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Patent US20040134494 - Systems and methods for aerosol delivery of agents - Google PatentsSearch Images Maps Play YouTube News Gmail Drive More »Sign inAdvanced Patent SearchPatentsAerosol delivery systems and methods for delivering an agent to a patient are described herein. The present invention includes embodiments comprising an insulated receptacle connected to a body to hold a vial of an agent to be delivered to a patient. The vial is located in an inverted position within...http://www.google.com/patents/US20040134494?utm_source=gb-gplus-sharePatent US20040134494 - Systems and methods for aerosol delivery of agentsAdvanced Patent SearchPublication numberUS20040134494 A1Publication typeApplicationApplication numberUS 10/471,620PCT numberPCT/US2002/007973Publication dateJul 15, 2004Filing dateMar 13, 2002Priority dateMar 15, 2001Also published asCA2439766A1, CA2439766C, DE60205093D1, DE60205093T2, EP1370318A2, EP1370318B1, US7225807, US8544462, US20120118283, WO2002074372A2, WO2002074372A3Publication number10471620, 471620, PCT/2002/7973, PCT/US/2/007973, PCT/US/2/07973, PCT/US/2002/007973, PCT/US/2002/07973, PCT/US2/007973, PCT/US2/07973, PCT/US2002/007973, PCT/US2002/07973, PCT/US2002007973, PCT/US200207973, PCT/US2007973, PCT/US207973, US 2004/0134494 A1, US 2004/134494 A1, US 20040134494 A1, US 20040134494A1, US 2004134494 A1, US 2004134494A1, US-A1-20040134494, US-A1-2004134494, US2004/0134494A1, US2004/134494A1, US20040134494 A1, US20040134494A1, US2004134494 A1, US2004134494A1InventorsMark Papania, James Barry, Nabil Elkouh, Marc BagleyOriginal AssigneePapania Mark James, Barry James J., Elkouh Nabil A., Bagley Marc C.Export CitationBiBTeX, EndNote, RefManReferenced by (18), Classifications (31), Legal Events (3) External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, EspacenetSystems and methods for aerosol delivery of agents
US 20040134494 A1Abstract
Aerosol delivery systems and methods for delivering an agent to a patient are described herein. The present invention includes embodiments comprising an insulated receptacle connected to a body to hold a vial of an agent to be delivered to a patient. The vial is located in an inverted position within the receptacle and connected to the housing. One or more reusable thermal packs can be located on the inner sides of the receptacle, to maintain a selected temperature surrounding the vial. The agent is administered to a patient by placing a prong into one of the patient's orifices and then activating an aerosol delivery system. Such systems comprise jet aerosolization and pneumatic and ultrasonic nebulizers and preferably are portable. Images(9) Claims(51)
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS [0041] The present disclosure is directed to methods and systems, including devices, for delivery of agents, preferably by aerosol delivery. Preferred systems for such delivery comprise jet nebulizer systems, pneumatic and ultrasonic aerosol generation systems. Preferred methods comprise administration of agents for treatment of living organisms, such as for methods of vaccination. [0042] Use of the present system for agent delivery, such as for vaccination purposes, provides many benefits. The present system replaces the use of needles and syringes, and reduces the costs of agent delivery. Additionally, the present system allows for treatment of patients by less-trained staff, another cost saving benefit, and also helps prevent the spread of blood borne diseases by reused needles. [0043] The aerosol delivery systems and methods of the present system are capable of providing agents in a continuous aerosol stream at a steady flow rate, may or may not need electrical power, are portable, and have a replaceable prong. For vaccination purposes, many of the embodiments may keep up to 100 doses of vaccine at a selected temperature, (for example around 9� C.) for up to 8 hours, and employ a trigger mechanism to draw a selected dose from such storage and deliver that dose. Additionally, the devices of the present system can be used to deliver from 1 to 500 doses an hour, preferably 1 to 250 doses an hour, and more preferably 1 to 100 doses per hour. The devices also provide a non-threatening appearance to reduce fear of treatment in patients. It is preferable that the systems and devices are easy to disassemble and clean. [0044] Preferred methods of the present disclosure comprise delivery of agents such as vaccine compositions. The methods of the present disclosure comprise delivery of vaccine compositions via aerosol administration. The present disclosure contemplates the use of any vaccine composition that can be delivered via aerosol administration. Particularly preferred vaccination compositions are those for measles, mumps and rubella. Such compositions may comprise measles vaccine, mumps vaccine, rubella vaccine and combinations and mixtures such as measles and mumps, rubella and mumps, measles and rubella, and measles, mumps and rubella. The vaccines further comprise pharmaceutical or formulation components such as those known in the art, including, but not limited to, diluents, compounding agents, surfactants, and agents to maintain sterility. [0045] Aerosol administration takes advantage of the benefits of such administration. The respiratory system, including the lungs, provides for a large surface area for absorption or adsorption of agents, and can be used for localized or systemic treatment of the recipient. [0046] Agents, as used herein, comprise agents that can be administered to living organisms for an effect in the treated organism. Such agents include live and killed organisms for vaccination, immunogens, immune activators or suppressors, chemotherapeutics, pharmaceuticals, nucleic acids, insulin, hormones, antibodies and fragments thereof, receptors, proteins, carbohydrates, fats, nutrients, anesthetics, narcotics, and pain relievers. [0047]FIGS. 1 and 2 show two views of an embodiment of an ultrasonic delivery system which uses direct droplet generation, such as using a piezoelectric-driven actuator to eject droplets. The hand-held device can be operated by various power systems, including a wind-up power supply such as a muscle recharged battery used in portable radios, to operate the ultrasound electronics. Standard electrical supplies can also be used, including batteries, AC power sources, DC power sources, or solar power. Such systems may also comprise a bayonet-mounted cold pack and a disposable prong that prevents contamination by backflow. [0048] In operation, to provide a positive-air supply, the user squeezes a handle in the grip of the device prior to administering each dose to fill the air reservoir. On triggering of a dose, air is delivered along with the aerosolized agent via the prong, into the treated organism or patient. The air dose helps transport the agent into the respiratory tract of the treated organism or patient. It also enables sealing of the device at the base of the prong reducing the risk for unintended release of aerosol if the prong valve is closed, since openings for entrained air are not required. The air dose deliverable by this system preferably will be relatively small, from 50 to 200 cc, more preferably 100 cc, to make the grip-actuated charging pump feasible. If a larger air dose is required, a more substantial air supply can be used with the present system. [0049] FIGS. 3, 5A-5C and 6 illustrate the design of a hand-held aerosol delivery device comprising a pneumatic aerosol generator and components thereof. A plate drilled with many small orifices ejects the droplets on each stroke of a piston actuator. FIG. 6 shows a more detailed example of an operating portion of such a system. A compressed air source powers a pneumatic oscillator to drive the actuator. Exhaust air from the oscillator carries the aerosol away and provides a positive-pressure output stream. A bayonet-mounted cold pack contains the agent and helps to maintain it at a low temperature during administration of multiple doses. The device delivers a dose of agent upon each pull of a trigger. A disposable prong with an integral anti-backflow valve prevents contamination due to sneezes or other events by the treated organism. [0050] FIGS. 5A-5C show an embodiment of a pneumatic aerosol generator. The generator comprises a pneumatic oscillator, a microdrilled orifice plate for direct droplet generation and flow passages for the agent, air and output stream. Air from storage tanks or a compressor enters the oscillator. The area and spring rate of a poppet valve, or piston, in the system are balanced so that the valve behaves unstably, shuttling back and forth, or reciprocating, from a closed to an open position. The valve stem strikes a piston, or actuator, to provide the pressure pulse needed to eject droplets from the orifice plate. Exhaust air from the poppet valve is ducted to entrain the aerosol droplets and carry them out under positive pressure to the prong. [0051] The prong of the present device preferably is disposable and intended to fit easily into the orifices of the treated organism, such as the mouth or naris of the treated organism, to introduce the aerosol and to prevent contamination of the aerosol generator by sneezing or other forceful exhalation by the treated organism. [0052] FIGS. 4A-4D show a preferred embodiment of a prong incorporating an anti-backflow valve. An inverted cone provides the moving valve element. Flexible supports, or biasing members, shown here as leaf springs, suspend the element within the valve body, holding it in the open position during normal flow and allowing it to seat to halt backflow. Varying the width and thickness of the supports controls the sensitivity of the valve. The base line support design automatically returns the valve to the normally open position when backflow ceases, but the present system contemplates other design modifications so that the valve could remain in the closed position until reset. [0053] Multiple barriers to backflow contamination are provided by the present disclosure. One of these comprises the moving valve. Other barriers to contamination include the length of the forward portion of the prong, which provides a clean buffer of air against contaminants that could leak around the valve while it is closing. During normal flow, clean air and aerosol flow through the prong and fill it up until the start of backflow. It is the clean air and aerosol in a prong body that rush backward to close the valve as contaminated flow begins to enter at the exit of the prong, preventing contamination during valve closure. Additionally, the prong body and valve