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Difference between revisions of "Denmark: Typing Æ, Ø, and Å" Genealogy - FamilySearch Wiki
Difference between revisions of "Denmark: Typing Æ, Ø, and Å"
Revision as of 17:58, 12 July 2008 (view source)MorrisGF (talk | contribs)← Older edit
Revision as of 01:44, 18 July 2008 (view source) SteuartRC (talk | contribs) mNewer edit →
==== Here are the instructions for all three methods: ==== ==== Here are the instructions for all three methods: ====
−===== 1. Activate the Danish Keyboard for Windows XP =====+===== 1. Activate the Danish Keyboard for Windows XP =====
−a) Go to Start
+a) Go to Start
b) Choose Settings
c) Choose Control Panel
d) Double Click Regional and Language Options
In the window that opens, you will see 3 tabs. Choose Languages
e) This opens Text Services and input languages, click on Details…
f) This opens another window titled: Text Services and Input Languages, click on Add…
g) This opens Add Input Language, click on drop down window for the field Input language: Scroll down and click on Danish and click OK
h) Click Apply, and then OK
i) Click Apply and OK again
You might get a message saying that you need to put your Windows XP installation CD into the CD drive to install the file.
j) Close the Control Panel
−b) Choose Settings
 −c) Choose Control Panel
 −d) Double Click Regional and Language Options
In the window that opens, you will see 3 tabs. Choose Languages
 −e) This opens Text Services and input languages, click on Details…
 −f) This opens another window titled: Text Services and Input Languages, click on Add…
 −g) This opens Add Input Language, click on drop down window for the field Input language: Scroll down and click on Danishand click OK
 −h) Click Apply, and then OK
 −i) Click Apply and OK again
You might get a message saying that you need to put your Windows XP installation CD into the CD drive to install the file.
 −j) Close the Control Panel ===== Using the Danish Keyboard in Windows ===== ===== Using the Danish Keyboard in Windows =====
Revision as of 01:44, 18 July 2008
1 Instructions for typing the Danish letters Æ, Ø, and Å
1.1 Here are the instructions for all three methods:
1.1.1 1. Activate the Danish Keyboard for Windows XP
1.1.2 Using the Danish Keyboard in Windows
1.2 • Æ is the ; (or : ) key• Ø is the ‘ (or “ ) key• Å is the [ (or { ) key
1.2.1 2. Type the Æ, Ø, and Å using the 10 key pad and the Alt key.
1.2.2 3. Copy and paste the Æ, Ø, and Å from another document.
Instructions for typing the Danish letters Æ, Ø, and Å
There are a few options to type the Danish letters Æ, Ø, and Å into a program such as PAF, Temple Ready, a search field of a database, a word processing document or your e-mail. You can:
• Activate the Danish Keyboard (for all Microsoft operating systems).
• Use the 10 pad, while holding down the Alt key and typing a code (for all Microsoft operating systems).
• Copy and paste the Danish letters Æ, Ø, and Å from another document that already has them.
Here are the instructions for all three methods:
1. Activate the Danish Keyboard for Windows XP
a) Go to Startb) Choose Settingsc) Choose Control Paneld) Double Click Regional and Language OptionsIn the window that opens, you will see 3 tabs. Choose Languagese) This opens Text Services and input languages, click on Details…f) This opens another window titled: Text Services and Input Languages, click on Add…g) This opens Add Input Language, click on drop down window for the field Input language: Scroll down and click on Danish and click OKh) Click Apply, and then OKi) Click Apply and OK againYou might get a message saying that you need to put your Windows XP installation CD into the CD drive to install the file.j) Close the Control Panel
Using the Danish Keyboard in Windows
a) After activating the Danish keyboard, you should see a little icon in the lower right hand corner of your screen that appears as an EN.
b) When you click on the EN a pop up list appears with the option of choosing English or Danish. Choose Danish. Now the EN icon has changed to DA
c) As long as the little icon shows DA, you are using a Danish keyboard. The Danish keyboard provides the Æ, Ø, and Å as follows:
• Æ is the ; (or : ) key• Ø is the ‘ (or “ ) key• Å is the [ (or { ) key
You can type the upper case or lower case of each letter by using holding down the Shift key as usual. While the Danish keyboard is activated, other keys have been rearranged as well.
2. Type the Æ, Ø, and Å using the 10 key pad and the Alt key.
When you want to type in a Danish letter you hold down the Alt key and type a code into the 10 key pad. Once you release the Alt key, the letter will appear. The codes are:
Æ is 146
æ is 145
Ø is 0216
ø is 0248
Å is 143
å is 134
3. Copy and paste the Æ, Ø, and Å from another document.
a) This can be done by highlighting the letter, then with the mouse pointer on the highlighted text, do a right click on the mouse and choose copy (or hold down the Ctrl key while you type the letter c).
b) Move your mouse pointer to the location you want to paste. Click one time so the location curser is active. Right click on the mouse and choose paste (or hold down the Crtl key while you type the letter v).
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Janet Street Porter | Mail Online
Janet Street Porter's recent articles
16/06/13 20:57
What was the final straw? Was it the moment when he decided he'd rather wake up alone than see her glamorous face on the other side of the breakfast table? When did her voice morph from charming to irritating?At 82, Rupert Murdoch has homes around the world - and enough money to live where he pleases - so his decision to file for divorce can't simply be because he wants peace and quiet and his own space.
