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The Maverick: Dispatches from an unrepentant capitalist eBook: Luke Johnson: Amazon.co.uk: Kindle Store
Kindle StoreBuy A KindleKindle BooksKindle SinglesKindle Daily DealsFree Reading AppsNewsstandAccessoriesRefurbished KindleDiscussionsManage Your KindleKindle Support Start reading The Maverick: Dispatches from an unrepentant capitalist on your Kindle in under a minute. Don't have a Kindle? Get your Kindle here or start reading now with a free Kindle Reading App.
The Maverick: Dispatches from an unrepentant capitalist [Kindle Edition]
Wake Up and Sell the Coffee: The story of  › Martyn Dawes
B005HDK59Q,B005NABM5E,B00GIOLF1A,B00DJ3ITKS,B00DQ845EA,B001C34HUS,B00CRS7D8U,B00IX49OS4,B006AX6ONI,B005F3GK92,B00DTUKK4O,B00FIP1NFI,B00EWPMUKM,B002SCQG56,B006OO7OZU,B004OR1RJ8,B00AIR8CMS,B002BD2UUC,B003P2WJ18,B0081KRJKK,B0088Q9UX6,B00A8EZP2G,B005M1XDC4,B008UV826U,B007HBLNSS,B0053YS77G,B00GGJ5N1A,B0082XJGRK,B005EPR5MM,B0082Z47HC,B004UK2MQG
"Independent, unorthodox, even bloody minded - Johnson can be all of these and it's what makes him worth reading. The Maverick amounts to an analysis of how we've done business this past decade and holds valuable lessons for the next one." -- Peter Bazalgette, Chief Creative Officer of Endemol Group and Chairman Endemol UK"Johnson knows a lot about an amazing range of business subjects and has thoughtful views about the controversial ones." -- Alistair Blair, Investors Chronicle - Books of the Year"Magpies who like their wisdom in 900 word gobbets will enjoy every page." -- Investors Chronicle"The Maverick column displays original thinking that often challenges conventional opinion - Luke Johnson's views are provocative and worth reading." -- Michael Spencer, founder and Chief Executive, ICAP
Page Numbers Source ISBN: 1905641400
Publisher: Harriman House (20 July 2009)
ASIN: B002SCQG4M
Amazon Bestsellers Rank: #106,720 Paid in Kindle Store (See Top 100 Paid in Kindle Store)
#35 in Kindle Store > Books > Education & Reference > Quotations
#46 in Books > Reference > Dictionaries & Thesauri > Quotations
#47 in Books > Business, Finance & Law > Reference & Education > Dictionaries
Start It Up: Why Running Your Own Business is Easier Than You Think by Luke Johnson Kindle Edition
One of the few business books worth reading
Format:Hardcover Funny isn't it? - most business books are written by academics, consultants, and management theoreticians - people who have never run a business in their lives. Here, for once, is a book by the real deal: someone who has started companies, grown them to a decent size, had a few failures along the way, but proved that he can cut the mustard.Johnson's writing is superb. Mercifully free of claptrap jargon, pseudo-science, and all that motivational bunkum you get. He writes simply, is refreshingly opinionated, and backs up his opinions with evidence. The book's so good that it should be made required reading on every business course in the country. No chance of that, of course! The people who teach business courses prefer arcane and useless theory to practical reality.If you want something amusing, insightful and informative to read on holiday this year, this hits the spot. I'd rate it as one of the best - and certainly the most enjoyable - business books I've read in the last 3 years.
Good little essays...but some lack depth
Format:Hardcover I liked this book. It has a a series of short, concise and incisive essays on a whole manner of business topics. My only criticism is that all the essays are quite short and some of them lack depth and leave you wanting more of an answer that what is given. I suppose that's fair enough though - the book clearly states that they are articles from the author's newspaper column, so its not unreasonable they are short and to the point. Worth the money.
A Healthy Dollop of Capitalism : YAY !
Format:Hardcover An excellent book , a compilation of the author's newspaper articles . Both educational and entertaining to the reader . And there is no fluff nor padding , straight into the meat of each issue .. .. In my financial " heaven " we'd have more treatises from Luke Johnson .. .. .. and a damn sight fewer from Messers Kiyosaki & Trump !


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Patent US20070287272 - Selective epitaxial formation of semiconductor films - Google PatentsSearch Images Maps Play YouTube News Gmail Drive More »Sign inAdvanced Patent SearchPatentsEpitaxial layers are selectively formed in semiconductor windows by a cyclical process of repeated blanket deposition and selective etching. The blanket deposition phases leave non-epitaxial material over insulating regions, such as field oxide, and the selective etch phases preferentially remove non-epitaxial...http://www.google.com/patents/US20070287272?utm_source=gb-gplus-sharePatent US20070287272 - Selective epitaxial formation of semiconductor filmsAdvanced Patent SearchPublication numberUS20070287272 A1Publication typeApplicationApplication numberUS 11/536,463Publication dateDec 13, 2007Filing dateSep 28, 2006Priority dateJun 7, 2006Also published asCN101454874A, CN101454874B, EP2022083A2, US8278176, US20120244688, WO2007145758A2, WO2007145758A3Publication number11536463, 536463, US 2007/0287272 A1, US 2007/287272 A1, US 20070287272 A1, US 20070287272A1, US 2007287272 A1, US 2007287272A1, US-A1-20070287272, US-A1-2007287272, US2007/0287272A1, US2007/287272A1, US20070287272 A1, US20070287272A1, US2007287272 A1, US2007287272A1InventorsMatthias Bauer, Keith Doran WeeksOriginal AssigneeAsm America, Inc.Export CitationBiBTeX, EndNote, RefManReferenced by (33), Classifications (24), Legal Events (1) External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, EspacenetSelective epitaxial formation of semiconductor films
US 20070287272 A1Abstract
Epitaxial layers are selectively formed in semiconductor windows by a cyclical process of repeated blanket deposition and selective etching. The blanket deposition phases leave non-epitaxial material over insulating regions, such as field oxide, and the selective etch phases preferentially remove non-epitaxial material while deposited epitaxial material builds up cycle-by-cycle. Quality of the epitaxial material improves relative to selective processes where no deposition occurs on insulators. Use of a germanium catalyst during the etch phases of the process aid etch rates and facilitate economical maintenance of isothermal and/or isobaric conditions throughout the cycles. Throughput and quality are improved by use of trisilane, formation of amorphous material over the insulating regions and minimizing the thickness ratio of amorphous:epitaxial material in each deposition phase.
1. A method of selectively forming semiconductor material in semiconductor windows, comprising:
providing a substrate within a chemical vapor deposition chamber, the substrate comprising insulating surfaces and single-crystal semiconductor surfaces; blanket depositing semiconductor material over the insulating surfaces and the single-crystal semiconductor surfaces of the substrate, such that a thickness ratio of non-epitaxial semiconductor material over the insulating surfaces to epitaxial semiconductor material over the single-crystal semiconductor surfaces is less than about 1.6:1; and selectively removing the non-epitaxial semiconductor material from over the insulating surfaces, wherein blanket depositing and selectively removing are conducted within the chemical vapor deposition chamber. 2. The method of

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After spying scandal, Luxembourgers go to polls to elect new coalition government | Fox News
Print Luxembourg's Prime Minister Jean-Claude Juncker addresses the media, after he casts his vote, at a polling station in Capellen, Luxembourg, Sunday Oct. 20, 2013. Polls opened in Luxembourg for legislative elections on Sunday, with Prime Minister Juncker hoping to win another term in office after an intelligence scandal brought down his government earlier this year. Juncker is the European Union's longest-serving premier after 18 years in office. (AP Photo/Yves Logghe)
Campaign boards for Socialist Party candidate Etienne Schneider, right, and incumbent prime minister Jean-Claude Juncker, center, are placed along the side of the street in Luxembourg on Saturday, Oct. 19, 2013. General elections will be held in Luxembourg on Sunday, Oct. 20, 2013. Early elections were called for after Prime Minister Jean-Claude Juncker's Socialist coalition partner withdrew its support in July 2013 and insisted he should take political responsibility for an old secret service scandal which centered on snooping on local politicians. (AP Photo/Virginia Mayo)
LUXEMBOURG – Luxembourgers are voting for a new government Sunday with a possibility of keeping Prime Minister Jean-Claude Juncker in power after a spying scandal forced early elections in the Grand Duchy. Juncker is already the longest serving government leader in the 28-nation European Union and since his CSV party is likely to remain the biggest in the nation, he could be in the driving seat to broker a government coalition and extend a reign that started in 1995. The spying scandal centered on eavesdropping on politicians and corruption within the tiny state security service, which happened under Juncker's watch. Juncker was not implicated, but took political responsibility. Depending on the outcome, Juncker could again form a coalition with the socialists or face a grand coalition against him. Advertisement

value: This website is an American multinational conservative cable news television channel based in New York City. It is owned by Fox News Media, which itself is owned by the Fox Corporation.


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View all ITT Educational Services Inc. jobs in Lexington, KY - Lexington jobsSalary Search: Associate Dean salaries in Lexington, KYLearn more about working at ITT Educational Services Inc.Director of Finance review: "Very stressful atmosphere. The atmosphere is so competitive and contentious. Work life balance is horrible. Some nights you have to work to 9:00 p.m. If you are a snake in..."Related forums: Lexington, Kentucky
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Administrative experience in a complex organization. Technical knowledge and skills in business software systems....
