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Patent US6278621 - Single ended forward DC-to-DC converter providing enhanced resetting for ... - Google PatentsSearch Images Maps Play YouTube News Gmail Drive More »Sign inPatentsA single ended forward DC-to-DC converter includes a transformer having a. primary winding electrically connected to a primary switch and a secondary winding electrically connected to a secondary switch and a clamping capacitor. The clamping capacitor stores the magnetization energy from the secondary...http://www.google.com/patents/US6278621?utm_source=gb-gplus-sharePatent US6278621 - Single ended forward DC-to-DC converter providing enhanced resetting for synchronous rectificationAdvanced Patent SearchTry the new Google Patents, with machine-classified Google Scholar results, and Japanese and South Korean patents.Publication numberUS6278621 B1Publication typeGrantApplication numberUS 09/587,943Publication dateAug 21, 2001Filing dateJun 6, 2000Priority dateJul 18, 1996Fee statusLapsedAlso published asCN1076139C, CN1229536A, DE69722625D1, DE69722625T2, EP0913026A1, EP0913026B1, US5781420, US5886881, US5986899, US6141224, WO1998004028A1Publication number09587943, 587943, US 6278621 B1, US 6278621B1, US-B1-6278621, US6278621 B1, US6278621B1InventorsGang Xia, Fei MaOriginal AssigneeInternational Power Devices, Inc.Export CitationBiBTeX, EndNote, RefManPatent Citations (32), Non-Patent Citations (4), Referenced by (21), Classifications (9), Legal Events (9) External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, EspacenetSingle ended forward DC-to-DC converter providing enhanced resetting for synchronous rectification
US 6278621 B1Abstract
A single ended forward DC-to-DC converter includes a transformer having a. primary winding electrically connected to a primary switch and a secondary winding electrically connected to a secondary switch and a clamping capacitor. The clamping capacitor stores the magnetization energy from the secondary winding when the primary switch is turned off, thus causing the transformer core to be reset during the period that the primary switch remains off. The converter can use mosfets as the primary and secondary switches, such that a change in the voltage at the secondary winding of the transformer, due to the turning off of the primary switch, results in an automatic turning on of the secondary switch. The combination of the clamping capacitor and the mosfet switches increases the simplicity of the DC-to-DC converter while eliminating undesirable characteristics such as dead time and voltage stresses on the switches. The DC-to-DC converter of the present invention can be used to carry out synchronous rectification and zero voltage switching.
What is claimed is: 1. A method of synchronous rectification in a single-ended DC-to-DC converter comprising:
switchably applying power to a primary winding of a transformer of said DC-to-DC converter in a periodic manner defining a temporal cycle, such that power is applied to said primary winding during a first interval of said temporal cycle and said primary winding is disconnected during a second interval of said temporal cycle, said transformer having said first winding and a second winding electromagnetically coupled to said first winding; generating a first signal at said secondary winding of said transformer in response to said application of power to said primary winding; generating a second signal at said secondary winding of said transformer in response to said disconnecting of power to said primary winding; applying a voltage appearing across said secondary winding during said first interval to a first rectifier having a first terminal of said first rectifier in electrical communication with a first terminal of said secondary winding and a second terminal of said first rectifier in electrical communication with an input terminal of a filter circuit of said DC-to-DC converter; and causing a secondary switch, electrically coupled to said secondary winding, to become conductive in response to said second signal from said secondary winding, said secondary switch applying at least a portion of a voltage appearing across said secondary winding during said second interval to a second rectifier having a first terminal of said second rectifier in electrical communication with a second terminal of said secondary winding and a second terminal of said second rectifier in electrical communication with said input terminal of said filter circuit, causing a substantially synchronously rectified signal to appear at an output of said DC-to-DC converter. 2. The method of claim 1 wherein said substantially synchronously rectified signal is applied to a load.
This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/439,748 filed Nov. 15, 1999, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,141,224, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/266,199, filed on Mar. 10, 1999, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,986,899, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/105,511, filed on Jun. 26, 1998, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,886,881, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/730,684, filed on Oct. 11, 1996, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,781,420, which claims priority to pending provisional application, Ser. No. 60/022,555, filed on Jul. 18, 1996, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.
DC-to-DC converters are used to convert an input DC voltage to a different output DC voltage for delivery to a loads Such converters typically comprise a transformer that is electrically coupled via a switching circuit between the voltage source and the load Converters known as single-ended forward converters are a class of converters that rely on a single switch connected between the voltage source and the primary winding of the transformer to provide forward power transfer to the secondary winding of the transformer when the switch is on and conducting.
To discharge the leakage inductance at the transformer, the transformer core is “reset” during the off period of the switch. Resetting is typically accomplished with the use of additional circuitry, such as a third transformer winding in parallel with the primary transformer winding, or a LC resonant circuit electrically coupled to the secondary winding. The driving waveforms of such circuitry, however, exhibit a “dead time”, a period during which the switch remains open, the voltage across the switch equals the source voltage, and the current vanishes. Dead time decreases the overall efficiency of the converter and places voltage stresses on the switch.
In other embodiments of the invention, the primary and secondary switches include MOSFET switches. In such embodiment, when the primary MOSFET switch is open, a voltage appearing at the secondary winding causes the secondary MOSFET switch to become conductive. In still other embodiments, the primary switch comprises an n-channel MOSFET and the secondary switch comprises a p-channel MOSFET. In yet another embodiment, the secondary switch comprises an n-channel MOSFET and the secondary winding is electrically coupled with a third winding. The third winding provides a positive voltage necessary to activate the n-channel MOSFET.
Electrically connected in series with the secondary winding 14 is a secondary switch 22, designated as Q2, and a clamping capacitor 24. As will be further described below, Me clamping capacitor 24 charges when the secondary switch 22 is on. A diode 26, designated by D1, is electrically connected in series with the secondary winding 14 of the transformer 10, and is electrically connected in parallel with the secondary switch 22 and the clamping capacitor 24. As will be further described below, the diode 26 is conductive when the primary switch 16 is on. A second diode 28, designated by D2, is electrically connected in parallel with the secondary winding 14 of the transformer 10. In electrical communication with the secondary winding 14 and the diode 26, is an LC circuit 30. The LC circuit 30 includes a filter inductor 32 in series with die secondary winding 14 and the diode 28, and a filter capacitor 34 in parallel with the secondary winding 14 and the diode 28. The diodes 26, 28 and the LC circuit 30, in combination, provide a rectifying and smoothing circuit, that filters the voltage from the secondary winding before it reaches the load 50.