elements are shaped so that a straight path from the exit of the prong through the valve does not exist. This prevents contamination by a forceful ejection of a high-speed droplet from the treated organism into the prong. The angled tip of the prong provides one barrier and the design of the valve provides another. Fine aerosols that travel with the air stream can negotiate these paths, but larger high-speed ejection droplets will be captured by the walls and will not reach the aerosol generator. [0054] Such a pneumatic system has several advantages. No recycling of fluid occurs during aerosolization and eliminates the need for a large fluid inventory or multiple exposures of the agent to mechanical stress. The positive-pressure output stream provides forced flow of aerosol that minimizes the need for cooperation of the patient for controlled inhalation. In a preferred embodiment, the device is compact and does not need electricity for operation. Compressed air provides the power to operate the system. [0055] The compressed air can be provided in any means known to those skilled in the art. For example, a pneumatic system may use the modular air supply shown in FIG. 8C. For maximum mobility, compressed air can be stored in one or two backpack mounted tanks. The person providing treatment can then use the hand-held delivery system while on the move with only a single slim air hose connected to the backpack. In stationary use, the hand-held unit can be connected to a compressor or an air supply such as those delivered through wall units in hospital settings. [0056] FIGS. 8A-8C show an embodiment of a jet nebulizer comprising two main parts, a backpack mounting the air supply system comprising air tanks, regulator and other fittings, and a cold box containing the nebulizer, agent, and dose controls. A simple air hose connects the two pieces of the system. To administer a dose, the user presses a plunger on the top of the cold box. The nebulizer chamber is periodically refilled by pressing a second plunger. [0057] Refrigeration means are included in the present system, which extend the period of time between removal of agent vials from their cold storage container and loss of potency due to elevated temperature. Any means of providing refrigeration on coolant to the agent is contemplated by the present disclosure and cold packs are a preferred means. [0058] The present disclosure also comprises dosage control. Dosage control is provided preferably by a single-handed, single-stroke trigger that actuates a dosage delivery system that dispenses a timed dose of agent. Dosage control may be effected by means of an electronic timing circuit or a pneumatic timer and an adjustable needle valve. The pneumatic timer is activated with a spring-loaded plunger, which upon compression, expels the air in the plunger shaft through a check valve. The spring causes the plunger to retract slightly, forming a vacuum in the plunger shaft, which is connected to one side of a diaphragm of a vacuum-controlled pneumatic relay. The vacuum on one side of the pneumatic relay engages a valve that allows air to pass from the air supply to the nebulizer or aerosol generator. Attached to the plunger shaft is a needle valve that allows flow to bleed back into the shaft to gradually relieve the vacuum and close the air valve controlled by the pneumatic relay. The bleed rate and plunger spring constantly control the rate at which the vacuum is relieved, which in turn determines the dosage time. [0059]FIG. 7 depicts various combinations of the components of the present disclosure. Such embodiments and various other combinations are contemplated by the present disclosure. Such embodiments can be used as mobile aerosol vaccination systems or systems for delivery of agents. [0060] Preferred embodiments are further disclosed in the following descriptions. FIG. 1 depicts an embodiment of an aerosol delivery system 8. The aerosol delivery system 8 includes a body, or housing, 10 and an insulated cooling receptacle 12. The receptacle 12 is connected to the body 10, with contact by the exterior surface 14 of the body 10 to the receptacle 12. The insulated receptacle 12 may be connected to the body 10 with snap fittings, adhesives, or any other detachable connection that is known by one of ordinary skill in the art. The insulated receptacle 12 may consist of any lightweight, durable material including, but not limited to, plastic, metal, composite, or a wood product. [0061] The body 10 comprises a handle body 16 for a user to grip or to hold the aerosol delivery system 8 with one or two hands. A pump handle 18 connects to the body, and functions as a pump as one means for pressurizing the aerosol delivery system 8. The body 10 may be designed into other shapes for gripping or holding the aerosol delivery system 8 with one or two hands. The pump handle 18 also can be designed into other shapes for manually pressurizing the aerosol delivery system 8. [0062]FIG. 2 shows a cutaway interior view of the ultrasonic aerosol delivery system 8 shown in FIG. 1. The insulated receptacle 12 contains thermal packs, also referred to herein as coolant or ice packs, 20 that can connect to the interior walls of the receptacle 12. The ice packs 20 are replaceable in the receptacle and can be reusable or disposable. The design of the ice packs 20 may include various rigid or flexible exterior surfaces for molding the ice packs 20 into a conforming shape to provide an internal chamber for receiving and holding a vial. Further, the ice packs 20 may include an external or internal continuous member that is cylindrical in form or it may include numerous external or internal members oriented to provide a relatively high surface area for the ice pack 20. Located between the ice packs 20 is the vial chamber 22. The vial chamber 22 can be cylindrically-shaped, but may be formed in other shapes in order to fit closely with the shape of a vaccine or drug vial 24. [0063] A vial 24 is located in an inverted position within the receptacle 12, when the receptacle 12 is connected to the body 10. The vial can contain an agent or vaccine to be administered to a patient. The vial 24 is held in place by contact with the interior surface of the ice packs 20. Additionally, the vial 24 is held in place by a vent probe 26 and an agent probe 28. The agent probe 28 is a small cylindrical tube with a pointed end 30 that is used to puncture a rubber cap 32 incorporated or connected to the vial 24. Alternatively, the agent probe 28 can include other shaped tubes, including rectangular or square, that can puncture the rubber cap 32 of the vial 24. [0064] For example, the vial 24 can be used to store a reconstituted measles vaccine. The ice packs 20 can be used to maintain the reconstituted measles vaccine at a constant temperature so that the vaccine is not adversely affected by ambient or external temperature. [0065] The vent probe 26 can be connected to the agent probe 28 where the agent probe 28 enters the insulated receptacle 12. The vent probe 26 typically is longer, but of a similar shape as the agent probe 28. The vent probe 26 can be a hollow cylinder that connects with the hollow portion of the agent probe 28. The vent probe 26 is operable to allow air to be drawn from outside of the vial 24 to replace the volume of an agent or vaccine that is dispensed from the vial 24 via the vaccine probe 28. [0066] The aerosol delivery system 8 includes an ultrasonic nebulizer 36 that contains a plate member or screen with numerous small holes, or orifices, with an approximate opening size of 4 to 10 microns, and more preferably 6 to 8 microns. The nebulizer may comprise a piezoelectric actuator operatively coupled to a power source. The agent probe 28 can be connected to the ultrasonic nebulizer 36 via a section of flexible tubing 38 to carry a quantity of agent from vial 24 to nebulizer 36. In operation, a user depresses a trigger and timer switch 40 connected to the ultrasonic nebulizer 36. In doing so, a signal is sent from the switch 40 to nebulizer drive electronics, or circuit, 42 connected to the ultrasonic nebulizer 36, wherein the signal can be processed. In turn, the nebulizer drive electronics 42 relays a signal to the ultrasonic nebulizer 36 to begin operation. The ultrasonic nebulizer 36 converts an agent drawn from vial 24 via the agent probe 28 into droplets of a very small size (preferably in a range of from 5 to 10 microns). Other types of nebulizers or devices that disperse an agent into a droplets of a very small size also can be used. [0067] The aerosol delivery system 8 also includes an air control valve 44, an air reservoir 46, a mixing chamber 48, and an anti-backflow valve 50. Depression of the switch 40 opens the valve 44 which allows air stored within the air reservoir 46 to be released into the associated mixing chamber 48. The air that is expelled from the air reservoir 46 mixes with the nebulized agent in the mixing chamber 48, and opens the anti-backflow valve 50. The air and agent mixture then is free to flow past valve 50 and through a prong 54 into the naris of the patient. [0068] The prong 54 may be of a rigid or flexible design and constructed from plastic, rubber, or other suitable material. Additionally the prong may be made of paper, with or without coating for low cost, easy disposability (as by burning), and can absorb some nasal secretions to prevent contamination. A prong can be sized in various configurations to fit into a patient's naris or as an oral prong for the mouth. The prong 54 is typically located after the mixing chamber 48 and can be removed from the aerosol delivery system 8 for replacement or disposal. Note that other types of propellants can be used, and that air is an example of a compressed gas that can be used to mix with the nebulized agent for delivery to a patient. [0069] FIGS. 4A-4D depict various views of a prong 54 for use with an aerosol delivery system 8. The prong 54 includes an inlet channel 58, an anti-backflow valve 50, and a prong outlet 60. The anti-backflow valve 50 is located within the prong 54 and prohibits external or ambient air from flowing back into the system 8. Valve 50 includes a plurality of flexible supports, or leaf springs, 64, a valve seat, or body, 66, and conical moving valve member 68 mounted on one set of ends of supports 64. The leaf springs, or supports, 64 function to maintain the anti-backflow valve 68 in a normally open position, which allows an aerosol output stream to flow through the prong 54 and through the valve 50. After the aerosol output stream flow passes through the valve 50 and prong outlet 60, leaf springs 64 may compress and allow the moving