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cell phone jammer 1 | Rectifier | Relay
Uploaded by Abhijit Naidu
4 Block diagram of microcontroller 3.1 Block description 2. EEPROM MEMORY 4. MICROCONTROLLER AT89S52 3.2.2.1 Aim of the project 1.2. BLOCK DIAGRAM 2. RELAYS 5.4 Voltage regulator 3.1 Features of EEPROM iii 4.5 Pin description 4.2 Description 5.3 Pin diagram 3.2 Description 3.2 Transistor driver circuit 4 i ii vi 1 3 3 5 7 7 8 8 11 11 14 14 15 16 17 18 22 22 23 27 27 29 .2 Power supply 2.2 Methodology 2.1Operation of relay 5. INTRODUCTION 1.2Rectifier 2.1Transformer 2.TABLE OF CONTENTS CERTIFICATE FROM ECE DEPARTMENT ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ABSTRACT LIST OF FIGURES 1.3 Filter 2.2.1 Features of microcontroller 3.
LCD INTERFACING 6.1 Design and implementation of mobile jammer 9. MOBILE JAMMER 9. SWITCHES 7. SOFTWARE TOOLS 10.5LCD interfacing with microcontroller 7.4.7 specifications 10.5.1Triangular wave generator 9.3 IF section 9.5 Antenna 9.1 Switches interfacing with microcontroller 8 REAL TIME CLOCK 8.1Keil software 10.4.2 Features 8.4 RF section 9.2Proload 5 31 32 33 34 35 35 37 38 39 41 41 42 43 44 44 45 46 48 48 50 51 53 53 56 59 61 62 63 63 63 .1Description 8.2 Power supply 9.2 Noise generator iv 9.3.3 Signal mixer –dc offset circuits 9.3.3.4.1.3 RTC interfacing with microcontroller 9.3 Relay interfacing with microcontroller 6. LCD basic commands 6.2 RF power amplifier 9.6 Mobile jammer requirement 9.2 Pin function 6.1 Voltage controlled oscillator 9.1 LCD description 6.3 Pin diagram 6.1 Operation 9.
REFERENCES 64 66 67 69 70 87 6 .CONCLUSION 15. APPLICATIONS 14 . FLOW CHART FOR JAMMER 12. ADVANTAGES 13.11. APPENDIX 16.
3 Transformer 2.1 Interfacing switch with the Micro Controller 8.6 Voltage Regulator 3.1 Circuit symbol of a relay 5.2 Power supply 2.5 Capacitive Filter 2.1Pin Diagram of LCD 6.LIST OF FIGURES 2.3 Interfacing with Microcontroller 5.1 Pin diagram of Micro Controller 3.4(a) Waveforms of bridge Rectifier 2.2Memory Protection 5.2 Block diagram 3.1Pin configurations of RTC 8.2 Block diagram of RTC 8.2.4 IC 555Timer connected as oscillator 5 7 8 9 10 11 12 16 17 18 23 26 27 28 30 31 35 37 39 41 43 43 45 46 47 48 7 .1 Block Diagram of Mobile Jammer 9.3 Operating circuit of RTC 9.4 Bridge Rectifier 2.3 Circuit Schematic of the power supply 9.2 Block Diagram of Dual polarity Power supply 9.2 Relay Operation and use of protection diodes 5.4 Relay Interfacing With the Microcontroller 6.1 Block Diagram 2. Lcd Interfacing With The Micro Controller 7.1 Logic Diagram of EEPROM 4.3 Oscillator Connections 4.
15 (a) Monopole Principle E-plane pattern 9.5 White noise generator output spectrum 9.12 T-Network attenuator 9.8 Circuit Schematic of IF Section 9.11 Typical biasing configuration of MAR-4SM 9.6 Op-Amp Summer Circuit 9.9.10 MAXIM 2623 Pin connection 9.14 λ/4 Monopole Antenna 9.15 (b) Monopole principle H-plane pattern 50 51 51 52 54 54 55 56 57 58 59 59 8 .9 Pin diagram of MAXIM 9.13 Circuit diagram of RF section 9.7 Positive diode with Clamper bias 9.
while sophisticated jammers can block several types of networks at once to head off dual-mode or tri-mode phones that automatically switch among different network types to find an open signal. To jam a cell phone.INTRODUCTION Cell phones are everywhere these days. disrupting the communication between the phone and the cellphone base station in the tower Jamming devices overpower the cell phone by transmitting a signal on the same frequency and at a high enough power that the two signals collide and cancel each other out. restaurants. all cell-phone networks use radio signals that can be interrupted. The phone is tricked into thinking there is no service because it can receive only one of the frequencies. Disrupting a cell phone is the same as jamming any other type of radio communication. the signal is handed from tower to tower A jamming device transmits on the same radio frequencies as the cell phone. As a cell-phone user drives down the street. some people are actually going to extremes to retaliate. Cell phones are full-duplex devices. concerts. one for talking and one for listening simultaneously. shopping malls and churches all suffer from the spread of cell phones because not all cell-phone users know when to stop talking While most of us just grumble and move on. which means they use two separate frequencies. Less complex devices block only one group of frequencies. Cell towers divide a city into small areas. some has the effect of blocking both. or cells. Some jammers block only one of the frequencies used by cell phones. GSM. used in digital cellular and PCS-based systems. Although different cellular systems process signals differently. A cell phone works by communicating with its service network through a cell tower or base station. Unfortunately. It’s great to be able to call anyone at anytime. all you need is a device that broadcasts on the correct frequencies. operates in the 900-MHz and 1800-MHz bands in Europe and Asia and in the 1900-MHz (sometimes 9 . movie theaters.
Units used by law enforcement can shut down service up to 1 mile (1. Jammers can broadcast on any frequency and are effective against CDMA. GSM and DCS. 10 . which may include hills or walls of a building that block the jamming signal.6 km) from the device. The actual range of the jammer depends on its power and the local environment.9-GHz) band in the United States. Low-powered jammers block calls in a range of about 16 feet (5 m). Higher-powered units create a cell-free zone as large as a football field. Old-fashioned analog cell phones and today's digital devices are equally susceptible to jamming.referred to as 1.
Switches are used to set the time for start and stop of jammer.2 METHODOLOGY: Hardware used in the project: • • • • • • Power supply board Switches board Microcontroller RTC Relay circuit Jammer Software used in the project: • • • Embedded ‘c’ programming Keil Uvision compiler Proload 11 .1.1 AIM OF THE PROJECT: Here our main intention is to block the signals of mobile phone using mobile phone signal jammer for prescheduled time duration using real time clock controlled by microcontroller. 1.
Block Diagram 12 .
1 Block Diagram 13 .Fig: 2.
Explanation of Each Block 14 .
BLOCK DESCRIPTION 2. The a.C Output Step down transformer Bridge Rectifier Filter Regulator Fig: 2.c components present even after rectification. 230V AC 50Hz D.c.c voltage. input i. the output voltage from the rectifier is fed to a filter to remove any a. The output obtained from the rectifier is a pulsating d. So in order to get a pure d. this voltage is given to a voltage regulator to obtain a pure constant dc voltage.2 POWER SUPPLY: The input to the circuit is applied from the regulated power supply.e. Now. 230V from the mains supply is step down by the transformer to 12V and is fed to a rectifier..2 Power supply 15 .c voltage.
3 Power Supply 2.2. It converts A. 230V is to be brought down to the required voltage level.e.. But these voltages cannot be obtained directly.2.C. a step down transformer is employed to decrease the voltage to a required level. 9V or 12V. 16 . Thus. This is done by a transformer. In this project.1 Transformer: Usually.c input available at the mains supply i. into pulsating D. Fig: 2.2. Thus the a. a bridge rectifier is used because of its merits like good stability and full wave rectification. DC voltages are required to operate various electronic equipment and these voltages are 5V.2 Rectifier: The output from the transformer is fed to the rectifier.C. The rectifier may be a half wave or a full wave rectifier.
diodes D1 and D3 conduct. diodes D2 and D4 conduct whereas. The conducting diodes D2 and D4 will be in series with the load resistance RL and hence the current flows through RL in the same direction as in the previous half cycle. which converts an ac voltage to dc voltage using both half cycles of the input ac voltage.Fig: 2. D1 and D3 remain OFF. The circuit has four diodes connected to form a bridge. The conducting diodes will be in series with the load resistance RL and hence the load current flows through RL. whereas diodes D2 and D4 remain in the OFF state.4 Bridge Rectifier The Bridge rectifier is a circuit. For the positive half cycle of the input ac voltage. For the negative half cycle of the input ac voltage. Thus a bi-directional wave is converted into a unidirectional wave. 17 . The Bridge rectifier circuit is shown in the figure. The load resistance is connected between the other two ends of the bridge. The ac input voltage is applied to the diagonally opposite ends of the bridge.
4(a) 18 .Fig: 2.
It removes the ripples from the output of rectifier and smoothens the D. 12 represent the required output voltage levels. if either of the two is varied. Fig: 2. Therefore a regulator is applied at the output stage.2. In order to obtain these voltage levels.4 Voltage regulator: As the name itself implies. Output received from this filter is constant until the mains voltage and load is maintained constant.2.5 Capacitive Filter 2. D. TO-3. it regulates the input applied to it. A voltage regulator is an electrical regulator designed to automatically maintain a constant voltage level. D2PAK and DPAK packages and several fixed output voltages. In this project. TO-220FP. The first number 78 represents positive supply and the numbers 05. power supply of 5V and 12V are required. These regulators can provide local on-card regulation.2. 19 . voltage received at this point changes. The L78xx series of threeterminal positive regulators is available in TO-220. However. 7805 and 7812 voltage regulators are to be used. making it useful in a wide range of applications.C.C.3 Filter: Capacitive filter is used in this project. eliminating the distribution problems associated with single point regulation.
6 Voltage Regulator Each type employs internal current limiting. thermal shut-down and safe area protection.Fig: 2. they can deliver over 1 A output current. If adequate heat sinking is provided. these devices can be used with external components to obtain adjustable voltage and currents. Although designed primarily as fixed voltage regulators. 20 . making it essentially indestructible.
AT89S52 Microcontroller 21 .
