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Bioelectricity& Excitable Tissue
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Jahanbakhsh Bagherzadeh Homaei , --
1. BIOELECTRICITY AND EXCITABLE TISSUE THE ORIGIN OF BIOELECTRICITY AND HOW NERVES WORK www.freelivedoctor.com
2. THE RESTING CELL

HIGH POTASSIUM

LOW SODIUM

NA/K ATPASE PUMP

RESTING POTENTIAL ABOUT 90 - 120 MV

OSMOTICALLY BALANCED (CONSTANT VOLUME)

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3. www.freelivedoctor.com
4. BIOELECTRICITY THE ORIGIN OF THE MEMBRANE POTENTIAL www.freelivedoctor.com
5. MOBILITY OF IONS DEPENDS ON HYDRATED SIZE

IONS WITH SMALLER CRYSTAL RADIUS HAVE A HIGHER CHARGE DENSITY

THE HIGHER CHARGE DENSITY ATTRACTS MORE WATER OF HYDRATION

THUS THE SMALLER THE CRYSTAL RADIUS, THE LOWER THE MOBILITY IN WATER

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6. IONS MOVE WITH THEIR HYDRATION SHELLS - + - + Hydration Shells - + - + - + - + - + - + - + - + - + www.freelivedoctor.com Na + - + - + Cl - - + - + - + - + - + - + - + - + - + - + - + - + - +
7. ELECTRONEUTRAL DIFFUSSION HIGH SALT CONCEMTRATION LOW SALT CONCEMTRATION BARRIER SEPARATES THE TWO SOLUTIONS www.freelivedoctor.com + - + - + - + - + - + - + - + -
8. ELECTRONEUTRAL DIFFUSSION + - CHARGE SEPARATION = ELECTRICAL POTENTIAL www.freelivedoctor.com HIGH SALT CONCEMTRATION LOW SALT CONCEMTRATION + - BARRIER REMOVED + - + - + - + - + - + - + -
9. ELECTRICAL POTENTIAL=CHARGE SEPARATION In water, without a membrane hydrated Chloride is smaller than hydrated Sodium, therefore faster: Cl - Na + The resulting separation of charge is called an ELECTRICAL POTENTIAL + - www.freelivedoctor.com
10. THE MEMBRANE POTENTIAL M E M B R A N E Extracellular Fluid Intracellular Fluid Na + K + Sodium channel is less open causing sodium to be slower Potassium channel is more open causing potassium to be faster + - MEMRANE POTENTIAL (ABOUT 90 -120 mv) www.freelivedoctor.com
11. THE ORIGIN OF BIOELECTRICITY

POTASSIUM CHANNELS ALLOW HIGH MOBILITY

SODIUM CHANNELS LESS OPEN

CHARGE SEPARATION OCCURS UNTIL BOTH MOVE AT SAME SPEED

STEADY STEADY IS ACHIEVED WITH A CONSTANT MEMBRANE POTENTIAL

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12. THE RESTING CELL

HIGH POTASSIUM

LOW SODIUM

NA/K ATPASE PUMP

RESTING POTENTIAL ABOUT 90 - 120 MV

OSMOTICALLY BALANCED (CONSTANT VOLUME)

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13. www.freelivedoctor.com
14. ACTIVE TRANSPORT ADP ATP www.freelivedoctor.com
15. ACTIVE TRANSPORT REQUIRES AN INPUT OF ENERGY

USUALLY IN THE FORM OF ATP

ATPase IS INVOLVED

SOME ASYMMETRY IS NECESSARY

CAN PUMP UPHILL

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16. EXCITABLE TISSUES

NERVE AND MUSCLE

VOLTAGE GATED CHANNELS

DEPOLARIZATION LESS THAN THRESHOLD IS GRADED

DEPOLARIZATION BEYOND THRESHOLD LEADS TO ACTION POTENTIAL

ACTION POTENTIAL IS ALL OR NONE

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17. THE NERVE CELL CELL BODY DENDRITES AXON AXON HILLOCK AXON TERMINALS www.freelivedoctor.com
18. EXCITABLE TISSUES:THE ACTION POTENTIAL

THE MEMBRANE USES VOLTAGE GATED CHANNELS TO SWITCH FROM A POTASSIUM DOMINATED TO A SODIUM DOMINATED POTENTIAL

IT THEN INACTIVATES AND RETURNS TO THE RESTING STATE

THE RESPONSE IS “ALL OR NONE”

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19. EQUILIBRIUM POTENTIALS FOR IONS FOR EACH CONCENTRATION DIFFERENCE ACROSS THE MEMBRANE THERE IS AN ELECTRIC POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE WHICH WILL PRODUCE EQUILIBRIUM. AT EQUILIBRIUM NO NET ION FLOW OCCURS www.freelivedoctor.com
20. THE EQUILIBRIUM MEMBRANE POTENTIAL FOR POTASSIUM IS -90 mV + - CONCENTRATION POTENTIAL K + K + IN www.freelivedoctor.com
21. THE EQUILIBRIUM MEMBRANE POTENTIAL FOR SODIUM IS + 60 mV Na + Na + + - CONCENTRATION POTENTIAL IN OUT www.freelivedoctor.com
22. THE RESTING POTENTIAL IS NEAR THE POTASSIUM EQUILIBRIUM POTENTIAL

AT REST THE POTASSIUM CHANNELS ARE MORE OPEN AND THE POTASSIUM IONS MAKE THE INSIDE OF THE CELL NEGATIVE

THE SODIUM CHANNELS ARE MORE CLOSED AND THE SODIUM MOVES SLOWER

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23. EVENTS DURING EXCITATION

DEPOLARIZATION EXCEEDS THRESHOLD

SODIUM CHANNELS OPEN

MEMBRANE POTENTIAL SHIFTS FROM POTASSIUM CONTROLLED (-90 MV) TO SODIUM CONTROLLED (+60 MV)

AS MEMBRANE POTENTIAL REACHES THE SODIUM POTENTIAL, THE SODIUM CHANNELS CLOSE AND ARE INACTIVATED

POTASSIUM CHANNELS OPEN TO REPOLARIZE THE MEMBRANE

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24. OPENING THE SODIUM CHANNELS ALLOWS SODIUM TO RUSH IN

THE MEMBRANE DEPOLARIZES AND THEN THE MEMBRANE POTENTIAL APPROACHES THE SODIUM EQUILIBRIUM POTENTIAL

THIS RADICAL CHANGE IN MEMBRANE POTENTIAL CAUSES THE SODIUM CHANNELS TO CLOSE (INACTIVATION) AND THE POTASSIUM CHANNELS TO OPEN REPOLARIZING THE MEMBRANE

