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Patent US6996485 - Nullification of measurement error, particularly within a dual turbine flow ... - Google PatentsSearch Images Maps Play YouTube News Gmail Drive More »Sign inAdvanced Patent SearchPatentsA system and method for correcting a meter calibration curve in a fuel dispenser. The meter may be a turbine flow meter. A meter calibration curve is expressed in a finite number of data points. The meter calibration curve is used to determine the volume and/or flow rate of liquid flowing through the...http://www.google.com/patents/US6996485?utm_source=gb-gplus-sharePatent US6996485 - Nullification of measurement error, particularly within a dual turbine flow meter used in a fuel dispenserAdvanced Patent SearchPublication numberUS6996485 B2Publication typeGrantApplication numberUS 10/955,203Publication dateFeb 7, 2006Filing dateSep 30, 2004Priority dateJun 18, 2004Fee statusLapsedAlso published asUS20050283329, WO2006007118A2, WO2006007118A3Publication number10955203, 955203, US 6996485 B2, US 6996485B2, US-B2-6996485, US6996485 B2, US6996485B2InventorsEdward A. PayneOriginal AssigneeGilbarco Inc.Export CitationBiBTeX, EndNote, RefManPatent Citations (10), Referenced by (2), Classifications (9), Legal Events (4) External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, EspacenetNullification of measurement error, particularly within a dual turbine flow meter used in a fuel dispenserUS 6996485 B2Abstract A system and method for correcting a meter calibration curve in a fuel dispenser. The meter may be a turbine flow meter. A meter calibration curve is expressed in a finite number of data points. The meter calibration curve is used to determine the volume and/or flow rate of liquid flowing through the meter. Since the meter calibration curve may contain errors, the meter calibration curve is corrected by determining poles in the meter calibration curve for given known flow rates and/or volumes of liquid passing through the meter, determining an error correction at each of the poles in the meter calibration curve, correcting the expanded meter calibration curve at each of the poles, using linear interpolation to correct points in the meter calibration curve adjacent to the poles.
1. A method of correcting a calibration curve of a meter used to measure fuel in a fuel dispenser, comprising the steps of:
(a) receiving a meter calibration curve used to determine flow rate or volume of liquid passing through the meter expressed in a finite number of data points;
(b) determining the location of a plurality of poles on said meter calibration curve by determining an expected value on said meter calibration curve for a plurality of flow rates or volumes of liquid flowing through the meter;
(c) computing error in said meter calibration curve at the location of said plurality of poles by determining the difference between the flow rate or volume of liquid indicated by said meter calibration curve at the location of said plurality of poles and said plurality of flow rates or volumes for said plurality of poles;
(d) computing an error correction for said meter calibration curve at each of said plurality of poles based on said computed error in said step (c); and
(e) correcting said meter calibration curve to form a corrected curve by applying said error correction to said meter calibration curve at the location of said plurality of poles and using linear interpolation to correct said meter calibration curve at points adjacent said plurality of poles.
2. The method of claim 1, further comprising expanding said meter calibration curve using linear interpolation to create an expanded curve having a greater number of data points than said meter calibration curve before said steps (b)�(e), wherein:
said step (b) comprises determining the location of a plurality of poles on said expanded curve by determining an expected value on said expanded curve for a plurality of flow rates of liquid flowing through the meter;
said step (c) comprises computing error in said expanded curve at the location of said plurality of poles by determining the difference between the flow rate or volume of liquid indicated by said expanded curve at the location of said plurality of poles and said plurality of flow rates or volumes for said plurality of poles; and
said step (e) comprises correcting said expanded curve to form a corrected curve by applying said error correction to said expanded curve at the location of said plurality of poles and using linear interpolation to correct said expanded curve at points adjacent said plurality of poles.
3. The method of claim 2, further comprising expressing said corrected curve in a number of finite points equal to the number of finite points of said meter calibration curve after said step (e).
4. The method of claim 1, wherein said meter calibration curve is received from memory in the meter in said step of receiving.
5. The method of claim 1, further comprising loading said corrected curve into memory in the meter.
6. The method of claim 1, wherein said meter calibration curve is a Roshko-Strouhal curve.
7. The method of claim 1, wherein said step (d) comprises computing an error correction coefficient for said meter calibration curve at each of said plurality of poles based on said computed error in said step (c).
8. The method of claim 7, wherein said step (e) is comprised of multiplying said error correction coefficient with said meter calibration curve at the location of said plurality of poles and using linear interpolation to correct said meter calibration curve at points adjacent said plurality of poles.
9. A system for correcting a calibration curve of a meter used to measure fuel in a fuel dispenser, comprised of:
a control system, wherein said control system:
(a) receives a meter calibration curve used to determine flow rate or volume of a liquid flowing through the meter expressed in a finite number of data points;
(b) determines a location of plurality of poles on said meter calibration curve by determining an expected value on said meter calibration curve for a plurality of flow rates or volumes of liquid flowing through the meter;
(c) computes error in said meter calibration curve at the location of said plurality of poles by determining the difference between the flow rate or volume of liquid indicated by said meter calibration curve at the location of said plurality of poles and said plurality of flow rates or volumes for said plurality of poles;
(d) computes an error correction for said meter calibration curve at each of said plurality of poles based on said computed error; and
(e) corrects said meter calibration curve to form a corrected curve by applying said error correction to said meter calibration curve at the location of said plurality of poles and using linear interpolation to correct said meter calibration curve at points adjacent said plurality of poles.
10. The system of claim 9, wherein said control system expands said meter calibration curve using linear interpolation to create an expanded curve having a greater number of data points than said meter calibration curve before performing said functions (b)�(e), wherein:
said function (b) comprises said control system determining the location of a plurality of poles on said expanded curve by determining an expected value on said expanded curve for a plurality of flow rates of liquid flowing through the meter;
said function (c) comprises said control system computing error in said expanded curve at the location of said plurality of poles by determining the difference between the flow rate or volume of liquid indicated by said expanded curve at the location of said plurality of poles and said plurality of flow rates or volumes for said plurality of poles; and
said function (e) comprises said control system correcting said expanded curve to form a corrected curve by applying said error correction to said expanded curve at the location of said plurality of poles and using linear interpolation to correct said expanded curve at points adjacent said plurality of poles.
11. The system of claim 10, wherein said control system expresses said corrected curve in a number of finite points equal to the number of finite points of said meter calibration curve.
12. The system of claim 9, wherein said control system receives said calibration curve from memory in the meter.
13. The system of claim 9, wherein said control system loads said corrected curve into memory in the meter.
14. The system of claim 9, wherein said meter calibration curve is a Roshko-Strouhal curve.
15. The system of claim 9, wherein said control system computes an error correction at each of said plurality of poles by computing an error correction coefficient for said meter calibration curve at each of said plurality of poles based on said computed error.
16. The system of claim 15, wherein said control system multiplies said error correction coefficient with said meter calibration curve at the location of said plurality of poles and uses linear interpolation to correct said meter calibration curve at points adjacent said plurality of poles.
17. A method of correcting a Roshko-Strouhal curve of a turbine flow meter used to measure fuel in a fuel dispenser, comprising the steps of:
(a) receiving a Roshko-Strouhal curve used to determine flow rate of liquid passing through the turbine meter expressed in a finite number of data points;
(b) expanding said Roshko-Strouhal curve using linear interpolation to create an expanded Roshko-Strouhal curve having a greater number of data points than said Roshko-Strouhal curve;
(c) determining a location of a plurality of poles on said expanded Roshko-Strouhal curve by determining an expected value on said expanded Roshko-Strouhal curve for a plurality of flow rates of liquid flowing through the turbine meter;
(d) computing error in said expanded Roshko-Strouhal curve at the location of said plurality of poles by determining the difference between the flow rate or volume of liquid indicated by said expanded Roshko-Strouhal curve at the location of said plurality of poles and said plurality of flow rates or volumes for said plurality of poles;
(e) computing an error correction for said expanded Roshko-Strouhal curve at each of said plurality of poles based on said computed error in step (d);
(f) correcting said expanded Roshko-Strouhal curve to form a corrected expanded Roshko-Strouhal curve by applying said error correction to said expanded Roshko-Strouhal curve at the location of said plurality of poles and using linear interpolation to correct said expanded Roshko-Strouhal curve at points adjacent said plurality of poles;
(g) expressing said corrected expanded Roshko-Strouhal curve in a number of finite points equal to the number of finite points of said Roshko-Strouhal curve to form a corrected Roshko-Strouhal curve; and
(h) storing said corrected Roshko-Strouhal curve in memory of the turbine meter.
RELATED APPLICATION This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/581,256, entitled �Nullification of Measurement Error, Particularly Within A Dual Turbine Flow Meter,� filed on Jun. 18, 2004, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to a process and method to correct error in a meter calibration curve in a meter used in a fuel dispenser to measure fuel, and in particular to correct error in a Roshko-Strouhal calibration curve for a dual rotor turbine flow meter.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION A turbine flow meter can be used to measure the flow rate of a liquid. Flow rate information can be used to derive the volume of the liquid to accomplish a volumetric meter. One example of a turbine flow meter is described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,689,071 (hereinafter the �'071 patent.� In the '071 patent, two turbine rotors are contained within the liquid flow path of a meter housing. The turbine rotors rotate as liquid passes across the rotors. The liquid passes through the first turbine rotor and is directed into the second turbine rotor such that the second turbine rotor rotates in a direction opposite from the first turbine rotor.
