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Abstract Nanotechnology is one of the most active research areas that encompass a number of disciplines including civil engineering and construction materials. The most active fields are: electronics, bio-mechanics and coatings. Interest in nanotechnology concept for portland cement composites is steadily growing. Currently, the most active research areas dealing with cement and concrete are: understanding of the hydration of cement particles and the use of nano-size ingredients such as alumina and silica particles. There are also a limited number of investigations dealing with the manufacture of nano-cement. If cement with nano-size particles can be manufactured and processed, it will open up a large number of opportunities in the fields of ceramics, high strength composites and electronic applications. This will elevate the status of portland cement to a high tech material in addition to its current status of the most widely used construction material. Very few inorganic cementing materials can match the capabilities of portland cement in terms of cost and availability. The main objective of this paper is to outline promising research areas. Basic background information on nanotechnology research, state of the art on use of this technology in concrete, opportunities and challenges are discussed. Keywords: nano portland cement, carbon, nano-tubes, composites
Nanotechnology is a very active research field and has applications in a number of areas. Currently this technology is being used for the creation of new materials, devices and systems at molecular, nano- and micro-level [1-8]. Various government agencies in the United States of America are supporting nanotechnology exceeding billion dollars per year. National Science Foundation (NSF) is one of the active participants with a major share of research funding.
Areas of investment for the fiscal year 2006 were: • • • • • • • Fundamental Nano-scale Phenomena and Processes. etc. Major Research Facilities and Instrumentation Acquisition. including for K-12. He is Chair of ACI Committee 544. and their respective fabrication. reinforced concrete and prestressed concrete. medical facilities and states. Ken Chong is Engineering Advisor and Program Director in Engineering Directorate of National Science Foundation(NSF). Societal Dimensions. Fiber Reinforced Concrete and Member of Committees 215 Fatigue of Concrete and 5498. He also served as Chairman for Committees 215 and 549. information systems. Ferrocement and Thin Cement Products. and Expand partnerships of academic researchers with industry. Nano-scale Devices and Systems. Earlier educational programs and teaching materials. He has more than 250 publication including 2 books and 3 edited books. His focus on materials was a boon for researchers in the area on nanoconcrete. 2006. environment.His research interests include advanced construction materials. medicine. Expanded joint research program addressing potential implications of nanotechnology with other federal agencies. USA. USA
ACI Fellow Perumalsamy Balaguru is a Distinguished Professor in the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering. by using remote access to NSF educational networks. Research on nano-scale devices and system architecture. will be emphasized. Over the last two decades Dr. Dr.Proceedings of ACI Session on “Nanotechnology of Concrete: Recent Developments and Future Perspectives” November 7.
Program emphases for fiscal year 2007 are: • • • • • • Increased focus on complex large nano-systems.). and Standards for Nanotechnology. Nano-manufacturing. Nano-materials. dynamic and emerging behavior. at Rutgers the State University of Ne Jersey. Instrumentation Research. He is an active researchers with a number of publications including books and made a large number of presentations including Key-Note and Plenary Lectures. Increased focused on three-dimensional measurements of domains of engineering relevance with good time resolution. Converging science. He has made more than 300 presentations including Key-Note and Plenary Lectures. by integrating nano-systems into applications (in manufacturing. Chong initiated and directed a large number of initiatives to further the state of the art in concrete. composites and nanomaterials in concrete. Metrology.
. engineering and technology from the nano-scale. He was one of the pioneers at NSF to initiate research in the area of nano technology. His direction support resulted in development of high strength and durable concrete and self healing concrete.
Portland cement is the most common and widely used construction material and its current production is estimated as 6 billion cubic meters per year [18]. In addition modern day concrete has a very good performance record for a period of more than 175 years. For example. room temperature setting. At the micro level. low cost. If these nano-cement particles can be processed with nanotubes and reactive nano-size silica particles. Since most ceramics are processed at temperatures much higher than 400 °C. ease of construction. readily available properties and performance data for design and construction. strong. micro cement with a maximum particle size of about 5 microns is being used [10].Perumalsamy Balaguru and Ken Chong
As of 2007. The lessons learned on fiber reinforced concrete can also be effectively used for composites made using short discrete fibers. tough and room temperature processed ceramics can be developed both for electronic applications and coatings. Note that carbon fibers provide enhancement to both mechanical and electrical properties. room temperature processing will be a boon to retain the mechanical properties of carbon nano-tubes. In the case of micro-cement the average particle size is reduced to 5 micro meters. Currently cement particle sizes range from a few nano-meters to a maximum of about100 micro meters. In applications that require thinner final products and faster setting time.
. there are more than 700 active research projects supported by NSF.
DEFINITION OF NANO-CONCRETE
For discussions presented in this paper. nano-concrete is defined as a concrete made with portland cement particles that are less than 500 nano-meters as the cementing agent.5% of steel fibers to concrete matrix are not that much different from the enhancement provided by 0. An order of magnitude reduction is needed to produce nano-cement. both at micro and nano-level. carbon fibers can not be used with these processes. Therefore the particle size has to be reduced by an order of magnitude to obtain nano-portland cement.and micro-concrete. conductive.5% of carbon nano-tubes in high performance composites [9-10]. there is also a very good analogy between reinforced concrete and fiber composites. considerable amount of fiber reinforced concrete containing 0. Average size of portland cement particle is about 50 microns. The primary objective of this paper is to present the possibilities of using nanotechnology for portland cement-based composites including nano. Since carbon oxidizes at temperatures above 400 °C.5% of steel fibers are being used in actual construction. The major advantages of this material are: availability of raw materials for production all over the world. The enhancement of properties provided by this 0. Portland cement is typically used as cementing materials with fine and coarse aggregates to create products that are a few mm to several meters thick.
101…2 meters
Fig. 2006. Current portland cement-based coatings are not popular because they need to be thick and polymer additions are needed to improve adhesion.
cooling tower.Proceedings of ACI Session on “Nanotechnology of Concrete: Recent Developments and Future Perspectives” November 7. heat cured and coated with other nano-materials. we should be able to control the amount and the locations of these nano.
4. Carbon nano-tubes can be used for both strengthening and creating electric circuits. temperature resistance up to 600 °C. to claim the use of nanotechnology. Certain unique properties of portland cement such as: room temperature processing. reaction capability with currently available nano-materials such as nano-silica and non toxic characteristics can be effectively used to create unique products. USA
4.ingredients inside the final products.
IS THERE A NEED FOR NANO-CONCRETE?
The authors believe that the answer is Yes. If we can create chemical or mechanical tools to control nano-scale pores and the placement of calcium-silicate hydration products then concrete becomes a product of nanotechnology. Denver. 1. It can also be molded to complex shapes. compatibility with a number of fiber types including carbon fibers. However. Nano-cement will create a new paradigm in this area of application. 1: Scales of various constituents of concrete and a typical application [7]
One can claim that concrete utilizes nanotechnology because it contains nano-particles as ingredients including nano-water particles and nano-air voids. micro-meter thick plates and other shapes such as cylinders can be manufactured for various applications including electronic components and high temperature sensors. low shrinkage. Crack free decks will be a reality instead of a dream. The scales of various constituent materials of concrete are shown in Fig. If processable nano-cement is synthesized.1. Another major large volume application is in the area of coatings.
