text:
Patent US5726985 - ATM communication system interconnect/termination unit - Google PatentsSearch Images Maps Play YouTube News Gmail Drive More »Sign inAdvanced Patent SearchPatentsAn asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) digital electronic communication system includes an ATM communication system interconnection and termination unit (ATMCSI/TU). This ATMCSI/TU includes both a programmable microprocessor and several hardware-implemented coprocessors. The hardware-implemented coprocessors...http://www.google.com/patents/US5726985?utm_source=gb-gplus-sharePatent US5726985 - ATM communication system interconnect/termination unitAdvanced Patent SearchPublication numberUS5726985 APublication typeGrantApplication numberUS 08/612,373Publication dateMar 10, 1998Filing dateMar 7, 1996Priority dateOct 20, 1993Fee statusPaidAlso published asUS5802287Publication number08612373, 612373, US 5726985 A, US 5726985A, US-A-5726985, US5726985 A, US5726985AInventorsThomas Daniel, Dieter Nattkamper, Subir VarmaOriginal AssigneeLsi Logic CorporationExport CitationBiBTeX, EndNote, RefManPatent Citations (11), Referenced by (58), Classifications (23), Legal Events (5) External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, EspacenetATM communication system interconnect/termination unitUS 5726985 AAbstract An asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) digital electronic communication system includes an ATM communication system interconnection and termination unit (ATMCSI/TU). This ATMCSI/TU includes both a programmable microprocessor and several hardware-implemented coprocessors. The hardware-implemented coprocessors are under control of the microprocessor, and are dedicated to the performing of repetitive tasks. Thus, the microprocessor is freed to perform supervisory tasks in the ATM in addition to performing tasks associated with actual communication of digital data packages (i.e., CS-PDU's) in the ATM system. Thus, the APU is freed from doing repetitive data manipulation tasks, while these tasks are performed by one or more hardware-implemented coprocessors using memory mapped data structures and linked lists of data.
We claim: 1. An asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) communication device for use in an ATM communication system network, said device comprising:a cell buffer memory unit, said cell buffer memory unit including a memory means for receiving, storing and recovering ATM communication system protocol data units (CS-PDU's); and a cell buffer memory manager including arbitrator means for arbitrating requests for access to said memory means, and a memory write enabler granting immediate access to said memory means in response to a certain pre-identified request for access to said memory means; input/output (I/O) port interface means for communicating said device with an ATM communication system network, said I/O port interface means issuing a respective request for access to said memory means; a programmable processor exercising executive control over a pre-configured processor and said input/output port interface means, said programmable processor also issuing a respective request for access to said memory means; and a permanently pre-configured processor configured to segment and reassemble ATM data cells respectively for storage in and stored in said memory means, and said pre-configured processor issuing a respective request for access to said memory means; wherein said memory write enabler grants immediate access to said memory means in response to said memory access request from said I/O port interface means. 2. The ATM communication device of claim 1 wherein said arbitrator means grants access to said memory means first to said request for memory access from said programmable processor and secondly in response to said request for memory access from said pre-configured processor.
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS The invention depicted and described in this application is related to an invention disclosed in application Ser. No. 08/510,643, filed 03 Aug. 1995, which is a file wrapper continuing application of application Ser. No. 08/139,998, filed 20 Oct. 1993, now abandoned.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION FIELD OF THE INVENTION The present invention is in the field of communication apparatus and methods. Generally, the invention relates to processing and organizing digital information for communication from one location to another. More specifically, this invention relates to use of asynchronous transfer mode in a communication network to communicate information. The communicated information is processed and organized in apparatus and according to methods disclosed herein. Still more particularly, the present invention relates to an ATM communication system interconnect/termination unit (hereinafter, "ATMCSI/TU").
RELATED TECHNOLOGY Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) is a network protocol which is highly advantageous because it allows high speed transmission of divergent types of data, including digital codes, video, and voice. This is accomplished by breaking down incoming digital data to be transmitted into units of constant size. These units are called cells, and include a 48-octet field containing the actual data; along with a header field, for a total of 53 octets in the cell. A Conversion Sublayer Protocol Data Unit (CS-PDU) may have both a header and a trailer of additional information, and may be as long as 64K bits The process of communicating these cells involves taking digital data and segmenting it into cell-size units and assembling these units into CS-PDU's. At interconnections, the CS-PDU's are segmented and reassembled to route cells to their destinations in accord with the communication traffic load of the network, the class of service for the senders of the cells, and a variety of other parameters familiar to those skilled in the pertinent arts.
The ATMCSI/TU device 32 is a single-chip unit which is designed to control almost all aspects of ATM communication operations from segmentation and reassembly of CS-PDU's and real-time data streams, to cell switching. Scatter-gather DMA, ATM layer operations, congestion control, statistics gathering, host <=> ATM device messaging, error monitoring, and diagnostic trouble-shooting of the ATM port are all under control of the device 32. As will be seen, in addition to segmentation and reassembly operations, the single chip ATMCSI/TU 32 allows active and intelligent control of all aspects of ATM station operation (i.e., of a router 26 or ATM switch 30, for example). The provision of high speed processing capabilities at the port interface of the ATMCSI/TU 32 allows for the implementation of digital data communication systems delivering a level of operational control which can not be delivered on a cost-effective basis using conventional discrete implementations.
Data Structure Driven EDMA At FIG. 4, a block diagram is presented of the architecture of the EDMA 40, and its interface with the APU 36, the CBM 68, and other elements of the ATMCSI/TU 32, as well as its interface and cooperation with other contextual devices of the ATMCSI/TU 32. In this depiction, solid line interface connections are for data, while dashed line interface connections are for addresses. It will be understood that the EDMA 42 may operate in three different modes, which are user-programmed using commands placed in an EDMA Request Que, and using memory-resident data structures. One mode is "DMA Mode" (i.e., direct memory access), in which the EDMA simply transfers a programmed number of bytes from a designated source address to a designated destination address. Another mode is "AAL0" (i.e., ATM Adaptation Layer 0), in which the EDMA performs partial segmentation and reassembly functions while transferring cell payloads between the CBM 68 and a memory location external to the ATMCSI/TU 32. Finally, the EDMA 42 may operate in mode "AAL5" (i.e., ATM Adaptation Layer 5), in which the EDMA performs as a complete AAL5 segmentation and reassembly (SAR) processor operating under tight control of the APU 36. Thus, the ATMCSI/TU 32 may be used to implement ALL1 and AAL3/4 functions as well, as will be apparent to those ordinarily skilled in the pertinent arts.
The functional interface between the APU 36 and the EDMA 40 is implemented using memory-mapped registers. Requests for transfer or receipt of cells from a virtual connection, requests to attach a Buffer to a VCD, or to transfer data between source and destination locations are performed by the APU 36 writing commands to memory-mapped registers entitled, "EDMA.sub.-- Cell, EDMA.sub.-- ConNum, EDMA.sub.-- Buff, and EDMA.sub.-- Move. These requests are commands for the EDMA 40, and these commands are placed in the EDMA request queue. When a specific action is required of the APU 36, the EDMA places a message in the EDMA completion queue. The queues allow both APU 36 and EDMA 40 to operate in parallel, and prevent one from stalling the other while a response is awaited to a message or command. The EDMA places completed Buffers in the EDMA completion queue, and the APU 36 should empty the queue at a sufficient rate to prevent EDMA stalling. EDMA.sub.-- Cell is used to put a cell service request in the EDMA request queue. The APU 36 will write the required connection number (i.e., the VC number) to the EDMA.sub.-- ConNum register, and the cell address to the EDMA Cell register. The second of these writing operations puts the entire contents of the registers in the EDMA request queue.
______________________________________Transmit-Cell Processing Repuests______________________________________1   read VC Descriptor2   if Aa15Trailer3     insert cell header with EOM4     clear cell bytes 4 to 455     place CS-PDU payload length in bytes 46-476     place final crc32 in bytes 48-517     send cell out8     clear Aa15Trailer bit9     delink current buffer10    return current buffer to Completion Queue11    if next buffer present12      install next buffer13    exit14  if no buffer installed15      exit16  N = min (48, Nbytes)17  transfer N bytes from buffer to cell and update    Crc3218  if Current Buf fer exhausted19    if N &gt;4020      insert cell header, no EOM21      clear rest of the cell22      send cell out23      set Aa15Trailer bit24    else25      insert cell header with EOM26      clear cell bytes till byte 4527      place CS-PDU payload length in bytes 46-4728      place final crc32 in bytes 48-5129      send cell out30      delink current buffer31      return current buffer to Cornpletion Queue32      if next buffer present33        install next buffer34  else35    insert cell header, no EOM36    send cell out37  update VC Descriptor______________________________________ Lines 2-13 address the situation in which all CS-PDU payload has already been sent. Lines 16 and 17 deal with transfer of the payload from a Buffer to the Cell Buffer Memory. Lines 20-23 handle the situation in which the CS-PDU trailer would not fit into the current cell. And lines 25-33 handle the situation in which the cell trailer does fit into the current cell, and an end-of-message (EOM) cell should be sent. Buffer Descriptors (BFD's) are not modified by the EDMA 40 for the transmit direction of CS-PDU processing. In particular, the Next.sub.-- Buff field from the BFD returned to the EDMA completion queue may contain a pointer to a next BFD, which is invalid since the task will have been completed. However, processing time for the EDMA is saved by avoiding the step of modifying the BFD's.
______________________________________Receive-Cell Processing Requests______________________________________1   read VC Descriptor2   if no buffer installed3     if buffer available4       install buffer5     else6       pull buffer from small buffer free list7       install buffer8   read cell header from Cell Buffer memory9   set N = 4810  if an EQM cell11    read expected payload length from the cell12    if expected payload length different from accumulated13      return buffer with error status14    compute N (number of bytes in cell payload)15    read expected Crc3216  if Number-Of-Bytes-In-Buffer + N &gt; Buffer Size17      delink current buffer18      return the current buffer in completion   queue19      if next buffer available20        install next buffer21      else22        pull buffer from large buffer free     list23        install buffer24  transfer N payload bytes to buffer25  if EOM cell26    update crc32 with padding and length27    check crc32 against expected and set error codes28    delink current buffer29    return current buffer______________________________________ In this case, lines 2-8 process the case in which the cell received is the first cell of the payload and the receiving Buffer is not yet available. Line 8 is necessary in order to check whether the current cell is a continuation cell or an EOM cell. In line 9, the expected number of bytes to transfer is preset to 48 for a continuation cell. In case the EOM cell is received, the payload length and expected crc32 message are retrieved from the EOM cell, and the number of bytes transferred is computed based on the stated payload length. The expected payload length is compared to the accumulated length to check for lost cells.
Free Buffer Lists The EDMA 40 maintains two memory-resident lists of free Buffers and uses the CBM for this purpose. One of these lists is called the Small Buffer free list, and the other is the Large Buffer free list. Buffers from these lists are used in the cell-reception direction of CS-PDU processing if the CS-PDU needs to be reassembled and there is no space in the current Buffer or no Buffer is attached (recalling the VCD description above). A Buffer from the Small list is used at the beginning of the CS-PDU. In the event the additional Buffers are required, then they are taken from the Large list. After use, the Buffers are returned by the EDMA to a free list using a null Connection number. The EDMA examines the "BuffSel" bit in the BFD Ctrl field of the BFD to determine which buffer list should be used at a particular time.