Another example of a dual rotor turbine flow meter is described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,831,176 (hereinafter the �'176 patent�). In the '176 patent, a description is provided on how the flow rate of liquid is derived from information concerning the rotation of the turbine rotors. During calibration of the turbine flow meter, a known volumetric flow rate of liquid is placed through the meter. As the liquid flows through the meter, the liquid passes through the rotors causing the rotors to rotate. The rotational frequency of the turbine rotors is measured at various flow rates and frequencies to arrive at a �Strouhal� number for each turbine rotor. The Strouhal number is the frequency of the rotor divided by the volumetric flow rate as follows: Sr = fr Vf The corresponding �Roshko� numbers for each of the Strouhal numbers are determined for each of the turbine rotors by dividing the frequency of the rotor by the viscosity of the liquid, as follows: Rr = fr v The Strouhal and corresponding Roshko numbers are plotted on a Roshko-Strouhal (R-S) curve and/or are stored in an array of finite points with the Strouhal numbers being plotted in one axis or an array, typically in the y-axis, and the corresponding Roshko numbers being stored in another axis or corresponding array, typically the x-axis. An example of a R-S curve is illustrated in FIG. 2.
During operation, when the R-S curve is used to determine a Strouhal number from a calculated Roshko number as discussed below, linear interpolation is used to determine numbers that fall in between the finite points of the R-S curve. However, since the R-S curve is not a linear function, linear interpolation will introduce error.
If the R-S curve could be converted into a perfect equation instead of being stored as finite points such that interpolation was not required for its use, error would not exist as a result of interpolation. However, the R-S curve is a complex curve that cannot be easily described by a linear or complex order equation. Further, some processes involve the manipulation of raw Roshko and Strouhal coordinate points calculated during calibration of a meter to remove extraneous points that would cause linear interpolation to introduce even more error. However, even with such manual manipulation, error will still exist to some degree in the R-S curve.
During operation of the meter, the liquid flow rate passing through the meter can be determined using the Roshko and Strouhal data from the R-S curve. If there is any error in the R-S curve, this error will be propagated to the volumetric flow rate calculation that is made by the meter during operation. The volumetric flow rate of liquid flowing through the turbine meter is determined as follows:
First, the rotational frequencies of the turbine rotor are measured. As discussed in the '071 patent, pick-off coils or other sensing devices, such as Hall-effect sensors for example, are employed in the turbine meter to detect the rotation of the turbine rotors. The detection device detects the movement of each blade on the turbine rotor and can therefore determine the frequency of rotation as is described in the '071 patent. Once the rotation frequencies of the turbine rotors are measured, the Roshko number for each rotor can be determined according the formula for the Roshko number shown above. After the Roshko number is calculated, the corresponding Strouhal number is determined by the R-S curve or equation. The Strouhal number and the frequency of the turbine rotor are then used to determine the volumetric flow rate according to the rearranged Strouhal formula below. The Strouhal numbers of each rotor may be combined to use as the Strouhal number in the equation below: Vf = fr Sr The volumetric flow rate calculation is repeated continuously in periodic time increments so that the volumetric flow rate of liquid flowing through the turbine meter is known at any given time. The volume of the liquid can be derived from the volumetric flow rate using time as is well known.
If the turbine flow meter is used in an application in which the liquid flow is distributed aperiodically and frequently, such as in a fuel dispenser where a customer can constantly change the flow of fuel delivery by engaging and disengaging the fuel nozzle, it is more difficult to accurately measure flow rate and volume. Disruptions in the liquid flow result in disruptions in the rotational frequency of the turbine rotors, which in turn affect the calculation of the Roshko numbers. Further, since the R-S curve is derived data that forms a curve where an equation cannot be formulated to perfectly match the curve, approximations of the Strouhal number using the calculated Roshko number will cause error as well. When the R-S curve is determined during calibration, a line is fitted through the raw Strouhal and corresponding Roshko data points, and the process of line fitting introduces error since extraneous points may alter the final R-S curve. The liquid flow rate variations cannot be controlled, but derivation of the R-S curve is a controlled operation. If the accuracy of the R-S curve can be improved to reduce inherent errors present, the accuracy of the volumetric flow rate calculation will also improve.
Therefore, there exists a need to find a technique and method to more accurately approximate data points in an automated fashion where a perfect equation cannot be derived to match the data points and thus finite points of data are used. In the preferred embodiment, the data points are the Strouhal numbers of the R-S curve since error in the Strouhal numbers will cause error in flow rate calculations of a turbine flow meter.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION A system and method of correcting a calibration curve of a meter used to measure fuel in a fuel dispenser. The meter may be a turbine flow meter that measures the flow rate of a liquid passing through the meter. A meter calibration curve is received. The meter calibration curve can be used to determine the flow rate or volume of liquid passing through the meter. The meter calibration curve is determined beforehand through a calibration process. The meter calibration curve is expressed in a finite number of data points. The meter calibration curve may contain errors.
A plurality of poles of meter calibration curve are determined by a control system by determining an expected value on the meter calibration curve for a plurality of flow rates or volumes of liquid flowing through the meter. Next, the error in the meter calibration curve is computed by determining the difference between the meter calibration curve and the plurality of poles. An error correction at each of said plurality of poles is next calculated. The meter calibration curve is corrected to form a corrected curve by applying the error correction to the meter calibration curve at the plurality of poles and using linear interpolation to correct the meter calibration curve at points adjacent to the plurality of poles. The error correction may be an error correction coefficient or an adder/subtracter.
In an alternative embodiment, the meter calibration curve is expanded first using linear interpolation to create an expanded curve having a greater number of data points than said meter calibration curve before the error correction is performed. The corrected curve may be reduced back to the same number of finite data points as present in the original uncorrected meter calibration curve at the end of the correction process.
The meter calibration curve may be stored in memory in the meter and obtained from the memory before being corrected, or the meter calibration curve may be obtained from a system in the calibration process. The corrected meter calibration curve may be stored in the memory of the meter when completed or in a control system in communication with the meter to be used to perform flow rate and/or volume calculations regarding liquid passing through the meter.
FIG. 1 illustrates a block diagram of a turbine flow meter for measuring liquid in the prior art;
FIG. 2 illustrates a Roshko-Strouhal (R-S) calibration curve having forty coordinate points that is used by a turbine flow meter to measure flow rate of a liquid for given turbine meter rotor frequencies and viscosity of the liquid;
FIGS. 3A and 3B is a flowchart that contains the operation of the present invention to eliminate error in a R-S curve;
FIG. 4 is an illustration of an expanded R-S curve to provide 3901 coordinate points linearly interpolated from the R-S curve illustrated in FIG. 2;
FIG. 5 is an illustration of linear interpolation between two segments of the R-S curve illustrated in FIG. 2 to formulate the expanded R-S curve illustrated in FIG. 4;
FIG. 6 is an illustration of an error correction array containing correction poles at various Roshko numbers indicative of different flow rates of liquid;
FIG. 7 is an illustration of a corrected expanded R-S curve derived using error corrections illustrated in FIG. 6 as applied to the expanded R-S curve illustrated in FIG. 4; and
FIG. 8 is an illustration of a reduced corrected R-S curve that is used by the turbine meter to derive flow rate of liquid, and is formed by reducing the corrected expanded R-S curve illustrated in FIG. 7 from 3901 coordinate points to 40 coordinate points.
Throughout the description of the present invention below, references are made to source code contained in Appendix A to this application, which forms part of the detailed description of the invention and is incorporated herein.
The preferred embodiment of the present invention is a process and technique to perform error correction on a Roshko-Strouhal (R-S) curve or array that is used for measurement of flow rate of liquid flowing through a turbine meter. The original R-S curve is a complex curve that is derived empirically and is approximated using discrete data points. The R-S curve is used to derive flow rate of liquid by determining a Roshko number and then correlating the Roshko number to a Strouhal number that can be used to calculate flow rate as previously described in the �Background of the Invention� section above. The R-S curve is determined during a calibration step and may contain error since approximations are used to represent the R-S curve.
In the present invention, the Strouhal numbers in the R-S curve are verified against correct Strouhal numbers calculated in a separate verification step where known volumes of liquid are passed through the turbine meter at known flow rates. The correct Strouhal values are compared to Strouhal numbers stored in the R-S curve to determine an error correction factor for each Strouhal number data point. Linear interpolation is used to form an error correction curve that is multiplied against the original R-S curve to form a corrected R-S curve. The error correction data point is applied to the original R-S curve to form a corrected R-S curve. The points of the corrected R-S curve are then used going forward for obtaining the Strouhal numbers that are used to calculated flow rate. The details and aspects of the present invention are described below.
FIG. 1 illustrates a block diagram of a turbine flow meter 1 that is used to measure the flow rate of liquid. The turbine flow meter 1 may be the turbine flow meter described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,689,071 (hereinafter the �071 patent�) incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. The error correction aspects of the present invention that are used by the turbine flow meter 1 are described below starting with FIG. 3A. As can be seen from FIG. 1, liquid flow enters the turbine meter 1 on one end and exits the turbine flow meter 1 on the other end. As the liquid flow passes through the meter 1, two turbine rotors (not shown), like those disclosed in the '071 patent, rotate. Pick-off coils or other detection devices detect the rotation of the turbine rotors and provide the frequency of the rotation in the form of rotor data 4. The turbine flow meter 1 contains a calculator 5, which may be a microcontroller, microprocessor, or other electronic circuitry, that receives the rotor data 4 and in turn calculates the liquid flow rate and volume of liquid passing through the meter 1.
The meter 1 also includes memory 2 that is accessed by the calculator 5. During calibration of the meter 1, the Roshko-Strouhal (R-S) curve 10 for each rotor may be loaded into memory 2 via an interface 3. The R-S curve 10 for each rotor is determined using the technique described in the �Background of the Invention� section above. The R-S curve 10 is used by the calculator 5 to determine the volumetric flow rate (Vr) of the liquid flowing through the meter and in turn calculate the volume (V) of the liquid. The calculator 5 communicates the volume (V) of the liquid to another system. In the example of a fuel dispenser (not shown), the meter 1 would communicate the volume of liquid data to a control system or other electronic circuitry to control the volume display on the dispenser indicating the volume of fuel dispensed. An example of a fuel dispenser and how meters are used to determine volume for display to a customer is contained in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,721,669; 6,067,476; 6,065,638; 5,630,528; 4,938,054; 4,876,653; and 6,651,517, all of which are incorporated by reference herein in their entireties.