THERE IS A SLIGHT OVERSHOOT (HYPERPOLARIZATION) DUE TO THE POTASSIUM CHANNELS BEING MORE OPEN

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25. GRADED VS ALL OR NONE

A RECEPTOR’S RESPONSE TO A STIMULUS IS GRADED

IF THRESHOLD IS EXCEEDED, THE ACTION POTENTIAL RESULTING IS ALL OR NONE

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27. www.freelivedoctor.com
28. PROPAGATION OF THE ACTION POTENTIAL +++++ -------- --------------------- +++++++++++++ AXON MEMBRANE INSIDE OUTSIDE ACTION POTENTIAL DEPOLARIZING CURRENT www.freelivedoctor.com
29. PROPAGATION OF THE ACTION POTENTIAL +++++ -------- --------------------- +++++++++++++ AXON MEMBRANE INSIDE OUTSIDE ACTION POTENTIAL DEPOLARIZING CURRENT www.freelivedoctor.com
30. PROPAGATION OF THE ACTION POTENTIAL --+++ ++------ +++------------------ ---++++++++++ AXON MEMBRANE INSIDE OUTSIDE ACTION POTENTIAL DEPOLARIZING CURRENT www.freelivedoctor.com
31. PROPAGATION OF THE ACTION POTENTIAL -------- +++++ ++++++------- -----------++++ AXON MEMBRANE INSIDE OUTSIDE ACTION POTENTIAL DEPOLARIZING CURRENT www.freelivedoctor.com
32. SALTATORY CONDUCTION +++++ -------- -------- +++++ AXON MEMBRANE INSIDE OUTSIDE ACTION POTENTIAL DEPOLARIZING CURRENT MYELIN NODE OF RANVIER NODE OF RANVIER www.freelivedoctor.com
33. NORMALLY A NERVE IS EXCITED BY A SYNAPSE OR BY A RECEPTOR

MANY NERVES SYNAPSE ON ANY GIVEN NERVE

RECEPTORS HAVE GENERATOR POTENTIALS WHICH ARE GRADED

IN EITHER CASE WHEN THE NERVE IS DEPOLARIZED BEYOND THRESHOLD IT FIRE AN ALL-OR-NONE ACTION POTENTIAL AT THE FIRST NODE OF RANVIER

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35. THE SYNAPSE

JUNCTION BETWEEN TWO NEURONS

CHEMICAL TRANSMITTER

MAY BE 100,000 ON A SINGLE CNS NEURON

SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL SUMMATION

CAN BE EXCITATORY OR INHIBITORY

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36. THE SYNAPSE SYNAPTIC VESSICLES ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• INCOMING ACTION POTENTIAL CALCIUM CHANNEL ION CHANNEL RECEPTOR ENZYME www.freelivedoctor.com
37. THE SYNAPSE SYNAPTIC VESSICLES ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• INCOMING ACTION POTENTIAL CALCIUM CHANNEL ION CHANNEL RECEPTOR ENZYME www.freelivedoctor.com
38. THE SYNAPSE SYNAPTIC VESSICLES ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• INCOMING ACTION POTENTIAL CALCIUM CHANNEL ION CHANNEL RECEPTOR ENZYME www.freelivedoctor.com
39. THE SYNAPSE SYNAPTIC VESSICLES ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• CALCIUM CHANNEL ION CHANNEL RECEPTOR ENZYME www.freelivedoctor.com
40. THE SYNAPSE SYNAPTIC VESSICLES ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• CALCIUM CHANNEL ION CHANNEL RECEPTOR ENZYME ••• www.freelivedoctor.com
41. THE SYNAPSE SYNAPTIC VESSICLES ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• CALCIUM CHANNEL ION CHANNEL RECEPTOR ENZYME www.freelivedoctor.com
42. THE SYNAPSE SYNAPTIC VESSICLES ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• CALCIUM CHANNEL ION CHANNEL RECEPTOR ENZYME www.freelivedoctor.com
43. POSTSYNAPTIC POTENTIALS RESTING POTENTIAL EPSP TIME www.freelivedoctor.com IPSP
44. TEMPORAL SUMMATION TIME TOO FAR APART IN TIME: NO SUMMATION www.freelivedoctor.com
45. TEMPORAL SUMMATION TIME CLOSER IN TIME: SUMMATION BUT BELOW THRESHOLD THRESHOLD www.freelivedoctor.com
46. TEMPORAL SUMMATION TIME STILL CLOSER IN TIME: ABOVE THRESHOLD THRESHOLD www.freelivedoctor.com
47. SPATIAL SUMMATION TIME SIMULTANEOUS INPUT FROM TWO SYNAPSES: ABOVE THRESHOLD THRESHOLD www.freelivedoctor.com
48. EPSP-IPSP CANCELLATION www.freelivedoctor.com
49. NEURO TRANSMITTERS

ACETYL CHOLINE

DOPAMINE

NOREPINEPHRINE

EPINEPHRINE

SEROTONIN

HISTAMINE

GLYCINE

GLUTAMINE

GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID (GABA)

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bioelectricity and bio-electronic devices
9 water ions
Modern bioelectricity pdf
Carbohydrate energetics
Leave Sudhanshu Raman
Ppt paper 3 plasma energy technology
The study of bio-electricity in plants and their application as power sources


text:
Huntsville Depot - Wikipedia
For the WWII chemical weapons plant of the same name, see Huntsville Arsenal.
Southern Railway System Depot
The depot in July 2010
330 Church St., Huntsville, Alabama
34°44′4″N 86°35′27″W / 34.73444°N 86.59083°W / 34.73444; -86.59083Coordinates: 34°44′4″N 86°35′27″W / 34.73444°N 86.59083°W / 34.73444; -86.59083
71000101[1]
June 25, 2002[2]
The Huntsville Depot located on the Norfolk Southern Railway line in downtown Huntsville is the oldest surviving railroad depot in Alabama and one of the oldest in the United States. Completed in 1860, the depot served as eastern division headquarters for the Memphis and Charleston Railroad.[3] It is listed on both the Alabama Register of Landmarks and Heritage and National Register of Historic Places.[1][2]
Huntsville was occupied by Union forces in 1862 during the Civil War as a strategic point on the railroad and the depot was used as a prison for Confederate soldiers. Graffiti left by the soldiers can still be seen on the walls. The Huntsville Depot saw its last regularly scheduled passenger train, Southern Railway's The Tennessean, on March 30, 1968. Today the Depot serves as a museum, part of the Early Works Museum.
^ a b "Alabama Register of Landmarks and Heritage". Alabama Historical Commission. Archived from the original on July 18, 2013. Retrieved May 22, 2013.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Huntsville_Depot&oldid=818526828"
Railroad museums in Alabama
Transportation buildings and structures in Madison County, Alabama
This page was last edited on 4 January 2018, at 02:14.

type: global

value: This website is the English-language edition of the free online encyclopedia Wikipedia. It was founded on 15 January 2001 as Wikipedia's first edition and, as of October 2021, has the most articles of any edition, at 6,412,521.


text:
giving | Thanksgiving at the Happy House | Pinterest | Thanksgiving, Pies and Give Thanks
Posters for the Home during Thanksgiving. Just Frame and your good to go! Happy Thanksgiving, Pumpkin Pie, Fall Thanksgiving, Thanksgiving Sign, Thanksgiving Pie, Eat Pie, Thanksgiving Quote, Holidays Thanksgiving, Fall Idea
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Print and Frame Free Printable - Thanksgiving Quote Free Printable ~ Eat, Drink, and Be Thankful | {Five Heart Home}
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Super cute plating idea...not so much the recipe
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This is for the above artwork....Pumpkin Pie fixes Everything! a PDF instant download , that I created. It looks so great in your holiday decor!
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text:
Primitive & rustic witch sign is made from wood, painted with warm pumpkin orange with black lettering. Distressed and stained for a time worn look.
Handcrafted by Daisy Patch Primitives. This sign is made upon receipt...please allow 1- 2 weeks for delivery.

value: This website is an American e-commerce company focused on handmade or vintage items and craft supplies.


