Fulfill Photo Request for Frances Stephenson
your computer for Frances Stephenson memorial.
I thought you might like to see a memorial for Frances Stephenson I found on Findagrave.com.
Plan A Trip to Longbenton, England

type: global

value: This website is a website that allows the public to search and add to an online database of cemetery records. It is owned by Ancestry.com.


text:
Patent US3510876 - Vertical beam steering antenna system - Google Patents
www.google.comhttp://www.google.com/patents/US3510876?utm_source=gb-gplus-sharePatent US3510876 - Vertical beam steering antenna system
Publication number US3510876 A
Publication number US 3510876 A, US 3510876A, US-A-3510876, US3510876 A, US3510876A
Inventors Green Joseph A, Wright Richard D
Vertical beam steering antenna system
US 3510876 A
May 5; 1970 JEA. GREEN AL 3,510,876
VERTICAL BEAM STEERING ANTENNA SYSTEM Filed June 29, 1967 3 Sheets-Sheet 1 n 0) k qlx 2 Ik AGENT My 5, "1970 J. A. GREEN ET AL. 3,510,876
VERTICAL BEAM STEERING ANTENNA SYSTEM JOSEPH A. GREEN BY R/CHARO 0. WRIGHT AGENT May 5, 19170 .1. A. GREEN ETAL. 3,510,876
VERTICAL BEAM STEERING ANTENNA SYSTEM 90 n@ 90o .60o (Ream/MMU #Rear/Nc Y: Mang/s Parque/vcr: voo/vc/S 30 ae'Ql/avcw/oooMq/s Joss/wf am @Ref/v U.S. Cl. 343-798 i Ulnitedl States PatentV O ABSTRACT F THE DISCLOSURE An antenna system for providing vertical beam steering `which is substantially frequency insensitive utilizing no dissipative elements, thereby achieving a higher ethciency. The antenna system comprises at least one pair of angularly` oriented bisecting antennas inclined at substantially equal angles with respect to the ground plane. This conguration simulates virtual horizontal and vertical radiators when signals which are complex conjugates of each other which are applied to the angularly oriented antennas to provide the d esired vertical beam steering.
The invention herein described was made in the course of or under a contract with the Department of the Navy, U.S. Government.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION This inventionrelates to vertically steered antenna systems and more particularly to a vertically steered antenna system which is substantially frequency insensitive and which provides improved efficiency over the systems known in the art.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE PRIOR ART Most prior art antenna systems for providing vertical beam steering are frequency sensitive and are therefore undesirable for use in broad-band systems. One known antenna system for providing substantially frequencyindependent vertical beam steering utilizes a vertical array of horizontally polarized antenna elements which are fed through pairs of cables and appropriate summing networks associated with each element to assure the proper excitation. This type of array provides substantial frequency independence but a practical objection to this steering method results from the necessarily inefficient operation of the summing networks, particularly when used at low frequencies and for small steering angles. In such a case, the summing networks may be required to dissipate more power than is actually radiated by the antenna array itself in order to obtain the desired radiation pattern. y
Another antenna system presently known in the art utilizes adjustable phase shifters which must be readjusted each time the frequency is changed in order to maintain aconstant vertical steering angle. While this system is operable over a wide range of frequencies, it is not frequency insensitive without the making of later readjustments.
Therefore, the main object of this invention is to provide a substantially frequency independent vertical beam steering antenna system which provides improved efficiency over those known in the art.
A further object of this invention is to provide such an antenna system which requires no adjustments to maintain the vertical steer angle constant when the frequency is changed.
A still further object of this invention is to provide such an antenna system wherein no dissipative elements are utilized.
f V' 3,510,876 .ce Patented May 5, 1970 SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION According to this invention, a vertical beam steering antenna system includes a ground plane at least one pair of angularly oriented antennas mounted above said ground plane and which are inclined at substantially equal angles with respect to said ground plane. Further provided is an input source for providing the respective inclined antennas with respective signals which are the complex conjugates of each other referred to a predetermined point on saidV ground plane, saidV inclined antennas simulating virtual horizontal and vertical radiators.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is an illustration of a preferred antenna array according to the invention;
FIG. 2 is a more detailed illustration of a portion of the array of FIG. 1 to more clearly illustrate the concept of the invention;
FIG. 3 illustrates a typical feed arrangement for the antenna array of FIGURE l;
FIG. 4 is an illustration of an unrealizable antenna array which is useful for analyzing the array according to the invention;
FIG. 5 illustrates the experimentally determined vertical response of the array of FIG. 1 for a vertical steer angle of 0 degree; and
'.FIG. 6 illustrates the experimentally determined vertical response of the array of FIG. 1 for a vertical steer angle of 20 degrees.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS Referring to FIG. 1, there is shown one embodiment of an antenna array according to this invention which comprises four sets, 1, 2, 3 and 4, of orthogonally oriented pairs of dipole antenna elements mounted above ground plane 6 in a common vertical plane on support member S. In appropriate circumstances ground plane 6 may merely comprise the earths surface. The lower set of elements 1 is mounted at a height h1 above ground plane 6 and comprises dipole elements 7-8 aud 9-10. The second set of elements 2 is mounted at a height l12 above ground plane 6 and comprises dipole elements 11-12 and 13-14. Likewise, the third set 3 is mounted at a height h3 and comprises dipole elements 1546 and 17-18 and the fourth set 4 is mounted at a height h4 and comprises dipole elements 19-20 and 21-22. In this embodiment each of the dipole elements 7-22 are triangularly shaped. This is merely a design preference to obtain desired performance characteristics and it should be clear that any other element shape may be used, depending upon the system application.
When properly fed, i.e. by a feed system such as that shown in FIG. 3 which is described hereinbelow, each of the four sets of antenna elements 1, 2, 3 and 4, provides a virtual horizontal and a virtual vertical radiating element (see FIG. 2). To provide this result, a first signal is applied to one pair of elements for each set, Le., elements 7-8 of set 1, directly through direct-ray delays and a second signal which is the complex conjugate of the first signal (referred to the point on the ground plane 6 immediately below the antenna elements) is applied to the other pair of elements for each set, i.e., elements 9-10 of set 1, directly through ground-reflected ray delays. Thereby, each set of elements, i.e., radiating elements 7-8 and 9-10 of set 1 behave as a spacial summing circuit and provide virtual horizontal and vertical radiators each having a phase center located at the intersection of the two orthogonally inclined radiators.