An example of a R-S curve 10 for one of the rotors of the turbine flow meter 1 determined during calibration of the meter 1 is illustrated in FIG. 2. This R-S curve 10 is used to determine the volumetric flow rate of liquid passing through the meter 1 as discussed in the �Background of the Invention� section above, and is known in the prior art.
The R-S curve 10 is shown in a graphical representation of a line in two-dimensions, where for a given Roshko number in the x-axis, a corresponding Strouhal number in the y-axis can be ascertained. Since the R-S curve 10 is determined for each meter 1 and its rotors specifically, there are two R-S curves 10 unique to a particular meter 1, one for each rotor.
The R-S curve 10 for each rotor is stored in memory 2 in the form of an array having a finite amount of coordinate data points. In one embodiment, the R-S curve 10 for one rotor is stored in two separate one-dimensional arrays, with one array containing the Roshko numbers and the other array containing the corresponding Strouhal numbers. The same index into the arrays will provide correlating Roshko and Strouhal numbers. In this example, there are four R-S arrays, two for the first rotor, referred to as �rotor A,� and two for the second rotor, referred to as �rotor B.� The R-S array size is forty points meaning that the R-S curve will be stored in a two-dimensional array having a size of forty coordinate points. Linear interpolation can be used to derive Roshko and Strouhal numbers that fall in between coordinate data points as illustrated in the R-S curve 10 in FIG. 2. Examples of the Roshko number array and a corresponding Strouhal number array are contained in source code in Appendix A and as shown below. Note that the Roshko numbers for each rotor are the same, so one array, �rotor�X,� is used to store the Roshko numbers for each rotor.
double rotor�X [40]; // Roshko numbers for each rotor //
double rotorA�Y [40]; // Strouhal numbers for rotor A //
double rotorB�Y [40]; // Strouhal numbers for rotor B //
As illustrated in FIG. 2, there are forty data points on the R-S curve 10. The first point, point 0 is referred to as point 12, is comprised of the Roshko and Strouhal numbers in the �0� index into the R-S arrays referenced above. In this embodiment, the Roshko numbers for each rotor are the same, but the corresponding Strouhal numbers may be different. If FIG. 2 were the R-S curve 10 for �rotor A�, the �rotor�X� array and �rotorA�Y� array are indexed to find a point on the R-S curve 10. Point 18 is the fortieth or last point in the R-S curve 10. Point 18 is referred to as �point 39� since the index into the R-S arrays ranges from �0� to �39� comprising a total of forty points. Note that the arrays that approximate the R-S curve 10 could be comprised or more or less data points according to design preference.
Examples of Roshko and Strouhal numbers that may be used to approximate a R-S curve 10 for rotor A and rotor B are shown below and are contained in the source code in Appendix A. Note that the �rotor�X� array contains Roshko numbers for both rotor A and rotor B.
double rotor�X[ ] = // Roshko values, 40 pts //
1.1937766,
1.4251027,
1.7012543,
2.0309176,
2.424462,
2.8942661,
3.4551073,
4.1246264,
4.9238826,
5.8780161,
7.0170383,
8.3767764,
11.937766,
14.251027,
17.012543,
20.309176,
24.24462,
28.942661,
34.551073,
41.246264,
49.238826,
58.780161,
70.170383,
83.767764,
119.37766,
142.51027,
170.12543,
203.09176,
242.4462,
289.42661,
345.51073,
412.46264,
492.38826,
587.80161,
701.70383,
837.67764,
double rotorA�Y[ ] = // rotor A Strouhal values, 40 pts //
1405.6828,
1460.3792,
1513.2728,
1563.6144,
1610.9346,
1654.8483,
1694.9973,
1731.0703,
1762.8546,
1790.2879,
1813.4942,
1832.7913,
1848.6715,
1861.7561,
1872.7321,
1882.2804,
1891.0044,
1899.3688,
1907.6551,
1915.9424,
1924.1126,
1931.8831,
1938.8634,
1944.6291,
1948.8052,
1951.1497,
1951.6237,
1950.4391,
1948.0697,
1945.2206,
1942.7487,
1941.5366,
1942.329,
1945.5498,
1951.1312,
1958.4024,
1966.1008,
1972.5915,
1976.4061,
1977.2361
double rotorB�Y[ ] = // rotor B Strouhal values, 40 pts //
1661.8836,
1751.0332,
1820.3686,
1878.71,
1929.7376,
1974.4551,
2012.7645,
2044.3883,
2069.3314,
2088.0332,
2101.3316,
2110.3256,
2116.2034,
2120.0781,
2122.8601,
2125.1773,
2127.3481,
2129.4007,
2131.1304,
2132.1812,
2132.1374,
2130.6145,
2127.3337,
2122.1761,
2115.2072,
2106.6729,
2096.968,
2086.5839,
2076.0427,
2065.8307,
2056.3406,
2047.8352,
2040.4398,
2034.1672,
2028.9725,
2024.8241,
2021.7645,
2019.9189,
2019.3894,
2019.9474
The prior art stops at this point and uses the R-S curve 10 as illustrated in FIG. 2 to determine the volumetric flow rate and volume of liquid passing through the meter 1. If the R-S curve 10 contains errors, these errors will propagate to the final volumetric flow rate calculation. Any R-S curve that is stored in the form of finite coordinate points and not as an equation will always contains some degree of error. Several factors cause the R-S curve to have greater error than desired. For instance, interpolation of Roshko and Strouhal numbers that fall in between data points in the array of the R-S curve 10 introduce error. Extraneous data points from the raw Roshko and Strouhal numbers may have been present during calibration that cause linear interpolation to be even more erroneous. Even if manual manipulation of the raw Roshko and Strouhal numbers is performed to remove extraneous data points, such manual manipulation cannot eliminate error caused by linear interpolation.
Therefore, because of the error in the R-S curve 10, or any curve that is used to approximate a measurement, such as for a flow meter in the present example, the present invention presents a technique and method that may be used to reduce the error present in data points, such as data points that approximate a R-S curve 10, when linear interpolation is used to approximate a valve in the curve.
A flowchart of the methods and techniques employed by the present invention is illustrated in FIGS. 3A and 3B. FIGS. 4�8 illustrate R-S curves that result from the operations of the steps set forth in FIGS. 3A and 3B. Therefore, as reference is made to FIGS. 3A and 3B below, reference will also be made to FIGS. 4�8 to show the results of the operations performed by the present invention. Note that although the present invention is described with respect to a R-S curve 10 used to determine flow rate of a liquid passing through a turbine flow meter 1, the present invention may be employed for any type of data points or curve that is used for determination of values, such as measurement values for example.
As illustrated in FIG. 3A, the process starts (step 100), and the R-S curve 10 for each rotor of the turbine rotor meter 1 is received via the interface 3 and retrieved by the calculator 5 from memory 2 (step 102). The R-S curve 10 for each rotor has been previously calculated in a calibration process of the meter 1, as described above. The calculator 5 then uses the R-S curve 10 for each rotor stored in memory 2 to perform the present invention. As previously discussed and as illustrated in FIG. 2, the R-S curve 10 is comprised of forty discrete coordinate points in this example.
Next, the R-S curve 10 for each rotor is expanded by a factor of 100 to a total of 3901 points using linear interpolation to form an expanded R-S curve 20 as illustrated in FIG. 4 (step 104). In one embodiment, step 102 is performed by the �ExpandRoskhoStrouhal ( );� C++ function in the source code in Appendix A and as contained below, to produce three arrays to form an expanded R-S curve 20��rotor�X�expanded,� �rotorA�Y�expanded,� and rotorB�Y�expanded.� Again, the �rotor�X�expanded� array contains the expanded Roshko numbers for both rotors' expanded R-S curves 20.
// ExpandRoshkoStrouhal(void) -- expand Roshko array from
40 to 3901 points
void TForm1::ExpandRoshkoStrouhal (void)
InterpolateLinear((double) (i), rotor�X[i],
(double)(i + 1), rotor�X[i + 1], (double(i) + double(j) /
100.0), &y);
rotor�X�expanded[(i * 100) + j] = y;
InterpolateLinear((double) (i), rotorA�Y[i],
(double)(i + 1), rotorA�Y[i + 1], (double(i) + double(j)
/ 100.0), &y);
rotorA�Y�expanded[(i * 100) + j] = y;
InterpolateLinear((double) (i), rotorB�Y[i],
(double)(i + 1), rotorB�Y[i + 1], (double(i) + double(j)
rotorB�Y�expanded[(i * 100) + j] = y;
rotor�X�expanded[3900] = rotor�X[39];
rotorA�Y�expanded[3900] = rotorA�Y[39];
rotorB�Y�expanded[3900] = rotorB�Y[39];
Since the original R-S curve 10 is comprised of 40 points, expansion of the 40 points, point 0 through point 39, by a factor of 100 will yield 3901 points, point 0 through point 3900, in the expanded R-S curve 20. Point 0 (12) in the R-S curve 10 in FIG. 2 remains Point 0 (12) in the expanded R-S curve 20 in FIG. 4. Point 39 (18) in the R-S curve 10 in FIG. 2 is point 3900 (18) in expanded R-S curve 20 in FIG. 4.
FIG. 5 illustrates linear interpolation performed between point 10 (14) and point 11 (16) in the R-S curve 10 to expand this region of the R-S curve to contain 100 points. Although FIG. 5 does not show 100 points formed between points 10 (14) and 11 (16) due to limitations on space, the present invention contemplates linearly interpolating 100 points between points 10 (14) and 11 (16) in the present example. The linear interpolation consists of determining 100 evenly spread points in between each pair of adjacent points in the R-S curve 10 to form an interpolated line between the two adjacent points.