text:
Morgan grinder! Rampaging Ben puts England on verge of historic Argentina series victory | Daily Mail Online
Published: 16:00 EST, 9 June 2013 | Updated: 16:00 EST, 9 June 2013
Stuart Lancaster’s new brigade landed back in Buenos Aires determined to become the first England touring team to win both Tests of a series in Argentina.
Never in four previous tours have England won 2-0, but the way in which man of the match Ben Morgan and Co pulverised Argentina in the first half here makes them strong favourites on Saturday for a clean sweep.
The Gloucester No 8, whose display of explosive running proved he has overcome the ankle injury that ruined his Six Nations, said the unbeaten target had been set by head coach Lancaster when the squad met up last month.
Major impact: England¿s Ben Morgan put in an all-action display to inspire victory over Argentina
‘It has never been done before by an England team so it is a huge driver, but I think it is going to be a bit too hasty for me to say we are going to do it straight away,’ explained Morgan.
‘This is a tough Argentina team and it is going to be a whole different ball game next week in Buenos Aires,’ he predicted after he had scored his first try for England in 11 games since his debut at the start of the 2012 Six Nations.
The 24-year-old was at the heart of England’s first-half display that brought three of the four tries and a winning lead of 25-3.
England’s pace resulted in touchdowns for wing David Strettle and centre Billy Twelvetrees, before Morgan’s barging run down the right swept aside opponents who were paralysed by a ruinous line-out.
The ruthlessness enabled a raw England team to settle very quickly, fired up by some committed forwards and the inspiration of new cap Christian Wade, who was a constant danger.
Catch him if you can: Wing Christian Wade also starred on his England debut
Morgan talked afterwards of his ‘pent-up frustration’ during a two-month injury break after he was hurt in the opening Six Nations win this season over Scotland.
‘It was great to be involved again and I think we have put down a good performance. There is a lot to improve but we have to be happy that we delivered.’
Morgan feels that he would have been able to return earlier if he had been lighter and smaller than his massive 6ft 3in and 18st-plus frame. ‘Being heavy, there is a lot more stress going through my joints so I had to be careful,’ he said.
‘It just delayed the process, but I have brushed that aside now and got back into the England squad, which is where I want to stay. It is up to me to put markers down to play in this spot.’
Ahead: David Strettle scores England's first try in the corner
Unlucky: Billy Twelvetrees dives for the line before having a try ruled offside
He was not the only player to make a mark for the autumn when Lancaster will have the Lions and rested senior players at his disposal.
The England head coach might have bemoaned a lethargic second half which Argentina dominated, yet they were still unable to break through some solid defensive play.
Overall, he happily settled for this victory, which achieved most of his aims, despite being spoiled by a high penalty count of 15-7, as well as the sin-binning of second-half substitute Courtney Lawes.
Style: Mike Brown flicks the ball out of the back of his hand under pressure
Reliable: Freddie Burns kicks from the tee as he increases England's lead
Besides the smooth introduction of Wade, who showed that he is far more than just a try scorer, flanker Matt Kvesic, the other new cap who started, had an effective first half.
Up front, Joe Marler and David Wilson put together some destructive scrummaging to help gain Freddie Burns two early penalty goals.
England’s first-half dominance also allowed Lancaster to field three more new caps after the break in Vunipola, the Saracens-bound No 8, Bath centre Kyle Eastmond and Sale prop Henry Thomas.
Argentina, like England, were below strength and will surely provide a sterner test next time. They have a week to repair their line-out and find some attacking zest of their own.
Under the arm: Jonathan Joseph keeps the ball after a tackle from Argentina's Gonzalo Tiesi
Boisterous match: Dave Attwood powers towards the line
I'd have taken 10 flights to get here, says Corbisiero after... Wade bursting with pride after making England debut in win... Aussie coach Deans sticks to his guns and opts not to pick... Ireland wing Zebo gets Lions call after Bowe suffers broken...

