text:
25.378 km (15.770 mi)
8:18.170 ( Dirk Werner, Porsche 911 GT3 R, 2018 24 Hours Nürburgring, FIA GT3)
5.1 Industry pool
5.2 Television and games
5.3 Leisure development
6 Nordschleife layout
6.1 Flugplatz ("air field", a small airport)
6.2 Fuchsröhre ("Fox Hole")
6.3 Bergwerk ("Mine")
6.4 Caracciola Karussell ("Carousel")
6.5 Brünnchen ("Small Well")
6.6 Pflanzgarten ("Planting Garden") and Stefan Bellof S ("Stefan Bellof Esses")
6.7 Schwalbenschwanz/Kleines Karussell ("Swallow's Tail"/"Little Carousel")
The track was completed in spring of 1927, and the ADAC Eifelrennen races were continued there. The first races to take place on 18 June 1927 showed motorcycles and sidecars. The first motorcycle race was won by Toni Ulmen on an English 350 cc Velocette. The cars followed a day later, and Rudolf Caracciola was the winner of the over 5000 cc class in a Mercedes-Benz Compressor. In addition, the track was opened to the public in the evenings and on weekends, as a one-way toll road.[3] The whole track consisted of 174 bends (prior to 1971 changes), and averaged 8 to 9 metres (26 to 30 ft) in width. The fastest time ever around the full Gesamtstrecke was by Louis Chiron, at an average speed of 112.31 km/h (72 mph) in his Bugatti.
The former Südschleife had not been modified in 1970/71 and was abandoned a few years later in favour of the improved Nordschleife. It is now mostly gone (in part due to the construction of the new circuit) or converted to a normal public road, but since 2005 a vintage car event has been hosted on the old track layout, including part of the parking area.[4]
Prior to the 2013 German Grand Prix both Mark Webber and Lewis Hamilton said they like the track. Webber described the layout as "an old school track" before adding, "It’s a beautiful little circuit for us to still drive on so I think all the guys enjoy driving here." While Hamilton said "It’s a fantastic circuit, one of the classics and it hasn’t lost that feel of an old classic circuit."[5]
To celebrate its opening, an exhibition race was held, on 12 May, featuring an array of notable drivers. Driving identical Mercedes 190E 2.3–16's, the line-up was Elio de Angelis, Jack Brabham (Formula 1 World Champion 1959, 1960, 1966), Phil Hill (1961), Denis Hulme (1967), James Hunt (1976), Alan Jones (1980), Jacques Laffite, Niki Lauda (1975, 1977)*, Stirling Moss, Alain Prost*, Carlos Reutemann, Keke Rosberg (1982), Jody Scheckter (1979), Ayrton Senna*, John Surtees (1964) and John Watson. Senna won ahead of Lauda, Reutemann, Rosberg, Watson, Hulme and Jody Scheckter, being the only one to resist Lauda's performance who – having missed the qualifying – had to start from the last row and overtook all the others except Senna.[6][7] There were nine former and two future Formula 1 World Champions competing, in a field of 20 cars with 16 Formula 1 drivers; the other four were local drivers: Klaus Ludwig, Manfred Schurti, Udo Schütz and Hans Herrmann.
Both the Nürburgring and the Hockenheimring events have been losing money due to high and rising Formula One license fees charged by Bernie Ecclestone and low attendance due to high ticket prices[8][9][citation needed]; starting with the 2007 Formula One season, Hockenheim and Nürburgring will alternate for hosting of the German GP.
In Formula One, Ralf Schumacher collided with his teammate Giancarlo Fisichella and his brother at the start of the 1997 race which was won by Jacques Villeneuve. In 1999, in changing conditions, Johnny Herbert managed to score the only win for the team of former Ringmeister Jackie Stewart. One of the highlights of the 2005 season was Kimi Räikkönen's spectacular exit while in the last lap of the race, when his suspension gave way after being rattled lap after lap by a flat-spotted tyre that was not changed due to the short-lived 'one set of tyres' rule.
While it is unusual for deaths to occur during sanctioned races, there are many accidents and several deaths each year during public sessions. It is common for the track to be closed several times a day for cleanup, repair, and medical intervention. While track management does not publish any official figures, several regular visitors to the track have used police reports to estimate the number of fatalities at somewhere between 3 and 12 in a full year.[10] Jeremy Clarkson noted in Top Gear in 2004 that "over the years this track has claimed over 200 lives".[11]
As of 2015 the World Touring Car Championship holds the FIA WTCC Race of Germany at the Nordschleife as a support category to the 24 Hours.
BMW Sauber’s Nick Heidfeld made history on 28 April 2007 as the first driver in over thirty years to tackle the Nürburgring Nordschleife track in a contemporary Formula One car.[12] Heidfeld’s three demonstration laps round the German circuit in an F1.06 were the highlight of festivities celebrating BMW’s contribution to motorsport. About 45,000 spectators showed up for the main event, the third four-hour VLN race of the season, and the subsequent show by Heidfeld. Conceived largely as a photo opportunity, the lap times were not as fast as the car was capable of, BMW instead choosing to run the chassis at a particularly high ride height to allow for the Nordschleife's abrupt gradient changes and to limit maximum speeds accordingly. Former F1 driver Hans-Joachim Stuck was injured during the race when he crashed his BMW Z4.
As part of the festivities before the 2013 24 Hours Nürburgring race, Michael Schumacher and other Mercedes-Benz drivers took part in a promotional event which saw Schumacher complete a demonstration lap of the Nordschleife at the wheel of a 2011 Mercedes W02.[13] As with Heidfeld's lap, and also partly due to Formula One's strict in-season testing bans, the lap left many motorsport fans underwhelmed.[14]
Drivers interested in lap times often time themselves from the first bridge after the barriers to the last gantry (aka Bridge-to-Gantry or BTG time) before the exit.[15] However, the track's general conditions state that any form of racing, including speed record attempts, is forbidden.[16] The driver's insurance coverage may consequently be voided, leaving the driver fully liable for damage. Normal, non-racing, non-timed driving accidents might be covered by driver's insurance, but it is increasingly common for UK insurers especially to insert exclusion clauses that mean drivers and riders on the Nürburgring only have third-party coverage[17] or are not covered at all.[18]
Drivers who have crashed into the barriers, suffered mechanical failure or been otherwise required to be towed off track during Touristenfahrten sessions are referred to as having joined the "Bongard Club". This nickname is derived from the name of the company which operates the large yellow recovery flatbed trucks which ferry those unfortunate drivers and their vehicles to the nearest exit.[19] Due to the high volume of traffic, there is an emphasis on quickly clearing and repairing any compromised safety measures so the track can be immediately re-opened for use.
Additionally, those found responsible for damage to the track or safety barriers are required to pay for repairs, along with the time and cost associated with personnel and equipment to address those damages, making any accident or breakdown a potentially expensive incident. Because it is technically operated as a public toll road, failing to report an accident or instance where track surfaces are affected is considered unlawfully leaving the scene of an accident.[20] This is all part of the rules and regulations which aim to ensure a safe experience for all visitors to the track.
Industry pool[edit]
For sixteen weeks per year, the industry pool (Industie-Pool) rents exclusive daytime use of the track for automotive development, and endurance testing.[21] As of 2017[update] the industry pool consisted of approximately 30 car manufacturers, associations, and component suppliers.[21] By 2019, the track was being rented by the industry pool for 18 weeks per year.[22]
Television and games[edit]
Multiple lay-outs of the Nürburgring have been featured in video games, such as the Gran Turismo series, the Forza Motorsport series and IRacing. The Gran Turismo World Tour 2019 is also scheduled to take place at the Nürburgring.[23]
Leisure development[edit]
In 2009, new commercial areas opened, including a hotel and shopping mall. In the summer of 2009, ETF Ride Systems opened a new interactive dark ride application called "Motor Mania" at the racetrack, in collaboration with Lagotronics B.V.[24] The roller coaster "ring°racer" was scheduled to open in 2011 but never started its operations due to technical failures.
In 2012, the track was preparing to file for bankruptcy as a result of nearly $500 million in debts and the inability to secure financing.[25] On 1 August 2012, the government of Rheinland-Pfalz guaranteed $312 million to allow the track to meet its debt obligations.[26]
In 2013, the Nürburgring was for sale for US$165 million (€127.3 million).[27] The sale process was by sealed-bid auction with an expected completion date of "Late Summer". This meant there was to be a new owner in 2013, unencumbered by the debts of the previous operation, with the circuit expected to return to profitability.[28]
On March 11, 2014 it was reported that the Nürburgring was sold for 77 million euros ($106.8 million). Düsseldorf-based Capricorn Development was the buyer. The company was to take full ownership of the Nürburgring on January 1, 2015.[29] But in October 2014, Russian billionaire, the chairman of Moscow-based Pharmstandard, Viktor Kharitonin, bought a majority stake in the Nürburgring.[30]
In May 2015, the Nürburgring was set to hold the first Grüne Hölle Rock festival as a replacement for the Rock am Ring festival,[31] but the project did not take place. Grüne Hölle Rock has changed their name to Rock im Revier and will be held in the Schalke area.[32]
Nordschleife layout[edit]
Although by no means the most fearsome, Flugplatz is perhaps the most aptly (although coincidentally) named and widely remembered. The name of this part of the track comes from a small airfield, which in the early years was located close to the track in this area. The track features a very short straight that climbs sharply uphill for a short time, then suddenly drops slightly downhill, and this is immediately followed by two very fast right-hand kinks. Chris Irwin's career was ended following a massive accident at Flugplatz, in a Ford 3L GT sports car in 1968. Manfred Winkelhock flipped his March Formula Two car at the same corner in 1980. This section of the track was renovated in 2016[33] after an accident in which a Nissan GTR flew over the fence and killed a spectator.[34] The Flugplatz is one of the most important parts of the Nürburgring because after the two very fast right handers comes what is possibly the fastest part of the track: a downhill straight called Kottenborn, into a very fast curve called Schwedenkreuz (Swedish Cross). Drivers are flat out for some time here.