The capacitance of the clamping capacitor 34 is sufficiently large such that the time dependence of the voltage across the clamping capacitor 34 is negligible. Under steady state conditions, the volt-second product impressed on the secondary winding 14 of the transformer 10 during the time period that the primary switch 16 is on, is equal to the volt-second product impressed on the secondary winding 14 when the primary switch 16 is off. This can be expressed mathematically for a transformed 10 having a turns ratio of 1:1, as:
(V in)(t on)=(Vc)(toff) or, as:
V c=(Vin)(D/1−D), where D is the duty cycle, ton is the period during which the primary switch 16 is on, and toff is the period during which the primary switch 16 is off.
Referring to FIG. 2A, shown is another embodiment of the single ended forward DC-to-DC converter of the present invention. As shown in this figure, a transformer 110 is electrically coupled between a DC power source 120 having a certain input voltage V, and a load 150. The transformer 110 includes a primary winding 112 and a secondary winding 114. Electrically connected in series with the primary winding 112 is a primary switch 116, a n-channel MOSET designed by Q3. The primary winding 112 is electrically connected to the drain terminal 118 of the MOSFET 116 and a DC source 120 is electrically connected to the source terminal 122 of the MOSFET 116. In the present embodiment, a control device 140 is electrically connected to the gate terminal 124 of the MOSFET 116, and applies a voltage at the gate 124, selectively causing the MOSFET 116 to turn on. When the MOSFET 116 is on, it forms a closed circuit with the primary winding 112 and the voltage source 120. As an alternative configuration to the above-described circuit, note that the DC source 120 can be electrically connected to the drain terminal 118, and the primary winding 112 can be electrically connected to the source terminal 122, provided that the polarity of the input at the drain terminal 118 of the MOSFET 116 results in the MOSFET becoming forward and reversed biased in response to an input from the control device 140 at the gate terminal 124.
A rectifier 126, a n-channel MOSFET designated as D3, is electrically connected in series with the secondary winding 114 of the transformer 10. As will be further described, the rectifier 126 is conductive when the MOSFET 116 is on. The rectifier 126 is in parallel with the secondary switch 130 and a clamping capacitor 132. In the present embodiment, the secondary switch 130 is a p-channel MOSFET, designated by Q4. The drain terminal 136 and the gate terminal 138 of the p-channel MOSFET 130, are connected across the secondary winding 114 such that the MOSFET 130 becomes forward biased in response to a change in the voltage across the secondary winding 114. The source terminal 139 is connected to the clamping capacitor 132. A second rectifier 134, a n-channel MOSFET designated by D4, is electrically connected in series with the clamping capacitor 132, and in parallel with the secondary winding 114 of the transformer 110. In electrical communication with the secondary winding 114 and the rectifier 134, is a LC circuit 160. As similarly described above, the LC circuit 160 includes a filter inductor 162 in series with the secondary winding 114 and the rectifier 134, and a filter capacitor 164 in parallel with the secondary winding 114 and the rectifier 134. The rectifiers 126 and 134 function to provide self-driven synchronous rectification. The rectifiers 126, 134 reduce the input voltage such that the voltage appearing across the LC is lower. The combination of the rectifiers 126 and 134, and the LC circuit 160 provide a rectifying smoothing circuit.
Referring to FIG. 2B, shown is a section of the circuitry of the converter of FIG. 2A that is conductive when the control device 140 causes the primary switch 116, n-channel MOSFET Q3, to turn on. When the MOSFET 116 is conducting, a closed circuit is thus formed, as an input voltage exists across the primary winding 112 causing current to flow from the voltage source 120, through the pi winding 112 of the transformer 110, and induce a voltage in the secondary winding 114. The voltage across the secondary winding 114 causes the rectifier 126 to be forward biased, and current flows through the LC circuit 160. The LC circuit 160 smoothes the voltage appearing across the secondary winding 114, and a DC output is obtained at the load 150.
Referring to FIG. 2C, shown is a section of the circuitry of the converter of FIG. 2A that is conductive when the control device 140 causes n-channel MOSFET 116 to turn off. Note that a dashed-line connection is shown between the DC source 120 and the primary winding 112 and MOSFET, to indicate that no current is flowing through the MOSFET 116 or the primary winding 112. When the n-channel MOSFET 116 is reversed biased, the forward transfer of current through the primary winding 112 to the secondary winding 114 terminates. The voltage across the secondary winding 114 causes the rectifier 134, n-channel MOSFET D4, to become forward biased, allowing the energy stored in the filter inductor 162 to release current into the filter capacitor 164 and the load 150. At the same time, the voltage across the secondary winding 114 causes the secondary switch 130, p-channel MOSFET Q4, to become conductive. The magnetizing current in the secondary winding 114 thus flows from the drain 136 to the source 139, causing the clamping capacitor 132 to charge. The clamping capacitor 132 thus clamps the voltage at the secondary winding 14 of the transformer 110 to substantially the input voltage V, during the time period that the n-channel MOSFET 116 is off. It is important to note that the self-driving characteristics of the secondary switch 130 obtained with the MOSFET Q4, eliminates the need for the control device 140 to be connected to the MOSFET 130 to turn it on and off.