02/06/13 19:29
For the first time in Britain, an entire city is being offered free advice to change the way they live - gut-busting on a massive scale. Up to now, I've derided the nanny state, writes JANET STREET-PORTER.
31/05/13 20:42
Forget Ukip’s comedy and clowns. There’s a yawning gap at the heart of British politics, and it’s caused by our leaders’ refusal to listen to the long-suffering people who elected them: the country’s millions of pensioners.
JANET STREET-PORTER: At last, a dose of reality for NHS pen-pushers, as Jeremy Hunt puts them to work on healthcare's front line
JANET STREET-PORTER: I'm sorry, but home workers ARE shirkers
Next IN FEMAIL TODAY...

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P. 1PERJANJIAN KERJASAMA OPERASIONAL PERTAMBANGANPERJANJIAN KERJASAMA OPERASIONAL PERTAMBANGANRatings: (0)|Views: 9,118
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Florida governor refuses to extend early voting as residents are forced to wait NINE HOURS | Daily Mail Online
08:16 EST, 5 November 2012
Florida is suffering from a bottleneck of voters ahead of Election Day, with some waiting up to nine hours to cast their ballots.On Saturday - the last day of early voting - residents there were either forced to wait in long lines for up to nine hours or turned away from the polls altogether.Despite the ordeal, Florida Gov. Rick Scott said he would not be extending the early voting hours. Long waits: Democrats say the long lines outside early voting sites, some of which kept people waiting at least eight hours before they could cast a ballot, are effectively suppressing voter turnout in areas highly populated by minorities
Scott told WSVN-TV: 'People are getting out to vote, they're voting absentee, they're voting early voting. I'm focused on making sure that we have fair, honest elections.' Also in Florida, some voters reported receiving fake letters that claimed their citizenship status was being questioned. 'The Sarasota County of Elections has
received information from the Florida Division of Elections regarding your citizenship status, bringing into question your eligibility as a registered voter,' reads the letter signed by Sarasota County Supervisor
of Elections Kathy Dent.
said the letter is fake and that her signature was forged. Most of the letters appeared to be targeting Republicans, according to election officials. The Florida situation was just one case of voting irregularities popping up in key swing states where people have already begun casting their ballots, drawing concern among both Democrats and Republicans that their opponent's party could be trying to illegally sway the election. Reported voting problems include claims of faulty polling machines, late-arriving absentee ballots, voter
intimidation, forged absentee applications and lengthy lines outside polling locations.
Voting concerns: Both parties are concerned about potential voting issues in key swing states, where many people are already casting their ballots
Claims: Reported voting problems include claims of faulty polling machines, late-arriving absentee ballots and voter intimidation
Democrats say the long lines outside early voting sites, some of which kept people waiting at least eight hours before they could cast a ballot, are effectively suppressing voter turnout in areas highly populated by minorities. The period for early voting in Florida is shorter than it was in 2008. Meanwhile in New Hampshire, another battleground state, a few out-of-state voters have complained that their absentee ballots haven't yet arrived in the mail. Some voters have discovered that their ballots were lost in the mail, while others are still waiting for them to arrive.New Hampshire voter Pamela Keilig didn't find out until last week that her application for an absentee ballot was lost in the mail. She is now planning to make the 75-minute drive across state lines to cast her vote on Tuesday, according to ABC News. The Republican National Committee wrote a letter to election officials claiming that some machines were switching votes for Mitt Romney to votes for President Barack Obama
While some in the Granite state anxiously await the arrival of their ballots in the mail, many Iowa voters have received out-of-state voting ballots that they never requested. Recipients of unwanted mail notified the state and the Iowa Division of Criminal Investigation pulled the applications for the ballots to find out where they originated. Investigators discovered that the signatures on the applications had been forge and the state is still investigating the matter. Absentee ballots have also caused some problems in Ohio, where many voters failed to put enough postage on their ballots before returning them to the state.Some of the ballots were thicker than others, due to additional ballot questions concerning local issues in some counties, and required more than the standard 45-cent stamps. U.S. Postal Service spokeswoman Patricia Licata said with or without the right postage, the ballots will be mailed, however.Outside of the potential for human error
in the voting process, election officials are also concerned about the possibility of technological glitches. Suppression? Democrats are upset over Spanish-language billboard ads in Pennsylvania that instructed voters to show ID at the polls
Republicans, in particular, are concerned about voting machines in six states, including the hotly contested states of Ohio and Colorado.The
Republican National Committee wrote a letter to election officials claiming that voters have reported that some machines were switching their votes for Mitt Romney to votes for President Barack Obama. RNC spokesman Tim Miller said a 'few dozen' people had run into machine problems and he didn't accuse anyone of wrongdoing.Democrats, on the other hand, are pointing fingers at Republicans and accusing them of trying to suppress minority turnout at the polls.Robert Bauer, general counsel for the Obama campaign, issued a memo Friday that linked Romney's campaign to efforts to send people to polling centers to challenge voter eligibility. Democrats are also upset over Spanish-language billboard ads in Pennsylvania that instructed voters to show ID at the polls, even though that won't be required in the upcoming election. Read more:


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Patent US7006186 - In-plane switching mode liquid crystal display device and method of ... - Google PatentsSearch Images Maps Play YouTube News Gmail Drive More »Sign inAdvanced Patent SearchPatentsAn in-plane switching mode liquid crystal display device includes first and second substrates, a gate line and a data line arranged along first and second directions on the first substrate to define a pixel area, a passivation layer on the first substrate except within the pixel area, a light blocking...http://www.google.com/patents/US7006186?utm_source=gb-gplus-sharePatent US7006186 - In-plane switching mode liquid crystal display device and method of fabricating the sameAdvanced Patent SearchPublication numberUS7006186 B2Publication typeGrantApplication numberUS 10/670,424Publication dateFeb 28, 2006Filing dateSep 26, 2003Priority dateDec 31, 2002Fee statusPaidAlso published asUS7379145, US20040125303, US20060092364Publication number10670424, 670424, US 7006186 B2, US 7006186B2, US-B2-7006186, US7006186 B2, US7006186B2InventorsJin-Youl ChungOriginal AssigneeLg.Philips Lcd Co., Ltd.Export CitationBiBTeX, EndNote, RefManPatent Citations (10), Non-Patent Citations (5), Referenced by (3), Classifications (10), Legal Events (4) External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, EspacenetIn-plane switching mode liquid crystal display device and method of fabricating the sameUS 7006186 B2Abstract An in-plane switching mode liquid crystal display device includes first and second substrates, a gate line and a data line arranged along first and second directions on the first substrate to define a pixel area, a passivation layer on the first substrate except within the pixel area, a light blocking system on the first substrate and on a stepped portion of the passivation layer adjacent to the data line, a plurality of common electrodes disposed within the pixel area, at least one of the common electrodes overlap a portion of the data line, and a plurality of pixel electrodes disposed within the pixel area, wherein the pixel electrodes and the common electrodes form a lateral electric field.