______________________________________1   function.sub.-- schd () ;2   begin / /function schd3   if (connection ?= 0)4     schdClass &lt;= VCD  connection!.class5   else begin6     connection &lt;= last.sub.-- serv;7     schdClass &lt;= last Class;8   end9   if (priMode) begin10    nextHead &lt;= cal  slot!.head;11    if (nextHead ?= 0) begin12      nextClass &lt;= VCD  nextHead!.class;1314      if (schdClass &lt; nextClass) begin15        Cal  slot!.head &lt;= connection;16      end1718      if (schdClass &gt; nextClass) begin19        while ( (schdClass ?= nextClass) &&next     Head ?= 0) begin20          prevTail &lt;= nextHead;21          nextHead &lt; VCD  nextHead!.next;22          if (nextHead ?= 0)23          nextClass &lt;= VCD  nextHead!.class;24          else VCD  prevTail!.next &lt;=       connection; / /list terminates here25      end26    end / /this will always fall through into next clause27      / /except for the case when the list is   exhausted2829      if (schdClass == nextClass) begin30        while ( (schdClass==nextClass) &&nextHead ?=0) begin31          prevTail &lt;= nextHead;32          nextHead &lt;= VCD  nextHead!.next;33          if (nextHead ?= 0)34          nextClass &lt;= VCD  nextHead!.class;35        end36        VCD  prevTail!.next &lt;= connection;/ /for both &gt; and == cases37    end3839    VCD  connection!.next &lt;= nextHead; / / for all three cases40    end41    else begin42      cal  slot!.head &lt;= connection;43      VCD  connection!.next &lt;= 0;44    end45  end46  else begin / / flat mode47    prevTail &lt;= cal  slot!.tail48    if (prevTail ?= 0) begin49      VCD  prev.Tail!.next &lt;= connection50      cal  slot!.tail &lt;= connection;51    end52    else begin53      cal  slot!.head+tail &lt;=   connection+connection;54    end55    VCD  connection!.next &lt;= 0;56  end57  end / /function.sub.-- schd______________________________________ Service Commands
Scheduler unit 46 includes another state machine called "Schd.sub.-- Serv. When the APU 36 requests a reading of the SCD.sub.-- Serv register of the scheduler, the scheduler returns the first non-zero head end linked list pointer from 0 to 3. If all four linked list head end pointers are zero, then the scheduler unit 46 returns a zero value to the APU 36 signifying the no connection is available for service. In case the scheduler unit 46 is operating in Flat Rate mode, it needs to check only the first linked list head end pointer. At the same time, the scheduler unit 46 saves this connection number for the VC last serviced in the internal register Last.sub.-- Serv 150. Once the APU 36 request for a reading of last scheduled VC serviced is completed, the scheduler unit 46 initiates a 2-word burst transaction on the Tbus 154 to read the first two words of the VCD just returned to the APU. Scheduler unit 46 then uses these two words to update the head end pointer last returned to the APU 36 (i.e., the contents of registers 150 and 152.
______________________________________1   function serv ()2   begin / /function.sub.-- serv3   if (head0 ?= 0) begin4     SCD.sub.-- serv &lt;= head0);5     head0 &lt;= VCD  head0!.next+class+buffPres;6   end7   elseif (PriMode) begin8     if (head1 ?= 0) begin9       SCD.sub.-- serv &lt;= head1;10      head1 &lt;= VCD  head1!.next+class+buffPres;11    end12    elseif (head2 ?= 0) begin13      SCD.sub.-- serv &lt;= head2;14      head2 &lt;= VCD  head2!.next+class+bufferPres;15    end16    elseif (head3 ?= 0) begin17        SCD.sub.-- serv &lt;= head3;18        head3 &lt;=VCD  head3!.next+class+bufferPres;19      end20      else SCD.sub.-- serv &lt;=21    end22    else SCD.sub.-- serv &lt;=23  end / /function.sub.-- serv______________________________________ Tic Commands
______________________________________1   function tic () ;2   begin / /function.sub.-- tic3   if (flatMode) cal now!.head+tail &lt;= 0;4   else cal  now!.head &lt;= 0;5   now = now+1;6   if (now &gt; SCD.sub.-- CalSize)7     now &lt;= now - SCD.sub.-- CalSize;8   function.sub.-- scan () ;9   end / /function.sub.-- tic1011  function.sub.-- scan ()12  begin / /function scan13  nextHead &lt;= cal  now!.head;14  if (priMode) begin15    if (nextHead ?= 0) begin16      nextClass &lt;= VCD  nextHead!.class;1718      if (nextClass == 0) begin19        if (head0 == 0)head0 &lt;= nextHead;20        else VCD  tail0!.next &lt;= nextHead;21        while (nextClass == 0 && nextHead ?=0) begin22          prevTail &lt;= nextHead;23          nextHead &lt;= VCD  nextHead!.next;24          if (nextHead ?= 0)25          nextClass &lt;= VCD  nextHead!.class;26        end27        tail0 &lt;= prevTail;28        end29      end30      if (nextClass == 1 && nextHead ?= 0) begin31        if (head1 == 0) head1 &lt;= nextHead;32        else VCD  tail1!.next &lt;= nextHead;33        while (nextClass == 1 && nextHead ?=0) begin34          prevTail &lt;= nextHead;35          nextHead &lt;= VCD  nextHead!.next;36          if (nextHead ?= 0)37          nextClass &lt;= VCD  nextHead!.class;38        end39        taill &lt;= prevTail;40        end41      end42      if (nextClass == 2 && nextHead ? 0) begin43        if (head2 == 0) head2 &lt;= nextHead;44        else VCD  tail2!.next &lt;= nextHead;45        while (nextClass == 2 && nextHead ?=0) begin46          prevTail &lt;= nextHead;47          nextHead &lt;= VCD  nextHead!.next;48          if (nextHead ? 0)49          nextClass &lt;= VCD  nextHead!.class;50        end51        tail2 &lt;= prevTail;52        end53      end54      if (nextClass == 3 && nextHead ?= 0) begin55        if (head3 == 0) head3 &lt;= nextHead;56        else VCD  tail3!.next &lt;= nextHead;57        while (nextClass == 3 && nextHead ?=0) begin58          prevTail &lt;= nextHead;59          nextHead &lt;= VCD  nextHead!.next;60          if (nextHead ?= 0)61          nextClass &lt;= VCD  nextHead!.class;62        end63        tail3 &lt;= prevTail;64        end65      end66    end67  end68  else begin69    if (head0 == 0) head0 &lt;= nextHead;70    else VCD  tail0!.next &lt;= nextHead;71    tail0 &lt;= cal  now!.tail;72  end73  end / /function.sub.-- scan______________________________________ Further to the above, when the APU 36 writes a command to the SCD.sub.-- Now register 132, the scheduler unit 46 also accepts this command if there is not other Tic or Now commands in service or posted for service. The Now and Tic commands are serviced both by a single state machine (i.e., the Schd.sub.-- Tic/Now state machine 162) because they serve very similar functions. In response to a Now command, the scheduler unit 46 needs to update the calendar table for the current cell slot with the pointer information it has stored internally in registers. Next, the scheduler unit 46 scans the new VC list. In Flat Rate mode, the scheduler unit 46 simply stores the current "0" tail end and head end pointers in the calendar table entry.
If the scheduler 46 is in Priority mode, it scans the head and tail end pointers (registers 134 and 136) and updates the calendar table at the same time, linking the last VCD of each successive non-empty linked list to the first VCD of the next linked list. After this task is completed, the new slot value is transferred to the "NOW" register. Then the scheduler unit 46 scans through the linked list at the new cell slot to identify sections for each priority class. The un-serviced list of VCD's of the previous slot is attached at the appropriate location of the linked list according to class, and the pointers are updated in this scanning process. Next.sub.-- Head (142), Previous.sub.-- Tail (144), and Next.sub.-- Class (148) register entries are used to scan through the new linked list organization. The following pseudo code illustrates a Now command execution flow of the Schd.sub.-- Tic/Now state machine (indicated with the numeral 162). Each load or store operation interacts with the Tbus state machine 158 and proceeds only after the Tbus word transaction is completed. In the Priority mode of operation, the scheduler unit 146 may require several Tbus transactions before a Schd Now command is fully executed:
______________________________________1   function.sub.-- now () ;2   begin / /function.sub.-- now3   if (flatMode) begin4     cal  now!.head+tail &lt;= head0+tail0;5   end6   else begin7     if (head0 ?= 0) cal  now!.head &lt;= head0;8     else if (head1 ?= 0) cal  now!.head &lt;= head1;9       else if (head2 ?= 0) cal  now!.head &lt;=   head2;10        else if (head3 ?= ) cal  now!.head &lt;=     head3;1112    if (head0 ?= 0) begin13      if (head1 ?= 0) VCD  tail0!.next &lt;= head1;14      else if (head2 ?= 0) VCD  tail0!.next &lt;=   head2;15        else if (head3 ?= 0) VCD  tail0!.next &lt;=head3;16          else VCD  tail0!.next &lt;=1718    if (head1 ?= 0) begin19      if (head2 ?= 0) VCD  tail1!.next &lt;= head2;20      else if (head3 ?= 0) VCD  tail1!.next &lt;=   head3;21        else VCD  tail1!.next &lt;=2223    if (head2 ? 0) begin24      if (head3 ?= 0) VCD  tail2!.next &lt;= head3;25      else VCD  tail2!.next &lt;= 0;26  end27  now &lt;= Scd.sub.-- now;28  function.sub.-- scan () ;29  end / /function.sub.-- now______________________________________ Timer Unit 44
Cell Buffer Memory 68 FIG. 13 provides a block diagram of an interface 180 for the CBM 68. The CBM function itself includes this interface 180 of the ATMCSI/TU 32 and a RAM memory unit (identified below) external to the core 32' of the ATMCSI/TU 32 (as is indicated in FIG. 1). Up to 16 Kbits of Ram memory may be used with the ATMCSI/TU 32 to form the CBM unit 68. Memory cycles are arbitrated on a clock by clock basis. A priority access scheme is enforced, giving the ACI 42 highest priority, followed by the APU 36, and EDMA 40, in that order. When one of these units (i.e., ACI 42, APU 36, or EDAM 40) needs access to the CBM 68, it provides a request signal. The ACI 42 receives immediate access to the CBM 68 in response to such a request. The APU 36 and EDMA 40 will receive a signal indicating access to the CBM 68.
A memory-write enabler 188 grants immediate access to an ACI request via signal line 190, so that a memory write enable signal received from the ACI (as signal "aci.sub.-- wr 3:0!)" is passed immediately to RAM memory 194. The write-enable signal from APU 36 (signal "sctben 3:0!)", and from EDMA 40 (signal "gtben 3:0!") will be issued in response to granting of memory access to these devices. Data to be written into the memory 194 is received on lines 196, respectively as signals "aci.sub.-- dop 31:0!" for the ACI 42, as "mdop 31:0!" for the APU 36, and as "gdop 31:0!" for the EDMA 40. Switch 198 directs the data to be written to memory 194. Similarly, the addresses to which the data is to be written are received via lines 200 and switch 202 as signals "aci.sub.-- adrop 11:0!" for the ACI 42, as "maop 11:0!" for the APU 36, and as "gadrop 11:0!" for the EDMA 40. A line 204 carries data output of RAM memory 194, when the access request is for a memory data read.
Linked-List Implementation of a Fifo Memory for an ATM SAR Cell Buffer Turning now to FIG. 14, a more detailed depiction of the ACI 42 is provided. It is seen in FIG. 14 that the ACI 42 includes an ACI transmitter portion 206, and an ACI receiver portion 208. The ACI 42 is responsible for transferring cells between the Cell Buffer Memory 68 and the Utopia port (recalling interconnection 42' depicted in FIG. 1). The Utopia port is compliant to the Utopia level 2 multi-PHY specifications (version 1.0). For transmitting cells, the ACI retrieves cells built in the CBM 68 by the EDMA 40 or APU 36, and sends them one byte at a time to a selected Physical layer device of the ATM 10. For receiving cells, the ACI determines which of the PHY level devices should be serviced in the current cell slot time interval according to the prevailing programmed priority scheme, and receives a cell from this source byte by byte. The received cell bytes are placed in the CBM 68 for further processing by the EDMA 40 or APU 36.
______________________________________1   typedef struct Cell.sub.-- s = {2     ushort CellNext;3     ushort CellHEC:1,4         CellCrc10:1,5         Reserved:1,6         CellPHY:5,7         CellTbytes:6,8         Res1:2,9         CellEOM:1,10        Res2:7;11  #ifdef CELL.sub.-- TAG12    ulong Tag  CELL.sub.-- TAG!;13  #endif14    ulong CellHdr;15    uchar Payld 48!;16  }     Cell.sub.-- t *pCell.sub.-- t;1718  Cell.sub.-- t       CellBuff  BufferSize!;19  ushort  TxHead, TxTail;20  ushort  RxHead, RxTail;21  ushort  FreeList;2223  for (ushort i = 1; i &lt; BufferSize - 1; i++)24    CellBuff  i!.Next = (i + 1) * sizeof (Cell.sub.-- t)25  CellBuff  BufferSize - 1!.Next = 0;26  FreeList = 1;______________________________________ In the preferred embodiment, the CBMa maintains several pointers into the CBM each of which represent different FIFO queues implemented as linked-lists in CBM 68. For instance, the register FCL points to the first memory segment of a linked-list of memory segments representing Free Cell Lists or a list of memory segment available for use, FEP 212 and LEP 213 lists to the first and the last elements of the FIFO queue representing memory segments being used to store ATM cell data. For ease of discussion, this document will refer to the FIFO queue pointed to by the FCL as the "FCL queue" and the FIFO queue being pointed to by the FEP and the LEP as the "ATM queue". At this time, all of the memory segments of the CBM 68 are available to be used and are elements of the FCL queue.
______________________________________1     ushort GetFree ()2     {3       ushort CellNum = FreeList;4       if (FreeList)5         FreeList = CellBuff CellNum!.Next;6       return CellNum;7     }______________________________________ FIGS. 16c.sub.1 -16c.sub.4 illustrate how the segment 222a, newly obtained from the FCC 220, is placed into the ATM queue by causing the FEP 212 and the LEP 213 registers to point to the segment 222a.
______________________________________1     void Put (ushort CellNum)2     {3       if (Tail ? 