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Star Performer by Deborah Chancellor, Hardcover | Barnes & Noble®
Star Performer is the perfect book for girls that want their time to shine. From staging performances to writing songs, plays or poetry, it has something for every artistic expression!
Discover a fresh, modern approach to girls' passions and interests. From arts and crafts to keeping fit and handling friendships, these books are vibrant with all the activities that shape a young girl's life.
For Girls series includes:
Best Friends 978-1-60992-105-7
Cool Creative 978-1-60992-102-6
Happy & Healthy 978-1-60992-104-4
Star Performer 978-1-60992103-3
9781609921033
Deborah Chancellor has written over 100 books for primary age children. She has also worked as a researcher and editor of best-selling information books for many UK publishers.
Star performer quiz

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Hour 21: Building Background-Aware Applications - CodeProject 11,193,074 members (49,677 online)
??? richpoor31-Dec-12 5:08 I don't get this article. In the beginning it talks about applicationDidEnterBackgroundetc, but the last example uses shareApplication, makes no use of all the background task methods, confused.

type: global

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8GB KIT 2 x 4GB SODIMM DDR3 NON-ECC PC3-8500 1066MHz 1066 MHz DDR-3 Ram Memory 5053462980859 | eBay
4GB RAM Memory 204 Pin Sodimm - 1.5V - DDR3 - PC3-8500 (1066Mhz) - Non-ECC
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Intel Xeon Processor X5675 (12M Cache, 3.06 GHz, 6.40 GT/s ) LGA 1366 Server CPU
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100 - Intel Processor CPU Clamshell fits CPU up to 66 x 55 mm + Anti Static Foam
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SKU: EB2-SP00092 Country/Region of Manufacture: United States
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Model: EB2-SP00092 Number of Modules: 2
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by eduardmac1124 20 Jun, 2017
8GB KIT 2 x 4GB SODIMM DDR3 NON-ECC PC3-8500 1066MHz 10... 8GB KIT 2 x 4GB SODIMM DDR3 NON-ECC PC3-8500 1066MHz 10...

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Patent US20070183501 - Method and apparatus for variable accuracy inter-picture timing ... - Google PatentsSearch Images Maps Play YouTube News Gmail Drive More »Sign inPatentsA method and apparatus for performing motion estimation in a digital video system is disclosed. Specifically, the present invention discloses a system that quickly calculates estimated motion vectors in a very efficient manner. In one embodiment, a first multiplicand is determined by multiplying a first...http://www.google.com/patents/US20070183501?utm_source=gb-gplus-sharePatent US20070183501 - Method and apparatus for variable accuracy inter-picture timing specification for digital video encoding with reduced requirements for division operationsAdvanced Patent SearchPublication numberUS20070183501 A1Publication typeApplicationApplication numberUS 11/621,977Publication dateAug 9, 2007Filing dateJan 10, 2007Priority dateJul 24, 2002Also published asCA2502004A1, CA2502004C, CA2784948A1, CN1714572A, CN100417218C, CN101242536A, CN101242536B, EP1579689A1, EP1579689A4, US6728315, US7339991, US8009736, US8009737, US8077779, US8090023, US8094729, US8817880, US8817888, US8824565, US8837603, US8885732, US8934546, US8934547, US8934551, US8938008, US8942287, US8953693, US20040017851, US20040184543, US20070183502, US20070183503, US20070286282, US20090022224, US20110243235, US20110243236, US20110243237, US20110243238, US20110243239, US20110243240, US20110243241, US20110243242, US20110243243, US20110249752, US20110249753, US20150117541, WO2004054257A1Publication number11621977, 621977, US 2007/0183501 A1, US 2007/183501 A1, US 20070183501 A1, US 20070183501A1, US 2007183501 A1, US 2007183501A1, US-A1-20070183501, US-A1-2007183501, US2007/0183501A1, US2007/183501A1, US20070183501 A1, US20070183501A1, US2007183501 A1, US2007183501A1InventorsBarin Haskell, David Singer, Adriana Dumitras, Atul PuriOriginal AssigneeHaskell Barin G, Singer David W, Adriana Dumitras, Atul PuriExport CitationBiBTeX, EndNote, RefManPatent Citations (52), Referenced by (37), Classifications (72), Legal Events (1) External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, EspacenetMethod and apparatus for variable accuracy inter-picture timing specification for digital video encoding with reduced requirements for division operations
US 20070183501 A1Abstract
A method and apparatus for performing motion estimation in a digital video system is disclosed. Specifically, the present invention discloses a system that quickly calculates estimated motion vectors in a very efficient manner. In one embodiment, a first multiplicand is determined by multiplying a first display time difference between a first video picture and a second video picture by a power of two scale value. This step scales up a numerator for a ratio. Next, the system determines a scaled ratio by dividing that scaled numerator by a second first display time difference between said second video picture and a third video picture. The scaled ratio is then stored calculating motion vector estimations. By storing the scaled ratio, all the estimated motion vectors can be calculated quickly with good precision since the scaled ratio saves significant bits and reducing the scale is performed by simple shifts. Images(5) Claims(25)
1-20. (canceled) 21. A bitstream comprising: a. a plurality of video pictures; and b. at least one display order value for a first particular video picture, said display order value indicative of a temporal relationship of a first particular video picture with reference to a second particular video picture. 22. The bitstream of claim 21, wherein the first particular video picture is before the second particular video picture in a sequence of video pictures, wherein the bitstream comprises at least two display order values for different pairs of video pictures. 23. The bitstream of claim 21, wherein at least one temporal relationship relates to an interpolation distance between a first video picture and a second video picture. 24-29. (canceled) 30. A bitstream comprising: a. a plurality of video pictures; and b. at least one display order value for establishing an order for the selection of at least one reference video picture. 31. The bitstream of claim 30, wherein the display order value is for specifying a sequence for displaying at least one video picture from the plurality of video pictures. 32. The bitstream of claim 31, wherein the sequence for displaying is different than a sequence for decoding the video pictures. 33. The bitstream of claim 32, wherein at least one display order value is a difference between a decode order value for a first video picture and a display order value for the first video picture. 34. A bitstream comprising: a. a plurality of video pictures; and b. at least one display order value for computing a first motion vector for a first video picture, said computed first motion for the first video picture is based on a scaled ratio and a second motion vector for a second video picture. 35. The bitstream of claim 34, wherein the scaled ratio is an approximation of a ratio between a first display order difference value and a second display order difference value. 