Expansion of the R-S curve 10 to provide more points in between adjacent points will allow the calculated Roshko numbers to more closely match a point in the expanded R-S curve 20 to perform error correction of the corresponding Strouhal number as will be described later below in step 110. If the R-S curve 10 were not expanded before error correction is performed, the error correction would be performed on one of the forty points in the R-S curve 10 when the error correction actually applied to a data point in between that is not closely adjacent to a R-S coordinate point in the R-S curve 10, thereby introducing error. However, this step of expanding the R-S curve 10 is an optional step and may not need to be performed, especially if the R-S curve 10 has a high enough resolution for the desired tolerance of error that is allowable for a particular application.
The next step is to determine correction poles along the expanded R-S curve 20 (step 106). Correction poles are used to determine the true Strouhal number for a given Roshko number to then compare against the corresponding Strouhal number stored in the expanded R-S curve 20 to determine the difference or error present in the R-S curve 10. In this manner, the error can be eliminated or nullified in the expanded R-S curve 20 by determining an error correction that makes the Strouhal value in the expanded R-S curve 20 equal to the correct Strouhal number determined in a verification step of the meter 1.
An example of how the poles are determined is found in the C++ function �ComputeRoshkos ( );� contained in the source code in Appendix A. Each pole is determined by providing known flow rates of liquid through the turbine meter 1 in a verification step, after calibration where the original R-S curve 10 is determined, and then determining the corresponding Roshko number for each rotor at these known flow rates. The computed Strouhal numbers for each Roshko number are then compared against the stored Strouhal numbers in the expanded R-S curve 20, and any difference is error. In one embodiment, five flow rates are used to verify the meter 1 thereby producing five Roshko numbers or five poles.
Examples of the poles that are determined in a verification step of the meter 1 are illustrated in FIG. 6. Note that five Roshko numbers were determined by providing five different flow rates through the meter 1. The Roshko numbers are converted into indexes into the expanded R-S curve 20 by finding the Roshko number in the expanded R-S curve 20 that contains a Roshko number closest to the Roshko number determined in verification and then storing that index into the array of the expanded R-S curve 20. In this example, the Roshko numbers are labeled in FIG. 6 as points 32, 34, 36, 38, and 40, having index values of 2448, 2671, 2956, 3144, and 3349 into the arrays��rotorA�Y�expanded� and �rotorB�Y�expanded� depending on the rotor being analyzed.
After each of the poles are determined and their corresponding Roshko indexes into the expanded R-S curve 20 are determined in the verification of the meter 1, the next step is to compute the error correction coefficients for the entire expanded R-S curve 20 (step 108). One method to perform this function is contained in the C++ function �ComputeCorrection ( ); contained in the source code in Appendix A.
At the poles, points 42, 44, 46, 48, and 50 indicate the error correction coefficient necessary to be multiplied against the Strouhal number in the expanded R-S curve 20 to make the Strouhal number match the calculated, correct Strouhal number during verification of the meter 1. For example, at the first pole 42, the correction factor is 0.998258524, meaning that the Strouhal number in the expanded R-S curve 20 for Roshko index 2448 should be multiplied by 0.998258524 to be correct and match the Strouhal number determined for Roshko index 2448 during verification of the meter 1. The error correction coefficient is obtained by dividing the correct Strouhal numbers obtained during verification for a given Roshko index by the Strouhal number in the expanded R-S curve 20 for the same given Roshko index.
At this point, only five error correction coefficients have been calculated based on five actual calculated Strouhal numbers during verification of the meter 1. Since it is not feasible to perform verification for all 3901 points in the expanded R-S curve 20, linear interpolation is used to determine the error correction line illustrated in FIG. 5 that will be used to perform a correction of all the Strouhal numbers in the expanded R-S curve 20 in a later step. Note that more than five poles may be used. In order to perform this linear interpolation, the end points, point 0 (12) and point 3900 (18) are set at an error correction coefficient of 1.0, meaning no error since the error for these indexes was not determined during verification of the meter 1. The resulting error correction line 10 is stored in the form of an error correction array 30, as illustrated in FIG. 5, whereby an error correction coefficient is contained for each index into the expanded R-S curve 20. Examples of the error corrections arrays for each rotor, rotor A and rotor B, are contained in the source code in Appendix A as �correctionA� and �correctionB.� Note that the error correction array could contain adders or subtracters rather than coefficient multipliers.
An example of error correction coefficients for select Roshko indexes for the error correction array 30 according to the example provided above is shown below.
0.9991913
0.9991934
0.9991956
0.9996287
0.9996308
0.9996330
0.9996351
0.9996373
0.9996758
0.9996780
0.9996801
0.9996807
0.9996813
0.9999982
0.9999988
Next, in step 110, the error correction array 30 is used to compute new Strouhal numbers in the expanded R-S curve 20. The correction coefficients contained in the error correction array 30 are multiplied by their corresponding Strouhal numbers in the expanded R-S curve 20 to perform error correction on the Strouhal numbers on the expanded R-S curve 20. An example of this function is contained in the C++ function �ComputeNewStrouhals ( );� in the source code contained in Appendix A. The code steps through each index and multiplies the error correction coefficient at the index in the error correction array 30 times the Strouhal number at the same index in the expanded R-S curve 20 to form an expanded corrected R-S curve 40 as illustrated in FIG. 7 and as shown in the code below.
for(i = 0; i < 3901; i++)
new�rotorA�Y�expanded[i] = rotorA�Y�expanded[i] *
correctionA[i];
new�rotorB�Y�expanded[i] = rotorB�Y�expanded[i] *
correctionB[i];
The expanded corrected R-S curve 40 is stored in the form of arrays containing the corrected Strouhal numbers called �new�rotorA�Y�expanded� and �new�rotorB�Y�expanded� as contained in the source code in Appendix A. Note that the Roshko numbers stored in the array rotor�X�expanded� are still used for the x-axis into the expanded corrected R-S curve 40 for each rotor.
Lastly, in step 112, now that the expanded R-S curve 20 has been corrected to form the expanded corrected R-S curve 40, the expanded corrected R-S curve 40 is reduced from the expanded 3901 points back down to the original 40 points to form a corrected R-S curve that is stored in the memory 2 of the meter 1. An example of this function is contained in the C++ function �ComputeNewStrouhals ( );� contained in the source code in Appendix A and is repeated below where every 100th index point into the corrected expanded R-S curve 40 is used as a data point in the corrected R-S curve 50.
// extract the 40-pt subsets from the expanded arrays //
new�rotorA�Y[i] = new�rotorA�Y�expanded[i * 100];
new�rotorB�Y[i] = new�rotorB�Y�expanded[i * 100];
An example of the corrected R-S curve 50 is illustrated in FIG. 8. The corrected R-S curve 50 is stored in the form of a 40-point array, with the new corrected Strouhal numbers for each rotor being stored in the arrays �new�rotorA�Y� and �new�rotorB�Y.� The Roshko points that make up the x-axis of the corrected R-S curve 50 are taken from the array �rotor�X� described above.
The last step in the process (step 114) loads the corrected R-S curve 50 for each rotor into memory 2 of the meter 1 in place of the original R-S curve 10. If the original R-S curve 10 was never loaded into memory 2 and the original R-S curve 10 was obtained from another source, the corrected R-S curve 50 will not overwrite a previously stored curve. The calculator 5 now uses the corrected R-S curve 50 to determine the Strouhal number using the calculated Roshko number during operation of the meter 1.
Note that the present invention can be used with any measurement data or curve, and may be used with a turbine meter 1 having only one rotor. Also note that another calculator or processor not contained within the turbine flow meter 1 could be employed to perform the present invention with the final corrected R-S curve 50 being loaded into the memory 2 at the end of the process (step 114 in FIG. 3).
Patent CitationsCited PatentFiling datePublication dateApplicantTitleUS4876653Jul 15, 1987Oct 24, 1989Mcspadden John SProgrammable multiple blenderUS4938054May 3, 1989Jul 3, 1990Gilbarco Inc.Ultrasonic linear meter sensor for positive displacement meterUS5630528Jan 27, 1995May 20, 1997Gilbarco, Inc.Method and apparatus for metering and dispensing fluid, particulary fuelUS5689071May 24, 1996Nov 18, 1997Exact Flow, L.L.C.Wide range, high accuracy flow meterUS5831176 *Mar 24, 1995Nov 3, 1998The Boeing CompanyFluid flow measurement assemblyUS6065638May 29, 1998May 23, 2000Gilbarco Inc.Real time blending apparatus and methodUS6067476Oct 30, 1997May 23, 2000Gilbarco Inc.Apparatus and method to detect tampering with fuel dispenser totalizerUS6651517Aug 7, 2001Nov 25, 2003Paul D. OlivierFuel dispensing systemUS6692535 *Feb 7, 2002Feb 17, 2004Paul D. OlivierMethod and apparatus using turbine flow meter to measure fluid flow therethrough without reference to viscosityUS6721669Sep 17, 2002Apr 13, 2004Gilbarco Inc.Method and device for measuring the volumetric flow of a fluid* Cited by examinerReferenced byCiting PatentFiling datePublication dateApplicantTitleUS8285506Feb 2, 2010Oct 9, 2012Gilbarco Inc.Fuel dispenser pulser arrangementUS8381597Mar 16, 2009Feb 26, 2013Gilbarco, S.R.L.Inferential flow meter for use in fuel dispensing environmentsClassifications U.S. Classification702/100International ClassificationG01F1/12, G01F25/00, B67D7/04Cooperative ClassificationG01F25/0007, B67D7/0486, G01F1/125European ClassificationG01F25/00A, G01F1/12ALegal EventsDateCodeEventDescriptionMar 30, 2010FPExpired due to failure to pay maintenance feeEffective date: 20100207Feb 7, 2010LAPSLapse for failure to pay maintenance feesSep 14, 2009REMIMaintenance fee reminder mailedSep 30, 2004ASAssignmentOwner name: GILBARCO INC., NORTH CAROLINAFree format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:PAYNE, EDWARD A.;REEL/FRAME:015859/0503Effective date: 20040928RotateOriginal ImageGoogle Home - Sitemap - USPTO Bulk Downloads - Privacy Policy - Terms of Service - About Google Patents - Send FeedbackData provided by IFI CLAIMS Patent Services©2012 Google

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Patent US6683553 - Mechanism for transmitting from a sensor assembly to an acquisition system a ... - Google PatentsSearch Images Maps Play YouTube News Gmail Drive More »Sign inAdvanced Patent SearchPatentsA mechanism for transmitting from a sensor assembly to an acquisition system a message that includes self-describing information is provided. The sensor assembly monitors elements, such as pipes and wells, and detects analog values, such as temperature or pressure, emanating from the elements. The sensor...http://www.google.com/patents/US6683553?utm_source=gb-gplus-sharePatent US6683553 - Mechanism for transmitting from a sensor assembly to an acquisition system a message that includes self-describing informationAdvanced Patent SearchPublication numberUS6683553 B1Publication typeGrantApplication numberUS 10/256,916Publication dateJan 27, 2004Filing dateSep 26, 2002Priority dateSep 26, 2002Fee statusPaidPublication number10256916, 256916, US 6683553 B1, US 6683553B1, US-B1-6683553, US6683553 B1, US6683553B1InventorsVinay S. PaiOriginal AssigneeSun Microsystems, Inc.Export CitationBiBTeX, EndNote, RefManPatent Citations (6), Referenced by (4), Classifications (11), Legal Events (4) External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, EspacenetMechanism for transmitting from a sensor assembly to an acquisition system a message that includes self-describing information
US 6683553 B1Abstract
A mechanism for transmitting from a sensor assembly to an acquisition system a message that includes self-describing information is provided. The sensor assembly monitors elements, such as pipes and wells, and detects analog values, such as temperature or pressure, emanating from the elements. The sensor assembly translates the analog values into digital values, creates messages that include information that uniquely identifies the sensor assembly and the digital values, where the information and the digital values are self-described, and transmits the messages to an acquisition system.