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text:
Patent US5514861 - Computer and/or scanner system mounted on a glove - Google PatentsSearch Images Maps Play YouTube News Gmail Drive More »Sign inAdvanced Patent SearchPatentsA portable computer and/or scanner system includes a keyboard, another data input device such as an optical scanner, a data processor module and a display. All of these components are arranged on a glove to be worn by a system operator. The system is configured in two housings, the first mounted on a...http://www.google.com/patents/US5514861?utm_source=gb-gplus-sharePatent US5514861 - Computer and/or scanner system mounted on a gloveAdvanced Patent SearchPublication numberUS5514861 APublication typeGrantApplication numberUS 08/409,913Publication dateMay 7, 1996Filing dateMar 23, 1995Priority dateMay 11, 1988Fee statusPaidPublication number08409913, 409913, US 5514861 A, US 5514861A, US-A-5514861, US5514861 A, US5514861AInventorsSimon Bard, Boris Metlitsky, Jerome SwartzOriginal AssigneeSymbol Technologies, Inc.Export CitationBiBTeX, EndNote, RefManPatent Citations (74), Non-Patent Citations (7), Referenced by (64), Classifications (37), Legal Events (4) External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, EspacenetComputer and/or scanner system mounted on a gloveUS 5514861 AAbstract A portable computer and/or scanner system includes a keyboard, another data input device such as an optical scanner, a data processor module and a display. All of these components are arranged on a glove to be worn by a system operator. The system is configured in two housings, the first mounted on a finger brace and the second on a wrist brace, both braces being attached to the glove. The two housings are interconnected by electrical or optical cables. The first housing contains the electro-optical scanner and the second contains a processor module, keyboard and display. The second housing may also contain a transceiver for communication with a host computer, and is positioned on the wrist so that the display is at the top or back of the wrist for easy visualization. The keypad is positioned on the side of the wrist adjacent the thumb so that the operator can use the keypad while watching the display. A push button switch on the finger brace is operated by the thumb to control the scanner.
Patent CitationsCited PatentFiling datePublication dateApplicantTitleUS1165970 *Dec 12, 1914Dec 28, 1915Edward HarrisSignaling-glove.US1197652 *Sep 12, 1916Edward R NewtonHand signal device.US3508814 *Dec 19, 1966Apr 28, 1970Aircraft CorpFlexure mode transducer for optical beam scanningUS3532408 *May 20, 1968Oct 6, 1970Bulova Watch Co IncResonant torsional oscillatorsUS3544201 *Jan 2, 1968Dec 1, 1970Gen Telephone & ElectOptical beam deflectorUS3588359 *Dec 11, 1968Jun 28, 1971NasaProtective suit having an audio transceiverUS3614677 *Apr 29, 1966Oct 19, 1971IbmElectromechanical monolithic resonatorUS3758199 *Nov 22, 1971Sep 11, 1973Sperry Rand CorpPiezoelectrically actuated light deflectorUS3794410 *Feb 20, 1973Feb 26, 1974Mca Disco VisionArticulated mirrorUS3902783 *Mar 20, 1974Sep 2, 1975Siemens AgPiezoelectric beam deflectorUS3978318 *Nov 26, 1975Aug 31, 1976Data General CorporationHand-operated scannerUS3981566 *Sep 23, 1974Sep 21, 1976Eastman Kodak CompanyLever-action mountings for 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News.2A Cahners Publication, Traffic Management for Buyers of Transportation/Services/Equipment, "Wearable Technology for the 1990s", Aug. 1992.3 *A Cahners Publication, Traffic Management for Buyers of Transportation/Services/Equipment, Wearable Technology for the 1990s , Aug. 1992.4 *Abstract of Japanese Pat. Apppln. No. 1 306975 (A), Hiroshi Asai, Nippon Riteiru Syst K.K.(1).5Abstract of Japanese Pat. Apppln. No. 1-306975 (A), Hiroshi Asai, Nippon Riteiru Syst K.K.(1).6 *Metrologic New Product Bulletin, Jun. 1, 1992.7 *Wearable Scanner Raises Productivity Aug. 1992, p. 24 of Automatic I.D. 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video playback with synchronized audioUS7519271Jan 22, 2004Apr 14, 2009Vulcan Patents LlcLow attention recording with particular application to social recordingUS7565681Apr 13, 2005Jul 21, 2009Vulcan Patents LlcSystem and method for the broadcast dissemination of time-ordered dataUS7566009Dec 16, 2007Jul 28, 2009Silverbrook Research Pty LtdReading device having a harnessUS7849475Jul 8, 2004Dec 7, 2010Interval Licensing LlcSystem and method for selective recording of informationUS7854684Oct 12, 2000Dec 21, 2010Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd.Wearable deviceUS7878408Jun 28, 2009Feb 1, 2011Silverbrook Research Pty LtdFinger tip data reading deviceUS8046818Feb 19, 2009Oct 25, 2011Interval Licensing LlcSystem and method for the broadcast dissemination of time-ordered dataUS8176515Mar 5, 2007May 8, 2012Interval Licensing LlcBrowser for use in navigating a body of information, with particular application to browsing information represented by audiovisual dataUS8238722Nov 4, 2008Aug 7, 2012Interval Licensing LlcVariable rate video playback with synchronized audioUS8292184 *Nov 16, 2011Oct 23, 2012Turbovich IritBarcode scannerUS8341688Sep 19, 2011Dec 25, 2012Interval Licensing LlcSystem and method for the broadcast dissemination of time-ordered dataUS8584158Nov 11, 2010Nov 12, 2013Interval Licensing LlcSystem and method for selective recording of informationUS20120223143 *Nov 16, 2011Sep 6, 2012Turbovich IritBarcode scannerEP0950226A1 *Nov 24, 1997Oct 20, 1999Metrologic Instruments, Inc.System and method for carrying out information-related transactionsEP0958546A1 *Nov 24, 1997Nov 24, 1999Metrologic Instruments, Inc.System and method for accessing internet-based information resources by scanning java-applet encoded bar code symbolsEP1019844A1 *Nov 24, 1997Jul 19, 2000Metrologic Instruments, Inc.Bar code symbol driven systems for accessing information resources on the internetWO2002073513A2 *Mar 5, 2002Sep 19, 2002Hand Held Prod IncAn optical scanner data collection network employing multi-packet transmission of decoded dataWO2008070398A2 *Nov 8, 2007Jun 12, 2008Symbol Technologies IncAudio trigger for mobile devices* Cited by examinerClassifications U.S. Classification235/462.44, 235/472.1International ClassificationG07G1/00, G06F1/16, G06F3/033, G07F7/02, G06K7/10Cooperative ClassificationG06F3/0346, G06K7/10584, G06K7/10564, G06K7/1098, G06F1/163, G07G1/0045, G06K7/10881, G06K7/10871, A41D19/0024, G06K2207/1016, G06K7/10633, G07F7/02, G06F2203/0331, G06K7/10891, G06K2007/10534, G06Q20/343, G06K7/10653European ClassificationG06K7/10S9F2, G06K7/10S9F, G06K7/10S9E1, G06F3/0346, G06K7/10S9V, G06Q20/343, G06K7/10S2P2D2B, G06F1/16P5, G07G1/00C2, G06K7/10S2B4, G06K7/10S2B, G06K7/10S2P2D, G07F7/02Legal EventsDateCodeEventDescriptionSep 20, 2007FPAYFee paymentYear of fee payment: 12Jan 5, 2005ASAssignmentOwner name: JPMORGAN CHASE BANK, N.A., NEW YORKFree format text: SECURITY INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:SYMBOL TECHNOLOGIES, INC.;REEL/FRAME:016116/0203Effective date: 20041229Owner name: JPMORGAN CHASE BANK, N.A. 270 PARK AVENUE AS COLLAFree format text: SECURITY INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:SYMBOL TECHNOLOGIES, INC. /AR;REEL/FRAME:016116/0203Oct 7, 2003FPAYFee paymentYear of fee payment: 8Nov 1, 1999FPAYFee paymentYear of fee payment: 4RotateOriginal ImageGoogle Home - Sitemap - USPTO Bulk Downloads - Privacy Policy - Terms of Service - About Google Patents - Send FeedbackData provided by IFI CLAIMS Patent Services©2012 Google