FIG. 2 illustrates schematically the antenna elements (real and virtual) of a typical set of elements, such as set 1 of FIGURE 1. The real antenna elements are represented by the lines designated 23-24 and 25-26. Elements 23 and 24 taken together form a dipole element, for example, and comprise a first antenna oriented at a 45 angle with respect to the horizontal. Elements 2S and 26 taken together also form a dipole element, for example, and comprise a second antenna also oriented at an angle of 45 with respect to the horizontal. The first and second antennas bisect each other and are orthogonally oriented with respect to each other. This configuration simulates virtual antennas 27 (vertical) and 28 (horizontal) when fed With the appropriate signals according to the invention. In FIG. 2 the antenna elements are shown as straight lines merely for ease of illustration and it should be clear that any desired type of element may beVY used to provide the desired result. It is further pointed out thatY while 1t is preferred that the first and second antennas be orthogonally oriented with respect to each other, the system will also operate with other angular orientations. In this case modifications to the feed arrangement may be necessary and the radiation characteristics of the system may be somewhat altered.
By proper design of the elements and feed networks, the far-field radiation pattern provided by the virtual horizontal antenna 28 shown in FIG. 2 would be identical to that which is provided by the horizontal radiating elements in antenna arrays known in the art. The far-field radiation pattern having a maximum at the vertical angle is denoted by the equation:
where A1=amplitude of the field of the ith element; h1=height of the ith element above the ground plane; k=wavelength at the operating frequency; and a=desired vertical steer angle.
This equation is given in Reference Data for Radio Engineers published 'by International Telephone and Telegraph Corporation, fourth edition, page 697. It should be noted that the equation in the reference gives the height h1 in degrees, whereby in this description the height h is given in radians. This accounts for the 21r/)\ which appears in the above equation.
Power associated with the out of phase component of the radiation previously dissipated in the prior art arrays as heat in summing circuits or the like, is now radiated, according to this invention, in a vertically polarized mode by means of the virtual vertical antenna 27 of FIG. 2. The far-field radiation pattern of the virtual vertical antenna 27 is given by:
The equation for Amm.) is essentially given on page 692 of the above-cited reference with reference to configuration B. `In the subject case the virtual vertical antenna 27 prevents an equivalent situation with the ground plane 6 being located in a vertical plane midway between the antennas A shown on page 692 of the reference. This accounts for quantity the S/2 in the reference equation, which is the spacing between the two elements in degrees. The virtual vertical antenna 27 electrically looks like the configuration B of the reference. Note that the vertically polarized mode is also directed in the far field to the same vertical angle a as was the horizontally polarized mode and that the cophasal combination of the direct and ground-reflected components produces a radiation pattern maximum at the vertical angle in the far field.
It is pointed out that only delay elements are required to generate the conjugate signals required for feeding the antenna array and that no dissipative circuit elements are needed. Therefore, substantially all the power transmitted to the real dipole elements 7422 according to the invention can be radiated in the .ideal situation. Since the direct and ground-refiected rays are each synthesized by means of time delays, the vertical angle a will remain 4 substantially constant as the frequency is varied for a semi-infinite antenna array and will only vary slightly for an antenna array of practical size.
Referring to FIG. 3, a preferred feed arrangement for the antenna array of FIG. 1 includes an input signal source 30 coupled to a power splitter 31. The output of the power splitter 31 is coupled to the input of a second power splitter 32 via a delay element 33 and to the input of a third power splitter 42 directly. The outputs of the power splitter 32 are fed to pairs of antenna elements 9-10, 13-14 and 17-18 of the array of FIG. l via respective delay elements 34, 35 and 36. An output of power splitter 32 is also fed to element pair 21-22 directly. The outputs of power splitter 42 are applied to pairs of antenna elements 11-12, 15-16 and 19h-20 of Vthe array of FIG. 1 via respective delay elements 37, 38 and 39. An output of power splitter 42 is also fed directly to element pair 7-8. Y
Note that mathematically, negative delays are necessary to provide conjugate phase excitation for the element pairs. But, since such negtaive delays cannot exist in practice, a constant positive delay was added to all of the elements, which constant delay equals the maximum value of the required negative delay. This merely produces an absolute phase shift of the radiated pattern without disturbing the component-phasor interrelationships and the manner in which they vary with vertical steer angle. Thus, the array pattern itself is unchanged due to the addition of the constant delay in series with all of the elements. By means of the above apparatus the two element pairs in each set of antenna elements receives respective signals which are the complex conjugates of each other referred to the sub-array point on the ground plane 6, and thereby produces the desired radiation pattern according to the given equations.
The principles of the above-described antenna array may be described in an alternate andequally valid manner that yields, perhaps, a better insight into certain aspects of the substantially lossless steering method disclosed herein. Such a decription appears below.
Referring now to FIG. 4, there is shown an unrealizable antenna array in` which the driven antenna elements and their ground reflected images are shown. Such a configuration may lbe resolved into two, orthogonally polarized ($45 degrees with respect to the horizontal ground plane 6) component arrays. Half of each array is composed of two of the real radiating elements A1, A2, B1 and B2 and the other half is composed of two of the ground reflected, virtual radiating elements A1, A2, B'1 and B'z. If real element pairs A1-B1 and A2-B2 are driven with currents that are complex conjugates of each other when referred to a phase-reference point located at the intersection of the array with the ground plane `6 and with phase variations linearly related to the height h of each set of antennas from the ground plane 6, it follows that one of the copolarized arrays consisting of, for example, radiating elements A2, A1, B1, BZ will ygenerate a beam with a maximum sensitivity directed to an angle -I-a above the horizon. The other array, consisting of co-polarized elements A2, A1, B1, B2 will synthesize a beam directed to an angle a referred to the ground plane 6. But, since the virtual elements do not physically exist, the -a maximum, itself, also does not exist, and only that portion of the radiation pattern associated with the a beam that enters the positive angle region is significant.
It is apparent from the discussion of the array of FIG. 4, that in the vicinity of the maximum at -i-a, the resultant polarization will 'be linear and inclined to approximately 45 degrees with respect to the horizontal ground plane 6, for moderate vertical steer angles and for an aperture large enough so that the side lobe levels associated with -the -a maximum are negligible in vicinity of -i-a.