Perhaps the most notorious corner on the long circuit, Bergwerk has been responsible for some serious and sometimes fatal accidents.[35][36] A tight right-hand corner, coming just after a long, fast section and a left-hand kink on a small crest, was where Carel Godin de Beaufort fatally crashed. The fast kink was also the scene of Niki Lauda's infamous fiery accident during the 1976 German Grand Prix. This left kink is often referred to as the Lauda Links (Lauda left). The Bergwerk, along with the Breidscheid/Adenauer Bridge corners before it, are one of the series of corners that make or break one's lap time around the Nürburgring because of the fast, lengthy uphill section called Kesselchen (Little Valley) that comes after the Bergwerk.
Shortly after the Karussell is a steep section, with gradients in excess of 16%, leading to a right-hander called Hohe Acht, which is some 300 m higher in altitude than Breidscheid.[37]
The road then goes slightly uphill and then through another jump; the road suddenly drops away and levels out and at the same time, the road turns through a flat-out left hander. Then, the road drops away again very suddenly, which is the second huge jump of the Pflanzgarten known as the Sprunghügel. The road then goes downhill then quickly levels out, then it goes through a flat-out right hander and this starts the Stefan Bellof S (named as such because Bellof crashed a Porsche 956 there during the 1983 Nurburgring 1000 km), which was known as Pflanzgarten 2 prior to 2013. The Stefan Bellof S is very tricky because the road quickly switches back left and right—a car is going so fast through here that it is like walking on a tightrope. It is very difficult to find the racing line here because the curves come up so quickly, so it is hard to find any point of reference. Then, after a jump at the end of the switchback section, it goes through a flat-out, top gear right hander and into a short straight that leads into two very fast curves called the Schwalbenschwanz (Swallow's Tail).
The Nürburgring is known for its changeable weather. The near-fatal accident of Niki Lauda in 1976 was accompanied by poor weather conditions and also the 2007 Grand Prix race saw an early deluge take several cars out through aquaplaning, with Vitantonio Liuzzi making a lucky escape, hitting a retrieving truck with the rear wing first, rather than the fatal accident that befell Jules Bianchi seven years later at Suzuka. In spite of this reputation, the Nürburg weather station only recorded an average of 679.3 millimetres (26.74 in) between 1981–2010.[38] Contrasting this, the relatively nearby Ardennes racetrack of Spa-Francorchamps in Wallonia, Belgium has a much rainier climate, seen by data from the village hosting the track called Stavelot and the village of Malmedy that circuit passes by.
Source: Météo Climat [39][40]
^ Eveleigh, Ian (2009-07-27). "Birth of an icon: 1927: The Nürburgring". evo: The Thrill of Driving. Retrieved 2019-07-19.
^ Reuters (2015-03-06). "German promoter 'not willing to pay F1 hosting fee': Ecclestone". Deutsche Welle. Retrieved 2019-07-19.
^ Schrader, Stef (2015-02-25). "Nürburgring Willing To Lose Money To Host The F1 German Grand Prix". Jalopnik. Retrieved 2019-07-19.
^ a b "Nürburgring is the be-all end-all for auto-manufacturer testing". Autoweek. 2015-09-17. loose partnership called the Industry Pool, comprising 30 OEMs, nine tire manufacturers, five parts suppliers, and four associations. … rent the 'Ring four days a week, 16 weeks a year (normally two weeks a month between April and October). On those days, the track belongs exclusively to pool members from 9 a.m. to 6 p.m. … pool members use Top Line Development, a service that provides drivers for durability testing
^ Haupt, Andreas (2019-08-26). "Marketing-Turbo für den Porsche Taycan" [Marketing Turbo for the Porsche Taycan]. Auto motor und sport (in German). Zusammen im Industrie-Pool für 18 Wochen im Jahr.
^ "World Tour 2019 - Nürburgring - gran-turismo.com". www.gran-turismo.com. Retrieved 2019-06-20.
^ nuerburgring.de. ""Grünes Licht" der FIA für Sicherheits-Maßnahmen an der Nordschleife". www.nuerburgring.de (in German). Retrieved 2019-06-18.
^ admin (2015-03-28). "VLN-Auftaktrennen unfallbedingt abgebrochen". VLN.de (in German). Retrieved 2019-06-18.
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Motorsport venues in Rhineland-Palatinate

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Battle of Mount Chimborazo - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Battle of Mount Chimborazo
This article does not cite any references or sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2008) Battle of Mount Chimborazo
Central part of modern-day Ecuador
Remnants of Inca Empire
Unknown, but severely high
Francisco Pizarro had toppled the Inca Empire, captured its Emperor Atahualpa and demanded a room of gold and two rooms with silver, he got the treasure but still executed Atahualpa. Hearing of this Rumiñahui took his forces towards the Northern Inca Capital of Quito, where it's believed he buried the gold then he heard that the Spanish forces were marching towards Ecuador to capture him. So he decided to burn Quito to the ground to take the glory away from the Spanish of taking the city, then he took the Sun Virgins and killed them to preserve their purity. Then he prepared his army for the battle.
Pizarro sent his lieutenant Sebastián de Belalcázar to capture Rumiñahui, take the gold as well as the city of Quito. While in Ecuador, Rumiñahui rallied his forces and marched them south. Both forces met at the valley of Mount Chimborazo. Neither the Spanish or the Incas had the upper hand at the beginning but then Rumiñahui's army started beating the Spanish back even though the Spanish possessed guns and cannons, Belalcázar was about to retreat so he wouldn't have a lot of casualties, but then the volcano erupted so the Incas saw it as an omen from the gods so they started to run away. This battle was the last stand of the Incas before the fall of the Empire. Eventually, Rumiñahui was captured and tortured but he would not reveal where the gold was hidden. He took the knowledge of the treasure's location to his grave. The Spanish never found it.
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Mount_Chimborazo&oldid=545029044"	Categories: Battles involving SpainBattles involving the Inca EmpireSpanish conquests in the AmericasConflicts in 1534Hidden categories: Articles lacking sources from August 2008All articles lacking sourcesEcuador articles missing geocoordinate dataAll articles needing coordinates	Navigation menu
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type: global


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Patent US3772124 - Method of forming tissue laminate - Google Patents
An impregnated paper product having strength, toughness, tear resistance, softness, hand and breathability sufficient to permit such papers to be used as substitutes for woven or non-woven fabrics in making disposable fabric products. By applying conventionally known strength imparting resins, polymers,...http://www.google.com/patents/US3772124?utm_source=gb-gplus-sharePatent US3772124 - Method of forming tissue laminate
Publication number US3772124 A
Also published as CA951629A, CA951629A1, US3720573
Publication number US 3772124 A, US 3772124A, US-A-3772124, US3772124 A, US3772124A
Inventors Mayer W
Patent Citations (2), Referenced by (6), Classifications (29)
Method of forming tissue laminate
US 3772124 A
An impregnated paper product having strength, toughness, tear resistance, softness, hand and breathability sufficient to permit such papers to be used as substitutes for woven or non-woven fabrics in making disposable fabric products. By applying conventionally known strength imparting resins, polymers, and copolymers to multi-ply, dry creped tissue papers of low basis weight, which multi-ply laminate has the crepe removed therefrom as a result of passing through an aqueous suspension or emulsion of such resins, polymers or co-polymers, the stiffness, noisiness and loss of breathability that result from such impregnation of single ply creped or uncreped papers does not occur.
United States Patent [191 Mayer METHOD OF FORMING TISSUE LAMINATE [75] Inventor:
[22] Filed: Mar. 16, 1972 [21] Appl. No.: 235,413
Related U.S. Application Data [60] Division of Ser. No. 22,942, March 26, 1970, Pat. No. 3,720,573, which is a continuation-in-part of Ser. No. 671,963, Oct. 2, 1967, abandoned.
Warren C. Mayer, Somerville, NJ.
[56] References Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS Cooper et al. 156/183 X Nov. 13, 1973 3,684,643 8/1972 Stepp ..156/324X Primary Examiner-William A. Powell Attorney-Jason Lipow [57] ABSTRACT An impregnated paper product having strength, toughness, tear resistance, softness, hand and breathability sufficient to permit such papers to be used as substitutes for woven or non-woven fabrics in making disposable fabric products. By applying conventionally known strength imparting resins, polymers, and copolymers to multi-ply, dry creped tissue papers of low basis weight, which multi-ply laminate has the crepe removed therefrom as a result of passing through an aqueous suspension or emulsion of such resins, polymers or co-polymers, the stiffness, noisiness and loss of breathability that result from such impregnation of single ply creped or uncreped papers does not occur.
7 Claims, 2 Drawing Figures METHOD OF FORMING TISSUE LAMINATE RELATED APPLICATIONS FOR PATENT This is a division of application, Ser. No. 22,942, filed Mar. 26, 1970 now US. Pat. No. 3,692,715.
Which is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 671,963 filed Oct. 2, 1967 now abandoned.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION This invention relates to paper, and more particularly, is directed to improved paper products useful as a substitute for woven and non-woven fabrics.
There has been and there continues to be a growing tendency for single use disposable fabric products. This is particularly true in the medical field and especially in modern hospitals where disposable surgical drapes, caps, masks, gowns, bedding, and the like have acquired wide acceptance. Similarly, disposable aprons, towels, frocks, etc., are in ever increasing demand by food processing and handling establishments. Even the clothing industry today is looking to inexpensive disposable dresses as a fashionable and practical item.