valve 68 to seat securely against the valve body 66. The leaf springs 64 return to their starting position once air has ceased to travel into the prong exit 60. Further, the valve body 66 and the moving valve member 68 are sized so that the flow area through the major portion of the length of prong 54 remains larger than the flow area at the prong exit 60. This ensures that the anti-backflow valve 50 does not impede the flow and reduce output from the prong 54. Additionally, the prong 54 can be shaped so that a straight-line path from the prong outlet 60 through the valve 50 does not exist. The prong outlet 60 can be angled to provide a physical barrier to a straight-line flow path through the prong 54, and the design of the anti-backflow valve 50 can provide another such physical barrier. [0070] The pneumatic trigger and timer switch 40 can be equipped with an internal timer that determines the desired time of application. For example, this may be approximately 30 seconds from the start of administration of the agent. When approximately 30 seconds has elapsed, a signal is sent from the pneumatic trigger and timer switch 40 to the nebulizer drive electronics 42. The switch 40 then closes, preventing air from leaving the air reservoir 46. The anti-backflow valve 50 returns to the closed position upon a reverse flow of air into the mixing chamber 44. The dose timing provided by the trigger and timer switch and the drive electronics may provide for variable timing of dose, including separate periods of pre-dose air flow, dose nebulization, and post-dose flushing of the prong. [0071] Once a dose of the drug or vaccine has been administered, the air reservoir 46 is recharged using an air reservoir charging pump 72 operatively connected to pump handle 18. The air reservoir charging pump 72 is located within the housing 10 and connected to the air reservoir 46. Specifically, the air reservoir 46 is recharged by manually and repeatedly applying pressure to a charging pump handle 18 connected to the housing 10 via a pin 74. [0072] Power used to operate the nebulizer 36 can be supplied by a rechargeable battery pack 78. The battery pack is contained within the housing 10 and is electrically connected to the pneumatic trigger and timer switch 40 and an AC power converter 80. The battery pack 78 can be recharged in several ways. First, a hand-crank dynamo 84, located at the bottom portion of the body 10, can be used to recharge battery pack 78. Second, the battery pack 78 may be recharged through the use of an AC power jack 86 in cooperation with an external power supply (not shown) and the AC power converter 80. [0073]FIG. 3 depicts an alternate embodiment, which includes a pneumatic aerosol generator delivery system or device. The embodiment shown in FIG. 3 somewhat resembles the embodiment detailed previously and shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, however, there are some differences. Here the agent contained within the vial 24 can be delivered to and nebulized with a pneumatic nebulizer 90. The pneumatic nebulizer 90 provides functions similar to and substitutes for the ultrasonic nebulizer 36 as described in FIGS. 1 and 2. An external air supply 92 connects to the pneumatic nebulizer 90 to provide an air source. The pneumatic nebulizer 90 is powered by air from the external air supply 92. The nebulized agent can be delivered to a patient after the agent has been mixed with the air from the external air source 92. [0074] Generally, the external air source 92 can be any source of pressurized air that is external to the body 10 of the aerosol delivery system 8 and is further operable to connect to the pneumatic nebulizer 90 or other type of nebulizer. For example, the air source 92, as further described and depicted in FIG. 7, may include a hand or foot pump 96, a portable compressor 98, a stationary compressor 100, or a low pressure air tank 102 that can be recharged using either a hand or foot pump 96, a portable compressor 98, or a stationary compressor 100. [0075]FIG. 6 depicts an orifice plate 106 of a nebulizer (for example, shown and described in FIG. 3 as 90) for an aerosol delivery system. The orifice plate 106 typically has numerous openings, or orifices, 108 of approximately 6 to 8 microns in diameter. Disposed substantially parallel to and spaced a short distance from orifice plate 108 is an actuator plate 110 with a liquid receiving chamber 112 therebetween. Aerosol droplets of the vaccine liquid are formed by a pressure pulse created by the rapid vertical reciprocation motion of an actuator 110 that forces the liquid through a multitude of small openings 108 in a microdrilled orifice plate 106. On each cycle of the actuator 110, during upward movement a series of droplets 116 are ejected from all of the openings simultaneously, then the actuator retracts (pulling in fresh fluid from a supply reservoir, or vial, through tube 38) for the next cycle. When a dose of agent is provided to the nebulizer 90, the nebulizer 90 can form voluminous amounts of small drops 116 of the agent. [0076] FIGS. 5A-5C illustrate a pneumatic nebulizer 90 for use with an embodiment of an aerosol delivery system such as described generally with regard to FIG. 3. FIG. 5A illustrates an end, or top, view of the nebulizer, and FIG. 5B shows a side view of the nebulizer. FIG. 5C shows a cross-sectional view of the nebulizer taken generally along the line 5C-5C in FIG. 5A. The pneumatic nebulizer 90 includes a housing 120 that can be connected to a compressed air supply (shown in FIGS. 3 and 7 as 92). The pneumatic nebulizer 90 can include an inlet orifice 122, an actuator, or accumulator, chamber 124, a valve plate 126, an orifice plate 106, an impact pin 128, a spring 132, a valve plate seating surface 134, a mixture chamber 136, a diaphragm 110, and an aerosol outlet 138. The diaphragm 110 is similar to actuator 110 in FIG. 6 and in cooperation with orifice plate 106 provides a vaccine chamber 112. Air from the compressed air supply 92 is typically introduced to the nebulizer 90 through inlet orifice 122. The inlet orifice 122 leads to an actuator chamber 124 (also referred to as an accumulator volume) where the compressed air can collect within the housing 120. The valve plate 126 is seated upon seating surface 134 above the actuator chamber 124. The impact pin 128 and spring 132 are operatively interposed between the valve plate 126 and the diaphragm 110. The orifice plate 106 is located above the diaphragm 110. The spring 132 is positioned around the impact pin 128 and between the diaphragm 110 and the valve plate 126 so that a force against the valve plate 126 can compress spring 132 and push the diaphragm 110 toward orifice plate 106. An agent can be introduced into chamber 112 between the diaphragm 110 and the orifice plate 106. The mixture chamber 136 is located above the orifice plate 106 and concentrically positioned around the plates 126, 106, pin 128, and spring 132 elements. The mixture chamber 136 leads to the orifice outlet 138 which interfaces with the ambient or external air. [0077] A support sleeve 144 having holes 146 formed therein supports orifice plate 106 and diaphragm 110 at its upper end. A guide plate 150 secured in sleeve 144 and having a central bore guides pin 128 in its vertically reciprocating motion and provides an upper support for the top end of spring 132. [0078] When the compressed air supply 92 supplies air through the inlet orifice 122 to the actuator chamber 124, the compressed air places pressure upon valve plate 126. As the air pressure builds against the valve plate 126, eventually the pressure overcomes the force of the spring 132. At this pressure, the compressed air moves the valve plate 126 away from valve plate seating surface 134 and air passes through holes 146 and enters the mixture chamber 136. Movement of the impact pin 128 with valve plate 126 causes the diaphragm 110 to move in direct relation to the valve plate 126 and the impact pin 128. This movement forces diaphragm 110 toward orifice plate 106 to cause a portion of the agent in chamber 112 to move through the small openings (shown as 108 in FIGS. 5A and 6) within the orifice plate 106 and produces fine droplets 116 of the agent. The droplets of the agent then enter the mixing chamber 136 where the pressurized air carries the droplets toward the aerosol outlet 138. The impact pin 128 travels only a short distance before the air pressure bearing against the valve plate 126 is less than the force generated by the spring 132. As a result, the spring 132 returns the valve plate 126, the impact pin 128 and the diaphragm 110 to their respective original positions. This reciprocation cycle is repeated rapidly to produce numerous droplets of agent for administration to a patient and continues until the compressed air supply 92 is shut off. [0079] FIGS. 8A-8C show an embodiment of a jet nebulizer aerosol delivery system with other portable accessories. Rather than mounting an insulated receptacle 12 on the exterior surface 14 of the system 8 as shown in FIGS. 1-3, a cold box 156 as shown in FIG. 8A can be used to contain a stored amount of the agent to be delivered to patients. The box further contains the nebulizer, agent and dose controls. The cold box 156 is operative to maintain the agent at a constant temperature. The box and the air supply are connected by the use of conventional flexible tubing (not shown). Additionally, the cold box 156 is designed so that it can be attached to a backpack frame 158 as shown in FIG. 8B. To administer a dose, the user presses one of plungers 162, 164 on the top of the cold box 156. The nebulizer chamber is periodically refilled by pressing the other of plungers 162, 164. The jet nebulization system may recycle a large fraction of the fluid during operation. The behavior necessitates a relatively large reservoir of fluid within the nebulizer chamber, with a minimum liquid level for effective operation. [0080]FIG. 8C illustrates a portable air supply 168 for an aerosol delivery system. The air supply 168 includes a pressure gauge 170, one or more air tanks 172, a pressure regulator 174, a fill valve 176, and a carbon filter 178. The pressure gauge 170 connects to the air tanks 172, and displays the air pressure in the tanks 172. Further, the pressure regulator 174 connects to the air tanks 172, and limits the amount of pressure that is to be supplied to a nebulizer. The air tanks 172 can be filled with pressurized air via an associated fill valve 176. As air from the air tanks 172 is dispensed to the nebulizer, air travels from the air tanks 172 through the pressure regulator 174 and an associated carbon filter 178 to the