It was popular in the 1980s and early 1990s. 8051 is available in different memory types such as UV-EPROM. A microcontroller has a CPU in addition to a fixed amount of RAM. I/O ports and a timer embedded all on a single chip. 3.7V to 6V Operating Range. single chip microcontroller (µC) which was developed by Intel in 1980 for use in embedded systems. 22 . Internal RAM 256x8 bytes.  Two-level Program Memory Lock. RAM and number of I/O ports in microcontrollers makes them ideal for many applications in which cost and space are critical.  Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 24 MHz. The present project is implemented on Keil Uvision. The features.  32 Programmable I/O Lines.1 FEATURES OF AT89S52:   8K Bytes of Re-programmable Flash Memory. The Intel 8051 is Harvard architecture. Microcontroller is a programmable device. In order to program the device. Flash and NV-RAM.  2.MICROCONTROLLER: Microprocessors and microcontrollers are widely used in embedded systems products. but today it has largely been superseded by a vast range of enhanced devices with 8051compatible processor cores that are manufactured by more than 20 independent manufacturers including Atmel. proload tool has been used to burn the program onto the microcontroller. Data larger than 8 bits has to be broken into 8-bit pieces to be processed by the CPU. ROM. The fixed amount of on-chip ROM. 8051 is an 8-bit processor. pin description of the microcontroller and the software tools used are discussed in the following section. meaning that the CPU can work on only 8 bits of data at a time. Infineon Technologies and Maxim Integrated Products.  Three 16-bit Timer/Counters.
the AT89S52 is designed with static logic for operation down to zero frequency and supports two software selectable power saving modes. Six Interrupt Sources. high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcontroller with 8K bytes of Flash programmable memory. which provides a highly flexible and cost-effective solution to many embedded control applications. 3. The Idle Mode stops the CPU while allowing the RAM. serial port and interrupt system to continue functioning. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with Flash on a monolithic chip. In addition.  Low-power Idle and Power-down Modes.  Programmable Serial UART Channel. timer/counters. 23 .2 Description: The AT89S52 is a low-voltage. the Atmel AT89S52 is a powerful microcomputer. The device is manufactured using Atmel’s high-density nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with the industry-standard MCS-51 instruction set. The power-down mode saves the RAM contents but freezes the oscillator disabling all other chip functions until the next hardware reset.
4 PIN DIAGRAM OF AT89S52: Fig: 3.3.1 Pin diagram 24 .
BLOCK DIAGRAM OF AT89S52: Fig: 3.2 Block diagram 25 .
but minimum and maximum voltage high and low time specifications must be observed. as shown in Figure 11. since the input to the internal clocking circuitry is through a divide-by-two flip-flop. Either a quartz crystal or ceramic resonator may be used. of an inverting amplifier that can be configured for use as an on-chip oscillator. XTAL2 should be left unconnected while XTAL1 is driven. There are no requirements on the duty cycle of the external clock signal. Fig: 3. as shown in the below figure. GND: Pin 20 is the ground.PIN DESCRIPTION: Vcc: Pin 40 provides supply voltage to the chip. The voltage source is +5V. XTAL1 and XTAL2: XTAL1 and XTAL2 are the input and output. To drive the device from an external clock source. respectively.3 Oscillator Connections 26 .
port 2 must be used along with P0 to provide the 16-bit address for the external memory. This is often referred to as a power-on reset. When ALE=0. but when ALE=1. 1. Upon reset. 27 . ports P1. ALE is used for demultiplexing address and data with the help of an internal latch. P2 and P3 each use 8 pins. Ports 0. the pins of P0 must be connected to a 10K-ohm pull-up resistor. All the ports upon RESET are configured as input. This is due to the fact that P0 is an open drain. the microcontroller will reset and terminate all the activities. allowing it to be used for both address and data. With external memory connections. since P0-P3 have value FFH on them. With external pull-up resistors connected to P0. both P1 and P2 are used as simple I/O. it has address A0-A7. 2 and 3: The four ports P0. P1. Port 2 is designated as A8-A15 indicating its dual function. making them 8-bit ports. Therefore. When there is no external memory connection. But the ports P1. It is an input and is active high. P2 and P3 do not need any pull-up resistors since they already have pull-up resistors internally. Port 0(P0): Port 0 is also designated as AD0-AD7. ALE indicates if P0 has address or data.C1. just like P1 and P2. it can be used as a simple I/O. P2 and P3 are configured as input ports. it is the job of P2 to provide bits A8-A15 of the address. While P0 provides the lower 8 bits via A0-A7. C2 = 30 pF ± 10 pF for Crystals = 40 pF ± 10 pF for Ceramic Resonators RESET: Pin9 is the reset pin. Upon applying a high pulse to this pin. it provides data D0-D7. Port 1 and Port 2: With no external memory connection.
Port 3: Port 3 occupies a total of 8 pins. these clock cycles are referred to as machine cycles. In the 8051 family. Therefore. But the exact frequency of 11. along with on-chip circuitry. to calculate the machine cycle for the 8051. In the original version of 8051. Table: Port 3 Alternate Functions Machine cycle for the 8051: The CPU takes a certain number of clock cycles to execute an instruction. The crystal oscillator.0592 MHz crystal oscillator is used to make the 8051 based system compatible with the serial port of the IBM PC. It can be used as input or output. the same as port 1 and port 2. Port 3 has an additional function of providing some extremely important signals such as interrupts. 28 . The length of the machine cycle depends on the frequency of the crystal oscillator. provides the clock source for the 8051 CPU. pins 10 through 17. one machine cycle lasts 12 oscillator periods. depending upon the chip rating and manufacturer. The frequency can vary from 4 MHz to 30 MHz. P3 does not need any pull-up resistors. the calculation is made as 1/12 of the crystal frequency and its inverse is taken.
Note. It is an input pin and must be connected to either Vcc or GND but it cannot be left unconnected.The assembly language program is written and this program has to be dumped into the microcontroller for the hardware kit to function according to the software. this Flash memory has to be programmed and is discussed in the next section. In normal operation. With the bit set. EA must be strapped to GND in order to enable the device to fetch code from external program memory locations starting at 0000H up to FFFFH. PSEN (Program Store Enable) : It is the read strobe to external program memory. Setting the ALEdisable bit has no effect if the microcontroller is in external execution mode. When the AT89S8252 is executing code from external program memory. If the code is stored on an external ROM. EA should be strapped to VCC for internal 29 . In such cases. Otherwise. the EA pin is connected to Vcc. If desired. however. ALE is emitted at a constant rate of 1/6 the oscillator frequency and may be used for external timing or clocking purposes. that if lock bit 1 is programmed. The program dumped in the microcontroller is stored in the Flash memory in the microcontroller. the EA pin must be connected to GND to indicate that the code is stored externally. EA will be internally latched on reset. EA/VPP (External Access Enable): Pin 31 is EA. ALE operation can be disabled by setting bit 0 of SFR location 8EH. The 8051 family members all come with on-chip ROM to store programs. except that two PSEN activations are skipped during each access to external data memory. It is an active low signal. ALE is active only during a MOVX or MOVC instruction. PSEN is acti-vated twice each machine cycle. the pin is weakly pulled high. ALE/PROG: Address Latch Enable is an output pulse for latching the low byte of the address during accesses to external memory. Before that. This pin is also the program pulse input (PROG) during Flash programming.
• Hardware write control versions: St24w04 and St25w04. In general.5v to 5. Byte. EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Programmable Read only memory): EEPROM has several advantages over other memory devices. Two wire serial interface. Page write (up to 8 bytes). random and sequential read modes Self timed programming cycle Automatic address incrementing Enhanced ESD/Latch up performances • • • • • • • • 30 . It does not require physical removal of the memory chip from its socket. Byte and multibyte write (up to 4 bytes). The main advantage of EEPROM is that one can program and erase its contents while it is in system board. in which the entire contents of ROM are erased.program executions. 2. Programmable write protection. such as the fact that its method of erasure is electrical and therefore instant. In addition. Features of 24C04 EEPROM: • • 1 million erase/write cycles with 40 years data retention. fully i2c bus compatible.5v for st24x04 versions. in contrast to flash . This pin also receives the 12-volt programming enable voltage (VPP) during Flash programming when 12-volt programming is selected. Single supply voltage: 3v to 5. the cost per bit for EEPROM is much higher when compared to other devices. The EEPROM used in this project is 24C04 type. in EEPROM one can select which byte to be erased.5v for st25x04 versions.