Electrically connected in series with the secondary winding 214 is a secondary switch 230, n-channel MOSFET designated by Q6, which is conductive when the primary switch 216, n-channel MOSFET Q5, is off. The gate terminal 238 of the n-channel MOSFET 230 is electrically connected to a third winding 237 of the transformer, which is in parallel with the output of the drain terminal 236. The third winding 237 provides the positive voltage necessary to turn on the secondary switch 230. The source terminal 239 of the MOSFET 230 is electrically connected to a clamping capacitor 232. A rectifier 226, n-channel MOSFET designated as D5, is also electrically connected in series with the secondary winding 214 of the transformer 210. The rectifier 226 is conductive when the MOSFET 216, is conductive. The rectifier 226 is also in parallel with the secondary switch 230, MOSFET Q6, and the clamping capacitor 232. A second rectifier 234, a n-channel MOSFET designated by D6, is electrically connected in series with the clamping capacitor 232, and in parallel with the secondary winding 214 of the transformer 210. In electrical communication with the secondary wining 214 and the rectifier 234, is a LC circuit 260. The Lc circuit 260 comprises a filter inductor 262 in series with the secondary winding 214 and the rectifier 234, and a filter capacitor 264 in parallel with the secondary winding 214 and the rectifier 234. As described above, the rectifiers 226 and 234, and the LC circuit 260, provide a rectifying and smoothing circuit.
Referring to FIG. 3C, shown is a'section of the circuitry of FIG. 3A which is conductive when the control device 240 causes the MOSFET 216, to turn on. When the MOSFET 216 is off, the forward transfer of current through the primary winding 212 and the secondary winding 214 terminates. Note again, that a dashed-line connection is shown between the DC source 220 and the primary winding 212, and MOSFET 216, to indicate that no current is flowing through the MOSFET 216 or the primary winding 212. When the MOSFET 216 is off, a positive voltage appears across the third winding 214 that causes the n-channel MOSFET 230 to become conductive. Again, it is important to note that the self-driving characteristics of the secondary switch 230 obtained with the MOSFET Q6, eliminates the need for the control device 240 to be connected to the switch 230 to turn it on and off.
As similarly described above, when the secondary switch 230 is on, the magnetizing current in the secondary winding 214 thus flows from the drain 236 to the source 239, causing the clamping capacitor 232 to charge. The clamping capacitor 232 thus clamps the voltage at the second winding 214 of the transformer 210 to substantially the magnitude of the input voltage. Additionally, the voltage across the secondary winding 214 causes the rectifier 234, MOSFET D6, to become forward biased, allowing the energy stored in the filter inductor 262, to be released into the filter capacitor 264 and the load 250.
These features of the present invention are further exhibited in FIGS. 4A-4D. Referring to FIG. 4A, shown is a timing diagram of the primary switch (16, 116, 216). As shown, the waveform is periodic; between times t1 and t2, the switch (16, 116, 216) is off, between times t2 and t4 the switch (16, 116, 216) is off, and between times t4 and t5 the switch (16, 116, 216) is again on. Referring to FIG. 4B, shown is the voltage that exists across the primary winding (12, 112, 212) of the transformer (10, 110, 210) during the on and off periods of the primary switch (16, 116, 216). As shown, when the primary switch (16, 116, 216) is on, i.e. between time periods t1 and t2, and t4 and t5, the voltage across the primary winding (12, 112, 210) is high When the primary switch (16, 116, 216) is off, during the time period between t2 and t4, the voltage across the primary winding (10, 110, 210) is low.
Referring to FIG. 4C, shown is the voltage that exists across the primary switch (16, 116, 216) shown in FIG. 's 2A and 3A. As shown by the waveform, between times t2 and time t4 when the switch is open, the voltage remains constant at the input voltage, and returns to zero volts just as the switch turns on again at time t4. Referring to FIG. 4D, shown is the voltage that exists across the secondary winding (14, 114, 214) of the transformer (10, 110, 210) during the on and off periods of the primary switch (16, 116, 216). As shown, when the primary switch (16, 116, 216) is on, between time periods t1 and t2, and t4 and t5, the voltage across the secondary winding (14, 114, 214) is high. When the primary switch (116, 216) is off, between time period t2, and t4 the voltage across the secondary winding (114, 214) is at a negative voltage. This voltage is constant during the entire period that the primary switch (16, 116, 216) is off, due to the effects of the clamping capacitor (24, 132, 232) having stored the magnetization energy dissipated from the secondary winding (14, 114, 214). This negative voltage causes the direction of the flux in the transformer to change, and the transformer core to be reset as a result.
Trends in the power conversion industry mandate lower output voltages and higher power densities. Synchronous rectification and zero voltage switching are among those techniques used to meet these challenges. Synchronous rectification can be accomplished using the DC-to-DC converter of the present invention, as the rectifiers, operating out of phase, provide a reduced a input voltage to the LC filter circuit The present invention further provides self-driven synchronous rectification, as the rectifiers are driven by the voltage across the secondary winding of the transformer. Moreover, the resetting technique of the present invention enhances synchronous rectification, as the performance of self-driven synchronous rectifiers is dependent upon the resetting of the transformer core.
