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Patent USRE39306 - Optical disc device - Google PatentsSearch Images Maps Play YouTube News Gmail Drive More »Sign inAdvanced Patent SearchPatentsAn optical disc drive usable with discs to which data is continuously recorded and discs having a sector format can quickly resume playback signal output after passing imperfection causing potential reading errors, and plays disc with few read errors. A detection signal generator detects DC level fluctuation...http://www.google.com/patents/USRE39306?utm_source=gb-gplus-sharePatent USRE39306 - Optical disc deviceAdvanced Patent SearchPublication numberUSRE39306 E1Publication typeGrantApplication numberUS 10/785,863Publication dateSep 26, 2006Filing dateFeb 25, 2004Priority dateApr 26, 2000Fee statusPaidAlso published asUS6434098, US20010055251Publication number10785863, 785863, US RE39306 E1, US RE39306E1, US-E1-RE39306, USRE39306 E1, USRE39306E1InventorsShinichi Konishi, Takeshi Nakajima, Harumitsu Miyashita, Toshihiko Takahashi, Toshiya Akagi, Yuji Hisakado, Yukihiro YamasakiOriginal AssigneeMatsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd.Export CitationBiBTeX, EndNote, RefManPatent Citations (9), Non-Patent Citations (1), Referenced by (1), Classifications (14), Legal Events (3) External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, EspacenetOptical disc device
US RE39306 E1Abstract
An optical disc drive usable with discs to which data is continuously recorded and discs having a sector format can quickly resume playback signal output after passing imperfection causing potential reading errors, and plays disc with few read errors. A detection signal generator detects DC level fluctuation in the playback signal read from the disc and generates a detection signal tracking the DC level fluctuation. A selector selects a detection signal or a null signal without valid polarity based on the detection signal generated by the detection signal generator and input to the selector. A clamping unit performs a clamping process to suppress DC level fluctuation in the playback signal based on the detection signal when the selection unit selects the detection signal, and does not perform the clamping process when the selection unit selects the null signal. A signal processor performs specific signal processes based on clamping unit output.
a detection signal generator which detects DC level fluctuation in a playback signal read from an optical disc and generates a detection signal tracking the DC level fluctuation; a selection unit which selects the detection signal or a null signal without valid polarity based on the detection signal received from the detection signal generator; a clamping unit which performs a clamping process to suppress DC level fluctuation in the playback signal based on the detection signal when the selection unit selects the detection signal, and which does not perform the clamping process when the selection unit selects the null signal; and a signal processing unit which performs a specific signal process based on clamping unit output. 2. An optical disc apparatus as described in claim 1, further comprising a controller which generates a control signal instructing which signal to select,
wherein the selection unit selects a signal based on the control signal generated by the controller. 3. An optical disc apparatus as described in claim 2, wherein the controller again generates a control signal instructing selection of the detection signal when a read error occurs after generating a control signal instructing selection of the null signal a plurality of times.
4. An optical disc apparatus as described in claim 3, wherein the detection signal generator is an amplitude fluctuation sensing unit which detects playback signal amplitude and generates an amplitude fluctuation signal.
5. An optical disc apparatus as described in claim 4, further comprising at least one additional one of the detection signal generator; and
an amplitude fluctuation signal delay unit which delays the amplitude fluctuation signal generated by the amplitude fluctuation sensing unit, and generates an extended amplitude fluctuation signal extended by a delay period, wherein the controller generates a control signal instructing selection of the extended amplitude fluctuation signal when a read error occurs after generating a control signal instructing selection of the amplitude fluctuation signal. 6. An optical disc apparatus as described in claim 5 wherein a recording guide groove wobbling at a specific period is formed on the optical disc, the optical disc apparatus further comprising:
a dropout detection unit which detects dropout of a wobble signal corresponding to the guide groove period when reading the optical disc, and generates a dropout detection signal; and a signal delay unit which delays the dropout detection signal generated by the dropout detection unit, and generates an extended dropout detection signal that is extended for a delay period, wherein the controller additionally generates a control signal instructing selection of the dropout detection signal, and generates a control signal instructing selection of the extended dropout detection signal when a read error occurs. 7. An optical disc apparatus for applying a specific signal process to a playback signal read from an optical disc, the optical disc apparatus comprising:
a digitizing unit which digitizes the playback signal and outputs a digital playback signal; a digital voltage generator which forms a feedback loop with the digitizing unit to output a voltage signal such that a duty ratio of the digitized playback signal from the digitizing unit is a specific value; a differential amplifier which outputs a differential signal between the playback signal and the voltage signal of the digital voltage generator; and a signal processing unit which performs a specific signal process based on the differential signal from the differential amplifier. 8. A signal processing circuit used for an optical disc apparatus, said signal processing circuit comprising:
a detection signal generator operable to detect DC level fluctuation in a playback signal read from a optical disc, and to generate a detection signal indicating the DC level fluctuation; a selection unit operable to select the detection signal or a null signal without valid polarity based on the detection signal received from the detection signal generator; a unit operable to suppress the DC level fluctuation in the playback signal based on the detection signal when the selection unit selects the detection signal, and not perform the suppression when the selection unit selects the null signal; and a signal processing unit operable to perform a specific signal process based on an output of the unit. 9. A signal processing circuit according to claim 8, wherein the detection signal generator is operable to detect the DC level fluctuation in an RF signal, and the unit is operable to suppress the DC level fluctuation in the RF signal based on the detection signal when the selection unit selects the detection signal, and not perform the suppression when the selection unit selects the null signal.
10. A signal processing circuit according to claim 8, wherein the detection signal generator is operable to detect the DC level fluctuation in a TE signal, and the unit is operable to suppress the DC level fluctuation in the TE signal based on the detection signal when the selection unit selects the detection signal, and not perform the suppression when the selection unit selects the null signal.
detecting DC level fluctuation in a playback signal read from an optical disc and generating a detection signal indicating the DC level fluctuation; selecting the detection signal or a null signal without valid polarity based on the detection signal; suppressing the DC level fluctuation in the playback signal based on the detection signal when the detection signal is selected, and not performing the suppression when the null signal is selected; and performing a specific signal process based on a result of the suppressing. 12. A signal processing method according to claim 11, wherein the playback signal is an RF signal.
13. A signal processing method according to claim 11, wherein the playback signal is a TE signal.
14. A signal processing circuit according to claim 8, wherein the unit comprises:
a bypass filter including: a capacitor; a first resistor; a second resistor; and a switch, the switch being turned to a first position to reduce a time constant of the bypass filter when the selection unit selects the detection signal to suppress the DC level fluctuation. Description
This application is a reissue application of U.S. Pat. No. 6,434,098, issued Aug. 13, 2002.
The present invention relates generally to an optical disc drive for reproducing content from either continuously recorded media or sector format media, and relates more specifically to an optical disc device for reading content with few errors from an optical disc having black dots, scratches, or other imperfections causing read errors.
It should be noted that Japanese Patent Application 11-207601 and U.S. Pat. No. 6,104,682 relating to the present invention are incorporated herein by way of reference in their entirety.
Discs, such as DVD-ROM discs, that record data continuously, and discs, such as DVD-RAM discs, having a sector format and recording data by sector, are both commonly used today. Signals are generally recorded to continuous-recording disc media so that the playback signal is DC-free. �DC-free� represents the average signal level of the playback signal obtained from the pattern recorded to the medium being always constant within a certain data length (such as one byte).
A digital sum value (hereinafter referred to as DSV) can be used to evaluate DC-free performance. The DSV is the sum of signs within a specific data period where positive (+) polarity is assigned to the mark side, and negative (−) polarity is assigned to the gap (that is, the unrecorded part between marks) side of the playback wave obtained from the recorded signal pattern. If a signal is completely DC-free, the DSV will be 0, and if the DSV of a particular byte is 0, the byte is considered to be DC-free.
By recording continuously recorded data so that the playback signal is generally DC-free, it is not necessary to consider DC level fluctuation when the playback signal is processed after analog-to-digital (hereinafter referred to as A/D) conversion. A conventional optical disc drive thus only needs to control the DC level of the input signal to the A/D converter so that the DSV of the A/D converted signal is 0.
When the playback signal is obtained from sector format media such as DVD-RAM discs, however, there is a sharp change in the DC level between the playback signal from the prepit address area of the disc and the playback signal from the data content storage area of the disc. There is also no assurance that signals are recorded in all areas because recorded sectors and blank sectors are intermixed.
Conventional disc drives control the DC level of the input signal to the A/D converter so that the DSV of the signal after AND conversion is 0.
DC level convergence where the DC level changes greatly and abruptly at the change between the prepit address area and the content recording area is, however, time consuming.
The gain crossover point can be raised to speed this convergence, but this technique adds noise to the data after AID conversion. Another method of reducing the effects of DC level fluctuation is to first pass the signal through a high-pass filter before A/D conversion. However, when an area where there is a scratch or black dot or other imperfection on the disc is reproduced, the signal level changes greatly after passing the scratch or black dot, for example, and may exceed the tolerance range of the A/D converter. Recovering the playback signal in such cases takes time.
The present invention was conceived with consideration for the above noted problems, and an object of this invention is to provide an optical disc apparatus that can be used with both DVD-ROM and other disc media to which data is continuously recorded and DVD-RAM and other sector format disc media, enables fast recovery of the playback signal after passing a scratch, black dot, or other imperfection on the disc, and as a result can reproduce signals with few errors.
An optical disc apparatus according to this invention achieves the above objects by means of a detection signal generator for detecting a DC level change in a playback signal read from an optical disc, and generating a detection signal that tracks this DC level change; a selector for selecting the detection signal or a null signal without valid polarity; a clamping unit for performing a clamping process to suppress DC level change in the playback signal based on the detection signal when the selector selects the detection signal, and not performing the clamping process when the selector selects the null signal; and a signal processor for performing a specific signal process based on clamping unit output.
A further aspect of an optical disc apparatus according to this invention achieves the above objects by means of a digitizer for applying a specific signal process to a playback signal read from an optical disc to digitize and output the playback signal; a digital voltage generator forming a feedback loop with the digitizer so that the duty ratio of the two-value output from the digitizer is a specific value; a differential amplifier for outputting the difference between the playback signal and digital voltage generator output; and a signal processor for performing a specific signal process based on differential amplifier output.
It is an advantage of the invention that signal reading can be resumed immediately after passing a black dot or other obstacle, and the optical disc apparatus read performance can therefore be improved.
FIG. 1 is a diagram of the configuration of the playback mechanism of an optical disc apparatus according to a first embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 2 a diagram of the data structure of an optical disc;
FIG. 3 is a timing chart for describing the operation of the optical disc apparatus shown in FIG. 1, and the corresponding sector format of the optical disc;
FIG. 4 is a circuit diagram of the configuration of the clamping unit;
FIG. 5 is the operating timing chart of primarily the clamping unit;
FIG. 6 is a flow chart of the selection output process of the selector;
FIG. 7 is a diagram of the configuration of the playback mechanism of an optical disc apparatus according to a first embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 8 is a diagram of the detailed configuration of the digital voltage generator shown in FIG. 7;
FIG. 9 is a timing chart for describing the operation of the optical disc apparatus shown in FIG. 7; and
FIG. 10 is a timing chart for describing the operation of primarily the comparator, digital voltage generator, and second differential amplifier.
An optical disc apparatus according to the present invention is described below with reference to the accompanying figures. It should be noted that while the invention is described using by way of example reproducing an optical disc with a sector format in which the recording guide groove wobbles with a specific period, this invention can also be used to playback continuously recorded content such as from a compact disc (CD) or DVD-ROM medium.
FIG. 1 is a block diagram showing the playback mechanism of an optical disc apparatus 100 according to a first preferred embodiment of this invention. Optical disc apparatus 100 reads the content recorded to optical disc 1, and reproduces the text, video, and audio contained in the recorded content. Optical disc 1 is a circular disc with a sector format and a periodically wobbling recording guide groove. This sector format is shown in FIG. 2 and further described below. It should be noted that optical disc 1 itself is not a part of optical disc apparatus 100, but optical disc apparatus 100 in conjunction with optical disc 1 may be referred to as an optical disc system.
Optical disc apparatus 100 has optical pickup 2, signal output unit 30, signal processing unit 32, and controller 13. Optical pickup 2 emits a light beam to the optical disc 1, reads the recorded data based on the varying intensity of the reflected light beam, and outputs an electrical signal. Signal output unit 30 outputs a playback signal from the electrical pick-up signal output by optical pickup 2. Signal processing unit 32 applies a specific signal process to the playback signal output by signal output unit 30, and outputs the result. Controller 13 references the output from signal processing unit 32 to control the operation of signal output unit 30, and more specifically to control operation of selector 18 and clamping unit 4 of signal output unit 30.
Signal output unit 30 is described in further detail below. Signal output unit 30 has a preamplifier 3, clamping unit 4, amplitude fluctuation detector 14, wobble dropout detector 16, first detection signal delay 15, second detection signal delay 17, selector 18, and wobble digitizer 19. Preamplifier 3 amplifies the output signal from optical pickup 2, and outputs a wide band tracking error signal (hereinafter referred to as TE signal) and RF signal. How these signals are generated is described below.
Clamping unit 4 time-division switches RF signal and TE signal input from preamplifier 3. Clamping unit 4 then time-division clamps the DC change in the switched signal to cancel DC fluctuation. This operation is accomplished according to the read gate signal from controller 13 as further described below and selector 18. Note that �clamp� generally means to bias a particular part of a waveform to maintain that part of the waveform at a constant level.