2. The following section provides a short summary of their observations. influence of the addition of nano-size silica to concrete. synthesis of cement using nano-particles and coatings (that contain nano-size particles) applied to protect concrete.
Fig. In this study US and German scientists are using nuclear resonance reaction analysis (NRRA) to investigate what takes place on the surface of the cement particle as it hydrates. or reaction by-products. These activities are briefly described in the following sections. 2. a necessary component of water. which binds cement grains together and sets the concrete. The silicate reacts with calcium ions to form a calcium-silicate hydrate gel. Cement Reactivity Nano-Structure
A collaborative research activity supported by Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) and NSF is being conducted at University of Connecticut to study cement hydration at a nano-scale level. Fig. Details of hydrating cement grain at nano-scale [7]
. a silicate gel forms there. Location of these hydrogen atoms are used to create a hydrogen depth profile. The researchers identified four components that are active during cement hydration. This leads to eventual breakdown of the outermost layer. 2. The 20nanometer-thick semi-permeable surface layer allows water to enter the cement grain and leaches out calcium ions.Perumalsamy Balaguru and Ken Chong
Current research activities of nanotechnology in concrete include: characterization of cement hydration. causing swelling within the cement grain. As the reaction continues. A beam of nitrogen atoms is used to probe a reacting cement grain to locate hydrogen atoms. which shows the rate of water penetration as well as the arrangement of various surface layers formed during the reaction. 4. The larger silicate ions in the cement are trapped behind this layer. The surface disintegration then releases accumulated silicate into the surrounding solution.
7 Synthesis of Cement Using Nano-Particles
In a project supported by National Science Foundation. the breakdown occurs at 1. temperature and relative humidity [7]. and other factors. and grain size because the reactions occur in the nano-scale pores of the cement gel.5. 4.3. The gel is formed due to the reaction between cement alkalis and a reactive form of silica from aggregates or supplementary additions. Denver. USA
The evolution of the hydrogen profile shows the timing of the surface layer's breakdown. This information can be used to study the concrete setting process as a function of time. 2006. which expands and causes significant material damage. Fly Ash Reactivity Characterization
FHWA is also funding a research study to examine interactions between fly ash and portland cement gel nano-structure. This study is expected to explain the effects of various factors on the rate of development of cement's fractal nano-scale structure. 4. Small-angle neutron scattering is being used to quantify the changes on a nano-scale as a function of time and fly ash composition. 4. durability [5].6 Cement Hydration Kinetics
Conventional analytical methods are unable to provide an accurate model for the rate of cement's reaction with water as a function of temperature. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Xray diffraction (XRD) equipment were used to evaluate the morphology and structure of
. Alkali-Silicate Reaction (ASR) Studies
ASR results in the formation of alkali/silica gel. cement chemistry. researchers used NRRA to determine that in cement hydrating at 30°C (86°F).4. temperature. and subsequently. scientists from National Institute for Standards & Technology's (NIST) Center for Cold Neutron Research and FHWA are using neutron scattering methods to measure motions and reactions of water at a nano-scale.Proceedings of ACI Session on “Nanotechnology of Concrete: Recent Developments and Future Perspectives” November 7. For example. it has been synthesized the components of portland cement Type I using nano-particles and compared their properties with that of commercial cement. Therefore. reduced amount of about 15 to 20 kg of nano-silica was found to provide same strength as 60 kg of regular or micro silica. Nano-Scale Silica Fume for Improving Concrete Performance
Ultra-fine amorphous colloidal silica was found to be much more efficient than micron sized silica for improving the performance such as permeability. water/cement ratio. FHWA researchers are using neutron scattering and positron annihilation spectroscopy to measure nano-scale changes in gel microstructure as a function of gel chemistry. 4.5 hours [7]. 4. In addition.
Nano-horns are single walled carbon cones with remarkable adsorptive and catalytic properties. More details can be found in reference 4. Structural properties of single walled (single layered) tubes. 4. including medical fields. Since this is a
.calcium silicate compounds as well as copper oxide were found to be present in the synthesized cement.and di. The bundled nano-tubes are sometimes referred to as nano “ropes”. Conglomerated nano-particles with crystalline structures containing quantities of tri. stiffness and stability properties. arc-evaporation techniques were used to produce bulk quantities of nano-tubes. Smalley’s group in Texas. rapid hydration. discovered by the Japanese Scientist Sumio Iijima in 1991 [6]. stiffness. Other forms of carbon nano-tubes are: nano-horns. A single layer nano-tube was synthesized in 1993 by adding metals such as Cobalt to Graphite electrodes. multi walled tubes and single wall bundled tubes are needed for effective utilization of these materials in electronic and bio applications and development of nano/micro composites. Hydration tests indicated that the nano-cement had a more rapid hydration rate than portland cement Types I and III. In 1996. and the lack of gypsum [14].1. 4. Single layer nano-tube can be considered as the perfect thin walled cylinder because of the uniformity in thickness. The forces are measured in nano Newtons and the displacements are measured in fractions of nano meters.Perumalsamy Balaguru and Ken Chong
synthesized tricalcium silicate (C3S) components. Nano-fibers could become the ultimate carbon fibers because of their very high strength.8. Within a short period. basic mechanical properties of these tubes are presented in the following sections [4-6]. The challenge is to test them to obtain strength. These tubes can be filled with materials including biological molecules. nano-test tubes and nano-fibers. A number of techniques are being developed to use electro-mechanical devices to induce force and measure responses. The authors attributed this reduction to a number of factors including: particle aggregation. They have excellent potential for use in fuel cells. a high water to cement ratio. Carbon Nano-Tubes
Since carbon nano-tubes have excellent potential for use in cement composites. The following sections provide some basic information on geometric dimensions and mechanical properties of carbon nano-tubes. Nano test tubes have potential for use in a number of applications.8. aspect ratio and purity. These uniform tubes had a tendency to form aligned bundles compared to those prepared using arcevaporation. General Description The most popular nano-tubes are carbon nano-tubes. These tubes were multilayered structures. USA developed a method that resulted in high yield of single walled tubes with unusually uniform diameters. accurate geometry and linear elastic material behavior. Compressive strength of the cement synthesized using nano-particles was found to be less than that of ordinary portland cement.
64 GPa [12]. Single layer tube has a much smaller diameter (1 to 3 nm) and length (about 300 nm). carbon nano-tubes can be mixed with alumino-silicates to produce very thin wafers that are very strong and highly conductive. where many individual tubes are closepacked in parallel.