36. The bitstream of claim 35, wherein the first display order difference value is a difference between a first display order value for the first video picture and a third display value for a third video picture. 37. The bitstream of claim 36, wherein the second display order difference value is a difference between a second display order value for the second video picture and the third display order value for the third video picture. 38. The bitstream of claim 34, wherein the scaled ratio is based on a P value, wherein the P value is a power of two. 39-44. (canceled) 45. The bitstream of claim 44, wherein the division operation comprises performing a shifting operation of a portion of the bitstream by at least one bit. 46. The bitstream of claim 34, wherein said display order value comprises at least one display time value. 47. The bitstream of claim 34, wherein said display order value comprises at least one display time difference value. 48. The bitstream of claim 34, wherein said display order value comprises at least one display difference value. 49-54. (canceled) 55. A bitstream comprising: a. a plurality of video pictures; and b. at least one display order value for computing an implicit B prediction block weighting for at least one motion vector. 56. The bitstream of claim 55 further comprising at least one motion vector. 57. The bitstream of claim 55, wherein said display order value is for computing at least one motion vector. 58. The bitstream of claim 55, wherein computing the implicit B prediction block weighting comprises determining whether a particular video picture is a B frame. 59-62. (canceled)
RELATED APPLICATIONS [0001] This patent application claims the benefit under title 35, United States Code, Section 119(e) to the United States Provisional Patent Application having Ser. No. 60/398,625 filed on Jul. 24, 2002.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION [0002] The present invention relates to the field of multimedia compression systems. In particular the present invention discloses methods and systems for specifying variable accuracy inter-picture timing with reduced requirements for processor intensive division operation. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION [0003] Digital based electronic media formats are finally on the cusp of largely replacing analog electronic media formats. Digital compact discs (CDs) replaced analog vinyl records long ago. Analog magnetic cassette tapes are becoming increasingly rare. Second and third generation digital audio systems such as Mini-discs and MP3 (MPEG Audio—layer 3) are now taking market share from the first generation digital audio format of compact discs. [0004] The video media formats have been slower to move to digital storage and digital transmission formats than audio media. The reason for this slower digital adoption has been largely due to the massive amounts of digital information required to accurately represent acceptable quality video in digital form and the fast processing capabilities needed to encode compressed video. The massive amounts of digital information needed to accurately represent video require very high-capacity digital storage systems and high-bandwidth transmission systems. [0005] However, video is now rapidly moving to digital storage and transmission formats. Faster computer processors, high-density storage systems, and new efficient compression and encoding algorithms have finally made digital video transmission and storage practical at consumer price points. The DVD (Digital Versatile Disc), a digital video system, has been one of the fastest selling consumer electronic products in years. DVDs have been rapidly supplanting Video-Cassette Recorders (VCRs) as the pre-recorded video playback system of choice due to their high video quality, very high audio quality, convenience, and extra features. The antiquated analog NTSC (National Television Standards Committee) video transmission system is currently in the process of being replaced with the digital ATSC (Advanced Television Standards Committee) video transmission system. [0006] Computer systems have been using various different digital video encoding formats for a number of years. Specifically, computer systems have employed different video coder/decoder methods for compressing and encoding or decompressing and decoding digital video, respectively. A video coder/decoder method, in hardware or software implementation, is commonly referred to as a “CODEC”. [0007] Among the best digital video compression and encoding systems used by computer systems have been the digital video systems backed by the Motion Pictures Expert Group commonly known by the acronym MPEG. The three most well known and highly used digital video formats from MPEG are known simply as MPEG-1, MPEG-2, and MPEG-4. VideoCDs (VCDs) and early consumer-grade digital video editing systems use the early MPEG-1 digital video encoding format. Digital Versatile Discs (DVDs) and the Dish Network brand Direct Broadcast Satellite (DBS) television broadcast system use the higher quality MPEG-2 digital video compression and encoding system. The MPEG-4 encoding system is rapidly being adapted by the latest computer based digital video encoders and associated digital video players. [0008] The MPEG-2 and MPEG-4 standards compress a series of video frames or video fields and then encode the compressed frames or fields into a digital bitstream. When encoding a video frame or field with the MPEG-2 and MPEG-4 systems, the video frame or field is divided into a rectangular grid of pixelblocks. Each pixelblock is independently compressed and encoded. [0009] When compressing a video frame or field, the MPEG-4 standard may compress the frame or field into one of three types of compressed frames or fields: Intra-frames (I-frames), Unidirectional Predicted frames (P-frames), or Bi-Directional Predicted frames (B-frames). Intra-frames completely independently encode an independent video frame with no reference to other video frames. P-frames define a video frame with reference to a single previously displayed video frame. B-frames define a video frame with reference to both a video frame displayed before the current frame and a video frame to be displayed after the current frame. Due to their efficient usage of redundant video information, P-frames and B-frames generally provide the best compression. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION [0010] A method and apparatus for performing motion estimation in a video codes is disclosed. Specifically, the present invention discloses a system that quickly calculates estimated motion vectors in a very efficient manner without requiring an excessive number of division operations. [0011] In one embodiment, a first multiplicand is determined by multiplying a first display time difference between a first video picture and a second video picture by a power of two scale value. This step scales up a numerator for a ratio. Next, the system determines a scaled ratio by dividing that scaled numerator by a second first display time difference between said second video picture and a third video picture. The scaled ratio is then stored to be used later for calculating motion vector estimations. By storing the scaled ratio, all the estimated motion vectors can be calculated quickly with good precision since the scaled ratio saves significant bits and reducing the scale is performed by simple shifts thus eliminating the need for time consuming division operations. [0012] Other objects, features, and advantages of present invention will be apparent from the company drawings and from the following detailed description. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS [0013] The objects, features, and advantages of the present invention will be apparent to one skilled in the art, in view of the following detailed description in which: [0014] FIG. 1 illustrates a high-level block diagram of one possible digital video encoder system. [0015] FIG. 2 illustrates a series of video pictures in the order that the pictures should be displayed wherein the arrows connecting different pictures indicate inter-picture dependency created using motion compensation. [0016] FIG. 3 illustrates the video pictures from FIG. 2 listed in a preferred transmission order of pictures wherein the arrows connecting different pictures indicate inter-picture dependency created using motion compensation. [0017] FIG. 4 graphically illustrates a series of video pictures wherein the distances between video pictures that reference each other are chosen to be powers of two. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT [0018] A method and system for specifying Variable Accuracy Inter-Picture Timing in a multimedia compression and encoding system with reduced requirements for division operations is disclosed. In the following description, for purposes of explanation, specific nomenclature is set forth to provide a thorough understanding of the present invention. However, it will be apparent to one skilled in the art that these specific details are not required in order to practice the present invention. For example, the present invention has been described with reference to the MPEG multimedia compression and encoding system. However, the same techniques can easily be applied to other types of compression and encoding systems. Multimedia Compression and Encoding Overview [0019] FIG. 1 illustrates a high-level block diagram of a typical digital video encoder 100 as is well known in the art. The digital video encoder 100 receives an incoming video stream of video frames 105 at the left of the block diagram. The digital video encoder 100 partitions each video frame into a grid of pixelblocks. The pixelblocks are individually compressed. Various different sizes of pixelblocks may be used by different video encoding systems. For example, different pixelblock resolutions include 8�8, 8�4, 16�8, 4�4, etc. Furthermore, pixelblocks are occasionally referred to as ‘macroblocks.’ This document will use the term pixelblock to refer to any block of pixels of any size. [0020] A Discrete Cosine Transformation (DCT) unit 110 processes each pixelblock in the video frame. The frame may be processed independently (an intra-frame) or with reference to information from other frames received from the motion compensation unit (an inter-frame). Next, a Quantizer (Q) unit 120 quantizes the information from the Discrete Cosine Transformation unit 110. Finally, the quantized video frame is then encoded with an entropy encoder (H) unit 180 to produce an encoded bitstream. The entropy encoder (H) unit 180 may use a variable length coding (VLC) system. [0021] Since an inter-frame encoded video frame is defined with reference to other nearby video frames, the digital video encoder 100 needs to create a copy of how each decoded frame will appear within a digital video decoder such that inter-frames may be encoded. Thus, the lower portion of the digital video encoder 100 is actually a digital video decoder system. Specifically, an inverse quantizer (Q−1) unit 130 reverses the quantization of the video frame information and an inverse Discrete Cosine Transformation (DCT−1) unit 140 reverses the Discrete Cosine Transformation of the video frame information. After all the DCT coefficients are reconstructed from inverse Discrete Cosine Transformation (DCT−1) unit 140, the motion compensation unit will use that information, along with the motion vectors, to reconstruct the encoded video frame. The reconstructed video frame is then used as the reference frame for the motion estimation of the later frames. [0022] The decoded video frame may then be used to encode inter-frames (P-frames or B-frames) that are defined relative to information in the decoded video frame. Specifically, a motion compensation (MC) unit 150 and a motion estimation (ME) unit 160 are used to determine motion vectors and generate differential values used to encode inter-frames. [0023] A rate controller 190 receives information from many different components in a digital video encoder 100 and uses the information to allocate a bit budget for each video frame. The rate controller 190 should allocate the bit budget in a manner that will generate the highest quality digital video bit stream that that complies with a specified set of restrictions. Specifically, the rate controller 190 attempts to generate the highest quality compressed video stream without overflowing buffers (exceeding the amount of available memory in a video decoder by sending more information than can be stored) or underflowing buffers (not sending video frames fast enough such that a video decoder runs out of video frames to display). Digital Video Encoding with Pixelblocks [0024] In some video signals the time between successive video pictures (frames or fields) may not be constant. (Note: This document will use the term video pictures to generically refer to video frames or video fields.) For example, some video pictures may be dropped because of transmission bandwidth constraints. Furthermore, the video timing may also vary due to camera irregularity or special effects such as slow motion or fast motion. In some video streams, the original video source may simply have non-uniform inter-picture times by design. For example, synthesized video such as computer graphic animations may have non-uniform timing since no arbitrary video timing is imposed by a uniform timing video capture system such as a video camera system. A flexible digital video encoding system should be able to handle non-uniform video picture timing. [0025] As previously set forth, most digital video encoding systems partition video pictures into a rectangular grid of pixelblocks. Each individual pixelblock in a video picture is independently compressed and encoded. Some video coding standards, e.g., ISO MPEG or ITU H.264, use different types of predicted pixelblocks to encode video pictures. In one scenario, a pixelblock may be one of three types: 1. I-pixelblock—An Intra (I) pixelblock uses no information from any other video pictures in its coding (it is completely self-defined); 2. P-pixelblock—A unidirectionally predicted (P) pixelblock refers to picture information from one preceding video picture; or 3. B-pixelblock—A bi-directional predicted (B) pixelblock uses information from one preceding picture and one future video picture. [0029] If all the pixelblocks in a video picture are Intra-pixelblocks, then the video picture is an Intra-frame. If a video picture only includes