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Alpha 6 - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
For other uses, see Alpha 6 (disambiguation).
The Alpha 6 is a fake "molecular detector" which can, according to its manufacturer, detect various substances from a distance, including explosives and drugs. The device has come under scrutiny following revelations about two similar devices, the ADE 651, which has become the focus of a fraud investigation in the United Kingdom,[1] and the GT200, which tests have determined to perform no better than random chance.[2]
The UK Government has banned the export of such devices to Iraq and Afghanistan in an order brought into force in January 2010 under the Export Control Act 2002[3] and has warned foreign governments that the GT200 and ADE 651 are "wholly ineffective" at detecting bombs and explosives.[4] The government of Thailand, a major user of the Alpha 6, has ordered double blind testing of the device to determine whether it is effective.[5]
2 Export ban and criminal proceedings
3 Controversy in Thailand
The Alpha 6 is a hand-held device comprising a swivelling antenna mounted via a hinge to a plastic handset. Promotional literature claims that the device "is programmed to oscillate at the same frequency as that of the substance to be located." It is said to be powered by static electricity generated within the user's body "when breathing occurs". The device is claimed to be able to detect the "molecular signature" of various substances, including drugs, explosives and ammunition in quantities as small as 15 nanograms, from distances of up to 300 metres (980 ft) away, through walls and underwater. The "signature" of the substance to be detected is stored on a "recognition card" sealed inside the handset.[6][7]
Export ban and criminal proceedings[edit]
Following controversy over a similar device, the ADE 651, the UK Government issued an order under the Export Control Act 2002 that came into force on 27 January 2010, banning the export to Iraq and Afghanistan of "‘electro-statically powered’ equipment for detecting 'explosives'",[8] on the grounds that such equipment "could cause harm to UK and other friendly forces".[3] The export ban covers all such devices, including the GT200.
Officers from the City of London Police Overseas Anti-Corruption Unit subsequently raided the offices of manufacturers Scandec and two other makers of similar "detectors". A large amount of cash and several hundred of the devices and their component parts were seized. The police said that they were investigating on suspicion of fraud by false representation and were also investigating whether bribes had been paid to secure contracts to supply the devices.[9][10]
Pursuant to the Fraud Act of 2006, five people were charged in July 2012 by the Overseas Anti-Corruption Unit (OACU) 2012 on charges related to the Alpha 6 and the similar GT200, ADE 651 and XK9 devices. Among the allegations were that these devices were "dishonestly represented as capable of detecting explosives."[11]
The case went to trial in May 2013 with three people being accused of fraud in relation to the Alpha 6.[12] During the case the defendants claimed that by "programming" the Alpha 6 with a photograph of Madeleine McCann they had been able to locate the missing child; one defendant travelled to Ireland to continue the search.[13] The defendant who had distributed the device was later cleared in June 2013, whilst the other defendants, the manufacturers of the product, face a retrial after the jury failed to reach a verdict[14]
In the retrial Samuel Tree was sentenced to three and a half years while his wife Joan received 300 hours community work[15]
Controversy in Thailand[edit]
The government of Thailand has been a major purchaser of the Alpha 6. The country's Interior Ministry has bought 479 of the devices and the Office of the Narcotics Control Board (ONCB), part of the Justice Ministry, has a further 15.[5] The ONCB began using the devices in 2007 to combat drug smuggling in northern Thailand and bought its units at a price of 400,000 baht ($12,000) apiece. It claimed that its Alpha 6 units were highly effective, achieving a 70% success rate and helping to identify drug traffickers and smuggled drugs.[16] The head of the OCNB, Police Lt General Krissana Phon-anan, has said that the devices work so well that the agency no longer uses dogs to detect narcotics. The Interior Ministry plans to procure more Alpha 6 devices and train 1,000 volunteers to use them.[5] Its own Alpha 6 devices were procured at a much higher price than those of the Narcotics Control Board, at 720,000 baht ($21,600) each.[17] The total cost of the devices has been around 351 million baht ($10.6 million).
Following a controversy about the effectiveness of the GT200 "remote substance detector", similar questions were raised about the Alpha 6. Thai Prime Minister Abhisit Vejjajiva ordered scientific tests of the GT200 in February 2010 to verify its claimed effectiveness. The tests found that the GT200's detection rate was no more effective than random chance.[2] In the wake of the GT200 scandal, the Science and Technology Ministry announced that it would broaden its tests at the request of the Ministry of the Interior and the Ministry of Justice to verify the claimed effectiveness of the Alpha 6.[18]
The Alpha 6 devices were demonstrated and supplied to the Thai authorities by a local Thai company and purchased from a UK company Comstrac.The GT200 was supplied by another company[19]
^ "UK bans bomb detectors". Bangkok Post. 2010-01-24. Retrieved 2010-01-26. ^ a b Staff (2010-02-17). "Bt800-million embarrassment". The Nation. Archived from the original on 18 February 2010. Retrieved 2010-02-17. ^ a b "Government statement on 'bomb detectors' export ban". BBC News. 2010-01-22. Archived from the original on 26 January 2010. Retrieved 2010-01-22. ^ Hawley, Caroline; Jones, Meirion (2010-01-27). "UK warns world about useless 'bomb detectors'". BBC News. Archived from the original on 28 January 2010. Retrieved 2010-01-28. ^ a b c Laohong, King-oua; Piragsa, Surichai (2010-02-17). "ONCB gives go ahead for Alpha 6 test". Bangkok Post. Retrieved 2010-02-17. ^ "Alpha 6 Molecular Detector". TNS Networking Solutions Pvt. Ltd. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-02-17. ^ "Comstrac - Alpha 6 Molecular Detector". Emcom Africa. Archived from the original on 2010-02-17. ^ "The Export Control (Amendment) Order 2010. Statutory Instrument 2010 No. 121.". Office of Public Sector Information. 2010-01-27. Retrieved 2010-01-28. ^ Peel, Michael; Pfeifer, Sylvia (2010-06-08). "Police conduct raids in bomb detector probe". The Financial Times. Archived from the original on 8 June 2010. Retrieved 2010-06-08. ^ "Police raids expand bomb detector probe". BBC News. 2010-06-08. Archived from the original on 10 June 2010. Retrieved 2010-06-08. ^ "Five charged by Overseas Anti Corruption Unit (OACU)" (Press release). City of London Police. 12 July 2012. Retrieved April 3, 2013. ^ "Bomb detector scam: Three people go on trial". BBC News. 29 May 2013. Retrieved 27 January 2014. ^ "Fake bomb detectors located Madeleine McCann". Hampstead and Highgate Express. 6 June 2013. Retrieved 28 January 2014. ^ Marshall, Tom (19 June 2013). "Jury clears fake bomb detector salesman who thought he found Madeleine McCann". Hampstead and Highgate Express. Retrieved 27 January 2014. ^ http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-29477894
^ Laohong, King-oua; Srinuanjan, Sunan (2010-01-28). "Drug busters say they have better detector". Bangkok Post. Retrieved 2010-02-17. ^ Staff (2010-01-28). "GT200 little more than a dowsing rod: scientist". The Nation. ^ Anucha, Charoenpo (2010-02-15). "Detector tests broadened, ministry says". Bangkok Post. Retrieved 2010-02-17. ^ Laohong, King-oua (13 November 2012). "Brits ask DSI to testify on Comstrac". The Bangkok Post. Retrieved 4 October 2014. External links[edit]
ComsTrac Ltd - One of the companies which supplied the Alpha 6 worldwide
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Posh wants her daughter to be like Kate | entertainment | Hindustan Times
Posh wants her daughter to be like Kate
Victoria Beckham wants her baby girl Harper Seven to grow up and become a perfect English rose like Prince William’s bride Kate, her pals have revealed. Proud mum Posh told friends of her dream for her daughter to become a proper “little princess” with a cut-glass accent, chic clothes and plenty of style.
entertainment Updated: Jul 14, 2011 11:38 IST
"Everyone has fallen in love with Kate Middleton," the Daily Star quoted a source as saying. "She’s gorgeous, stylish, speaks well and has perfect manners, all the qualities that Victoria will wish for Harper.
"Victoria will want her daughter to grow up to become a perfect English rose, with a gorgeous posh accent and definitely not like some spoilt Hollywood brat. "Victoria is a massive fan of Kate Middleton and now, finally, baby Harper is going to be her very own little princess," the source added.
First Published: Jul 13, 2011 15:13 IST

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Amazon.com: The Road of Bones (9780374363161): Anne Fine: Books
Save: $13.04 (77%)
The Road of Bones Hardcover – April 29, 2008
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The author of Madame Doubtfire turns to grittier, more political subject matter as she traces the circular route of revolution and its devastating effects on her protagonist. . . . Dark and thought-provoking." —Publishers Weekly
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4.0 out of 5 starsIntriguing Look at Stalinist Russia

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Subverting Vista UAC in Both 32 and 64 bit Architectures - CodeProject 13,003,102 members (57,824 online)
298.4K views12.3K downloads156 bookmarked