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Patent US20020083343 - Computer architecture for an intrusion detection system - Google PatentsSearch Images Maps Play YouTube News Gmail Drive More »Sign inPatentsThe present application is directed to a host-based IDS on an HP-UX intrusion detection system that enhances local host-level security within the network. It should be understood that the present invention is also usable on, for example, Eglinux, solaris, aix windows 2000 operating systems. It does this...http://www.google.com/patents/US20020083343?utm_source=gb-gplus-sharePatent US20020083343 - Computer architecture for an intrusion detection systemAdvanced Patent SearchTry the new Google Patents, with machine-classified Google Scholar results, and Japanese and South Korean patents.Publication numberUS20020083343 A1Publication typeApplicationApplication numberUS 09/878,320Publication dateJun 27, 2002Filing dateJun 12, 2001Priority dateJun 12, 2000Also published asUS7007301Publication number09878320, 878320, US 2002/0083343 A1, US 2002/083343 A1, US 20020083343 A1, US 20020083343A1, US 2002083343 A1, US 2002083343A1, US-A1-20020083343, US-A1-2002083343, US2002/0083343A1, US2002/083343A1, US20020083343 A1, US20020083343A1, US2002083343 A1, US2002083343A1InventorsMark Crosbie, Rosemarie Shepley, Benjamin Kuperman, Leonard FraymanOriginal AssigneeMark Crosbie, Rosemarie Shepley, Benjamin Kuperman, Frayman Leonard L.Export CitationBiBTeX, EndNote, RefManPatent Citations (6), Referenced by (225), Classifications (7), Legal Events (6) External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, EspacenetComputer architecture for an intrusion detection system
[0744] Details: User “USERNAME” ACTION on DEVICE (Remote: NETADDR HOSTNAME) [0745] where: USERNAME Name of the user logging in [0746] ACTION Logged in/out [0747] DEVICE Device (tty or service) for the connection [0748] NETADDR Network address of remote connection (dotted decimal) [0749] HOSTNAME Truncated hostname of NETADDR [0750] Example: User “root” logged in on pts/3 (Remote: 127.0.0.1 machine.hp.com) [0751] Virus Protection [0752] Virus exhibits many of the same characteristics of a host-based attack and so the IDSSO according to the present invention provides a second tier virus protection. Virus protection software operates by searching (in one form or another) for known virus codes within system, application, or data files, or in data coming in via the network. Sometimes the viral code sequences can be removed (the file is “repaired”), other times an alert is provided and activity related to that file is blocked. Such virus protection schemes are completely ineffective against new and unknown virus codes, or against viruses whose codes have not been added to the published list of known viruses. [0753] A host-based IDS can also provide second-tier virus protection: All current virus protection software operates by searching in one form or another for known virus codes within system, application, or data files or in data coming in via the network. Sometimes the viral code sequences can be removed (the file is “repaired”), other times an alert is provided and activity related to that file is blocked. Such virus protection schemes are completely ineffective against new and unknown virus codes, against viruses whose codes have not been added to the published library of known viruses and against “polymorphic” viruses that alter their own codes as they propagate. [0754] However, in order for a virus to propagate it almost always has to replicate itself into data or program files for which it does not usually have legitimate access. This sort of activity is exactly what is flagged by a host-based intrusion detection system monitoring for system misuse. Thus, the host-based IDS 50 may alert system administrators against certain viral propagation activities from heretofore unknown viruses that easily traverse the filters of the virus protection system(s). [0755] Furthermore, the host-based IDS 50 may provide an alert even if a successfully propagated virus code attempts to do damage to local system or data files. However, if a virus has gotten this far, it has usually infected a process that has legitimate access to the data being damaged and would not generally be detected as system misuse. [0756] Alert Message Output [0757] The templates (circuits) in the correlator will generate an ASCII text message if an intrusion is detected. The event must be sent from the correlator 220 to the outside world, which is the idsagent 200. Remember, the correlator process idscor 230 is executing as a single thread, so the only way to asynchronously read an output event from the engine core is to define a callback function. The callback function is called by the engine core whenever it wishes to send an event to the outside world. [0758] Interfacing to the ECS Engine Core [0759] At the heart of the correlator lies the ECS correlator core which controls the engine. [0760] Engine Initialization—CORE_engineInitialize [0761] The engine needs some basic initialization steps performed before it can start. One of the first steps is to initialize a trace and logging buffer. These buffers are used to generate log or trace messages by the engine core. The trace mask based is set on the value of the -t command line argument. A value of −1 will turn on full tracing, which generates a huge amount of trace data in the log file. The user can select what elements of the ECS engine core operation to trace using the tracing value as a bit mask. [0762] The engine core needs to load an MDL file which specifies the format and layout of all events that the engine must deal with. The mdlFile global is set from the environment variables created when the idscor process 130 is started. It specifies the location of the mdl file, which should be in /opt/ids/lib/mdl.md by default. The ECS_MDL_MD environment variable is created for further use by the engine. However, the ECS engine does not load the MDL file directly. Instead it loads a file which contains a line that specifies the full path to the shared libraries for all the endecoders it must load. [0763] Some scratchpad space is created for the engine to work with, and the engine's internal time is set. We set the internal engine instance variable to 1 to indicate that this is the first (and only) engine instance in this process. Up to 8 engine instances can be supported simultaneously, but we only run one instance in the idscor process. [0764] The circuits are loaded by command calls into the ECS engine. The commands are ASCII strings with certain fields parameterized. For example, the load datastore function needs two parameters: the data store name and the path to the data store file. Passing these two parameters into a macro will result in a correctly formed command string for the engine core. These commands are passed into strings of a command tuple opaque data type for the ECS engine core. Finally, the ECS API function will execute the command. [0765] Loading and Unload Circuits [0766] The correlator loads and unloads templates (circuits) in response to commands from the idsagent process 110. [0767] A group of templates is loaded which form a surveillance group defined in the GUI. The command from the idsagent 110 is in the form of an ASCII string, with the parameters to the command separated by spaces. The comment block on this function is detailed enough to explain what it does. If one of the templates fails to load, then all of the templates are unloaded. Each circuit to be loaded is specified as a name in the parameter list. The idscor 130 will load the circuit using the circuit name. For simplicity the idscor 130 assumes that each circuit to be loaded has an associated data and fact store. So the sequence of steps to load a template group are (for each circuit specified in the group): [0768] 1. Create the data store name based on the circuit name. [0769] 2. Load the data store into the engine. [0770] 3. Create the fact store name based on the circuit name. [0771] 4. Load the fact store into the engine. [0772] 5. Create the full path to the circuit to load. [0773] 6. Load the circuit, and associate it with the data and fact stores which were just loaded. Any data/fact store references from the circuit will be directed to these data/fact stores. [0774] 7. 