. The stresses were estimated assuming a uniform thickness of 0.34 nm.3. stress-strain behavior. The typical length varies from 100 to 1000nm. It is possible to refine the process to reduce the maximum particle size in the matrix to 5 or 10 nm. 4.8.2. Dimensions of Carbon Nano-Tubes The first nano-tubes discovered were multi-walled tubes [11]. Various types of high-resolution microscopes with the recent innovative developments in the area of nano manipulation have helped to obtain quantitative results. The strengths of very long (about 2 mm) ropes were found to be in the range of 1.8.Proceedings of ACI Session on “Nanotechnology of Concrete: Recent Developments and Future Perspectives” November 7. the reader is advised to refer to latest journals for up to date information. the reported strain at failure is as high as 12% and the strengths vary from 10 to 63 GPa. 4. Theoretical predictions indicate that the modulus can be as high as 5000 GPa. These values can be obtained using either experimental techniques or theoretical formulations. Current alumino-silicate formulations consist of silica particles in the range of 50 to 100 nm [8]. The composite can also be used as a tough. shear modulus and strengths in various modes.72 ± 0. Typical stress-strain plots reported two investigators are shown in Fig. 4. The strains reported are engineering strains.9. strain capacity in compression and tension. durable. Nano Composites Nano-tubes can be used to fabricate fiber composites that can inherit some of the outstanding properties of the nano-tubes. The small dimensions of the tubes impose a tremendous challenge for experimental study.5% of nano-tubes and still produce extraordinary strength and electrical conductivity improvements. Transmission electron microscopy studies indicate that these tubes look like nested shells with an interlayer spacing of about 0. 3 [10]. The single layer tubes are often manufactured in “rope” or “bundled” form. For example. the numbers reported on strengths and modulus values vary widely. In tension mode. However. high temperature and low-friction coating. These matrices can be reinforced with as low as 0.34 nm for the single tube. 2006. USA
very active research area. Denver. The equivalent diameter of the tubes is in the range of 10 to 50 nm. The modulus values reported range from 270 to 3600 GPa. Mechanical Properties of Nano-Tubes The basic information needed for analysis are elastic modulus.
or Smart Aggregates. 4. Possible
. Nano Sensors for Concrete Structures The feasibility of Cyberliths.
FUNDAMENTAL CEMENT HYDRATION CONCEPTS RELATED TO NANO-CEMENT
A large and in-depth knowledge base has been developed regarding the behavior of concrete over the past 150 years [8]. Possible issues related to nano-size cement particles are discussed in this section. As mentioned earlier the particle size has to be reduced by an order of magnitude.
5.Perumalsamy Balaguru and Ken Chong
Fig. Stress-strain relationships of nano-tubes [11] Researchers at NIST and university of Pennsylvania have been building nano-clay filled polymers that can improve fire resistance as well as mechanical properties [15]. These sensors can be used to remotely monitor the condition of the concrete and reinforcement without damaging the structures. etc. Metal oxide nano-particles have also been used in coatings for protection of UV light. with the ability to coat an entire bridge with Smart Dust for optimum monitoring capabilities via a smart sensor net. as wireless sensors embedded in concrete is being evaluated [16]. solar cells. selfdisinfecting surfaces. indoor air cleaners. The first and major issue is the synthesis of nano-cement. 3. Other nano-composites have superior structural performance. In the future these micro sensors might be reduced to dust-particle size.10.
• CSH has a large surface area (100 to 700 m2/g) and the strength of this material is attributed to van der Waals forces. • Size of capillary voids range from 10 to 1000 nm. However in well hydrated paste with a low water-cement ratio the pore size is typically less than 100 nm. In this mechanism. USA
avenues are chemical synthesis and separation of nano-size particles from micro cement using mechanical means. 2006. • Three major solid components of hydrated cement paste are: Calcium Silicate Hydrate (CSH). • Heat of hydration has two peaks. They also adhere to un-hydrated cement grains and aggregate particles. • Of the two mechanisms of hydration through-solution hydration is more suitable for nano-cements. Inter-particle spacing within an aggregation vary from 0. Aggregation of poorly crystalline CSH particles could occupy 1 to 100 nm.Proceedings of ACI Session on “Nanotechnology of Concrete: Recent Developments and Future Perspectives” November 7. • Heat of hydration is strongly influenced by particle size of cement. • Small CSH crystals. Heat of hydration and fabrication techniques are related to this subject area. • The size of CSH sheet is less than 2 nm and the space between the sheets vary from 0. • Pozzolanic reaction results in reduced capillary voids and replacement of calcium hydroxide with CSH. The following facts that we learned from cement hydration will play an important role in understanding the hydration of nano-cement paste: • One cubic mm of cement occupies about 2 cubic mm of space after complete hydration. The second major issue is the structure of hydrated cement. Denver.5 nm thick can be held by hydrogen bonding. Attempts have been made in both fronts but published information is not available in the open literature. Major part of this water can be removed by drying at 30 percent relative humidity. [Fig.5 to 3 nm. • Hydrated cement paste can contain adsorbed water.
. Up to six molecular layers of water. • CH products are typically large with a width of about 1000 nm. complete dissolution of anhydrous compounds to their ionic constituents and eventual precipitation of hydrates are assumed to take place. 2]. • Active hydration zone is about 2000 nm thick. • C3A generates the most heat and C2S generates the least amount of heat. CSH occupies about 50 to 60 percent of the volume where as CH and CS occupies 20 to 25 percent and 15 to 20 percent respectively. • CS has needle type structure and is unstable. Calcium Hydroxide crystals (CH or portlandite) and Calcium Sulfo-Aluminates (CS or ettringite). hexagonal calcium aluminate hydrates and calcium sulfo aluminates posses large surface areas and adhesive capability. Blaine of cement varies from 320 m2/kg for normal cement to 900 m2/kg for ultra high early strength cement.5 to 2. one occurs during the dissolution stage and the second occurs during the formation of compounds.5 nm. about 1.
which make up about 75 percent of cement. For example. Filtering technique of asbestos sheet manufacturing needs to be combined with vacuum bagging technique used for fabrication of aircraft structural components. This will become a reality with nano-cement because nano-carbon
A careful review of the aforementioned facts and figures on portland cement can be used to envision the performance of nano-cement: • Irrespective of the mode of manufacturing.2. • Only nano-size pozzolans and fillers should be used for nano-cement composites. It will be also very competitive with current inorganic composites because they have to be processed at high temperature.
If portland cement can be formulated with nano-size cement particles. • It is possible to mix nano-carbon tube bundles in nano-cement slurry. For certain applications even regular carbon whiskers can be used. Currently the micron size cement particles are not conducive for use with 7 micron diameter carbon fibers.1.
6. Possible Performance and Fabrication Techniques
5. the gypsum content has to be engineered to control the heat of hydration and strength development. play a dominant role on strength development. 5. A number of investigations have been carried out for developing smart concrete using carbon fibers [17]. In addition it will not emit any volatile organic compounds (voc) and the composites can be attached to parent concrete substrate using a compatible adhesive. the cement can be used as an inorganic adhesive with carbon fibers. • The techniques used to manufacture asbestos cement sheets can be used to fabricate micro-meter thick carbon-cement sheets. it will open up a large number of opportunities. Fundamental Questions
Some of the fundamental questions that need to be answered are: • Is the influence of water-cement ratio same for nano-cement? • Will the strength and strain capacity remain same? • Is it possible to use metallic nano-fibers? • Will it be possible to dry process the cement-filler-fiber mix and cure using steam impregnation?