To satisfy the need for disposable products, it is readily apparent that they must be made of inexpensive materials to warrant but a single use. The first approach to making disposable fibrous products was to substitute dry-laid non-woven fabrics for the woven fabrics from which reusable products had been made in the past. However, while this was a step in the right direction, such non-woven fabrics are still relatively expensive and in many instances have not reached full acceptance for disposable products because of the expense involved.
Substituting paper and paper-like products for woven and non-woven fabrics would be ideal for the making of disposable products, but paper, in general, has had several serious drawbacks from the standpoint of physical characteristics. While paper can be made from very inexpensive wood pulp fibers at a very high rate of speed, such papers that might be suitable as a substitute for fabrics such as creped or uncreped tissues or waddings suffer from an inherent lack of strength and toughness, particularly in the cross direction.
Tear resistance and tensile strength of papers have been increased considerably by saturating or impregnating them withpolymeric resins. Particularly suitable have been self-crosslinking acrylic resins such as ethyl acrylates, ethyl hexyl acrylates, ethyl acrylate-methylmethacrylate copolymers, ethyl hexyl acrylate-methyl methacrylate copolymers, ethyl acrylate-polyvinyl acetate copolymers, and ethyl hexyl acrylate-polyvinyl acetate copolymers.
It is also well known that tear resistance and tensile strength can be imparted to papers by the addition of other materials such as styrene-butadiene polymers, methyl-methacrylates, urea formaldehyde and melamine resins, etc. However, when papers are impregnated or saturated with acrylic resins and such other polymeric materials, the strength and tear resistance may be increased to acceptable levels, but the papers do not have the desirable characteristics of hand, drape, softness and breathability inherent in woven fabrics. Some degree of softness can be imparted to resin impregnated papers by the addition of glycerin or polyethylene glycol softeners to the paper. But, even in such instances, the hand, drape and breathability have been so inferior as to prevent the use of resin or polymer strengthened papers as a substitute for woven or non-woven fabrics.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION I have found, quite unexpectedly, and for some unknown reason, that if two or more plies of light weight, dry creped tissue or wadding are superimposed and are then saturated or impregnated with an emulsion of wellknown strength imparting resins of the types set forth above, the resin bonded laminated, uncreped paper produced does not loose to any appreciable degree its preimpregnated characteristics of hand, drape, softness, and most importantly, breathability. Further, by starting with dry creped tissues having a relatively high level of stretch in the machine direction due to the crepe, and then removing the crepe from the superimposed plies by passing them through the aqueous suspension or emulsion of resins, an overall resin bonded, uncreped laminate results in which the stretch level due to internal fiberpolymer association in both the machine and cross directions are increased and substantially equalized. By contrast, if a single ply of light weight, dry creped tissue wadding of the same basis weight as the combined basis weight of the two or more plies of dry creped tissue wadding are saturated with the same amount of the same strength imparting resins, the tensile strength and tear resistance of the paper is about the same, but it is hard, noisy and of greatly reduced breathability.
Thus it is seen, that by using at least two superimposed sheets of dry creped tissue prior to impregnation or saturation with the strength imparting resin additives, not only is an uncreped paper product produced that has increased wet strength and tear resistance as would be expected, but also a paper product is produced having excellent hand, drape, softness and breathability making it eminently suitable as a substitute for woven or non-woven fabrics in the making of disposable products of the type mentioned above.
DESCRIPTION OF DRAWING The present invention will be even more readily understood by reference to the following detailed description when read in conjunction with the attached drawings wherein:
FIG. 1 is a schematic flow diagram showing one method of making the paper products of the present invention; and
FIG. 2 is a schematic flow diagram showing another method of making the paper products of the present invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION Treatment of papers with strength imparting resins is conventionally accomplished by twowell-known methods. These are known as the tubbing or impregnation" method and the internal addition method. In the former, an aqueous solution of pulp from which the paper is to be made is processed as a slurry and is placed upon a screen where the actual formation of the paper sheet takes place. Once the paper sheet is formed it is dried to extract the water. The preformed paper sheet is then impregnated with an emulsion of the particular resin desired. In the latter method, the emulsion of the resin is added to the pulp slurry prior to the paper sheet being formed on the screen. In both methods the paper sheet, subsequent to being treated with the emulsion of the resin, is heated to remove any water which may remain and to cure the resin in its water insoluble state.
In practicing the present invention, the first mentioned tubhing or impregnation method is required since at least two preformed dry creped tissue sheets must he first superimposed before being subjected to treatment with resin emulsion. After the preformed sheets have been superimposed they are then passed through the emulsion of the particular strength imparting resin employed. The resin concentration of the emulsion and the speed with which the paper is passed through the emulsion is controlled within limits to give the desired tensile strength and tear resistance characteristics as set forth more fully hereafter.
Referring now particularly to FIG. 1, the unique paper products of the present invention are shown being made by first superimposing two webs, l0, and 12, of dry creped tissue or wadding being delivered from supply rolls l4 and 16, respectively. The superimposed webs 10 and 12 then pass over a driven vacuum roll 18 which is provided in the usual manner to control tension in the web. An idler roll 19 is provided to change direction of the web prior to its passing over a spreader roll 20. The spreader roll 20 is a conventional Mount Hope" type and is used to maintain the cornbined web 10 and 12 at its maximum width and wrinkle free.
From the spreader roll 20, the combined web 10 and 12 is passed into a nip 22 existent between a pair of superimposed, rotating squeeze rolls 24 and 26, the latter of which is positioned with a portion of its lower half in vat 28 containing an aqueous emulsion or suspension 30 of the resins or polymeric substances to be impregnated into the web. During its rotation, squeeze roll 26 picks up on its surface the resin or polymer suspension 30 and carries it into the nip 22 where the webs 10 and 12 become saturated with the suspension by impregnation. Rolls 24 and 26 are normally biased together to exert a squeezing pressure on the webs l and. 12 at the nip 22 to squeeze out and remove any excess of the resin or polymer suspension from the web.
Because the webs l0 and 12 are a dry creped tissue or wadding (i.e., the crepe has been imparted thereto while the paper is in a dry state whereby the fiber to fiber bonds have been formed therein while in the uncreped wet state prior to creping), passing through the aqueous suspension 30 readily causes the crepe to be removed therefrom, thus forming an uncreped, overall resin bonded laminate. To further aid in removal of the crepe, however, vacuum roll 18 mentioned earlier, is driven at an angular velocity slightly under the angular velocity of the squeeze rolls 24 and 26 thereby imparting sufficient tension in the webs l0 and 12 to add a mechanical force for the removal of the crepe.
From the squeeze rolls 24 and 26 the combined, saturated webs and 12 pass through a conventional hotair heating tunnel 32 to drive off excess water and to start curing of the resin or polymeric materials impregnated therein. Curing of the resin or polymeric materials is completed in a series of conventional heated can driers 34 following which the resin bonded, uncreped laminate 36 is rewound into rolls 38 ready to be made into disposable products having true woven and nonwoven fabric-like properties.
In FIG. 2 of the drawings, the resin emulsion or suspension is impregnated into the superimposed dry creped webs by passing them directly into the vat containing the aqueous suspension or emulsion. As shown, the webs 50 and 52 of dry creped tissue or wadding are delivered separately from supply rolls S4 and 56 respectively into superimposed relationship over and under respectively a pair of idler rolls 58 and 59. The superimposed webs 50 and 52 are then passed under the lower roll 66 of a pair of superimposed squeeze rolls 64 and 66, which lower roll 66 is positioned in a vat 68 with a portion of its lower half immersed in the aqueous resin or polymeric suspension or emulsion 70 contained therein. The combined webs S0 and 52 then follow around the lower roll 66 passing through the nip 60 defined between rolls 64 and 66 where the excess emulsion or suspension picked up by the web is squeezed out. From the following over the upper roll 64, the impregnated and saturated web passes through the conventional hot-air tunnel 32 and the series of heated can driers 34 to remove excess water and to cure the resin or polymeric materials in precisely the same manner as shown and described with respect to the method depicted in PK}. 1. The resin bonded, uncreped laminate 36 is also then rewound into rolls 38 ready for use in fabric-like products.
As with the method of FIG. 1, the crepe present in the dry creped webs 50 and 52 is readily removed when the combined webs pass into the aqueous emulsion or suspension 70 in the vat 68, thus assuring overall resin bonding between the webs in the uncreped laminate ultimately produced.
The papers used as the starting materials for making the products of the present invention are of the class known as dry creped wadding or tissues which are of a porous character having a thickness ranging from about 2 mils to about 20 mils. Their basis weight (each single ply) can be from about 5 pounds up to about 30 pounds which means the weight in pounds of a standard ream (3,000 square feet) of paper. Most preferred is a basis weight of about 10 pounds. As a dry creped paper, the wadding used As have a crepe based stretch level in the machine direction ranging from about 5 to about 50 percent and most preferred is a stretch level of about 15 percent, and an inter-fiber stretch level in the cross direction ranging from about 2.3 percent to about 6 percent and most preferred is a stretch level of about 4.5 percent.
When two or more continuous webs of dry creped tissue or wadding having the above characteristics, are superimposed prior to removal of the crepe and impregnation with aqueous suspension of the particular resins or polymers, the combined web will have a total basis weight ranging from about 10 ponds to about 60 pounds and most preferably about 30 pounds. [ts machine direction stretch level due to creping will remain substantially unchanged from the individual plies as will the cross-direction stretch level due to inter-fiber bonding.