unidirectional predicted macro blocks or intra-pixelblocks, then the video picture is known as a P-frame. If the video picture contains any bi-directional predicted pixelblocks, then the video picture is known as a B-frame. For the simplicity, this document will consider the case where all pixelblocks within a given picture are of the same type. [0030] An example sequence of video pictures to be encoded might be represented as: [0031] I1 B2 B3 B4 P5 B6 B7 B8 B9 P10 B11 P12 B13 I14 . . . [0032] where the letter (I, P, or B) represents if the video picture is an I-frame, P-frame, or B-frame and the number represents the camera order of the video picture in the sequence of video pictures. The camera order is the order in which a camera recorded the video pictures and thus is also the order in which the video pictures should be displayed (the display order). [0033] The previous example series of video pictures is graphically illustrated in FIG. 2. Referring to FIG. 2, the arrows indicate that pixelblocks from a stored picture (I-frame or P-frame in this case) are used in the motion compensated prediction of other pictures. [0034] In the scenario of FIG. 2, no information from other pictures is used in the encoding of the intra-frame video picture I1. Video picture P5 is a P-frame that uses video information from previous video picture I1 in its coding such that an arrow is drawn from video picture I1 to video picture P5. Video picture B2, video picture B3, video picture B4 all use information from both video picture I1 and video picture P5 in their coding such that arrows are drawn from video picture I1 and video picture P5 to video picture B2, video picture B3, and video picture B4. As stated above the inter-picture times are, in general, not the same. [0035] Since B-pictures use information from future pictures (pictures that will be displayed later), the transmission order is usually different than the display order. Specifically, video pictures that are needed to construct other video pictures should be transmitted first. For the above sequence, the transmission order might be: [0036] I1 P5 B2 B3 B4 P10 B6 B7 B8 B9 P12 B11 I14 B13 . . . [0037] FIG. 3 graphically illustrates the preceding transmission order of the video pictures from FIG. 2. Again, the arrows in the figure indicate that pixelblocks from a stored video picture (I or P in this case) are used in the motion compensated prediction of other video pictures. [0038] Referring to FIG. 3, the system first transmits I-frame I1 which does not depend on any other frame. Next, the system transmits P-frame video picture P5 that depends upon video picture I1. Next, the system transmits B-frame video picture B2 after video picture P5 even though video picture B2 will be displayed before video picture P5. The reason for this is that when it comes time to decode video picture B2, the decoder will have already received and stored the information in video pictures I1 and P5 necessary to decode video picture B2. Similarly, video pictures I1 and P5 are ready to be used to decode subsequent video picture B3 and video picture B4. The receiver/decoder reorders the video picture sequence for proper display. In this operation I and P pictures are often referred to as stored pictures. [0039] The coding of the P-frame pictures typically utilizes Motion Compensation, wherein a Motion Vector is computed for each pixelblock in the picture. Using the computed motion vector, a prediction pixelblock (P-pixelblock) can be formed by translation of pixels in the aforementioned previous picture. The difference between the actual pixelblock in the P-frame picture and the prediction pixelblock is then coded for transmission. [0000] P-Pictures [0040] The coding of P-Pictures typically utilize Motion Compensation (MC), wherein a Motion Vector (MV) pointing to a location in a previous picture is computed for each pixelblock in the current picture. Using the motion vector, a prediction pixelblock can be formed by translation of pixels in the aforementioned previous picture. The difference between the actual pixelblock in the P-Picture and the prediction pixelblock is then coded for transmission. [0041] Each motion vector may also be transmitted via predictive coding. For example, a motion vector prediction may be formed using nearby motion vectors. In such a case, then the difference between the actual motion vector and the motion vector prediction is coded for transmission. [0000] B-Pictures [0042] Each B-pixelblock uses two motion vectors: a first motion vector referencing the aforementioned previous video picture and a second motion vector referencing the future video picture. From these two motion vectors, two prediction pixelblocks are computed. The two predicted pixelblocks are then combined together, using some function, to form a final predicted pixelblock. As above, the difference between the actual pixelblock in the B-frame picture and the final predicted pixelblock is then encoded for transmission. [0043] As with P-pixelblocks, each motion vector (MV) of a B-pixelblock may be transmitted via predictive coding. Specifically, a predicted motion vector is formed using nearby motion vectors. Then, the difference between the actual motion vector and the predicted is coded for transmission. [0044] However, with B-pixelblocks the opportunity exists for interpolating motion vectors from motion vectors in the nearest stored picture pixelblock. Such motion vector interpolation is carried out both in the digital video encoder and the digital video decoder. [0045] This motion vector interpolation works particularly well on video pictures from a video sequence where a camera is slowly panning across a stationary background. In fact, such motion vector interpolation may be good enough to be used alone. Specifically, this means that no differential information needs be calculated or transmitted for these B-pixelblock motion vectors encoded using interpolation. [0046] To illustrate further, in the above scenario let us represent the inter-picture display time between pictures i and j as Di,j, i.e., if the display times of the pictures are Ti and Tj, respectively, then D i,j =T i −T j from which it follows that D i,k =D i,j +D j,k Di,k=−Dk,i Note that Di,j may be negative in some cases. [0047] Thus, if MV5,1 is a motion vector for a P5 pixelblock as referenced to I1, then for the corresponding pixelblocks in B2, B3 and B4 the motion vectors as referenced to I1 and P5, respectively would be interpolated by MV 2,1 =MV 5,1 *D 2,1 /D 5,1 MV 5,2 =MV 5,1 *D 2,2 /D 5,1 MV 3,1 =MV 5,1 *D 3,1 /D 5,1 MV 5,3 =MV 5,1 *D 5,3 /D 5,1 MV 4,1 =MV 5,1 *D 4,1 /D 5,1 MV 5,4 =MV 5,1 *D 5,4 /D 5,1 Note that since ratios of display times are used for motion vector prediction, absolute display times are not needed. Thus, relative display times may be used for Di,j inter-picture display time values. [0048] This scenario may be generalized, as for example in the H.264 standard. In the generalization, a P or B picture may use any previously transmitted picture for its motion vector prediction. Thus, in the above case picture B3 may use picture I1 and picture B2 in its prediction. Moreover, motion vectors may be extrapolated, not just interpolated. Thus, in this case we would have: MV 3,1 =MV 2,1 *D 3,1 /D 2,1 Such motion vector extrapolation (or interpolation) may also be used in the prediction process for predictive coding of motion vectors. Encoding Inter-Picture Display Times [0049] The variable inter-picture display times of video sequences should be encoded and transmitted in a manner that renders it possible to obtain a very high coding efficiency and has selectable accuracy such that it meets the requirements of a video decoder. Ideally, the encoding system should simplify the tasks for the decoder such that relatively simple computer systems can decode the digital video. [0050] The variable inter-picture display times are potentially needed in a number of different video encoding systems in order to compute differential motion vectors, Direct Mode motion vectors, and/or Implicit B Prediction Block Weighting. [0051] The problem of variable inter-picture display times in video sequences is intertwined with the use of temporal references. Ideally, the derivation of correct pixel values in the output pictures in a video CODEC should be independent of the time at which that picture is decoded or displayed. Hence, timing issues and time references should be resolved outside the CODEC layer. [0052] There are both coding-related and systems-related reasons underlying the desired time independence. In a video CODEC, time references are used for two purposes: [0053] (1) To establish an ordering for reference picture selection; and [0054] (2) To interpolate motion vectors between pictures. [0055] To establish an ordering for reference picture selection, one may simply send a relative position value. For example, the difference between the frame position N in decode order and the frame position M in the display order, i.e., N-M. In such an embodiment, time-stamps or other time references would not be required. To interpolate motion vectors, temporal distances would be useful if the temporal distances could be related to the interpolation distance. However, this may not be true if the motion is non-linear. Therefore, sending parameters other than temporal information for motion vector interpolation seems more appropriate. [0056] In terms of systems, one can expect that a typical video CODEC is part of a larger system where the video CODEC coexists with other video (and audio) CODECs. In such multi-CODEC systems, good system layering and design requires that general functions, which are logically CODEC-independent such as timing, be handled by the layer outside the CODEC. The management of timing by the system and not by each CODEC independently is critical to achieving consistent handling of common functions such as synchronization. For instance in systems that handle more than one stream simultaneously, such as a video/audio presentation, timing adjustments may sometimes be needed within the streams in order to keep the different streams synchronized. Similarly, in a system that handles a stream from a remote system with a different clock timing adjustments may be needed to keep synchronization with the remote system. Such timing adjustments may be achieved using time stamps. For example, time stamps that are linked by means of “Sender Reports” from the transmitter and supplied in RTP in the RTP layer for each stream may be used for synchronization. These sender reports may take the form of: [0057] Video RTP TimeStamp X is aligned with reference timestamp Y [0058] Audio RTP TimeStamp W is aligned with reference timestamp Z [0059] Wherein the wall-clock rate of the reference timestamps is known, allowing the two streams to be aligned. However, these timestamp references arrive both periodically and separately for the two streams, and they may cause some needed re-alignment of the two streams. This is generally achieved by adjusting the video stream to match the audio or vice-versa. System handling of time stamps should not affect the values of the pixels being displayed. More generally, system handling of temporal information should be performed outside the CODEC. [0000] A Specific Example [0060] As set forth in the previous section, the problem in the case of non uniform inter-picture times is to transmit the inter-picture display time values Di,j to the digital video receiver in an efficient manner. One method of accomplishing this goal is to have the system transmit the display time difference between the current picture and the most recently transmitted stored picture for each picture after the first picture. For error resilience, the transmission could be repeated several times within the picture. For example, the display time difference may be repeated in the slice headers of the MPEG or H.264 standards. If all slice headers are lost, then presumably other pictures that rely on the lost picture for decoding information cannot be decoded either. [0061] Thus, with reference to the example of the preceding section, a system would transmit the following inter-picture display time values: [0062] D5,1 D2,5 D3,5 D4,5 D10,5 D6,10 D7,10 D8,10 D9,10 D12,10 D11,12 D14,12 D13,14 . . . [0063] For the purpose of motion vector estimation, the accuracy requirements for the inter-picture display times Di,j may vary from picture to picture. For example, if there is only a single B-frame picture B6 halfway between two P-frame pictures P5 and P7, then it suffices to send only: D7,5=2 and D6,7=−1 where the Di,j inter-picture display time values are relative time values. [0064] If, instead, video picture B6 is only one quarter the distance between video picture P5 and video picture P7 then the appropriate Di,j inter-picture display time values to send would be: D7,5=4 and D6,7=−1 Note that in both of the preceding examples, the display time between the video picture B6 and video picture video picture P7 (inter-picture display time D6,7) is being used as the display time “unit” value. In the most recent example, the display time difference between video picture P5 and picture video picture P7 (inter-picture display time D6,7) is four display time “units” (4*D6,7). Improving Decoding Efficiency [0065] In general, motion vector estimation calculations are greatly simplified if divisors are powers of two. This is easily achieved in our embodiment if Di,j (the inter-picture time) between two stored pictures is chosen to be a power of two as graphically illustrated in FIG. 4. Alternatively, the estimation procedure could be defined to truncate or round all divisors to a power of two. [0066] In the case where an inter-picture time is to be a power of two, the number of data bits can be reduced if only the integer power (of two) is transmitted instead of the full value of the inter-picture time. FIG. 4 graphically illustrates a case wherein the distances between pictures are chosen to be powers of two. In such a case, the D3,1 display time value of 2 between video picture P1 and picture video picture P3 is transmitted as 1 (since 21=2) and the D7,3 display time value of 4 between video picture P7 and picture video picture P3 can be transmitted as 2 (since 22=4). [0067] Alternatively, the motion vector interpolation of extrapolation operation can be approximated to any desired accuracy by scaling in such a way that the denominator is a power of two. (With a power of two in the denominator division may be performed by simply shifting the bits in the value to be divided.) For