Amplitude fluctuation detector 14 of signal output unit 30 then detects variation in the amplitude of the RF signal output by preamplifier 3. Wobble dropout detector 16 removes unnecessary frequency components from the TE signal output from preamplifier 3. Wobble dropout detector 16 extracts a periodic sine wave (hereinafter referred to as wobble signal) corresponding to the periodically wobbling recording guide groove (see FIG. 2) of the disc, and detects wobble signal dropout. Based on a control signal from controller 13, selector 18 selects and outputs a signal from amplitude fluctuation detector 14, first detection signal delay 15, wobble dropout detector 16, or second detection signal delay 17, or outputs a null signal if no signal is selected. Selector 18 outputs to clamping unit 4. First detection signal delay 15 and second detection signal delay 17 delay the output signals from amplitude fluctuation detector 14 and wobble dropout detector 16. These signals are delayed while the signal is high level, thus extending the high level period of each signal. Wobble digitizer 19 applies a specific process to digitize the wobble signal.
Signal processing unit 32 includes auto-gain control (AGC) circuit 5, equalizer 6, differential amplifier 7, analog-to-digital converter 8, offset control circuit 9, D/A converter 10, signal processor 11, and phase locked loop (PLL) circuit 12. AGC circuit 5 controls gain so that the amplitude of the output signal from clamping unit 4 remains constant. Equalizer 6 improves the frequency characteristic of the output signal from AGC circuit 5. Differential amplifier 7 outputs the difference signal of equalizer 6 output signal minus the feedback voltage from D/A converter 10. AID converter 8 converts the analog output signal from differential amplifier 7 to a digital signal. Offset control circuit 9 extracts the DC component of the output signal from A/D converter 8. D/A converter 10 converts the digital output signal from offset control circuit 9 to an analog voltage. Signal processor 11 processes the output signal from A/D converter 8. PLL circuit 12 applies frequency control based on the output signal from the wobble digitizer 19, further described below, applies phase control using the output signal from A/D converter 8, and generates a clock synchronized to the A/D converter signal.
As shown in FIG. 1, differential amplifier 7, A/D converter 8, offset control circuit 9, and D/A converter 10 form an �offset control loop.� Providing an offset control loop makes it possible to control the center of DC level fluctuation in the signal input to A/D converter 8 to approximately the center of the range of voltage levels (hereinafter referred to as �conversion level�) that can be converted by AND converter 8. The value of the conversation level center point output by A/D converter 8 after analog-to-digital conversion has a value of 0, where voltage values below this center point are output as negative values, and voltage values above this center point are output as positive values.
A process whereby preamplifier 3 of signal output unit 30 outputs the TE signal and RF signal is described below. Preamplifier 3 contains a focus detector (not shown in the figure) having four sensors (sensors A, B, C, D). The signal read beam emitted from the optical pickup 2 is reflected from optical disc 1 and incident to the focus detector. The focus detector detects the signal read beam using the four sensors A to D. An RF signal can therefore be obtained by adding all outputs from focus detector sensors A to D.
The section shape of the reflected light is a regular circle when the light beam is focused on a pit, and is elliptical when not focused on a pit. Each of the four focus detector sensors output the same detection signal when the reflected beam is circular, and output different detection signals when the reflected beam is elliptical. Assuming that sensors A and B detect the reflected light lopsided toward the inside circumference of the track and sensors C and D detect the reflected light lopsided toward the outside circumference of the track. The output signal of sensor A is denoted as �A�, and the like, and a TE signal can obtained by (A+B)−(C+D).
The format of an optical disc 1 to which the data that is reproduced by optical disc apparatus 100 according to this preferred embodiment of the invention is described next below. FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram showing the data format of a circular optical disc 1 such as a DVD-RAM disc. Optical disc 1 is broadly divided between a header area 81 for storing address information, and a content storage area 82 to which is recorded the video, audio, and other content that a user will want to reproduce.
Grooves 33 and lands 34 are alternately disposed in the content storage area 82. Address information in header area 81 is divided into streams IDa and IDb, which are disposed with one offset � track pitch to the inside or outside circumference side of the other. The pit signal width in this header area 81 is controlled to substantially the same width as the grooves 33 and lands 34 in the content storage area 82.
It will be noted that while plural sectors appear to be present only in content storage area 82, each defined sector includes a header area 81 part and a content storage area 82 part. That is, header area 81 is part of a sector.
As will be known from FIG. 2, grooves 33 and lands 34 wobble in a sine wave pattern orthogonally to the track trace. An advantage of this is that recording time can be shortened by detecting the period of this sine wave wobble signal, generating a clock synchronized to the detection signal, and writing data synchronized to this clock. This is because wobble appears substantially continuously in one rotation of grooves 33 and lands 34, and a wobble PLL circuit for generating recording clocks (not shown) can therefore quickly lock onto the phase.
The operation of a optical disc apparatus 100 (FIG. 1) for reproducing content from optical disc 1 is described next below with reference to FIG. 3.
FIG. 3 is a timing chart used to describe the operation of optical disc apparatus 100 (FIG. 1), and the corresponding sector format. The following example further assumes that data is read from a DVD-RAM disc. Row (g) in FIG. 3 corresponds to the data structure in FIG. 2. The prepits formed in header area 81 are broadly grouped as VFO parts 83a, 84a, 85a, and 86a recording a single frequency pattern, and address ID parts 83b, 84b, 85b, and 86b recording address information.
Content storage area 82 is readable and writable, and data may or may not be recorded to content storage area 82. When data is recorded, content storage area 82 contains a first guard area 87, VFO 88, the recorded content (user data) 89, and second guard area 90. Content storage area 82 has a periodically wobbling format with the wobble period being the 186 channel clock period as shown in FIG. 3 Therefore, regardless of whether data is recorded to the content storage area 82, the TE signal contains both the prepit signal corresponding to the header area 81 as shown in (b) in FIG. 3, and a wobbling sine wave signal having a period of 186 channel clocks.
As shown in (h) in FIG. 3, header area 81, identified by IDa in FIG. 2, contains VFO 83a, address ID 83b, VFO 84a, and address ID 84b. Header area 81 likewise contains VFO 85a, address ID 85b, VFO 86a, and address ID 86b.
A normal reproduction operation is described first below with reference to FIG. 1.
The read signal from optical disc 1 generated by optical pickup 2 is input to preamplifier 3. Preamplifier 3 outputs an RF signal ((a) in FIG. 3) and TE signal ((b) in FIG. 3). As shown in the Figure, these signals have a high level (=1) signal level when header area 81 is read. This is because header area 81 is manufactured with high reflectivity. The RF signal is input to clamping unit 4 and amplitude fluctuation detector 14. The TE signal is input to clamping unit 4, wobble dropout detector 16, and wobble digitizer 19.
The RF signal, TE signal, header gate signal ((d) in FIG. 3), read gate signal ((e) in FIG. 3), and selector 18 output signal are input to clamping unit 4. FIG. 4 is a circuit diagram showing the configuration of clamping unit 4. Clamping unit 4 contains selector 21, capacitor 22, resistors Ra 23 and Rb 24, clamping switch 25, OR gate 26, inverter 27, and buffer 28. Selector 21 time division switches between the RF signal and TE signal based on the header gate signal from controller 13 (FIG. 1). Capacitor 22 cuts the DC component of the output signal from selector 21. Resistors Ra 23 and Rb 24 apply a desired DC potential to the output signal from capacitor 22. Note that Rb is sufficiently low compared to Ra. For example, Rb≈Ra/10. Capacitor 22 and resistor Ra 23 or resistor Rb 24 form a bypass filter.
Clamping switch 25 closes when a high level (=1) input signal is applied. Resistor Rb shorts to a specific potential Vcen when clamping switch 25 closes. This time-division reduces the time constant determined by capacitor 22 and resistor Ra 23 or resistor Rb 24, enabling DC fluctuation to be quickly suppressed. OR gate 26 and inverter 27 are a logic circuit for aligning the polarity of and merging the output signal from selector 18 (FIG. 1) and the control signal from controller 13 (FIG. 1). More specifically, OR gate 26 outputs a 1 when the output signal from selector 18 (FIG. 1) is 1 or the read gate signal is 0. Buffer 28 buffers the clamped signal.
The operation of a clamping unit 4 thus comprised is described next below. Selector 21 selects the TE signal when the header gate signal ((d) in FIG. 3) is high level (=1), and selects the RF signal when the header gate signal is low level (=0). The header gate signal goes high level (=1) when optical disc apparatus 100 (FIG. 1) reproduces the header area 81 of the disc.
It is important to note here that when the header gate signal is high level (=1), there is no sharp DC fluctuation in the output signal from clamping unit 4 ((c) in FIG. 3) even if there is sharp DC fluctuation in the TE signal ((b) in FIG. 3). This is because DC fluctuation causes the read gate signal ((e) in FIG. 3) to go low level (=0) and clamping switch 25 therefore closes. More specifically, as a result of clamping switch 25 closing and resistance Rb 24 shorting to voltage Vcen, the time constant determined by the sufficiently low resistance Rb 24 and capacitor 22 is small, and DC fluctuation is quickly suppressed.
The read gate signal ((e) in FIG. 3) goes between the high level and low level three times in one sector. That is, the read gate signal rises slightly delayed from the start of VFO 83a and 85a, falls at the end of address information 84b and 86b, rises slightly delayed from the beginning of VFO 88, and falls in second guard area 90. Note that approximately the center of the amplitude variation of output signal from clamping unit 4 shown in (c) in FIG. 3 is matched to voltage Vcen.
Referring again to FIG. 1, wobble digitizer 19 outputs a binary wobble signal ((f) in FIG. 3) to PLL circuit 12. PLL circuit 12 controls frequency by counting and comparing the period of this binary wobble signal with its own clock. As shown in FIG. 1, PLL circuit 12 also receives the read gate signal from controller 13 and performs feedback control so as to synchronize with a predetermined reference phase. When the feedback signal synchronizes with the reference phase, PLL circuit 12 locks the phase of the feedback signal. An RF signal output from A/D converter 8 and sampled at the output clock of PLL circuit 12 is input to PLL circuit 12. When the frequency enters the capture range as a result of the above-noted frequency control, PLL circuit 12 applies phase control and sets the zero cross point sample value to zero. PLL circuit 12 also generates and supplies to other components a clock synchronized to the RF signal. Signal processor 11 applies Viterbi decoding, demodulation, or other process, and outputs address information and user data to controller 13 and other downstream circuits (not shown in the Figure).
A method whereby A/D converter 8 cancels input signal offset is described next. A/D converter 8 outputs an A/D converted signal to offset control circuit 9. Offset control circuit 9 counts each sign change in the polarity signal (MSB) of this digital signal at the channel clock. More specifically, offset control circuit 9 increments the count at each positive sign and decrements the count at each negative sign. The offset control circuit 9 repeats these addition and subtraction operations and outputs an integrated signal to the D/A converter 10 of the offset control loop. D/A converter 10 converts the input binary integral to an analog voltage, and outputs the analog voltage to differential amplifier 7. Differential amplifier 7 subtracts the analog voltage input from D/A converter 10 from the output signal from equalizer 6, and outputs to A/D converter 8. This operation makes it possible to cancel the offset voltage generated by the precedent analog circuits with the analog input to the A/D converter 8, and thus enables the dynamic range of AID converter 8 to be used effectively.
Operation when a sector is read from a DVD-RAM disc having a black dot thereon is described next with reference to FIG. 5. FIG. 5 shows the timing of primarily clamping unit 4 (FIG. 1) operation.
Rows (j) and (p) in FIG. 5 show the RF signal and TE signal output by preamplifier 3 when a sector having a black dot is read. Row (k) shows the output signal from clamping unit 4 (FIG. 1) when clamping using the control signal from selector 18 (FIG. 1) is not applied. Row (m) shows the output signal from amplitude fluctuation detector 14 (FIG. 1), row (n) shows the output signal from first detection signal delay 15, row (q) shows the output signal from wobble dropout detector 16, row (r) shows the output signal from second detection signal delay 17, and row (s) shows the output signal from clamping unit 4 when clamping using the control signal from selector 18 (FIG. 1) is applied. Row (t) shows the input signal to A/D converter 8 when clamping using the control signal from selector 18 is not applied, and row (u) shows the input signal to A/D converter 8 when clamping using the control signal from selector 18 is applied. It will be known from rows (m), (n), (q), and (r) in FIG. 5 that amplitude fluctuation detector 14 (FIG. 1), first detection signal delay 15 (FIG. 1), wobble dropout detector 16 (FIG. 1), and second detection signal delay 17 (FIG. 1) detect DC level fluctuation in the playback signal from the optical disc, and generate a detection signal that tracks this fluctuation.
When the sector containing period D where the black dot is present is read, light is not reflected only where the black dot is present, and the RF signal level thus swings to the low side (dark reflection) ((j) in FIG. 5). The TE signal also drops where the black dot is present ((p) in FIG. 5). Clamping unit 4 is a high pass filter with a large time constant relative to the sector length in the steady state, and the output signal at this time is a differentiated signal as shown in (k) in FIG. 5.
Amplitude fluctuation detector 14 detects the upper envelope, which is the output when the RF signal reflection is bright, and slices the envelope signal at a fixed level. Parts lower than the slice level are output as a �1�, and higher parts are output as a �0� ((m) in FIG. 5). This means that output goes high level (=1) when the black dot is read, and then goes low level (=0) after the black dot is passed. Wobble dropout detector 16 full-wave rectifies the TE signal. That is, wobble dropout detector 16 inverts signals below a specific reference level to a signal level above this reference level to generate a fullwave rectified signal. Wobble dropout detector 16 slices this full-wave rectified signal at a fixed level, and outputs parts below the slice level high level (=1) and parts above the slice level low level (=0) ((q) in FIG. 5). As with output from amplitude fluctuation detector 14, output goes to the high level (=1) when the black dot is read, and then goes to the low level (=0) after passing the black dot.
First detection signal delay 15 extends the high level (=1) period of the output signal ((m) in FIG. 5) from amplitude fluctuation detector 14 to output an extended high level (=1) period signal as shown in (n) in FIG. 5. Second detection signal delay 17 likewise extends the high level (=1) period of the output signal from wobble dropout detector 16 ((q) in FIG. 5) to output an extended high level (=1) period signal as shown in (r) in FIG. 5.
When clamping using the output signal from selector 18 is not applied, the input signal to AND converter 8 contains DC fluctuation resulting from differentiation by the black dot ((t) in FIG. 5). This input signal is based on the output signal ((k) in FIG. 5) from clamping unit 4. The two lines Vrt and Vrb shown in (t) in FIG. 5 are the A/D conversion reference levels of A/D converter 8. When signal clamping as described above is not applied, fluctuation due to differentiation is great and exceeds the reference level immediately after passing the black dot. Output after A/D conversion where the reference level is exceeded is highest, and signals in this part cannot be read.
This fluctuation due to differentiation can be reduced by increasing the time constant determined by the capacitor 22 (FIG. 4) and resistor Ra 23 (FIG. 4) of clamping unit 4. However, when there is always a DC level difference between header area 81 and content storage area 82, such as with the format of a DVD-RAM disc, reproduction must track the DC level change at the beginning of VFO 83a, 85a, and 88 ((h) in FIG. 3), and a large time constant cannot be used.