The saturation bath in general will be made up of an aqueous suspension or emulsion containing from about 5 to about 50 percent resin or polymer solids and preferably about 15 percent solids. As mentioned earlier, the particular resins or polymers used or mixtures thereof, can be any or all of those well known in the paper making art as strength imparting additives, whether they are added to impart increased dry strength or wet strength or to increase abrasion or tear resistance or any combination of such properties to papers of all types. It is only essential in making the uncreped, resin bonded paper laminate of the present invention that a lightweight dry creped tissue or wadding be used as a starting material and that at least two plies of such tissue or wadding be superimposed prior to saturation or impregnation of the superimposed webs with the strength imparting resins or polymers.
The superimposed dry creped webs are delivered together to the aqueous emulsion or suspension of resins or polymetic materials at a controlled rate of speed to provide a dwell time in the suspension sufficient to obtain a wet pick-up of the suspension or emulsion ranging from about 75 percent to about 250 percent based upon the weight of the combined superimposed webs. Most preferred is a wet pick-up of about 150 percent of the suspension or emulsion. The wet pick-up is further controlled by adjusting the biasing force between the squeeze rolls where any excess pick-up of the emulsion or suspension is pressed out of the webs.
Following such saturation, the saturated webs are dried at 240F-350F for about 2 minutes to remove the water from the webs and to cure the resins or polymers in their water insoluble state. Such treatment results in a lightweight, resin bonded, uncreped paper laminate containing from about percent to about 30 percent resin and most preferred, about percent of resin or polymer solids based upon the weight of the dry resin bonded laminate.
The resin bonded uncreped paper laminate thus formed exhibits substantially equal stretch levels in both the machine and cross directions, and since the crepe has been removed, the stretch exhibited by the laminate is due solely to the internal resin-fiber bonding relationship. The resin bonded, uncreped laminate produced exhibits an internal resin or polymer-fiber stretch level in both the machine and cross directions ranging from about 8 to about 20 percent and most preferred is a stretch level of about 13 percent.
It is also found that removal of the crepe in the aqueous solution of the dry creped webs assures overall lamination of the webs and reduces the bulk of the resulting resin bonded laminate, thus also assuring low flexural resistance which, among other factors, contributes to the paper laminates fabric-like quality.
The paper product of the present invention, even though containing hardening water-insoluble resins, has excellent softness, hand, drape and breathability, Softeners such as glycerin or polyethylene glycols are not required when practicing the present invention to produce a suitable paper substitute for woven and nonwoven fabrics, but they may be included where it is desired to produce a paper product having a very high degree of softness. When such conventional softeners are used, they are added to the saturation emulsion or suspension along with the resin or polymer solids. If used at all, the bath will contain no more than percent of the glycerin or polyethylene glycols. But it is emphasized, softeners are not required in most instances to make the unique resin bonded, uncreped paper laminate of the present invention.
While I have described my invention with some degree of particularity in the resins or polymers employed, it is to be understood that such resins and many other equivalents are well known in the paper making art, and that many substitutions can be made while still remaining within the spirit and scope of the invention as defined in the appended claims.
1. The method of making a laminated paper product suitable as a substitute for woven and dry-laid nonwoven fabrics comprising the steps of:
a. superimposing at least two plies of a plies dry creped tissue;
b. removing the crepe from each of said plis while impregnating therein strength imparting polymeric resins by passing said superimposed plies through an aqueous suspension or emulsion of said resins;
c. removing the water from the suspension or emulsion impregnated in said superimposed plies; and
d. curing said resins impregnated in said superimposed webs in their water insoluble state.
2. The method according to claim 1 wherein said aqueous suspension or emulsion contains from about 5 percent to about 50 percent polymeric resin solids.
3. The method according to claim 1 wherein said superimposed plies are passed through said suspension or emulsion at a rate of speed sufficient to obtain a wet pick-up of the suspension or emulsion ranging from about percent to about 250 percent based upon the combined weight of the superimposed plies.
4. The method according to claim 1 wherein each of said superimposed plies of dry creped tissue has a basis weight ranging from about 5 pounds up to 30 pounds, a crepe-based stretch level in the machine direction ranging from about 5 percent to about 50 percent and an inter-fiber stretch level in the cross direction ranging from about 2.3 percent to about 6 percent prior to impregnation with said polymeric resin and removal of the crepe therefrom.
5. The method according to claim 2 wherein said aqueous suspension or emulsion contains about 15 percent polymeric resin solids.
6. The method according to claim 3 wherein said superimposed plies are passed through said suspension or emulsion at a rate of speed sufficient to obtain a wet pick-up of the suspension or emulsion of about percent based upon the combined weight of the superimposed plies.
7. The method according to claim 4 wherein each of said superimposed plies of dry creped tissue has a basis weight of about 10 pounds, a crepe-based stretch level in the machine direction of about 15 percent and an inter-fiber stretch level in the cross direction of about 4.5 percent prior to impregnation with said polymeric resin and removal of the crepe therefrom.
P0-105Q UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE 5 5 CERTIFICATE 0F Patent No. 3:7 Dated November 3, 973
Inventor-(s) Warren C. Mayer It is certified that error appears in the above identified patent: and that said Letters Patent are hereby corrected as shown below:
In Column l, line +0, "used As have" should read used can have In Column line 63, "any or all" should read any and all In Column 5, line 10, "polymetic" should read polymeric In Column 5, line &0, "solution" should read saturation In Column 6, line 1 "plies dry" should read lightweight dry Jug In Column 6, line 16, "plis should read plies In Column 6, line 35, add "about" before 30 lbs.
' C. MARSHALL DANN RUTH C. MASON Comissioner of Patents Attesting Officer and Trademarks
CN105887557A * Dec 24, 2014 Aug 24, 2016 天津元鸿科技有限公司 Novel environmental protection impregnated paper
U.S. Classification 156/324, 156/543
International Classification D21H23/56, D21H17/00, B32B29/00, D21H21/14, D21H25/06, D21H27/40, D21H23/00, D21H23/42, B32B38/08, D21H21/18, D21H25/00, D21H17/06, D21H27/30
Cooperative Classification D21H27/30, D21H17/06, D21H23/56, D21H25/06, D21H23/42, D21H27/40, B32B29/00, D21H21/18, B32B38/08
European Classification D21H25/06, D21H27/30, B32B38/08, D21H27/40, B32B29/00

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Talk @ Laboratory of Systems and Application, Master Degree in Computer Science Engineering, Università di Bologna
1. Molecules Of Knowledge:Self-Organisation in Knowledge-Intensive EnvironmentsStefano Mariani, Andrea Omicini{s.mariani, andrea.omicini}@unibo.itDipartimento di Informatica: Scienza e Ingegneria (DISI)Alma Mater Studiorum—Universit`a di BolognaLaboratory of Systems and Applications 2012/2013Master Degree in Computer Science EngineeringMariani, Omicini (Universit`a di Bologna) Molecules Of Knowledge LSA-LM, 17/5/2013 1 / 46
2. Outline1 MoK Genesis2 The Molecules Of Knowledge ModelInformal MoKFormal MoK3 A MoK InfrastructureThe TuCSoN MiddlewareMapping MoK over TuCSoN4 A Case Study: MoK-News5 Conclusion & Future WorksMariani, Omicini (Universit`a di Bologna) Molecules Of Knowledge LSA-LM, 17/5/2013 2 / 46
3. MoK GenesisOutline1 MoK Genesis2 The Molecules Of Knowledge ModelInformal MoKFormal MoK3 A MoK InfrastructureThe TuCSoN MiddlewareMapping MoK over TuCSoN4 A Case Study: MoK-News5 Conclusion & Future WorksMariani, Omicini (Universit`a di Bologna) Molecules Of Knowledge LSA-LM, 17/5/2013 3 / 46