What is claimed is: 1. A method for transmitting information from a sensor assembly to an acquisition system, comprising:
detecting at a physical sensor an analog value; translating the analog value into a digital value; creating a message that includes identification information uniquely identifying a sensor assembly and the digital value, wherein the message further comprises description information describing what the identification information and digital value represent; and transmitting the message to an acquisition system. 2. The method of claim 1 wherein the identification information comprises an address of the sensor assembly.
3. The method of claim 1 wherein the message comprises an Extensible Markup Language (XML) document and wherein creating further comprises:
creating the XML document that includes the identification information uniquely identifying the sensor assembly and the digital value, wherein the XML document further comprises description information describing what the identification information and the digital value represent. 4. The method of claim 1 wherein creating comprises:
creating a text file that includes the identification information uniquely identifying the sensor assembly and the digital value, wherein the text file further comprises description information describing what the identification information and digital value represent. 5. The method of claim 1 wherein the analog value is selected from the group consisting of temperature, rate of flow, alarm condition, pressure, density, level of concentration, revolutions per minute, mass, mass rate, weight, volume, force, acceleration, and velocity.
6. The method of claim 1 wherein the message further comprises a unit associated with the digital value and wherein creating further comprises:
creating the message that includes the identification information that uniquely identifies the sensor assembly, the digital value, and the unit associated with the digital value, wherein the message further comprises description information describing what the identification information, the digital value, and the unit represent. 7. An apparatus comprising:
a physical sensor configured to detect an analog value; an analog-to-digital-converter coupled to the physical sensor and configured to translate the analog value to a digital value; and a message generator coupled to the analog-to-digital-converter and configured to create a message that includes identification information uniquely identifying a sensor assembly and the digital value wherein the message further comprises description information describing what the identification information and the digital value represent. 8. The apparatus of claim 7 wherein the identification information comprises an address of the sensor assembly.
9. The apparatus of claim 7 wherein the message generator is further configured to create the Extensible Markup Language (XML) document that includes the identification information uniquely identifying the sensor assembly and the digital value wherein the XML document further compromises description information describing what the identification information and the digital value represent, wherein the description information comprises XML tags.
10. The apparatus of claim 7 wherein the message generator is further configured to create the text file that includes the identification information uniquely identifying the sensor assembly and the digital value wherein the text file further comprises description information describing what the identification information and the digital value represent.
11. The apparatus of claim 7 wherein the analog value is selected from the group consisting of temperature, rate of flow, alarm condition, pressure, density, level of concentration, revolutions per minute, mass, mass rate, weight, volume, force, acceleration, and velocity.
12. The apparatus of claim 7 wherein the message further comprises a unit associated with the digital value and the processor is further configured to create further comprises creating the message that includes the identification information that uniquely identifies the sensor assembly, the digital value, and the unit associated with the digital value wherein the message further comprises description information describing what the identification information, the digital value, and the unit represent.
13. The apparatus of claim 7 further comprising a network interface coupled to the message generator and configured to transmit the message to an acquisition system.
14. The apparatus of claim 13 wherein the network interface is selected from the group consisting of ethernet card, rugged ethernet, and wireless.
15. The apparatus of claim 7 wherein the network interface is configured to implement transmission control protocol/internet protocol (TCP/IP) to transmit the message to an acquisition system using TCP/IP.
16. The apparatus of claim 7 wherein the message generator is further configured to implement Remote Procedure Call (RPC) to initiate transmission of the message to an acquisition system using a remote procedure call.
17. The apparatus of claim 7 wherein the message generator is further configured with Extensible Markup Language (XML) messaging to initiate transmission of the message to an acquisition system using XML messaging.
18. The apparatus of claim 7 wherein the message generator is further configured with a real time operating system.
19. The apparatus of claim 7 wherein the message generator comprises an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC).
20. The apparatus of claim 7 wherein the message generator comprises one or more processors executing software.
The present invention relates to data acquisition and more specifically to a mechanism for transmitting from a sensor assembly to an acquisition system a message that includes self-describing information.
In oil fields, there are many elements, such as piplines and wells, for which information, such as the temperature or pressure, is gathered and transmitted to an acquisition system for processing. Sensors of various types monitor these elements and detect analog values, such as temperature or pressure, emanating from these elements. The sensors are interconnected with a bus, which may be associated with a bus controller. Old style sensors transmit the analog values to the bus controller, which uses a table to convert the analog values to digital values. The bus controller transmits the digital values to an acquisition system that collects the digital values, performs calculations on the digital values, saves the digital values and/or the calculations on persistent media, and displays the digital values and/or the calculations on a remote display.
In order to perform these types of functions, various proprietary systems, such as Computer Automobile Network, ProfiBus, and Fieldbus, have arisen. These proprietary systems provide, among other things, sensors, busses, and bus controllers, that are used in these proprietary systems. However, one of the problems with these proprietary systems is that the parts from one system are not interchangeable with the parts from another system. For example, it is not possible to use a sensor from one proprietary system with a bus from another proprietary system. As a result, it is not possible to mix the optimal parts of one system with the optimal parts of another system to create an overall optimal system.
Based on the foregoing, it is desirable to provide an improved mechanism for monitoring physical events and for transmitting information associated with these physical events to an acquisition system.
In accordance with one embodiment of the present invention, there is provided a mechanism for transmitting from a sensor assembly to an acquisition system a message that includes self-describing information. The sensor assembly monitors elements, such as pipes and wells, and detects analog values, such as temperature or pressure, emanating from the elements. The sensor assembly translates the analog values into digital values, creates messages that include information that uniquely identifies the sensor assembly and the digital values, where the information and the digital values are self-described, and transmits the messages to an acquisition system. Because the messages are self-describing, the acquisition system can receive and comprehend messages from any sensor assembly. This is so regardless of the type of sensor assembly and the manufacturer of the sensor assembly. As a result, different types and makes of sensor assemblies may be used in the same acquisition system.
FIGS. 1A and 1B are block diagrams of a system for transmitting, from a sensor assembly to an acquisition system, a message that includes self-describing information according to one embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 2 depicts a message, which includes self-describing information, created by a sensor assembly;
FIG. 3 is a flowchart illustrating the operational flow for transmitting, from a sensor assembly to an acquisition system, a message that includes self-describing information; and
A mechanism for transmitting, from a sensor assembly to an acquisition system, a message that includes self-describing information is described. In the following description, for the purposes of explanation, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the present invention. It will be apparent, however, that the present invention may be practiced without these specific details. In other instances, well-known structures and devices are shown in block diagram form in order to avoid unnecessarily obscuring the present invention.
FIG. 1A shows a system 100 in which one embodiment of the present invention may be implemented. As shown, system 100 comprises a network 118, a plurality of sensor assemblies 102 coupled to the network 118, and an acquisition system 108 coupled to the network 118. In system 100, each sensor assembly 102 behaves like a regular network element. As such, each sensor assembly 102 has a unique network address. In addition, each sensor assembly 102, using any known network protocol, can send messages to other elements (e.g. acquisition system 108) on the network 118, and can receive messages from other elements on the network 118. For purposes of the present invention, any network protocol may be used to enable communication between the various network elements.
To further facilitate message exchange, each sensor assembly 102 communicates with the acquisition system 108 via messages that are self-describing. That is, in addition to having content, the messages comprise information that describes the content. These self-describing messages enable the acquisition system 108 to easily comprehend and to process the information in the messages. As a result, the messages need not be sent in any proprietary format, and the acquisition system 108 need not be configured to understand any proprietary format. This in turn enables any sensor assembly 102, regardless of type or make, to be used in the system 100.
Sensor assemblies 102 are positioned at or near elements, such as pipes and wells, for gathering information associated with these elements. Information, detected by the sensor assemblies 102 is assembled into messages, and transmitted over network 118 to the acquisition system 108, where the information is gathered by the acquisition system 108.