2 DESCRIPTION: The 24C04 is a 4Kbit electrically erasable programmable memory (EEPROM). The memories behave as a slave device in the I2C protocol with all 31 . organized as 2 blocks of 256 x8 bits. They are manufactured in ST Microelectronics’ Hi-Endurance Advanced CMOS technology which guarantees an endurance of one million erase/write cycles with a data retention of 40 years.1 Logic Diagram 4.Fig: 4. The memories carry a built-in 4 bit. The memories are compatible with the I2C standard. Both Plastic Dual-in-Line and Plastic Small Outline packages are available. E1) so that up to 4 x 4K devices may be attached to the I2C bus and selected individually. two wire serial interface which uses a bi-directional data bus and serial clock. unique device identification code (1010) corresponding to the I2C bus definition. This is used together with 2 chip enable inputs (E2.
it acknowledges the receipt of the data bytes in the same way. Table: Device Select Mode Table: Operating Modes When writing data to the memory it responds to the 8 bits received by asserting an acknowledge bit during the 9th bit time. plus one read/write bit and terminated by an acknowledge bit. Data transfers are terminated with a STOP condition 32 .memory operations synchronized by the serial clock. When data is read by the bus master. The START condition is followed by a stream of 7 bits (identification code 1010). Read and write operations are initiated by a START condition generated by the bus master.
sets the PRE write protection active. Serial Data (SDA): The SDA pin is bi-directional and is used to transfer data in or out of the memory. the internal reset is active. A resistor must be connected from the SDA bus line to VCC to act as pull up. Protect Enable (PRE): The PRE input pin. 33 . in addition to the status of the Block Address Pointer bit (b2. a Power on Reset (POR) circuit is implemented. It is an open drain output that may be wire-OR’ed with other open drain or open collector signals on the bus.Power on Reset: VCC locks out write protect: In order to prevent data corruption and inadvertent write operations during power up.E2): These chip enable inputs are used to set the 2 least significant bits (b2. These inputs may be driven dynamically or tied to VCC or VSS to establish the device select code. all operations are disabled and the device will not respond to any command. b3) of the 7 bit device select code. SIGNAL DESCRIPTIONS: Serial Clock (SCL): The SCL input pin is used to synchronize all data in and out of the memory. In the same way. location 1FFh as in below figure). A resistor can be connected from the SCL line to VCC to act as a pull up. A stable VCC must be applied before applying any logic signal. when VCC drops down from the operating voltage to below the POR threshold value. Chip Enable (E1 . all operations are disabled and the device will not respond to any command. Until the VCC voltage has reached the POR threshold value.
the MODE input is internally read as VIH (Multibyte Write mode). This feature is useful to protect the contents of the memory from any erroneous erase/write cycle. Write Control (WC): An hardware Write Control feature (WC) is offered only for ST24W04 and ST25W04 versions on pin 7.2Memory Protection Mode (MODE): The MODE input is available on pin 7 and may be driven dynamically. When unconnected. It must be at VIL or VIH for the Byte Write mode.Fig: 4. VIH for Multibyte Write mode or VIL for Page Write mode. When unconnected. The Write Control signal is used to enable (WC = VIH) or disable (WC =VIL) the internal write protection. the WC input is internally read as VIL and the memory area is not write protected. 34 .
1 Operation: When a current flow through the coil. a small amount of voltage/current on one side can handle a large amount of voltage/current on the other side but there is no chance that these two voltages mix up. RELAYS: A relay is an electrically controllable switch widely used in industrial controls. This causes the armature to be attracted to the coil. There are all types of relays for all kinds of applications.1 Circuit symbol of a relay 5. Inductor Fig: 5. The armature’s contact acts like a switch and closes or opens the circuit. a spring pulls the armature to its normal state of open or closed. a magnetic field is created around the coil i. automobiles and appliances. 35 ..5. the coil is energized. When the coil is not energized.e.. The relay allows the isolation of two separate sections of a system with two different voltage sources i.e.
Fig: 5. different types like SPST (single pole single throw). 2. Without the diode no current could flow and the coil would produce a damaging high voltage 'spike' in its attempt to keep the current flowing. The relay has a 36 . while the current can be from a few milliamps to 20milliamps. i. SPDT (single pole double throw) and DPDT (double pole double throw) relays. The above diagram shows how a signal diode (eg 1N4148) is connected across the relay coil to provide this protection. the contacts are closed when the coil is energized. The voltage and current required to energize the coil. There can be one or more contacts. at this moment the current tries to flow continuously through the coil and it is safely diverted through the diode. the following characteristics need to be considered: 1. The contacts can be normally open (NO) or normally closed (NC). In the NC type. The diode is connected 'backwards' so that it will normally not conduct. The voltage can vary from a few volts to 50 volts. Conduction occurs only when the relay coil is switched off.. 3. In the NO type.e.2 Relay Operation and use of protection diodes Transistors and ICs must be protected from the brief high voltage 'spike' produced when the relay coil is switched off. In choosing a relay. the contacts are closed when the coil is not energized.
Thus the relay acts as an isolation device. the relay will be switched on. a driver such as a power transistor is placed in between the microcontroller and the relay. the coil gets energized. the relay takes 5V from the microcontroller and drives the loads which consume high currents.2 Transistor Driver Circuit: An SPDT relay consists of five pins. When the current flows through this coil. Thus when the relay is on. Thus when there is an input from the microcontroller to the relay. there will be a connection between the common terminal and normally closed pin. the microcontroller’s pin can provide a maximum of 1-2milli amps current. Therefore. 4. 5. while the current can be from a few amps to 40A or more. For this reason. one as the common terminal and the last pins as normally connected pin and normally closed pin. this connection breaks and a new connection between the common terminal and normally open pin will be established. it can drive the loads connected between the common terminal and normally open pin. Initially when the coil is not energized. two for the magnetic coil.minimum voltage. below which the coil will not be energized. 37 . Digital systems and microcontroller pins lack sufficient current to drive the relay. While the relay’s coil needs around 10milli amps to be energized. This minimum voltage is called the “pull-in” voltage. depending on the relay. The minimum DC/AC voltage and current that can be handled by the contacts. But when the coil is energized. This is in the range of a few volts to hundreds of volts.
.0=1 (>0.e.0.7V (cut-in voltage).0 Fig: 5. the transistor will be switched on and thus the relay will be ON and the load will be operated. When the voltage at the pin P1.7V) the transistor will be in off state and the relay will be OFF.0 is low i.7V). 38 .0 is high i.e. The transistor will be switched on when the base to emitter voltage is greater than 0.3 Interfacing with Microcontroller The operation of this circuit is as follows: The input to the base of the transistor is applied from the microcontroller port pin P1. Thus when the voltage applied to the pin P1. Thus the transistor acts like a current driver to operate the relay accordingly. P1.. P1.0=0 (<0.Vcc RELAY AT89S52 GROUND P1.
Their function is described in the table below: Function Ground Power supply Contrast Pin Number 1 2 3 4 Name Vss Vdd Vee RS Control of operating 5 R/W 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 E D0 D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 Data / commands 0V +5V 0 – Vdd D0 – D7 are interpreted as 0 commands 1 D0 – D7 are interpreted as data Write data (from controller to 0 LCD) 1 Read data (from LCD to controller) 0 Access to LCD disabled 1 Normal operating From 1 to Data/commands are transferred to 0 LCD 0/1 Bit 0 LSB 0/1 Bit 1 0/1 Bit 2 0/1 Bit 3 0/1 Bit 4 0/1 Bit 5 0/1 Bit 6 0/1 Bit 7 MSB Logic State - Description 42 .There are pins along one side of the small printed board used for connection to the microcontroller. There are total of 14 pins marked with numbers (16 in case the background light is built in).
4 LCD Basic Commands All data transferred to LCD through outputs D0-D7 will be interpreted as commands or as data. variable voltage 0-Vdd is applied on pin marked as Vee. 44 .1Pin Diagram of LCD 6. Displaying position is determined by DDRAM address. Some versions of displays have built in backlight (blue or green diodes).LCD screen: LCD screen consists of two lines with 16 characters each. Built in processor addresses built in “map of characters” and displays corresponding symbols. Contrast on display depends on the power supply voltage and whether messages are displayed in one or two lines.D7 are addresses of characters that should be displayed. This address is either previously defined or the address of previously transferred character is automatically incremented. a resistor for current limitation should be used (like with any LE diode).Bits D0 . Each character consists of 5x7 dot matrix. Fig: 6. For that reason. which depends on logic state on pin RS: RS = 1 . When used during operating. Trimmer potentiometer is usually used for that purpose.
64mS 40uS 40uS 40uS 40uS 40uS 40uS 40uS 40uS 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 BF 0 D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0 1 D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0 R/L 1 = Shift right 0 = Shift left DL 1 = 8-bit interface 0 = 4-bit interface N 1 = Display in two lines 0 = Display in one line F 1 = Character format 5x10 dots 0 = Character format 5x7 dots D/C 1 = Display shift 0 = Cursor shift 45 .Bits D0 .RS = 0 . List of commands which LCD recognizes are given in the table below: Command Clear display Cursor home Entry mode set Display on/off control Cursor/Display Shift Function set Set CGRAM address Set DDRAM address Read “BUSY” flag (BF) Write to CGRAM or DDRAM Read from CGRAM or DDRAM I/D 1 = Increment (by 1) 0 = Decrement (by 1) S 1 = Display shift on 0 = Display shift off D 1 = Display on 0 = Display off U 1 = Cursor on 0 = Cursor off B 1 = Cursor blink on 0 = Cursor blink off RS RW D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 I/ 0 0 0 1 D 0 0 1 D U 0 1 D/C R/L x 1 DL N F x CGRAM address DDRAM address DDRAM address 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 x S B x x Execution Time 1.D7 are commands which determine display mode.64mS 1.
1 P2.4 P1.7 D0 D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 LCD PRESET (CONTRAST CONTROL) Vcc 15 16 Gnd FOR BACKLIGHT PURPOSE 46 .6.0 P1.6 P1.2 5(R/W) 6(EN) 1 2 3 Vcc Gnd 89S52 P1.0 P2.5 P1.5 LCD INTERFACING WITH THE MICROCONTROLLER: 4 (RS) P2.2 P1.3 P1.1 P1.
SWITCHES 47 .
These switches are connected to an input port. Therefore these switches are connected to a microcontroller.1 Interfacing switch with the microcontroller 48 . CPU accesses the switches through ports. one of the input port pins will have 0 since the switch pressed provides the path to ground.2 Gnd Fig: 7. reading the input port will yield 1s since they are all connected to high (Vcc). The switches that we are using in our project are 4 leg micro switches of momentary type. RAM and EEPROM and several ports all on a single chip) takes care of hardware and software interfacing of the switch. But if any switch is pressed. When no switch is pressed. This switch is connected between the supply and ground terminals.7. It is the function of the microcontroller to scan the switches continuously to detect and identify the switch pressed.1 SWITCH INTERFACING WITH THE MICROCONTROLLER: Switches are the most widely used input/output devices of the 8051. Vcc R P0. A single microcontroller (consisting of a microprocessor.