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analysis* Cited by examinerClassifications U.S. Classification726/23, 709/224International ClassificationG06F21/00Cooperative ClassificationY10S707/99953, Y10S707/99956, G06F21/552European ClassificationG06F21/55ALegal EventsDateCodeEventDescriptionOct 9, 2001ASAssignmentOwner name: HEWLETT-PACKARD COMPANY, COLORADOFree format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:CROSBIE, MARK;SHEPLEY, ROSEMARIE;KUPERMAN, BENJAMIN;AND OTHERS;REEL/FRAME:012250/0338;SIGNING DATES FROM 20010921 TO 20011002Sep 30, 2003ASAssignmentOwner name: HEWLETT-PACKARD DEVELOPMENT COMPANY L.P., TEXASFree format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:HEWLETT-PACKARD COMPANY;REEL/FRAME:014061/0492Effective date: 20030926Owner name: HEWLETT-PACKARD DEVELOPMENT COMPANY L.P.,TEXASFree format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:HEWLETT-PACKARD COMPANY;REEL/FRAME:014061/0492Effective date: 20030926Jul 28, 2009CCCertificate of correctionAug 28, 2009FPAYFee paymentYear of fee payment: 4Mar 11, 2013FPAYFee paymentYear of fee payment: 8Nov 9, 2015ASAssignmentOwner name: HEWLETT PACKARD ENTERPRISE DEVELOPMENT LP, TEXASFree format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:HEWLETT-PACKARD DEVELOPMENT COMPANY, L.P.;REEL/FRAME:037079/0001Effective date: 20151027RotateOriginal ImageGoogle Home - Sitemap - USPTO Bulk Downloads - Privacy Policy - Terms of Service - About Google Patents - Send FeedbackData provided by IFI CLAIMS Patent Services

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Exciting L&D RN Opportunity! job - Medical Staffing Network - Woodbury, MN | Indeed.com
Find similar jobs:Exciting L&D RN Opportunity jobs
Travel 4 / Labor and Delivery
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text:
Deletion analogues of transportan. - PubMed - NCBI
Format: AbstractFormatSummarySummary (text)AbstractAbstract (text)MEDLINEXMLPMID ListApplySend toChoose DestinationFileClipboardCollectionsE-mailOrderMy BibliographyCitation managerFormatSummary (text)Abstract (text)MEDLINEXMLPMID ListCSVCreate File1 selected item: 10930519FormatSummarySummary (text)AbstractAbstract (text)MEDLINEXMLPMID ListMeSH and Other DataE-mailSubjectAdditional textE-mailDidn't get the message? Find out why...Add to ClipboardAdd to CollectionsOrder articlesAdd to My BibliographyGenerate a file for use with external citation management software.Create File
See comment in PubMed Commons belowBiochim Biophys Acta. 2000 Jul 31;1467(1):165-76.Deletion analogues of transportan.Soomets U1, Lindgren M, Gallet X, Hällbrink M, Elmquist A, Balaspiri L, Zorko M, Pooga M, Brasseur R, Langel U.Author information1Department of Neurochemistry and Neurotoxicology, Stockholm University, Sweden.AbstractSeveral shorter analogues of the cell penetrating peptide, transportan, have been synthesized in order to define the regions of the sequence, which are responsible for the membrane translocation property of the peptide. Penetration of the peptides into Bowes melanoma cells and the influence on GTPase activity in Rin m5F cellular membranes have been tested. The experimental data on cell penetration have been compared with molecular modeling of insertion of peptides into biological membranes. Omission of six amino acids from the N-terminus did not significantly impair the cell penetration of the peptide while deletions at the C-terminus or in the middle of the transportan sequence decreased or abolished the cellular uptake. Most transportan analogues exert an inhibitory effect on GTPase activity. Molecular modeling shows that insertion of the transportan analogues into the membrane differs for different peptides. Probably the length of the peptide as well as the location of aromatic and positively charged residues have major impact on the orientation of peptides in the membranes and thereby influence the cellular penetration. In summary, we have designed and characterized several novel short transportan analogues with similar cellular translocation properties to the parent peptide, but with reduced undesired cellular activity.PMID: 10930519 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] Free full textSharePublication Types, MeSH Terms, SubstancesPublication TypesResearch Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tMeSH TermsAlcoholsAmino Acid SequenceCell Membrane/chemistry*Cell Membrane PermeabilityDrug DesignGTP Phosphohydrolases/chemistryGalaninHumansIodine RadioisotopesLipid Bilayers/chemistryModels, MolecularMolecular Sequence DataPhospholipids/chemistry*Recombinant Fusion Proteins/chemistry*Sequence AlignmentTumor Cells, CulturedWasp VenomsWaterSubstancesAlcoholsIodine RadioisotopesLipid BilayersPhospholipidsRecombinant Fusion ProteinsWasp VenomstransportanWaterGalaninGTP PhosphohydrolasesLinkOut - more resourcesFull Text SourcesElsevier ScienceOther Literature SourcesCited by Patents in - The LensMiscellaneousWater - Hazardous Substances Data BankPubMed Commons home

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1935 australian shilling | eBay
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1935 australian shilling:
1935 Australian shilling - UNC
New listing 1935 Australian shilling,
1935 Australia Silver Shilling - George V
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Australia 1935 Silver Shilling LOW Mintage Coin King George V AUNC 8 Pearl

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text:
The duration of antigenic stimulation determines the fate of naive and effector T cells. - PubMed - NCBI
AbstractFormatSummarySummary (text)AbstractAbstract (text)MEDLINEXMLPMID ListApplySend to:Choose DestinationFileClipboardCollectionsE-mailOrderMy BibliographyCitation managerFormatSummary (text)Abstract (text)MEDLINEXMLPMID ListCSVCreate File1 selected item: 9462514FormatSummarySummary (text)AbstractAbstract (text)MEDLINEXMLPMID ListMeSH and Other DataE-mailSubjectAdditional textE-mailDidn't get the message? Find out why...Add to ClipboardAdd to CollectionsOrder articlesAdd to My BibliographyGenerate a file for use with external citation management software.Create File
See comment in PubMed Commons belowImmunity. 1998 Jan;8(1):89-95.The duration of antigenic stimulation determines the fate of naive and effector T cells.Iezzi G1, Karjalainen K, Lanzavecchia A.Author information1Basel Institute for Immunology, Switzerland.AbstractIt is known that T cells engage antigen-presenting cells (APCs) in a stable interaction that results in sustained TCR signaling. We show here that the duration of this process is critical in determining whether T cells will be activated or deleted. Whereas naive T cells require approximately 20 hr of sustained signaling to be committed to proliferation, effector T cells become committed after only 1 hr but die following activation if antigenic stimulation is prolonged. Costimulation by anti-CD28 facilitates T cell activation by decreasing the time of commitment and by protecting T cells from death. These findings explain in quantitative terms the essential requirement for professional APCs in T cell priming and show that the duration of antigenic stimulation is the major factor determining the fate of naive and effector T cells.PMID: 9462514 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] Free full textSharePublication Types, MeSH Terms, SubstancesPublication TypesResearch Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tMeSH TermsAnimalsAntigen-Presenting Cells/immunology*Antigen-Presenting Cells/ultrastructureAntigens, CD28/immunology*Antigens, CD28/pharmacologyCell Death/physiologyLymphocyte Activation/immunology*MiceMice, Inbred BALB CReceptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunologyReceptors, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolismReceptors, Interleukin-2/biosynthesisSignal Transduction/physiology*T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology*T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/ultrastructureSubstancesAntigens, CD28Receptors, Antigen, T-CellReceptors, Interleukin-2LinkOut - more resourcesFull Text SourcesElsevier ScienceOther Literature SourcesAccess more work from the authors - ResearchGateCited by Patents in - The LensPubMed Commons home


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Foods With Vitamin K To Avoid While On Coumadin | eBay Please enable JavaScript Our new search experience requires JavaScript to be enabled. Please enable JavaScript on your browser, then try again.