example, D5,4/D5,1˜Z5,4/P Where the value P is a power of two and Z5,4=P*D5,4/D5,1 is rounded or truncated to the nearest integer. The value of P may be periodically transmitted or set as a constant for the system. In one embodiment, the value of P is set as P=28=256. [0068] The advantage of this approach is that the decoder only needs to compute Z5,4 once per picture or in many cases the decoder may pre-compute and store the Z value. This allows the decoder to avoid having to divide by D5,1 for every motion vector in the picture such that motion vector interpolation may be done much more efficiently. For example, the normal motion vector calculation would be: MV 5,4 =MV 5,1 *D 5,4 /D 5,1 But if we calculate and store Z5,4 wherein Z5,4=P*D5,4/D5,1 then MV 5,4 =MV 5,1 *Z 5,4 /P But since the P value has been chosen to be a power of two, the division by P is merely a simple shift of the bits. Thus, only a single multiplication and a single shift are required to calculate motion vectors for subsequent pixelblocks once the Z value has been calculated for the video picture. Furthermore, the system may keep the accuracy high by performing all divisions last such that significant bits are not lost during the calculation. In this manner, the decoder may perform exactly the same as the motion vector interpolation as the encoder thus avoiding any mismatch problems that might otherwise arise. [0069] Since division (except for division by powers of two) is a much more computationally intensive task for a digital computer system than addition or multiplication, this approach can greatly reduce the computations required to reconstruct pictures that use motion vector interpolation or extrapolation. [0070] In some cases, motion vector interpolation may not be used. However, it is still necessary to transmit the display order of the video pictures to the receiver/player system such that the receiver/player system will display the video pictures in the proper order. In this case, simple signed integer values for Di,j suffice irrespective of the actual display times. In some applications only the sign (positive or negative) may be needed to reconstruct the picture ordering. [0071] The inter-picture times Di,j may simply be transmitted as simple signed integer values. However, many methods may be used for encoding the Di,j values to achieve additional compression. For example, a sign bit followed by a variable length coded magnitude is relatively easy to implement and provides coding efficiency. [0072] One such variable length coding system that may be used is known as UVLC (Universal Variable Length Code). The UVLC variable length coding system is given by the code words: 1 = 1 2 = 0 1 0 3 = 0 1 1 4 = 0 0 1 0 0 5 = 0 0 1 0 1 6 = 0 0 1 1 0 7 = 0 0 1 1 1 8 = 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 … [0073] Another method of encoding the inter-picture times may be to use arithmetic coding. Typically, arithmetic coding utilizes conditional probabilities to effect a very high compression of the data bits. [0074] Thus, the present invention introduces a simple but powerful method of encoding and transmitting inter-picture display times and methods for decoding those inter-picture display times for use in motion vector estimation. The encoding of inter-picture display times can be made very efficient by using variable length coding or arithmetic coding. Furthermore, a desired accuracy can be chosen to meet the needs of the video codec, but no more. [0075] The foregoing has described a system for specifying variable accuracy inter-picture timing in a multimedia compression and encoding system. It is contemplated that changes and modifications may be made by one of ordinary skill in the art, to the materials and arrangements of elements of the present invention without departing from the scope of the invention. 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by examinerClassifications U.S. Classification375/240.16, 375/E07.17, 375/E07.211, 375/E07.139, 375/E07.187, 375/E07.123, 375/E07.155, 375/E07.198, 375/E07.148, 375/E07.176, 375/240.26, 375/E07.258International ClassificationH04N7/26, G06T9/00, H04N7/36, H04N7/12, H04N11/02Cooperative ClassificationH04N19/52, H04N19/00551, H04N19/587, H04N19/0003, H04N19/00278, H04N19/00218, H04N19/00193, H04N19/00545, H04N19/00472, H04N19/00781, H04N19/00369, H04N7/50, H04N19/00721, H04N19/00187, H04N19/00733, H04N19/00684, H04N19/0009, H04N19/463, H04N19/00563, H04N19/00587, H04N19/40, H04N19/51, H04N19/124, H04N19/159, H04N19/107, H04N19/48, H04N19/176, H04N19/132, H04N19/46, H04N19/513, H04N19/61, H04N19/577, H04N19/15, H04N19/152, H04N19/13, H04N19/196, H04N19/137, H04N19/146, H04N19/139European ClassificationH04N7/26A4P, H04N7/26M, H04N7/46E, H04N7/26A10S, H04N19/00G1, H04N7/26M2, H04N7/36C2, H04N7/26A4C2, H04N7/26C, H04N7/26A4Q, H04N7/26M6, H04N7/50, H04N7/26A6E2, H04N7/26A8B, H04N7/26T, 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Lyon County, Kentucky Genealogy Genealogy - FamilySearch Wiki
Lyon County, Kentucky Genealogy
Revision as of 03:36, 14 December 2010 by Kengilkey (talk | contribs)
Template:Kentucky-stubUnited States > Kentucky > Lyon County Adopt-a-wiki page
Lyon County, Kentucky
January 14, 1854
4.13 Societies and Libraries
Lyon County Judicial Center
500A W. Dale Ave.Eddyville, Ky. 42038
Lyon County Courthouse, Eddyville, Ky. Courtesy: Collection: County Court Houses, Flickr by Jimmy Emerson. Used by permission. History
1854--Lyon County was created 14 January 1854 from Caldwell County. County seat: Eddyville [1] Boundary Changes
Lyon Co., Ky. http://www.cardcow.com/44146/lyon-county-courthouse-eddyville-kentucky/
Eden Bay
Lamasco
Eddy Bay
Caldwell Crittenden Livingston Marshall Trigg
African American Griots Lyon Co., Ky. http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~kyafamer/Lyon/lyon.htm
Kentucky cemetery records often identify birth, death, relationship, and military information, as well as religious affiliation. Local volunteers through Random Acts of Genealogical Kindness may take photographs of headstones found in county cemeteries. Kentucky Historical Society Cemetery Search can be searched by name, place and/or date. This database has hundreds of thousands of names transcribed from gravestones across Kentucky. Find A Grave can be searched by the name of a person or family to find where a person is buried. Usually gives birth and death dates often with a picture of the tombstone. May give obituaries, names of family members and links to their information in Find A Grave.
Find A Grave also gives a list of cemeteries in Lyon County and links to the information for the individuals buried there,
Kentucky Cemeteries lists the national cemeteries in Kentucky with links to their web sites. The first link under Online Kentucky Cemeteries goes to the Kentucky section of Interment.net Lyon Co. KY USGenWeb Tombstone Project usually gives the names of the deceased in alphabetical order by last name with birth and death dates plus any remarks. The Family History Library Catalog lists some records of cemeteries in Lyon County. Some of the books or others may be on Google Books or available at public libraries.
ePodunk list of Lyon County cemeteries gives the names of the cemeteries in the county with a link to more information such as address, phone number, and web site.