0)4         CellBuff  Tai1!.Next = CellNum;5       else6         Head = Tail = CellNum;7       CellBuff  CellNum!.Next = 0;8     }______________________________________ As illustrated by FIGS. 16b and 16c.sub.1 -16c.sub.4, the movement of a segment of memory from a linked-list queue representing the list of available memory segments to the linked-list queue representing the list of data segments being used to store ATM cell data is accomplished merely by changing the value of the pointers maintained by CBMa 210 and the pointers internal to the linked-list. Using the similar technique, memory segments being used to store the ATM cells may be released from its linked-list queue and returned to the linked-list queue representing the memory segments available for use.
______________________________________8       void ReturnFree (ushort CellNum)9       {10        CellBuff  CellNum!.Next = FreeList;11        FreeList = CellNum;12      }______________________________________ FIG. 16d illustrate how, using the linked-list memory structure, a new cell may be placed in the middle of the ATM queue. To place a new data element 222a into the middle of the queue in between the elements 222n and 222p, for example, the pointer within the new element 222a is caused to point to the element which will becomes its next element, 222p. Then, the pointer of the element which currently points to 222p is caused to point to the new element 222a. By manipulating pointers in this way, the new element 222a becomes a member element of the queue and is inserted in the middle of the queue without requiring any other elements to be moved or copied.
______________________________________9     ushort Get ()10    {11      ushort CellNum = Head;12      if (Head)13        Head = CellBuff  Head!.Next;14      if (Head == 0)15        Tail = 0;16      return CellNum;17    }______________________________________ Using the linked-list implementation of the FIFO queue, segments of memory may be reserved for special use by simply taking it off the FCL linked-list queue and placing it onto another linked-list pointed to by another register in the CBMa 210. FIG. 16f illustrate how the ATM queue containing elements 222a and 222b co-exists with another linked-list FIFO queue pointed to by the register 226 containing elements 222a and 222r (the "Reserved queue") and the FCL queue comprising elements 222m through 222z. Because the memory segments necessary to store ATM cell data is taken off the FCL queue and placed into the ATM queue, the memory segments comprising the Reserved queue are not affected.
Hierarchical Calendar Recalling the description of scheduler unit 46 and of FIG. 11 discussed above, it will be recalled that this unit manages a memory-resident calendar table. Each entry in the calendar table corresponds to one cell slot (i.e., time interval) and holds a list of VC's that need to be serviced in that slot. One of the important functions performed by ATMCSI/TU 32 is to appropriately shape user traffic before it is presented to the ATM network (recalling FIG. 1). This shaping can either be fixed for the duration of a connection (such as for VBR traffic), or can vary in response to network congestion (for example, for ABR traffic). Traffic shaping requires that cells from a connection (i.e., a VC) be scheduled for transmission at a specific time in the future. A very flexible way of achieving this scheduling is by use of calendars.
______________________________________1   iif sustainable cell rate event2     {3       X = LBC - (T - LCT)   t = ,ax (X + I - (1/PCR) - L,0)4       if CS-PDU empty and no other CS-PDU queued5         {6         Set VC to idle7         Process next VC8         }     else9           {10          next SCR event scheduled at   T+(1/PCR) + T     LBC = X + I     LCT = T     Send Cell11          {12    }13  if new CS.sub.-- PDU event14    {15      Set VC to active16      next SCR event scheduled at next cell slot17    }______________________________________ In which, X=a temporary variable, LBC is the content of a count down timer, T is the current time, LCT is the time when the last conforming cell was transmitted, L is the limit of the burst size tolerance, and I is the increment in time (i.e., 1/SCR seconds). The variable "t" represents the additional time in the future after the interval 1/PCR seconds, and beyond which the next conforming cell must wait before it can be transmitted.
Patent CitationsCited PatentFiling datePublication dateApplicantTitleUS4956839 *Jul 20, 1989Sep 11, 1990Hitachi, Ltd.ATM switching systemUS5189668 *Aug 7, 1991Feb 23, 1993Hitachi, Ltd.Atm switch and atm multiplexerUS5214642 *Jan 23, 1991May 25, 1993Hitachi, Ltd.ATM switching system and adaptation processing apparatusUS5218680 *Mar 15, 1990Jun 8, 1993International Business Machines CorporationData link controller with autonomous in tandem pipeline circuit elements relative to network channels for transferring multitasking data in cyclically recurrent time slotsUS5220563 *Dec 20, 1991Jun 15, 1993Thomson-CsfDevice for the transmission by an asynchronous network, notably an atm type network, of signalling data, channel by channel, assembled in a multiframe transmitted synchronously in out-of-band modeUS5412655 *Jan 27, 1994May 2, 1995Nec CorporationMultiprocessing system for assembly/disassembly of asynchronous transfer mode cellsUS5440523 *Aug 19, 1993Aug 8, 1995Multimedia Communications, Inc.Multiple-port shared memory interface and associated methodUS5530902 *Jun 14, 1993Jun 25, 1996Motorola, Inc.Data packet switching system having DMA controller, service arbiter, buffer type managers, and buffer managers for managing data transfer to provide less processor interventionUS5533020 *Oct 31, 1994Jul 2, 1996International Business Machines CorporationATM cell schedulerUS5548587 *Sep 12, 1994Aug 20, 1996Efficient Networks, Inc.Asynchronous transfer mode adapter for desktop applicationsUS5548588 *Jan 31, 1995Aug 20, 1996Fore Systems, Inc.Method and apparatus for switching, multicasting multiplexing and demultiplexing an ATM cell* Cited by examinerReferenced byCiting PatentFiling datePublication dateApplicantTitleUS5898688 *May 24, 1996Apr 27, 1999Cisco Technology, Inc.ATM switch with integrated system busUS5922046 *Sep 12, 1996Jul 13, 1999Cabletron Systems, Inc.Method and apparatus for avoiding control reads in a network nodeUS5941952 *Sep 12, 1996Aug 24, 1999Cabletron Systems, Inc.Apparatus and method for transferring data from a transmit buffer memory at a particular rateUS5959994 *Aug 19, 1996Sep 28, 1999Ncr CorporationATM/SONET network enhanced as a universal computer system interconnectUS5970229 *Sep 12, 1996Oct 19, 1999Cabletron Systems, Inc.Apparatus and method for performing look-ahead scheduling of DMA transfers of data from a host memory to a transmit buffer memoryUS5991867 *Sep 12, 1996Nov 23, 1999Efficient Networks, Inc.Transmit scheduler for an asynchronous transfer mode network and method of operationUS5995995 *Sep 12, 1996Nov 30, 1999Cabletron Systems, Inc.Apparatus and method for scheduling virtual circuit data for DMA from a host memory to a transmit buffer memoryUS5999980 *Sep 12, 1996Dec 7, 1999Cabletron Systems, Inc.Apparatus and method for setting a congestion indicate bit in an backwards RM cell on an ATM networkUS6032218 *May 28, 1998Feb 29, 20003Com CorporationConfigurable weighted round robin arbiterUS6067563 *May 6, 1999May 23, 2000Cabletron Systems, Inc.Method and apparatus for avoiding control reads in a network nodeUS6084880 *Jun 30, 1997Jul 4, 2000Efficient Networks, Inc.Asynchronous transfer mode adapter for desktop applicationsUS6084881 *May 22, 1997Jul 4, 2000Efficient Networks, Inc.Multiple mode xDSL interfaceUS6085250 *Mar 20, 1997Jul 4, 2000Efficient Networks, Inc.Method and system for using layered networking application program interfaces (APIs) using a native asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) APIUS6311212 *Mar 16, 1999Oct 30, 2001Intel CorporationSystems and methods for on-chip storage of virtual connection descriptorsUS6366583 *Jul 21, 1999Apr 2, 2002Cisco Technology, Inc.Network router integrated onto a silicon chipUS6373846Mar 9, 1998Apr 16, 2002Lsi Logic CorporationSingle chip networking device with enhanced memory access co-processorUS6425067Jun 25, 1999Jul 23, 2002Intel CorporationSystems and methods for implementing pointer managementUS6430154 *Aug 10, 2000Aug 6, 2002Fujitsu Network Communications, Inc.Supporting multiple application traffic types over connection oriented networksUS6466997Jun 14, 1999Oct 15, 2002Enterasys Networks, Inc.Method and apparatus for performing TX raw cell status report frequency and interrupt frequency mitigation in a network nodeUS6487171May 19, 1999Nov 26, 20023Com CorporationCrossbar switching matrix with broadcast bufferingUS6501731Jun 25, 1999Dec 31, 2002Intel CorporationCBR/VBR traffic schedulerUS6574232May 26, 1999Jun 3, 20033Com CorporationCrossbar switch utilizing broadcast buffer and associated broadcast buffer management unitUS6590897Mar 8, 1999Jul 8, 2003Efficient Networks, Inc.System and method for bridging universal serial bus and asynchronous transfer mode communication linksUS6603768Jun 25, 1999Aug 5, 2003Intel CorporationMulti-protocol conversion assistance method and system for a network acceleratorUS6604136Jun 25, 1999Aug 5, 2003Intel CorporationApplication programming interfaces and methods enabling a host to interface with a network processorUS6614793Oct 6, 1999Sep 2, 2003Stmicroelectronics LimitedDevice for segmentation and transmission of messages stored as blocks of variable lengthUS6621822 *Oct 6, 1999Sep 16, 2003Stmicroelectronics LimitedData stream transfer apparatus for receiving a data stream and transmitting data frames at predetermined intervalsUS6657959Jun 17, 1999Dec 2, 2003Intel CorporationSystems and methods for implementing ABR with guaranteed MCRUS6661774Feb 16, 1999Dec 9, 2003Efficient Networks, Inc.System and method for traffic shaping packet-based signalsUS6661801Oct 6, 1999Dec 9, 2003Stmicroelectronics LimitedData transferUS6708210Mar 13, 2003Mar 16, 2004Intel CorporationApplication programming interfaces and methods enabling a host to interface with a network processorUS6724758Dec 20, 1999Apr 20, 2004Cisco Technology, Inc.Stage specific dilation in multi-stage interconnection networksUS6724767Mar 16, 1999Apr 20, 2004Intel CorporationTwo-dimensional queuing/de-queuing methods and systems for implementing the sameUS6728249Jun 25, 1999Apr 27, 2004Intel CorporationSystem and method for performing cut-through forwarding in an ATM network supporting LAN emulationUS6731097Oct 6, 1999May 4, 2004Stmicroelectronics LimitedReception of multiple data messages over a transmission medium with conversion into suitable formUS6735773Jun 25, 1999May 11, 2004Intel CorporationMethod and apparatus for issuing commands to a network processor configured to provide a plurality of APIsUS6771647Oct 6, 1999Aug 3, 2004Stmicroelectronics LimitedData transferUS6801535Oct 6, 1999Oct 5, 2004Stmicroelectronics LimitedData reception apparatus for receiving ATM data streamsUS6804698Oct 6, 1999Oct 12, 2004Stmicroelectronics LimitedData transferUS6822959 *Jul 31, 2001Nov 23, 2004Mindspeed Technologies, Inc.Enhancing performance by pre-fetching and caching data directly in a communication processor's register setUS6904481 *Apr 12, 2001Jun 7, 2005Lsi Logic CorporationBus sequence operation with automatic linking from current I/O information to subsequent I/O informationUS6937577Mar 19, 1999Aug 30, 2005Telefonaktiebolaget Lm Ericsson (Publ)Method, arrangement and apparatus for telecommunicationsUS6970457Oct 6, 1999Nov 29, 2005Stmicroelectronics LimitedData transmission apparatus for transmitting ATM data streamsUS7009941 *Apr 6, 2000Mar 7, 2006Seiko Epson CorporationNode-search method, device, and medium on which a node-search program is recordedUS7072817 *Oct 1, 1999Jul 4, 2006Stmicroelectronics Ltd.Method of designing an initiator in an integrated circuitUS7281071May 4, 2006Oct 9, 2007Stmicroelectronics Ltd.Method for designing an initiator in an integrated circuitUS7324546 *Jan 10, 2002Jan 29, 2008Cisco Technology, Inc.Network router integrated onto a silicon chipUS7411968Aug 7, 2003Aug 12, 2008Intel CorporationTwo-dimensional queuing/de-queuing methods and systems for implementing the sameUS7852839 *May 26, 2006Dec 14, 2010Tektronix, Inc.Method and device for the provision, in an order according to ATM channels, of ATM cells at an interface arranged between a first and a second node of a transmission systemUS7990882 *Dec 30, 1999Aug 2, 2011Avaya Inc.Adaptively maintaining quality of service (QoS) in distributed PBX networksUS8477602Dec 23, 2010Jul 2, 2013Avaya Inc.Adaptively maintaining quality of service (QoS) in distributed PBX networksEP0994607A1 *Sep 23, 1999Apr 19, 2000Telefonica, S.A.Method and devide for MTA traffic shapingEP1095325A2 *Jun 25, 1999May 2, 2001Softcom MicrosystemsSystems and methods for on-chip storage of virtual connection descriptorsWO1999049623A1 *Mar 12, 1999Sep 30, 1999Ericsson Telefon Ab L MMethod and apparatus with configurable functionality for a telecommunication systemWO1999049624A1 *Mar 22, 1999Sep 30, 1999Ericsson Telefon Ab L MMethod and apparatus with configurable functionality for a telecommunication systemWO1999061992A1 *May 26, 1999Dec 2, 1999Boeing CoSelf configuring network peripheralWO2000000877A2 *Jun 25, 1999Jan 6, 2000Softcom MicrosystemsSystems and methods for on-chip storage of virtual connection descriptorsWO2002063509A1 *Feb 6, 2002Aug 15, 2002Experience First IncSystem and method for designing integrated circuits* Cited by examinerClassifications U.S. Classification370/382, 370/395.7, 370/474, 370/395.6International ClassificationH04Q11/04, H04L12/56Cooperative ClassificationH04L49/90, H04L49/901, H04L2012/5652, H04L12/5601, H04Q11/0478, H04L49/9021, H04L2012/5615, H04L49/9047, H04L49/3081, H04L2012/5665European ClassificationH04Q11/04S2, H04L49/90C, H04L49/90, H04L49/90M, H04L49/30J, H04L49/90E, H04L12/56ALegal EventsDateCodeEventDescriptionSep 9, 2009FPAYFee paymentYear of fee payment: 12Mar 29, 2005FPAYFee paymentYear of fee payment: 8May 15, 2001CCCertificate of correctionMar 12, 2001FPAYFee paymentYear of fee payment: 4Mar 7, 1996ASAssignmentOwner name: LSI LOGIC CORPORATION, CALIFORNIAFree format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:DANIEL, THOMAS;NATTKEMPER, DIETER;VARMA, SUBIR;REEL/FRAME:007914/0830;SIGNING DATES FROM 19960226 TO 19960228RotateOriginal ImageGoogle Home - Sitemap - USPTO Bulk Downloads - Privacy Policy - Terms of Service - About Google Patents - Send FeedbackData provided by IFI CLAIMS Patent Services©2012 Google