Skip to main contenteBayShop by categoryEnter your search keywordAll CategoriesAntiquesArtBabyBooks, Comics & MagazinesBusiness, Office & IndustrialCameras & PhotographyCars, Motorcycles & VehiclesClothes, Shoes & AccessoriesCoinsCollectablesComputers/Tablets & NetworkingCraftsDolls & BearsDVDs, Films & TVEvents TicketsGarden & PatioHealth & BeautyHolidays & TravelHome, Furniture & DIYJewellery & WatchesMobile Phones & CommunicationMusicMusical InstrumentsPet SuppliesPottery, Porcelain & GlassPropertySound & VisionSporting GoodsSports MemorabiliaStampsToys & GamesVehicle Parts & AccessoriesVideo Games & ConsolesWholesale & Job LotsEverything ElseAdvanced or register':' style="margin-right:3px">Hello -User-.'.replace(/-User-/,escape(a)))+"")}catch(b){document.write("")}})();Hello (Sign in to bid or buy)Daily DealsSellHelp & ContactMy eBayExpand My eBaySummaryBids/OffersWatch ListWish ListAll ListsPurchase HistorySellingMy CollectionsFollowed SearchesMessagesCollect & Spend Learn moreNotification Refine your search for Foods With Vitamin K To Avoid While On Coumadin
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Words that start with coremorph | Words starting with coremorph
https://www.thefreedictionary.com/words-that-start-with-coremorph
Dictionary, Encyclopedia and Thesaurus - The Free Dictionary 10,707,318,306 visitors served
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text:
BASEBALL; Feeling the Heat, the Yanks Finally Get Cooking
By JACK CURRY JULY 1, 2001
It was a lazy, sweltering day at Yankee Stadium yesterday, the kind of day when it was uncomfortable even if you were sitting still. With the temperature at 90 degrees and with a hazy cloud hovering over the field like a gigantic heating pad, it was easy to feel uneasy.
The oppressive weather initially served as a perfect backdrop for the on-again, off-again Yankees, who looked fatigued as they stumbled behind the Tampa Bay Devil Rays by four runs. But Bernie Williams bashed two homers to help the Yankees rally for a 5-4 victory on a hectic day when they acquired reliever Mark Wohlers from the Reds and continued mulling other changes.
In a season that has included too many stretches in which the Yankees have seemed stuck in quicksand, few Yankees should feel comfortable anymore. Not after the Yankees secured Wohlers in exchange for the Class AAA pitcher Ricardo Aramboles to continue supplementing their bullpen. Not after Ted Lilly was gone by the fourth inning and the Yankees almost faltered to the worst team in the major leagues. Not after Manager Joe Torre reiterated that Chuck Knoblauch, Shane Spencer, David Justice, Paul O'Neill and Gerald Williams would be competing for the same precious at-bats.
Change can be good and change has come to the Yankees. Wohlers is the third new player the revamped Yankees have added in a week, joining Jay Witasick and Gerald Williams. The Yankees almost unloaded Knoblauch to Seattle in what would have amounted to giving him away. The Yankees (45-33), who remained a half-game behind the first-place Red Sox, have been warned: the player next to you might not be next to you in October.
Bernie Williams is about as fresh as a hitter could be. After hitting homers from both sides of the plate yesterday for the seventh time in his career, Williams finished June with 8 homers, 25 runs batted in and a .450 average (45 for 100). He was hitting .239 before the month began and is now hitting a team-high .326. Williams has changed, too, from the hitter experiencing a funk while dealing with his father's death to the hitter the Yankees know and love.
After Lilly left, Ramiro Mendoza and Mike Stanton (6-2) kept the deficit at four runs until Williams woke up the Yankees. He clubbed a two-run homer off Ryan Rupe from the left side of the plate in the sixth, and Tino Martinez followed with his fifth homer in his last 17 at-bats to chisel the deficit to 4-3.
Still, the shaky Devil Rays (24-56) carried the lead into the eighth. That is when Torre used Gerald Williams as a pinch-hitter for O'Neill against the left-handed Doug Creek, a clear indication that he was going to dispense at-bats judiciously as the Yankees searched for more runs. The Yankees activated Justice yesterday and Torre reiterated that he would use Spencer and perhaps even Gerald Williams over linchpins like Knoblauch and O'Neill, depending on who is hitting well.
''Yeah, I think they know that, too,'' Torre said. ''I've done that before. I have said that my priority is trying to do what's best for the team.''
Gerald Williams, Creek's teammate until a week ago, walked. Creek was unnerved with a runner on base and threw over twice, with the ball once deflecting a few feet from first baseman Steve Cox. Creek should have probably concentrated on Bernie Williams, who was hitting from the right side this time and who ripped a 2-2 fastball over the left-field fence to give the Yankees the lead, 5-4. Bernie Williams acknowledged that the Yankees were feeling pressure, a good kind of pressure, to win.