a gate line and a data line arranged along first and second directions on the first substrate to define a pixel area;
a passivation layer on the first substrate except within the pixel area;
a light blocking system on the first substrate and under a stepped portion of the passivation layer adjacent to the data line;
a plurality of common electrodes disposed within the pixel area, at least one of the common electrodes overlap a portion of the data line; and
a plurality of pixel electrodes disposed within the pixel area,
wherein the pixel electrodes and the common electrodes form a lateral electric field.
2. The device according to claim 1, further comprising a thin film transistor at a cross portion of the gate and data lines.
3. The device according to claim 1, wherein the thin film transistor includes:
an ohmic contact layer on the semiconductor layer; and
source and drain electrodes on the ohmic contact layer.
4. The device according to claim 3, wherein the gate insulating layer is formed along an entire surface of the first substrate.
5. The device according to claim 1, wherein the common electrodes and the pixel electrodes are formed on a common plane.
6. The device according to claim 5, wherein the common electrodes and the pixel electrodes are formed on the gate insulating layer.
7. The device according to claim 1, wherein the common electrodes include transparent conductive material.
8. The device according to claim 7, wherein the transparent conductive material includes at least one of indium tin oxide (ITO) and indium zinc oxide (IZO).
9. The device according to claim 1, wherein the light blocking system is formed with the gate electrode.
10. The device according to claim 1, wherein the passivation includes at least an organic material.
11. The device according to claim 10, wherein the organic material includes at least one of benzocyclobutene and photoacryl.
12. A method of fabricating an in-plane switching mode liquid crystal display device, comprising:
forming a gate line and a data line along first and second directions on a first substrate to define a pixel area;
forming a passivation layer on the first substrate except within the pixel area;
forming a light blocking system on the first substrate and under a stepped portion of the passivation layer adjacent to the data line;
forming a plurality of common electrodes disposed within the pixel area, at least one of the common electrodes overlap a portion of the data line; and
forming a plurality of pixel electrodes disposed within the pixel area,
13. The method according to claim 12, further comprising forming a thin film transistor at a cross portion of the gate and data lines.
14. The method according to claim 12, wherein forming the thin film transistor includes:
forming source and drain electrodes on the ohmic contact layer.
15. The method according to claim 14, wherein the gate insulating layer is formed along an entire surface of the first substrate.
16. The method according to claim 12, wherein the common electrodes and the pixel electrodes are formed on a common plane.
17. The method according to claim 16, wherein the common electrodes and the pixel electrodes are formed on the gate insulating layer.
18. The method according to claim 12, wherein the common electrodes include transparent conductive material.
19. The method according to claim 18, wherein the transparent conductive material includes at least one of indium tin oxide (ITO) and indium zinc oxide (IZO).
20. The method according to claim 12, wherein the light blocking system and the gate electrode are simultaneously formed.
21. The method according to claim 12, wherein the passivation includes at least an organic material.
22. The method according to claim 21, wherein the organic material includes at least one of benzocyclobutene and photoacryl.
The present invention claims the benefit of Korean Patent Application No. 88443/2002 filed in Korea on Dec. 31, 2002, which is hereby incorporated by reference.
The present invention relates to a liquid crystal display device, and particularly, to an in-plane switching mode liquid crystal display device and method of fabricating the same.
In general, twisted nematic mode liquid crystal display (LCD) devices commonly used as flat panel display devices have advantages of high image quality and lower power consumption. However, twisted nematic mode LCD devices have disadvantages, such as narrow viewing angles, due to refractive anisotropy of liquid crystal molecules being oriented in parallel with a substrate along a nearly vertical direction to the substrate when the voltage is supplied to the liquid crystal display panel. Accordingly, in-plane switching mode LCD devices have been developed that can solve the viewing angle problems by orienting the liquid crystal molecules to be parallel with the substrate.