text:
Michael Blatz Chairman of The Supervisory Board, Member of Personnel Committee and Member of Nominating Committee, Loewe AGAgeTotal Calculated CompensationThis person is connected to 1 Board Members in 1 different organizations across 0 different industries.See Board Relationships----
To contact Loewe AG, please visit . Company data is provided by Capital IQ. Please use this form to report any data issues.

type: global

value: This website is an international news agency headquartered in New York City and a division of Bloomberg L.P. Content produced by Bloomberg News is disseminated through Bloomberg Terminals, Bloomberg Television, Bloomberg Radio, Bloomberg Businessweek, Bloomberg Markets, Bloomberg.com, and Bloomberg's mobile platforms. Since 2015, John Micklethwait has served as editor-in-chief.


text: Patent US4175285 - Navigational system of high-speed aircraft - Google PatentsSearch Images Maps Play YouTube News Gmail Drive More »Sign inAdvanced Patent SearchPatentsNavigational system for the guidance of automatically piloted aircraft during high-speed (e.g. supersonic) overland flights, the predetermined course of the aircraft including a series of spaced-apart measuring zones registered on a progressively displaceable film strip or other recording medium in the...http://www.google.com/patents/US4175285?utm_source=gb-gplus-sharePatent US4175285 - Navigational system of high-speed aircraftAdvanced Patent SearchPublication numberUS4175285 APublication typeGrantApplication numberUS 05/665,195Publication dateNov 20, 1979Filing dateAug 25, 1967Priority dateAug 25, 1967Publication number05665195, 665195, US 4175285 A, US 4175285A, US-A-4175285, US4175285 A, US4175285AInventorsJean Dansac, Georges CoudercOriginal AssigneeThomson-CsfExport CitationBiBTeX, EndNote, RefManPatent Citations (4), Referenced by (18), Classifications (11) External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, EspacenetNavigational system of high-speed aircraftUS 4175285 AAbstract Navigational system for the guidance of automatically piloted aircraft during high-speed (e.g. supersonic) overland flights, the predetermined course of the aircraft including a series of spaced-apart measuring zones registered on a progressively displaceable film strip or other recording medium in the form of two-dimensional arrays of prerecorded altitude markings representing the profile of the overflown terrain within each zone. Each array encompasses several regions of uncertainty defined as a range of possible horizontal deviation of the automatic pilot from the charted course; the markings, which may be in the form of identical asymmetrical figures indicating by their angular orientation the reference parameter (absolute or relative altitude) of the terrain within each elemental area of a region of uncertainty, are electro-optically compared with a bench mark indicating, by its own angular orientation in response to altitude soundings aboard the aircraft, the value of the reference parameter of the terrain actually overflown, the comparison yielding a projected contour line whereby, through a rapid succession of soundings and comparisons within each zone, the true position of the aircraft can be determined from the intersection of the several contour lines so obtained.

value: This website is a search engine provided by Google. Handling over 3.5 billion searches per day, it has a 92% share of the global search engine market.


text:
Daron Worldwide Trading HE550369 Herpa F-16D Polish Air Force 6. ELT 1/200: Vehicles, Trains & Remote Control : Walmart.com Hello, {0}. Sign Out|Help
Daron Worldwide Trading HE550369 Herpa F-16D Polish Air Force 6. ELT 1/200
Show this number 0401315055036 to a Walmart associate
Herpa F-16D Polish Air Force 6- ELT 1/200 model Printed (not decaled) in meticulous detail- Made for the real enthusiast- Top quality children's item- SKU: DARON2478

value: This website is an American multinational retail corporation that operates a chain of hypermarkets , discount department stores, and grocery stores from the United States, headquartered in Bentonville, Arkansas.


text:
Institute for Animal Health - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Compton Laboratory, Compton, Newbury and Pirbright Laboratory, Ash Road, Pirbright
Around 400 government bioscientists
Babraham Institute, DEFRA
The Pirbright Institute (formerly Institute for Animal Health) is a research institute in the United Kingdom dedicated to the study of infectious diseases of farm animals. It forms part of the UK government's Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC). The institute employs scientists, vets and a number of PhD students.

value: This website is the English-language edition of the free online encyclopedia Wikipedia. It was founded on 15 January 2001 as Wikipedia's first edition and, as of October 2021, has the most articles of any edition, at 6,412,521.