6.1.Perumalsamy Balaguru and Ken Chong
Aluminates hydrate much faster than silicates. The cement will not only be more economical than organic polymers but also will be fire resistant. Note that silica fume and titanium oxide are readily available in nano-sizes. Silicates.
abrasion resistance. 2006. Typically. The thickness of the composite can be reduced to microns and hence flexible and smart cement composite can be manufactured. on a hydrophobic or water-repellent surface. Chemical vapor deposition shows promise [14]. Most existing coatings tend to accumulate grime reducing aesthetics. It can be seen that the coated surface is totally free of mold that is present adjacent to the coated surface [13].2. the properties of the coatings themselves need investigation. Even though this is a risky and tough venture. high temperature resistance and electrical characteristics. Fig. hydro-thermal variations and to improve aesthetics. delaminating and spalling rather than “wearing out”. The authors believe that analytical models are needed to predict the performance of various types of coatings. Currently. 4 shows self cleaning properties of a coating made using nano-particles. USA
tubes are much more effective than carbon fibers. The major parameters evaluated are: durability of coatings under various exposure conditions. the authors believe that the risk is worth taking. Coatings for Concrete
Coatings are routinely used as protective barriers against abrasion. friction resistance. The second challenge is the heat of hydration. most of these coatings are in the micrometer range. Coatings with a nano-scale of roughness that will repel water and dirt. the mechanical properties of parent surfaces and some of the available coating materials are known. New materials and techniques are being developed to develop nano-meter thick coatings that are durable and generate less heat due to reduced friction. We believe that the knowledge-base developed to analyze the thin walled structures can be effectively used to develop the aforementioned analytical models. Performance of the (coating) film and the interface between the film and the parent material play important role in the overall durability of the system. modeled after the coating of the lotus leaf are being created. Robust analytical models are needed to predict the initiation and growth of cracks and their contribution to final degradation. Coatings could be self-cleaning and self-healing. Denver. Other avenue is high tech grinding. so that optimum design approaches can be developed. dirt particles are collected by water drops and rinsed off. For the nano coatings. The deposited materials also degrade the parent surface over time.Proceedings of ACI Session on “Nanotechnology of Concrete: Recent Developments and Future Perspectives” November 7. The lotus leaf has extraordinary ability to keep itself clean and dry. Brittle coatings usually fail by cracking. hygrothermal and magnetic forces. Special organic and inorganic additives need to be developed to control the setting and heat of hydration. Now nanotechnology is being used to mimic the lotus leaf surface and create new products that outperform existing no-stick products.
. In most cases the performance of these coatings are evaluated using experimental techniques. But very little is known about the performance of the interface under mechanical. The primary challenge is to manufacture nano-size cement particles. For most cases. chemical attack. 6. particles of dirt are removed by moving water. But on a Lotus simulated surface. The models could become quite complex because of the interaction of the coating-film with the parent material through the interface.
John Wiley. 1998. Saigal. 2002. 2004. nano-size silica and sensors. Proc. Unique opportunity exists for the development of nano-cement that can lead to major long standing contributions. ASME. Sunil. Even though cement and concrete may constitute only a small part of this overall effort.P. 65.Perumalsamy Balaguru and Ken Chong
Fig.. NATO Adv. Workshop on Smart Structures.org/nanowebcast 4. 1501-1506.P. Self cleaning coating made of nano-particles [13]
7. Res. “Research and Challenges in Nanomechanics” 90. 37-44.
1. Chong. held in Pultusk. Arthur P. Kluwer Academic. archived in www.minute Nanotechnology Webcast. “Nanoscience and Engineering in Mechanics and Materials”. K.P. K. 3. Chong. J. Poland. Smart Structures Research in the U. Approximate Solution Methods in Engineering Mechanics. of Physics & Chemistry of Solids. K.
Large amounts of funds and effort are being utilized to develop nanotechnology. 2002. Boresi.
. Ken P. Chong.asme.. Keynote paper.S. 2. 4. New York. 280 pp. Chong. Smart Structures. Current efforts are focused on understanding cement particle hydration. research in this area could pay enormous dividends in the areas of technological breakthroughs and economic benefits.
W. and Shields. Applied Mechanics Review. T. “Nanomechanics of carbon nanotubes and composites. 7-18. 14.. 15. USA
5. 2006.. 530 pp. Livingston. 2006. and Ruoff. Fly Ash and Amorphous Nano-Silica in Superplasticized High-performance Concretes”. 495-533. Sensing and Control.. “Mechanics of carbon nanotubes”.F. 2003. 11.. J. Kashiwagi. J. “Inorganic Polymer Composites for Protection of Aging Infrastructures”. 459-468. D. K. 8. Douglas. Proceeding of First International Conference on Innovative Materials and Technologies for construction and Rehabilitation.J. Wagner. Lecce. 18. 2002.Proceedings of ACI Session on “Nanotechnology of Concrete: Recent Developments and Future Perspectives” November 7.. Denver. Proceedings of the Society for the Advancement of Material and Process Engineering.” Applied Mechanics Review. McGraw-Hill.I. Report submitted to NSF-REU.. Prentice-Hall. http://en. Troli. K. F.P. rehabilitation and strengthening of concrete structures”. C. Collepardi. C.K.. and Cho. M. R.. G.. J. 4. 775-780.. S.P. Helical microtubles of graphite carbon. R. Balaguru. Mehta. M. G. Du. Wei. Qian. 56-58. “Smart Aggregates: A Distributed Intelligent Multi-Purpose Sensor Network (DIMSN) for Civil Structures”. S.. 1992. S. Balaguru.. Chong. M. 4. New York. Yu. 215-230... 3.P. 56. Collepardi. J. Winey. Wikipedia. Song. 2004. P. 354 (6348). U. and Chang. 2007 (in press).. Progress in Structural Engineering and Materials. and Skarp. 928-933 16. “Nanoparticle networks reduce the flammability of polymer nanocomposites”. P. 2003. P. 6. 55. Balaguru. Harris. Srivastava. and Garboczi E. FHWA. ICI Journal. 7. 2005.. The Chemistry and Physics of Nano-Cement.org/wiki/Concrete
. 2007. 9. P.R. 13. Properties and Materials. 417-430. Nature. “Concrete”. and Huang. 1991. 10. S. Liu. 2002. “Smart and Designer Structural Material Systems”. Private Communications. 12.wikipedia. D. and Schweitzer. Aui. “High strength composites for repair. P. and Shah. K. K. 449 pp.. Fiber Reinforced Cement Composites. Iijima. Italy. New Jersey.H. IEEE International Conference on Networking. R. D. 17. “Combination of Silica Fume.. 1986. University of Delaware. Concrete: Structure. Nature Materials.
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Stephanie GranadaJuly 7, 2017
Photos by Christian J Anderson
Who lives here: Bob and Kathryn Dickinson
Designer: Sheila Mayden Interiors
The backstory: Many people love white kitchens. They are airy, clean and modern. But when Kathryn Dickinson, the owner of an alpaca ranch in Carnation, Washington, called upon Sheila Mayden to help with a home renovation, she told the interior designer right off the bat that the family wasn’t interested in an achromatic palette.
“She told me, ‘I see you do a lot of white kitchens, and I am the one person who does not want a white kitchen. Can you do that?’” Mayden says. The designer welcomed the challenge and succeeded in creating a space that is as striking as it is practical by mixing rich wood with sleek stone surfaces, adding a 12-foot window and building smart storage solutions.
Kathryn and Bob Dickinson moved from the suburbs to this 5-acre ranch after their kids went off to college. They loved the lot and the ample space it provided for Kathryn, a textile artist, to raise alpacas, but the home was dark and dated. Keeping in line with the rural setting, the Dickinsons leaned toward wood accents and earth tones when remodeling their abode.
The palette: Getting the color right was a priority. Mayden guided them to mix cool blues and grays to accentuate the warm palette they wanted. “If you just keep layering browns, reds, oranges and beiges, you end up with a muddy mess,” she says. “You need those cool accents to really let your main tones pop.”