When the switch is open. When the switch is pressed. By reading the pin status. when it is pressed. Vcc appears at the port pin P0..e.Thus now the two conditions are to be remembered: 1. the total supply path is provided to ground.2 will be zero. the total supply i. the microcontroller identifies whether the switch is pressed or not. P0. the corresponding related to this switch press written in the program will be executed..e.2 = 0 2.2 = 1 When the switch is closed i. 49 .2 P0. Thus the voltage value at the port pin P0.
hours. month.8. minute and second in addition to the date/calendar components of year.1 Description: The DS1307 serial real-time clock (RTC) is a low power. full binary-coded decimal (BCD) clock/calendar plus 56 bytes of NV SRAM. month and day. Timekeeping operation continues while the part operates from the backup supply. 8.The RTC chip uses an internal battery that keeps the time and date even when the power is off. minutes. The clock operates in either the 24-hour or 12-hour format with AM/PM indicator. and year information. The RTC chip present in the PC provides time components of hour. Address and data are transferred serially through an I2C. The DS1307 has a built-in power-sense circuit that detects power failures and automatically switches to the backup supply. The end of the month date is automatically adjusted for months with fewer than 31 days. date. REAL TIME CLOCK: The real time clock (RTC) is a widely used device that provides accurate time and date for many applications. bidirectional bus. Fig: 8.One of the most widely used RTC chips is the DS1307 from Dallas semiconductor. The clock/calendar provides seconds. including corrections for leap year.1Pin configurations 50 . day.
The DS1307 is a low-power clock/calendar with 56 bytes of battery-backed SRAM. hours. including corrections for leap year. and year with Leap-Year Compensation valid up to 2100.  Programmable Square-Wave Output Signal. the device switches into a low-current battery-backup mode. Nonvolatile (NV) RAM for Data Storage. and year information. 51 . Inputs to the device will not be recognized at this time to prevent erroneous data from being written to the device from an out-of tolerance system.  I2C Serial Interface. day.25 x VBAT. month.  56-Byte. Battery-Backed. hours.  Consumes Less than 500nA in Battery-Backup Mode with Oscillator Running.2 FEATURES:  Real-Time Clock (RTC) Counts seconds. Subsequent registers can be accessed sequentially until a STOP condition is executed. the device switches from battery to VCC when VCC is greater than VBAT +0.  Optional Industrial Temperature Range:-40°C to +85°C. date. The date at the end of the month is automatically adjusted for months with fewer than 31 days.25 x VBAT. The clock/calendar provides seconds.2V and recognizes inputs when VCC is greater than 1. the device terminates an access in progress and resets the device address counter. Access is obtained by implementing a START condition and providing a device identification code followed by a register address. When VCC falls below 1. When VCC falls below VBAT. minutes.  Available in 8-Pin Plastic DIP or SO. date of the month. The DS1307 operates as a slave device on the I2C bus. day of the week.8. minutes. month.  Automatic Power-Fail Detect and Switch Circuitry. Upon power-up.
2 Block diagram Fig: 8.Fig: 8.3 Operating circuit 52 .
On most retail phones. than the signal from mobile phone to the tower (also called base station). Jammers can work by either disrupting phone to tower frequencies or tower to phone frequencies. GSM850MHz/CDMA800MHz and also 3G networks (UMTS / W-CDMA). while larger more expensive models may interfere directly with the tower. Actually it needs less energy to disrupt signal from tower to mobile phone. because base station is located at larger distance from the jammer than the mobile phone and that is why the signal from the tower is not so strong. Most cell phones use different bands to send and receive communications from towers (called full duplexing).MOBILE JAMMER A portable cell phone jammer featured by universal and handheld design. the network would simply appear out of range. including GSM900MHz. cell phone jammers block cell phone use by sending out radio waves along the same frequencies that cellular phones use. The radius of cell phone jammers can range from a dozen feet for pocket models to kilometers for more dedicated units. GSM1800MHz. Small devices tend to use the former method.1 Operation: As with other radio jamming. 53 . could blocking worldwide cell phone networks within 2-5 meters. 9. This causes enough interference with the communication between cell phones and towers to render the phones unusable. Smaller handheld models block all bands from 800MHz to 1900MHz within a 16-feet range (5 meters).
1 DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF MOBILE JAMMER: The block diagram of mobile jammer consists of 4 main blocks.9.1. Those are • • • • Power supply IF section RF section Antennas 54 .
2 Power Supply: The mobile Jammer was designed for fixed use.2 Block Diagram of Dual polarity Power supply The basic parts of power supply are rectifier. Fig: 9. The average value for a full wave rectifier for a sinusoidal input is given by 55 .1 Block Diagram of Mobile Jammer Explanation of Each Block 9.Fig: 9. filter and regulator. The IF & RF sections of the jammer require +5V. the one we use here is the full wave rectifier which has the advantage that it allows unidirectional current to the load during the entire cycle of the input voltage and the result of the full wave rectification is an output voltage with a frequency twice the input frequency that pulsated every half cycle of the input. +9Vand -9V dc.So a dc-dual polarity power supply should be designed. The rectifier converts ac voltage to a pulsating dc voltage and can be either half wave rectifier and full wave rectifier. and to take its power from the regular 220V AC wall outlets.
5A rating . The second part of the power supply is the filter which eliminate the fluctuations in the output of the full wave rectifier so as to produce a constant dc voltage .1. The final part of the power supply is the regulator and it is used to provide the desired constant dc output that is basically independent of the input voltage.So Vavg=11V and Vp=15. Where Vpsec is the output voltage across the secondary winigng of the transformer . +9V and -9V dc voltages. Fig: 9.the filter is simply a capacitor and its chosen to be as large as possible to minimize voltage ripple in the output.The full wave rectifier used in the project is a full wave bridge rectifier.In th project the transformer used is 220/12. Single chip regulators were used to give +5V.88V.3 Circuit Schematic of the power supply 56 . which uses four diodes the peak output is given by the .
This tuning signal is generated by a triangular wave generator along with noise generator. which will sweep the VCO through the desired range of frequencies.3 IF SECTION: The function of IF section of jammer is to generate tuning signal for the VCO in the RF section. 9.4 IC 555Timer connected as oscillator 57 . and then offset by proper amount so as to sweep the VCO output from the minimum desired frequency to a maximum.9.1 TRIANGULAR WAVE GENERATOR: To generator triangular wave we use 555 timer as a Astable Multivibrator Fig: 9.3.
The resistive divider is used to set the voltage comparator levels. one can connect a diode parallel with R2 and choose R2=R1). causing the upper comparator to go low.The 555 timer consist basically of two comparators. At the point when capacitor discharge down to 1/3Vcc. forcing the output of the flip-flop. A 555 timer connected to operate in the astable mode as a free running non –sinusoidal oscillator.Cex begin charging through R1 & R2 (to obtain 50% duty cycle. which makes the base of Qd low and turns off the transistor. The external components R1.01 uF capacitor connected to the control input is strictly for decoupling and has no effect on the operation.the lower comparator switcher to its low output state. When the capacitor voltage reaches 1/3Vcc. Initially when the power is turned on. The 0. as indicated. The frequency of oscillator is given by the following formula: 58 . a flip-flop. Another charging cycles begins and entire process repeats the result is a rectangular wave output whose duty cycle depends on the values of R1 and R2. Yhe capacitor begins to discharge. low and keeping the transistor off. and thus the base of Qd. and turns on the transistor. the lower comparator switches high. setting the flipflop. a discharge transistor. and when the capacitor voltage reaches 2/3Vcc the upper comparator switches to its high output state. and a resistive voltage divider. Now. This reset the flipflop causes the base of Qd to go high.This causes the output of the lower comparator to be high and the output of the upper comparator to be low. in some cases it can be left off. This sequence creates a charge path for the capacitor through R2 and the transistor.R2 and Cex forms the timing circuit that sets the frequency of oscillation. the threshold input is connected to the trigger input. the capacitor Cex is uncharged and thus the trigger voltage(pin2) is at 0V.
3. Then the output was taken from the voltage on the external capacitor which has triangular wave form. Without the noise generator.Using the above equation for frequency equal 110KHz. A simulation was done to verify the operation of circuit and the output is shown in figure. unmodulated continuous wave RF carrier. 59 . The noise will help in masking the jamming transmission. one found the values of R1.2 NOISE GENERATOR: To achieve jamming a noise signal is mixed with the triangle wave signal to produce the tuning voltage for the VCO. the jamming signal is just a sweeping. and Cex. making it look like random “noise” to an outside observer. To avoid loading the timing circuit and changing the operation frequency. R2. the triangular wave on the terminal of the external capacitor was buffered using op-amp 9.
6 Op-Amp Summer Circuit 60 .3Signal mixer and DC-Offset circuits: The triangle wave and noise signals are mixed using OP-Amp configured as summer. Fig: 9.3. also a potentiometer was added to control the biasing voltage so as to get the desired tuning voltage. To gain good clamping the RC time constant selected so that it’s more than ten times the period of the input frequency.5 White noise generator output spectrum 9. then a dc voltage is added to the resulted signal to obtain the required tuning voltage using Diode-clamper circuit.Fig: 9.
Fig: 9.7 Positive diode with Clamper bias 61 .