FIG. 1A is a plan view of a unit pixel of an in-plane switching mode LCD according to the related art, and FIG. 1B is a cross sectional view along I�I′ of FIG. 1A according to the related art. In FIG. 1A, a gate line 1 and a data line 3 are arranged along transverse and longitudinal directions, respectively, on a transparent first substrate 10 (in FIG. 1B) to define a pixel area. In actuality, there are an n-number of n�m pixels by crossings of an n-number of gate lines 1 and an m-number of data lines 3 formed on the transparent first substrate 10. In addition, a thin film transistor 9 includes a gate electrode 1 a, a semiconductor layer 5, and source and drain electrodes 2 a and 2 b disposed within the pixel area, wherein the gate electrode 1 a is connected to the gate line 1, the source electrode 2 a is connected to the data line 3, and the drain electrode 2 b is connected to a pixel electrode 7. Moreover, a gate insulating layer 8 is formed on an entire surface of the transparent first substrate 10.
A common line 4 is arranged to be parallel with the gate line 1 within the pixel area, and at least a pair of common and pixel electrodes 6 and 7 for switching the liquid crystal molecules are arranged to be parallel with the data line 3. The common electrode 6 is simultaneously formed with the gate line 1 and is connected to the common line 4, whereas the pixel electrode 7 is simultaneously formed with the source and drain electrodes 2 a and 2 b and is connected to the drain electrode 2 b of the thin film transistor 9.
In FIG. 1B, a passivation layer 11 and a first alignment layer 12 a are formed along an entire surface of the transparent first substrate 10 including the source and drain electrodes 2 a and 2 b. It is desirable that the common electrode 6 is formed along an outer portion of the pixel area in order to shield any lateral electric fields generated between the pixel electrode 7 and the data line 3 formed along the outer portion of the pixel area. In addition, a pixel electrode line 14 is formed to overlap the common line 4 and is connected to the pixel electrode 7, thereby forming a storage capacitor with the gate insulating layer 8 therebetween.
A black matrix 21, which prevents light from leaking to the thin film transistor 9, the gate line 1, the data line 3, and a color filter 23 are formed on a second substrate 20, and a second alignment layer 12 b is formed thereon. In addition, a liquid crystal layer 13 is formed between the first and second substrates 10 and 20. However, the in-plane switching mode LCD device of FIGS. 1A and 1B has a low aperture ratio since the common electrode 6 and the pixel electrode 7 are formed of opaque metals within the pixel area.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION Accordingly, the present invention is directed to an in-plane switching mode liquid crystal display device and method of fabricating an in-plane switching mode liquid crystal display device that substantially obviates one or more of the problems due to limitations and disadvantages of the related art.
An object of the present invention is to provide an in-plane switching mode liquid crystal display device having an improved aperture ratio.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a method of fabricating an in-plane switching mode liquid crystal display device having an improved aperture ratio.
Another object of the present invention is to provide an in-plane switching mode liquid crystal display device having an improved brightness.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a method of fabricating an in-plane switching mode liquid crystal display device having an improved brightness.
Another object of the present invention is to provide an in-plane switching mode liquid crystal display device having an ability to prevent light leakage.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a method of fabricating an in-plane switching mode liquid crystal display device having an ability to prevent light leakage.
To achieve these and other advantages and in accordance with the purpose of the present invention, as embodied and broadly described, an in-plane switching mode liquid crystal display device includes first and second substrates, a gate line and a data line arranged along first and second directions on the first substrate to define a pixel area, a passivation layer on the first substrate except within the pixel area, a light blocking system on the first substrate and on a stepped portion of the passivation layer adjacent to the data line, a plurality of common electrodes disposed within the pixel area, at least one of the common electrodes overlap a portion of the data line, and a plurality of pixel electrodes disposed within the pixel area, wherein the pixel electrodes and the common electrodes form a lateral electric field.
In another aspect, a method of fabricating an in-plane switching mode liquid crystal display device includes forming a gate line and a light blocking line on a first substrate, forming a data line on the first substrate to define a pixel area, forming a plurality of pixel electrodes within the pixel area to be parallel with the data line, forming an organic layer along an entire surface of the first substrate, exposing the pixel electrodes by removing a portion of the organic layer, and forming a plurality of common electrodes on the first substrate, wherein at least one of the common electrodes along an outer portion of the pixel area overlap the data line.
In another aspect, a method of fabricating an in-plane switching mode liquid crystal display device includes forming a gate line and a data line along first and second directions on a first substrate to define a pixel area, forming a passivation layer on the first substrate except within the pixel area, forming a light blocking system on the first substrate and on a stepped portion of the passivation layer adjacent to the data line, forming a plurality of common electrodes disposed within the pixel area, at least one of the common electrodes overlap a portion of the data line, and forming a plurality of pixel electrodes disposed within the pixel area, wherein the pixel electrodes and the common electrodes form a lateral electric field.
In another aspect, an in-plane switching mode liquid crystal display device includes a gate line and a light blocking line on a first substrate, a data line on the first substrate to define a pixel area, a plurality of pixel electrodes within the pixel area to be parallel with the data line, an organic layer along an entire surface of the first substrate except for the pixel electrodes, and a plurality of common electrodes on the first substrate, wherein at least one of the common electrodes is provided along an outer portion of the pixel area to overlap the data line.