FIG. 1B shows a more detailed diagram of a sensor assembly in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. As shown, the sensor assembly 102 comprises a physical sensor 110, an analog-to-digital-converter 112, a message generator 114, and a network interface 116. The physical sensor 110 monitors an element to detect the analog values emanating from the element. Examples of analog values that are detected include, but are not limited to, temperature, rate of flow, alarm conditions, pressure, density, level of concentration, revolutions per minute, mass, pounds per minute, force, and volume. These analog values are provided as examples and should not be construed as the only possible analog values that can be detected.
The analog-to-digital-converter 112 converts the analog values to digital values. According to one embodiment, the analog-to-digital-converter 112 uses an algorithm to convert an analog value to a digital value. The message generator 114 creates a message that includes the digital value, and initiates transmission of the message to the acquisition system 108 as will be described in more detail. The network interface 116 includes a network card that is configured to implement a protocol to communicate over the network 118.
Possible Hardware and Software Configurations
There are many different possible ways to configure the various elements, such as the sensor assembly 102 and the acquisition system 108, on the network 118. Configuring the sensor assembly 102 involves configuring two parts of the sensor assembly 102, which are the network interface 116 and the message generator 114. Configuring the sensor assembly 102 and the acquisition system 108 involves hardware and/or software as will be described in more detail.
As already stated, the network interface 116 includes a network card that is configured to implement a protocol to communicate over the network 118. The network interface 116 can be configured with any real-time serialization protocol. According to one embodiment, the network interface 116 includes an ethernet card and is configured to implement the transmission control protocol/internet protocol (TCP/IP). According to other embodiments, the network interface 116 could be wireless ethernet.
The message generator 114 can be embodied as a processor executing software or as hardwired logic, such as an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC).
The message generator 114 and the acquisition system 108 can use many different protocols to communicate with each other. These protocols include, but are not limited to, Remote Procedure Call (RPC) or Extensible Markup Language (XML) messaging. For example, Java Api for XML Remote Procedure Call (JAX-RPC) could be used for RPC, and Java API for XML Messaging (JAXM) could be used for XML messaging. The chosen protocol can be configured to run either synchronously or asynchronously.
According to one embodiment, the message generator 114 is configured as a web service client, such as a JAVA web service client.
According to one embodiment, the acquisition system 108 is configured to include a registered end-point. A registered end-point, which is a method or a remote procedure on the acquisition system 108, is registered with a registry. Therefore, the message generator 114 can use the registry to find a particular registered end-point to which to transmit a message.
According to one embodiment, the acquisition system 108 is configured to use servlets. For example, the acquisition system 108 could be configured as an RPC registered end-point using servlets. According to one embodiment, the acquisition system 108 is configured as a web service provider, such as a JAVA web service provider using the Web Services Pack.
The sensor assemblies 102 create messages that include self-describing information, such as addresses that uniquely identify the sensor assemblies 102 and digital values, as will be described in more detail. FIG. 2 depicts a message, which includes self-describing information, created by a sensor assembly 102, and more specifically by a message generator 114. According to one embodiment, the message is an XML document with XML tags for self-describing the information in the XML document. For the discussion of this section, assume that sensor assembly 102 a has an address �sensor1.temperature.flowline.sun.com�, is near a pipe, and has detected an analog value, 55 degrees Fahrenheit, emanating from the pipe.
Since the sensor assembly 102 a behaves like a regular network element, a network address (referred to hereinafter as a �source address�) is associated with the sensor assembly 102 a. For example, line 204 identifies the source address, which in this example is the human-readable network address �sensor1.temperature.flowline.sun.com�, of the sensor assembly 102 a. Line 202 is the begin tag and line 206 is the end tag indicating that the information in this message is from a sensor assembly 102 a having the address �sensor1.temperature.flowline.sun.com�.
Further, since the sensor assembly 102 a detects analog values and translates the analog values to digital values, the messages include the digital values. For example, line 210 identifies such a digital value, 55. Line 208 is the begin tag and line 214 is the end tag delineating the digital value. Line 210 depicts the value, which is 55 and line 212 depicts the unit associated with the digital value. For example, line 212 depicts the begin tag delineating the unit, the unit itself, and the end tag delineating the unit. In this example, the digital value, 55, is in degrees Fahrenheit (degF.).
Although, for the purpose of explanation, FIG. 2 is described with XML, other techniques maybe used for self-describing information in messages. For example, messages may be in text and another system of tags that describe the information may be used.
FIG. 3 is a flowchart illustrating the operational flow for transmitting, from a sensor assembly to an acquisition system, a message that includes self-describing information. For the discussion of this operational flow, assume that sensor assembly 102 a has source address �sensor1.temperature.flowline.sun.com�, is near a pipe, and has detected an analog value, 55 degrees Fahrenheit, emanating from the pipe. This discussion of the operational flow also assumes certain hardware and software configurations. For example, the network interface 116 is configured with TCP/IP, and the message generator 114 and the acquisition system 108 are both configured with RPC and XML. The acquisition system 108 is further configured as a registered end point.
At step 302, the process begins.
At step 304, a sensor assembly detects an analog value. For example, the physical sensor 110, of the sensor assembly 102 a, detects the analog value, 55 degrees Fahrenheit, emanating from the pipe.
At step 306, the sensor assembly translates the analog value to a digital value. For example, the analog-to-digital-converter 112 translates the analog value of 55 degrees Fahrenheit to a digital value of 55 degrees Fahrenheit. According to one embodiment, the analog-to-digital-converter 112 uses an algorithm to convert the analog value to the digital value.
At step 308, the sensor assembly creates a message. For example, the message generator 114, of sensor assembly 102 a, creates a message that includes the digital value, 55, the unit, degrees Fahrenheit, and the source address, �sensor1.temperature.flowline.sun.com�, of sensor assembly 102 a. Since the message generator 114 is configured to implement XML in this example, the message generator 114 creates an XML document, as depicted in FIG. 2. The created message is saved to storage (not shown).
At step 310, the sensor assembly transmits the message to the acquisition system. Continuing the example, since the acquisition system 108 is configured as a registered end point, the message generator 114 of sensor assembly 102 a: (1) uses a registry to find a remote procedure (referred to hereinafter as the �designated remote procedure�) associated with the acquisition system 108, and (2) initiates transmission of the message to the designated remote procedure with a remote procedure call. In so doing, the message generator 114 forwards the message to the TCP/IP stack, which is associated with the network interface 116 of sensor assembly 102 a. Further, the TCP/IP stack: (1) determines the IP address for the acquisition system 108, (2) builds a TCP/IP version of the message for transmission over the network 118, and (3) transmits the TCP/IP version of the message over the network 118 to the designated remote procedure on the acquisition system 108.
At step 312, the process ends.
After the message is transmitted, the designated remote procedure, on the acquisition system 108, receives the message. The acquisition system 108 may use the source address of the sensor assembly 102 a to transmit replies back to the sensor assembly 102, where the replies are processed by the message generator 114.
Not only is the sensor assembly described herein useful in oil fields, but the sensor assembly is also useful in many other contexts, such as factories or power plants.
Not only can the sensor assemblies be used for gathering information and transmitting that information to an acquisition system, but the sensor assemblies can also be used to actuate valves and other control structures, based on commands sent by the acquisition system. The acquisition system can analyze the information that is sent by a sensor assembly and determine if the element associated with the sensor assembly should be adjusted in some way. For example, the acquisition system can receive pressure information from a sensor assembly that is monitoring a well. If the pressure is approaching an alarm condition, the acquisition system can transmit commands back to the sensor assembly to open a valve on the well and to shut the valve once the proper pressure is reached. Because the sensor assembly has a unique address, and because this address is included in the message sent to the acquisition system, the acquisition system can use this address to send commands to the sensor assembly.
Patent CitationsCited PatentFiling datePublication dateApplicantTitleUS5259063 *Sep 18, 1991Nov 2, 1993The United States Of America As Represented By The Administrator, National Aeronautics And Space AdministrationReconfigurable fuzzy cellUS5499023 *May 27, 1992Mar 12, 1996Kaye Instruments, Inc.Method of and apparatus for automated sensor diagnosis through quantitative measurement of one of sensor-to-earth conductance or loop resistanceUS5631839 *Jun 19, 1995May 20, 1997Eastman Kodak CompanyDevice for controlling the parameters of a manufacturing processUS6013108 *Mar 10, 1998Jan 11, 2000Endevco CorporationIntelligent sensor system with network busUS6047244 *Dec 5, 1997Apr 4, 2000Rosemount Inc.Multiple range transition method and apparatus for process control sensorsEP1096724A1 *Oct 27, 2000May 2, 2001Micro Web ServersMethod and system for monitoring computer networks and equipment* Cited by examinerReferenced byCiting PatentFiling datePublication dateApplicantTitleUS7178103 *Feb 3, 2004Feb 13, 2007Invensys Systems, Inc.Systems and methods for storing configuration data in process control systemsUS7406555Apr 29, 2005Jul 29, 2008The Boeing CompanySystems and methods for multiple input instrumentation busesUS8024573 *Oct 5, 2005Sep 20, 2011Nec CorporationMethod for authentication of elements of a groupWO2010043457A1 *Sep 11, 2009Apr 22, 2010Siemens AktiengesellschaftMethod for data transmission in process devices* Cited by examinerClassifications U.S. Classification341/155, 710/69, 715/234International ClassificationG06F13/38, H03M1/12, H04L12/24, G05B19/042Cooperative ClassificationG05B2219/25225, G05B19/042, G05B2219/25208European ClassificationG05B19/042Legal EventsDateCodeEventDescriptionJun 29, 2011FPAYFee paymentYear of fee payment: 8Jun 29, 2007FPAYFee paymentYear of fee payment: 4Jun 22, 2004CCCertificate of correctionSep 26, 2002ASAssignmentOwner name: SUN MICROSYSTEMS, INC., CALIFORNIAFree format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:PAI, VINAY S.;REEL/FRAME:013347/0802Effective date: 20020923Owner name: SUN MICROSYSTEMS, INC. 4150 NETWORK CIRCLESANTA CLFree format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:PAI, VINAY S. /AR;REEL/FRAME:013347/0802RotateOriginal ImageGoogle Home - Sitemap - USPTO Bulk Downloads - Privacy Policy - Terms of Service - About Google Patents - Send FeedbackData provided by IFI CLAIMS Patent Services

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Harry Lewis Obituary - Savannah, GA | Savannah Morning News
"LET THE LOVE OF GOD SOOTHE YOUR HEART,HE IS OUR COMFORTER..."