Referring to FIG. 5, there is shown the experimentally determined response of the array of FIG. 1 driven by the feed arrangement of FIG. 3 at threedifferent frequencies for zero degree vertical steer angles. Note that the radiation pattern maximum does not actually occur at zero degreesbecause of the effect of the finite conductivity and `the finite extent of the ground plane 6 which preferably comprises a copper or other conducting counterpoise.
FIG. 6 illustrates the response of the antenna system of FIGS. l and 3 at three different frequencies when the proper values of delays are inserted so as to steer the pattern to approximately a 20 degree vertical angle. Note that in the radiation patterns of FIGS. and 6 the angle of the radiation maximum is substantially invariant with frequency. Y Y Y It is pointed out here, that the mixed polarization characteristics of the resulting antenna array according to the invention, should not prove to be a significant impediment in its application to many problems involving ionispheric propagation. It has been found in practice that such effects are not serious for most applications.
In a reduced scale model of an H F. antenna system according to FIGS. 1 and 3 operating at a frequency of 1000 mHz., the following parameter values were calculated for a vertical steer angle of 10:
Fora vertical steer` angle of the heights ily-h4 remain the same but the required delay values are as follows:
Delay 36=Delay E37-:74.88 Delay 35=Delay 38=l50.12 Delay 34=Delay 39=225.36 Delay. 33=299 52 ,In both of the a'bove cases the additional delay contributed 'by cables in the distribution system was assumed to be substantially equal and constant for each feed line. The value` of the delays 36 and 37 were computed from the followingwell known equation:
Note that the other values of delay are multiples of delay 36.
While` we have described above the principles of our invention in connection with specific apparatus it is to be clearly understood that this description is made only by way of example and not as a limitation to the scope of my invention as set forth in the objects thereof and in the` accompanying claims.
1. A vertical beam steering antenna system comprising:
at least one set of antennas mounted above said ground plane, each said set including first and second angularly oriented antennas, each said antenna being inclined at substantially equal angles with respect to said ground plane; and
means coupled to said first and second antennas for feeding respective signals to said antennas which are complex conjugates of each other referred to a predetermined point on said ground plane.
2..An antenna system according to claim 1 wherein said predetermined point on said ground plane is directly below the point at which said at least one set of antennas are mounted. l
3. Anantenna system according to claim 1 wherein said first and second angularly oriented antennas intersect each other.
4. An antenna system according to claim 3 wherein said intersecting antennas bisect each other.
5. An antenna system according to claim 4 wherein said first and second antennas include respective pairs of dipole radiating elements.
6. An antenna system according to claim 5 wherein each of said dipole radiating elements is triangularly shaped.
7. An antenna system according to claim 1 comprising a plurality of sets of antennas and wherein said means coupled to the first and second antennas of each of said sets feeds respective signalsto said first and second antennas of each set which are complex conjugates of each other referred to said predetermined point on said ground plane.
8. An antenna system according to claim 7 further comprising means for mounting said plurality of sets in a. common vertical plane above said ground plane and wherein said predetermined point on said ground plane is located at the intersection of said vertical plane and said ground plane.
9. An antenna system according to claim 8 wherein each said set of antennas is mounted at different predetermined heights above said ground plane.
10. An antenna system according to claim 9 wherein said feeding means includes:
first delay means coupled to the first antenna of at least one of said sets;
second delay means coupled to the second antenna of at least one of said sets; and
means coupling said source of input signal to said first and second delay means and to the first and second antennas which are not coupled to said delay means.
11. A11 antenna system according to claim 10 wherein said coupling means includes:
`a first power splitter coupled to said input signal source;
a third delay means coupled to the output of said first power splitter;
a second power splitter coupled to the output of said third delay means; and
a third power splitter coupled to the output of said first power splitter.
12. An antenna system according to claim 9 wherein said feeding means includes:
a first plurality of delay means coupled to the first antennas of each of said sets except for one of said sets;
a second plurality of delay means coupled to the sec` ond antennas of each of said sets except for a different one of said sets; and
means coupling said source of input signal to said first and second pluralities of delay elements and to said first and second antennas of said one set and said 4different one set, respectively.
13. An antenna system according to claim 9 wherein said plurality of sets of antennas includes four sets of antennas and wherein said feeding means includes:
a first power splitter coupled to said s'ource of input signal;
a third delay lmeans coupled to the output of said first power splitter;
a second power splitter coupled to the output of said third delay means;
a third power splitter coupled to the output of said first power splitter; a fourth delay means coupled between an output of said second power splitter and the first antenna of a first one of said sets;
a fth delay means coupled between an output of said second power splitter and the first antenna of a second one of said sets;
a sixth delay means coupled between an output of said second power splitter and the rst antenna of a third one of said sets;
means coupling an output of said second power splitter directly to the rst antenna of the fourth one of said sets;
means coupling the output of said third power splitter directly to the second antenna of a rst one of said sets;
seventh delay means coupling the output of said third power splitter to the second antenna of a second one of said sets;
eighth delay means coupling the output of said third power splitter to the second antenna of the third one of said sets; and
ninth delay means coupling an output of said third power splitter to the second antenna of the fourth one of said sets.
14. An antenna system according to claim 13 wherein the delay provided by said fourth delay lmeans is greater than that provided by said -ifth delay means and wherein the delay provided by said sixth delay means is equal to that provided by said seventh delay means.
15. An antenna system according to claim 14 wherein the delay provided by said ninth delay means substantially equals that provided by said fourth delay means, and the delay provided by said eighth delay means substantially equals that provided by said fth delay means.
16. An antenna system according to claim 7 wherein each said set of antennas includes first and second bisecting dipole antennas.
References Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS 2,422,076 6/1947 Brown 343--108 2,664,507 12/1953 Mural 343816 X RODNEY D. BENNETT, IR., Primary Examiner R. E. BERGER, Assistant Examiner
US2422076 * Jul 28, 1943 Jun 10, 1947 Rca Corp Antenna system
US2664507 * Feb 1, 1950 Dec 29, 1953 Rca Corp Simplified electrically steerable antenna
U.S. Classification 343/798, 342/368, 343/848