FIG. 1A is a plan view of a unit pixel of an in-plane switching mode LCD according to the related art;
FIG. 1B is a cross sectional view along I�I′ of FIG. 1A according to the related art;
FIG. 2A is a plan view of an exemplary unit pixel of an in-plane switching mode LCD device according to the present invention;
FIG. 2B is a cross sectional view along II�II′ of FIG. 2A according to the present invention;
FIG. 3A is a plan view of another exemplary unit pixel of an in-plane switching mode LCD device according to the present invention;
FIG. 3B is a cross sectional view along III�III′ of FIG. 3A according to the present invention;
FIG. 4A is a plan view of another exemplary unit pixel of an in-plane switching mode LCD device according to the present invention;
FIG. 4B is a cross sectional view along IV�IV′ of FIG. 4A according to the present invention;
FIGS. 5A to 5D are plan views of an exemplary method of fabricating an in-plane switching mode LCD device according to the present invention;
FIGS. 6A to 6D are cross sectional views along V�V′, VI�VI′, VII�VII′, and VIII�VIII′ of FIGS. 5A to 5D, respectively, showing the exemplary method of fabricating an in-plane switching mode LCD device according to the present invention.
FIG. 2A is a plan view of an exemplary unit pixel of an in-plane switching mode LCD device according to the present invention, and FIG. 2B is a cross sectional view along II�II′ of FIG. 2A according to the present invention. In FIG. 2A, a gate line 101 and a data line 103 may be arranged along transverse and longitudinal directions on a transparent first substrate 110 (in FIG. 2B) to define a pixel area, a common line 104 may be disposed to be parallel with the gate line 101, and a pixel electrode line 114 may be provided to overlap the common line 104. Accordingly, the common line 104 and the pixel electrode line 114 may form a storage capacitor using an organic passivation layer 111 (in FIG. 2B) applied along an entire surface of the transparent first substrate 110 as a capacitor dielectric. In addition, a thin film transistor 109 including a gate electrode 101 a, a semiconductor layer 105, and source and drain electrodes 102 a and 102 b may be disposed at crossing area of the gate and data lines 101 and 103. Moreover, the gate electrode 101 a may be connected to the gate line and the source electrode 102 a may be connected to the data line 103, wherein the drain electrode 102 b may be connected to pixel electrodes 107 that vertically branch from the pixel electrode line 114, and a gate insulating layer 108 (in FIG. 2B) may be deposited along an entire surface of the transparent first substrate 110.
In FIGS. 2A and 2B, the pixel electrodes 107 and the common electrodes 106, which may include transparent conductive material, such as ITO and IZO and may branch vertically from the common line 104, may function to generate a lateral electric field within the pixel area, wherein each of the pixel electrodes 107 may be disposed to alternate with each of the common electrodes within the pixel area. Accordingly, portions of the common electrodes 106 disposed along outer portions of the pixel area may overlap with portions of the data line 103. In addition, a first alignment layer 112 a may be formed along an entire surface of the transparent first substrate 110 including the common electrodes 106.
In FIG. 2B, a black matrix 121, which may prevent light from leaking into the thin film transistor 109 (in FIG. 2A), the gate line 101 (in FIG. 2A), the data line 103 (in FIG. 2A), and a color filter 123 may be formed on a transparent second substrate 120. In addition, a second alignment layer 112 b may be formed on the color filter 123, and a liquid crystal layer 113 may be provided between the transparent first and second substrates 110 and 120.
Accordingly, since portions of the common electrode 106 may overlap portions of the data line 103 and may include the transparent conductive material, the light transmitting area of the pixel area may be increased. However, since the organic passivation layer 111 may overlap the common electrodes 106 and the data line 103, the light produced by a backlight device may be absorbed in the organic passivation layer 111 and image brightness on the display screen may be lowered.
FIG. 3A is a plan view of another exemplary unit pixel of an in-plane switching mode LCD device according to the present invention, and FIG. 3B is a cross sectional view along III�III′ of FIG. 3A according to the present invention. Since FIGS. 3A and 3B may include the same components as those of FIG. 2, except for the passivation layer, same reference numerals will be used to describe like components.
In FIG. 3A, a gate line 101 and a data line 103 may be arranged along transverse and longitudinal directions on a transparent first substrate 110 (in FIG. 3B) to define a pixel area, and a common line 104 may be disposed in parallel with the gate line 101. In addition, a pixel electrode line 114 may be provided to overlap the common line 104. Accordingly, the common line 104 and the pixel electrode line 114 may form a storage capacitor using an organic passivation layer 211 as a capacitor dielectric selectively formed on the transparent first substrate 110. The organic passivation layer 211 may be selectively formed at an area where the gate line 101, the data line 103, the common line 104, and the thin film transistor 109 may be disposed, and portions of the organic passivation layer 211 may be removed on the pixel area. Thus, image brightness on a display screen may be improved.
In FIG. 3A, common electrodes 206 may be formed to vertically branch from the common line 104 and the pixel electrodes 107 may be formed to vertically branch from the pixel electrode line 114, wherein the common and pixel electrodes 206 and 107 may be alternatingly arranged within the pixel area.
In FIG. 3B, the common and pixel electrodes 206 and 107, except for the common electrode 206 disposed along an outer portion of the pixel area, may be formed on the gate insulating layer 108 that may have been formed along an entire surface of the transparent first substrate 110. Accordingly, the common and pixel electrodes 206 and 107 may generate a lateral electric field within the pixel area.
Portions of the common electrodes 206 formed along the outer portion of the pixel area that overlap with portions of the data line 103 may be formed on the organic passivation layer 211, wherein the organic passivation layer 211 may electrically insulate the common electrode 206 and the data line 103. In addition, a first alignment layer 112 a may be formed along an entire surface of the transparent first substrate 110 including the common and pixel electrodes 206 and 107.