4. MoK GenesisWhere It All Started IFrom my own Master Degree Thesis introduction (roughly):“Information specialists are facing new and critical challenges in theirknowledge production process: the increasing amount of information tomine, the pace at which it’s made available and the heterogeneity of itsstructure are just a few to mention.[. . . ]By developing models, technologies, and tools to explore the newlandscape of information, computer scientists can help people todiscover, manage, and publish information at lower costs.”What can we learn?Mariani, Omicini (Universit`a di Bologna) Molecules Of Knowledge LSA-LM, 17/5/2013 4 / 46
5. MoK GenesisWhere It All Started IIA lot of software systems, nowadays, are in some way socio-technicalknowledge-intensive environments, that is systems in which:a huge amount of information has to be handled(human) users’ behaviour deeply aﬀects the system own behaviourThe challengeAs software engineers, we should build systems capable of dealing withsuch issues, which could mean:able to self-organise information such as the most useful survives and“grows” whereas the useless one disappearsable to self-organise information such as it spontaneously ﬂows towardmore interested users whereas running away from less interested onesMariani, Omicini (Universit`a di Bologna) Molecules Of Knowledge LSA-LM, 17/5/2013 5 / 46
6. MoK GenesisWhat I Observed IAgain, quotes from myself:“People reach the knowledge they need from diﬀerent sources ofinformation. Such sources could be either external or internal to theirworking sw system.[. . . ]Whichever is the nature of a source of knowledge, hopefully either (i) itis already structured or (ii) there exists a proper sw entity able to doso.”Ok. . . so?Mariani, Omicini (Universit`a di Bologna) Molecules Of Knowledge LSA-LM, 17/5/2013 6 / 46
7. MoK GenesisWhat I Observed IIUnfortunately, knowledge people needs to achieve their goals is oftenmessed up with information they don’t care much about. Worse,information can be represented according to diﬀerent formats—e.g. XML,JSON, OWL, HTML, . . .How to solve?We really need many many things. . .eﬃcient natural language processing techniques to structure otherwiseunstructured informationtext mining to summarize and classify informationreasoning engines to correlate knowledge for which some semanticalrelationship existsuser proﬁling methods to distinguish useful information from useless onelast but not least, something to put all this stuﬀ together!Mariani, Omicini (Universit`a di Bologna) Molecules Of Knowledge LSA-LM, 17/5/2013 7 / 46
8. MoK GenesisWhat I Envisioned I“These sources could be reiﬁed within the sw system as “seeds”,continuously and autonomously producing “atoms of knowledge”,which have to be seen as autonomous “living” pieces of knowledge.[. . . ]Such injection should not be a “one-shot” operation, rather it shouldbe continuous in time, according to an injection rate which should bedynamic, thus changing according to the system’s state and users’expected behaviour.[. . . ]Furthermore, every single injection should not produce a single atom,but a (dynamically varying) number of identical copies of an atom,let’s say, its “concentration”—as in chemistry.”For God’s sake, why??Mariani, Omicini (Universit`a di Bologna) Molecules Of Knowledge LSA-LM, 17/5/2013 8 / 46
9. MoK GenesisWhat I Envisioned IIAdaptive and self-organising systems seem the only possible answer whenthe scale of the problem is too big—too much data availableunpredictability too high—“what the hell the user is doing??”global control unrealistic—anyone has its own smartphonedeterministic solutions simply won’t work [Omicini and Viroli, 2011]—lookat natural systems. . .MoK purposeThe goal of the Molecules Of Knowledge model is that of building aself-* software system able to deal with all the above issues by drawinginspiration from the many natural systems studied so far—e.g. physicalsystems, social systems, biochemical systems, . . .Mariani, Omicini (Universit`a di Bologna) Molecules Of Knowledge LSA-LM, 17/5/2013 9 / 46
10. The Molecules Of Knowledge ModelOutline1 MoK Genesis2 The Molecules Of Knowledge ModelInformal MoKFormal MoK3 A MoK InfrastructureThe TuCSoN MiddlewareMapping MoK over TuCSoN4 A Case Study: MoK-News5 Conclusion & Future WorksMariani, Omicini (Universit`a di Bologna) Molecules Of Knowledge LSA-LM, 17/5/2013 10 / 46
11. The Molecules Of Knowledge Model Informal MoKOutline1 MoK Genesis2 The Molecules Of Knowledge ModelInformal MoKFormal MoK3 A MoK InfrastructureThe TuCSoN MiddlewareMapping MoK over TuCSoN4 A Case Study: MoK-News5 Conclusion & Future WorksMariani, Omicini (Universit`a di Bologna) Molecules Of Knowledge LSA-LM, 17/5/2013 11 / 46
12. The Molecules Of Knowledge Model Informal MoKWhat’s MoK?Molecules Of Knowledge (MoK)MoK is a biochemically-inspired coordination model promotingself-organisation of knowledge toward the idea of self-organisingworkspaces [Omicini, 2011]:knowledge sources produce atoms of knowledge in biochemicalcompartments, which then may diﬀuse and/or aggregate in molecules bymeans of biochemical reactions, acting locally within and between suchspacesknowledge prosumers workspaces are mapped into such compartments,which reify information-oriented user actions to drive atoms and moleculesaggregation and diﬀusionMariani, Omicini (Universit`a di Bologna) Molecules Of Knowledge LSA-LM, 17/5/2013 12 / 46
13. The Molecules Of Knowledge Model Informal MoKWait...what??Coordination — Our goal is to autonomously compose information in theattempt to obtain meaningful knowledge→ we need a coordination model to govern interactions betweenindependent data chunksSources — No way to know a priori which information is useful and whichnot, at any time, for any user→ we need techniques to keep sources within the system, even if theyare temporarily unusedReactions — As much work as possible should be done by the system,transparently to users→ we need a proactive computational model able to spontaneouslystart computationsReiﬁcation — Being our target a socio-techinal scenario, users will have acentral role to play in the system→ hence the system must be able to properly model users and theiractions in order to promptly react to their stimuliMariani, Omicini (Universit`a di Bologna) Molecules Of Knowledge LSA-LM, 17/5/2013 13 / 46
14. The Molecules Of Knowledge Model Informal MoKEnvisioning MoK SystemsMariani, Omicini (Universit`a di Bologna) Molecules Of Knowledge LSA-LM, 17/5/2013 14 / 46
15. The Molecules Of Knowledge Model Informal MoKMoK Abstractions Iatoms the smallest unit of knowledge in MoK, contain informationfrom a source and belong to a compartment—thus beingsubject to its “laws of nature”molecules the MoK units for knowledge aggregation, bond together“somehow-related” atomsenzymes emitted by MoK catalysts, represent prosumer’s actions andparticipate MoK reactions to aﬀect the way in which atomsand molecules evolvereactions working at a given rate, they drive the evolution of eachMoK compartment, by ruling the way in which moleculesaggregate, are reinforced, diﬀuse, and decayMariani, Omicini (Universit`a di Bologna) Molecules Of Knowledge LSA-LM, 17/5/2013 15 / 46
16. The Molecules Of Knowledge Model Informal MoKMoK Abstractions IIcompartments the spatial abstraction of MoK, compartments representthe conceptual loci for all MoK entities as well as for MoKbiochemical processes, also providing MoK with the notionsof locality and neighbourhoodsources each one associated to a compartment, MoK sources arethe origins of knowledge, which is continuously injected at acertain rate in the form of MoK atomscatalysts the abstraction for knowledge prosumers, catalysts emitenzymes in order to attract to him/her relevant knowledgeitemsMariani, Omicini (Universit`a di Bologna) Molecules Of Knowledge LSA-LM, 17/5/2013 16 / 46
17. The Molecules Of Knowledge Model Informal MoKWrap-upSourcesMoK sources, atoms and molecules, represent the information within thesystem at a certain point in time and space.ReactionsMoK biochemical reactions and compartments are the proactive part of aMoK system, meant to support, ease, even replace users work.ReiﬁcationMoK enzymes, catalysts and compartments together bring users actionsas well as their eﬀects inside a MoK system, to be exploited withinreactions in order to drive MoK behaviour.Mariani, Omicini (Universit`a di Bologna) Molecules Of Knowledge LSA-LM, 17/5/2013 17 / 46
18. The Molecules Of Knowledge Model Formal MoKOutline1 MoK Genesis2 The Molecules Of Knowledge ModelInformal MoKFormal MoK3 A MoK InfrastructureThe TuCSoN MiddlewareMapping MoK over TuCSoN4 A Case Study: MoK-News5 Conclusion & Future WorksMariani, Omicini (Universit`a di Bologna) Molecules Of Knowledge LSA-LM, 17/5/2013 18 / 46
19. The Molecules Of Knowledge Model Formal MoKThe MoK Model IAtomsBelonging to a source, atoms carry a piece of data, possibly some metadata andkeep track of their concentration in the local compartmentatom(src, val, attr)cMoleculesMolecules are unordered collections of somehow related atoms, again equippedwith a concentration valuemolecule(Atoms)cEnzymesEnzymes are strictly coupled to the atom/molecule being accessed—and, asusual, have a concentration attachedenzyme(Atoms)cMariani, Omicini (Universit`a di Bologna) Molecules Of Knowledge LSA-LM, 17/5/2013 19 / 46