text:
Thomas Bergin (1929-2000) - Find A Grave Memorial
Birth 5 Mar 1929 Kilkenny, County Kilkenny, Ireland
Death 5 Dec 2000 Bryan County, Georgia, USA
Burial Northside Cemetery Pembroke, Bryan County, Georgia, USA
Memorial ID 66618220
Pembroke - Thomas Bergin, 71, died Dec. 5 at home. The native of Kilkenney, Ireland, lived in Pembroke the past nine years. He was an Army veteran of the Korean War and a recipient of a Korean Service Medal with 2 Bronze Stars and other medals. He was a retired bus driver for Green Bus Line in Jamaica, N.Y.
SURVIVORS: his wife, Theresa Bergin of Pembroke; a daughter, Rosemary Bush of Pembroke; a son, James Bergin of Brentwood, N.Y.; a sister, Philamena Downey of Dublin, Ireland; and several nieces and nephews.
VISITATION: 6-9 p.m. today at McLamb-Morrison Funeral Home.
FUNERAL: 2 p.m. Thursday at McLamb-Morrison Funeral Home, burial in Northside City Cemetery in Pembroke.
Savannah Morning News - Dec. 6, 2000
Find A Grave Memorial 66618220
Find A Grave, database and images (https://www.findagrave.com : accessed ), memorial page for Thomas Bergin (5 Mar 1929–5 Dec 2000), Find A Grave Memorial no. 66618220, citing Northside Cemetery, Pembroke, Bryan County, Georgia, USA ; Maintained by nu2ga (contributor 47084636) .
Add Photos for Thomas Bergin
your computer for Thomas Bergin memorial.
I thought you might like to see a memorial for Thomas Bergin I found on Findagrave.com.