4.4 RF SECTION: The RF-section is the most important part of the mobile jammer it consist of the Voltage Controlled oscillator(VCO).45+20log(f*D). To obtain the desired output jamming power for coverage range of 20m first we found the jamming power required at the mobile receiver”Jr”.[5] then from SNRmin=S/J.RF Power amplifier .then by invoking the free space path loss equation F=32.8 Block Diagram of IF Section 9.These components were selected according to the desired specification of the jammer such as the frequency range and the coverage range .to sustain a 20m area 9.where ”Ds” is distance in km and “f “ is frequency in MHz for 20 m the loss equals 58dB hence the jammer should transmit a jamming signal with power equals : 58dBm-24dBm=34dBm. knowing that SNRmin =9dB and Smax =-15dBm (i.1 Voltage controlled oscillator: 62 .where S=the signal power Jr=-24dbm. so 50 ohm microstrip was needed for matching between the components.Fig: 9.and the antenna.Its important to note that all the components used has 50 ohm input/output impedance.e worst jamming case).
and the tuning input is internally connected to the varactor as shown in figure . this makes the VCO extremely easy-touse . 63 . and the output was best swept over the desired range when the input tuning voltage was around 120 KHz. and fortunately the second factor was met sequentially since MAXIM IC was willing to send two of the MAX2623 for free. The MAX2623 VCO from MAXIM IC was found to be a good choice . which will be jammed and the availability of the chip.The VCO is responsible for generating the RF signal which will over power the mobile downlink signal. integrating all tank circuit of the tank circuit on-chip. For the first factor which implies that the VCO should cover the frequencies from 935 MHz to 960 MHz .The typical output power is -3dBm. The selection of the VCO was influenced by two main factors. Fig: 9.9 Pin diagram of MAXIM The MAX2623 VCO is implemented as an LS oscillator configuration. the frequency of the GSM system.
3V Single-Supply Operation Low Current Shutdown Mode Smaller than Modules (8-pin µMAX package) • Pin description of VCO: 1.7V to +3.Oscillator Frequency Tuning Voltage Input. 2-TUNE.10 MAXIM 2623 Pin connection ABOUT VCO: • • • • • • • Fully Monolithic Guaranteed Performance On-Chip 50Ω Output Match 885MHz to 950MHz (MAX2623) +2. 64 .NC. High-impedance input with a voltage input range of 0.No Connection.4V (high frequency) adjustment. Not internally connected.Fig: 9.4V (low frequency) to 2.
Requires a low-inductance connection to the circuit board ground plane.GND-Ground Connection for Output Buffer.But in the data sheet input should be 1dBm.SHDN-Shutdown Logic Input.1μA.The PF08103b hitachi power amplifier module from nokia mobile phone is sufficient to amplify an input signal in the range 800MHz to 1 GHz by 34 dB.For this stage we use Mar-4SM power amplifier.4.2 RF Power Amplifier: To achieve the desired output power a gain stage was needed. A high-impedance input logic level low disables the device and reduces supply current to 0. about searching for a suitable power amplifier it is cheaper to use power amplifier from an old Mobile phones. A typical biasing configuration for MAR-4SM is shown in the figure 65 .The MAR-4Sm has a typical gain of 8-dB for the frequencies range from dc to 1GHz. Bypass with a 220pF capacitor to GND for low noise and low spurious content performance from the oscillator 7 -OUT Buffered Oscillator Output 8.VCC-Output Buffer DC Supply Voltage Connection.bypass with a 220pF capacitor to GND for best high frequency performance 6 . 4.so the output at this stage is around 5dBm.To meet this requirement we use another power amplifier stage after vco and before hitachi power amplifier .3-GND-Ground Connection for Oscillator and Biasing requires a low-inductance connection to the circuit board ground plane.VCC-Bias and Oscillator DC Supply Voltage Connection. A logic level high enables the device 5. 9.
12 T-Network attenuator For a 4-dB attenuation and symmetric Network S12=S21=0.Fig: 9. so here we used 4dBm T-Network attenuator as shown in the figure.11 Typical biasing configuration of MAR-4SM Now the power before the Hitachi RF power amplifier is 5dBm and since 1dBm is required. 66 . Where X= (R2+50))//R3. Fig: 9.631 And for 50 ohms characteristic impedance we found the values of the resistor using the following equations .
13 Circuit diagram of RF section 67 .Fig: 9.
5 Antenna: The most important part of any transmitter is the antenna.Also this antenna has low VSWR less than 1.9. So a suitable antenna should be selected .The antenna used in the project is λ/4 wave monopole antenna and it has 50 Ohm impedance so that the antenna is matched to the transmission system .7.and a bandwidth of 150MHz around 916MHz center frequency which cover the mobile jammer frequency range . 68 .The antenna gain is 2dBi.
Fig: 9.14 λ/4 Monopole Antenna The patterns for the antenna are shown below: 69 .
In digital communication. Generally jamming-to-signal ratio can be measured according to the following Equation 70 . channel coding and interleaving of the target system. modulation scheme.15 (a) Monopole Principle E-plane pattern (b) Monopole principle H-plane pattern 9. Usually a successful jamming attack requires that the jammer power is roughly equal to signal at the receiver. The effect of jamming depends on the jamming-to-signal ratio (J/S). the usability is denied when the error rate of the transmission cannot be compensated by error correction.6 Mobile Jammer Requirement: Jamming is successful when the jamming signal denies the usability of the communications transmission.Fig: 9.
If the distance between jammer and receiver is doubled.As the equation shows. Hence gives jammer an advantage over communication transmitters. should be high if jamming efficiency is required. the antenna pattern. the antenna gain towards the communication partner should be as high as possible while the gain towards the jammer should be as small as possible . which is the product of antenna gain and output power. in order to prevent jamming.Pj = jammer power Pt = transmitter power Gjr= antenna gain from jammer to receiver Grj=antenna gain from receiver to jammer Gtr=antenna gain from transmitter to receiver Grt=antenna gain from receiver to transmitter Br=communications receiver bandwidth Bj=jamming transmitter bandwidth Rtr=range between communications transmitter and receiver Rjt=range between jammer and communication receiver Lr= jammer signals loss ( including polarization mismatch) Lr= communication signal loss The above equation indicates that the jammer Effective Radiated Power. On the other hand. is a very important aspect in jamming Also as we know from Microwave and shown in the equation distance has a strong influence on the signal loss. It must also be noted here that jammer path loss is often different from the communication path loss. the jammer has to quadruple its output in order for the jamming to have the same effect. SPECIFICATIONS : Isolating Signal Bandwidth 71 . the relation between the azimuth and the gain.
GSM/CDMA: 850~960 MHz GSM/CDMA1900 (DCS):1805~1990Mhz 3G: 2110~2170 MHz Typical Coverage: 8 Meters Average Output Power: 34 dBm Typical Battery Life: 2 Hours Power supply: Built in Rechargeable Li-ion battery Dimension: Antennas off .97mm x 45mm x 19mm (L x W x D) Software Tools 72 .
10.1 KEIL SOFTWARE: 73 .
After compilation. 11. Programmer kit contains a microcontroller on it other than the one which is to be programmed. 10. a source is required. this power supply is given from the power supply circuit designed above.2 PROLOAD: Proload is a software which accepts only hex files. Thus this is accomplished from the power supply board with an output of 12volts or from an adapter connected to 230 V AC. the machine source code is converted into hex code which is to be dumped into the microcontroller for further processing. This microcontroller has a program in it written in such a way that it accepts the hex file from the keil compiler and dumps this hex file into the microcontroller which is to be programmed. It should be noted that this programmer kit contains a power supply section in the board itself but in order to switch on that power supply. Keil compiler also supports C language code.Keil compiler is a software used where the machine language code is written and compiled. As this programmer kit requires power supply to be operated. that hex code has to be dumped into the microcontroller placed in the programmer kit and this is done by the Proload. Flow chart For Jammer Operation: If Start Switch 74 S1 is pressed Display ON Update Time µ-Controller Set Jammer ONCompares Set Time Operation in OFF Time Using Press RTC Time With Reset Switch Automatic Switches Mode Operation in JAMMER ON manual mode Display on LCD Relay ON EXIT . Once the machine code is converted into hex code.
Jammer in Idle State If Time 75 Equal s Display on LCD JAMMER ON Relay ON EXIT .
76 .ADVANTAGES  Sophisticated Security.
 No loss of data due to back up battery.  Works for both GSM and CDMA networks APPLICATIONS Main Locations: 77 .
Oil and Gas Storage Facilities. at present the new spy science and technology. Libraries. underwent the surgery to doctor to the patient to be extremely disadvantageous. as well as was surgery doctor to answer the handset telephone disturbance attention. Museums. 2. Courts. Armies. therefore to important conference place. Conference Rooms. enterprise's each kind of conference room: May avoid the handset ting disturbs and answers when the telephone breaking the leader to speak but interrupts its person to hold a meeting. Customs . Hospitals: Might avoid the goon machine-hour but causing doctor to the hospital precision instrument equipment disturbance to misdiagnose. Courts: May avoid the handset ting the disturbance. builds to study the study peaceful environment. does not have the initiative. Security Services. 5. Governments. Military Units. Recording Studios. Police Units. Prisons. Oil and Gas Fields. in order to safeguard these important situations the security to be supposed to take the precautionary measure. the petrified factory and so on need safely to protect place: May avoid changing suddenly the detonation which the signal radiative generation static electricity spark but causes. Government Unit. 6. 4. Secret Services. New Bookstore: May avoid the handset ting and answer the telephone the noise. Theatres. the air entrainment station. Gas stations. Libraries. this kind of accident all has the appearance in national many gas stations. Posts the prohibition to dial the handset sign. Military Units. already used the handset interception. Testing Facilities. Hospitals. public security department's important conference rooms: Might avoid the attending personnel divulging the military and the government using the handset is secret. Theaters: As the upscale recreation area. 7. 1. Border Patrol and Drug Enforcement .Gas Stations. the refinery. has delayed the rescue patient. the fuel depot and the flammable explosive chemical warehouse. Jail Unit. 3. Classrooms. Churches. the monitor environment sound. it is necessary to take effective also of security the initiative. News Conference Rooms. Houses. Contract Tendering Rooms. eliminates the handset ting noise to be possible to maintain the audience to appreciate the program the interest. Banks. the fire. 78 . maintains the court conference site the dignity and the sacredness.