Ky Court of Justice http://courts.ky.gov/counties/Lyon/ Land
Lyon Co., Ky. Historical Signs http://www.signsofhistory.com/kentucky/Lyon/lyon.htm Maps
Lyon Co., KyGenWeb Births 1911-1930 http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~kylyon/lyonbths.html Ky Vital Records Project-death certs. http://kyvitals.com/staff/staffHome.php 1860 Lyon Co., Ky. Mortality Schedule http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~kylyon/1860mortalityschedule.htm Lyon Co., Ky. mail list obits Some Lyon Co., KyGenWeb Delayed Birth Records http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~kylyon/delayedbirthrecords.html Social Security Death Index http://ssdi.rootsweb.ancestry.com/
USGenWeb project. May have maps, name indexes, history or other information for this county. Select the state, then the county. Family History Library Catalog Lyon County, Kentucky Genealogy and Family History (Linkpendium)
Retrieved from "https://familysearch.org/wiki/en/index.php?title=Lyon_County,_Kentucky_Genealogy&oldid=499527"	Categories: TemplatesKentucky CountiesLyon County, KentuckyHidden category: Adopted pages	Navigation menu

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grow a head | eBay Please enable JavaScript Our new search experience requires JavaScript to be enabled. Please enable JavaScript on your browser, then try again.
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Napolitano: Clinton presumed to know ‘what is top secret and what is not’ in email server
Judge Andrew Napolitano told viewers Thursday on “Special Report with Bret Baier” that when it comes to Hillary Clinton’s knowledge of the data in her email servers, she is presumed to have known in the years she served as secretary of state “what is top secret and what is not.”
Napolitano’s comments came as more details continue to emerge about the sensitive information in Clinton’s private server.
Clinton aides have repeatedly suggested that email she sent on private email wasn’t classified at the time, and suggested that the didn’t know information was classified because it wasn’t marked as such.
One document in particular found on Clinton’s server, which Napolitano described as "a satellite view of a foreign country," has raised concerns over whether she knew if it was labeled ‘top secret.'
“If somebody removed the top secret terminology on it, that person committed a felony,” Napolitano said. “But she is presumed to know what is top secret, whether it is stamped top secret or not.”
https://www.foxnews.com/politics/napolitano-clinton-presumed-to-know-what-is-top-secret-and-what-is-not-in-email-server

value: This website is an American multinational conservative cable news television channel based in New York City. It is owned by Fox News Media, which itself is owned by the Fox Corporation.


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Leboku - Wikipedia
Leboku is the annual New Yam Festival of the Yakurr people, which comprises Ugep, Idomi, Ekori, Mkpani, Nko, Nyima, Agoi and Asiga communities. The Leboku New Yam festival is peculiar to the core Yakạạ speaking communities of Idomi, Ugep, Ekori, Mkpani and Nko and the international version is unanimously celebrated in Ugep once in a year. This is celebrated to honor the earth goddess and the ancestral spirits of the land in Ugep, one of the five settlements of Yakurr.[1][2] The three-week festival is the culmination of many events: the beginning of the yam harvest, a time to appease the gods and ancestors, a public parade of engaged maidens, a commemoration of events that led to the migration from the Yakurr ancestral home to the present site, and a period of holiday in the Yakurr traditional calendar (mid-August through mid-September). The Yakurr calendar runs from August to July. During the Leboku, people keep away from intense farming activities and exchange visits with their families. The Leboku is also meant to usher in peace, good health and prosperity.[3]
Leboku celebration[edit]
The three-week celebration starts with the Mblemi. On this day, the harvest of new yams is officially flagged off. Beautifully attired women from different farm-roads and groups later parade the town with their harvests.[2]
The second day is the Janenboku, which literally translated means "women’s festival day". On this day, gifts are given to women by their loved ones and friends. Some traditional dances also take place. Tourists on the night of Janenboku are faced with two options – the traditional carnival-like drumming and dancing to the rhythm of the Ekoi drums to usher in the Ledemboku, held in the playground or the modern-day Miss Leboku Beauty Pageant, held in one of the hotels within the town.[2]
Day three is the Ledemboku or "men’s festival day". It involves exchange of gifts to males, performance by the male Ekoi dancers, a parade of the Obol Lopon and his Bi-Inah (council of chiefs), a parade and dances by leg-bangle-wearing Leboku maidens to the rhythm of the Ekoi drums, and a display by the Etangala masquerade, whose only outing yearlong is on this day. It should also be noted that the all-embracing Etangala group have as its head, a non-Ugep, Chief Ig Ekpenyong, the Obol Etangala I of Ugep is an Efik man.[2]
After a day of rest, which affords the Leboku maidens opportunities to cultivate new friends, known as Nkokeboi, there is Leteboku. The Leteboku is a performance poetry contest among Leboku maidens from each of the traditional Ugep wards. The songs danced to, and the rhythm produced by the leg-bangles worn by the maidens is a delight to watch.[2]
Two days after the Leteboku, which are normally observed as rest days, is the Yekpi. It is a day when boys and Leboku maidens parade the town in a ceremony believed to usher in peace and prosperity. The Yeponfawa follows the Yekpi. This is a ceremony reserved only for initiates of the Libini group, to declare the first phase of the Leboku over. Although this takes place during the night, it is also a day non-initiates stay awake to listen to the songs.[2]
After the Yeponfawa, young boys and girls participate in a one-week music and festival through their dance ensembles known as Egbendum (for boys) and Oka (for girls). Every neighbourhood has its own group, which is directed by an adult, who also teaches them songs and dance steps.[2]
The Leboku comes to an end with the exit of the Egbendum and Oka sessions. Children are normally hosted to a feast of yam porridge and palm wine. The yams and palm wine are collected from parents, relatives and farmers in farm-roads located in the children’s neighbourhood. The festival is an incredible cultural and tourism fiesta and also a refreshing and interesting experience.[2]
^ "CRS Celebrates New y Festival". The Tide Online. 2008-08-15. Retrieved 2009-03-05. ^ a b c d e f g h "Leboku New Yam Festival". Cross River State Government of Nigeria. Archived from the original on August 10, 2008. Retrieved 2009-03-05. ^ Oladoyin, Dolapo (2008-10-29). "Cross River State's Tourism Drive through the Leboku Festival". Tourism ROI. Retrieved 2009-03-05. Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leboku&oldid=738436592"	Categories: Food and drink festivals in NigeriaCultural festivals in NigeriaFolk festivals in NigeriaFestivals in NigeriaYam festivals	Navigation menu
Add links	This page was last edited on 8 September 2016, at 23:21.