Controller 13 therefore operates selector 18 as described below with reference to the flow chart in FIG. 6 showing the process for outputting a selection signal from selector 18. This process is controlled by instructions from controller 13.
When a read error occurs, controller 13 (FIG. 1) controls selecting a total of five signal types, that is four types of signals and a null signal, sequentially or according to whether reproduction is possible. Control is based on control signals generated by controller 13. This makes it possible to improve the read performances of optical disc apparatus 100 (FIG. 1).
First, data is read from optical disc 1 (FIG. 1) to generate an RF signal (step S602). This RF signal is shown in (j) in FIG. 5. When the RF signal is obtained, controller 13 (FIG. 1) instructs selector 18 (FIG. 1) to select a low level signal and determines whether reproduction (reading) is possible using that RF signal (step S604). This low level signal is a null signal without valid polarity, and means that clamping is not applied. Null signal selection is possible because there are cases, such as when fine amplitude variation continues for an extended time due to, such as, fingerprints, when reading is easier if clamping is not applied even though amplitude variation is detected. If the null signal is selected, the waveform of the output signal from clamping unit 4 (FIG. 1) is as shown in (k) in FIG. 5. When a signal such as this is output from clamping unit 4 (FIG. 1) and as a result, reproduction is possible, control skips to the subsequent signal processing operation (step S616) of the signal processor 11 (FIG. 1).
However, as previously described with reference to (t) in FIG. 5, if the output signal from clamping unit 4 is input to A/D converter 8 and this input signal exceeds the reference level of A/D converter 8, that part of the signal above the reference level cannot be reproduced. In this case, the same selection signal (that is, a null signal) is output again (step S606). This is because the first reproduction attempt may simply fail accidentally.
If reproduction is attempted a second time and again fails, controller 13 (FIG. 1) selects and inputs to clamping unit 4 the output signal ((m) in FIG. 5) from amplitude fluctuation detector 14, which detected amplitude fluctuation, to determine whether playback is possible (step S608). The output signal from amplitude fluctuation detector 14 is input to clamping switch 25 (FIG. 4) by way of inverter 27 and OR gate 26 (FIG. 4). Only when this signal is high level (=1) is resistance Rb 24 (FIG. 4) shorted to the desired potential and the time constant determined by the capacitor and resistance reduced. As a result, DC reproduction is rapidly accomplished, and DC fluctuation immediately after passing the black dot is suppressed as shown in (s) in FIG. 5. This signal is then passed through AGC circuit 5 (FIG. 1) and equalizer 6 (FIG. 1), and input to A/D converter 8 (FIG. 1) as the signal shown in (u) in FIG. 5.
The content can be reproduced using a signal as shown in (u) in FIG. 5 (step S608 returns yes), and the subsequent signal processing operation can be performed (step S616). As will be understood from (u) in FIG. 5, signal input after passing the black dot does not exceed the reference level, and signal reading and playback can therefore be resumed immediately after passing the black dot.
If reproduction is not possible even though the output signal of amplitude fluctuation detector 14 is clamped (step S608 returns no), the output signal ((n) in FIG. 5) of first detection signal delay 15 is selected and input to clamping unit 4 to determine whether playback is possible (step S610).
The meaning of stretching the detection signal from amplitude fluctuation detector 14 is described next below. There can be various types of impediments to reading on optical disc 1, including scratches and black dots. After passing a reading impediment such as noted herein, the output signal from amplitude fluctuation detector 14 or the output signal from wobble dropout detector 16 does not necessarily fall even after the playback signal is restored. If the playback signal tends to the dark side, the level may drop too soon. However, because the extended signal reliably drops after a specific period, signal clamping can be accomplished as desired.
If playback is not possible when the output signal ((n) in FIG. 5) from first detection signal delay 15 (FIG. 1) is selected (step S610 returns no), the output signal ((q) in FIG. 5) from wobble dropout detector 16 (FIG. 1) is selected and input to clamping unit 4, and whether playback is possible is again determined (step S612). If playback is still not possible, the output signal ((r) in FIG. 5) from second detection signal delay 17 (FIG. 1) is selected last. If playback is not possible regardless of which signal is selected, controller 13 (FIG. 1) detects a read error (playback error) (step S618) and the read process ends.
A first embodiment of this invention is described above. In this first embodiment selector 21 (FIG. 4) selects the TE signal when the header gate signal is high level (=1). It will be obvious, however, that selection shall not be limited to the TE signal and it is also possible to select the RF signal. For example, the TE signal in header area 81 and the RF signal in content storage area 82 are used with a 2.6 GB capacity DVD-RAM disc, while the RF signal in both header area 81 and content storage area 82 is used with a 4.7 GB capacity DVD-RAM disc.
Furthermore, two different types of detection sections, that is, amplitude fluctuation detector 14 and wobble dropout detector 16, are disposed in this preferred embodiment. It is, however, possible to use either one of these to reproduce media, such as DVD-RAM discs, containing a wobble signal. Amplitude fluctuation detector 14 is, however, required to play media not containing a wobble signal, such as DVD-ROM discs.
It will also be noted that while an offset loop is used in this preferred embodiment of the invention, an offset loop is not necessarily required.
FIG. 7 is a block diagram showing the playback mechanism of an optical disc apparatus 700 according to a second embodiment of this invention. Like parts in this and the first embodiment shown in FIG. 1 are identified by like reference numeral, and further description thereof is omitted below.
Optical disc apparatus 700 according to this second embodiment differs from the optical disc apparatus 100 (FIG. 1) of the first embodiment in that (1) clamping unit 4 (FIG. 1) comprises only selector 21; (2) amplitude fluctuation detector 14, first detection signal delay 15, wobble dropout detector 16, second detection signal delay 17, and selector 18 are eliminated; and (3) comparator 41, digital voltage generator 42, and second differential amplifier 43 are disposed between equalizer 6 and differential amplifier 7.
The functions of the new elements noted in (3) above are described below. Output signal from equalizer 6 and the digital voltage signal from digital voltage generator 42 are input to comparator 41 and second differential amplifier 43. Comparator 41 compares the output signal from equalizer 6 and the output signal from digital voltage generator 42. If the output signal from equalizer 6 is greater, comparator output signal s goes to the high level (=1), and otherwise goes to the low level (=0). Comparator 41 also outputs the inversion t of output signal s. Both output signals s and t are input to digital voltage generator 42. Digital voltage generator 42 is provided to maintain the duty ratio between 1s and 0s in the comparator 41 output signals to a specific value (such as 1 in this example) based on the read gate signal from controller 13. More specifically, digital voltage generator 42 outputs the difference between output signal s and inverse signal t from comparator 41. The output signal from digital voltage generator 42 is input to second differential amplifier 43 and as feedback to the comparator 41. Second differential amplifier 43 outputs the difference of the digital voltage output signal from digital voltage generator 42 subtracted from the output signal from equalizer 6.
FIG. 8 shows the configuration of digital voltage generator 42 in detail. Digital voltage generator 42 has a differential amplifier 421, analog switch 422, resistor Rc 423, resistor Rd 424, inverting integrator 425, and inverting amplifier 426. Differential amplifier 421 compares output signals s and t from comparator 41 (FIG. 7), outputs high level (=1) if output signal s is higher, and output low level (=0) if output signal s is lower. Analog switch 422 switches the circuit according to whether the read gate signal is 0 or 1. That is, analog switch 422 closes to resistor Rc 423 when the read gate signal is high level (=1), and closes to resistor Rd 424 when the read gate signal is low level (=0). Note that Rd is here sufficiently low compared with Rc. For example, preferably Rd≈Rc/10. This ensures rapid signal tracking when the read gate signal is low level (=0) because the signal passes the sufficiently low resistor Rd 424. Signals passing resistor Rc 423 or resistor Rd 424 are sequentially input to the series connected inverting integrator 425 and inverting amplifier 426. Inverting integrator 425 and inverting amplifier 426 charge the high level difference between output signals s and t from comparator 41 (FIG. 7) and a specific reference level to the capacitor of inverting integrator 425, and also output the difference.
Operation of optical disc apparatus 700 (FIG. 7) is described next with reference to FIG. 9. FIG. 9 is a timing chart used to describe the operation of optical disc apparatus 700 (FIG. 7). The differences between FIG. 9 and FIG. 3 are due to the above-noted differences (2) and (3) between optical disc apparatus 100 (FIG. 1) and optical disc apparatus 700 (FIG. 7). FIG. 9 additionally shows the waveforms of the output signal ((v) in FIG. 9) from selector 21 (FIG. 7), the output signal ((w) in FIG. 9) from digital voltage generator 42 (FIG. 7), the output signal ((s) in FIG. 9) from comparator 41 (FIG. 7), and the output signal ((x) in FIG. 9) from second differential amplifier 43.
A normal playback operation is described first with reference to FIG. 7. The optical disc 1 read signal captured by optical pickup 2 is first input to preamplifier 3. Preamplifier 3 outputs an RF signal ((a) in FIG. 9) and TE signal ((b) in FIG. 9). Controller 13 applies the header gate signal ((d) in FIG. 9), which goes high level (=1) only in the header area 81 (FIG. 3), to selector 21. Selector 21 selects the TE signal only while the header gate signal is high level (=1), and selects the RF signal when the header gate signal goes low level (=0).
The read gate signal ((e) in FIG. 9) is input to digital voltage generator 42. The read gate signal shown in (e) in FIG. 9 is effectively the same as the read gate signal shown in (e) in FIG. 3 and described in the first embodiment above. That is, this read gate signal ((e) in FIG. 9) rises and falls three times in one sector. In other words, the read gate signal rises slightly delayed from the start of VFO 83a and VFO 85a, falls at the end of address information 84b and address information 86b, rises slightly delayed from the start of VFO 88, and falls in second guard area 90.
Digital voltage generator 42 (FIG. 8) quickly tracks the digital voltage when the read gate signal is low level (=0). The output signal from digital voltage generator 42 (FIG. 8) is shown in (w) in FIG. 9. The next output signal can be obtained using this output signal. More specifically, comparator 41 (FIG. 7) and digital voltage generator 42 (FIGS. 7 and 8) accomplish a process such as follows.
First, the output signal ((v) in FIG. 9) from selector 21 (FIG. 7), and the output signal ((w) in FIG. 9) from digital voltage generator 42 (FIG. 7) are input to comparator 41 (FIG. 7), which detects and outputs the difference (that is, (v)−(w)). This difference signal is shown in (s) in FIG. 9. The inverse of this difference signal is also output. Based on the two supplied signals, digital voltage generator 42 charges the difference above a specific reference level to the capacitor of inverting integrator 425 (FIG. 8), and also outputs this difference. The result is the signal shown in (w) in FIG. 9.
Second differential amplifier 43 subtracts the output signal of digital voltage generator 42 from the output signal of equalizer 6, and outputs the resulting difference signal ((x) in FIG. 9). As will be known from (x) in FIG. 9, the offset between the playback signal from the header area and the playback signal from the user data storage area is cancelled in the output signal of second differential amplifier 43.
Operation when reading a sector from a DVD-RAM disc where a black dot is present is described next with reference to FIG. 10. FIG. 10 is a timing chart showing primarily the operation of comparator 41 (FIG. 7), digital voltage generator 42 (FIG. 7), and second differential amplifier 43. Briefly, row (j)) in FIG. 10 shows the RF signal output by preamplifier 3 when a sector where a black dot is present is read. Row (y) shows the output signal from digital voltage generator 42 (FIG. 7), row (z) shows the output signal from second differential amplifier 43 (FIG. 7), and row (u) shows the input signal to A/D converter 8 (FIG. 7).
When the sector of area D where a black dot is present is read, light is not reflected only in the area of the black dot, and the RF signal level therefore goes to the low side (dark reflection side) ((j) in FIG. 10). The duty ratio feedback loop formed by comparator 41 (FIG. 7) and digital voltage generator 42 (FIG. 7) continues to output a digital voltage ((y) in FIG. 10) in such cases to maintain an equal duty ratio of 1s and 0s in the digital signal output by comparator 41 (FIG. 7).
Second differential amplifier 43 (FIG. 7) subtracts the output voltage from digital voltage generator 42 (FIG. 7) from the output signal of equalizer 6 (FIG. 7), and outputs the resulting difference signal ((z) in FIG. 10). As will be known from this output signal, waveform fluctuation after passing the black dot is suppressed. The output signal from second differential amplifier 43 (FIG. 7) is then processed and input to A/D converter 8 (FIG. 7). The input signal ((u) in FIG. 10) to A/D converter 8 (FIG. 7) at this time does not deviate from the reference range of A/D converter 8, and signal reading can therefore resume immediately after passing the black dot.
That is, optical disc apparatus 700 according to this embodiment can absorb DC level differences even when there is always a DC level difference between the playback signal in the header area and the playback signal from the data storage area of the medium, such as occurs with DVD-RAM media. In addition, the playback signal does not exceed the reference range of A/D converter 8 even when a black dot or other imperfection is passed. Optical disc apparatus 700 (FIG. 7) according to this preferred embodiment of the invention can therefore reliably read and reproduce data content, and can thus improve read performance.
It will be obvious to one with ordinary skill in the related art that while these preferred embodiments have been described with reference to operation when a black dot is present, the present invention achieves the same benefits with any fault producing RF waveform fluctuation.
Patent CitationsCited PatentFiling datePublication dateApplicantTitleUS4866691 *Mar 11, 1988Sep 12, 1989Pioneer Electronic CorporationAC amplifying RF signal processing circuit for optical disk playerUS5684772 *Jun 6, 1995Nov 4, 1997Sony CorporationMagneto-optical disc recording and reproducing system with level clampingUS6104682 *Jul 23, 1999Aug 15, 2000Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd.Disk apparatus having a data reproducing system using a digital PLLUS6114894 *Jun 1, 1998Sep 5, 2000Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd.Optical recording/reproducing apparatus having 3T-component compensating circuitUS6195319 *Sep 17, 1998Feb 27, 2001Sharp Kabushiki KaishaOptical pickup position control deviceUS6259300 *Jan 3, 2000Jul 10, 2001International Business Machines CorporationDifferential input interface circuit and method for adjusting DC levels of differential input signalsUS6291962 *Feb 16, 2000Sep 18, 2001Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd.Offset control circuit and offset control methodUS20010000083 *Nov 29, 2000Mar 29, 2001Doug CrowShared cache parsing and pre-fetchJPH1092111A * Title not available* Cited by examinerNon-Patent CitationsReference1 *MAT (Machine assisted translation) of JP 2000-100083.* Cited by examinerReferenced byCiting PatentFiling datePublication dateApplicantTitleUS7257058 *May 20, 2004Aug 14, 2007Sanyo Electric Co., Ltd.Offset adjusting circuit for optical disc and offset adjusting method* Cited by examinerClassifications U.S. Classification369/47.17, 369/53.33, 369/124.14, 369/47.35International ClassificationG11B7/0037, G11B20/10, G11B7/005, G11B7/00Cooperative ClassificationG11B7/005, G11B7/00375, G11B20/10527European ClassificationG11B7/005, G11B20/10C, G11B7/0037DLegal EventsDateCodeEventDescriptionJan 15, 2014FPAYFee paymentYear of fee payment: 12Jan 14, 2010FPAYFee paymentYear of fee payment: 8Mar 6, 2007CCCertificate of correctionRotateOriginal ImageGoogle Home - Sitemap - USPTO Bulk Downloads - Privacy Policy - Terms of Service - About Google Patents - Send FeedbackData provided by IFI CLAIMS Patent Services