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Mainstream Hair Studio - Schenectady, NY | Groupon
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Hair is a valuable ally in protecting your scalp from the sun, winter cold, and nearsighted bowling ball collectors––all the more reason to keep hair as healthy as possible. That's where Mainstream Hair Studio comes in. Skilled stylists carry out a wide array of strand-centric services, snipping away split ends, fortifying them with a specialty conditioning treatment, or recoloring hair altogether. The salon also offers makeup services and swift waxing sessions to banish unwanted stubble. Is this your business?
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Taft, LA Tile, Stone & Countertops
Tile, Stone & Countertops near Taft	New Orleans
170 Taft, LA Tile, Stone & Countertop Manufacturers and ShowroomsTile, stone and countertop projects might not sound especially complicated, but they can be surprisingly hard to get right. Seeking expert assistance can help homeowners save time, money and frustration. Contractors who specialize in this field are trained to install and repair tile and stone surfaces in your Louisiana home, from flooring to backsplashes, as well as countertop materials such as solid surface, granite and marble. More View Ashburn, VA professionals near
38 Reviews	(504) 738-2228	Harahan, LA, 70123, United States15 miles from Taft
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3 Reviews	(504) 733-5566	Harahan, LA, 70123, United States15 miles from Taft
The Stone Gallery is the Gulf South’s oldest and largest distributor of Premium Quality natural stone. We serve the Greater New Orleans area from 1+ acre stone yard in Harahan,... Read More Tuscan Stone Imports, LLC (New Orleans)
1 Review	(504) 831-1511	New Orleans, LA, 70119, United States22 miles from Taft
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We are a full service showroom offering the highest quality natural stone, porcelain, artisan tile, glass and mosaic products. Walk-in shoppers are always welcome at Palatial... Read More Clover Crete LLC - Surface Solutions
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(504) 488-1509	New Orleans, LA, 70119, United States22 miles from Taft
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(225) 293-2225	Baton Rouge, LA, 70817, United States44 miles from Taft
Whether you want to update a bath or build the home of your dreams we undertake each project with the same dedicated determination. It is our goal to help create a space that is... Read More Select Stone LLC
(225) 756-2274	Baton Rouge, LA, 70809, United States48 miles from Taft
We sell granite, marble, and quartzite slabs for countertops. We are also the Louisiana distributor for Silestone Quartz. Read More Counter Intelligence
(985) 503-8353	Mandeville, LA, 70471, United States38 miles from Taft
Here at Counter Intelligence we strive to provide every customer with the highest quality product, and top notch customer service. Our professional and personable staff will help... Read More Daher. Design
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(985) 969-6108	Hammond, 70401, United States37 miles from Taft
Natural Stone Fabricator Read More Jenkins Tile Company Inc.
(225) 751-3970	Baton Rouge, LA, 70809, United States48 miles from Taft
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(225) 218-8888	Baton Rouge, LA, 70801, United States50 miles from Taft
Since the beginning of formation, the Parnell Family has excelled in the field of installation and fabrication of bath & kitchen materials. The company was formed in 1980, as a... Read More List your business here for free - Learn More 1234567891011Next Page What does a tile, stone and countertop contractor do?If it involves tile, stone or another countertop material, odds are this pro can tackle the job. With comprehensive knowledge of which surfaces will work best in various locations within the home, Louisiana tile, stone and countertop contractors can help you select the ideal material for the intended application. Some focus on kitchens and bathrooms, while others handle outdoor projects, such as walkways. You can find more tile, stone & countertops in New Orleans, Metairie, Kenner, Laplace and River Ridge.
In addition to basic surfaces, many Taft, LA tile, stone and countertop contractors can create and install murals and mosaics, as well as add decorative edge treatments to countertops. They also repair or replace surfaces in the event of chips, cracks, stains or other damage. Many tile, stone and countertop professionals also install shower pans, radiant-heat flooring systems and other common components of surfacing jobs, often working in tandem with Taft, LA plumbers or other professionals. Here are some related professionals and vendors to complement the work of tile, stone & countertops: Interior Designers & Decorators, Architects & Building Designers, General Contractors, Kitchen & Bath Designers, Design-Build Firms.
Find a tile, stone and countertop contractor on Houzz. Narrow your search in the Professionals section of the website to Taft, LA tile, stone and countertops. You can also look through Taft, LA photos to find tile, stone and countertop projects you like, then contact the contractor who worked on it.	Professional Categories in Taft


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Marillion-The Singles CD / Box Set NEW | eBay
See more Marillion - The Singles Volume 2 8995 CD
MARILLION Unplugged At The Walls 2 CD SET NEW (23RD MAR)
Details about Marillion-The Singles CD / Box Set NEW
rarewaves-outlet (396751 )
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Last updated on 18 Mar, 2018 17:11:35 GMT View all revisions
by jims6660 20 Dec, 2017
The complete singles works
Essential release to obtain all the singles b sides and bonus tracks. Contains some great bonus material all packaged on four discs in a fatbox set! 👍🏻
by repwolf24 17 Oct, 2017
Excellent price for a great product. 4 CDs for the price of one. Greetings from Chile
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My wife love all their albums
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Amazon.co.uk: Son of Sam "Star and Camera Guy"'s review of Celestron 5 piece Lens Upgrade kit - Inclu...
Cheap Lens Set But Should Be Cheaper Still, 27 Sep 2013
This review is from: Celestron 5 piece Lens Upgrade kit - Includes Free Moon Filter - 1.25" Lens Fitting - Great Upgrade To Compliment Your Existing lenses - Comes Complete With Celestron Hard Case (Electronics)
From a distance this kit looks the business. Nice case and snug fitting eyepiece slots with cased eyepieces too as well as a half decent moon filter. That's the end of the good news though. The eyepieces are all Huygens type with the expection of the 4mm high power one which is a Ramsden type. Huygens are the oldest design that you can buy these days and give pretty much inferior viewing to more modern eyepiece set ups. The Ramsden is a better design but again, not great. The EPs that come with your scope are probably at least as good as these. In fairness you are getting 5 EPs for your money and in a very long focal length telescope these would probably be okay but you would be much better off getting a couple (25mm and 10mm) of superior Achromat (or Kellner) eyepieces which would be less money. Skywatcher do a half decent and very cheap set. The moon filter is actually pretty good but again, this can be picked up pretty cheaply.
Celestron 5 piece Lens Upgrade kit - Includes Free Moon Filter - 1.25" Lens Fitting - Great Upgrade To Compliment Your Existing lenses - Comes Complete With Celestron Hard Case B0087Q4S66
Celestron 5 piece Lens Upgrade kit - Includes Free Moon Filter - 1.25" Lens Fitting - Great Upgrade To Compliment Your Existing lenses - Comes Complete With Celestron Hard Case
Cheap Lens Set But Should Be Cheaper Still