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Luxury prices are spreading, reaching 215 Chrystie Street on the Lower East Side.CreditBryan Thomas for The New York Times
A version of this article appears in print on , on Page MB1 of the New York edition with the headline: Just $10 Million? That Seems Reasonable. Order Reprints | Today’s Paper | Subscribe

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text:
Women's poetry and religion in Victorian England : Jewish identity and Christian culture (图书, 2002) [WorldCat.org]
我想你可能会对这资料感兴趣，资料位于 http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/48473905 题名： Women's poetry and religion in Victorian England : Jewish identity and Christian culture 著者： Cynthia Scheinberg 出版商： Cambridge, UK ; New York : Cambridge University Press, 2002. ISBN/ISSN: 0521811120 9780521811125 OCLC:48473905
"Victorian women poets lived in a time when religion was a vital aspect of their identities. Cynthia Scheinberg examines Anglo-Jewish (Grace Aguilar and Amy Levy) and Christian (Elizabeth Barrett Browning and Christina Rossetti) women poets, and argues that there are important connections between the discourses of nineteenth-century poetry, gender and religious identity. Further, Scheinberg argues that women poets in Victorian England of both Jewish and non-Jewish backgrounds had deep interests in the Jewish scriptures, and that they often used images and texts from Judaism in their poetry. She suggests that Jewish and Christian women used poetry as a site for creative and original theological interpretation, and that they entered into dialogue through their poetry about their own and each other's religious and artistic identities. Broadly interdisciplinary, the book's methodology calls on studies in poetics, religious studies, feminist literary criticism, and little-read Anglo-Jewish primary sources."--Jacket. 再读一些...
查找更多有关下列内容的信息： Cynthia Scheinberg
Examines Anglo-Jewish and Christian women poets, and the connections between the discourses of nineteenth-century poetry, gender and religious identity. 再读一些...
"This timely book offers refreshing new angles with which to explore women's poetry in the Victorian period, and it will be of great use to future scholars and students working on this field." Victorian Institute Journal "[Scheinberg's] book will enrich the study of Victorian poetry, Anglo-Jewish literature, and women's religious identity." Victorian Studies "...a scholarly but readable book on four women poets of Victorian England, two Jewish and two Christian." Mills Quarterly "[T]his is an important study, sure to engage anyone interested in women poets, devotional writing, or Christian-Jewish relations in the 19th century. Recommended." Choice "What Scheinberg offers in this committed feminist study is an admixture of exegesis, interpretation, and literary criticism... Scheinberg illustrates and exemplifies in detailed fashion the creativity and complexity of the four poets' theology and poetry." Nineteenth Century Studies 再读一些...
添加标签 目的是为 "Women's poetry and religion in Victorian England : Jewish identity and Christian culture". 争取是第一个！
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schema:reviewBody ""Victorian women poets lived in a time when religion was a vital aspect of their identities. Cynthia Scheinberg examines Anglo-Jewish (Grace Aguilar and Amy Levy) and Christian (Elizabeth Barrett Browning and Christina Rossetti) women poets, and argues that there are important connections between the discourses of nineteenth-century poetry, gender and religious identity. Further, Scheinberg argues that women poets in Victorian England of both Jewish and non-Jewish backgrounds had deep interests in the Jewish scriptures, and that they often used images and texts from Judaism in their poetry. She suggests that Jewish and Christian women used poetry as a site for creative and original theological interpretation, and that they entered into dialogue through their poetry about their own and each other's religious and artistic identities. Broadly interdisciplinary, the book's methodology calls on studies in poetics, religious studies, feminist literary criticism, and little-read Anglo-Jewish primary sources."--Jacket." ;

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Words containing erationi | Words that contain erationi
Words containing erationi | Words that contain erationi http://www.thefreedictionary.com/words-containing-erationiPrinter Friendly
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Emile Cilliers trial: Army sergeant was 'skilled parachute packer' - BBC News
Emile Cilliers trial: Army sergeant was 'skilled parachute packer'
https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-wiltshire-41640756
Image caption Winchester Crown Court heard Emile Cilliers was a qualified main parachute packer
A man accused of trying to kill his wife by sabotaging her parachute was a "skilled packer" and "knew what he was doing", a court has heard.
Victoria Cilliers, 40, suffered multiple injuries in a 4,000ft fall at Netheravon Airfield, Wiltshire in 2015.
Emile Cilliers, 37, denies attempting to murder his former Army officer wife.
Winchester Crown Court heard Mr Cilliers was a qualified main parachute packer and had been on an advanced reserve packing course in October 2012.
Prosecutors allege Mr Cilliers, of the Royal Army Physical Training Corps in Aldershot, twisted the lines of his wife's main parachute and removed two slinks - which attach lines to the harness from a reserve chute - on the day before her jump.
The army fitness instructor is also accused of a third charge of damaging a gas valve at their home a few days earlier, in the second allegation that he attempted to kill his wife. He denies all three charges.
Image caption Emile Cilliers denies attempting to murder Victoria Cilliers in April 2015
George Panagopoulos, a chief rigger at the Army Parachute Association, told the court that Mr Cilliers was a "skilled packer" and "knew what he was doing".
He said: "He had good knowledge of parachutes and canopies and various bits that go with it."
Mr Panagopoulos said that during the course Mr Cilliers had "hands on" experience of assembling a reserve with slinks and at the end of the course would have known "how everything is assembled and fitted and put together and closed".
He added that Mr Cilliers would have had "100%" knowledge of how to fully assemble and pack a reserve parachute.
Mr Panagopoulos told the court that although Mr Cilliers had completed the course, he had not carried out enough supervised packings to gain the qualification in packing reserve parachutes.
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