text:
VHDL : programming by example (eBook, 2002) [WorldCat.org]
I thought you might be interested in this item at http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/50617132 Title: VHDL : programming by example Author: Douglas L Perry Publisher: New York : McGraw-Hill, ©2002. ISBN/ISSN: 0071409548 9780071409544 9780071455848 0071455841 7140000700 9787140000701 OCLC:50617132
User's guide to VHDL reflecting the very latest design methods.
(DLC) 2002070962
(OCoLC)49726389
Find more information about: Douglas L Perry
0071409548 9780071409544 9780071455848 0071455841 7140000700 9787140000701
Douglas L. Perry.
Add tags for "VHDL : programming by example". Be the first.
by chamberld12 updated 2010-03-26
<http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/50617132> # VHDL : programming by example
library:oclcnum "50617132" ;
rdfs:comment "Warning: This malformed URI has been treated as a string - 'http://images.contentreserve.com/ImageType-100/0018-1/{E9484F81-8A22-4C8A-9188-0A82D49BF7D2}Img100.jpg'" ;
schema:about <http://experiment.worldcat.org/entity/work/data/23918474#Topic/computers_hardware_general> ; # COMPUTERS--Hardware--General
schema:about <http://experiment.worldcat.org/entity/work/data/23918474#Topic/computers_computer_engineering> ; # COMPUTERS--Computer Engineering
schema:about <http://experiment.worldcat.org/entity/work/data/23918474#Topic/computers_machine_theory> ; # COMPUTERS--Machine Theory
schema:creator <http://viaf.org/viaf/26226415> ; # Douglas L. Perry
schema:exampleOfWork <http://worldcat.org/entity/work/id/23918474> ;
schema:isSimilarTo <http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/49726389> ;
schema:name "VHDL : programming by example"@en ;
schema:productID "50617132" ;
schema:publication <http://www.worldcat.org/title/-/oclc/50617132#PublicationEvent/new_york_mcgraw_hill_2002> ;
schema:publisher <http://experiment.worldcat.org/entity/work/data/23918474#Agent/mcgraw_hill> ; # McGraw-Hill
schema:url <http://www.myilibrary.com?id=29260&ref=toc> ;
schema:url <http://accessengineeringlibrary.com/browse/vhdl-programming-by-example-fourth-edition> ;
schema:url <http://www.myilibrary.com?id=29260> ;
schema:url <http://site.ebrary.com/id/10014640> ;
schema:url <http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&scope=site&db=nlebk&db=nlabk&AN=71274> ;
schema:url <https://www.overdrive.com/search?q=E9484F81-8A22-4C8A-9188-0A82D49BF7D2> ;
schema:url <http://public.eblib.com/choice/publicfullrecord.aspx?p=4654739> ;
schema:url "http://images.contentreserve.com/ImageType-100/0018-1/{E9484F81-8A22-4C8A-9188-0A82D49BF7D2}Img100.jpg" ;
schema:workExample <http://worldcat.org/isbn/9780071409544> ;
schema:workExample <http://worldcat.org/isbn/9780071455848> ;
schema:workExample <http://worldcat.org/isbn/9787140000701> ;
wdrs:describedby <http://www.worldcat.org/title/-/oclc/50617132> ;
<http://experiment.worldcat.org/entity/work/data/23918474#Agent/mcgraw_hill> # McGraw-Hill
<http://experiment.worldcat.org/entity/work/data/23918474#Topic/computers_computer_engineering> # COMPUTERS--Computer Engineering
<http://experiment.worldcat.org/entity/work/data/23918474#Topic/computers_hardware_general> # COMPUTERS--Hardware--General
<http://experiment.worldcat.org/entity/work/data/23918474#Topic/computers_machine_theory> # COMPUTERS--Machine Theory
<http://viaf.org/viaf/26226415> # Douglas L. Perry
schema:name "Douglas L. Perry" ;
<http://worldcat.org/isbn/9780071409544>
schema:isbn "0071409548" ;
schema:isbn "9780071409544" ;
<http://worldcat.org/isbn/9780071455848>
schema:isbn "0071455841" ;
schema:isbn "9780071455848" ;
<http://worldcat.org/isbn/9787140000701>
schema:isbn "7140000700" ;
schema:isbn "9787140000701" ;
<http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/49726389>
rdfs:label "VHDL." ;
schema:isSimilarTo <http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/50617132> ; # VHDL : programming by example
<http://www.worldcat.org/title/-/oclc/50617132>
schema:about <http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/50617132> ; # VHDL : programming by example
<http://www.worldcat.org/title/-/oclc/50617132#PublicationEvent/new_york_mcgraw_hill_2002>
schema:organizer <http://experiment.worldcat.org/entity/work/data/23918474#Agent/mcgraw_hill> ; # McGraw-Hill
VHDL : programming by example/Douglas L Perry; New York : McGraw-Hill, ©2002.

value: This website is a union catalog that itemizes the collections of 15,637 libraries in 107 countries that participate in the OCLC global cooperative. It is operated by OCLC, Inc.