text:
Patent US6376620 - Elastomers with improved processability - Google PatentsSearch Images Maps Play YouTube News Gmail Drive More »Sign in<nobr>Advanced Patent Search</nobr>PatentsA process for improving the green strength of ethylene/α-olefin/diene polymers is described comprising (A) selecting an ethylene/αolefin/diene polymer having a Mooney viscosity at 125 C up to about 80 and a percent gel (% gel) up to about 30 percent and (B) partially crosslinking the ethylene/α-olefin/diene...http://www.google.com/patents/US6376620?utm_source=gb-gplus-sharePatent US6376620 - Elastomers with improved processabilityAdvanced Patent SearchPublication numberUS6376620 B2Publication typeGrantApplication numberUS 09/755,700Publication dateApr 23, 2002Filing dateJan 8, 2001Priority dateAug 27, 1997Fee statusLapsedAlso published asCA2301526A1, CN1113911C, CN1223270A, DE69807708D1, DE69807708T2, EP1007574A1, EP1007574B1, US6232410, US20010023278, WO1999010392A1Publication number09755700, 755700, US 6376620 B2, US 6376620B2, US-B2-6376620, US6376620 B2, US6376620B2InventorsMichael E. Rowland, Che I. KaoOriginal AssigneeThe Dow Chemical CompanyExport CitationBiBTeX, EndNote, RefManPatent Citations (44), Non-Patent Citations (4), Classifications (16), Legal Events (5) External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, EspacenetElastomers with improved processabilityUS 6376620 B2Abstract A process for improving the green strength of ethylene/α-olefin/diene polymers is described comprising (A) selecting an ethylene/αolefin/diene polymer having a Mooney viscosity at 125 C up to about 80 and a percent gel (% gel) up to about 30 percent and (B) partially crosslinking the ethylene/α-olefin/diene polymer selected in step (A) to make a modified ethylene/α-olefin/diene polymer satisfying the equations MV≦100 and MV ≤  100 W ≤  ( MS 2 - MS 1 MS 1 ) wherein MV is the Mooney viscosity of the modified polymer, MS1 is the melt strength in centiNewtons of the polymer selected in step (A) at 110 C, when formulated according to ASTM D3568#2, MS2 is the melt strength in centiNewtons of the modified polymer produced by step (B) measured under the same conditions, and W is 0.3. Modified ethylene/α-olefin/diene polymers obtainable according to the above process or satisfying the equation: MS 2 ≥  ( MV X + %   gel Y )  Z is also described in which MS2, MV and % gel of the modified polymer are defined as defined above, X is 50, Y is 20, and Z is 40. Further described is a process for making an article comprising an ethylene/α-olefin/diene polymer and intermediates for making the modified ethylene/α-olefin/diene polymers.
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/057086 filed Aug. 27, 1997, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. This application is a divisional of application Ser. No. 09/140,575, filed Aug. 26, 1998, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,232,410.
The term �elastomer� was first defined in 1940 to mean synthetic thermosetting high polymers having properties similar to those of vulcanized natural rubber, e.g. having the ability to be stretched to at least twice their original length and to retract very rapidly to approximately their original length when released. Representative of these �high polymers� were styrene-butadiene copolymer, polychloroprene, nitrite butyl rubber and ethylene-propylene polymers (aka EP and EPDM elastomers). The term �elastomer� was later extended to include uncrosslinked thermoplastic polyolefins, i.e. TPOs.
ASTM D 1566 defines various physical properties of elastomers, and the test methods for measuring these properties. U.S. Pat. No. 5,001,205 provides an overview of known elastomers comprising ethylene copolymerized with an α-olefin. As described therein, commercially viable elastomers have various minimum properties, e.g. a Mooney viscosity no less than 10, a weight average molecular weight (Mw) no less than 110,000, a glass transition temperature below −20� C., and a degree of crystallinity no greater than 25%.
A conventional approach for resolving this dilemma is to make a relatively low molecular weight elastomer and then fully crosslink the final product to obtain the desired tensile strength, toughness, compression set, etc. A disadvantage of that approach is that the low molecular weight of the elastomer also generally corresponds to a low �green strength� (i.e., strength prior to crosslinking). That disadvantage is particularly noticeable in applications such as coating wire and cable, continuous extrusion of gaskets, etc., where low green strength results in sags or uneven polymer thickness. The present invention addresses these and other disadvantages.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION This invention provides a process for improving the green strength of ethylene/α-olefin/diene polymers comprising:
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION Unless indicated to the contrary, all parts, percentages and ratios are by weight. The expression �up to� when used to specify a numerical range includes any value less than or equal to the numerical value which follows this expression. The expression �wt %� means �weight percent�.
The term �crosslinking� as used herein refers to both tetrafunctional (H-type) long chain branching resulting from a covalent linkage between two polymer molecule backbones and trifunctional (T-type) long chain branching produced when a terminal group of a polymer molecule forms a covalent linkage with the backbone of another polymer molecule.
The term �melt strength� refers to the strength of the elastomer measured in centiNewtons at 110 C when it is formulated according to ASTM D3568#2 according to a procedure described in more detail in the examples below.
Unless specified otherwise, the term �Mooney viscosity� as used herein means viscosity which is measured according to ASTM D1646, incorporated herein by reference, using a sheer rheometer at 125 C and measured according to ML 1+4.
Examples of conjugated dienes include butadiene, isoprene, 2,3-dimethylbutadiene-1,3, 1,2-dimethylbutadiene-1,3, 1,4-dimethylbutadiene-1,3, 1-ethylbutadiene-1,3, 2-phenylbutadiene-1,3, hexadiene-1,3, 4-methylpentadiene- 1,3, 1,3-pentadiene (CH3CH═CH�CH═CH2; commonly called piperylene), 3-methyl1,3-pentadiene, 2,4-dimethyl-1,3-pentadiene, 3-ethyl-1,3-pentadiene, and the like; with 1,3-pentadiene a preferred conjugated diene.
The whole interpolymer product samples and the individual interpolymer components are analyzed by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) on a Waters 150 C high temperature chromatographic unit equipped with three mixed porosity columns (Polymer Laboratories 103, 104, 105, and 106), operating at a system temperature of 140� C. The solvent is 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene, from which 0.3 percent by weight solutions of the samples are prepared for injection. The flow rate is 1.0 milliliters/minute and the injection size is 100 microliters.
The ethylene/α-olefin/diene polymer may be selected from any of those known in the art and/or commercially available, including those that are heterogeneously branched, such as those produced using Ziegler-Natta type catalysts, and those that are homogeneously branched. Examples include ethylene/α-olefin/diene polymers available from DuPont Dow Elastomers L.L.C., such as NORDEL� and NORDEL� IP, for instance NORDEL� 1040 and NORDEL� 1070 (each a 5 wt % ethylene, 44 wt % proplyene, and 3 wt % 1,4-hexadiene (HD) derived EPDM), and those available from Exxon under the name VISTALON�, for instance VISTALON� 2504 (a 50 wt % ethylene, 45 wt % propylene and 5 wt % ethylidene norbornene (ENB) derived EPDM). The NORDEL� elastomers and how to make them are described for example in U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,933,480; 3,063,973; and 3,093,620, each of which are incorporated herein by reference.
In a preferred embodiment, the selected ethylene/α-olefin/diene polymer is homogeneously branched. In one such preferred embodiment, the selected polymer is obtainable by (1) contacting in a reactor (a) ethylene, (b) at least one C3-C20 aliphatic α-olefin, (c) at least one C4-C20 diene, (d) a catalyst, the catalyst comprising (i) a metallocene complex or single site catalyst and (ii) at least one activator, and (e) a diluent and (2) isolating the polymer product. These include, for example, the NORDEL� IP elastomers from DuPont Dow Elastomers L.L.C.
The metallocene complexes (or single site catalysts) and methods for their preparation are disclosed in EP-A-416,815 and EP-A-514,828 as well as in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,470,993, 5,374,696, 5,231,106, 5,055,438, 5,057,475, 5,091,352, 5,096,867, 5,064,802, 5,132,380, 5,153,157, 5,183,867, 5,198,401, 5,272,236, 5,278,272, 5,321,106, 5,470,993, and 5,486,632, each of which is incorporated herein by reference. Particularly preferred among the single site catalysts are the Dow INSITE� technology constrained geometry catalysts.