20. The Molecules Of Knowledge Model Formal MoKThe MoK Model IIAggregationIn the aggregation reaction two somehow related atoms/moleculesa arejoined to spring a new moleculemolecule(Atoms1) + molecule(Atoms2)−→raggmolecule(Atoms1 Atoms2) + Residual(Atoms1 Atoms2)aFrom now on we’ll se atoms as “singleton” molecules.ReinforcementReinforcement reaction increases the concentration of molecules byconsuming compliant enzymes from the local compartmentenzyme(Molecule1) + Moleculec1 −→rreinfMoleculec+11Mariani, Omicini (Universit`a di Bologna) Molecules Of Knowledge LSA-LM, 17/5/2013 20 / 46
21. The Molecules Of Knowledge Model Formal MoKThe MoK Model IIIDecayEnforcing time situatedness, molecules should fade away as time passesMoleculec−→rdecayMoleculec−1DiﬀusionAnalogously, space situatedness is based upon diﬀusion, being inspired bybiology{Molecule1 Molecules1}σi+ {Molecules2}σii−→rdiﬀusion{Molecules1}σi+ {Molecules2 Molecule1}σiiMariani, Omicini (Universit`a di Bologna) Molecules Of Knowledge LSA-LM, 17/5/2013 21 / 46
22. The Molecules Of Knowledge Model Formal MoKImagine. . .. . . as users are busy doing their work, e.g. searching fornews,. . .. . . they release enzymes within their compartment, whichare then used to increment the concentration of themolecules being accessed. . .. . . meanwhile, non-accessed molecules decay. . .. . . and any molecule may migrate to neighbourscompartment, giving them a chance to be reinforced byother usersMariani, Omicini (Universit`a di Bologna) Molecules Of Knowledge LSA-LM, 17/5/2013 22 / 46
23. The Molecules Of Knowledge Model Formal MoKMoK Model IVWhat is “somehow related/compliant”?MoK reactions should check reactants correlation to apply, so, in order todeﬁne a MoK system, one should ﬁrst of all deﬁne a FMoK functionFMoK: molecule × molecule → D, which takes two molecules anddetermines if (and how much) they are related.The FMoK functionThe exact deﬁnition of FMoK – that is the mathematical description ofdomain D – depends on the application at hand, however will likelydepend on the ﬁelds val and attr inside MoK atoms.N.B. The FMoK function could range from the simple Linda syntacticalmatching – hence D = {true, false} – to more complex semantical fuzzymatching mechanisms—for which typically D ∈ [0, 1].Mariani, Omicini (Universit`a di Bologna) Molecules Of Knowledge LSA-LM, 17/5/2013 23 / 46
24. The Molecules Of Knowledge Model Formal MoKOn the TableSemantics — Matching between actual molecules wandering in acompartment and molecules templates within reactions mustbe semantic to have a meaningful aggregation of knowledgeStigmergy — Enzymes are crucial in the process of driving acompartment behaviour toward its user needs, ’cause theyare the traces of its own behaviourChemistry — MoK reactions execution is driven by rates, which inturn are inﬂuenced by molecules concentrations, thus thecomputational model is that of a chemical reactionSituatedness — Information relevance may change depending on when itis available and where (also to whom, of course), hencespatio-temporal situatedness is a mandatory featureMariani, Omicini (Universit`a di Bologna) Molecules Of Knowledge LSA-LM, 17/5/2013 24 / 46
25. A MoK InfrastructureOutline1 MoK Genesis2 The Molecules Of Knowledge ModelInformal MoKFormal MoK3 A MoK InfrastructureThe TuCSoN MiddlewareMapping MoK over TuCSoN4 A Case Study: MoK-News5 Conclusion & Future WorksMariani, Omicini (Universit`a di Bologna) Molecules Of Knowledge LSA-LM, 17/5/2013 25 / 46
26. A MoK InfrastructureTuple-based Coordination Models ICoordination modelsTuple-based coordination models and languages have already shown theireﬀectiveness in the engineering of complex software systems, likeknowledge-intensive, pervasive and self-organising ones[Omicini and Viroli, 2011].Mariani, Omicini (Universit`a di Bologna) Molecules Of Knowledge LSA-LM, 17/5/2013 26 / 46
27. A MoK InfrastructureTuple-based Coordination Models IIBiochemical tuple spacesThe biochemical tuple space abstraction brings self-organisation intotuple-based coordination, by exploiting the (bio)chemical metaphorenhanced with topology aspects [Viroli and Casadei, 2009].→ tuples are seen as chemical reactants, thus equipped with anactivity/pertinency value—resembling chemical concentration1→ chemical reactions evolve tuples and possibly diﬀuse them toneighboring chemical compartments→ tuple spaces act as chemical solutions simulators, that is updateconcentrations following the Gillespie algorithm [Gillespie, 1977], hostand execute chemical reactions and manage the topology-relatedfeatures1Their relative quantity w.r.t. the others.Mariani, Omicini (Universit`a di Bologna) Molecules Of Knowledge LSA-LM, 17/5/2013 27 / 46
28. A MoK Infrastructure The TuCSoN MiddlewareOutline1 MoK Genesis2 The Molecules Of Knowledge ModelInformal MoKFormal MoK3 A MoK InfrastructureThe TuCSoN MiddlewareMapping MoK over TuCSoN4 A Case Study: MoK-News5 Conclusion & Future WorksMariani, Omicini (Universit`a di Bologna) Molecules Of Knowledge LSA-LM, 17/5/2013 28 / 46
29. A MoK Infrastructure The TuCSoN MiddlewareTuCSoN & ReSpecT ITuCSoN [Omicini and Zambonelli, 1999]TuCSoN is a Linda-inspired coordination model & infrastructureproviding developers with a distributed, tuple-based middleware exploitingprogrammable tuple spaces called tuple centres.ReSpecT [Omicini, 2006]The behaviour of such tuple centres can be programmed through theReSpecT logic language so to encapsulate any coordination laws directlyinto the coordination abstraction.Mariani, Omicini (Universit`a di Bologna) Molecules Of Knowledge LSA-LM, 17/5/2013 29 / 46
30. A MoK Infrastructure The TuCSoN MiddlewareTuCSoN & ReSpecT IITuCSoN provides the basic ingredients to enable biochemical coordination:topology multiple tuple centres can be deployed in diﬀerent nodes of anetwork and/or can coexist in a single node, promoting thenotions of locality and neighbourhoodprogrammability chemically-inspired evolution of tuples is enabled byimplementing the Gillespie algorithm [Gillespie, 1977] as aReSpecT programmatching general purpose MoK reactions can be applied to actualreactants by using ReSpecT logic tuples and templates torepresent atoms, molecules and enzymesMariani, Omicini (Universit`a di Bologna) Molecules Of Knowledge LSA-LM, 17/5/2013 30 / 46
31. A MoK Infrastructure Mapping MoK over TuCSoNOutline1 MoK Genesis2 The Molecules Of Knowledge ModelInformal MoKFormal MoK3 A MoK InfrastructureThe TuCSoN MiddlewareMapping MoK over TuCSoN4 A Case Study: MoK-News5 Conclusion & Future WorksMariani, Omicini (Universit`a di Bologna) Molecules Of Knowledge LSA-LM, 17/5/2013 31 / 46
32. A MoK Infrastructure Mapping MoK over TuCSoNTuCSoN for MoK IMoK {atoms, molecules, enzymes} → ReSpecT logic tuplesBeing generated, accessed, moved and consumed both by users and by theMoK system itself – through reactions –, atoms, molecules and enzymescould all be implemented as ReSpecT tuples so to be eﬀectively managedby the TuCSoN middleware.MoK compartments → TuCSoN tuple centresBy deﬁnition, compartments are the locality abstraction in MoK, thus themapping with TuCSoN tuple centres is straightforward since they hostboth:the ordinary tuples, that is data chunks—thus atoms, molecules andenzymesthe speciﬁcation tuples, that is ReSpecT programs statements—henceMoK reactionsMariani, Omicini (Universit`a di Bologna) Molecules Of Knowledge LSA-LM, 17/5/2013 32 / 46
33. A MoK Infrastructure Mapping MoK over TuCSoNTuCSoN for MoK IIMoK reactions −→∗ ReSpecT programsMoK reactions are simply declarative statements specifying how existingknowledge should combine, fade away, replicate or move, hence they needto be interpreted and executed. Furthermore, being chemically-inspired,this should be done according to Gillespie’s chemical simulation algorithm.MoK reactions → ReSpecT logic tuples → ReSpecT programsSo, mapping to TuCSoN could be “two-layered”:MoK reactions are encapsulated into ReSpecT tuples of the kindlaw([Inputs], Rate, [Outputs]);such tuples basically constitute the raw data consumed by theReSpecT implementation of Gillespie algorithm—which continuously,in a chemical-like fashion, schedules and executes them.Mariani, Omicini (Universit`a di Bologna) Molecules Of Knowledge LSA-LM, 17/5/2013 33 / 46
34. A Case Study: MoK-NewsOutline1 MoK Genesis2 The Molecules Of Knowledge ModelInformal MoKFormal MoK3 A MoK InfrastructureThe TuCSoN MiddlewareMapping MoK over TuCSoN4 A Case Study: MoK-News5 Conclusion & Future WorksMariani, Omicini (Universit`a di Bologna) Molecules Of Knowledge LSA-LM, 17/5/2013 34 / 46
35. A Case Study: MoK-NewsWhy NewsNews management systems are a prominent example ofknowledge-intensive, socio-technical systems, due to:heterogeneity News sources can be virtually anything, from handwrittennotes to printed oﬃcial documents through web publishedarticlesubiquity Netbooks, tablets and smartphones pushed informationproduction, sharing and consumption to be pervasive asnever beforeunpredictability News producers are no longer graduated journalists solely,they include bloggers and whoever has access to the webthoughMariani, Omicini (Universit`a di Bologna) Molecules Of Knowledge LSA-LM, 17/5/2013 35 / 46