In FIG. 3B, a black matrix 121, which may prevent light from leaking into the TFT 109, a color filter 123, and a second alignment layer 112 b may be formed on a transparent second substrate 120. In addition, a liquid crystal layer 113 may be provided between the transparent first and second substrates 110 and 120.
Accordingly, the organic passivation layer 211 may be formed only within areas exclusive of the pixel area (i.e., the gate line 101, the data line 103, the common line 104, and the TFT 109), wherein loss of light produced by a backlight device and generated onto a light transmission area (i.e., pixel area) may be prevented. However, as shown in FIG. 3B, since the organic passivation layer 211 may be selectively formed within the area of the gate line 101, the data line 103, the common line 104, and the thin film transistor 109, a stepped portion 200 may be formed along an edge portion of the pixel area. Accordingly, alignment of the liquid crystal molecules may not be properly achieved due to slanted surfaces of the stepped portion 200. Thus, the light may leak along the stepped portion 200, thereby lowering image quality.
FIG. 4A is a plan view of another exemplary unit pixel of an in-plane switching mode LCD device according to the present invention, and FIG. 4B is a cross sectional view along IV�IV′ of FIG. 4A according to the present invention. In FIGS. 4A and 4B, since all components, except a light blocking system formed on a lower portion of a stepped portion 200 on the organic passivation layer 211, may be the same as those of FIGS. 3A and 3B, similar reference numerals may be used for the same components.
In FIG. 4A, a gate line 101 and a data line 103 may be disposed along transverse and longitudinal directions on a transparent first substrate 110 (in FIG. 4B) to define a pixel area, and a common line 104 may be disposed to be parallel with the gate line 101.
In FIG. 4B, a pixel electrode line 114 may be provided to overlap the common line 104, wherein the common line 104 and the pixel electrode lines 114 may form a storage capacitor using an organic passivation layer 211 as a capacitor dielectric. The organic passivation layer 211 may be selectively formed within an area where the gate line 101, the data line 103, the common line 104, and the thin film transistor 109 are disposed, and may include a slanted stepped portion 200 along an edge portion of the pixel area. In addition, a light blocking line 350 may be formed along a portion of the transparent first substrate 110 that corresponds to the stepped portion 200 in order to block any light that may leak from the stepped portion 200 of the organic passivation layer 211. The light blocking line 350 may be simultaneously with the gate line 101.
In FIG. 4A, common electrodes 206 may be formed to vertically branch from the common line 104 and the pixel electrodes 107 may be formed to vertically branch from the pixel electrode line 114, wherein the common and pixel electrodes 206 and 107 may be disposed to alternate within the pixel area. The common and pixel electrodes 206 and 107, except for the common electrodes 206 disposed along an outer portion of the pixel area, may be formed on a gate insulating layer 108 that may be provided along an entire surface of the transparent first substrate 110. Accordingly, the common and pixel electrodes 206 and 107 may function to generate a lateral electric field within the pixel area.
In FIG. 4A, portions of the common electrode 206 formed along the outer portion of the pixel area may overlap with portions of the data line 103 formed on the organic passivation layer 211, wherein the organic passivation layer 211 may electrically insulate the common electrode 206 and the data line 103. In addition, the first alignment layer 112 a is formed on the entire surface of substrate including the common electrode 206 and the pixel electrode 107.
In FIG. 4B, a black matrix 121, which may prevent light from leaking into the TFT 109, a color filter 123, and a second alignment layer 112 b may be formed on a transparent second substrate 120. In addition, a liquid crystal layer 113 may be provided between the transparent first and second substrates 110 and 120.
In FIG. 4B, a light blocking line 350 may be formed within an area corresponding to a stepped portion 200 of the organic passivation layer 211, thereby preventing a light leakage on the stepped portion 200. In addition, voltages equal to voltages supplied to the common electrode 206 may be supplied to the light blocking line 350 to form equivalent potentials therebetween. Accordingly, affects of data voltages supplied to the data line 103 toward the pixel electrodes 107 may be effectively shielded.
In general, in order to reduce affects of the data voltage supplied to the data line 103 toward the pixel electrodes 107 in the in-plane switching mode LCD device, the common electrodes 206 are disposed along outer portions of the pixel area adjacent to the data lines 103. However, it may not be possible to completely shield the affects of the data voltages toward the pixel electrodes 107 adjacent to the data line 103. Thus, vertical cross talk may be generated by the affects of the electric field of the data voltages toward the pixel electrodes 107 during driving, thereby lowering image quality.
However, as shown in FIG. 4B, since the light blocking line 350 may be formed on the stepped portion 200, when voltages equal to voltages supplied to the common electrodes 206 are supplied, the common electrode 206 and the light blocking line 350 form equivalent potentials that block the affects of the data voltages supplied to the data line 103 toward the pixel electrodes 107. Thus, a complete lateral electric field may be formed between the common electrodes 206 and the pixel electrodes 107.
Moreover, the pixel electrodes 107 and the common electrodes 206 may be formed on a common plane (i.e., a gate insulating layer), thereby increasing an electric field supplied to the liquid crystal layer between the pixel and common electrodes 107 and 206. Accordingly, the liquid crystal molecules of the liquid crystal layer may be switched more rapidly by the stronger electric field, and may produce moving images.