nebulizer. [0081]FIG. 7 shows a schematic diagram of embodiments of an aerosol delivery system including several alternative components for use in the system. An air supply 92 may include a direct, manually-operated, hand or foot pump 96, a direct, powered air source supplied by a portable compressor 98, a stationary compressor 100, or a rechargeable low-pressure air tank 102. As shown the low pressure air tank may be supplied with pressurized air by either a hand or foot pump 96, portable compressor 98, or stationary compressor 100. Additionally, cold (or thermal) packs 20 may either be reusable or disposable. Furthermore, delivery of the nebulized agent from the nebulizer 32 to a patient can be through a nasal prong 54 or an oral prong 56. Note that a variety of alternative components can comprise the present system. The components shown in FIG. 7 are by way of example, and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention. [0082]FIGS. 9A and 9B illustrate another embodiment of an aerosol delivery system 180. It is somewhat similar to that illustrated and described in relation to FIGS. 1 and 2. It includes a body, or housing, 182 and an insulated cooling receptacle 184. The insulated receptacle 184 may be constructed as previously described in regard to the embodiment illustrated in FIGS. 1 and 2 and is capable of enclosing a vial 186 into which a vent probe 188 and agent probe 190 extend. [0083] The aerosol delivery system 180 includes an ultrasonic nebulizer 192 that contains a plate member or screen 194 with numerous small holes, or orifices, with appropriate size openings to deliver agent as described. The agent probe 190 is connected to the ultrasonic nebulizer 192 through a tube 196 to carry a quantity of agent from vial 186 to nebulizer 192. [0084] Referring to FIG. 10, the nebulizer 192 includes an orifice plate 194 and an underlying actuator plate. The orifice plate and actuator plate may be similar to those shown and described at 106, 110 in FIG. 6 with a chamber 112 therebetween into which fluid, or agent, may be drawn from vial 186. An ultrasonic element 200 is operable to vibrate the actuator plate to drive droplets of fluid, or agent, from the orifice plate as previously described. [0085] Referring again to FIG. 9A, a battery pack 202, nebulizer electronics 204, and trigger switch 198 are operatively interconnected to each other such that pressing of trigger switch 198 actuates the nebulizer electronics to provide electrical power from the battery pack to drive the ultrasonic drive element 200. [0086] Mounted within body 182 is an electrically operated air pump 206. An air inlet side of pump 206 is connected through a tube 208 to one side of an air filter 210. The opposite side of the filter 212 is open to atmosphere, such that air for supplying the device is drawn through filter 210 to pump 206. Another tube 214 connects the outlet side of air pump 206 to a region adjacent nebulizer 192. Referring to FIG. 10, air from the pump and tube 214 may enter an air plenum 218 surrounding the base end of nebulizer 192. Air under pressure may escape from plenum 218 through a plurality of orifices, or bores, indicated generally at 220. [0087] The air pump also is operatively connected to the trigger switch and battery pack, such that depressing the trigger switch causes the air pump to draw air through filter 210 and discharge it through tube 214 into plenum 218. The pressurized air then escapes through orifices 220. [0088] A nasal prong 224 is removably coupled to body 182 adjacent nebulizer 192. In the illustrated embodiment (best shown in FIG. 10) the nasal prong is formed in two pieces; a curved prong body 226 and a base, or cowl, portion 228. The body and base portions 226, 228 can be manufactured as two molded pieces that snap-fit together, with the base portion having an end that is removably received on a part of body 182. The body portion 226 is upwardly curved to produce a path which inhibits contamination of the nebulizer elements and other reusable portions of the system. [0089] The base portion 228 includes a centrally located converging nozzle section 230, the lower end of which surrounds the orifice plate of the nebulizer. An air passage 232 is provided between nozzle section 230 and the nebulizer. Pressurized air from plenum 218 exiting through bores 220 may travel through air passage 232 and out through nozzle section 230 into prong body portion 226 to be delivered to a patient. [0090] The base portion is designed to direct an air and aerosol stream away from the orifice plate outwardly into the prong body to be delivered to a patient. It also provides what may be termed a gutter 234 around the inner periphery of the base to collect any nasal drippings, condensation, vaccine, or other fluid for disposal with the prong. [0091] Operation of the device illustrated in FIGS. 9A, 9B, and 10 is somewhat similar to that previously described for other embodiments. Explaining briefly, prong 224 is inserted into a patient's orifice and trigger switch 198 is depressed. This starts air pump 206 to provide air through tube 214 to plenum 218 and into the interior of nozzle section 230. Actuation of the trigger switch also initiates operation of ultrasonic nebulizer 192 which draws agent from vial 186, and ejects it in small droplets into the air stream flowing through nozzle section 230. This is carried in an air/aerosol stream outwardly into the prong to be delivered to a patient. [0092] While various embodiments have been described above, these descriptions are given for purposes of illustration and explanation. Variations, changes, modifications and departures from the systems and methods disclosed above may be adopted without departure from the spirit and scope of this disclosure. Referenced byCiting PatentFiling datePublication dateApplicantTitleUS7360536 *Jan 7, 2003Apr 22, 2008Aerogen, Inc.Devices and methods for nebulizing fluids for inhalationUS7461655Aug 23, 2005Dec 9, 2008Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P.Portable inhaler with temperature controlUS8105291Jun 5, 2008Jan 31, 2012Ivonne SilvesterDevice for storing and administering active substancesUS8603025 *Mar 24, 2011Dec 10, 2013Nordson CorporationGas-assisted fluid-dispensing deviceUS8950394 *Jan 11, 2011Feb 10, 2015Dance Biopharm Inc.Preservative-free single dose inhaler systemsUS20080000470 *Feb 9, 2007Jan 3, 2008Pari Gmbh Spezialisten Fur Effektive InhalationInhalation therapy device for use in premature babies and infantsUS20100010321 *Jul 9, 2009Jan 14, 2010Ethicon Endo-Surgery, Inc.Medical system which includes a backpack pouchUS20100043792 *Jul 24, 2009Feb 25, 2010Canon Kabushiki KaishaInhaler and method of controlling the sameUS20100282246 *Apr 7, 2008Nov 11, 2010Optinose AsNasal deliveryUS20110146671 *Nov 24, 2007Jun 23, 2011James Zhou LiuPharmaceutical compositions and methods of delivering the sameUS20110168172 *Jan 11, 2011Jul 14, 2011Dance Pharmaceuticals, Inc.Preservative-free single dose inhaler systemsUS20110311418 *Jun 1, 2011Dec 22, 2011Geneasys Pty LtdMicrovial with digital memory for storage of reagent specification dataUS20130006170 *Mar 24, 2011Jan 3, 2013Nordson CorporationGas-assisted fluid-dispensing deviceDE102007026752A1 *Jun 9, 2007Dec 11, 2008Ivonne SilvesterVorrichtung zur Aufbewahrung und Applikation von WirkstoffenEP1977778A1Apr 6, 2007Oct 8, 2008Markos Mefar S.P.A.Electronic nebulizer for washing the nasal cavities of a userEP2258428A1Apr 1, 2005Dec 8, 2010The Government of the United States of America as represented by the Secretary of the Department of Health and Human ServicesAerosol delivery systemsWO2008097645A1 *Feb 8, 2008Aug 14, 2008Aerovectrx CorpAerosol delivery systems and methodsWO2011119811A1 *Mar 24, 2011Sep 29, 2011Nordson CorporationGas-assited fluid dispensing device* Cited by examinerClassifications U.S. Classification128/203.12, 128/204.12International ClassificationA61M15/08, A61M11/06, A61M11/00, A61M15/00, A61M16/00, A61M16/06, A61M16/14Cooperative ClassificationA61M11/06, A61M2205/8225, A61M16/14, A61M15/0033, A61M2205/3606, A61M11/005, A61M16/0666, A61M2205/8206, A61M15/0085, A61M2205/07, A61M15/0065, A61M15/08, A61M2205/825, A61M2205/071, A61M16/0057European ClassificationA61M16/06L, A61M16/00M, A61M15/00D, A61M16/14, A61M15/08, A61M11/00F, A61M15/00FLegal EventsDateCodeEventDescriptionDec 5, 2014FPAYFee paymentYear of fee payment: 8Dec 3, 2010FPAYFee paymentYear of fee payment: 4Feb 23, 2004ASAssignmentOwner name: CREARE INCORPORATED, NEW HAMPSHIREFree format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:BARRY, JAMES J.;ELKOUH, NABIL A.;BAGLEY, MARK C.;REEL/FRAME:014992/0970Effective date: 20030904Owner name: GOVERNMENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AS REPRFree format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:PAPANIA, MARK JAMES;REEL/FRAME:014995/0244Effective date: 20030918RotateOriginal ImageGoogle Home - Sitemap - USPTO Bulk Downloads - Privacy Policy - Terms of Service - About Google Patents - Send FeedbackData provided by IFI CLAIMS Patent Services


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SÃO PAULO, BrazilHISTORY will affirm, justifiably, the role Hugo Chávez played in the integration of Latin America, and the significance of his 14-year presidency to the poor people of Venezuela, where he died on Tuesday after a long struggle with cancer.However, before history is allowed to dictate our interpretation of the past, we must first have a clear understanding of Mr. Chávez’s significance, in both the domestic and international political contexts. Only then can the leaders and peoples of South America, arguably the world’s most dynamic continent today, clearly define the tasks ahead of us so that we might consolidate the advances toward international unity achieved in the past decade. Those tasks have gained new importance now that we are without the help of Mr. Chávez’s boundless energy; his deep belief in the potential for the integration of the nations of Latin America; and his commitment to the social transformations needed to ameliorate the misery of his people.Mr. Chávez’s social campaigns, especially in the areas of public health, housing and education, succeeded in improving the standard of living of tens of millions of Venezuelans.One need not agree with everything Mr. Chávez said or did. There is no denying that he was a controversial, often polarizing, figure, one who never fled from debate and for whom no topic was taboo. I must admit I often felt that it would have been more prudent for Mr. Chávez not to have said all that he did. But this was a personal characteristic of his that should not, even from afar, discredit his qualities.