The showpiece: A garnet-colored English-style larder displays pantry staples and homemade herb tinctures. Inspired by a rooster painting that was previously in storage, the group chose the deep red shade (Red Bay by Sherwin-Williams) and topped it with a brown glaze. “We love how the glaze settled in the grooves and gave us that timeworn look,” Mayden says.
The cabinets: For the main cabinets, the designer worked with Huggy Bear’s Cupboards. They started with knotty alder lumber to match other elements of the house and stained the wood with an auburn tint. The finishing brown glaze helps pick up shades of rust from the slate backsplash and keeps the cabinets looking warm, not dark. “Midtoned cabinets are easier to maintain,” Mayden says. “You don’t see dust or nicks like you would on a dark stain, and you don’t see smudging and dirt like you would on a light or white cabinet.”
The floor: The Surface Art porcelain flooring laid in a brick-style pattern resembles the slate backsplash but is more affordable and easier to maintain.
The countertops: To balance everything out, Mayden chose Mysore Black granite countertops, which provide visual relief and deliver on practicality (the granite won’t scratch or stain and can handle hot pots), while the chiseled edges lend a rustic feel. “We didn’t want anything to be too perfect,” she says.
The John Boos & Co. butcher block reinforces the wood-centric design. It can be easily removed for cleaning and upkeep.
The sink: Farmhouse sinks are having a moment, and while we’re used to seeing them in white fireclay, this copper version from Native Trails stands out. “It has patina, texture and a lovely organic feel,” the designer says. “It changes color over time and provides a beautiful anchor on that wall.”
Shop copper farmhouse sinks
The layout: Having an open layout was key. “The couple likes to be able to look into the living room, watch TV and talk to family while they cook,” Mayden says. The range in the middle of the island allows the chef to stay connected to whatever is going on in adjacent rooms, while the opening created between the kitchen and the dining room allows guests to move fluidly between rooms.
The range hood: Mayden found an unobtrusive ceiling-mounted recessed vent to replace a clunky and inefficient down-draft hood and hung Restoration Hardware light fixtures at an ideal height to keep the line of vision clear.
The window: Another standout feature is the 12-foot window that was carved out to flood the kitchen with natural light and allow the homeowner to look out over her alpacas as they roam across the lawn.
The backsplash: Mayden designed the slate backsplash to cover the rest of the wall and draw attention to the window as the focal point. “Since we didn’t have upper cabinets where the backsplash usually stops, I didn’t want to see a line where the tile just randomly ended,” she says. “Plus, finishing the wall this way makes a grander statement.”
The storage: Giving up so much wall space to the window and the opening meant having to get creative with storage. That’s why the island and other counters were outfitted with deep drawers and rollout trays. “More and more people are choosing drawers,“ Mayden says. “No one wants to get down and dig through lower shelves.” With the drawers and charming open shelving, the Dickinsons can keep the area neat despite the lack of wall cabinetry.
Since they love to have people over, the kitchen had to feel inviting and be accessible. The breakfront cabinet, where the everyday china is kept, makes it convenient for people to get what they need. Beadboard along the back of the unit lends a farmhouse feel. “In general, they wanted things rustic but not too country,” Mayden says. “I talked them into a few touches like this to enhance warmth and texture.”
The bar counter: The raised live-edge slab bar mirrors a piece on the living room mantel. “Using a similar material for the bar helps to tie those two spaces together, so it looks like it was all conceived as a whole, rather than two separate projects,” Mayden says. It also ties back to the rustic theme.
The dining room: To create cohesiveness throughout the house, the homeowners and designer also incorporated elements of the kitchen into other areas. In the dining room, shown here, a matching cabinet keeps barware and other entertaining essentials within reach.
The mudroom: This space carries the same full-height backsplash, Restoration Hardware light fixtures and similar semicustom cabinetry.
The powder room: Mayden brought in leftover barn wood to cover the wall. “Even in a new space, I never feel like everything should be new,” she says. She encourages her clients to mix in older, funky pieces they love. “Don’t be afraid to give your space character. Our homes aren’t supposed to be showpieces, but rather ever-evolving representations of the people who live in them.”
The floor plan: Here’s a look at how the various spaces are laid out. The new kitchen occupies the top left and middle areas. The mudroom, laundry room and powder room are grouped together in the upper right corner. The dining room sits at the bottom left.
I really love your kitchen and your cute dog! The floors are awesome!
krisjo42
Would it be possible to see the rest of the house, and how big is this house?
Wood kitchens are so underrated. Wish more of the Houzz posts were of wood cabinets instead of the life-less white/painted cabinets.
Houzz ToursHouzz Tour: A Dream Limestone-and-Wood Home on a Cattle Ranch
Most PopularEscape Into These 12 Dreamy Bedrooms With Farmhouse Touches
Most Popular10 Architectural Elements for a Modern Farmhouse
My HouzzMy Houzz: Lush, Wooded Setting for a Live-Work Home
Inspiring GardensCharmed Circles: Bring Serenity to Your Garden With a Moon Gate
20 Dream Home Ideas From This Week’s StoriesFull Story

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BBC - Music - Chatham County Line We use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. We also use cookies to ensure we show you advertising that is relevant to you. If you continue without changing your settings, we'll assume that you are happy to receive all cookies on the BBC website. However, if you would like to, you can change your cookie settings at any time. Continue Change settings Find out more ]]> Accessibility links Accessibility Help BBC iD BBC navigation News News Sport Weather Shop Earth Travel Capital iPlayer Culture Autos Future TV Radio CBBC CBeebies Arts WW1 Food History Learning Music Science Nature Earth Local Travel Full A-Z Menu Search the BBC ]]> Music Home
Sixteen Years Events 16 Nov - Bush Hall, London, UK
Chatham County Line is an American bluegrass musical group. Formed in Raleigh, North Carolina in 1999 from members of the band Stillhouse, the band has released seven albums including six on the influential Yep Roc label (who they were linked ...