''In all the last few years, we've been able to make it happen when it really counts,'' he said. ''This is a very crucial time in our season, right in the midst of a pennant race. We're adding people that we feel are going to help us in the long run.''
Mariano Rivera endured a sweaty ninth as Greg Vaughn and Fred McGriff singled to put runners on first and third with one out. If Russ Johnson's bunt attempt had not trickled foul, the Devil Rays would have tied the score. But Rivera struck out Johnson and retired Ben Grieve to give the Yankees an important victory on a busy, sticky day of change.
DAVID JUSTICE, 0 for 3 yesterday in his first game back after being sidelined with a strained left groin, has not been focused enough, JOE TORRE said. ''To me, I think he cluttered up his mind,'' he said. ''Hitting is not easy to do, but it's not complicated. I think he complicated it for himself.'' . . . PAUL O'NEILL was not surprised that Torre used GERALD WILLIAMS to pinch-hit for him in the eighth. ''He knew the pitcher; I'm struggling,'' O'Neill said. ''It seemed to be the right thing.'' . . . RICARDO ARAMBOLES, a 19-year-old right-hander, was 1-3 with a 3.04 earned run average at Class AAA Columbus.

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Large ice crystals in Switzerland : mildlyinteresting
u/simplywing
i.imgur.com/cXmAWS...
Jeez the water must be huge there.
artificialavocado
Big water. Not big ocean water, but still big water. They have the best water over there. It's tremendous, believe me.
jordanjwd12345
In awe at the size of this lad, absolute unit!
Lol_at_your_comment
MattThePhatt
We should start bringing people in from Switzerland, since Norway was never invited. Sad!
shaker8989
I was in Geneva this morning and i couldnt believe how clear the water. Could see the bottom of the Rhone running through the city. Not super deep but still awesome.
ctrlaltdelthrowaway
sfxhewitt15
Looks like supermans fortress.
for ants or what?
How do we know you're not a mountain sized giant?
Yea! where the banana?
https://imgur.com/a/3a1Xk

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text:
Tax-Free Wealth: How to Build Massive Wealth by Permanently Lowering Your Taxes by Tom Wheelwright, Paperback | Barnes & Noble® B&N Top 100 NY Times Bestsellers
 and what it means to you
Enjoy this book and let me know what you think. You can always reach me at team@wealthability.com. Here is to your Tax-Free Wealth.
Tom Wheelwright, CPA, is the creative force behind WealthAbility, the world’s premier Tax-Free Wealth movement serving entrepreneurs and investors worldwide. As the founder and CEO, Tom has been responsible for innovating new tax, business and wealth consulting and strategy services for premium clientele for the past 22 years.
Tom is a leading expert and published author on partnerships and corporation tax strategies, a well-known platform speaker and a wealth education innovator. Donald Trump selected Tom to contribute to his
Wealth Builders Program, calling Tom “the best of the best.” Robert
Kiyosaki, bestselling author of Rich Dad Poor Dad, calls Tom “a team player that anyone who wants to be rich needs to add to his team.” In Robert
Kiyosaki’s book, “The Real Book of Real Estate,” Tom, himself, authored
Chapters 1 and 18 of this book. Tom also contributed to Robert Kiyosaki’s
Rich Dad’s Success Stories. Who Took My Money?, Unfair Advantage and was Robert adjuvant for Why the Rich Are Getting Richer.
Tom has written several articles for publication in major professional journals and online resources and has spoken to thousands throughout the United States, Canada, Mexico, Asia, South America, Africa, Europe and Australia.
For more than 35 years, Tom has devised innovative tax, business and wealth strategies for sophisticated investors and business owners in the manufacturing, real estate and high-tech fields. His passion is teaching these innovative strategies to the thousands who come to hear him speak. He has participated as a keynote speaker and panelist in multiple roundtables, and led ground-breaking tax discussions challenging the status quo in terms of tax strategies.
Tom has a wide variety of professional experience, ranging from Big 4
accounting, where he managed and led professional training for thousands of CPAs at Ernst & Young’s National Tax Department in Washington,D.C., to in-house tax advisor for Pinnacle West Capital Corporation, at the time a Fortune 1000 company. Tom also served as an adjunct professor in the Masters of Tax program at Arizona State University for 14 years where he created the course for teaching multi-state tax planning techniques and taught hundreds of graduate students. He currently teaches his Tax and
Asset Protection class with fellow Rich Dad Advisor, Garrett Sutton.
Tom has his Master’s of Professional Accounting degree from the
University of Texas at Austin and his Bachelor of Arts degree from the
Part 1 How the Tax Law Can Be Your Best Friend
Chapter 1 Taxes are Stealing Your Money, Your Time and Your Future 3
Chapter 2 Taxes are Fun, Easy, and Understandable 11
Chapter 3 The Two Most Important Rules 17
Chapter 4 Put Money Back In Your Pocket-Now 23
Chapter 5 Entrepreneurs and Investors Get All the Breaks 29
Chapter 6 You Can Deduct Almost Anything 39
Chapter 7 Depreciation: The King of All Deductions 51
Chapter 8 Earn Better Income 63
Chapter 9 Take Advantage of Your Tax Brackets 79
Chapter 10 Credits: The Cream of the Tax-Saving Crop 93
Chapter 11 Conquer Your Employment Tax Troll 103
Chapter 12 Lower Your Property, Sales, and Value-Added Taxes 113
Chapter 13 Estate Planning is Good Tax Planning 125
Chapter 14 Reducing Your Taxes in Other Locations 139
Part 2 Your Tax Strategy for Tax-Free Wealth
Chapter 15 Plan to Take Control of Your Taxes: Entities 153
Chapter 16 Protect Your Wealth from Pirates, Predators, and Other Plaintiffs 167
Chapter 17 Plan to Retire Rich, Not Poor 181
Chapter 18 Business Can be Your Best Tax Shelter 195
Chapter 19 The Magic of Real Estate 207
Chapter 20 Stocks Can Lower Your Taxes Too 217
Chapter 21 Commodities Can be Your Tax Friend 227
Chapter 22 Don't Fear the Reaper Audit 237
Chapter 23 Choose the Right Tax Advisor and Preparer 251
Chapter 24 What Are You Going to do With All Your Extra Money? 263
Epilogue: Tax-Free Wealth-A Few Final Thoughts 279
book by alasdair gilchrist
book by ole-andreas rognstad
Become a savvy entrepreneur with your own LLC Limited Liability Companies For Dummies, 3rdEdition offers ...