13. 12. Coast defense unit: May prevent the seacoast smuggling member discloses secret information using the handset. detains the place: Prevented the criminal. examination centre: May cease the examinee. effectively attacks smuggling criminal offender's smuggling. CONCLUSION 79 . The jail. 10. 11. Church: May eliminate the handset signal noise.8. the prison tube does not collude with according to the stipulation inside and outside. the news media. Schools classrooms and training organization classroom: May avoid the handset ting and answers when the handset telephone to attending class student's disturbance. forms conspires to get the story straight. the visit personnel. Tests places. 9. by maintains the religious place solemn and respectful. Instead fears the unit: Locking goal of tendency by handset telecontrolled bomb. monitor an exam the personnel to cheat using the modern communication facilities.
Despite the legal issues the transmission of high power signal may affect the operation of some critical devices. APPENDIX 80 . from this observation it can be concluded that the protection against jamming attack in the low coverage area was very weak and couldn’t withstand the simplest jamming techniques.In this project a GSM.000$. and having large power jamming device the Network will be jammed for sure. These disadvantages will constrain the use of mobile jammer. The main disadvantage of the mobile jammer is that the transmission of the jamming signal which is prohibited by law in many countries. CDMA. The project was tested against the networks and has proven success with average range of 5m. for instance the fines for this offense can range as high as 11. 3G Mobile jammer was designed and built. such as hearing impairment hardware solution.In general the jamming attack was protected by network signal power. for instance in low network coverage area of the base station the jamming range exceed 7m. Testing in different locations shows the dependent of the jamming range on the signal strength.
unsigned char . sbit en =P3^2. sbit rw =P3^1.unsigned char. void lcdcmd(unsigned char).unsigned char.unsigned char ).unsigned char. void lcddata(unsigned char).unsigned char. unsigned int read(unsigned char. = P1^6. void delay(unsigned int).unsigned char .unsigned char).unsigned char. //setalarm(unsigned char . sbit rs =P3^0.unsigned char).unsigned char ). void convertion(unsigned char).unsigned char. void stop(void). sbit scl = P1^0. unsigned char bcd2bin(unsigned char).h> #include<intrins. void displaymsg(unsigned char *p ).h> sbit sda = P1^1.unsigned char ). sbit update = P1^4. setalarm(unsigned char.unsigned char ). void start(void). void send(unsigned int). void write(unsigned char . = P1^7. sbit inc sbit dec sbit alarm = P1^5. 81 . sbit jammer_on = P1^3. void settime(unsigned char. unsigned int read(unsigned char.SOURCE CODE: #include<reg52. unsigned char bin2bcd(unsigned char ).
".am2. 82 ".am1.check=0. delay(100).ah2.min. code unsigned char msg1[]= "TIME BASED ". //code unsigned char msg10[ ]= "SETALARM3 //code unsigned char msg12[ ]= "SETALARM4 void main() { P2=0x00.ah1. } lcdcmd(0x80).j.0x0e. code unsigned char msg3[]= "UPDATE THE TIME". delay(100). ".sec.g.am3. ". unsigned char i.am4.cmdarr[i]!='\0'.ah3.0x0c.ah4.z.0x01. code unsigned char msg8[]= "SETALARM1 code unsigned char msg9[]= "SETALARM2 code unsigned char msg10[]= "JAMMER ON".unsigned char cmdarr[]={0x38.0x80}. .0x06. code unsigned char msg11[]= "TIME ". displaymsg(msg2). code unsigned char msg2[]= "MOBILE JAMMER". delay(100).k. lcdcmd(0xc0).r. displaymsg(msg1). code unsigned char msg4[]= "00:00:00". for(i=0.hrs.i++) { lcdcmd(cmdarr[i]).
displaymsg(msg11). ah1=bcd2bin(read(0xd0.0x08)). { } lcdcmd(0x80). //ah4=bcd2bin(read(0xd0. r =bcd2bin(read(0xd0. am1=bcd2bin(read(0xd0. //am4=bcd2bin(read(0xd0. lcdcmd(0x01). delay(10).0x10)). //ah3=bcd2bin(read(0xd0. // am3=bcd2bin(read(0xd0. min=bcd2bin(read(0xd0. lcddata(':').0x0e)). hrs=bcd2bin(read(0xd0.0x0f)). 83 . lcdcmd(0xc2). lcdcmd(0xc3).0x0b)). 0x00)). while(1) { lcdcmd(0xc0). 0x02)).0x0d)).0x0a)).delay(100). 0x01)). convertion(hrs). ah2=bcd2bin(read(0xd0.
0xc0.0. lcdcmd(0xc6). while(update==0). displaymsg(msg3). if (update==0) { delay(10). } if(jammer_on==0) { delay(100).59. delay(200). 84 . while(jammer_on==0). lcddata('0'). sec=bcd2bin(read(0xd0. 0x00)).23. lcddata('0').0.convertion(min). lcdcmd(0x80). lcdcmd(0x01). displaymsg(msg11). convertion(sec).min). settime(0x02. write(0xd0. displaymsg(msg10). lcdcmd(0x80). settime(0x01.0x00).hrs ). lcddata(':'). { P2=0xff.0x00.0xc3.
lcdcmd(0x01). 0x02)). lcdcmd(0xc9). P2=0x00. displaymsg(msg11). // break. while(1) { lcdcmd(0xc6). convertion(min). } } } } if(alarm==0) { 85 . if(jammer_on==0) { while(jammer_on). 0x00)). convertion(sec). displaymsg(msg11).lcdcmd(0xc0). hrs=bcd2bin(read(0xd0. sec=bcd2bin(read(0xd0. convertion(hrs). lcddata(':'). lcddata(':'). lcdcmd(0xc8).
0x0a)).0x08)).while(alarm==0). ah1=bcd2bin(read(0xd0.23.0x0b)). // ah4=bcd2bin(read(0xd0.0x10)). settime(0x08.59. settime(0x0a. // am3=bcd2bin(read(0xd0. /********************instructions to setalarm2**********************/ 86 .0x0f)). //ah3=bcd2bin(read(0xd0. am2=bcd2bin(read(0xd0.ah1). am1=bcd2bin(read(0xd0.0xc3.0x0c)).0. ah2=bcd2bin(read(0xd0. lcdcmd(0xc2).0xc0. lcdcmd(0xc3). displaymsg(msg8). // am4=bcd2bin(read(0xd0. ah1=bcd2bin(ah1). am1=bcd2bin(am1). lcddata(':'). convertion(ah1). lcdcmd(0xc0).0x0d)).0. /********************instructions to setalarm1***********************/ lcdcmd(0x80).0x0e)). convertion(am1).am1).
lcddata(':'). lcdcmd(0xc3). settime(0x0c. lcdcmd(0xc2).23. lcdcmd(0xc0). ah1=bcd2bin(ah2).*? 87 . lcddata(':').0xc3. settime(0x0d. ah1=bcd2bin(ah3). convertion(ah3). lcdcmd(0xc2).23. convertion(am3).am3).59.ah2). am1=bcd2bin(am3).0xc3.0.0xc0.0.0.0.lcdcmd(0x80). convertion(am2). lcdcmd(0xc0). settime(0x0b. am1=bcd2bin(am2). settime(0x0e. convertion(ah2).ah3). /********************instructions to setalarm3************************/ /* lcdcmd(0x80).59. lcdcmd(0xc3). displaymsg(msg10).0xc0.am2). displaymsg(msg9).
convertion(ah4). convertion(am4). settime(0x10. lcdcmd(0xc2).0. displaymsg(msg11). P2=0x00. ah1=bcd2bin(ah3). lcdcmd(0xc3).0xc3.ah4). } // if(hrs==ah1&&min==am1) // { // // // //} 88 lcdcmd(0x01)./*******************instructions to setalarm4**********************/ /* lcdcmd(0x80).0. am1=bcd2bin(am3). */ /*******************end of alarms*********************/ lcdcmd(0x80).am4).59.0xc0. delay(200). . settime(0x0f.23. lcdcmd(0xc0). displaymsg(msg12). lcddata(':'). displaymsg(msg10).
P2=0x55. } else if(hrs>=ah2&&min>=am2) P2=0xff. displaymsg(msg10). P2=0xff.//else // if(hrs>=ah2&&min>=am2) //{ // // } // else // if(hrs==ah3&&min==am3) //{ // // } // else // if(hrs>=ah4&&min>=am4) // { // // } if(hrs==ah1&&min==am1) { if(hrs==ah1&&min==am1&&sec==0) { lcdcmd(0x01). } else P2=0xff. 89 . P2=0xff.
send(dat). stop(). } void stop() //fun to stop 90 // fun to write to rtc // fun to start . } } } void write( unsigned char devadd. _nop_(). displaymsg(msg11). scl=0.unsigned char loc. send(devadd).{ if(hrs==ah2&&min==am2&&sec==0) { lcdcmd(0x01). sda=0. } else P2=0x00. sda=1. send(loc). P2=0x00. } void start(void) { scl=1.unsigned char dat) { start().
_nop_().j<8. _nop_(). 91 // fun to send the data through 2 wire . } _nop_(). k=k>>1. _nop_(). scl=1.{ sda=0. else sda = 1. scl=0. _nop_(). scl=1. scl=1. scl=0. sda=1. k=i. } void send( unsigned int i) { communication// unsigned char c.j++) { if(c==0) sda = 0. scl=0. for(j=0.