One might also disagree with Mr. Chávez’s ideology, and a political style that his critics viewed as autocratic. He did not make easy political choices and he never wavered in his decisions. Continue reading the main story

value: This website is an American daily newspaper based in New York City with a worldwide readership. Founded in 1851, the Times has since won 132 Pulitzer Prizes, the most of any newspaper, and has long been regarded within the industry as a national "newspaper of record".


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Bonus From Blue Cross - The Washington Post
Bonus From Blue Cross
BLUE CROSS-Blue Shield has been singing the blues. In recent years the largest health insurer of federal workers has been plagued by sharply rising costs and declining enrollments. It even worried that it would have to drop out of the federal program entirely. Now, thanks both to larger trends in medical care and to corrective factors within its own system, Blue Cross-Blue Shield is offering -- it isn't final yet -- to return more than $750 million in excess reserves to the federal Treasury and to subscribers within the civil service.
Because of its large size, the federal government has always been able to offer its workers a broad range of health plans. But until recently most government workers and, especially, retirees opted for the broad coverage provded by Blue Cross-Blue Shield's high-option plan despite its somewhat higher cost. All that changed a few years ago when soaring medical prices drove premiums sky-high, and the Reagan administration, in a budget-cutting move, ordered its health insurers to cut benefits.
Federal workers pay a much higher share of the cost of their medical insurance than most private workers. As premiums in the more generous plans -- notably the Blue Cross-Blue Shield's high option -- shot upward, hundreds of thousands of workers shifted into lower-cost plans. These cheaper plans require workers to bear a larger share of medical expenses themselves so that patients have a greater incentive to economize on medical care. Other cuts in federal compensation, as well as continuing threats of layoffs and demotions, also prompted many workers to economize on health- care expenses.
For a time the flight out of high-cost plans only aggravated the insurer's troubles. People who stayed in the comprehensive high-option plan tended to be those, such as retirees and large families, with big expected medical expenses, so average costs in that plan rose. Moreover, since people moving from high-to lower-coverage plans tended to be bigger users of medical services than those already choosing low coverage, average costs rose in the lower-cost plans as well. In the last year, however, high-and low-option Blue Cross plans have experienced substantial savings, especially from fewer and shorter hospital stays.
The general slowing of medical price increases has been a major factor in these savings. But the fact that both Blue Cross plans now require patients to pay a larger share of hospital and other costs has certainly helped. Company officials also credit the general trend away from in-hospital surgery and treatment and greater public awareness of health-care costs and options. Government policies setting fixed limits on hospital costs for Medicare patients may also have helped make hospitals and doctors more cost-conscious with respect to all patients.
It's dangerous to read a trend from one year's data, but the savings will certainly be welcome to the administration, which can rightly feel that its drive for medical economy is paying off.

value: This website is an American daily newspaper published in Washington, D.C. It is the most-widely circulated newspaper within the Washington metropolitan area, and has a large national audience. Daily broadsheet editions are printed for D.C., Maryland, and Virginia.


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Younger U Medical Spa - Oak Ridge, TN | Groupon
+18652580376
Younger U Medical Spa is an intimate and relaxing medical spa located in the heart of Oak Ridge, TN. Enhance and maintain the health and beauty of your skin with a professional and safe injection.
Located in Oak Ridge, Younger U Medical Spa's expert staff is ready to assist you with your medical spa needs. At this spa, you can find skin care treatments to meet your skin's specific needs. Enhance and maintain the health and beauty of your skin with a professional and safe injection. At Younger U Medical Spa, you can discover the best way to professionally remove unwanted facial or body hair. When you're ready to switch up your normal spa treatments, head on over to Younger U Medical Spa.
Groupon has verified that the customer actually visited Younger U Medical Spa.

value: This website is an American global e-commerce marketplace connecting subscribers with local merchants by offering activities, travel, goods and services in 15 countries. Based in Chicago, Groupon was launched there in November 2008, launching soon after in Boston, New York City and Toronto.


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Best Price on Einfach Gut Schlafen in Cologne + Reviews!
Groppersgasse 42, Kalk, Cologne, Germany, 51107
Based on 126 reviews "clean ..comfortable ..very nice helpful people..easy transpo..."
About Einfach Gut Schlafen
The accommodation includes a terrace with outdoor seating, as well as access to a washing machine. Each room has a seating area with a TV, as well as a stovetop and microwave.
Free parking is available at Einfach Gut Schlafen. It is 5 km from Cologne city centre and 45 km from Düsseldorf International Airport.
A very special mum/grandmum who's welcoming guests as memebers of her family ... It looks like you stay there and you this special person for a long time ... What a lovely ...
Capitalkris from Macedonia
Decent stay outside of Koln
The hospitality of the house owner. Cleanliness and capacity of the bathroom. Shared kitchen that can be used. Comfy room.
The heating was not working during the night (even though I put it on max) and it was too cold in the morning, so I had to woke up at 5am to put on another blanket.
More of a B&B setup. Owner very nice and helpful. Works for a low cost overnight stay. Short walk to tram, convenient access into town.
A little hard to find amid a residential area. Assigned end unit of what appears to be a converted garage. Must walk thru bathroom to enter room. Towels too small. Asked not to put paper in the toilet...
Great hospitality, great bed, very very clean.
There is a trolly station 200m from the hotel taking to the center of Koln.
Staff, Facilities, Room, Everything! The Owner of the Apartments was the nicest woman we've met, she welcomed us in like we'd been there before. Wonderful experience.
We weren't there for long enough.
nice quick place to slip
Location and hostes
I felt I had been welcomed by the owner - and was given every assistance to make the most of my stay.
Oli from Netherlands
Good night of sleep, a...
Easy to reach with the metro. Nice property. Homey feeling.
No kitchen/coffee machine as advertised, wi-fi is not available in the room (which is maybe a good thing), the neighbour was shouting in the night
Breakfast very good , bed fine :) we were recommended a very good restaurant nearby ...R H.. Really very nice and friendly ambiance
clean ..comfortable ..very nice helpful people..easy transport into city centre..supermarket cafes and other shops nearby..restaurants also close by...excellent value for money..would certainly stay ...
no saucepan or microwave otherwise everything else A1...

value: This website is a Singaporean online travel agency and metasearch engine for hotels, vacation rentals, flights, and airport transfer. It is owned by Agoda Company Pte.


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Jon Shain, FJ Ventre and Craicdown concert-TIX AVAILABLE AT THE DOOR Tickets, Sat, Jun 15, 2019 at 7:00 PM | Eventbrite
Jon Shain, FJ Ventre and Craicdown concert-TIX AVAILABLE AT THE DOOR
Sat, June 15, 2019, 7:00 PM – 10:00 PM EDT
Thank you for your donation. See you soon for some great music~!
632 Vickers Rd
632 Vickers Road
The music of Jon Shain and FJ Ventre along with a Chapel Hill favorite Craicdown!
Jon Shain is the 2019 International Blues Challenge winner in the solo duo category. Shain had the good fortune to learn directly from a number of NC's older blues players, and became a member of Big Boy Henry's backing band. He got his start playing his own music with old area favorite roots rockers Flyin' Mice. Jon was a finalist (along with FJ) in the 2009 International Blues Challenge in Memphis and the 2008 and 2018 winner of the Triangle Blues Society’s Blues Challenge and 2006 winner of NC’s Indy award for Best Folk Act. He has shared stages with the likes of Keb' Mo', John Hiatt, and Jackson Browne.
The Chapel Hill, NC based trio Craicdown describes its music as WORLD ACOUSTICANA—acoustic roots music with a high-energy, rock inspired flair. Integrating influences from many parts of the world and various genres with uncommon instrumentation, Craicdown's music creates a distinctive and unique sound but yet is
both familiar and appealing.The Chapel Hill, NC based trio Craicdown describes its music as WORLD ACOUSTICANA—acoustic roots music with a high-energy, rock inspired flair. Integrating influences from many parts of the world and various
genres with uncommon instrumentation, Craicdown's music creates a distinctive and unique sound but yet is both familiar and appealing.