text:
overview for thegoodolehockeygamejump to contentmy subredditsannouncementsArtAskRedditaskscienceawwblogbookscreepydataisbeautifulDIYDocumentariesEarthPornexplainlikeimfivefoodfunnyFuturologygadgetsgamingGetMotivatedgifshistoryIAmAInternetIsBeautifulJokesLifeProTipslistentothismildlyinterestingmoviesMusicnewsnosleepnottheonionOldSchoolCoolpersonalfinancephilosophyphotoshopbattlespicsscienceShowerthoughtsspacesportstelevisiontifutodayilearnedTwoXChromosomesUpliftingNewsvideosworldnewsWritingPromptsedit subscriptionsfront-all-random | AskReddit-funny-movies-worldnews-pics-videos-todayilearned-gifs-news-aww-Showerthoughts-gaming-mildlyinteresting-television-Jokes-IAmA-LifeProTips-OldSchoolCool-explainlikeimfive-Music-tifu-food-nottheonion-science-personalfinance-TwoXChromosomes-photoshopbattles-EarthPorn-askscience-Futurology-books-sports-WritingPrompts-UpliftingNews-creepy-space-InternetIsBeautiful-Art-nosleep-dataisbeautiful-DIY-gadgets-Documentaries-GetMotivated-history-listentothis-philosophy-announcements-blogmore »reddit.com thegoodolehockeygameoverviewcommentssubmittedgildedWant to join? Log in or sign up in seconds.|Englishthegoodolehockeygame1 post karma780 comment karma send a private messageredditor for 4 yearswhat's this?TROPHY CASEVerified EmailFour-Year Clubremember mereset passwordlogindaily reddit gold goal28%help support redditreddit gold gives you extra features and helps keep our servers running. We believe the more reddit can be user-supported, the freer we will be to make reddit the best it can be.Buy gold for yourself to gain access to extra features and special benefits. A month of gold pays for 231.26 minutes of reddit server time!Give gold to thank exemplary people and encourage them to post more.This daily goal updates every 10 minutes and is reset at midnight Pacific Time (16 hours, 19 minutes from now).Yesterday's reddit gold goal105%get the best of reddit, delivered once a weekemail:subscribe×sorted by: newhottopcontroversialSnapchat Numbers: How Millennials Picked the New King of Social by catfun4ever in dataisbeautiful[–]thegoodolehockeygame 0 points1 point2 points 11 days ago (0 children)Phone numbers. WhatsApp required phone numbers and access to contacts. WhatsApp also had a much larger active user set in Asia than Facebook had. permalinksavecontextfull comments (1543)reportgive goldWhat is a good name for wifi in a college house? by [deleted] in AskReddit[–]thegoodolehockeygame 19 points20 points21 points 16 days ago (0 children)The pertinent difference is that the university is targeting only unauthorized access points broadcasting the SSID of the official network. The hotels were targeting every non-hotel SSID, which was the source of the trouble. The next part was their systems were blunt instruments and disrupting services outside the hotel's grounds as well. permalinksavecontextfull comments (11304)reportgive goldWill the NHL get a 32nd team? by 1RedHouND1 in nhl[–]thegoodolehockeygame 2 points3 points4 points 1 month ago (0 children)The Packers are a bad example because a) the town owns them, thus there's no incentive to move and b) NFL profit sharing and salary cap allow them to remain competitive in both finances and the product they put on the field. permalinksavecontextfull comments (165)reportgive goldTwo generations of Swiss shooters and Swiss army rifles by Zorthianator in guns[–]thegoodolehockeygame 0 points1 point2 points 1 month ago (0 children)If you're not in Zürich, Bern, or Geneva, Switzerland is less expensive, but it's not cheap anywhere. Hostels and buying groceries make it more affordable for the budget traveler, but there are far more affordable places than Switzerland. Zürich is 2.5 times the price of Dubrovnik, for example. permalinksavecontextfull comments (652)reportgive goldTwo generations of Swiss shooters and Swiss army rifles by Zorthianator in guns[–]thegoodolehockeygame 10 points11 points12 points 1 month ago (0 children)Bring lots of CHF as well They're easier to spend than EUR in Switzerland :)
Snarky comment aside, completely agreed that, yes, Zürich is a staggeringly expensive city. permalinksavecontextfull comments (652)reportgive goldThe last 8 Stanley Cup Championships have been won by 4 teams by InterestingHamster in hockey[–]thegoodolehockeygame 7 points8 points9 points 1 month ago (0 children)Yes, two great series. permalinksavecontextfull comments (181)reportgive goldThe Pittsburgh Penguins are the 2016 Stanley Cup Champions! by Btalgoy in nhl[–]thegoodolehockeygame 1 point2 points3 points 1 month ago (0 children)OK. Here's my comeback. Von Miller was in the Super Bowl. One game further than your precious patsies, who lost to Denver. I didn't bring up Super Bowl wins at all. I just don't want to talk about football here. I made a mistake and put the Von Miller reply one post too low. It should have been on your first comment. permalinksavecontextfull comments (150)reportgive goldThe Pittsburgh Penguins are the 2016 Stanley Cup Champions! by Btalgoy in nhl[–]thegoodolehockeygame 5 points6 points7 points 1 month ago (0 children)Dude, you're in a hockey forum. Go away.
permalinksavecontextfull comments (150)reportgive goldThe Pittsburgh Penguins are the 2016 Stanley Cup Champions! by Btalgoy in nhl[–]thegoodolehockeygame 1 point2 points3 points 1 month ago (0 children)Von Miller says "shut up, stupid Patriots fan"
http://draftmanager.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/tom21.jpg
permalinksavecontextfull comments (150)reportgive goldHe went to take a nap and never woke up. RIP little buddy. by Cynlyn28 in pics[–]thegoodolehockeygame 0 points1 point2 points 1 month ago (0 children)No doubt while dreaming of treats and open fields through which to run and play. Hope you're holding up ok, OP. permalinksavecontextfull comments (2106)reportgive goldELI5: Why is adding acid to water safer than adding water to acid? Thinking of the rhyme "acid to water just like you oughtta, water to acid you might get blasted". by _Cruxer in explainlikeimfive[–]thegoodolehockeygame 22 points23 points24 points 1 month ago (0 children)Water is weird. It has several amazing properties, one of which is its comparatively high specific heat capacity (4.186 J/g/K). Sulphuric acid is 1.38 J/g/K, so it takes about 1/3 as much energy to increase the temperature of Sulphuric acid by one Kelvin (one degree C) as it does to increase water's temperature that same degree. Adding smaller amounts of acid to a larger volume of water will allow the reaction heat to dissipate in a larger volume of a material that absorbs more heat. permalinksavecontextfull comments (814)reportgive goldBillionaire investor Peter Thiel, who was outed as gay by Gawker in 2007, has been secretly funding Hulk Hogan's lawsuit against Gawker by HeyItsNickCA in news[–]thegoodolehockeygame 0 points1 point2 points 2 months ago (0 children)Here's the follow up article that will run on tomorrow's NYT front page:
permalinksavecontextfull comments (3924)reportgive goldWhy were the beaches of Normandy such a strategic location? Why couldn't they land the invading force at a less defensible location and assault the beaches from behind, or why attack the beaches at all? by Yellow_Odd_Fellow in history[–]thegoodolehockeygame 5 points6 points7 points 2 months ago (0 children)Lizard's making an Inglorious Basterds joke.
permalinksavecontextfull comments (1021)reportgive goldELI5: Why do some wholesale businesses only sell to other businesses? by corkyr in explainlikeimfive[–]thegoodolehockeygame 2 points3 points4 points 2 months ago (0 children)At least 1999. The FBI has referred to him as Usama since he first made the wanted list.
https://www.fbi.gov/wanted/topten/usama-bin-laden
permalinksavecontextfull comments (1188)reportgive goldMigration of pRDM to VMDK by RhazinHell in vmware[–]thegoodolehockeygame 4 points5 points6 points 3 months ago (0 children)Since they're pRDMs, cold migration can be used to convert without special tools. Obviously the VMs being off means downtime, but it's pretty easy to do. http://blogs.vmware.com/vsphere/2012/02/migrating-rdms-and-a-question-for-rdm-users.html
permalinksavecontextfull comments (7)reportgive goldWhat is something many people don't realize is a scam? by Seouls_Synergy in AskReddit[–]thegoodolehockeygame 4 points5 points6 points 3 months ago (0 children)Often, paperbacks are advertised as less expensive as hardcover. Hardcover price $19.99, paperback $9.99. permalinksavecontextfull comments (4333)reportgive goldWhat is some interesting local history that people not from your area would have no knowledge about? by Capttripps81 in history[–]thegoodolehockeygame 0 points1 point2 points 4 months ago (0 children)The Sand Creek Massacre was worse. And much closer to genocide than the Mankato executions were.
permalinksavecontextfull comments (1565)reportgive goldSaw this beauty at my LCS today. /drool by scribbling_des in Silverbugs[–]thegoodolehockeygame 0 points1 point2 points 4 months ago* (0 children)Per mille. 999.9‰
Edit: fineness is measured in millesmal fineness (parts per thousand, or per mille). Maybe the downvoter can explain instead. permalinksavecontextfull comments (24)reportgive goldWhat "fake" thing that happens in movies pisses you off? by [deleted] in AskReddit[–]thegoodolehockeygame 2 points3 points4 points 4 months ago (0 children)It depends on how you think of banks or banking. Stores of wealth have existed for much of recorded human history and lending services have existed for more than 5000 years. What we think of as modern banking dates to medieval Italy. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_banking
permalinksavecontextfull comments (22679)reportgive goldBettman on complaints that 3-on-3 isn't real hockey: "Shut up." by NHLUniverse in hockey[–]thegoodolehockeygame 2 points3 points4 points 4 months ago (0 children)I didn't say he should resign or that I think he should resign. I'm saying "Bettman should resign" is a common refrain from fans that he's ignored just like he's ignoring 3v3 complaints now. Or like he ignored fans who complained when he renamed the conferences. Or several other things that got fan complaints. Ultimately, fans will vote with their wallets, and their complaints don't carry much weight unless they affect the teams' bottom lines. permalinksavecontextfull comments (454)reportgive goldBettman on complaints that 3-on-3 isn't real hockey: "Shut up." by NHLUniverse in hockey[–]thegoodolehockeygame -1 points0 points1 point 4 months ago (0 children)If Bettman actually cared what the fans thought, he'd have resigned years ago. permalinksavecontextfull comments (454)reportgive goldLooking at getting a USP in 45Auto by alinius in HecklerKoch[–]thegoodolehockeygame 0 points1 point2 points 4 months ago (0 children)USP 45 has 12 round magazines. Does the HK45 only have 10 round mags? Or am I misreading something?
permalinksavecontextfull comments (24)reportgive gold"Our prime purpose in...." - Dalai Lama [524x621] by Sumit316 in QuotesPorn[–]thegoodolehockeygame 0 points1 point2 points 4 months ago (0 children)Your downvoters clearly are not Caddyshack fans here. Philistines.
permalinksavecontextfull comments (10)reportgive goldWhat does Jamie drink? by redldr1 in mythbusters[–]thegoodolehockeygame 1 point2 points3 points 5 months ago (0 children)I could see that. There was the episode where the team tested taking cheap vodka, filtering it and seeing if it was as good as top-shelf vodka. Jamie did basically as well at rating the vodkas as an expert vodka drinker. At the least, Jamie likes vodka well enough to tell the difference between good ones and filtered bad ones. Of course, he could like Scotch more, ha.
permalinksavecontextfull comments (28)reportgive goldWhat does Jamie drink? by redldr1 in mythbusters[–]thegoodolehockeygame 11 points12 points13 points 5 months ago (0 children)He studied Russian linguistics. I'd bet he drinks good vodka. permalinksavecontextfull comments (28)reportgive goldview more: next ›create a new accountusername:password:verify password:email: (optional)remember meget the best of reddit emailed to you once a week. learn moresign uplog inusername:password:remember mereset passwordlog inBy signing up, you agree to our Terms and that you have read our Privacy Policy and Content Policy.English [en]العربية [ar]Беларуская мова [be]български език [bg]Bosanski [bs]català [ca]česky [cs]dansk [da]Deutsch [de]Ελληνικά [el]English (Australia) [en-au]English (Canadian) [en-ca]English (Great Britain) [en-gb]English [en-us]Esperanto [eo]español [es]español [es-ar]eesti keel [et]Euskara [eu]فارسی [fa]suomi [fi]français [fr]Gàidhlig [gd]עברית [he]मानक हिन्दी [hi]hrvatski [hr]Magyar [hu]Հայերեն լեզու [hy]Bahasa Indonesia [id]íslenska [is]italiano (Italy) [it]日本語 [ja]ಕನ್ನಡ [kn_IN]한국어 [ko]Latin [la]1337 [leet]LOL [lol]lietuvių kalba [lt]latviešu valoda [lv]Nederlands [nl]Nynorsk [nn]Norsk [no]Arrrrrrrr! [pir]polski [pl]português [pt] (*)português [pt-pt]português brasileiro [pt_BR]română [ro]русский [ru]slovenčina [sk]slovenščina [sl]српски језик [sr]Srpski [sr-la]Svenska [sv]தமிழ் [ta]ภาษาไทย [th]Türkçe [tr]українська мова [uk]Tiếng Việt [vi]中文 [zh] (*) incomplete volunteer to translateπ Rendered by PID 16281 on app-50 at 2016-07-25 14:40:04.569171+00:00 running d928363 country code: US.