Chatham County Line is an American bluegrass musical group. Formed in Raleigh, North Carolina in 1999 from members of the band Stillhouse, the band has released seven albums including six on the influential Yep Roc label (who they were linked with by the notable producer Chris Stamey), and have become popular in Europe as well as their native United States. Their most recent tour took in numerous European destinations, including the prestigious Lowlands rock festival in the Netherlands. Chatham County Line made their Canadian debut in July 2009 at the Winnipeg Folk Festival, where they performed beside The Del McCoury Band and The Punch Brothers. Read more on Wikipedia
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16 Nov Chatham County Line, Mandolin Orange Bush Hall, London, UK
17 Nov Chatham County Line, Mandolin Orange Brudenell Social Club, Leeds, UK
18 Nov Chatham County Line Mono, Glasgow, UK
21 Nov Chatham County Line The Deaf Institute, Manchester, UK
The SteelDrivers The Infamous Stringdusters Steep Canyon Rangers The Wood Brothers Cymraeg Gaeilge Gàidhlig Music

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HERCHR Elbow Support - Walmart.com
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Electrode, Comp-814099608, DC-prod-az-southcentralus-16, ENV-prod-a, PROF-PROD, VER-19.1.27, SHA-c0e370f541e386368197b5c9f660834de097df3d, CID-5949feaa-046-16de0077e2d495, Generated: Fri, 18 Oct 2019 18:00:50 GMT
Electrode, Comp-804913585, DC-prod-az-southcentralus-17, ENV-prod-a, PROF-PROD, VER-9.14.1, SHA-943553ef8600bc9e0c92f71d46fefeb89f28757e, CID-c143540d-0c4-16de0077de5923, Generated: Fri, 18 Oct 2019 18:00:50 GMT

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P.K. Subban#76 D 6' 0", 212 lbsMontreal CanadiensBornMay 13, 1989 in Toronto, OntarioAge26Drafted2007: 2nd Rnd, 43rd by MTLExperience6 years2014-15 SeasonGAPTS154560Career57170227Complete Stats »Go toP.K. SubbanPlayer ProfileStatsSplitsGame LogVideosPhotosShop STATUSActive Subban logged a game-high 25:31 in Thursday night's preseason loss to the Senators. (about 4 days ago)Data Provided By STATSGPGAPTS+/-2014-15 Regular Season82154560212014-15 Postseason121781Career3665717022731PIMSOG%PPGPPA2014-15 Regular Season741708.88132014-15 Postseason31362.801Career4579066.33370SHGSHAGWGTOI/GPROD2014-15 Regular Season00526:1235:492014-15 Postseason00026:4540:08Career019----Complete Stats »P.K. Subban leading by exampleVIDEO PLAYLIST P.K. Subban leading by exampleCanadiens' Subban donates $10 million to children's hospital
GAME LOGDATEOPPRESULTGAPTS+/-PIMSOG%PPGPPASHGSHAGWGTOIPRODTue 5/12@ TBL 1-40000210.00000025:200:00Sat 5/9vs TBW 2-10110230.00000026:0726:07Thu 5/7@ TBW 6-20222030.00100025:3412:47Wed 5/6@ TBL 1-2000-2030.00000026:280:00Sun 5/3vs TBL 2-60000220.00000028:500:00Last 5 Games03306120.001000132:1944:06Complete Game Log »FANTASY HOCKEY{"playerId":1598,"percentChange":0,"averageDraftPosition":24.4,"percentOwned":100,"playerRaterSEASON":13,"mostRecentNews":{"news":"Subban logged a game-high 25:31 in Thursday night's preseason loss to the Senators.","spin":"That's a regular-season workload for Subban, who averaged 26:12 of ice time last season. In three preseason games, Subban has two assists and nine shots.","date":"Fri Oct 2"},"fullName":"P.K. Subban","seasonOutlook":{"outlook":"The real question is whether or not we've seen the peak of P.K. Subban yet. If we haven't -- and it's possible we haven't since the star defenseman is only 26 years old -- peak Subban could be a scary place. Subban continued to improve last season, pushing to a new career high in goals, assists, points, plus/minus and ice time. There is a fair bit of separation from Subban to Erik Karlsson as fantasy hockey's best defenseman, but that gap could potentially close if Subban continues on his upward trajectory as he comes into his prime. The Habs power play should remain a source of value for Subban, as the seemingly ageless Andrei Markov makes for the perfect partner on the man advantage. It's conceivable that Subban adds another minute or two to his average ice time per game, which was a career high at just over 26 minutes per contest last season.","seasonId":2016,"date":"Fri Sep 25"},"positionRank":2}
P.K. Subban leading by example John Saunders discusses Canadiens defenseman P.K. Subban's $10 million donation to Montreal Children's Hospital Foundation and how his generosity impacts young children.
Canadiens' Subban donates $10 million to children's hospital Mike & Mike discuss Montreal Canadiens defenseman PK Subban donating $10 million to a Montreal children's hospital.
Subban gets down with street hockey Montreal Canadiens defenseman P.K. Subban crashes a game of street hockey and takes some shots against an 8-year-old fan in goal.

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VW T4 Fiamma Bike Rack | eBay
Skip to main contenteBayShop by categoryShop by categoryEnter your search keywordAll CategoriesAdvanced or register':' style="margin-right:3px">Hello -User-.'.replace(/-User-/,escape(a)))+"")}catch(b){document.write("")}})();Hello (Sign in to bid or buy) Daily Deals Sell Help & Contact My eBayExpand My eBay Summary Bids/Offers Watch List Wish List All Lists Purchase History Selling My Collections Followed Searches MessagesCollect & Spend Learn moreNotification <View all Fiamma Bike Rack
View all Fiamma Bike RackVW T4 Fiamma Bike Racks
Fiamma Bike RackFiamma Bike Rack AccessoriesFiamma Bike Rack T5Fiamma Bike Rack VWFiamma Pro C Bike Racks
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£234.94Buy it nowFree P&P52 watching | 15 sold	View detailsFiamma VW T4 D Carry Bike. Specifically designed for use with Double Rear Door Volkswagen T4 Camper vans. Bike Block Pro 1. Bike Block Pro 2. Product code 02093T01. Carries 2 Bikes. Rail Premium x 2.Condition:NewTime left:12d 5h 9m
User ID ishop247-net (Feedback score 245407)Fiamma VW T4 Carry Bike Rack 2 Bikes Single Tailgate Door Cycle Carrier 02093H01
£209.22Buy it nowFree P&P53 watching | 26 soldFiamma VW T4 Carry Bike. Specifically designed for use with Single Door Volkswagen T4 Camper vans. (After 1991 ONLY). Carries 2 Bikes as standard but able to carry 4 with extra rails (not supplied). B... VW T4 Carry Bike Rack Single Door tailgate from FiammaCare Campervan T4 Cycle
£229.00Buy it now+ £12.95 P&P18 watchingFiamma Carry Bike Rack VWT4 Single Door Tailgate. Fiamma Carry Bike Rack VWT4 Specially designed for Volkswagen T4 with single rear door. Fiamma Carry Bike Rack VWT4 Supplied with: 2 Rail Quick Red, 1...FIAMMA CARRY BIKE RACK VW T4 D cycle carrier double rear twin doors 02093T01-
£255.00Buy it nowFree P&PWe have all you need to kit out your motor home/campervan – from the basic s of foam insulation and carpet lining your vehicle, we also hold lightweight ply in assorted shades, and can custom make tab...VW T4 Transporter Fiamma Bike Rack for Tailgate
£100.00Buy it now+ £0.00 P&P10 watchingFits VW T4 Transporter with a tailgate. Fiamma Bike Rack. Currently has space for 2 bikes, but can be upgraded to carry up to 4 bikes.FIAMMA CARRY BIKE RACK VWT4 cycle carrier single door tailgate 02093H01- type 4
£229.99Buy it nowFree P&P2 watchingWe have all you need to kit out your motor home/campervan – from the basic s of foam insulation and carpet lining your vehicle, we also hold lightweight ply in assorted shades, and can custom make tab...Fiamma Carry Bike VW T4 Campervan Double Door Bike Rack Cycle Carrier 02093T01-
£275.00Buy it nowFree P&PFiamma Carry Bike VW T4 Double Rear Door Bike Rack (02093T01-). Specially designed for use with Volkswagen T4 with double rear door camper vans. Carries a maximum of 2 bikes. Fiamma Product Code: 0209...Genuine Fiamma Carry Bike VW T4 Campervan Bike Rack
£241.56Buy it now+ £12.50 P&P7 watching | 2 soldVW T4 After 1991 Bike carrier specially designed for Volkswagen T4 with single rear door. Fiamma Carry Bike VW T4. Special models designed to fit the rear door of Volkswagen T5 and T4. The complete ra...FIAMMA CARRY BIKE VW T4D TWIN REAR DOOR VOLKSWAGEN 2 BIKE 02093T01-, cycle rack
£261.75Buy it nowFree P&PFIAMMA CARRY BIKE VW T4D TWIN REAR DOOR VOLKSWAGEN 2 BIKE. Bike carrier specially designed for Volkswagen T4 with double rear doors. We will not accept any goods without prior notification. Bike Block...Fiamma Carry Bike VW T4 Single Door Tailgate Bike Rack Cycle Carrier 02093H01-
£271.37Buy it now+ £12.50 P&PFiamma Carry Bike VW T4D. VW T4 D Bike carrier specially designed for Volkswagen T4 with double rear doors. Carry-Bike VW T4D. The complete range of bike carriers for Volkswagen Campervans. The origin...FIAMMA VOLKSWAGEN/VW T4D DOUBLE REAR DOOR BIKE/CYCLE RACK MOTORHOME/CAMPER VAN
£296.37Buy it nowFree P&P16 watchingBike carrier specially designed for Volkswagen T4D with double rear door. Fiamma VW T4D Bike/Cycle Rack. We look forward to welcoming you to Kent Motorhome Centre. 2 x Rail Premium.Fiamma Carry Bike VW T4 RackHuge Caravan & Motorhome Products Range!