text: Green Haines Sgambati Co Lpa in Youngstown, Ohio with Reviews - YP.comFind People•Advertise With UsBrowseFind PeopleFeatured CollectionsRestaurantsAutomotiveHome ImprovementHealth & WellnessAttorneysPeople Searched For...Banquet Halls Reception FacilitiesRestaurantsHall RentalTaxi ServiceAttorneysPlumbersPlasma DonationSnow Removal ServiceMobile Pet GroomingBmv Reinstatement OfficeDentistsGeneral ContractorsChimney RepairSteel MillsPaper Shredding Service24 Hour Pawn ShopShooting RangePainting ContractorsAnimal TrapperSneaker VillaPizzaRoofing ContractorsPaving ContractorsAre you alocal business owner?Advertise with YPor call 888-367-2194What do you want to find?nearWhere?My current locationSearchSign In•JoinWrite a ReviewHomeYoungstown, OHGreen Haines Sgambati Co LpaYoungstown Green Haines Sgambati Co LpaAbout Search ResultsAbout Search ResultsYP - The Real Yellow PagesSM - helps you find the right local businesses to meet your specific needs. Search results are sorted by a combination of factors to give you a set of choices in response to your search criteria. These factors are similar to those you might use to determine which business to select from a local Yellow Pages directory, including proximity to where you are searching, expertise in the specific services or products you need, and comprehensive business information to help evaluate a business's suitability for you. “Preferred” listings, or those with featured website buttons, indicate YP advertisers who directly provide information about their businesses to help consumers make more informed buying decisions. YP advertisers receive higher placement in the default ordering of search results and may appear in sponsored listings on the top, side, or bottom of the search results page.Sort:DefaultDefaultDistanceRatingName (A - Z)+ All FiltersGreen Haines Sgambati Co LPA100 E Federal St, Youngstown, OH 44503(330) 743-5101AttorneysWebsiteDirectionsMore InfoAdd to mybookRemove from mybookAdded to your services collection!Error when adding to services collectionThis business was removed from the services collection1. Green Haines Sgambati Co LPA100 E Federal StYoungstown, OH 44503(330) 743-5101AttorneysWrongful Death AttorneysWebsiteDirectionsMore InfoFrom Business: The law firm of Green Haines Sgambati was built on the principle of providing a standard of legal service that is responsive to the individualized needs of each cli…Add to mybookRemove from mybookAdded to your services collection!Error when adding to services collectionThis business was removed from the services collection2. Green Haines Sgambati Co LpaMOVEDView New Location »120 Westchester DrYoungstown, OH 44515(330) 797-0086AttorneysGeneral Practice AttorneysWebsiteAdd to mybookRemove from mybookAdded to your services collection!Error when adding to services collectionThis business was removed from the services collection3. Green Haines Sgambati CoMOVEDServicesView New Location »16 Wick AveYoungstown, OH 44503(330) 743-5101AttorneysLegal Service PlansWebsiteAdd to mybookRemove from mybookAdded to your services collection!Error when adding to services collectionThis business was removed from the services collection4. Green Haines Sgambati CoServices16844 Saint Clair AveEast Liverpool, OH 43920(330) 385-8102Accident & Property Damage AttorneysWebsiteBusinesses in related categories to AttorneysAdd to mybookRemove from mybookAdded to your services collection!Error when adding to services collectionThis business was removed from the services collection5. Boyd Rummell Carach & Curry Co LPAServicesYoungstown, OH 44503(330) 744-0291AttorneysWebsiteMore InfoFrom Business: * No Charge for Initial Consultation Attorneys: * John C. Boyd * Randall W. Rummell * Herman J Carach * Robert J Curry * Matthew Bins-Castronovo * Solomon Malkoff O…Add to mybookRemove from mybookAdded to your services collection!Error when adding to services collectionThis business was removed from the services collection6. Harpman & Harpman819 Southwestern RunYoungstown, OH 44514(330) 758-7505AttorneysWebsiteDirectionsMore InfoFrom Business: Harpman & Harpman specializes in patent & trademark preparing, filing and prosecuting patent applications and furnishing patent holders maintenance fee reminders. H…Add to mybookRemove from mybookAdded to your services collection!Error when adding to services collectionThis business was removed from the services collection7. James Lanzo Law OfficesServices(5)4126 Youngstown Poland RdYoungstown, OH 44514(330) 782-8283AttorneysDUI & DWI AttorneysWebsiteDirectionsMore InfoI've known this lawyer for quite some time & he always handles everyone's cases efficiently. The below reviews are just people that are scorned beca…Add to mybookRemove from mybookAdded to your services collection!Error when adding to services collectionThis business was removed from the services collection8. Anzellotti, Sperling Pazol & Small CO LPABBB Rating: A+21 N Wickliffe CirYoungstown, OH 44515(330) 272-9064AttorneysWebsiteDirectionsMore InfoAdd to mybookRemove from mybookAdded to your services collection!Error when adding to services collectionThis business was removed from the services collection9. Siciliano & Gallitto PLL1045 Tiffany SYoungstown, OH 44514(330) 272-9522AttorneysGeneral Practice AttorneysWebsiteDirectionsMore InfoFrom Business: * General Civil Practice * Also Licensed in PennsylvaniaAdd to mybookRemove from mybookAdded to your services collection!Error when adding to services collectionThis business was removed from the services collection10. Conn, Paul C8090 MARKET ST STE 1Youngstown, OH 44512(330) 729-9624AttorneysDivorce AttorneysDirectionsMore InfoFrom Business: Paul C Conn Attorney General Legal Practice including the following areas: Custody, Suport, Family Law, Divorce, Criminal Defense, DUI Defense.Add to mybookRemove from mybookAdded to your services collection!Error when adding to services collectionThis business was removed from the services collection11. Graham & Associates Law OfficesServices100 E Federal St Ste 900Youngstown, OH 44503(866) 529-9010AttorneysBankruptcy Law AttorneysWebsiteDirectionsMore InfoFrom Business: Call us to set up your FREE, NO PRESSURE CONSULTATION with one of our experienced attorneys today! 866-529-9010.Add to mybookRemove from mybookAdded to your services collection!Error when adding to services collectionThis business was removed from the services collection12. Schiavoni Schiavoni Bush & Muldowney Co LPABBB Rating: A+87 Westchester DrYoungstown, OH 44515(330) 799-5940AttorneysDirectionsMore InfoAdd to mybookRemove from mybookAdded to your services collection!Error when adding to services collectionThis business was removed from the services collection13. Horlick Chester W & Assocs(4)5815 Market StYoungstown, OH 44512(330) 726-8939AttorneysWebsiteDirectionsMore InfoI started a business and ran into some serious problems. Attorney Todd Horlick was able to unravel the mess that I got myself into. My creditors wer…Add to mybookRemove from mybookAdded to your services collection!Error when adding to services collectionThis business was removed from the services collection14. Latas, Mark A26 Market StYoungstown, OH 44503(330) 272-9508AttorneysCriminal Law AttorneysDirectionsMore InfoFrom Business: PROUDLY SERVING THE COMMUNITY FOR 33 YEARS! *COURTEOUS SERVICE * *REASONABLE RATES* *No Consultation Fee* MARK A LATAS - General Practice - DIVORCE * DISSOLUTION & …Add to mybookRemove from mybookAdded to your services collection!Error when adding to services collectionThis business was removed from the services collection15. TVC Pro DriverServing the Youngstown Area.(877) 623-3533AttorneysFamily Law AttorneysWebsiteMore InfoFrom Business: TVC has been in business for over 20 years. We specialize in fighting your moving and non-moving violations in court for you. We have over 700,000 commercial driver…Add to mybookRemove from mybookAdded to your services collection!Error when adding to services collectionThis business was removed from the services collection16. Bill Gordon & AssociatesFind a Location(800) 305-7063AttorneysWebsiteMore InfoFrom Business: The filing of a Social Security disability claim and the subsequent appeals process is confusing to many applicants. It is often overwhelming to locate, prepare, an…Add to mybookRemove from mybookAdded to your services collection!Error when adding to services collectionThis business was removed from the services collection17. Colley Shroyer AbrahamServing the Youngstown Area.(888) 255-3706AttorneysMedical Malpractice AttorneysWebsiteMore InfoFrom Business: Making Headlines For More Than 40 Years Colley Shroyer & Abraham has gained statewide and nationwide recognition for our achievements in personal injury. Our achiev…Add to mybookRemove from mybookAdded to your services collection!Error when adding to services collectionThis business was removed from the services collection18. Gervelis Law FirmServicesBBB Rating: A+3790 Boardman Canfield RdCanfield, OH 44406(330) 533-6565AttorneysMalpractice Law AttorneysWebsiteDirectionsMore InfoFrom Business: From our main offices in Canfield and offices conveniently located throughout Ohio, Gervelis Law Firm is uniquely positioned to provide aggressive, experienced and …Add to mybookRemove from mybookAdded to your services collection!Error when adding to services collectionThis business was removed from the services collection19. Shaker & Shaker LLPServicesNiles, OH 44446(330) 652-2762AttorneysWebsiteMore InfoAdd to mybookRemove from mybookAdded to your services collection!Error when adding to services collectionThis business was removed from the services collection20. Stefanski & AssociatesServices5731 Shields RdCanfield, OH 44406(330) 286-0500AttorneysWebsiteDirectionsMore InfoFrom Business: The professionals at Stefanski & Associates, LLC are focused on providing cost effective, creative solutions to the legal challenges faced by our business clients. …Add to mybookRemove from mybookAdded to your services collection!Error when adding to services collectionThis business was removed from the services collection21. Krugliak, Wilkins Griffiths & Dougherty Co LPAServicesBBB Rating: A+4775 Munson St NWCanton, OH 44718(330) 497-0700Oil Land LeasesFamily Law AttorneysWebsiteDirectionsMore InfoFrom Business: Krugliak, Wilkins, Griffiths & Dougherty Company, also known as KWGD, is a law firm that represents individuals and corporate clients. Founded in 1958, the firm pra…Add to mybookRemove from mybookAdded to your services collection!Error when adding to services collectionThis business was removed from the services collection22. Elizabeth BernardServices4137 Boardman Canfield RdCanfield, OH 44406(330) 286-0474AttorneysLemon Law AttorneysWebsiteDirectionsMore InfoFrom Business: Personal injury Law is about personal issues and you deserve a lawyer who will give personal service, effective representation and attention to your case. It is ver…Add to mybookRemove from mybookAdded to your services collection!Error when adding to services collectionThis business was removed from the services collection23. Bremer & Trollop Law Offices SCServices2100 Stewart Ave #140Wausau, WI 54401(715) 203-4376Personal Injury Law AttorneysAttorneysWebsiteDirectionsFrom Business: Personal injury law protects your rights and the livelihood of you and your family. If you've been injured - start here with experienced personal injury attorneys w…Add to mybookRemove from mybookAdded to your services collection!Error when adding to services collectionThis business was removed from the services collection24. Hunter Stevens Land Title AgencyBBB Rating: A+6715 Tippecanoe RdCanfield, OH 44406(330) 533-6119AttorneysFinancial ServicesInsuranceWebsiteDirectionsMore InfoAdd to mybookRemove from mybookAdded to your services collection!Error when adding to services collectionThis business was removed from the services collection25. Mary Ellen BranniganServices3870 Starrs Centre DrCanfield, OH 44406(330) 286-7524AttorneysMedical Law AttorneysDirectionsMore InfoAdd to mybookRemove from mybookAdded to your services collection!Error when adding to services collectionThis business was removed from the services collection26. Blair & LatellServicesBBB Rating: A+724 Youngstown Warren RdNiles, OH 44446(330) 299-9589AttorneysWebsiteDirectionsMore InfoFrom Business: Blair & Latell Co LPA Attorneys At Law is dedicated to ensuring that every client gets the representation they deserve. We are accomplished in various areas of the …Add to mybookRemove from mybookAdded to your services collection!Error when adding to services collectionThis business was removed from the services collection27. Goldfarb, Gary MServices55 Public Square, Suite 2100Cleveland, OH 44113(216) 777-1878AttorneysWebsiteDirectionsMore InfoFrom Business: Our firm handles legal matters in the following practice areas: General, Civil Trial, Personal Injury, Workers Compensation, Social Security Disability, Domestic Re…Add to mybookRemove from mybookAdded to your services collection!Error when adding to services collectionThis business was removed from the services collection28. Eshelman Legal Group945 Windham Ct Suite 5Youngstown, OH 44512(877) 838-6297AttorneysPersonal Injury Law AttorneysDirectionsMore InfoFrom Business: Have you or a loved one been injured in an accident? Call now for a free injury case review. There are no fees unless we win your case.Add to mybookRemove from mybookAdded to your services collection!Error when adding to services collectionThis business was removed from the services collection29. Injury HelpLine®Serving the Youngstown Area.(866) 372-5324AttorneysAutomobile Accident AttorneysWebsiteMore InfoFrom Business: Categories: Personal Injury, Auto Accident Attorney and other Vehicle Accident General Info Get connected to a local attorney for free. If you have been injured in …Sponsored LinksRelated Articlesfor Green Haines Sgambati Co Lpamore related articles »What Type of Injuries Can a Personal Injury Lawyer Help with »A personal injury lawyer can help defendants in a variety of situations, from car accidents to defamation. Learn what personal inj…How to Work with Divorce Lawyers & Avoid Financial Mistakes »Divorce lawyers help couples agree to the terms of their separation, but can also be very expensive. Learn how to choose the right…What to Look for When Hiring a Bankruptcy Lawyer »If you must hire a bankruptcy lawyer, make sure you choose one with the necessary experience to get you out of debt. Learn how to …Map ViewSponsoredJames Lanzo Law Offices4126 Youngstown Poland Rd, Youngstown, OH 44514(330) 782-8283A Name You Know...A Name You TrustWebsiteDirectionsMore InfoJames Lanzo Law Offices4126 Youngstown Poland Rd, Youngstown, OH 44514(330) 782-8283A Name You Know...A Name You TrustWebsiteDirectionsMore InfoKate A. Venable, Attorney at Law420 Clearmount Dr, Youngstown, OH 44511(330) 623-7225WebsiteDirectionsMore InfoAnzellotti, Sperling Pazol & Small CO LPA21 N Wickliffe Cir, Youngstown, OH 44515(330) 272-9064WebsiteDirectionsMore InfoConn, Paul C8090 MARKET ST STE 1, Youngstown, OH 44512(330) 729-9624Contact Us For InformationDirectionsMore InfoSiciliano & Gallitto PLL1045 Tiffany S, Youngstown, OH 44514(330) 272-9522WebsiteDirectionsMore InfoAusnehmer John E120 Marwood Cir, Youngstown, OH 44512(330) 726-1654WebsiteDirectionsMore InfoLatas, Mark A26 Market St, Youngstown, OH 44503(330) 272-9508Proudly Serving The Community For 33 Years!DirectionsMore InfoSchiavoni Schiavoni Bush & Muldowney Co LPA87 Westchester Dr, Youngstown, OH 44515(330) 799-5940Let Us Help You Secure The Benefits You DeserveDirectionsMore InfoAnthony & Zomoida Attorneys At Law40 S Main St, Youngstown, OH 44514(330) 509-7048YOU DESERVE A FRESH STARTWebsiteDirectionsMore InfoWellman Jeren Hackett & Skoufatos LPA4990 Mahoning Ave, Youngstown, OH 44515(330) 792-2336WebsiteDirectionsMore InfoHorlick Chester W & Assocs(4)5815 Market St, Youngstown, OH 44512(330) 726-8939Contact Us For InformationWebsiteDirectionsMore InfoPomreico Law26 Market St, Youngstown, OH 44503(888) 659-4829WebsiteLearn MoreDirectionsMore InfoHenderson Covington Messenger Newman & Thomas Co LPA6 W Federal St Central Ste 1300, Youngstown, OH 44503(330) 269-7224Ohio's Premier General Civil Law FirmWebsiteServices OfferedMore InfoPiccirillo Michael R7301 West Blvd, Youngstown, OH 44512(330) 965-7501WebsiteDirectionsMore InfoSchoenike John7081 West Blvd, Youngstown, OH 44512(330) 758-7700Contact Us for InformationDirectionsMore InfoHaddaeus Sebastiano Ltd918 Trailwood Dr, Youngstown, OH 44512(330) 953-3667Contact Us For InformationWebsiteDirectionsMore InfoGreen Haines Sgambati Co LPA100 E Federal St, Youngstown, OH 44503(330) 743-5101Contact Us For InformationWebsiteDirectionsMore InfoLegow, Elliot P998 Colonial Dr, Youngstown, OH 44505(330) 759-7988DirectionsMore InfoMaruca Law Firm LLC201 E Commerce St, Youngstown, OH 44503(330) 423-4602WebsiteDirectionsMore InfoMaro Lynn7081 West Blvd, Youngstown, OH 44512(330) 758-7700Contact Us for InformationDirectionsMore InfoRossi & Rossi26 Market St, Youngstown, OH 44503(330) 744-8695WebsiteDirectionsMore InfoRidder Bryan M Co LPA20 W Federal St, Youngstown, OH 44503(330) 746-0171Contact Us for InformationWebsiteServices OfferedDirectionsMore InfoMatthew Giannini1040 S Commons Pl, Youngstown, OH 44514(330) 726-0484Contact Us for InformationWebsiteDirectionsMore InfoChicago Title Agency Of Mahoning County6715 Tippecanoe Rd, Canfield, OH 44406(330) 286-7525WebsiteDirectionsMore InfoGervelis Law Firm3790 Boardman Canfield Rd, Canfield, OH 44406(330) 533-6565Contact Us for InformationWebsiteDirectionsMore InfoMary Ellen Brannigan3870 Starrs Centre Dr, Canfield, OH 44406(330) 286-7524DirectionsMore InfoBlair & Latell724 Youngstown Warren Rd, Niles, OH 44446(330) 299-9589'THE TOUGH LEGAL EXPERIENCE YOU CAN TRUST'WebsiteDirectionsMore InfoElizabeth Bernard4137 Boardman Canfield Rd, Canfield, OH 44406(330) 286-0474Contact Us for InformationWebsiteDirectionsMore InfoTaylor Douglas B Attorney At Law(1)11492 Youngstown Pittsburgh Rd, New Middletown, OH 44442(330) 542-0114Contact Us for InformationDirectionsMore InfoHunter Stevens Land Title Agency6715 Tippecanoe Rd, Canfield, OH 44406(330) 533-6119Serving All Ohio CountiesWebsiteDirectionsMore InfoDidn't find what you were looking for?magnifying glassPlease help others by helping us do better.Suggest a BusinessHelpful Reviews James Lanzo Law OfficesBri D. ratedI've known this lawyer for quite some time & he always handles everyone's cases efficiently. The below reviews are just people that are scorned because they didn't win. He is a very busy attorney with a large caseload but tries his best to connect with every client and he always made me feel confident with my case and taken care of. I've watched him win several cases and have multiple happy clients. If you drove by (which is creepy,) and saw that his car was here, he was most likely in with appointments and wasn't taking phone calls. Maybe think of that next time you stalk an attorney.Horlick Chester W & AssocsJeremy G. ratedI started a business and ran into some serious problems. Attorney Todd Horlick was able to unravel the mess that I got myself into. My creditors were seizing my personal stuff, bank accounts, business assets, anything they could get. They explained bankruptcy and debt settlement. Before anything else got grabbed they filed a bankruptcy for me. These guys are smart and they care about their clients. Horlick Chester W & AssocsFrank K. ratedAtty. Todd Horlick helped me with a divorce. I didn't know what to do and instead of charging me lots of money and turning my case into a battle, He asked me what I wanted. Actually I didn't want to spend the time fighting but didn't want to lose my shirt. Atty. Horlick then got me an incredible deal without turning it into an angry bloodbath. Did You Know?Types of AttorneysThe legal profession is vast, with each attorney having his or her specialties. Here are some of the most common attorneys individuals seek out when they require legal aid:Criminal Lawyer

value: This website is a United States-based web site operated by YP Holdings that provides listings for local businesses. In 2013 it was re-branded as YP.com or simply "YP".