Become a savvy entrepreneur with your own LLC Limited Liability Companies For Dummies, 3rdEdition offers a clear, concise guide that explains the prosand cons of LLCs, and shares insider tips on everything fromchoosing your members and your company name to ...
Many people have million-dollar ideas. They’re confident that their new product or service or innovation ...
Many people have million-dollar ideas. They’re confident that their new product or service or innovation will make them rich and that all their dreams will come true. The problem is: Most people don’t know how to turn their million-dollar idea ...

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text:
New Meetup: August Mutt Mingle - plus more upcoming events in August - Downtown LA Mutt Mingle (Los Angeles, CA) | Meetup
Sent on: Thursday, August 6, 2009 3:47 PM
What: August Mutt Mingle
Mutt Mingle | Tuesday Aug 25 | 6-9 pm
See you and your social pooches later this month for an evening ICE
CREAM SOCIAL featuring frozen yogurt for dogs in 3 great flavors by
Yoghund and SweetSpots ? healthy snacks to beat the heat!
Mutt Mingles are a great way for your dog to learn valuable social skills. It?s a chance for them to experience and interact in a social setting - with food, drink and plenty of other distractions. It?s important for your dog to learn how to behave around other dogs and people. Dog parks or beaches can be very intimidating. Our indoor facility provides for a very comfortable setting and fun atmosphere. Dogs can be off-leash if supervised closely by their owners. For their protection, we lock the front door so dogs are safe from the street traffic.
You can see photos from past meet ups on our photos page.
1) Anesthesia Free Teeth Cleaning | THIS SATURDAY Aug 8 | 10:30am-3pm
P&P will now be offering Anesthesia Free Teeth Cleaning for dogs and
cats. Specially trained pet dental hygienists use relaxation and
training techniques to calm the animals prior to teeth cleaning. Their
methods are gentle, safe, and effective. Limited space is available.
Cost: $110.00 Call us now to book your appointment time and learn how
you can save $10! Call[masked]
2) Looking to Adopt? Two Great Events & Lots of Adoptable Dogs & Cats,
Scratch & Sniff Neighborhood Adoption Festival - Saturday Aug 8 |
North Central Care Center (3201 Lacy Street, LA 90031) - Food, Games,
Pets & Prizes ? P&P will be joining LA Animal Services in their
open-house-style adoption event. Stop by and see us there and be on the
look-out for a new four-legged friend. *Located just 2 blocks east of
Figueroa off Ave 26/110 Hwy.
http://www.laanimal services. com/nc_carecente r.htm
Paws on the Patio - Saturday Aug 15 | 11am-4pm
LA Animal Services Mobile Pet Adoption @ P&P. All new adoptions on Aug
15 qualify for a 10% discount on all purchases and will receive a free
$25 Gift Card to P&P good toward stocking-up on all the essentials
needed for your new friend. Our knowledgeable staff will show you the
essentials you need to help you get off to a great start.
http://media. pussyandpooch. com/events/ paws-on-the- patio-pet- 4
3) Pet Portrait Days by FURTOGRAPHS| Aug 29-30 | Reserve NOW!
Love your Fur Friend's face? Capture the essence of their
personality in a Furtograph ? an unconventional and dramatic pet
portrait by photographer Andy Stolarek. A perfect gift for your favorite
pet lover ? or yourself! Shooting at P&P for one weekend only ?
Reserve your space now. Already a Furtograph Fan? Save 10% off a NEW
session (for PAST clients). To Book your appointment or for more session
info, email Andy at: andy@furtographs. com <mailto:andy@furtographs. com>
Take a peek at their blog www.furtographs. blogspot. com
<http://www.furtogra phs.blogspot. com/> where you can see some Fresh
Faces from some recent studio shoots! Wouldn't you love to see your
little one looking Fresh too?
Now Tasty Rewards Everyday At P&P ? New Member Rewards Program
Save 5% Everyday on Products & Services + Parking Validation and More!
Special in-store sign up bonus going on now. Free to join. Learn More &
Sign-up here: http://www.pussyand pooch.com/ treat.html
http://www.pussyand pooch.com
http://www.meetup.com/Downtown-LA-Mutt-Mingle/calendar/11053722/
2,162 YEP Yogis

value: This website is a service used to organize online groups that host in-person and virtual events for people with similar interests. It was founded in 2002 by Chairman Scott Heiferman and four co-founders.


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Where?My current locationSearchSign In•JoinWrite a ReviewHelpful Reviews Indigo Eurasian Cuisinepoketako ratedWhat A Place To Be.....Indigo, Wow - so many good things to say about them, where do i start? ok well as soon as you walk in the front walk way it tells the story about old Hawaii. Indigo was one of the very 1st buildings built in Chain town, so if that doesn`t wet your lips the drinks well,... there amazing atmosphere of 4 rooms well, yes 3 bars and a huge dinning room indoor and outside, see if you can find that anywhere in chain town? No just indigo.. starting with the Lanai bar "the out side bar" for business people great place to have lunch meetings and maybe one of there World Class Martini, And for you kids at H.P.U saving money go to INDIGO at 4:30pm 8pm they have complementary buffet with $4. Drinks... wow cant bet that, at night around 9pm they open up two more rooms with DJs .. so then it turns in to a club, thats Cool, A, 5-star place with a club hidden somewhere inside and looking people inside staff and guess alike, And dont forget there 1st Fridays, A must, for every 1st friday... get there early it gets packed...AboutAbout UsSite FeedbackContact UsAdvertise with UsCareers - We're HiringCorporate BlogEngineering BlogLegal

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