//device addr in write mode// send(loc). for(i=0. //byte addr// _nop_(). start().unsigned char loc) { unsigned char i. //device addr in read mode// sda=1.} unsigned int read( unsigned char devadd. k=d. z=z|k. send(devadd+1). send(devadd). } scl=0.i<8. start().i++) { scl=0. } location using two wire communication// // fun to read the data from the 92 . _nop_(). d=sda. scl=1. _nop_(). return z. stop().d=0.
rw=0.void lcdcmd(unsigned char cmd) { P0=cmd. } void delay(unsigned int itime) { unsigned int k. en=0. } void lcddata(unsigned char x) { P0=x. } void displaymsg(unsigned char *p) { /*delay programming*/ 93 . rs=1. en=1. for(k=0.l. delay(5).l++).l<110.k++) for(l=0. delay(5). rw=0 . en=1. rs=0.k<itime. en=0.
google.com 2. Electronics for you 6. www.1. EMBEDDED SYSTEM BY RAJ KAMAL 3. howstuffworks.com 97 . Magazines 5. www. 8051 MICROCONTROLLER AND EMBEDDED SYSTEMS BY MAZZIDI 4. Electrikindia 7.
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: The Bugle Inn Simela
, St Austell, Iso-Britannia
- 49 Asiakasarviot
Cornwall → 328 majoituspaikkaa
St Austell → 22 majoituspaikkaa
The Bugle Inn Simela
Hotelli The Bugle Inn Simela näytetään kartalla, jos sallit JavaScript-ohjelman.
Äskettäin varattu kohteessa St Austell Porthpean Apartment
“It was a quiet location, great room, great breakfast“
Christopher, Caloundra
“Lovely place overlooking the harbour and tall ships. Excellent food,
William, Orangeville
St Austell, PL26 8PB
http://www.booking.com/hotel/gb/bugleinn.html
very friendly welcoming and homely
This village pub has en suite rooms and serves good home-cooked food all day. It is 3 miles (4.8 km) from the Eden Project.
Bugle village is located on the A391 between Bodmin and St Austell. The pub is fully licensed and hosts live entertainment most Sundays. Music plays on Saturday nights and on some Sundays.
Breakfast is served from 08:00, or earlier on request.
Milloin haluaisit yöpyä hotellissa The Bugle Inn Simela?
Viimeisin varaus tähän hotelliin tehtiin 23. toukok. klo 15:01 maasta Saksa.
Mukavuudet: The Bugle Inn Simela
Säännöt: The Bugle Inn Simela
Klo 11:00 - 23:00 välisenä aikana
Asiakkaamme ovat kirjoittaneet arviot majoituttuaan hotellissa The Bugle Inn Simela.
Onko majoituspaikan The Bugle Inn Simela keskimääräinen pistemäärä ollut aina 8.3?
40.82% 9
14.29% C
SWANTON MORLEY DEREHAM,
Kept awake until 2 am due to noise from band playing until 11.45 for birthday party in bar then party talking loudly until early hours. We had been advised on booking in that we MAY hear slight noise but would be unlikely to be disturbed by it. It was awful!
Room decor very tired
Situated right next to traffic lights
The owners and staff were friendly and obliging, we joined in on a pub quiz and bingo
Staff was friendly and service was very good.
Good food, friendly bar staff
We didn't have breakfast as we had to leave early and no discount was offered. We were also not warned that live music was on the night of our stay. This started at 9.45pm and didn't stop until 1am. It was vibrating the room!
Friendly Staff. Very welcoming Landlord. Nice pleasant environment.
A good value and friendly Cornish tavern with eight rooms where you will meet the locals,enjoy good food/local ales and have a good nights sleep.
Gwesty Bach lleol mewn ardal weledig Kernow. Pris rhesymol a Staff da / chef bach Cymreig.Bwyd a Croeso da iawn yma.
Some might be but off by the tavern being on the Main Street and its certainly not five star but for one or two nights or so it's a great base to go to the Eden Project or explore mid Cornwalls great cycle ways and coastal paths.
everyone was very helpful and freidndly.
the only critism we had was the food, but saying that it was typical pub grub, there was nothing bad about it, just next time we would eat out. it was good value for what you got though.
Friendly, relaxed atmosphere. Excellent staff. Good value, good location.
Friendly staff. Accommodation clean. Able to get an evening meal on site. Breakfast excellent
On main road which was busy all night. But that is not the Bugle Inns fault
Colcheste,
Very friendly staff. Modest prices meant very good value. Good pub food and excellent beers.
Very loud music on Saturday night.
Shortage of drying facilities.
A well run rural taven in the heart of a real Cornish Village. Good pub food with a local flavour and friendly staff. A good price and six rooms available. Local Cornish beers on offer and frequented by locals. Stafe car park and good buzz.
Close but not too close to the A30 with nearby rail link to Newquay or main line. A good base for seeing the Eden Project or mid Cornwall.
Creoso cynnes iawn Kernewek yma mewn canol pentref mawr mewn canol Cernyw
Brecwast da
I have stayed here a number of times but for those who wish the sameness of a multiple or Tavel Lodge or to be surrounded by holiday makers ..no not stay here.
Some might find the fact it is in a main village street on a X roads might be put off.
The location was perfect for what we wanted to do , the staff were very obliging , the food was excellent.
The car parking was not the best.
The bugle was very comfortable the owner and staff were friendly.
The food was very good and the pub was a good location for the eden project.
We enjoyed our stay at The Bugle Inn, the staff were very friendly and helpful. The place itself was very clean and comfortable, and the breakfast was fantastic!! I would stay again but I would have to have my own transport due to the location.
Good value for money, friendly welcome. Food and Beer was good.
The owner and staff are very friendly and helpful. The food first class and reasonable. If it hadn't been for the rubbish weather it would have been one of the best business places I've stayed at. Five stars from me.
Very friendly and helpful staff, food surprisingly good for a b&B.
Decent price, free parking,
Only issue was the distance to the eden project. Website states bugle
inn is approx 3/4 miles from the eden project, its closer to 6 miles. In
all fairness this is more an issue with the website
We chose this b&b so we could walk to a music festival and be able to have a drink, unfortunately the combination of the longer than expected walks and bad weather did slightly ruin the weekend. If, however, you're someone looking to explore the area by car however you can't really go wrong with the bugle
We stayed at the Bugle Inn for an overnight stop to St Ives. It was local for the Eden Project, had a 4 bedded room and was excellent value for money
Good honest pub accomodation
A bit on the noisy side - from the bar on Jubilee night - and from the road.
Excellent, staff very friendly and the locals are very friendly. Food is
great and the breakfast is great. They had a band on each night we
stayed (2 nights) that were good. But for a pub it was Excellent. Would
recommend it and will have another break there.
If you want a quiet stay, The Bugle Inn is not for you.
Overly loud music audible in rooms
The location as very close to where we wanted to go ie eden project the
full english was lovely the staff were friendly and attentive
The name is of the company not the actual pub which is the bugle
Hotellia The Bugle Inn Simela katsoneet asiakkaat katsoivat myös: BEST WESTERN Cliff Head Hotel
Cliff Head -hotellista avautuu näkymä hiekkarannoille, ja se tarjoaa kausiluonteisen sisäuima-altaan, saunan, ilmaisen Wi-Fi:n ja runsaan aamiaisen. Eden Project sijaitsee vain 4,8 km:n päässä. Viimeisin varaus tähän hotelliin tehtiin tänään klo 14:11
“It was a quiet location, great room, great breakfast”
Christopher, Caloundra alkaen $88,76
Charlestown Harbour -satamaan avautuvan Pier House -hotellin tilavissa huoneissa vanhan ajan viehätystä ja upea näköala. Hotelli tarjoaa ilmaisen pysäköintimahdollisuuden ja lämpimän aamiaisen. Viimeisin varaus tähän hotelliin tehtiin tänään klo 13:14
William, Orangeville alkaen $90,27
Originally part of a Victorian boys’ school, Arches B&B offers guests a traditional Cornish Cream Tea on arrival and free on-site parking. Viimeisin varaus tähän hotelliin tehtiin tänään klo 07:57
alkaen $82,74
» Katso lisää majataloja kohteessa St Austell

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BBC Radio 5 live - 5 live Sport, Rugby League World Cup, 08/11/2008 We use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. We also use cookies to ensure we show you advertising that is relevant to you. If you continue without changing your settings, we'll assume that you are happy to receive all cookies on the BBC website. However, if you would like to, you can change your cookie settings at any time. Continue Find out more ]]> Accessibility links Skip to content Skip to local navigation Accessibility Help BBC iD BBC iD Settings Sign out BBC navigation News Sport Weather Capital Culture Shop TV Radio More… Search term: iPlayer Radio What's New? Stations On Air Now 10:00 - 12:45
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Revision as of 20:07, 20 September 2012 by DiltsGD (talk | contribs) (fix footnote)
↑ 1.0 1.1 Handybook for Genealogists: United States of America, 10th ed. (Draper, Utah: Everton Pub., 2002), Allen County, Ohio. Page 540 At various libraries (WorldCat); FHL Book 973 D27e 2002.
Retrieved from "https://www.familysearch.org/wiki/en/index.php?title=Allen_County,_Ohio_Genealogy&oldid=1123923"

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A Houston-area dad shot a teenager who was invited into his home by his teen daughter, police say. (MyFoxHouston.com)
A Houston-area father fatally shot a 17-year-old boy who was inside his teen daughter's bedroom early Thursday morning, MyFoxHouston.com reported.
The father, who was not identified, was notified by one of his children that there was someone in his 16-year-old daughter's room, the report said. He reportedly found his daughter in bed with the teen.
"You just feel terrible for the families," one neighbor told the station. "You just kind of reflect on both of these families’ lives have changed forever."
Murder case of boy charged in death of dad's pregnant fiancee goes to Pennsylvania high court
Records: Florida man accused in theater shooting, argument over texting also was using phone
9 reported missing in New York City building explosion, collapse; death toll rises to 7
The father was taken by ambulance from the home for treatment of an unrelated medical situation. So far no arrests have been made, but detectives told the station that they are going to refer the case to a grand jury.
Click for the story from MyFoxHouston.