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Digidesign Pro Audio/MIDI Interfaces | eBay
Digidesign HD Core & Accel PCI Interface Card For Pro Tools with link cable
Ending Today at 5:45PM BST16m 45sBrand: Digidesign
Digidesign M2 box
Digidesign M mini m box2 in good working order.
Ending 28 May at 5:09AM BST11h 40mCollection in personBrand: Digidesign
Digidesign Mbox 2 Pro Audio Interface (USB)
Ending Today at 6:51PM BST1h 22mFrom United StatesBrand: DigidesignCustoms services and international tracking provided
Used DigiDesign 002 Control surface for Pro Tools. Great unit and in good condition. Selling due to a career change and listing all of my location and post-production equipment that hasn’t sold privately. Please let me know if you have any questions.
Ending Today at 8:26PM BST2h 57mBrand: Digidesign
Digidesign 888/24 I/0 Audio Interface (Tested to Power-Up). Tested to Power-up Only.
DigiDesign Universal Slave Driver Sync - MH038 - Black
Digidesign HD Accel HD Card (PCIX) for Pro Tools
Digidesign (Avid) Pro Tools HD Accel card.
Digidesign Avid 192 Digital I/O Card
Working and tested. Pro Tools HD and HDX compatible. Card only no looms supplied. The card in the picture is the actual item for sale. All serial numbers recorded.
Pro Tools HD Complete System - Cheap As A Cheap Thing !
Into this is installed Pro Tools HD core plus 2 x Accel cards making an HD3 system. Software is Pro Tools HD version 8. To complete the system I am including a 4 port usb midi interface, a genuine Pro Tools keyboard with all the shortcuts on the coloured keys (No stickers to fall off) and a mouse.
xmon digidesign
Digidesign/Avid Digi 003 Console Control Surface for use with Pro Tools
Drivers and compatibility info available on AVID's website, here Works well with FW400 to FW800 adapters.
Digidesign Command 8 Pro Tools Control Surface Model MC008 Ref A
DigiDesign DSP FARM I Card for PRO TOOLS|24, PRO TOOLS|24 MIX PCI Systems Rev G1
This card is REV G1 (had a chip upgrade by DigiDesign in '97). As I learned from talking to DigiDesign, the most important point of reference for any revision is the PCI Matchmaker chip. The DSP Farm provides the power for the Pro Tools 24 system’s mixing and processing capabilities.
Digidesign D-Comman Main unit
Missing left side panel. Compatible with latest version of Pro Tools HD.
Digidesign Mbox 2 USB Audio Interface. optional software "Pro Tools 8 LE" - installers can be downloaded from Digidesign. If you don t want to use Pro Tools 8 LE, you can use your own DAW as well, of course.
Digidesign audio interface for Protools. Good working condition, interface only as pictured, there is no PCI card or accessories included.
Mbox 2 Pro Hardware - Poweredby FireWire. Pro Tools LE Software - Award-winning Pro Tools recording, editing and mixing. - Compatible with countless Pro Tools studios around the world. - Support for streaming ReWire applications.
Model atari a/d l sold as seen.
New listingDigidesign 192 8 ADC channel Balanced Analogue Input Card for Pro Tools HD Avid
Fully tested and working. Please see my recent feedback for successful sales of similar items. Returns welcome if not completely satisfied. Works with Pro Tools HD and HDX. Nothing else included except card. The card in the picture is the actual item for sale. All serial numbers recorded.
Digidesign 192 I/O HD Interface
Digidesign 192 I/O. HD Audio Interface.
Digidesign 882 Audio Interface
Fully working Digidesign 882 I/O Audio Interface, computer connection is old skool but you should be able to get it working on a newer computer with a converter to usb. Requires a 5v kettle lead, will include one if I can find it.
I also have compatible DigiDesign PCI audio cards for Pro Tools|24 and Pro Tools|24 MIX systems listed. 16 and 24bit rates. Cable included (last photo). 888|24 I/O.
AVID Digidesign 192 Digital Expansion Card
Digital expansion card for Digidesign 192 audio interface. Digital Expansion Card 3 x available @ £70 each. adds an extra 8 x digital i/o on AES, TDIF or ADAT optical.
Avid Digidesign Pro Tools HD PCIe Accel Core Card (For Protools Rigs)
Avid Digidesign Trueview ABVB 2500-4721-00 Nubus Video Card by Apple (AV004)
Here for your viewing is a Avid Digidesign 2500-4721-00 Nubus Card for apple workstations. We’re based in Grimsby.
Digidesign D-Show Venue Fan Filters
DigiDesign DSP FARM II Card for PRO TOOLS|24 & PRO TOOLS|24 MIX Systems. The DSP Farm provides the power for the Pro Tools 24 system’s mixing and processing capabilities. It powers DSP software such as the DigiRack plug-ins included with Pro Tools.
Ending Today at 6:01PM BST31m 50s