Drawing from both traditional and contemporary sources as well as penning much of their own material, Craicdown's repertoire includes both songs and instrumental pieces ranging in style from Americana to reggae-sounding vocals, from Celtic influenced jigs and reels to the music of Brazil and Argentina. The ensemble’s instrumentation set it apart from other acoustic acts. The band features Rob Sharer on guitar, flute, fiddle and vocals; David DiGiuseppe on accordion and Irish cittern; and Jim Roberts on drums, electronic
and hand percussion. Drawing from both traditional and contemporary sources as well as penning much of their own material, Craicdown's repertoire includes both songs and instrumental pieces ranging in style from Americana to
reggae-sounding vocals, from Celtic influenced jigs and reels to the music of Brazil and Argentina. The ensemble’s instrumentation set it apart from other acoustic acts. The band features Rob Sharer on guitar,flute, fiddle and vocals; David DiGiuseppe on accordion and Irish cittern; and Jim Roberts on drums, electronic and hand percussion.
Jon Shain, FJ Ventre and Craicdown concert-TIX AVAILABLE AT THE DOOR at 632 Vickers Rd
632 Vickers Road, Chapel Hill, NC 27517
Fruit Bats at Motorco Music Hall, Durham, NC
Motorco Music Hall Showroom, Durham
$18.10 - $36.20
NC State LIVE Presents: Amythyst Kiah
Eno River Farmers Market Pavilion, Hillsborough
Carolina Waves Chapel Hill Showcase & Open Mic Hosted by Mir.I.am
Cat’s Cradle Backroom, Carrboro
Thu, Jul 18 10:00 PM
JULIA., Megachrome
Lake Chamberlain w/ Mediocre at Best

value: This website is an American event management and ticketing website. The service allows users to browse, create, and promote local events.


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Patent US5704995 - Method for forming a black, adherent coating on a metal substrate - Google PatentsSearch Images Maps Play YouTube News Gmail Drive More »Sign inAdvanced Patent SearchPatentsA black uniform coating with excellent adhesion, bend flexibility, and cosion resistant characteristics can be formed on metals such as aluminum and its alloys, zinc and its alloys, and copper and its alloys such as brass, with the deposition of zinc and antimony compounds through a base solution and...http://www.google.com/patents/US5704995?utm_source=gb-gplus-sharePatent US5704995 - Method for forming a black, adherent coating on a metal substrateAdvanced Patent SearchPublication numberUS5704995 APublication typeGrantApplication numberUS 08/682,928Publication dateJan 6, 1998Filing dateJul 16, 1996Priority dateJul 16, 1996Fee statusLapsedAlso published asUS5931993Publication number08682928, 682928, US 5704995 A, US 5704995A, US-A-5704995, US5704995 A, US5704995AInventorsJohnny LaDell BradleyOriginal AssigneeGlobe Motors, A Division Of Labinal Components And Systems, Inc.Export CitationBiBTeX, EndNote, RefManPatent Citations (22), Referenced by (12), Classifications (21), Legal Events (7) External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, EspacenetMethod for forming a black, adherent coating on a metal substrateUS 5704995 AAbstract A black uniform coating with excellent adhesion, bend flexibility, and cosion resistant characteristics can be formed on metals such as aluminum and its alloys, zinc and its alloys, and copper and its alloys such as brass, with the deposition of zinc and antimony compounds through a base solution and sealed with a water base sealer. The water based sealer comprises an organic film forming resin, an organic solvent, and emulsifying agents and an alkyd resin.
What is claimed is: 1. A method for forming a black coating on a metallic substrate comprising the steps of:a) contacting said substrate with a blackening treatment comprising zinc and antimony; b) drying said substrate c) contacting said substrate with a sealing treatment comprising an organic film forming resin component, an organic solvent, and lacquer; and d) drying said substrate to thereby provide a dry, black coating on said substrate. 2. Method as recited in claim 1 further comprising after said step b), contacting said substrate with a corrosion treatment comprising a solution or dispersion including hexavalent chromium.
3. Method as recited in claim 1 wherein said organic film forming resin component comprises an acrylic polymer.
4. Method as recited in claim 3 wherein said acrylic polymer comprises a styrene/acrylic copolymer.
5. Method as recited in claim 1 wherein said organic solvent comprises a member selected from the group consisting of mono and dialkyl ethers of ethylene glycol and mixtures thereof.
6. Method as recited in claim 5 wherein said sealing treatment further comprises an alkyd resin.
7. Method as recited in claim 5 wherein said sealing treatment further comprises N-methylpyrrolidone.
8. Method as recited in claim 5 wherein said sealing treatment further comprises a compound containing hexavalent chromium.
9. Method as recited in claim 1 wherein said metallic substrate comprises aluminum or aluminum alloy.
10. Method as recited in claim 1 wherein said metallic substrate comprises copper or copper alloy.
11. Method as recited in claim 10 wherein said copper alloy is brass.
12. Method of forming a black coating on a metallic substrate, said method comprising the steps of:a) contacting said metallic substrate with a basic blackening treatment solution or dispersion comprising zinc and antimony; b) forming a sealing treatment by the steps of:i) providing an emulsion including an organic film forming resin component; ii) providing a lacquer; iii) mixing said emulsion i) and lacquer ii) and adding water to said mixture of i) and ii) to form said sealing treatment, c) drying said metallic substrate after said step a); and then d) contacting said metallic substrate with said sealing treatment; and drying said metallic substrate. 13. Method as recited in claim 12 wherein said lacquer further comprises a hexavalent chromium compound.
14. Method as recited in claim 12 wherein said method is devoid of a heating step.
15. Method as recited in claim 14 wherein said organic film forming resin component comprises an acrylic polymer.
16. Method as recited in claim 15 wherein said acrylic polymer comprises a styrene/acrylic copolymer.
17. Method as recited in claim 12 further comprising, prior to said step (a), cleaning said metallic substrate.
18. Method as recited in claim 12 further comprising subsequent to said step (a) and prior to said step (d), an additional step of contacting said metallic substrate with a corrosion inhibiting treatment comprising hexavalent chromium.
19. Method as recited in claim 12 wherein said zinc and antimony are present in said blackening treatment solution or dispersion in elemental, particle form, said zinc being present relative to said antimony in an amount of 2:1.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to a method and composition for the formation of a black uniform coating on the surface of various metals, and particularly of various metals such as aluminum and its alloys, zinc and its alloys, and copper and its alloys, such as brass, including materials with surfaces of these alloys produced by plating or other methods. The process has been found to be particularly effective at forming a room temperature two step flexible, uniformly black corrosion resistant coating on the surfaces of the previously mentioned metals.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Methods for the formation of black coatings or films on the surface of various metals are currently available. The methods vary with the particular type of metal, e.g., ferrous metals, stainless steels, copper and its alloys, zinc and its alloys, and aluminum and its alloys. The composition of the treatment solution and the treatment conditions vary from case to case. As reported in the background of U.S. Pat. No. 4,931,317, it has been previously known to provide a method of forming a black coating with an aqueous resin containing solution followed by baking to produce a coating of the desired weight. The aqueous solution contains a hexavalent chromium compound, a reducing agent and a water soluble resin.
In the treating of many aluminum or aluminum alloy articles the more common procedure is to first apply a conversion coating such as a chromium based coating and thereafter apply a black paint. The first step creates a corrosion resistant conversion coating. The second step of applying paint is virtually nothing more than a decorative and aesthetic step. Such two step processes require extra equipment and waste disposal procedures. Coatings such as those described in the background of U.S. Pat. No. 4,931,317 also require ovens to bake the coated metal to form the coating thereon.
The '317 disclosure itself teaches a method and composition for the formation of a black coating on the surface of various metals by coating and subsequent baking of a treatment solution containing ferrous metal ions, hexavalent chromium, trivalent chromium and a film forming polymer dissolved or dispersed in water. The black nature of the coating is due to the concentration of hexavalent chromium and metal salts (Co, Fe and Ni) in the solution. This disclosure requires that an air knife be used in the process to remove excess coating material from the surface of the substrate as well as the need for ovens in order to cure the coating after it has been applied to the substrate.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,470,613 discloses the composition and method of forming a single step no rinse black conversion coating. It has been found that this process can not be applied to surfaces of various substrates other than aluminum and its alloys. Also, it has been found that the so-called process solution is not stable and, in the long run, this solution breaks down and/or separates into a polymer and hexavalent chromium paste.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION Throughout this description, except in the operating examples or where otherwise explicitly indicated, all numbers specifying quantities of materials or conditions of reaction or use are understood as modified by the word "about".