text:
Towing Service in Franklin, Georgia with Reviews & Ratings - YP.comFind People•Advertise With UsBrowseFind PeopleFeatured CollectionsRestaurantsAutomotiveHome ImprovementHealth & WellnessAttorneysPeople Searched For...HotelsFranklin Aluminum Co IncPig FarmsFuneral HomesNursing HomesCarroll EmcDollar GeneralTimes JournalRestaurantsMotelsHeard County Post OfficeHotelsRv ParksChurchesBuy Here Pay HereBudget Paint And Body WorksUsed Car DealersBreezeway Apartments Franklin GaHouses For RentMobile Home ParksHeard County Sheriffs DeptCampgrounds Recreational Vehicle ParksMovie TheatersAre you alocal business owner?Advertise with YPor call 888-367-2194What do you want to find?Search by business name, or keywordnearWhere? Address, ZIP Code, or NeighborhoodMy current locationSearchSign In•JoinHomeFranklin, GATowing ServiceFranklin Towing ServiceSort:DefaultDefaultDistanceRatingName (A - Z)FiltersFiltersMore NeighborhoodsDoneClear AllMore CategoriesAccess Control SystemsAlternators & Generators-Automotive RepairingAuto Oil & LubeAuto Repair & ServiceAuto TransmissionAutomobile AccessoriesAutomobile Air Conditioning Equipment-Service & RepairAutomobile Body Repairing & PaintingAutomobile Parts & SuppliesAutomobile Parts & Supplies-Used & Rebuilt-Wholesale & ManufacturersAutomobile SalvageAutomotive Roadside ServiceAutomotive Tune Up ServiceBrake RepairCar WashJunk DealersLocks & LocksmithsRadiators Automotive Sales & ServiceRecycling CentersScrap MetalsTire DealersTire Recap, Retread & RepairTowingTowing EquipmentTruck Service & RepairTruck WreckingUsed & Rebuilt Auto PartsWheel Alignment-Frame & Axle Servicing-AutomotiveWindshield RepairWrecker Service EquipmentDoneClear AllCategoryTowingAuto Repair & ServiceAutomotive Roadside ServiceMore »FeaturesBook a TableCouponsBook an AppointmentNeighborhoodsSponsored LinksAdd to mybookRemove from mybookAdded to your car collection!Error when adding to car collectionThis business was removed from the car collectionInaccurate Result?24-7 Towing & Roadside AssistanceServing the Franklin Area.(855) 808-9574Show BannerHide BannerTowingWebsiteMore InfoAdd to mybookRemove from mybookAdded to your car collection!Error when adding to car collectionThis business was removed from the car collectionInaccurate Result?Joe's TowingServing the Franklin Area.(334) 298-5160Show BannerHide BannerTowingAutomotive Roadside ServiceMetalsWebsiteMore InfoAdd to mybookRemove from mybookAdded to your car collection!Error when adding to car collectionThis business was removed from the car collectionInaccurate Result?1. 24-7 Roadside Assistance & TowingServing the Franklin Area.(844) 442-2871Automotive Roadside ServiceDentistsWebsiteMore InfoAdd to mybookRemove from mybookAdded to your car collection!Error when adding to car collectionThis business was removed from the car collectionInaccurate Result?2. 24-7 Towing & Roadside AssistanceServing the Franklin Area.(855) 808-9574TowingWebsiteMore InfoAdd to mybookRemove from mybookAdded to your car collection!Error when adding to car collectionThis business was removed from the car collectionInaccurate Result?3. Joe's TowingServing the Franklin Area.(334) 298-5160TowingAutomotive Roadside ServiceMetalsWebsiteMore InfoAdd to mybookRemove from mybookAdded to your car collection!Error when adding to car collectionThis business was removed from the car collection4. Davo Jr Automotive 24/7 Wrecker ServiceServices(52)Serving the Franklin Area.(706) 563-3763TowingWebsiteMore InfoAdd to mybookRemove from mybookAdded to your car collection!Error when adding to car collectionThis business was removed from the car collection5. Crockett Brothers' Wrecker Service IncServices301 Vernon StLagrange, GA 30240(706) 616-6373TowingAutomotive Roadside ServiceWebsiteDirectionsMore InfoAdd to mybookRemove from mybookAdded to your home collection!Error when adding to home collectionThis business was removed from the home collection6. Lynch's Automotive Locksmith(1)106 Hill StLagrange, GA 30241(706) 883-8454Automotive Roadside ServiceDirectionsMore InfoAdd to mybookRemove from mybookAdded to your car collection!Error when adding to car collectionThis business was removed from the car collection7. Cash For Junk Cars Today Free RemovalServing the Franklin Area.(800) 757-5211TowingRecycling CentersMore InfoAdd to mybookRemove from mybookAdded to your car collection!Error when adding to car collectionThis business was removed from the car collection8. National Semi Truck & Trailer Repair Towing & Commercial TiresServing the Franklin Area.(844) 888-7587TowingTire DealersWebsiteMore InfoAdd to mybookRemove from mybookAdded to your car collection!Error when adding to car collectionThis business was removed from the car collection9. Knotts Wrecker ServiceServing the Franklin Area.(334) 298-8069TowingAutomotive Roadside ServiceWebsiteMore InfoAdd to mybookRemove from mybookAdded to your car collection!Error when adding to car collectionThis business was removed from the car collectionInaccurate Result?10. Chuck's Towing(4)Serving the Franklin Area.(706) 568-9075TowingTowing EquipmentYP AdMore InfoAdd to mybookRemove from mybookAdded to your car collection!Error when adding to car collectionThis business was removed from the car collection11. We Buy Junk Cars & Used CarsServing the Franklin Area.(800) 757-5211TowingAutomobile SalvageMore InfoAdd to mybookRemove from mybookAdded to your car collection!Error when adding to car collectionThis business was removed from the car collectionInaccurate Result?12. Columbus Towing and Recovery(1)318 -F 10th AvColumbus, GA 31901(706) 641-8266TowingTowing EquipmentWebsiteMore InfoAdd to mybookRemove from mybookAdded to your car collection!Error when adding to car collectionThis business was removed from the car collectionInaccurate Result?13. Elite Auto PartsServing the Franklin Area.(706) 685-0330TowingMore InfoAdd to mybookRemove from mybookAdded to your car collection!Error when adding to car collectionThis business was removed from the car collectionInaccurate Result?14. Km & J Towing11619 Ga Highway 34Franklin, GA 30217(706) 594-7018TowingDirectionsMore InfoAdd to mybookRemove from mybookAdded to your car collection!Error when adding to car collectionThis business was removed from the car collectionInaccurate Result?15. Crowder S Grading & Land ServiceServicesServing the Franklin Area.(706) 637-5277TowingAuto Repair & ServiceMore InfoAdd to mybookRemove from mybookAdded to your car collection!Error when adding to car collectionThis business was removed from the car collectionInaccurate Result?16. Dean's Wrecker ServiceServing the Franklin Area.(770) 647-4315TowingMore InfoAdd to mybookRemove from mybookAdded to your car collection!Error when adding to car collectionThis business was removed from the car collectionInaccurate Result?17. Samples Wrecker ServiceServing the Franklin Area.(706) 637-9468TowingMore InfoAdd to mybookRemove from mybookAdded to your car collection!Error when adding to car collectionThis business was removed from the car collectionInaccurate Result?18. Griffin's AutomotiveServices492 Wares Cross RdLagrange, GA 30240(706) 884-0431TowingAuto Repair & ServiceBrake RepairDirectionsMore InfoAdd to mybookRemove from mybookAdded to your car collection!Error when adding to car collectionThis business was removed from the car collectionInaccurate Result?19. Hart's Wrecker ServiceServices(2)317 Greenwood St.Lagrange, GA 30240(762) 323-3323TowingWebsiteDirectionsMore InfoAdd to mybookRemove from mybookAdded to your car collection!Error when adding to car collectionThis business was removed from the car collectionInaccurate Result?20. Mike's Towing & Recovery1681 S Davis RdLagrange, GA 30241(706) 845-9186TowingAutomotive Roadside ServiceDirectionsMore InfoAdd to mybookRemove from mybookAdded to your car collection!Error when adding to car collectionThis business was removed from the car collectionInaccurate Result?21. Baxter & Sons637 Highway 29 SNewnan, GA 30263(678) 229-8520TowingTruck WreckingDirectionsMore InfoAdd to mybookRemove from mybookAdded to your car collection!Error when adding to car collectionThis business was removed from the car collection22. Lock'd Out1501 Macedonia RdNewnan, GA 30263(678) 877-5927Automotive Roadside ServiceWebsiteDirectionsMore InfoAdd to mybookRemove from mybookAdded to your car collection!Error when adding to car collectionThis business was removed from the car collectionInaccurate Result?23. Nation's Towing97 Fernwood DrLagrange, GA 30240(706) 884-6732TowingDirectionsMore InfoAdd to mybookRemove from mybookAdded to your car collection!Error when adding to car collectionThis business was removed from the car collectionInaccurate Result?24. Chris's Towing109 Cleveland DrLagrange, GA 30241(706) 882-4835TowingAuto Repair & ServiceDirectionsMore InfoAdd to mybookRemove from mybookAdded to your car collection!Error when adding to car collectionThis business was removed from the car collectionInaccurate Result?25. West Georgia Towing & Recovery3001 W Point RdLagrange, GA 30240(706) 884-1770TowingDirectionsMore InfoAdd to mybookRemove from mybookAdded to your car collection!Error when adding to car collectionThis business was removed from the car collectionInaccurate Result?26. West Georgia Towing & Recovery2053 W Point RdLagrange, GA 30240(706) 884-1770TowingTruck WreckingDirectionsMore InfoAdd to mybookRemove from mybookAdded to your car collection!Error when adding to car collectionThis business was removed from the car collectionInaccurate Result?27. Newnan towing and recovery59 sage ctNewnan, GA 30263(678) 378-2333TowingWrecker Service EquipmentDirectionsMore InfoAdd to mybookRemove from mybookAdded to your home collection!Error when adding to home collectionThis business was removed from the home collection28. Southside Wrecker ServiceServices679C US 29 SouthNewnan, GA 30263(770) 964-8220TowingAutomotive Roadside ServiceWebsiteDirectionsMore InfoAdd to mybookRemove from mybookAdded to your car collection!Error when adding to car collectionThis business was removed from the car collectionInaccurate Result?29. Auto Service CenterServices529 New Franklin RdLagrange, GA 30240(706) 812-1167TowingAuto Repair & ServiceWebsiteDirectionsMore InfoAdd to mybookRemove from mybookAdded to your car collection!Error when adding to car collectionThis business was removed from the car collectionInaccurate Result?30. LaGrange ToyotaProducts1221 Lafayette PkwyLagrange, GA 30241(706) 882-2963TowingNew Car DealersWebsiteDirectionsMore InfoSponsored LinksShowing1-30
of 39results12NextIf we're missing a business and you'd like to make a suggestion, please do! Add a business.Add a New CollectionOops! There was a problem saving the new custom collection.Please try again.Collection Name cannot be emptyUpload a Photo(optional)Remaining Characters: 100Remaining Characters: 500CancelSaveMap ViewFeatured Towingin Franklin, GeorgiaAdd to mybookRemove from mybookAdded to your car collection!Error when adding to car collectionThis business was removed from the car collectionInaccurate Result?Crockett Brothers' Wrecker Service Inc301 Vernon StLagrange, GA 30240(706) 616-637324-Hour Emergency Towing & Roadside AssistanceWebsiteDirectionsMore InfoAdd to mybookRemove from mybookAdded to your car collection!Error when adding to car collectionThis business was removed from the car collectionInaccurate Result?Davo Jr Automotive 24/7 Wrecker Service(52)4925 13th AveColumbus, GA 31904(706) 563-3763"GOING THE DISTANCE FOR YOU"WebsiteDirectionsMore InfoAdd to mybookRemove from mybookAdded to your car collection!Error when adding to car collectionThis business was removed from the car collectionInaccurate Result?Joe's TowingServing the Franklin Area.(334) 298-516024hour Service - Fast & ReliableWebsiteMore InfoAdd to mybookRemove from mybookAdded to your car collection!Error when adding to car collectionThis business was removed from the car collectionInaccurate Result?Cash For Junk Cars Today Free RemovalServing the Franklin Area.(800) 757-5211More InfoAdd to mybookRemove from mybookAdded to your car collection!Error when adding to car collectionThis business was removed from the car collectionInaccurate Result?National Semi Truck & Trailer Repair Towing & Commercial TiresServing the Franklin Area.(844) 888-7587Simply The Best!WebsiteMore InfoAboutAbout UsSite FeedbackContact UsAdvertise with UsCareers - We're HiringCorporate BlogEngineering BlogLegal