FIGS. 5A to 5D are plan views of an exemplary method of fabricating an in-plane switching mode LCD device according to the present invention, and FIGS. 6A to 6D are cross sectional views along V�V′, VI�VI′, VII�VII′, and VIII�VIII′ of FIGS. 5A to 5D, respectively, showing the exemplary method of fabricating an in-plane switching mode LCD device according to the present invention.
In FIGS. 5A and 6A, a metal, such as Cu, Ti, Cr, Al, Mo, Ta, and Al alloys, may be deposited and patterned on an insulating substrate 110, such as glass, to form a gate line 101, a gate electrode 101 a, and a light blocking line 350, which may be disposed along a vertical direction normal to a direction of the gate line 101. Then, SiNx or SiOx may be deposited using a plasma CVD method along an entire surface of the insulating substrate 110, including the gate line 101 and the light blocking line 350, to form a gate insulating layer 108. Next, amorphous silicon and n+ amorphous silicon may be deposited and patterned on an upper part of the gate insulating layer 108 to form a semiconductor layer 105 on the gate electrode 101 a. In FIGS. 5B and 6B, a metal, such as Cu, Mo, Ta, Al, Cr, Ti, and Al alloys, may be deposited using a sputtering method and patterned to form a data line 103 parallel with the light blocking line 350, source and drain electrodes 102 a and 102 b, a pixel electrode line 114 disposed in parallel with the gate line 101, and pixel electrodes 107 that may vertically branch from the pixel electrode line 114, wherein the pixel electrodes 107 may include a portion that is connected to the drain electrode 102 b. The pixel area may be defined by cross regions of the gate and data lines 101 and 103 arranged along transverse and longitudinal directions, wherein a thin film transistor 109 including a gate electrode 101 a, the semiconductor layer 105, and the source and drain electrodes 102 a and 102 b may be formed at the cross regions of the gate and data lines 101 and 103.
In FIGS. 5C and 6C, an organic material, such as benzocyclobutene or acryl, may be formed along an entire upper portion of the gate insulating layer 108 of a pixel area upon which the thin film transistor 109 and the pixel electrode 107 are formed to form an organic material layer. Then, portions of the organic material layer may be removed to expose portions of the pixel electrodes 107 on the gate insulating layer 108, wherein an organic passivation layer 211 may selectively remain on the gate line 101, the data line 103, the pixel electrode line 114, and the thin film transistor 109.
In FIGS. 5D and 6D, transparent material, such as ITO or IZO, may be deposited along an entire surface of the insulating substrate 110 including the pixel electrodes 107. Then, the transparent material may be patterned to form the common line 104 (in FIG. 5D) to overlap with the pixel electrode line 114, wherein common electrodes 206 may vertically branch from the common line 104 for generating a lateral electric field with the pixel electrodes 107 within the pixel area. In addition, portions of the common electrodes 206 disposed along outer portions of the pixel area may be formed to overlap portions of the data line 103.
Then, the insulating substrate 110 and another substrate upon which color filters may be formed may be attached together, and a liquid crystal layer may be provided between the insulating substrate 110 and the another substrate, thereby forming an LCD device.
According to the present invention, an in-plane switching mode LCD device includes removal of a portion of an organic passivation layer formed within a pixel area in order to prevent a decrease in image brightness due to light absorption of the organic passivation layer. Accordingly, a high aperture ratio may be achieved. In addition, a light blocking system is provided at a stepped portion of the organic passivation layer in order to prevent light leakage generated on the stepped portion of the organic passivation layer. Thus, voltages equal to voltages supplied to a common electrode may be supplied to the light blocking system in order to block affects of data voltages supplied to data lines toward pixel electrodes, thereby improving image quality. Moreover, since pixel and common electrodes may be formed within a same plane, switching of liquid crystals may increase, thereby providing rapid display of images (i.e., moving images).
It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications and variations can be made in the in-plane switching mode liquid crystal display device and method of fabricating and in-plane switching mode liquid crystal display device of the present invention without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention. Thus, it is intended that the present invention cover the modifications and variations of this invention provided they come within the scope of the appended claims and their equivalents.
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examinerClassifications U.S. Classification379/266.06, 379/88.16, 702/176, 379/265.04, 379/309, 379/266.03International ClassificationH04M3/523Cooperative ClassificationH04M3/5233, H04M3/523, H04M3/5238European ClassificationH04M3/523Legal EventsDateCodeEventDescriptionJul 12, 1994ASAssignmentOwner name: AT&T CORP., NEW YORKFree format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:COSTANTINI, RALPH J.;FLOCKHART, ANDREW DEREK;MACCANNON, CECIL W. 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text:
At worst it was an abject failure and Graham Arnold’s over-confidence sticks in the mind
Sun 27 Jan 2019 20.00 EST Last modified on Sun 27 Jan 2019 20.02 EST
Graham Arnold’s side struggled in the UAE despite the pre-tournament expectations of the coach. Photograph: Thaier Al-Sudani/Reuters
Socceroos manager Graham Arnold has described the 2019 Asian Cup as part of his squad’s “four-year journey” that will culminate with the 2022 World Cup in Qatar, but at some point it would be nice to hear him call it what it was: at worst a failure, at best a disappointment.
In Arnold’s own words before the tournament began, he said that if “we get our game right, I expect to win every game”. Instead, just two regulation time wins – and six goals in five matches – sees his team heading home after defeat to the United Arab Emirates at the quarter-final stage.