It has been found that a black surface coating can be formed not only on aluminum materials, but also on a variety of other materials by coating the surface with a dry loose powdery layer of zinc and antimony from a blackening treatment (i.e. solution or dispersion) and sealing the coating with a sealing treatment containing water, styrene acrylate copolymer, ethylene glycol monobutyl ether, and an alkyd resin. More specifically, the preferred sealing treatment comprises the following ingredient percentages (percentages are given on a weight basis):
______________________________________INGREDIENT          PERCENTAGE______________________________________Water               79Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether(2-butoxyethanol)   5.7N-methylpyrrolidone 0.5Styrene acrylate copolymer               8Alkyd resin         6Polyethylene glycol based surfactantCarboxylic acid     <1Polyethylene wax    <1Zinc chromate (Cr+6)               <0.5______________________________________
The black coating is formed by using a sodium hydroxide base solution containing zinc and antimony compounds. More specifically, the blackening solution preferably consists of Hubbard-Hall's BLACK MAGIC RT-A3 antimony-zinc dispersion. The ingredients of this product purportedly include:
______________________________________INGREDIENT      PERCENTAGE______________________________________Sodium hydroxide           30-40Zinc compounds  10Antimony compounds            5Liquid Carrier  Remainder______________________________________
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION In accordance with the invention, a dry, black, adherent protective coating is formed on the desired metallic substrate. The coating may advantageously be applied to a variety of metals including iron, copper, aluminum, tin, zinc and alloys thereof. The coating has proven especially effective on aluminum, copper and brass substrates.
After the requested metal substrate has been precleaned, it is contacted with a blackening solution or dispersion (i.e. treatment) comprising a combination of zinc and antimony particles in a suitable carrier liquid, such as water. Preferably, the zinc and antimony components are present in this elemental powdered form although they could also be present in salt form such as in nitrate form or as carbonates. Additionally, they could be present as oxides. Immersion of the substrate in this blackening treatment is normally conducted under basic conditions. The amount of zinc present relative to antimony may be on the order of about 4-1:1 with zinc preferably present in an amount by weight, relative to antimony of about 2:1.
After application of the blackening treatment, the substrate is rinsed and, preferably, subjected to a acid based chromate solution or dispersion to provide enhanced corrosion protection. Any source of hexavalent chromium may be mentioned as exemplary for such treatment. Included are such compounds as chromic acid, potassium dichromate, magnesium dichromate, potassium chromate, sodium chromate, zinc chromate, and aluminum chromate, sodium chromate dihydrate, sodium chromate anhydrous, sodium chromate tetrahydrate, sodium chromate hexahydrate, sodium chromate decahydrate, and ammonium dichromate.
Solutions which contain trivalent chromium in addition to hexavalent chromium may also be mentioned. These may be prepared by partially reducing solutions containing hexavalent chromium with suitable reducing agents. For example, the addition of formaldehyde to a chromic acid solution will reduce a portion of the hexavalent chromium present to its trivalent form.
After application of the chromate treatment to the metal part, the part may be subjected to cold water and hot water rinses followed by ambient or forced air drying. The thus treated, and, blackened part is then immersed in a specially prepared sealing treatment.
The sealing treatment is a two part liquid solution wherein the first part is an emulsion comprising an organic film forming resin component such as an emulsified acrylic, vinyl acetate, styrene or phenolic polymer that forms a coherent, durable film upon drying. Acrylic polymer films are preferred. Such film forming resin components are commercially available under the RHOPHLEX or NEOCRYL trademarks from Rohm and Haas and ICI respectively. Styrene/acrylic copolymers are most preferred.
The first part also includes an organic solvent such as the CELLOSOLVE ethylene glycol ethers sold by Union Carbide. These are all well known and commercially available mono or dialkyl ethers of ethylene glycol. Accordingly, such solvents can comprise ethylene glycol monobutyl ether, ethylene glycol monoethyl ether acetate, ethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate, ethylene glycol monoethyl ether, ethylene glycol dibutyl ether, ethylene glycol monohexyl ether, ethylene glycol monomethyl ether, ethylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate, ethylene glycol monophenyl ether, etc.
Additionally, a plasticizer such as N-methylpyrrolidone can also be a constituent of the first part sealing solution. An additional film forming member such as an alkyd resin may also be included. The first part sealing treatment may be supplied in emulsion form with the use of suitable emulsifying agents and water present.
As to the emulsifying agents which may be present, these include the polyethylene glycol condensates of the formula H(OCH2 CH2)n OH that may vary in weight from about 200-10,000. Additionally other emulsifiers such as soaps and polyethylene waxes may be mentioned.
The first part sealing liquid is mixed with a second part sealing liquid, the latter of which includes lacquers. In the preferred form of the invention, a hexavalent chromium source, such as those referred to above may also be included in the second part. After the first and second parts are mixed, additional water is added. The first and second parts are mixed in a volumetric ratio of first part: second part of from about 1-4:4-1 with preliminary results indicating a preference for mixing of about 3:1 part one: part two. Water is then added to these mixed part one and part two components to result in the sealing treatment into which the desired metal part is immersed.
Exemplary first part liquids are listed below.
______________________________________First Part             % by weight______________________________________Film Forming Resin Component                  1-40%Organic Solvent        1-10%Plasticizer            1-2%Alkyd Resin            1-40%Emulsifying Agents     1-5%Water                  Remainder______________________________________
The invention will now be further described in conjunction with the following examples, which are to be regarded as being illustrative of the invention and not as a limitation thereof.
EXAMPLES a) Preparation--Black treatment solutions were prepared by adding water to the basic antimony--zinc dispersion sold under the trademark BLACK MAGIC RT-A3 available from Hubbard-Hall, Inc, Waterbury, Conn. This product has been described as a clear, slightly viscous liquid having a pH in excess of 12 which comprises about 30-40% NaOH, 10% elemental zinc in blue powder form, 5% antimony black (elemental antimony). This product is soluble in water and has a specific gravity of 1.5 @70� F. The addition of water to the product caused an exotherm. The resulting solution was then allowed to cool.
The requisite metal substrate was pre-cleaned and then immersed in the black treatment solution for a period of about 11/2-2 minutes followed by a cold water rinsing of the part for about 2-4 minutes. In certain cases, the part was immersed in a zinc chromate containing bath (as is indicated in the following table) for a period of about 10-20 seconds, to impart increased anti-corrosion properties to the coating.
The thus coated part was subjected to a quick cold water then hot water rinse with excess water blown off the part.
Next, the part was immersed in a sealing treatment liquid for a period of about 1-2 minutes. The sealing treatment was prepared by mixing commercially available RUST PEL 66ESMP-1 product (available from Hubbard-Hall--see above) and the commercially available SUPER SHIELD product from Hubbard-Hall. Rust Pel 66ESMP-1 product has been described as a milky white liquid having a specific gravity of 1.005 @70� F. It is a water reducible acrylic emulsion containing butyl cellosolve, 1-methyl 2-pyrrolidinone, ammonium hydroxide, a styrene/acrylic polymer, and alkyd resin. The SUPER-SHIELD product is a lacquer based product available from Hubbard-Hall. The lacquer includes minor mounts of hexavalent chromium.
The RUST PEL 66ESMP-1product and "Super-Shield" products were first mixed together before water was added to form the sealing treatment in accordance with the invention. The resulting sealing treatment had the following composition (% by volume):
______________________________________RUST PEL 66ESMP-1 product                    61%SUPER-SHIELD             19.6Water                    19.4______________________________________
After the metal parts were immersed in the sealing treatment for about 1-2 minutes, they were then dried in air for a period of about 5-10 minutes with excess sealing treatment blown off. Dry, black coated substrates were provided as a result and were subjected to the efficacy tests that are described below.
b) Comparative Preparation--Procedures similar to those reported in (a) above were used to immerse metal substrates into comparative black treatment and sealing treatment liquids as specified below.
c) List of examples and comparative examples prepared. In accordance with (a) and (b) the following examples and comparative examples were prepared.
__________________________________________________________________________Metal Substrate  Number      Blackening Treatment                  Chromate                         Sealing Treatment__________________________________________________________________________3801A A1  C-1 BLACK MAGIC RT-A-3                  --     RUST PEL 17-14"      C-2 "           --     RUST PEL 51"      C-5 "           IRIDITE 5-3                         RUST PEL 47-14"      C-6 "           "      RUST PEL 51"      C-7 ALUMINA BLACK A 15                  --     SATIN SHIELD 10"      C-8 "           IRIDITE 14-2                         SATIN SHIELD 10"      C-9 "           "      RUST PEL 47-14"       C-10      "           IRIDITE 14-2                         RUST PEL 47-14"       C-11      "           --     RUST PEL 51"       C-12      "           IRIDITE 14-2                         RUST PEL 51Examples"       3  BLACK MAGIC RT-A3                  --     GLOBE SEAL  prepared as                         under (a) above!"       4  "           IRIDITE 5-3                         GLOBE SEAL  prepared as                         under (a) above!Copper 13  "           --     GLOBE SEAL  prepared as                         under (a) above!Zinc   14  "           --     GLOBE SEAL  prepared as                         under (a) above!Brass  15  "           --     GLOBE SEAL  prepared as                         under (a) above!__________________________________________________________________________
ALUMINA BLACK A-15 solution is a dilute aqueous acid solution comprising H2 SeO3,CuSO4. 5H2 O,(NH4)2 MoO4, ZnSO4, NaF and water available from Birchwood Chemicals.
IRIDITE 5-3 mixture is a chromic acid mixture available from MacDermid, Waterbury, Conn.