text:
Davis Lake - Wikipedia
For other uses, see Davis Lake (disambiguation).
Deschutes National Forest, Klamath and Deschutes counties, Oregon
43°36′57″N 121°50′39″W / 43.61583°N 121.84417°W / 43.61583; -121.84417Coordinates: 43°36′57″N 121°50′39″W / 43.61583°N 121.84417°W / 43.61583; -121.84417
118 square miles (310 km2)
1,000 to 3,906 acres (405 to 1,581 ha)
35,940 acre feet (44,330,000 m3)
Davis Lake straddles the border between Deschutes County and Klamath County in the U.S. state of Oregon. A relatively large and shallow lake in the Deschutes National Forest, it is located toward the south end of the Cascade Lakes Scenic Byway, near Oregon Route 58 and U.S. 97. The lake is known as one of Oregon's best bass lakes.[4]
Davis Lake was formed by a lava flow within the nearby volcanic field blocking Odell Creek.[5] The blockage results in the lake, which can cover over 3,000 acres (1,200 ha) acres in the winter months. In the summer, however, the inflow from Odell and Ranger creeks cannot fill up the lake as fast as the water escapes through the lava blockage, resulting in the lake covering a much smaller area. It is unknown where the water goes that escapes through the lava dam.[5]
Davis Lake is known for its fishing. Only fly fishing with artificial flies is permitted. Rainbow trout are planted to assist natural reproduction. The piscivorous trout, native to the lake, feeds on the invasive Tui chub.[6]
In the 1980s and 1990s, years of drought lowered the levels and warmed the waters of the lake, affecting the trout, which thrive during high-water years. In 1995, largemouth bass were illegally put into the lake, feeding off of the smaller trout. Now, the bass population is greater than the trout population.[4]
Davis Lake is a fly-fishing lake only. Motors are allowed, and per the 2013 Oregon Sport Fishing Regulations trolling is allowed. Speed is limited to 10 mph (16 km/h). There is boat ramp located on the west side of Odell Creek and at South Davis Campground higher up Odell Creek. Boat launching at Lava Flow campground is also an option. There are three campgrounds on the shores of the lake—one each on the west and east sides, and one near the lava flow—which comprise 70 individual campsites. All three campgrounds provide firepits, picnic tables, and toilets, and the east and west side campgrounds provide water.[5]
^ Johnson, Daniel M.; Petersen, Richard R.; Lycan, D. Richard; Sweet, James W.; Neuhaus, Mark E., and Schaedel, Andrew L. (1985). Atlas of Oregon Lakes. Corvallis: Oregon State University Press. pp. 64–65. ISBN 0-87071-343-4. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
^ "Davis Lake". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey. November 28, 1980. Retrieved December 17, 2012.
^ "Atlas of Oregon Lakes: Davis Lake (Deschutes County, Klamath County)". Portland State University. 1985–2012. Retrieved December 17, 2012.
^ a b Santella, Chris (22 September 2007). "Once a Trout Fishery, Oregon Lake Has Identity Tied to Bass". The New York Times. p. 6. Retrieved 9 August 2011.
^ a b c "Davis Lake". Travel Oregon. 2011. Retrieved 9 August 2011.
^ "Davis Lake". Welches, Oregon: The Fly Fishing Shop. Retrieved 9 August 2011.
Media related to Davis Lake (Oregon) at Wikimedia Commons
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Davis_Lake&oldid=782884479"


text:
The Threats to Our Drinking Water - The New York Times
The Opinion Pages|The Threats to Our Drinking Water
| Op-Ed Contributor The Threats to Our Drinking Water
By DAVID S. BECKMANAUG. 6, 2014
Shannon Freshwater SAN FRANCISCO — THOSE of us who live in the United States are fortunate; generally we don’t have to give a lot of thought to the safety of our tap water. This makes our collective experience with water very different from that of hundreds of millions of people across the globe who lack access to clean water.But twice this year the water supply for a major American city was interrupted for days by water pollution. In January, a chemical used in the processing of coal leaked from a ruptured storage tank into the Elk River, contaminating the water supply for about 300,000 people in and around Charleston, W.Va., the state’s capital and largest city. Then, last weekend, the water supply for over 400,000 people in Toledo, Ohio, was declared unsafe because of the presence of microcystin, a toxin released by algae blooms in nearby Lake Erie, the source of the city’s water.While the circumstances in each situation are different, there are notable similarities. In each case, the pollution could not be adequately treated by the local water plants. Sudden “do not drink” (and, in some cases, “do not bathe”) warnings resulted. And in each case, activities in or near the communities caused, or partially caused, the problem. In Charleston, it was an upstream industrial spill; in Toledo, polluted runoff, including from agriculture, along the Great Lakes stoked the slimy, fluorescent algae blooms that sent residents flocking to supermarkets for bottled water.Those events offer two important reminders about water in the United States.The first is that while our country has made huge strides in reducing water pollution since the 1970s, when Congress passed federal laws like the Clean Water Act and the Safe Drinking Water Act, controlling water pollution is not a “set it and forget it” endeavor. Those statutes set broad goals but depend on states and the Environmental Protection Agency to design and update programs to keep the water clean. Continue reading the main story
Charleston underscores the imperative of ensuring that clean water policies are fully implemented and strengthened where necessary. Toledo reminds us that threats are not static and neither is the environment. Polluted runoff was not a primary focus in 1970, and the consequences of climate change were not considered then. But now we recognize that runoff from farms, lawns, streets and parking lots is a major problem across the country and more difficult to control because of its ubiquity. And we also now know that climate change doesn’t just warm the air, it can warm water — resulting in more algae blooms.A second takeaway is that while the current drought gripping parts of the nation can make us think water scarcity is a function of the absolute quantity of water available, practically speaking it is actually a function of quantity and quality. Toledo was without potable water for several days even though it sits beside the Great Lakes, the largest surface freshwater system on earth.So what should we do?There are specific steps that would make a difference, including providing water utilities with broader authority to address threats found in watershed surveys; beefing up pollution prevention requirements for chemical tanks to include uniform rules for storage of hazardous substances; and updating outmoded state and federal rules on runoff to include clear reduction targets, which are lacking today.
Actions like these will almost certainly need to be paired with an increase in financing. The Environmental Protection Agency says the capital needs of water utilities over 20 years amount to $384 billion to keep tap water clean and another $298 billion to address wastewater and runoff. By comparison, over the last 25 years, the E.P.A.’s primary wastewater grant and loan program distributed over $100 billion, a fraction of the investment the nation needs to make now.Just as important, this moment also calls for a change in thinking about how we can best achieve our nation’s clean water goals. Traditionally, water policy has dealt with issues of quality and quantity separately. This approach must be replaced by an integrated strategy that addresses both together. Neither plentiful, polluted water nor scarce, clean water will meet our needs.
The “green infrastructure” movement taking hold across the nation includes a water management approach that uses natural systems like wetlands and green buffers to reduce runoff, enhance water supply and improve community aesthetics. We need more of this kind of integration and the thinking that animates it.When we ignore the weaknesses in our current approaches to safeguarding our drinking water supplies, we take a significant risk. If the sudden absence of drinking water in Charleston and Toledo serves to refocus the country on the importance of protecting water with a seriousness that reflects its indispensability, that will be a very good thing.
David S. Beckman is the executive director of the Pisces Foundation, an environmental philanthropy, and former director of the water program at the Natural Resources Defense Council. A version of this op-ed appears in print on August 7, 2014, on Page A27 of the New York edition with the headline: The Threats to Our Drinking Water. Today's Paper|Subscribe

value: This website is an American daily newspaper based in New York City with a worldwide readership. Founded in 1851, the Times has since won 132 Pulitzer Prizes, the most of any newspaper, and has long been regarded within the industry as a national "newspaper of record".


text:
A Bloody Good Secret by Sierra Dean, Paperback | Barnes & Noble®
Now she's back in town-dragged kicking and screaming-determined to clear Holden Chancery's name. Right after she finds out what he's accused of. It shouldn't be hard-Holden has a habit of using their new and scintillating psychic bond to break into her thoughts and dreams at some very, shall we say, awkward moments.
Just a few things stand in her way: a secretive Tribunal leader, a group of would-be vampire slayers and two werewolf boyfriends who refuse to let her operate in her customary lone-wolf style. Even less amusing are the terrifying creatures that someone is using in an attempt to gain control of the council. Even for this out-of-the-ordinary bounty hunter, it's a challenge with potentially deadly teeth.
9781986122726
“Sierra Dean’s characters and worldbuilding is nothing shy of remarkable… Something Secret This Way Comes is a must read for PNR/UF adult fans alike.”
A Bloody Good Secret 4.5 out of 5 based on 0 ratings. 31 reviews.
This is the second of Secret McQueen's adventures, and it is packed with action, danger, betrayal and some very hot loving. As 'bounty hunter' for the Vampire Tribunal, Secret McQueen knows her job is more executioner than anything else. But when her new assignment is to bring in her mentor, Holden Chancery, Secret runs. She hides out until the head of the Tribunal tracks her down and makes her realize that she needs to return, not just to find Holden, but to discover just why he is being charged with treason against the Vampires. She also needs to deal with things between herself and her men, the two wolves who see her as their mate. As she searches, she realizes that Holden has been set up, and only she can clear his name and save his life. And she needs to take her place in werewolf society, to strengthen her mates place as leader of the Eastern wolves. Can Secret uncover the real traitor and keep Holden safe? Can she keep herself alive, and fulfill her mates' needs, all while trying to fight strange and terrible creatures determined to stop her? I love Ms Dean's world, and the fantastic characters that inhabit it. The world is a blend of reality and fantasy, with many identifying landmarks and the occasional strange being to throw you off the track. I was drawn into this from the first page, and couldn't wait to see how Secret would solve all the puzzles. The cast of characters here is much the same as the first book: Secret McQueen, her mentor Holden, her two wolf mates Lucas Rain and Desmond Alvarez, and of course the Tribunal: Sig, Daria and Juan Carlos. There are a few new villains, and one or two surprise twists to make this one edge-of-your-seat exciting. I was sure I knew who the 'bad guy' was, and I was so wrong! Lucas' sister Kellan was a terrific addition to the cast, and I hope we see more of her in the future. This story made me laugh, cry... and wonder who was behind the plot. I was especially surprised to see who had Secret's back through this mad dash to save one vampire from an undeserved punishment. There is a terrific "happy for now" ending, but with a twist that makes me want more. I recommend this for those who like to mix romance and mystery, and those who love surprises. Originally posted at the Long and Short of It Romance Reviews

value: This website is an American bookseller. It is a Fortune 1000 company and the bookseller with the largest number of retail outlets in the United States.