"I'm lighting this candle for you so you have our Lord And..."
Harry Lewis (Photo by Charley Gallay/Getty Images) Enlarged Photo
Related Memorial Sites 2013 Actors Entrepreneurs Movies

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text:
awesome meal...... excellent atmosphere - Review of Rainforest, Mumbai (Bombay), India - TripAdvisor
awesome meal...... excellent atmosphere - Rainforest
Ranked #5,821 of 14,722 Restaurants in Mumbai (Bombay)
Ask deyondi about Rainforest
Ive been to the R-City branch of the restaurant many time. The forest-theme ambience is really good. They have a wide variety on the menu. I especially like the chicken platter (they serve other non-veg stuff too, but I am strictly a chickenetarian !!). The quantity served in the platter is sufficient for 4 people for the starters. I've tred the paneer-tikka & hara-bhara kebabs too and it was really good. The main course needs a little improvement in terms of the taste. Haven't tried the vegetarian main-course though. We generally go there to have drinks and starters so we find the place good. I love the Khus Kolanda Mocktail there. Staff is also vey helpfull.
Ask Priyanka_S_Sharma about Rainforest
Ask Natasha T about Rainforest
Ask sanjbhat266 about Rainforest
I liked their ambience, it had a jungle look to it. The boys at the bar were doing all that juggling stuff. Their e FOC snacks are nuts are reasonably fine, and you also get a refill, papad is not part of the FOC snack and you have to pay for it?????. I tried the bloody mary, did not have them overwhelming tomato taste. The spaghetti bolognese as a tad dry. For dessert we had ice cream flambe, which was ok. The Tandoori platter was expensive.. missing the chops and more on the chicken..worth trying the place with friends and family...
Ask Anita L about Rainforest

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text:
Vintage Womens 50's 60's Retro Rockabilly Cocktail Evening Prom Skater Dress AU | eBay
Details about Vintage Womens 50's 60's Retro Rockabilly Cocktail Evening Prom Skater Dress AU
honeworld (4655 )
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50's, Rockabilly Striped Skirts for Women

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text:
Lurks it's prey yeh yeh I say
Latest News for: true democracy
OPINION: 10 moves that truly chip away at our democratic system
Politicians often attempt to smear their opponents and undercut their actions by saying that something “undermines our democracy,” or that a particular idea or maneuver is “a threat to our democracy.” Joe Biden, vying for the Democrat nomination for president, used similar language against President Trump last week ... Stay true to yourself....
Quick. Of the presidents who have served over the past 50 years, who were the most fiscally restrained? Ronald Reagan? George H.W ... Rep ... South Bend Mayor Pete Buttigieg chose to talk about other matters, such as creating "a true democracy where money can't outvote people and politicians can't choose their voters by drawing districts the way they like."...
Hey big spenders: Democratic presidential candidates go big on costly ideas
Quick ... Bush? Gerald Ford? No. Annual spending growth, in fact, was slowest under Bill Clinton ... Rep ... Sen ... Rep ... Sen ... South Bend Mayor Pete Buttigieg chose to talk about other matters, such as creating “a true democracy where money can’t outvote people and politicians can’t choose their voters by drawing districts the way they like.” Former Colorado Gov ... ....
Lima Ohio 17 Jun 2019
Quick ... Bush? Gerald Ford? No ... It helped fuel an era of prosperity ... Rep ... Sen ... Rep ... Sen ... South Bend Mayor Pete Buttigieg chose to talk about other matters, such as creating “a true democracy where money can’t outvote people and politicians can’t choose their voters by drawing districts the way they like.” Former Colorado Gov ... ....
Ten moves that truly chip away at our democratic system
... accused by rights groups of committing war crimes in the past, brutally cleared a pro-democracy sit-in outside the military headquarters in Khartoum. We’ll tell you what’s true....
Boing Boing 16 Jun 2019
Time.. The year 2008 was a reckoning ... A year ago, she was taking orders across a bar ... She reminds all of us that even while greed and corruption slow our progress, even while armies of lobbyists swarm Washington, in our democracy, true power still rests with the people....
Thus, following the alteration of Nigeria’s calendar of holidays and events, instead of May 29, from last week Tuesday henceforth, June 12 marks Nigeria’s Democracy Day celebration ... Only people who haven’t had opportunity of living in a true democratic country will be celebrating the current charade in Nigeria as democracy....
You might assume that deep fakes mean everyone will believe everything they see, but the real risk to democracy is the opposite ... The health of democracies all over the world will depend on finding ways to re-establish the veracity of video and audio content – and temper our own willingness to believe or disbelieve according to our own prejudices....
Quick ... Bush? Gerald Ford? No ... It helped fuel an era of prosperity ... Rep ... Sen ... Rep ... Sen ... South Bend Mayor Pete Buttigieg chose to talk about other matters, such as creating “a true democracy where money can’t outvote people and politicians can’t choose their voters by drawing districts the way they like.” Former Colorado Gov....
The Daily Beast 15 Jun 2019
Two presidential candidates used the word “existential” in speeches on the same day on the trail this week ... “Our democracy is at risk. I never thought I would say those words. But it's true,” Biden said ... ....
Tyler Morning Telegraph 15 Jun 2019
Quick ... Bush? Gerald Ford? No. Annual spending growth, in fact, was slowest under Bill Clinton ... Rep ... Sen ... Rep ... Sen ... South Bend Mayor Pete Buttigieg chose to talk about other matters, such as creating “a true democracy where money can’t outvote people and politicians can’t choose their voters by drawing districts the way they like.” Former Colorado Gov ... .......
On many of the big stories, like the accusations of collusion between the 2016 Trump campaign and Russian intelligence that came up so often and took so much time in the regular briefing, their allegations have failed to be proven true. They talk about Trump's tough talk about the press being a danger to democracy, but look at the polls ... ....

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text:
Disney's Fort Wilderness Resort & Campground Hotel Reviews | Expedia
Price PledgeExpedia Price PledgeYou're getting the lowest possible rate.We PromiseOpens in a new window Ratings based on 308 Verified Reviews
Lovely cabins.
Posted Nov 22, 2016 Bus access to cabins is reliable and quick. Cabins are cleaned daily and housekeeping can't do enough to help make your stay special. Just unfortunate that when we checked in we weren't treated in the nicest way and the member of staff in question didn't seem interested at all. A bit of a shame after spending all that money, but we didn't let it spoil the holiday.
Posted Nov 1, 2016 Pros: Cabin was like a second home away from home. Plenty of room and loved the full kitchen
Cons: Floors are dirty so you have to wear shoes or slippers. Our feet were completely black after a few hours before we realized this
Location: Awesome location. Quiet and felt like we were in the Woods! Can do wagon rides, Carriage rides, Horseback riding, can rent boats and pontoons.
Fort Wilderness Cabins im Oktober Posted Oct 16, 2016 Pros: Der Service, die Betten, die Küche...
Cons: Time table an der Busstation fehlte
Wir waren mit unserer Unterkunft sehr zufrieden - viel Platz für 4 Personen- gut ausgestattete Küche- alles sehr sauber - der Disney Transportation Service hat gut funktioniert und auch der Luggage Transport vom Flughafen direkt zur Cabin. 4 out of 5
Nice place to stay but long transportation
Posted Oct 13, 2016 Pros: It's different, like camping
Cons: Transportation, swimming pool, barhroom
You need to take 2 buses to get anywhere, bathroom needs to be updated, closest swimming pool was so dated, didn't want to enter 5 out of 5
EXCELENTE. DENTRO DA DISNEY.
Posted Sep 19, 2016 Pros: tudo.
Location: LOCALIZACAO PRIVILEGIADA.
hotel fantsastico. LOCALIZADO DENTRO DA DISNEY,. ATENDIMENTO E FACILIDADES QUE O HOTEL PROPROE EXCELENTES,
Perfeito para famílias com crianças, muito silencioso, cozinha, churrasqueira ao ar livre, mangueira, várias atividades para crianças, tais como: passeios com pôneis ou cavalos, fogueira com os esquilos, brinquedos na praia artificial, piscina normal e aquecida.
Posted Aug 25, 2016 on CheapTickets
Great location with easy acces to all parks. Private cabins, well equipped. 5 out of 5
Posted Aug 21, 2016 Best hotel !! Best staff !!! Sleeps 8 people comfortable Back to Hotel Details

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text:
Marine Sniper: 93 Confirmed Killes by Charles Henderson | 9780425103555 | Paperback | Barnes & Noble
Marine Sniper: 93 Confirmed Killes by
E. J. Land (Foreword by)
Overview Tells the exciting true story of Sergeant Carlos Hathcock, a legendary Marine sniper in the Vietnam War. Read More Show Less ...