As used herein, the recitation �noncoordinating, compatible anion� means an anion which either does not coordinate to component a1) or which is only weakly coordinated therewith remaining sufficiently labile to be displayed by a neutral Lewis base. A non-coordinating, compatible anion specifically refers to a compatible anion which when functioning as a charge balancing anion in the catalyst system of this invention, does not transfer an anionic substituent or fragment thereof to said cation thereby forming a neutral four coordinate metallocene and a neutral metal byproduct. �Compatible anions� are anions which are not degraded to neutrality when the initially formed complex decomposes and are noninterfering with desired subsequent polymerizations.
M is titanium; Y is �O�, �S�, �NR*�, �PR*�;
The complexes can be prepared by use of well known synthetic techniques. A preferred process for preparing the metal complexes is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,491,246, the teachings of which are hereby incorporated by reference. The reactions are conducted in a suitable noninterfering solvent at a temperature from −100 to 300� C., preferably from −78 to 100� C., most preferably from 0 to 50� C. A reducing agent may be used to cause the metal M to be reduced from a higher to a lower oxidation state. Examples of suitable reducing agents are alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, aluminum and zinc, alloys of alkali metals or alkaline earch metals such as sodium/mercury amalgam and sodium/potassium alloy, sodium naphthalenide, potassium graphite, lithium alkyls, lithium or potassium alkadienyls, and Grignard reagents.
(L*�H)d +(A)d− wherein:
(L*�H)+ is a Bronsted acid;
Preferred (L*�H)+ cations are N,N-dimethylanilinium and tributylammonium.
The technique of bulk electrolysis involves the electrochemical oxidation of the metal complex under electrolysis conditions in the presence of a supporting electrolyte comprising a noncoordinating, inert anion. In the technique, solvents, supporting electrolytes and electrolytic potentials for the electrolysis are used such that electrolysis byproducts that would render the metal complex catalytically inactive are not substantially formed during the reaction. More particularly, suitable solvents are materials that are (i) liquids under the conditions of the electrolysis (generally temperatures from 0 to 100� C.), (ii) capable of dissolving the supporting electrolyte, and (iii) inert. �Inert solvents� are those that are not reduced or oxidized under the reaction conditions employed for the electrolysis. It is generally possible in view of the desired electrolysis reaction to choose a solvent and a supporting electrolyte that are unaffected by the electrical potential used for the desired electrolysis. Preferred solvents include diduorobenzene (all isomers), dimethoxyetllane (DME), and mixtures thereof.
In general, the polymerization may be accomplished at conditions well known in the prior art for Ziegler-Natta or Kaminsky Sinn type polymerization reactions, that is, temperatures from 0 to 250� C. and pressures from atmospheric to 1000 atmospheres (100 MPa). Suspension, solution, slurry, gas phase or other polymerization process conditions may be employed if desired, however, solution polymerization process conditions, especially continuous solution polymerization process conditions, are preferred. A support may be employed but preferably the catalysts are used in a homogeneous manner, i e dissolved in the solvent. Of course, the active catalyst system can form in situ if the catalyst and its cocatalyst components are added directly to the polymerization process and a suitable solvent or diluent (e.g. hexane, iso-octane, etc.) including condensed monomer, are also used. Preferably the active catalyst is formed separately in a suitable solvent, e.g. in a slip stream, prior to adding it to the polymerization mixture.
Suitable heat-activated crosslinking agents include free radical initiators, preferably organic peroxides, more preferably those with one hour half lives at temperatures greater than 120 C. The free radical initiators can be selected from a variety of known free radical initiators such as peroxides (e.g., di-t-butyl peroxide (available from Elf Atochem), VULCUP� (a series of vulcanizing and polymerization agents containing α,α′-bis(t-butylperoxy)-diisopropylbenzene made by Hercules, Inc.), DI-CUP� (a series of vulcanizing and polymerization agents containing dicumyl peroxide made by Hercules, Inc.), LUPERSOL� 101 (2,5-dimethyl-2,5-di(t-butylperoxy)hexene), LUPERSOL� 130 (2,5-dimethyl-2,5-di(t-butylperoxy)hexyne-3), LUPERSOL� 575 (t-amyl peroxy-2-ethylhexonate) (all LUPERSOL� peroxides are commercially available from Elf Atochem, North America) or TRIGONOX� (an organic peroxide made by Noury Chemical Company)) or radiation treatment (γ, β or α, including electron beam irradiation).
When the crosslinking agent is radiation, the absorbed dose of radiation is preferably in the range from about 1 to about 20 gray (Joules of absorbed radiation energy/kg of ethylene/α-olefin/diene polymer). Similar to the case with heat-activated crosslinking agents, the dosage required to modify a particular polymer depends on the susceptibility of the polymer to crosslinking and is generally influenced by the same factors. The radiation is preferably applied in a wavelength range from about 0.01 to about 1�10−5 nanometers (nm).
EXAMPLES Process Description
Examples 5, 6 and 7 are viscosity modified on a Haake Rheocord 40 torque rheometer drive unit fitted with a Rheomix 202� inch single screw extruder.
*�SC� means �semi-crystalline� and �A� means �amorphous�
The peroxide used for examples 1-4 and 6-7 is 2,5dimethyl-2,4di(t-butyl peroxy)-3-hexyne (available commercially as Lupersol� 130)
The peroxide used for examples 5 and 8-10 is 2,5dimethyl-2,4di(t-butyl peroxy)-3-hexane (available commercially as Lupersol� 101)
Examples 5-7 are prepared by imbibing the elastomer with peroxide solution, extruding at low temperature to ensure mixing/homogenization and then extruding at high temperature to perform the rheology modification reaction. Thus, the samples described are produced by placing 227 grams of EPDM in a gallon HDPE jar which contains �″ stainless steel ball bearings to keep the polymer from agglomerating, adding peroxide along with 15-20 grams of methyl ethyl ketone, and then roll blending for to 16 hours. The pellets are then dried at conditions to remove the methyl ethyl ketone but not to devolatilize the peroxide. The imbibed pellets are then extruded at 110 C, granulated, then extruded again at 200 C.
Examples 8-9 are prepared by imbibing the elastomer with peroxide solution, extruding at low temperature to ensure mixing and then extruding at high temperature to perform the rheology modification reaction. The imbibing process involves placing the pellets inside a 150 lb. HDPE drum. One inch stainless steel ball bearings are added to keep the polymer from agglomerating. The peroxide is then diluted with methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) and that solution is quickly poured over the pellets (the amount of MEK is typically 3-5 wt. %). The lid is then closed and the drum tumbled end over end for 4 to 16 hours. The pellets, ball bearings and imbibed pellets are then poured out on a HDPE film for the MEK to evaporate. The first extrusion step (�homogenizing�) is accomplished by extruding at 295 F while the extruder is run at 25-45 rpm. The second step (�reacting�) is accomplished at 410 F at an extruder speed of 25 rpm.
Example 1 Results with Base Resin 1
Example 2 Results with Base Resin 2
Example 3 Results with Base Resin 3
Example 4 Results with Base Resin 4
Example 5 Results with Base Resin 6, Run #1
Example 6 Results with Base Resin 6, Run #2
Example 7 Results with Base Resin 5
Example 8 Results with Base Resin 7
Example 9 Results with Base Resin 8
Example 10 Results with Base Resin 9
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Commun., 1993, pp. 383 and 384.3Lambert, Joseph B., et al., Organometallics, 1994, 13, pp. 2430-2443.4Williams, T., et al., Polymer Letters, 1968, vol. 6, pp. 621-62.Classifications U.S. Classification525/331.7, 525/332.8, 525/332.9, 525/387International ClassificationC08K5/14, C08J3/24, C08F8/00Cooperative ClassificationC08F2810/20, C08F2800/20, C08J3/244, C08J2323/16, C08F8/00, C08K5/14European ClassificationC08J3/24E, C08K5/14, C08F8/00Legal EventsDateCodeEventDescriptionApr 23, 2014LAPSLapse for failure to pay maintenance feesNov 29, 2013REMIMaintenance fee reminder mailedSep 23, 2009FPAYFee paymentYear of fee payment: 8Sep 12, 2005FPAYFee paymentYear of fee payment: 4Mar 5, 2002ASAssignmentOwner name: DOW CHEMICAL COMPANY, THE, MICHIGANFree format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:ROWLAND, MICHAEL E.;KAO, CHE-I;REEL/FRAME:012664/0366;SIGNING DATES FROM 19971008 TO 19971013Owner name: DOW CHEMICAL COMPANY, THE 2030 DOW CENTER MIDLANDOwner name: DOW CHEMICAL COMPANY, THE 2030 DOW CENTERMIDLAND,Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:ROWLAND, MICHAEL E. /AR;REEL/FRAME:012664/0366;SIGNING DATES FROM 19971008 TO 19971013RotateOriginal ImageGoogle Home - Sitemap - USPTO Bulk Downloads - Privacy Policy - Terms of Service - About Google Patents - Send FeedbackData provided by IFI CLAIMS Patent Services©2012 Google