36. A Case Study: MoK-NewsMoK-News ModelFormallyA generic MoK atom of the form atom(src, val, attr)c becomes aspecialised MoK-News [Mariani and Omicini, 2012] atom of the formatom(src, val, sem(tag, catalog))cwheresrc ::= news source urival ::= news contentattr ::= sem(tag, catalog)tag ::= NewsML tag | NITF tagcatalog ::= NewsCode uri | ontology uriMariani, Omicini (Universit`a di Bologna) Molecules Of Knowledge LSA-LM, 17/5/2013 36 / 46
37. A Case Study: MoK-NewsEnvisioning MoK-News Systems IA MoK-News system should hence be seen as a self-organising newsrepository in which! news pieces – “tag-content” pairs – are injected either automatically(e.g. using XML parsers) or manually (by journalists) in the form ofMoK-News atoms! enzymes are released by catalysts (journalists) as manifestations oftheir actions over knowledge! biochemical reactionsaggregate together semantically related atoms — based upon cataloginformationdiﬀuse atoms/molecules in neighborhood compartmentsreinforce them by using enzymesdecay non-relevant informationMariani, Omicini (Universit`a di Bologna) Molecules Of Knowledge LSA-LM, 17/5/2013 37 / 46
38. A Case Study: MoK-NewsEnvisioning MoK-News Systems II“Smart” diﬀusionIt is achieved as a self-organising process caused by the cooperation amongdiﬀusion, reinforcement – of relevant knowledge, that is more frequentlyaccessed – and decay—of useless information, ignored by catalysts.E.g., a journalist interested in sports news is more likely to search, read,annotate – generally, access – sport-related atoms. In the process, shereleases enzymes which reinforce accessed molecules concentration. In thevery end, her compartment will mainly store sports-related knowledge.Mariani, Omicini (Universit`a di Bologna) Molecules Of Knowledge LSA-LM, 17/5/2013 38 / 46
39. A Case Study: MoK-NewsEnvisioning MoK-News Systems IIIMariani, Omicini (Universit`a di Bologna) Molecules Of Knowledge LSA-LM, 17/5/2013 39 / 46
40. A Case Study: MoK-NewsEnvisioning MoK-News Systems IVA stochastic equilibrium between diﬀusion, reinforcement and decay laws, makesa “smart migration” pattern appear by emergence.Mariani, Omicini (Universit`a di Bologna) Molecules Of Knowledge LSA-LM, 17/5/2013 40 / 46
41. Conclusion & Future WorksOutline1 MoK Genesis2 The Molecules Of Knowledge ModelInformal MoKFormal MoK3 A MoK InfrastructureThe TuCSoN MiddlewareMapping MoK over TuCSoN4 A Case Study: MoK-News5 Conclusion & Future WorksMariani, Omicini (Universit`a di Bologna) Molecules Of Knowledge LSA-LM, 17/5/2013 41 / 46
42. Conclusion & Future WorksFinal RemarkMolecules Of KnowledgeThe MoK model→ provides knowledge workers in general with a novel approach both inthinking and managing knowledge→ supports their work through self-organising shared workspaces able toautonomously cluster and spread informationMariani, Omicini (Universit`a di Bologna) Molecules Of Knowledge LSA-LM, 17/5/2013 42 / 46
43. Conclusion & Future WorksFurther DevelopmentsHow to. . .? push the MoK model toward the idea of self-organising workspace[Omicini, 2011], fully supporting adaptiveness of compartments ratherthan information solely?? eﬀectively implement eﬃcient semantic matching mechanisms[Nardini et al., 2013] to lift Linda purely syntactical one currentlyexploited in TuCSoN?Mariani, Omicini (Universit`a di Bologna) Molecules Of Knowledge LSA-LM, 17/5/2013 43 / 46
44. BibliographyBibliography IGillespie, D. T. (1977).Exact stochastic simulation of coupled chemical reactions.The Journal of Physical Chemistry, 81(25):2340–2361.Mariani, S. and Omicini, A. (2012).Self-organising news management: The Molecules of Knowledge approach.In Fernandez-Marquez, J. L., Montagna, S., Omicini, A., and Zambonelli, F., editors, 1stInternational Workshop on Adaptive Service Ecosystems: Natural and Socially InspiredSolutions (ASENSIS 2012), pages 11–16, SASO 2012, Lyon, France.Pre-proceedings.Nardini, E., Omicini, A., and Viroli, M. (2013).Semantic tuple centres.Science of Computer Programming, 78(5):569–582.Special section: Self-Organizing Coordination.Omicini, A. (2006).Formal ReSpecT in the A&A perspective.In Canal, C. and Viroli, M., editors, 5th International Workshop on Foundations ofCoordination Languages and Software Architectures (FOCLASA’06), pages 93–115,CONCUR 2006, Bonn, Germany. University of M´alaga, Spain.Proceedings.Mariani, Omicini (Universit`a di Bologna) Molecules Of Knowledge LSA-LM, 17/5/2013 44 / 46
45. BibliographyBibliography IIOmicini, A. (2011).Self-organising knowledge-intensive workspaces.In Ferscha, A., editor, Pervasive Adaptation. The Next Generation Pervasive ComputingResearch Agenda, chapter VII: Human-Centric Adaptation, pages 71–72. Institute forPervasive Computing, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Austria.Omicini, A. and Viroli, M. (2011).Coordination models and languages: From parallel computing to self-organisation.The Knowledge Engineering Review, 26(1).Special Issue for the 25th Years of the Knowledge Engineering Review.Omicini, A. and Zambonelli, F. (1999).Coordination for Internet application development.Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems, 2(3):251–269.Special Issue: Coordination Mechanisms for Web Agents.Viroli, M. and Casadei, M. (2009).Biochemical tuple spaces for self-organising coordination.In Field, J. and Vasconcelos, V. T., editors, Coordination Languages and Models, volume5521 of LNCS, pages 143–162. Springer, Lisbon, Portugal.Mariani, Omicini (Universit`a di Bologna) Molecules Of Knowledge LSA-LM, 17/5/2013 45 / 46
46. Molecules Of Knowledge:Self-Organisation in Knowledge-Intensive EnvironmentsStefano Mariani, Andrea Omicini{s.mariani, andrea.omicini}@unibo.itDipartimento di Informatica: Scienza e Ingegneria (DISI)Alma Mater Studiorum—Universit`a di BolognaLaboratory of Systems and Applications 2012/2013Master Degree in Computer Science EngineeringMariani, Omicini (Universit`a di Bologna) Molecules Of Knowledge LSA-LM, 17/5/2013 46 / 46
AAbhishekAGupta
MoK: Stigmergy Meets Chemistry to Exploit Social Actions for Coordination Pur...

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Josh W. - The Los Angeles Joomla, and Web CMS Meetup (Santa Monica, CA)
https://secure.meetupstatic.com/photos/member/8/9/1/4/member_197675092.jpeg
https://www.meetup.com/LA-Joomla/members/146670862/
Exposed to the ideas for Content Management Systems during the Joomla 1.0 transition from Mambo. Since adopting Joomla 1.5 I have focused greatly on website templates. As a web designer and developer enthusiast, I believe in an active balance between function and design.
Experience includes markup language in HTML and CSS, some coding experience in Javascript, PHP, Java, and C, operating system experience on Linux (Server), Mac OSX, and Windows. Has used tools like Coda, Netbeans, Pixelmator, Photoshop, and Final Cut Pro.
Good and regular meet events.
Chips and good Guacamole
A full time college student in the Los Angeles area in pursuit of a degree in Computer Science.
5,010 User Experience Professionals

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Tue 22 May 2007 19.27 EDT First published on Tue 22 May 2007 19.27 EDT
Jonathan Meades: Abroad Again
Ostensibly a treatise on the career of 19th-century architect Cuthbert Brodrick (he built Leeds town hall before going a bit French and crap), this documentary harbours another, sinister, purpose. To wit: it is the final brick in Meades' Wall of Posh. While his previous discourses have offered some accessibility, this is just impenetrable. Big and clever? Yes. Capable of providing enjoyment when accompanied by a Tunnock's Caramel Wafer? If only.
A Tabloid Is Born!
Kelvin MacKenzie thunders his way through this snappy take on the early history of the tabloids. Cue corking footage of black-and-white people boggling over headlines like CURATE'S DIVORCE, before Derek Jameson turns up to tell us why the idea of launching the Daily Mirror with a wholly female staff was "a complete dishashta!". Rambunctious stuff.
Britain's seabirds are stuffed. With kittiwake corpses littering cliffs like discarded Milky Bar wrappers and guillemots "just sitting around", lovely conservationist Roy Dennis is determined to steal answers from the nest of confusion. Is the squawkers' malaise down to climate change? It is. "Eventually, our cliffs . . . will fall . . . silent," says Roy in a voice that suggests deep baths and unfathomable despair.
Bars, Booze & Bouncers: Confessions
10pm, ITV1
Impenitent "industry professionals" recall various pub/club-based misdemeanours in voices that could melt glass. One bouncer tells us how his colleagues would punish "arseholes" by topping up their booze with "a little bit of wee". Would it be unfair to point out that everyone involved is quite thick and probably smells of Lynx Voodoo? No.