value: This website is an American multinational e-commerce corporation based in San Jose, California, that facilitates consumer-to-consumer and business-to-consumer sales through its website.


text:
(Redirected from ؒ)
Salah ("Muslim prayer", صلاة; informally pronounced as ṣalāt; pl. صلوات ṣalawāt), called namāz (Persian: نَماز) in some languages, is one of the Five Pillars in the faith of Islam and an obligatory religious duty for every Muslim. It is a physical, mental, and spiritual act of worship that is observed five times every day at prescribed times. In this ritual, the worshiper starts standing, bows, prostrates themself, and concludes while sitting on the ground.[1] During each posture, the worshiper recites or reads certain verses, phrases and prayers. The word salah is commonly translated as "prayer" but this definition might be confusing. Muslims use the words "dua" or "supplication" when referring to the common definition of prayers which is "reverent petitions made to God".
Muslims themselves use several terms to refer to salah depending on their language or culture. In many parts of the world, including many non-Arab countries, the Arabic term salat or salah is used. The other major term is the Persian word namāz (نماز), used by speakers of the Indo-Iranian languages (e.g., the Kurdish languages, Urdu, Balochi, Hindi), as well as Turkish, Russian, Chinese, Bosnian and Albanian. In North Caucasian languages, the term is lamaz (ламаз) in Chechen, chak (чак) in Lak and kak in Avar (как). In Indonesia, the term salat is officially used, as well as a local term sembahyang (means: praying, literally from the word sembah - worship and hyang - god or deity) is used too.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Salah&oldid=815311367"