£242.99Buy it nowFree P&P37 watching | 17 soldBasic version for 2 bicycles. With bumper support (Note: From 1996 model year onwards, adjustment screws must not be in contact with plastic bumper material). Aluminium, Stainless steel screws. T/GS c...Cycle rack. Fiamma 2 bike VWT4D rear twin door bike rack 144cm tall 1990-2004
£220.00(£220.00 / Unit)Buy it now+ £10.00 P&PCycle rack. Fiamma Carry-Bike VWT4D. Twin rear door mounted. (one door only) Colour is anodised aluminium with red fittings. ( Length 138.5cm ,Width 128cm, Projection 42.5cm (23.5cm closed). Weight 7....Fiamma Carry-Bike VW Volkswagen T4 “Tailgate” Bike Rack
£98.0011 bids+ £0.00 P&P28 watchingFits VW Volkswagen T4 Tailgate (not barn doors). Fiamma Carry-Bike. Complete with the 3 original Fiamma nylon tie down straps. Fittings and bar attachments for 4 bikes. I’ve secured the red tire rail ...Fiamma anti scratch pads for bike rack top brackets VW T5, VW T4, 98656-246
£20.25Buy it nowFree P&PFiamma anti scratch pads for bike rack top brackets. We will not accept any goods without prior notification. AS USED ON THE FOLLOWING MODEL BIKE RACKS BY FIAMMA. VOLKSWAGON: T5, T5D,T4, T4D, T3/T25, ...Cycle rack. Fiamma 2 bike VWT4 rear tailgate bike rack 138cm tall 1990-2004
£220.00(£220.00 / Unit)Buy it now+ £10.00 P&PCycle rack. Fiamma Carry-Bike VWT4. Tailgate mounted. Colour is anodised aluminium with red fittings. ( Length 138cm ,Width 128cm, Projection 54cm (23.5cm closed). Weight 8.3 Kg. Can be installed with...Fiamma Upper Fixing Bracket for Carry Bike VW T4 & T4D Bike Rack 98656-074
£24.99Buy it nowFree P&PA replacement upper fixing bracket for carry-bike bike racks. Suitable for VW T4 & T4D bike racks. VWT4 Carry Bike Rack Single Door tailgate from FiammaCare Campervan
£230.00Buy it now+ £6.95 P&P7 watching | 2 soldFiamma Carry Bike Rack VWT4 Single Door Tailgate. A bike rack specially designed for the Volkswagen T4 with a single rear door which is made after 1991. Fiamma Carry Bike VWT4. Fiamma Carry Bike Rack ...Fiamma Carry Bike Rack VWT4 Single Door tailgate from FiammaCare Campervan Motor
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THE 10 BEST Brokenborough Vacation Rentals, Apartments (with Photos) | TripAdvisor - Book Vacation Rentals in Brokenborough, England
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pdf - Why does this Ink Annotation show a curve instead of straight lines? - Stack Overflow
Why does this Ink Annotation show a curve instead of straight lines?
I created an ink annotation in the form of the letter Z, as shown above, however, the corners of the Z are rounded. Why does this happen? How can I avoid this additional beautification so that the corners stay sharp and the points are connected via a straight line?
PDF code:
%μῦ
<</Type/Pages/Kids[3 0 R]/Count 1>>
<</Type/Page/Parent 2 0 R/Resources<<>>/MediaBox[0 0 500 800]/Annots[4 0 R]>>
<</Type/Annot/Subtype/Ink/Contents(<enter description here>)/InkList[[150 300 250 300 150 200 250 200]]/Rect[200 250 300 150]/P 3 0 R/F 4/C[1 0 0]>>
0000000063 00000 n
<</Size 5/Root 1 0 R>>
pdf pdf-generation share|improve this question edited Jul 31 '12 at 19:41
36.4k1081152
asked Jul 31 '12 at 17:05
3,84022550
Huh!? Why did you remove the acceptance of my answer?
Aug 1 '12 at 17:21
Sorry Kurt, but this is because the AP dictionary is the more correct answer.
The /AP attribute gives much more flexibility in the graphic state of annotations. I found the following in 4.9 Form Objects: Certain document elements that are not part of a page’s contents, such as annotation appearances (see Section 8.4.4, “Appearance Streams”), are repre-sented as form XObjects. It even turns out that you can leave /InkList /C /BS et al. behind as you can specify them all inside /AP. Sorry again.
Sorry, but this was not what you had asked originally! (And after I checked the spec, it was clear to me too. But it introduces additional keys and 'complicates' your code.) My original answer was the perfect one for your original question, and it was the most simple, least intrusive for your code...
Aug 1 '12 at 21:32
Fair enough, you have to answer to my question, and iPDFdev has the solution to my problem. Too bad I can't give 2 ticks.
I'm not sure what's going on here, and have no time to investigate right now. But here are some immediate observations as additional data points:
Mac OS X's Preview.app shows the Z-shape with sharp edges.
Adobe Reader X and Adobe Acrobat X Pro (on Mac OS X) show the Z-shape with round edges.
Ghostscript v9.05 shows the Z-shape with round edges.
Ghostscript, self-compiled from today's Git repository, shows the Z-shape with round edges.
Ok, I had a quick look into the official ISO spec for PDF-1.7. It says this about the /Subtype /Ink annotations' /InkList:
An array of n arrays, each representing a stroked path. Each array shall be a series of alternating horizontal and vertical coordinates in default user space, specifying points along the path. When drawn, the points shall be connected by straight lines or curves in an implementation-dependent way.
(from Chapter 12.5.6.13 Ink Annotations, my emphasis)
So, it is completely 'legal' that one implementation shows straight lines, and the other one shows curves. :-(
So if you want to force the Z-shape to appear as straight lines for all implementations, you need to draw 3 different straight lines, each one represented by a different array, and put these 3 arrays into container array...
/InkList
[150 300 250 300 150 200 250 200]
[150 300 250 300]
[250 300 150 200]
[150 200 250 200]
and your Z-Shape will show sharp corners.
share|improve this answer edited Jul 31 '12 at 19:50
answered Jul 31 '12 at 19:28
Oh wow! Thanks for your insight!