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Cosmetology in Farmington, New Mexico with Reviews & Ratings - YP.comFind People•Advertise With UsBrowseFind PeopleFeatured CollectionsRestaurantsAutomotiveHome ImprovementHealth & WellnessLegalAdvertise with usWhat do you want to find?Search by business name, or keywordnearWhere? Address, ZIP Code, or NeighborhoodMy current locationSearchWelcome mybookProfileReviewsPhotosSign OutSign In•JoinHomeFarmington, NMCosmetologyFarmington CosmetologySort:Most RelevantMost RelevantDistanceRatingName (A - Z)FiltersFiltersMore NeighborhoodsDoneClear AllMore CategoriesBarbersBeauty SalonsBeauty Supplies & EquipmentCosmetics & PerfumesCosmetologistsDay SpasHair BraidingHair RemovalHair StylistsHair Supplies & AccessoriesMake-Up ArtistsMassage TherapistsNail SalonsPermanent Make-UpSkin CareTanning SalonsTattoosWedding Supplies & ServicesDoneClear AllCategoryCosmetologistsBeauty SalonsCosmetics & PerfumesMore »FeaturesBook A TableCouponsOrder OnlineNeighborhoodsGo to List ViewSearch This AreaSponsored LinksAdd to mybookRemove from mybookAdded to your services collection!Error when adding to services collectionThis business was removed from the services collectionInaccurate Result?1. Suite Divas Day SalonServices2501 E 20th St Suite 8Farmington, NM 87401(505) 709-0133CosmetologistsDay SpasBarbersDirectionsMore InfoRooms & Rates »Add to mybookRemove from mybookAdded to your services collection!Error when adding to services collectionThis business was removed from the services collectionInaccurate Result?2. Le Petit Salon406 W BroadwayFarmington, NM 87401(505) 325-1214CosmetologistsBeauty SalonsSkin CareWebsiteDirectionsMore InfoRooms & Rates »Add to mybookRemove from mybookAdded to your shopping collection!Error when adding to shopping collectionThis business was removed from the shopping collectionInaccurate Result?3. Sally Beauty SupplyView all 4 Locations3000 E 20th StFarmington, NM 87402(505) 325-7809CosmetologistsWebsiteDirectionsMore InfoRooms & Rates »Add to mybookRemove from mybookAdded to your services collection!Error when adding to services collectionThis business was removed from the services collectionInaccurate Result?4. Facial Derma GraphicsServices560 E Main St Ste 101Farmington, NM 87401(505) 325-2299CosmetologistsSkin CareBeauty SalonsWebsiteDirectionsMore InfoRooms & Rates »Add to mybookRemove from mybookAdded to your services collection!Error when adding to services collectionThis business was removed from the services collectionInaccurate Result?5. Mystere-Exclusive Designs1507 Schofield LnFarmington, NM 87401(505) 324-6277CosmetologistsBeauty SalonsWebsiteDirectionsMore InfoRooms & Rates »Add to mybookRemove from mybookAdded to your services collection!Error when adding to services collectionThis business was removed from the services collectionInaccurate Result?6. Total Perfection SalonServices204 W. Boadway Ste BBloomfield, NM 87413(505) 402-9405CosmetologistsBeauty SalonsNail SalonsDirectionsMore InfoRooms & Rates »Add to mybookRemove from mybookAdded to your services collection!Error when adding to services collectionThis business was removed from the services collection7. Lemon Head(1)145 E College DrDurango, CO 81301(970) 259-3440CosmetologistsWebsiteDirectionsMore InfoRooms & Rates »Add to mybookRemove from mybookAdded to your services collection!Error when adding to services collectionThis business was removed from the services collectionInaccurate Result?8. Salon Blue Wave123 W 9th StDurango, CO 81301(970) 375-0375CosmetologistsBeauty SalonsDay SpasDirectionsMore InfoRooms & Rates »Add to mybookRemove from mybookAdded to your services collection!Error when adding to services collectionThis business was removed from the services collectionInaccurate Result?9. Salon Euphoria2855 Main Ave Ste B104Durango, CO 81301(970) 259-5311CosmetologistsBeauty SalonsBarbersWebsiteDirectionsMore InfoRooms & Rates »Sponsored LinksShowing1-9
of 9resultsIf we're missing a business and you'd like to make a suggestion, please do! Add a business.Add a New CollectionOops! There was a problem saving the new custom collection.Please try again.Collection Name cannot be emptyUpload a Photo(optional)Remaining Characters: 100Remaining Characters: 500CancelSave123456789Map ViewSponsored Farmington CosmetologyPhoneWebsiteMoreAboutAbout YPSite FeedbackContact usAdvertise with UsCareers - We're HiringEngineering BlogLegal

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text: SAMPLE PLAY AUDIO SAMPLE http%3A%2F%2Fsamples.audible.com%2Fbk%2Facx0%2F003025%2Fbk_acx0_003025_sample.mp3+flashcontent0BAAHPB7H40ERNDWBV0F0 The New Adventures of Sherlock Holmes: The Golden Age of Old Time Radio Shows, Vol. 20

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Amazon.com: Titian [VHS]: Portrait of An Artist: Movies & TV
Titian [VHS] (2000)Rated: NR | Format: VHS Tape List Price:
ASIN: 6302783720
Amazon Best Sellers Rank: #745,145 in Movies & TV (See Top 100 in Movies & TV)
Titian, master painter of the Venetian Renaissance school, had an incalculable influence on the course of European art. As this program shows, he was also a master of self-promotion and could be ruthless in his pursuit of wealth and prestige. Taking us to Venice, Rome, Madrid, and Vienna to view Titian's work, this program recounts the drama of his life and reveals the magnificence of his talent. Customer Reviews

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A Direct Heir Brings Two Russian Composers to Life - The New York Times
Arts|A Direct Heir Brings Two Russian Composers to Life
A Direct Heir Brings Two Russian Composers to Life
By ANTHONY TOMMASINI APRIL 29, 2005
Though Mstislav Rostropovich is one of the towering musicians of our time, as a conductor, even in his prime years, he has never been an incisive technician. Powerful musical instincts, an eternally youthful sense of adventure and a deep connection to the tradition are what have always mattered in Mr. Rostropovich's podium performances, especially in the Russian repertory.
On Wednesday night at the New York Philharmonic, Mr. Rostropovich, still physically nimble and full of energy at 78, conducted a program of works by Shostakovich and Prokofiev, including two concertos with the stupendous, though always unpredictable, pianist Martha Argerich. Shostakovich and Prokofiev were teachers and mentors to the young Mr. Rostropovich in the Soviet Union. No conductor I can think of could have brought more passion and authority to these works than he did.
He began with Shostakovich's "Festive Overture," a six-minute work composed in 1954 for a concert to celebrate the 37th anniversary of the October Revolution. The score is generally considered an exuberant curtain-raiser, a riff on Rossini. But Mr. Rostropovich was having none of that.
The performance he drew from the Philharmonic players was breathless and ecstatic, especially when he turned to the audience to signal two batteries of extra brass in the balconies to join in for the final push to the blazing coda.
Then Ms. Argerich appeared for a performance of Shostakovich's Concerto No. 1 in C minor for piano, trumpet and strings (1933), with Philip Smith as the splendid trumpet soloist, followed by Prokofiev's Piano Concerto No. 1 in D flat (1911). This volatile artist is often at her best in concertos, when her temperamental wildness is reined in by a conductor. But Mr. Rostropovich is not a reining-in sort. If anything, he emboldened Ms. Argerich to play with full-out intensity and maximum expressivity. At times in both works, things got a little rough.
But who cared when the performances were so exciting and dangerous? For all the restless fervor of her playing, Ms. Argerich managed to convey beautifully the Neo-Classical elements of the Shostakovich. Other pianists must surely marvel at her rippling scales, her light and nimble repeated chords, her ability to bring out a thumpy bass line in her left hand while executing filigrees of unimaginable delicacy in her right hand.
She and Mr. Rostropovich were clearly inspiring each other in Prokofiev's scintillating concerto, the composer's first mature work, 20 minutes of music chock full of ideas. In the climax of the driving final section the coordination between the piano and the orchestra threatened to fall apart. But Mr. Rostropovich kept a steady hand and brought the work to its heady conclusion. The audience responded with a frenzied -- you might say Argerichian -- ovation.
The program ended with a glowing and vibrant, if not always exacting, account of Prokofiev's wistful Symphony No. 7 in C sharp minor. Talk about connection to tradition: when Prokofiev completed this work in 1952, young Mr. Rostropovich was living with the composer and his wife.
The program repeats tonight and tomorrow night at Avery Fisher Hall, Lincoln Center, (212)875-5656.

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The Trump-Russia probe: What we know | Daily Mail Online
Published: 17:18 EDT, 1 December 2017 | Updated: 17:18 EDT, 1 December 2017
Donald Trump's former top advisor Michael Flynn, seen leaving a Washington court after pleading guilty to lying to investigators over his Russia contacts
In a spectacular twist to the US probe into allegations of Russian election meddling, Donald Trump's former top advisor Michael Flynn pleaded guilty Friday to lying over his contacts with Moscow, and promised to cooperate with the wide-ranging investigation.
But a question at the heart of the FBI's investigation -- whether Trump's campaign colluded with Russian meddling -- remains far from answered.
In October 2016 -- one month before the election -- US intelligence agencies publicly blamed Russia for hacking and leaking embarrassing documents from the Democratic Party during the presidential campaign.
- The investigations -
- The first charges -
- Flynn falls... again -
- What is Mueller up to? -
- So was there collusion? -
The US president -- whose refusal to strongly condemn Russian interference has fuelled lingering suspicions -- dismisses all talk of collusion with Russia as "fake news" and a "witchhunt."

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98.As a direct and proximate result of the wrongful conduct for 1-11-Cv-00754 Marriott v Aqua Complaint
P. 11-11-Cv-00754 Marriott v Aqua Complaint1-11-Cv-00754 Marriott v Aqua ComplaintRatings: (0)|Views: 592|Likes: 1Published by scribd.hi.lgns8853Complaint filed in federal court in Honolulu December 12, 2011 describing actions related to an alleged attempt to take over a hotel in WaikikiComplaint filed in federal court in Honolulu December 12, 2011 describing actions related to an alleged attempt to take over a hotel in WaikikiMore info:Categories:Types, Business/Law, Court FilingsPublished by: scribd.hi.lgns8853 on Dec 14, 2011Copyright:Public DomainAvailability:Read on Scribd mobile: iPhone, iPad and Android.download as PDF or read online from ScribdFlag for inappropriate content|Add to collectionSee moreSee lesshttps://www.scribd.com/doc/75695693/1-11-Cv-00754-Marriott-v-Aqua-Complaint01/31/2012pdf FILED IN THE

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Guest house Augsburg. Wisma di Augsburg, Jerman.
→ 6,301 akomodasi
guest house di Augsburg
Cari guest house di Augsburg
This family-run hotel is set next to Augsburg’s historic Jakobskirche church, just a 5-minute walk from the pedestrian area and town hall. Pieter.
"Quiet and near center. It was clean and comfortable."
This family-run hotel is located in the Göggingen district of Augsburg, 4.5 km from the city centre. Zum Ochsen offers free Wi-Fi and a restaurant serving regional Bavarian and Swabian cuisine. Rp 373.079
Rp 1.029.697
Apartment Downtown Augsburg offers accommodation in Augsburg, 4 km from Congress Centre Augsburg and 900 metres from Rathausplatz. The apartment is 1 km from Augsburg city centre. Semua guest house di Augsburg
“Quiet and near center. It was clean and comfortable.”
“I love the location in the forest hotel was clean staff was fantastic”
“- Restaurant on the ground floor is quite nice and cozy.
- Supermarket at the corner.”
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Revision as of 16:33, 25 February 2014 (view source)Tnahcramgp (talk | contribs) (added browse instructions to child article)← Older edit
To search the collection image by image,
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⇒Select the appropriate "Lieu"
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−⇒Select the appropriate "Type de enregistrement" which takes you to the images.
+ −Look at the images one by one comparing the information with what you already know about your ancestors to determine if the image relates to them. You may need to look at several images and compare the information about the individuals listed in those images to your ancestors to make this determination.+Search the collection by image comparing the information with what you already know about your ancestors to determine if the image relates to them. You may need to look at several images and compare the information about the individuals listed in those images to your ancestors to make this determination.

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