value: This website is the English-language edition of the free online encyclopedia Wikipedia. It was founded on 15 January 2001 as Wikipedia's first edition and, as of October 2021, has the most articles of any edition, at 6,412,521.


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What are Sales Promotions
by vagueapex1537
Serm ii-t-i-sales promotion-1
by Dcg Tech Pvt. Ltd
Questionnaire survey for the resear...
by Annabel Nguyen
PROMOTIONHANDOUTI. Advertising [ Thanh Hieu]1. DefinitionAdvertising is any paid form of non-personal…………………….and…………………..of ideas, goods or services throughmass media such as newspapers, magazines, television or radio by an identifiedsponsor.2. Important Decisions in Advertisinga. Setting…………………b. Setting the………………… ……………………c. Setting the ………………….. ……………………Creating advertising messages:Selecting advertising media3. The effects of advertising on consumersChange a consumer’s………………..attitude toward a product, or reinforcea………………….attitude.Affect consumer ranking of a brand’s attributes.II. Public Relations [ Phuong Loan ]1. DefinitionPublic relations is a………… ………… ………….that builds mutually beneficialrelationships between organizations and their publics(The Public Relations Society of America - PRSA)2. FunctionsAny or All of the following functions:Press relations……………….. RelationsProduct Public RelationsPolitical and Government RelationsFinancial Relations……………………. relationsDevelopment3. ToolsNews: find or create favorable news about the company and its products andpeople.……………: company executives give talks at trade associations or salesmeetings.Special Events: news conferences, press tours, grand openings, fireworksdisplays, laser show, hot air balloon releases, multimedia presentations, etc.………….. Materials: annual reports, brochures, articles, company newslettersand magazines. 2.
Audiovisual Materials: films, slide-and-sound programs, videocassettes andaudiocassettes.………….. ………….. Materials: logos, stationery, brochures, signs, businessforms, business cards, uniforms, buildings, company cars and trucks.…………. ………….. Activities: contributing money and time to public serviceactivities.Web Sites4. Public Relations and Advertisinga. SimilaritiesDesigned to raise awareness of a company or product in a positive manner.The company target its messages toward a particular audience.b. Differences 3.
III. Sales Promotion [ Minh Khoa ]1. DefinitionPersuading a potential customer……………….. tacticsNot use to build long-term loyalty2. PurposesAttract new customerEncourage use product and make them brand loyal…………….. a competitor’s promotion activitiesIntroduce new product-penetrate the market3. Target of sales promotiona. Customer Promotion ( Pull strategy)Target at ……….….. ……………..Encourages the customers to make a purchaseType of Consumer Promotion- …………………- …………………- ………………………b. Trade sales promotion ( Push strategy)Target at distribution channelEncourages the channel members to stock the productType of Trades Sales Promotion- ……………………………. displace- Cooperative Advertising- ……….. ………………… program- Trade allowancesIV. Personal selling [ Quang Minh ]1. Definition……….. ……..and………………… a customer to buy something2. Role of personal selling in business:Involving two-way personal communication between …………………. andindividual …………………….Some firms have no salespeople at allIn company that sells business products, the salespeople may be only contact.To these customers, the sales force is the company.In consumer product companies that sell through intermediaries, finalconsumers rarely meet salespeople or even know about themThe sales force acts as the …………………… ……………… between acompany and its customer3. Advantages and disadvantages:a. AdvantagesHigh customer attentionMessage is customizedInteractivity 4.
Persuasive effectPotential for development of relationshipAdaptableOpportunity to close the saleb. Disadvantages…………………………High cost……………………..Can only reach a limited number of customersV. Promotion methods by using media social to shape consumer discussion............................................................................................................[Thanh Huyen ]1. Provide networking platformConsumers like to network with people who have the …………… interests anddesiresOrganizations can leverage this desire by creating communities of like-mindedindividualsThese communities center on …………… ……………. through websites, socialnetworking sites such as Facebook, Myspace, forums, chat rooms…Individuals base on them to come to a decision2. Provide informationConsumers are more likely to talk about …………………. and ……………….when they feel they know a lot about themCreating a website is …………….. with all information about products which iscategorized clearly and best fix3. Provide exclusivityPeople like to feel ……………….Feeling of being special can be produced by offering ……………., informationand ……………… ……………… that are available exclusively to a subset ofconsumers4. Use both traditional and Internet-based promotional tools to engagecustomersStories can be ……………………... The more memorable they are, the morelikely they are to be repeatedTelling a story related to product or creating a story about product withpersonified charactersVI. The Case Study [Kaly]How Apple use Promotion Mix?………………………………1. Advertising2. Public RelationPR’s tool Fanpage: to launch new product, listen to customers’ feedback Event: to launch new products with the presentation from Apple’s CEO 5.
 Creating hyper3. Sales Promotion …………………………………………………………….4. Personal selling In 2009, when retail sales declined around 2%, Apple’s retail sales rose roughly 7%. In 2010, Apple’s retail sales, excluding online, jumped 70% to $11.7 billion, compared tothe overall retail industry’s sales growth of 4.5%StrategyAll stores are the sameBuilding strong employees Young Have good understanding about new technology Customer oriented Recommended
vagueapex1537
Dcg Tech Pvt. Ltd
Questionnaire survey for the research of cosmetics sales promotions in Boots Annabel Nguyen
Top 7 considerations to know when promoting a used car
Ml0016 advertising management and sales promotion
Used Cars Bay Area Dealership- Handy Promotion And Advertising Tips

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Team Sky Pro Cycling Rapha Over Socks L-XL | eBay
Details about Team Sky Pro Cycling Rapha Over Socks L-XL See original listing
Team Sky Pro Cycling Rapha Over Socks L-XL Photos not available for this variation
Derbyshire Seller:
Sell one like this	More chances to get what you wantFeedback on our suggestionsRapha Pro Team Socks Data Print Extra Long XL UK11 and Over Blue Coral - NEW !!£15.00+ £7.58 Rapha Team Sky Pro Cycling Socks - Short White Large£6.00 Description
eBay item number:121360061887


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Fujifilm X-Pro35.3%Olympus OM-D E-M5 III4.4%Sony a7R IV3.2%Canon PowerShot G5 X Mark II2.7%Sony Cyber-shot DSC-RX100 VII2.5%Fujifilm X-T31.8%Nikon D8501.6%Nikon Z501.5%Canon EOS Rebel SL3 (EOS 250D / EOS Kiss X10)1.4%Sony a7 III1.4%
61 Are you happy with your m43 cam?
55 Does size really matter that much
52 FYI they messed up the X-Pro viewfinder too
47 Do you spray and pray ?

value: This website is a website about digital cameras and digital photography, established in November 1998. The website provides comprehensive reviews of digital cameras, lenses and accessories, buying guides, user reviews, and forums for individual cameras, as well as general photography forums.


text:
Painter OWINGS MILLS, Md. -- The Baltimore Ravens have signed former Indianapolis Colts quarterback Curtis Painter to a one-year contract.Baltimore announced the move but did not release financial terms of the deal.Painter worked out for the Ravens Thursday along with former Baltimore starter Kyle Boller and former Pittsburgh backup Dennis Dixon.The 25-year-old Painter will compete with Tyrod Taylor to backup Baltimore starter Joe Flacco.
Painter, 6-foot-3 and 222 pounds, played in Indianapolis for Ravens quarterbacks coach Jim Caldwell, who was hired by Baltimore this offseason.Painter, a former backup for Peyton Manning, started eight games for the Colts.He was winless as a starter, passing for 1,541 yards, six touchdowns and nine interceptions.The former sixth-round draft pick from Purdue was benched late in the season and replaced by Dan Orlovsky.Copyright 2012 by The Associated PressRecommend0

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Ads classified posting spanish Jobs, Employment | Freelancer.com
Ads classified posting spanish jobs
9,396 ads classified posting spanish jobs found, pricing in USD
Build a Classified Ads Portal/ Website 9h left
...Professionals, I need an experienced & professional classified ad poster. List which sites you are experienced posting ads on. The project is long term project. Requirements/Description: [url removed, login to view] are able to post 20-100 posts daily – Six (6) days a week. [url removed, login to view] have all the systems in place for successful postin...
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Fearless [DVD]: Amazon.co.uk: Jet Li, Collin Chou, Masato Harada, Nathan Jones, Shid� Nakamura, Hee Ching Paw, Betty Sun, Nan Sun, Ronny Yu, William Kong: Film & TV
Fearless [DVD] Jet Li (Actor), Collin Chou (Actor), Ronny Yu (Director) | Rated: Suitable for 15 years and over | Format: DVD
This item: Fearless [DVD] ~ Jet Li DVD �4.97
Curse of the Golden Flower [DVD] ~ Yun-Fat Chow DVD �4.05
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Actors: Jet Li, Collin Chou, Masato Harada, Nathan Jones, Shid� Nakamura
Producers: William Kong
Dubbed: French, Spanish, Mandarin Chinese
ASIN: B000I2IZQQ
#21 in Film & TV > Action & Adventure > Martial Arts
Martial arts action starring Jet Li as Chinese martial artist Huo Yuan Jia, who founded and developed the prestigious Jin Wu Sports Federation in the late nineteenth century. Rising to the top of the martial arts world from a deprived background, Huo Yuan Jia fought for the honour of his country and for the spirit of martial arts.
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1371703665
Martial Arts extravanganza
Format:DVD A Film that I enjoyed very much. It has a very strong plot which is also based on a true story about an martial arts master, Huo Yuan Jia and together with great actors and actresses, a masterpiece is presented. As an Asian, I have already seen too much martial arts movie, however this one stuns me with the story and acting as I have mentioned above, but as well as their visual effects, every movement is shown clearly, one would find their heart beating hard as the fight is going on, the music in the film also fits perfectly with the film. I have to mention that this film is quite Hollywood standard and I believe it is because Jet Li had already learn a few elements to make a good Hollywood film when he was filming some Hollywood films a few years back. As Jet Li has said, this will be his last martial arts movie and wants to make it a good one, I think he has already fulfilled his dreams, because this is a truly Jet Li movie and I think a lot of people would like this film.
a simple, great film
By High Beard
Format:DVD when i went to watch this film, i was expecting something similar to 'Hero' or 'House of Flying Daggers,' where everything is incredibly bright and colourful, and the fighting seems more like a ballet than anything elsewith Fearless i was pleasantly surprised by what i saw; the fighting was fast, gritty and shocking, reminding me of the classic 70's kung fu films but with a much more polished, up to date edge. the story was not especially epic, but that's what i loved about it; there was an elegant simplicity to the whole thing that made it easy to connect with and enjoyable to watch. nothing pretentious or over-the-top.so, if you loved the action in the 70's kung fu films (or just martial arts in general), if you enjoy a good story, and if you have the stomach for some tragic, shocking and violent scenes, then this film won't dissapoint.
By Kepptain
Format:Blu-ray Very good movie, excellent picture quality and all versions of the movie! One of my favorite Jet Li movies.... so far :-)For all Germanns: Ihr könnt bedenkenlos zuschlagen. Wie mein Vorredner bereits erwähnte kann man zu Beginn des Filmes alle drei Versionen (Unrated, DC, Kino) auswählen! Leider kein Deutscher Untertitel verfügbar aber das Schulenglisch sollte ausreichen.Greetings from Lake of Constance
Format:HD DVD The action scenes are quite simply stunning (if you like that sort of thing) and the story does have an interesting moral to tell, without being patronising or banal. Jet Li is brilliant, but other actors tend to be lost in his shadow and thus are 2-D. Definitely one of the best Martial Arts
mean jet li is meaner than an angrier lesbian on her period. not shy of emotionally gripping. filled with tradgedy and mega martial arts.
Published 14 hours ago by mdf6701
Published 3 months ago by Lopez Ricardo
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Published 5 months ago by The Happy Anthropologist
Published 8 months ago by I.ford