text: Sorry, this activity has already happened Swim Safe Boscombe Beach, Bournemouth Run by: The ASA Similar activities Wednesday 26 October WED 26 OCT Badminton Club Night Avonbourne College, Bournemouth Run by: Flukey Feathers Badminton Club Thursday 27 October THU 27 OCT FREE WTF Taekwondo Classes Littledown Leisure Centre, Bournemouth Run by: Dorset Taekwondo Association Friday 28 October FRI 28 OCT Wheelchair Sports Rossmore Leisure Centre, Poole Run by: The Dorset Destroyers - Dorset's 1st Wheelchair Rugby Club More BBC Get Inspired activities Encouraging participation in sport and fitness activities across the UK. Visit the BBC Get Inspired website WED 26 OCT Badminton Club Night Avonbourne College, Bournemouth Run by: Flukey Feathers Badminton Club THU 27 OCT WTF Taekwondo Classes Littledown Leisure Centre, Bournemouth Run by: Dorset Taekwondo Association FRI 28 OCT Wheelchair Sports Rossmore Leisure Centre, Poole Run by: The Dorset Destroyers - Dorset's 1st Wheelchair Rugby Club See more Explore the BBC News News Sport Weather Shop Earth Travel Capital iPlayer Culture Autos Future TV Radio CBBC CBeebies Food iWonder Bitesize Travel Music Earth Arts Make It Digital Taster Nature Local Mobile Site Terms of Use About the BBC Privacy Policy Cookies Accessibility Help Parental Guidance Contact the BBC Advertise with us Ad choices Copyright © 2016 BBC. The BBC is not responsible for the content of external sites. Read about our approach to external linking.