There is a sense the 55-year-old saw the tournament as both part of a process, but also as a formality. The former stance is justifiable. Squad turnover due to the key retirements of Tim Cahill and Mile Jedinak was always going to render the Asian Cup a far tougher proposition in comparison to the one won on home soil in 2015. Not only that, key injuries to Aaron Mooy, Daniel Arzani and Martin Boyle were also notable obstacles Arnold faced.
Unfortunately, it is the sense of over-confidence that sticks in the mind. Foreign journalists quizzed Arnold over whether he was being arrogant, although these assertions were brushed away as a misunderstanding; it was belief. One does however, question the value of being publicly so high key about that belief as opposed to internalising it. It is also worth pondering to what extent this mentally galvanised opponents.
“It’s very, very dangerous to talk like this,” Jordan coach Vital Borkelmans said, after his side beat the Socceroos 1-0 in their opening game. “I say many times to my players, ‘guys, no country is small. When you see the World Cup, big teams lose to small countries.’”
While the tournament overall did not go to plan for the Socceroos, there were some bright moments. The emergence of two young talents, Awer Mabil and Chris Ikonomidis, was exciting to watch and highlighted a greater wing depth than many had thought when Mathew Leckie, Boyle and Arzani went down injured pre-tournament. Rhyan Grant was the biggest standout though, with his lung-bursting running down the right flank continuously giving his team an outlet going forward; although one which was too often ignored by his teammates.
Arnold will start World Cup qualifying later this year with a raft of options all over the field. The return of Mooy will be particularly vital in increasing the creativity of a midfield bereft of it in the absence of Tom Rogic. In defence, Alex Gersbach’s move to NAC Breda in the Netherlands will hopefully see him earn the regular minutes needed to compete with Aziz Behich at left-back. Behich and Trent Sainsbury should both be under pressure to retain their previously undisputed positions in defence as both struggle for playing time at PSV Eindhoven. Sainsbury’s form at this Asian Cup was particularly underwhelming.
The question that looms largest, however, is who can be relied upon moving forward to score goals in the absence of Tim Cahill? Jamie Maclaren tried valiantly to lead the line, but clearly struggled to impact games as the team predominantly attacked from wide areas with lofted crosses. Apostolos Giannou looks a better aerial threat, but he too tends to become isolated up front. We are also yet to truly see what Andrew Nabbout can do at this level after a last-minute groin injury curtailed his chances of playing the first four matches of the tournament.
The damning reality is that no active Australian player has more than 10 goals to their name. The entire 23-man squad has 49 international goals, one less than Cahill’s 50.
But at some point, we need to stop talking about Cahill. This team needs to forge its own identity. That responsibility rests on the shoulders of Arnold, who has a team that plays attractive, possession-based football, which is unfortunately eye-wateringly predictable in every aspect. Teams in the Asian Football Confederation now have a blueprint as to how to frustrate the Socceroos attack; allow no space between the midfield and defensive lines and pin all hopes on snatching a goal at the other end.
Once Uzbekistan and the UAE implemented this, the slow ball movement of the Australians coupled with their inability to create incisive chains of passing through the heart of packed defences, led to an anaemic lack of chances. As someone that stresses the importance of learning from every game, it is disappointing that Arnold was unable to adapt to the UAE’s game plan which mirrored both Uzbekistan and Jordan before it. His team fashioned very few meaningful opportunities from open play, while gifting arguably the three best chances of the game to the hosts.
Four months into the four-year journey, Arnold is still working out how to combat this style of play. He now has seven months before World Cup qualifying starts to perfect it. All is not lost for Arnold, but he faces an uphill battle to forge a legacy now scarred by two Asian Cup failures.

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What are the consequences of the disappearing human microbiota? - PubMed - NCBI
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See comment in PubMed Commons belowNat Rev Microbiol. 2009 Dec;7(12):887-94. doi: 10.1038/nrmicro2245. Epub 2009 Nov 9.What are the consequences of the disappearing human microbiota?Blaser MJ1, Falkow S.Author information1Department of Medicine and the Department of Microbiology, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York 10017, USA. Martin.Blaser@med.nyu.eduAbstractHumans and our ancestors have evolved since the most ancient times with a commensal microbiota. The conservation of indicator species in a niche-specific manner across all of the studied human population groups suggests that the microbiota confer conserved benefits on humans. Nevertheless, certain of these organisms have pathogenic properties and, through medical practices and lifestyle changes, their prevalence in human populations is changing, often to an extreme degree. In this Essay, we propose that the disappearance of these ancestral indigenous organisms, which are intimately involved in human physiology, is not entirely beneficial and has consequences that might include post-modern conditions such as obesity and asthma.PMID: 19898491 DOI: 10.1038/nrmicro2245 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] SharePublication Types, MeSH Terms, Substances, Grant SupportPublication TypesResearch Support, N.I.H., ExtramuralResearch Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tMeSH TermsAnimalsBiodiversityConserved Sequence*DNA, BacterialDNA, RibosomalEvolution, MolecularHost-Pathogen Interactions*HumansIntestinal Mucosa/microbiology*PhylogenySymbiosisSubstancesDNA, BacterialDNA, RibosomalGrant SupportR01AI026195/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United StatesR01AI038459/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United StatesR01GM62370/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United StatesUH2 AR057506/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/United StatesUH2AR057506/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/United StatesLinkOut - more resourcesFull Text SourcesNature Publishing GroupOther Literature SourcesCOS Scholar UniverseCited by Patents in - The LensPubMed Commons home

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