Marine Sniper: 93 Confirmed Killes (eBook)
Marine Sniper: 93 Confirmed Killes (Mass Market Paperback - Reissue)
Marine Sniper: 93 Confirmed Kills (Reissue)
Marine Sniper: 93 Confirmed Kills Pub. Date: 3/28/1995
Publisher: Claymore Publishing Corporation
Marine Sniper: 93 Confirmed Kills Pub. Date: 12/1/1985
Marine Sniper: 93 Confirmed Kills (MP3 - Unabridged)
Format: Mass Market PaperbackEdition description: ReissuePages: 320Sales rank: 90,267Product dimensions: 6.68 (w) x 11.06 (h) x 0.71 (d)
As an ex-Marine and long-range shooter, I thoroughly enjoyed this!
any marine must read
One of the Marine's truly good men
A real hero love it :) 1 out of 1 people found this review helpful.
A Great Read, a Real Hero!
Lost a nights sleep over this one and glad I did
big69ben
Hi i am a marine sniper. I recently just found out that I have 77 confirmed kills. Durning my time at Sniper school Chuck Mawhiny wwas there. He is a great man and i respect him a lot. he tought me a lot of the basics. lol jk
Best book about war I have ever read.
Story of a military hero
Ha i found u zp93
I found you >:) ~sOuL~
Zeus Pony 93
It shows what war is really like. It helps you realize what soldiers go through in the wars. It's sad but exhilerating at the same time. It's a good read. I would recomend it to anyone who is intristed in the military or is intristed in joining the military and wants a second hand expirience. It shows what the life of scout and sniper units. It's good if you want a small history lesson or just a good read.
The Explosive True Story
I bought this book for my brother, so I will let you know what he said. He loved it. He can hardly get enough of true war biographies, which is what this is. Just full of all the raw things that are hard to write about. This man did some hard things and he served his country so faithfully. It is powerful. It is sacrifice. It is real Marine Sniper life.
Plague the Magnificent
*sprawls out on a bunk, staring at the ceiling.*

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text:
San Francisco | Travel | Pinterest
Mochileo!
Princess Inmymind
Places I Have Been 💛
Cody Musso
Favorite Places, Spaces, & Words to Live By
martha power2907
Brynna Bee
Keri Wegs
San Francisco ding ding
Oh the beautiful places Ive been
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Places I've loved visiting.
A unique look at the Golden Gate Bridge - San Francisco, California San Francisco California, Golden Gate Bridge, Golden Gates Bridges, Efraín Zavala, Sanfrancisco, The Bays, Will, Places, Photography Blog
Found on 500px.com Brodiejane Hayes
Places I've been and the wonders I've seen
ツ★↠ PINTEREST ː alicrombie2k15 ↞★ツ
✈ Thermal Waterfall Spa, Mittenwald, Germany ✈
Leutasch Gorge, Adventure, Europe, Beautiful Places, Amazing Places, Vacations, Mittenwald Germany, Natural, Waterf Spa
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path on lake Funes--Villnoess.Italy
Destinations, Swis, Favorite Places, Europe, Dreams, Travel Photo, Beautiful Places, Rivers, Bern Switzerland
Beautiful places :-) :-)
The River Aare in Bern, Switzerland
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Hotel Metropole | Monte-Carlo
Destinations, Metropol Montecarlo, Adventure, Monaco, France, Monte Carlo, Hotels Metropolemontecarlo, Honeymoons, Wanderlust
intothegreatunknown: Looking towards Positano, the Amalfi Coast | Italy (by Justine Kibler)
Positano, Costiera Amalfitana _
Beaches Hotels, Buckets Lists, Hotels Santa, Italy Hotels, Amalfi Coast, Italy Resorts, Amalfi Italy, Condé Nast, St. Catherine
Hotel Santa Caterina, Amalfi: Italy Resorts: Condé Nast Traveler
from Foursquare Phi Phi Islands, Krabi, Thailand
Rayavadee Resort, Krabi, Thailand Justearnmoneyonli...
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Must visit hotels
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La carte postale d'Amanda Wellsh http://www.vogue.fr/mode/mannequins/diaporama/la-semaine-des-tops-sur-instagram-25/18528/image/996381#!la-carte-postale-d-039-amanda-wellsh
Water, surrounded by more water...#yesplease
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Santorini, Greece- One of my favorite places in the whole world!!!
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View from the window, Amalfi coast villas, Positano, Italy
by villafiorentino Marina
Hotel Athenee Paris. I have not had the opportunity to stay here but must make it happen.
Plaza Athénée-Paris
Favorite Places, Plazaathéné, Plaza Athens, Paris France, Athene Square, Hotels Plaza, Hotels In Paris, Paris Hotels, Luxury Hotels
seainterval.tumblr.com
imalikshake: Capilano Suspension Bridge by Michelle Lee
Buckets Lists, Vancouver Canada, Suspen Bridges, Beautiful Places, Capilano Suspense, Amazing Places, Suspension Bridges, Britishcolumbia, British Columbia
Cappadocia - Volcanic eruptions created this unbelievable landscape, which includes ‘fairy chimneys’ (rock formations).
Hot Air Balloon, Beautiful Photo, Amazing Photography, Travel Dreams, Cappadociaturkey, Cappadocia Turkey, Reza Faisal, Amazing Places, Beautiful Balloon
Cappadocia | Turkey. Hot air balloon too!
Cappadocia, Turkey. by M Reza Faisal.
Le Minipalais in Paris, France. Nothing like this in the USA ... And when there are places this gorgeous to have lunch, it keeps travel dreams sizzling.
from T Magazine Eurofile
Le Minipalais - #Paris
Le Minipalai, Grand Palais, Grandpalai, Minis Palais, Paris France, The Minis, Places, Restaurant, Winston Churchill
treselise: Via grandpalais
Le Mini Palais Restaurant, Paris, no coração do Triângulo de Ouro, na Av Winston Churchill. As colunas imperiais impõem a presença do restaurante, que oferece vistas da Pont Alexandre II e do rio Sena.
Le Minipalais in Paris, France ~ When there are places this gorgeous to have lunch, it keeps travel dreams sizzling.
French restaurant inside the Grand Palais Museum. One of my fave places to people-watch when the weather is warm :)
Le Mini Palais (Good Price) Grand Palais, Paris, France (Champs-Élysées) http://www.minipalais.com/en/cartes.html

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text: Video Games Used Video Games Used Games > Refine Price $ to $ Go Top brands Disney ABC INC Square Enix Store availability Sort Best sellers Price: low to high Price: high to low Highest rating New $9.07 Was $9.67 Save $0.60 Disney Universe (Xbox 360) - Pre-Owned 5.0 stars (5) ratings Free shipping on orders over $50 Free store pickup $2.03 Disney Sing It (PS2) - Pre-Owned - Game Only Free shipping on orders over $50 Free store pickup $2.03 Disney'S Christmas Carol (DS) - Pre-Owned Free shipping on orders over $50 Free store pickup $2.03 Jonas (DS) - Pre-Owned Free shipping on orders over $50 Free store pickup $6.65 Kingdom Hearts Recoded (DS) - Pre-Owned Free shipping on orders over $50 Free store pickup $7.03 Cars 2 (DS) - Pre-Owned Free shipping on orders over $50 Free store pickup $7.03 Toy Story 3 (DS) - Pre-Owned Free shipping on orders over $50 Free store pickup $2.03 Out of stock Disney Epic Mickey (Wii) - Pre-Owned 1 Showing 8 of 8 results Pickup & delivery Show all FREE Pickup Ship to Home Video game platform Xbox 360 PlayStation 2 Nintendo Wii Nintendo DS & DSi See more video game platforms Genre Sports & Racing Action & Adventure Strategy & Role-Playing Music & Party Other See more genres Price $ to $ Go 0 - $10 Brand Disney ABC INC Square Enix Esrb rating Everyone Everyone 10+ Customer rating 4.0 stars & Up Category Video Game Software Game collections LEGO Call of Duty Sonic The Hedgehog Batman Disney EA Sports DC Comics Grand Theft Auto Star Wars Superman Avatar Guitar Hero MLB NBA Imagine NFL Assassin's Creed Harry Potter Madden NCAA See more game collections Retailer Walmart.com Popular in Used Games Preowned Games Skylanders Swap Force Titanfall Xbox 360 Gta 5 for Xbox Used Xbox 360 Games Skylanders Giants Characters Pre-owned Xbox 360 Games Watch Dogs Xbox Games Pre-Owned GamesShopping pre-owned video games is a great way to get more for your money. At Walmart, you'll find a huge selection of pre-owned games for a variety of platforms, including the Xbox 360, Playstation 3, Playstation 4, Xbox One, and Nintendo Wii and Wii U. We also have games for handheld consoles like the PSP, Playstation Vita and Nintendo DS and 3DS.If you're looking for a new game, keep in mind the age of the players and what kinds of action you or the person you're shopping for enjoys. A game's ESRB rating will give you a sense of the age it's appropriate for. Games are rated E for Everyone, E10 for Ages 10 and Up, T for Teen, M for Mature and A for Adult. ESRB ratings also include content descriptions, which let you know whether the game features elements such as language or intense violence. Shop by genre to find a game with the kind of content you like, whether it's sports and racing, fighting and shooting or music and party.Keep the fun going with pre-owned video games from Walmart. Save money. Live better. Compute- app-11031075-16-66962087, DC- prod-dfw4, ENV- prod-a, Ver- 32.0.1, SHA- 218663fd569ac9bf392b2c78e3a7f424c761bb61, Log- ec056f15-9ce7-152dabad5e0000 Site Information Be the first to save! Email Address Sign up Privacy policy

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text:
Words containing drosoulit | Words that contain drosoulit
Words containing drosoulit | Words that contain drosoulit http://www.thefreedictionary.com/words-containing-drosoulitPrinter Friendly
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Words containing drosoulit
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Nutrition Reviews Volume 14: The Nutrition Foundation, Inc, New York Buckram - Willis Monie-Books, ABAA
Home Nutrition Reviews Volume 14
Nutrition Reviews Volume 14
Published by The Nutrition Foundation, Inc, New York, 1956
ex library stickers and stamps. Bookseller Inventory # 75891
Title: Nutrition Reviews Volume 14

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