value: This website is the BBC's online service. It is a large network of websites including such high-profile sites as BBC News and Sport, the on-demand video and radio services co-branded BBC iPlayer, the children's sites CBBC and CBeebies, and learning services such as Bitesize.


text:
Comparison of a lymph node ratio-based staging system with the 7th AJCC system for gastric cancer: analysis of 18,043 patients from the SEER database. - PubMed - NCBI
1 selected item: 22330040
Ann Surg. 2012 Mar;255(3):478-85. doi: 10.1097/SLA.0b013e31824857e2.
Comparison of a lymph node ratio-based staging system with the 7th AJCC system for gastric cancer: analysis of 18,043 patients from the SEER database.
Wang J1, Dang P, Raut CP, Pandalai PK, Maduekwe UN, Rattner DW, Lauwers GY, Yoon SS.
Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
The American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging system for gastric cancer bases N status on absolute number of metastatic nodes, regardless of the number of examined nodes. We examined a modified staging system utilizing node ratio (Nr), the ratio of metastatic to examined nodes.
A total of 18,043 gastric cancer patients who underwent gastrectomy were identified from the US Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database. A training set was divided into 5 Nr groups, and a TNrM staging system was constructed. Median survival and overall survival, based on 7th edition AJCC and TNrM staging systems, were compared, and the analysis was repeated in a validation set.
Median examined nodes were 10 to 11. For the training set, overall survival for all 5 AJCC N categories was significantly different when subgrouped into 15 or fewer versus more than 15 examined nodes, but overall survival was similar regardless of the number of examined nodes in 4 of 5 Nr categories. Seven AJCC stages had statistically different overall survival between subgroups, whereas only 1 TNrM stage had statistically different overall survival between subgroups. When misclassification was defined as any subgroup in which median survival fell outside the 95% confidence interval of the group's overall median survival, AJCC staging misclassified 57% of patients and TNrM staging misclassified only 12%. Similar results were found in the validation set.
The AJCC system classifies SEER gastric cancer patients into stages in which subgroups often have wide variations in survival. For patients undergoing limited lymph node analysis, the proposed TNrM system may predict survival more accurately.
Lymph node ratio for gastric cancer: useful instrument or just an expedient to retrieve fewer lymph nodes? [Ann Surg. 2014]
Reply to letter: "lymph node ratio for gastric cancer: useful instrument or just an expedient to retrieve less lymph nodes?". [Ann Surg. 2014]
22330040
10.1097/SLA.0b013e31824857e2
Lymph Nodes/pathology*
Neoplasm Staging/methods
Stomach Neoplasms/pathology*

value: This website is part of the United States National Library of Medicine , a branch of the National Institutes of Health . It is approved and funded by the government of the United States.


text:
I want to make a logo of my website | Graphic Design | Logo Design
I want to make a logo of my website
See more: logo maker app, free logo services, free online logo maker and download, free logo design templates, free logo, logo design online free without registration, free logo design and download, free logo download, how i can make a design website free, i want a complete ecommerce website, i want to create a website free of cost, i want to create a website that uses facebook to login, i want to create a website, i want to design a website, i want to develop a website, i want to hire a website designer, i want make a website, i want make website, i want to create a website and earn money, i want to create a website for myself
Project ID: #19261524
I have read the project brief regarding Logo design for [login to view URL] and I am very clear about the requirements. Please take a look at my portfolio : https://www.freelancer.in/u/mdrassiwala52 - Creative Des More
Hello Sir/Madam As per your requirement you need a logo. We are ready to provide you 6 unique concept on logo just for $25 We Completed more than 1200 + logo and ready to show you the draft with 6 unique concepts More
Hello, I hope you doing great ! Exxarts Designer is ready to Design Logo For Website. {PORTFOLIO LINKS} [login to view URL]@N04/albums/72157690546677624 [login to view URL] More
Hello, Moazzam is here, iam a artistic graphic designer with 5 years of experience and more then 500+ projects done, iam assuring you that my work would be qualitative and uniquest. for more details lets have chat. More
I can make logo for you. I am expert in designing. I have 8+ years of experience. Let us discuss and show you some of my work to proceed further
Hi We are very experienced and specialized logo designers, will create you outstanding, professional and aesthetically pleasing logo for your Website. You will get 3-5 designs to choose the best from. Any require More
Hi I have read your details posted in the Logo design project. I saw that you need Source Code & Projects logo. I will Provide you Best quality work with Great Options in Fair price and less time depending on the c More
Hi sir, I have the extensive experience in logo designing with my 6 years experience.I will give you the 3 to 4 different creative ideas of your logo. portfolio link [login to view URL] I am rea More
Hello Website: [login to view URL] Source Code & Projects is developed to provide beginners with tutorials, source code, and projects to build their technical knowledge and exchange ideas. We hope to provide students More
I understand that you require a designer to create a logo for your website '[login to view URL]". I am interested in working on this project with you. Please feel free to contact me thru chat for further clarificatio More
Hi, please send me one message to contact you. We have the skills necessary to ensure a high quality work. Our Proposal: 1. (2 to 3) Logo options, in 24 hours. 2. Unlimited revisions until you are fully satisfie More
I want to make android app ($10-30 USD)
Online Book Store in NodeJS and MYSQl ($30-250 USD)
Design a logo for a new financial company ($30-250 USD)

value: This website is an Australian freelance marketplace website, which allows potential employers to post jobs that freelancers can then bid to complete. Founded in 2009, its headquarters is located in Sydney, Australia, though it also has offices in Vancouver, London, Buenos Aires, Manila, and Jakarta.