Jul 31 '12 at 22:57
The solution is to create also the annotation appearance (the /AP entry in the annotation dictionary). If the annotation appearance, which draws the straight lines, is present in the PDF file then it will be used when displaying the file and you will get the same result in any viewer. If the appearance is not present then the viewer will construct the appearance based on annotation definition and in your case this viewer built appearance is implementation dependent.
share|improve this answer answered Aug 1 '12 at 8:16
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text:
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Disney Winnie THE Pooh CAR SUN Visor Organizer NEW | eBay
Disney Winnie The Pooh Car Sun Visor Organizer New
eBay item number:280215935106
Sep 09, 2011 08:07:23 EDT View all revisions
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Is AU$12.00 World Wide By Airmail. Postage by airmail
Is $6.30 Australia Wide by Regular Parcel Post. Yes, we
Australia, you can post up to 500 grams for $8.80 by Registered Parcel Post, or
$13.20 for up to 3Kg by Registered Parcel Post when the items fit into an
Postage is $6.30 Australia wide by Regular Parcel Post. Postal insurance is optional, but highly recommended. Non-Australian buyers please note that you can ONLY pay by PayPal in Australian dollars. Local Pick-up of items is also welcome upon request. All Payments must be received in full within 7 Days. We will not accept any form of Cheque. Also, if you change your postal address during checkout, please clearly state the change of address in an email BEFORE you make payment!


text:
DIRTY!!!! - Review of Dirst Cabins, Yellville, AR - TripAdvisor
DIRTY!!!! - Dirst Cabins
United States Arkansas (AR) Yellville Yellville Specialty Lodging Camping in Yellville Dirst Cabins
Review of Dirst Cabins
Our online travel partners don't provide prices for this accommodation, but we can search other options in Yellville Check In mm/dd/yyyy
Dirst Cabins Box 385 HC 66, Yellville, AR 72687-9622 | Hotel amenities
Ranked #4 of 4 Specialty Lodging in Yellville
See the most recent reviews Becky72527
1 review 2 helpful votes “DIRTY!!!!”
Stayed in cabins 1 & 2 cabins both were filthy! Spent $80 on cleaning supplies and the first night doing nothing but cleaning. I don't believe anyone had ever dusted. We cleaned think dust from ceilings, walls, floors, rugs. Rolled up the rug in living room thought floor under is was discolored nope it was just dirt! Stove was very small and oven didn't work properly. Don't know anything about the dishes because we brought our own. Furniture was very worn we used a ton of Lysol. The barbecue grills unusable luckily we brought one. Porches weren't swept off I mean not leaves but filth. It rained some when we were there - outside cabin 2 when it rained we could smell sewer. Lawns were not mowed. I will say we never saw a roach or mouse thank god but the filth was so bad we will never be back.
Thank Becky72527 Report Ask Becky72527 about Dirst Cabins
English first Any TJ F
86 helpful votes “Still Dirty”
We checked into cabin #4, the Bunkhouse, for a two night stay starting on 21 June. The place was so nasty, dirty, and bug infested that we started to leave that night. The toilet still had poo in it and wouldn't flush. I walked across the street to tell the owner and heard “And we just had that place cleaned too.” Someone did fix the toilet while we were out. Upon returning to our cabin and further observation we noticed several uninviting, unsanitary, or unsafe conditions:1) the kitchen had a non-working (turned off) stinking refrigerator with mold growing in the freezer.2) the kitchen walls were spattered with food, and other walls throughout had ‘stuff’ on them.3) dust and cobwebs COVERED the plant in the corner of the main room.4) bugs and bug bodies were everywhere, they covered the window sills, they poured from the light fixture, and even our bed. And did I mention the roaches?5) the furniture was so dirty, and/or worn the we sat in the rocker or dining room chairs only.6) the bathroom sinks looked as though they might fall at any time.7) the floor in front of a second (working) refrigerator was so spongy that I feared I might fall through.8) no hot water (they reset the heater breaker in the morning, amongst a flurry of excuses).9) we had to wonder about the trim that showed the doors had been pulled from there hinges and rehung in reverse. We slept in a comforter cover brought from home as a hedge from bugs and stained sheets. We checked out the next morning, expecting a refund for the unspent night, WRONG. After a long day canoeing the Buffalo River, we returned to verify our cancelation and refund. I was told if “If I can rent it for the weekend, I’ll refund your money.” I told her that maybe it was due to 20 years in the military, but that I couldn’t take staying that dirty cabin. She responded that “We rent that cabin every weekend and you’re the first person to complain.” I offered to walk her over to the cabin a show her exactly what was wrong with the cabin. She declined, then then went on to call me “OCD” I called back the next week to ask about the refund, and was told it was told I wouldn’t get a refund. I then reminded them;1) It was due to the unsanitary and unsafe conditions of their property that we changed our plans.2) We were never told of a cancelation policy at check-in or at check-out.3) We check out before the check-out time of 10:00.4) I was insulted at being labeled “OCD.” A few days later the owner called and left a message stating she would refund our money for the second night. I removed my first review for editing and updating after receiving an email saying my post was read seven times in seven days. I hope future travelers will have a better experience then we did.
Thank TJ F Report Ask TJ F about Dirst Cabins
This review is the subjective opinion of a TripAdvisor member and not of TripAdvisor LLC. Travelers are raving about these Yellville hotels Buffalo River Lodge
Sabyn1
1 review 13 helpful votes “They should call it DIRT rather than DIRST”
On June 22 we rented a cabin from Dirst Cabins & Canoe Rentals for 2 nights. We checked in late and didn't bother to inspect the cabin prior to paying in advance. WHAT A MISTAKE!! Where do I begin? Upon arrival the most obvious things we discovered was the absolute filth, dust covered everything from the floors to the A/C unit. We turned on the televison and surprise it would not work ( we were told someone stole the remote and they didn't bother to replace it) AND the charcoal grill we were promised was no where to be found. Upon further investigation the "lovely" screened in porch they advertised was all ripped up, so bascially useless in keeping bugs and mosquitos away. We didn't discover all the "other surprises" until the next morning............I got up the next morning to make breakfast and the oven would not work. We called the office at 830am and they said they would send someone with maintenance to get it repaired. By 1030am we still had not seen anyone. The kids were playing upstairs (waiting for breakfast) when they found a sheet under one of the beds COVERED in mouse droppings. Instead of calling the office yet again my husband went over to talk to them about how utterly filthy this cabin was and rather than staying the second night we preferred to check out and return home. They WOULD NOT refund our money and offered to come and clean the cabin again to which we agreed. We advised them we would be gone for several hours and told them where all the droppings were and left all the cabinets open so they could see the filth. When we returned the cabin was just as filthy as when we left, the mouse droppings were still under the sink and they didn't bother to sweep under the beds as we had discussed. All droppings were still there. Not all the cabins in Yellville are this nasty we have stayed in others that are absolutely beautiful...JUST NOT THIS ONE. In addition to writing this review I have contacted the Chamber of Commerce and I am sending them a hand written letter similar to this one with a copy going to Dirst Cabins. If this saves one family from renting from this so-called establishment it will be worth it.
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Address: Box 385 HC 66, Yellville, AR 72687-9622 Location:
Hotel Style: Ranked #4 of 4 Specialty Lodging in Yellville
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