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For several years, I have been sleeping on a 3-inch memory foam topper and a memory foam pillow. Both of them are soft, cushy and cradle the body. This mattress does none of those things. If you push on it with your hand, you barely make a dent.There is no memory foam, only very stiff foam, and it is like sleeping on a board. Please note that once you open the mattress and sleep on it YOU CANNOT RETURN IT, so if you don't like it, you have just wasted $$$. My advice: don't buy a mattress of any kind from Overstock.
Read More Ninfa M.
Great bed, a little firm at first.
I really loved this mattress. It's a bit heavy, but that's to be expected. We used this for my son's bed and loved it very much. When it was time to move, we got rid of the bed and frame (downsizing our home), but I would definitely buy this mattress again. It started off a bit firm, but within a week or two, it was just right.
Used for 3 years. Still like new
Very comfortable This is a little more firmer than other memory foam but it's still very comfortable. It'll give you more support on your back. You can sleep all day! Read More monkeyjo126

value: This website is an American internet retailer selling primarily furniture headquartered in Midvale, Utah, near Salt Lake City.


text:
Manual potato-chips-making-machine
Fully automatic-potato-chips-making...
Semi automatic potato chips making ...
Semi automatic-banana-chips-making-...
Pastoralism in Kenya and Tanzania: ...
by sficnj
pearcee07
Nice powerpoint, like the idea of ur activities, ummm i thnk the background could be a bit brighter well done :P
Chloeesutton
i think that the house style is good and constistand but on the pther hand i think that you could add a little more detail as your slides can look a little bare :) apart from that this is a good powerpoint :)
Chris the star was for the basket as i could not find a basket icon that matched the rest of my icons
it could do with a bit more writing, and possibly change the icon, but over it was good, it sells good activities and the house style suits it well :D well done andy xD
Red Letter Days Super Speed Experiences 2.
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Semi automatic potato chips making machine offered by pulverizerindia.com
Semi automatic-banana-chips-making-machine
Pastoralism in Kenya and Tanzania: Challenges and opportunities in animal hea...
Thailand World's biggest open-air museum (8) michaelasanda *


text:
Sears 12625 N Interstate 35, Austin, TX 78753 - YP.com
Department Stores near Austin, TX
Phone: (512) 652-4795
Primary Phone: (512) 652-4826
Phone: (512) 652-4773
Dunlop, Garmin, Kenmore Craftsman Diehard
Department Stores, Tire Dealers, Major Appliances, Clothing Stores, Mattresses, Furniture Stores, Hardware Stores, Tools, Consumer Electronics, Builders Hardware, Housewares, Landscaping Equipment & Supplies, Lawn & Garden Equipment & Supplies
They screwed up delivery so badly. SEARS delivered some of it. Some other company delivered the rest.
When I called the manager, he was nasty to me.
Terrible!!!!!! Don't waste your time going to SEARS!!!!! Go somewhere else!
500 Canyon Ridge Dr Ste J350, Austin, TX
5440 Burnet Rd, Austin, TX
10315 Metropolitan Dr, Austin, TX

value: This website is a United States-based web site operated by YP Holdings that provides listings for local businesses. In 2013 it was re-branded as YP.com or simply "YP".


text:
Las Vegas Pool Hop - Nite Tours | Groupon
Pool Hop for One from Nite Tours (Up to 43% Off) Paradise
Limit 5 per person. Valid only for option purchased. Redemption dates: May 21 - September 22, 2015. Blackout Dates: 5/5, 5/21, 5/22, 5/23, 5/24, 5/25, 5/26, 6/20, 6/21, 6/22, 7/4, 8/29, 8/30, 9/4, 9/5, 9/6, 9/7 Merchant's standard cancellation policy applies (any fees not to exceed Groupon price).Reservation required. Must be 21 or older.
$49 for a pool hop for one, valid Friday and Saturday ($69 value)
$39 for a pool hop for one, valid Tuesday, Wednesday, and Sunday ($69 value)

value: This website is an American global e-commerce marketplace connecting subscribers with local merchants by offering activities, travel, goods and services in 15 countries. Based in Chicago, Groupon was launched there in November 2008, launching soon after in Boston, New York City and Toronto.


text: _.zk=function(){this.R=[];this.H=[]};_.Tia=function(a){_.Gb(a.R)&&(a.R=a.H,a.R.reverse(),a.H=[])};_.Dk=function(a){_.Tia(a);return a.R.pop()};_.h=_.zk.prototype;_.h.Ee=function(){return this.R.length+this.H.length};_.h.Ed=function(){return _.Gb(this.R)&&_.Gb(this.H)};_.h.clear=function(){this.R=[];this.H=[]};_.h.contains=function(a){return _.Fb(this.R,a)||_.Fb(this.H,a)};_.h.remove=function(a){var b=this.R;var c=(0,_.vb)(b,a);0<=c?(_.Ib(b,c),b=!0):b=!1;return b||_.Jb(this.H,a)}; _.h.Id=function(){for(var a=[],b=this.R.length-1;0<=b;--b)a.push(this.R[b]);for(var c=this.H.length,b=0;bAlice Heloise - Google+Press question mark to see available shortcut keysSign inSearchSign in2 members - PublicAlice HeloiseJoinSearch Community Post has shared contentMundo da LiceOwnerAlice HeloiseDiscussão2wSimOriginally shared by hello!, mundo da Camilly ! one plus one 1 no comments one share 1 Post has shared contentMundo da LiceOwnerAlice HeloiseDiscussão2wOriginally shared by ღMariana, Tia Das Nutellaღ - 10 commentsETA GIOVANA :v no plus ones no comments one share 1 Post has shared contentMundo da LiceOwnerAlice HeloiseDiscussão2wOriginally shared by Elaine Aparecida - 7 commentsQUEM É SEU SALVADOR??plus.google.com one plus one 1 no comments one share 1 Post has shared contentMundo da LiceOwnerAlice HeloiseDiscussão2wOriginally shared by Lauanny Melo - 3 commentsluciana pereira - Google+plus.google.com no plus ones no comments no shares Post has shared contentMundo da LiceOwnerAlice HeloiseDiscussão3wOriginally shared by larissa Rodrigues Pereira - 84 commentsDuvido😏 2 plus ones 2 one comment 1 no sharesMundo da Lice: Conseguir Post has attachmentMundo da LiceOwnerAlice HeloiseDiscussão3wOi meus amoresTranslateShow original text one plus one 1 one comment 1 no sharesmundão vieira: Lindas minhas primasLooks like you've reached the endLooks like you've reached the endUnable to load more. RetryWait while more posts are being loadedDrag photos anywhere to start a new post

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Martha Perisoglou - Semantic Scholar
Martha Perisoglou
Jeremy S. Whelan8
Matthew Robert Sydes6
Pancras C.W. Hogendoorn4
Mark D Krailo4
Jane M. Hook4
21Stefan S. Bielack
13Jeremy S. Whelan
11Heribert Juergens
8Beatrice M. Seddon
Management of osteosarcoma.
Jeremy Simon Whelan, Beatrice M. Seddon, Martha Perisoglou
Improving cure rates for osteosarcoma continues to be a major challenge. The clinical management of individual patients is exacting and requires a skilled, experienced team including a surgeon,… (More)
EURAMOS-1, an international randomised study for osteosarcoma: results from pre-randomisation treatment†
Jeremy Simon Whelan, Stefan S. Bielack, +51 authors Carmen Teske
BACKGROUND Four international study groups undertook a large study in resectable osteosarcoma, which included two randomised controlled trials, to determine the effect on survival of changing… (More)
A population pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic model of methotrexate and mucositis scores in osteosarcoma.
Åsa Johansson, Nicola Hill, Martha Perisoglou, Jeremy Whelan, Mats O. Karlsson, Joseph F Standing
Methotrexate, when used in high doses (12 g/m²) in the treatment of osteosarcoma, shows wide between-subject variability (BSV) in its pharmacokinetics. High-dose methotrexate is associated with… (More)
The role of interferons in the treatment of osteosarcoma.
Jeremy Simon Whelan, Daniel Patterson, +4 authors M. O. Bernstein
Interferons, a group of cytokines with antiangiogenic, direct antitumour and immunostimulating properties, have shown significant activity against osteosarcoma in vitro and in xenograft models. They… (More)
Clinical trials in osteosarcoma treatment: patients' perspective through art.
Lizzie Burns, Martha Perisoglou
Patients with osteosarcoma were encouraged to create artwork about their experiences of taking part in the EURAMOS 1 clinical trial. Art sessions allowed patients to express their feelings and talk… (More)

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