text:
gui designed desktop applications Workers and Jobs | Freelancer
gui designed desktop applications
Looking for gui designed desktop applications Workers or Work?
Need help with gui designed desktop applications? Hire a freelancer today! Do you specialise in gui designed desktop applications? Use your gui designed desktop applications skills and start making money online today! Freelancer is the largest marketplace for jobs in the world. There are currently 17,764 jobs waiting for you to start work on!
gui designed desktop applications Jobs:
...someone to do market research into desktop software applications that are built entirely in Java or use...form or another. We would like to know how the desktop application market is performing as well as how...market with Android but how many applications use Java on the desktop? Our idea is essentially to bring
Nov 25, 2015Ends - 4d $25
Print and Packaging Designs for a line of cleaners for professional printing applications.
...cleaners suitable for professional printing applications. Normally the buyers of these products are printing...Characteristics: "Cleanilox" is an industrial cleaner. It is designed specifically to clean "Anilox Rollers", which
I need a logo designed.Looking for arabic design 38
Applications for Interactive Physic Learning
...test/forces-and-motion-basics_en.html
The applications should be prepared by


text:
Nov 25, 2007 7:52pm Forum:
Re: 1967 Ralph Gleason Interview w/ The Dead hey, pretty cool, thanks for the link; now wouldn't it be really, really bizarre if it had been Jackie Gleason? Reply to this post

value: This website is an American digital library with the stated mission of "universal access to all knowledge". It provides free public access to collections of digitized materials, including websites, software applications/games, music, movies/videos, moving images, and millions of books.


text:
Athlete has to be system’s nucleus, not cog in the wheel | india | Hindustan Times
Athlete has to be system’s nucleus, not cog in the wheel
Cueist Pankaj Advani hopes Bill will end tales of players depleting family resources to perform at their best. Do you think existing sports policies are not athlete-oriented? | Pankaj says
india Updated: Nov 21, 2011 01:56 IST
On the eve of the winter session of the Parliament, I join an elite group of athletes that back the passing of the National Sports Development Bill, which, I believe, will herald in a new chapter in Indian sports.
As Indians start to make more lasting impressions on global sporting platforms, it is time the government, federations and the rest of India understand the necessity to provide Indian athletes with the support they require and deserve.
Representing the country for more than a decade, I can tell you the road has not been easy, with the lack of basic infrastructure to ensure that an athlete concentrates on his performance. An Indian athlete, while required to perform to global standards, is provided with a support system that is far from world-class. Historically, he often complains of basic needs not being met, basic desires going unheard. While we may be called the crybabies of Indian sports, we unfortunately have had reasons to complain.
Every athlete is accountable to the billion people he represents and unfortunately the current support system that backs the athlete is accountable to no one but itself. This makes the Bill, which calls for accountability and transparency, to be encouraged.
Do you think existing sports policies are not athlete-oriented?
Contrary to popular belief, I understand that the National Sports Development Bill does not give the government the power to interfere, but provides it with a regulatory framework, through which it can ensure that budgeted expenses are expended by the right people --- the athletes, and ensure that every athlete is treated fairly. As national sports federations (NSFs) have, through the years, built their structures and framework for operation, the focus unfortunately has not been on the athlete. The athlete logically needs to be the nucleus of the system, but is unfortunately just a cog in the wheel.
The Sports Bill will ensure that the focus of the athlete will remain on his sport and personal development. I fortunately have been blessed with a strong personal support system that has ensured that my focus remains on the game and my achievements. However, all of us don't have that privilege and opportunity. It is heartbreaking to hear the stories of national athletes having to deplete family resources to perform at their best. This sad reality of Indian sport needs to change.
India will not be the first country to implement a National Sports Development Law. Europe, North America, UK, France and China are examples of governments implementing regulatory frameworks that ensure their athletes perform at the optimum level by providing them with adequate funding, platforms for competition and other basic requirements. The results are apparent as athletes of these nations continue to rule the medals tally at international events.
There is one person who can ensure that the Tricolour is raised at international platforms - the Indian athlete. A strong Sports Bill will ensure that the national anthem at the Olympics is not the result of individual effort but the result of the nation's efforts.

value: This website is an Indian English-language daily newspaper introduced and founded in 1924 by Sunder Singh Lyallpuri, founder-father of the Akali movement and the Shiromani Akali Dal in the Punjab Province. It played integral roles in the Indian independence movement as a nationalist daily.


text:
5 bedroom detached house for sale in Kimble Close, Knightcote, Southam, CV47, CV47
www.rightmove.co.uk/property/53458129
Massive Front And Rear Garden
A DETACHED family home in a great village location. This house is on a huge plot with a massive front garden. The house compromises of a Office, Lounge, Conservatory, Dining Room, W/C, Kitchen/Breakfast Room, Utility, Landing, Five Good size Bedrooms, Family Bathroom, Front and Rear Garden, Double Garage and Off Road Parking for a number of vehicles.
This property must be viewed to appreciate the size of the plot.
Call us today for more information on 01926 311431.
The vendor has informed us that this house is 3 miles from the M40.
Office 11' 3" (Max) x 9' 2" (Max) (3.42m (Max) x 2.78m (Max) )
A good size room which can be used as a office or a play room. Having double glazed window to front, coving and a central heating radiator.
Lounge 24' 0" (Max) x 13' 6" (Max) (7.31m (Max) x 4.12m (Max) )
A superb sized reception room, having a feature fire place, central heating radiator, double glazed window to front and double glazed French doors opening out to-:
Conservatory 24' 1" (Max) x 14' 1" (Max) (7.35m (Max) x 4.29m (Max) )
A extremely large conservatory, having double glazed door to the rear garden.
Dining Room 15' 0" (Max) x 11' 7" (Max) (4.58m (Max) x 3.52m (Max) )
One of the main selling feature of the property is the formal dining room. Affording space for large dining table, coving to ceiling, central heating radiator, double glazed french doors opening out to the rear garden.
Being part tiled, sink unit, low level w.c, central heating and double glazed frosted window.
Kitchen / Breakfast Room 21' 2" (Max) x 11' 11" (Max) (6.46m (Max) x 3.62m (Max) )
A very well presented Kitchen. Having work surface with range of base and eye level units, space for automatic appliances and having character beams to ceiling.
Also having sink unit, double glazed windows to rear, door leading to:-
Having wall mounted sink unit, double glazed door opening out to the rear garden.
Having loft access and with doors leading to adjacent rooms.
Master Bedroom 20' 10" (Max) x 15' 2" (Max) (6.35m (Max) x 4.63m (Max) )
The master bedroom offers large floor space and built in wardrobes providing ample space for clothing, central heating radiator, double glazed window to side, door leading to:-
Having part tiled walls, low level w.c, sink unit, corner bath and double glazed frosted window to side
Bedroom2 14' 5" (Max) x 13' 2" (Max) (4.4m (Max) x 4.02m (Max) )
Having central heating radiator, built in wardrobes and double glazed window to rear. Door leading to:
Having part tiled walls, shower cubical, low level w.c, sink unit, and double glazed frosted window to the side.
Bedroom3 12' 9" (Max) x 9' 1" (Max) (3.9m (Max) x 2.77m (Max) )
Having built in wardrobes, central heating radiator and double glazed window to front.
Bedroom4 11' 10" (Max) x 11' 0" (Max) (3.6m (Max) x 3.36m (Max) )
A good size double bedroom having central heating radiator and double glazed window to front.
Bedroom5 11' 10" (Max) x 7' 2" (Max) (3.6m (Max) x 2.17m (Max) )
A good size bedroom.
Having part tiled walls, bath, shower cubical, sink unit, low level w.c, central heating radiator and a double glazed frosted window.
A double garage which can be used for storage or parking. Could be converted in to a room (subject to relevant planning).
A large rear garden, which is great for hosting family events.
200862860/2
To view this media, please visit the on-line version of this page at www.rightmove.co.uk/property-for-sale/property-53458129.html
Disclaimer - Property reference 200862860. The information displayed about this property comprises a property advertisement. Rightmove.co.uk makes no warranty as to the accuracy or completeness of the advertisement or any linked or associated information, and Rightmove has no control over the content. This property advertisement does not constitute property particulars. The information is provided and maintained by Reeds Rains, Leamington Spa. Please contact the selling agent or developer directly to obtain any information which may be available under the terms of The Energy Performance of Buildings (Certificates and Inspections) (England and Wales) Regulations 2007 or the Home Report if in relation to a residential property in Scotland.
17 Jul 2015 5 Kimble Close, CV47 £610,000
07 Jul 2015 19 Kimble Close, CV47 £522,000
30 Jun 2011 9 Kimble Close, CV47 £420,000

value: This website is a UK-based company that runs rightmove.co.uk, the UK's largest online real estate portal and property website. It is listed on the London Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the FTSE 100 Index.