IRIDITE 14-2 mixture is a chromic acid mixture available from MacDermid, Waterbury, Conn. The product contains 30-60% chromic acid; 10-30% barium nitrate, and 10-30% sodium silico-fluoride.
RUST PEL 47-14 product is an organic petroleum hydrocarbon available from Hubbard-Hall. It comprises about 86% stoddard solvent CAS 8052-41-3; about 11% barium compound CAS 7440-39-3.
RUST PEL 51 product is an organic petroleum hydrocarbon available from Hubbard-Hall. It comprises about 80% stoddard solvent CAS 8052-41-3; 10% barium compound CAS 7440-39-3, dipropylene glycol mono methyl ether and propylene glycol methyl ether.
SATIN SHIELD 10 emulsion is an aqueous wax/polymer emulsion comprising waxes, styrene/acrylic polymers, amine/fatty acid soap, formaldehyde and water, available from Birchwood Chemicals.
GLOBE SEAL is made in accordance with (a) above and is a mixture of RUST PEL 66ESMP-1, product, SUPER-SHIELD and water.
d. Efficacy Tests
1. Adherence efficacy and corrosion resistance of the coatings were tested in accordance with Mil-C-5541 and Mil-A-8625 under salt fog and wet tape conditions. Additional tests under 100%-humidity-ambient temperature conditions were also undertaken. Results are shown in Tables 1-3.
TABLE 1______________________________________5% Salt Fog  168 hrs.         discoloration                    336 hrs. discoloration______________________________________C-1      fail     fail       --     --C-2*     fail     fail       --     --3        pass     pass       fail   fail4        pass     pass       pass   passC-5      fail     fail       --     --C-6*     pass     pass       fail   failC-7**    fail     fail       --     --C-8**    fail     fail       --     --C-9      fail     fail       --     --C-10     faii     fail       --     --C-11*    fail     fail       --     --C-12*    fail     fail       --     --13       pass     pass       pass   pass14       pass     pass       fail   fail15       pass     pass       pass   pass______________________________________
TABLE 2______________________________________WET TAPE TEST24                 168            336hrs.     discoloration              hrs.   discoloration                             hrs. discoloration______________________________________3     pass   pass      pass pass    pass pass4     pass   pass      pass pass    pass passC-6*  fail   fail      --   --      --   --C-7** pass   pass      fail fail    --   --C-8** pass   pass      fail fail    --   --13    pass   pass      pass pass    pass pass14    pass   pass      pass pass    pass pass15    pass   pass      pass pass    pass pass______________________________________
TABLE 3______________________________________100% HUMIDITY @ AMBIENT TEMPERATURE168                336            500hrs.     discoloration              hrs.   discoloration                             hrs. discoloration______________________________________3     pass   pass      pass pass    pass pass4     pass   pass      pass pass    pass passC-6*  fail   fail      --   --      --   --C-7** pass   pass      fail fail    fail failC-8** pass   pass      pass pass    fail fail13    pass   pass      pass pass    pass pass14    pass   pass      pass pass    pass pass15    pass   pass      pass pass    pass pass______________________________________
2. Bend Tests
The coated substrates were subjected to bend tests wherein coating adhesion was assessed after a coated Al substrate (1"�3"�3/16") was bent around a mandrel having a radius as specified in the following Table 4.
TABLE 4______________________________________BEND TEST1/2" radius      crack  1/4" radius                       crack 1/8" radius                                     crack______________________________________3          pass         pass            pass4          pass         pass            passC-6*       fail         fail            failC-7**      fail         fail            failC-8**      pass         fail            fail13         pass         pass            pass14         pass         ***fail         --15         pass         pass            pass______________________________________
In Tables 1-4 above, *indicates that the sealer used in the blackening process remained oily and was unacceptable since it was not dry to the touch. ** indicates that these samples met the desired dry to the touch requirement and were allowed to participate in testing part Table 1. *** indicates that the sample panel could not be bent to this dimension without having the panel fracture into the substrate 1.
e. Discussion of Efficacy Tests
The above results indicate that the black coatings produced in accordance with the inventive methods consistently pass the Mil-C-5541 and Mil-A-8625 salt and wet tape tests. Additionally, the 100% humidity-ambient temperature tests were also passed by the coatings made in accordance with the invention. This is surprising since many of the conventional black coatings pass the humidity but not the salt tests.
It is to be noted that the steps of contacting the requisite metal parts with treatment solutions may be effected via immersion, rolling, spraying or dipping the metal part into the requisite treatment bath.
Additionally, preliminary tests indicate that the best results are obtained when, prior to application of the antimony-zinc blackening treatment, the parts are subjected to a pre-cleaning step or steps in which for example the parts may be vapor degreased for about 1-3 minutes, then immersed in a mildly alkaline liquid cleaner, such as Hubbard-Hall Inc.'s cleaner P-732 for about 2-5 minutes. This pre-cleaning step may then be followed by a cold water rinse for about 1-3 minutes with the part then being immersed in a caustic etch solution for about 5-20 seconds. Preferably, an pursuant to this pre-cleaning function, the part may be immersed in cold water for about 1-3 minutes followed by immersion in a nitric acid treatment to remove oxides. The metal part may then be double cold water rinsed for about 2-6 minutes prior to immersion in the aforementioned blackening treatment.
The methods in accordance with the invention provide a black, adherent coating over the requisite metal substrate in contrast to many conventional products in which an oily or slippery film is provided. Moreover, none of the process steps, in accordance with the invention include any heat treatment or baking steps. All of the steps of the invention are preferably carried out at room temperature. Accordingly, the need for excessive heating equipment is eliminated.
The coatings in accordance with the invention are very thin on the order of about 0.0001-0.005 ", preferably 0.0005 in thickness. An oil-free dry to the touch surface is provided in accordance with the invention to which sealants and adhesives will readily adhere.
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cleaning, soaking, rinsing, immersion; water displacement with solvent; sealingUS7625439Sep 27, 2006Dec 1, 2009Birchwood Laboratories, Inc.A chemical conversion coating on ferrous substrates produced by immersion inan aqueous bath comprising water, aluminum sulfate at a concentration of about 5-60grams/liter of water, oxalic acid, and sodium meta-nitrobenzenesulfonate; protective coating of aluminum/iron mixed oxide and organic complexUS7964044Oct 28, 2004Jun 21, 2011Birchwood Laboratories, Inc.Ferrous metal magnetite coating processes and reagentsUS8007928Nov 7, 2008Aug 30, 2011Masco CorporationCoated article with black colorClassifications U.S. Classification148/265, 148/269, 148/273International ClassificationC23C22/63, B05D7/14, C08L71/02, C08L67/08, C23C22/60, C09D5/08Cooperative ClassificationC23C22/63, B05D7/14, C08L71/02, C08L67/08, C23C22/60, C09D5/08European ClassificationC08L67/08, C08L71/02, C23C22/60, B05D7/14, C23C22/63, C09D5/08Legal EventsDateCodeEventDescriptionFeb 23, 2010FPExpired due to failure to pay maintenance feeEffective date: 20100106Jan 6, 2010LAPSLapse for failure to pay maintenance feesJul 13, 2009REMIMaintenance fee reminder mailedJul 4, 2005FPAYFee paymentYear of fee payment: 8Jun 7, 2002ASAssignmentOwner name: GLOBE MOTORS, INC., OHIOFree format text: CHANGE OF NAME;ASSIGNOR:LABINAL COMPONENTS & SYSTEMS, INC.;REEL/FRAME:012973/0573Effective date: 20000609Owner name: GLOBE MOTORS, INC. 2275 STANLEY AVENUE DAYTON OHIOOwner name: GLOBE MOTORS, INC. 2275 STANLEY AVENUEDAYTON, OHIOFree format text: CHANGE OF NAME;ASSIGNOR:LABINAL COMPONENTS & SYSTEMS, INC. /AR;REEL/FRAME:012973/0573Jul 3, 2001FPAYFee paymentYear of fee payment: 4Oct 28, 1996ASAssignmentOwner name: GLOBE MOTORS, OHIOFree format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:BRADLEY, JOHNNY LADELL;REEL/FRAME:008198/0648Effective date: 19960917RotateOriginal ImageGoogle Home - Sitemap - USPTO Bulk Downloads - Privacy Policy - Terms of Service - About Google Patents - Send FeedbackData provided by IFI CLAIMS Patent Services

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The Gleaner: A Series of Periodical Essays; book by Nathan Drake | 3 available editions | Alibris Books
The gleaner a series of periodical essays. This book, "The gleaner a series of periodical essays," by Nathan Drake, is a replication of a book originally published before 1811. It has been restored by human beings, page by page, so that you may enjoy it in a form as close to the original as possible. Read More
The gleaner a series of periodical essays. This book, "The gleaner a series of periodical essays," by Nathan Drake, is a replication of a book originally published before 1811. It has been restored by human beings, page by page, so that you may enjoy it in a form as close to the original as possible. Read Less
ISBN-13: 9781241266158
ISBN: 1241266158
Alibris ID: 13550044240
Alibris ID: 12847605889
ISBN-13: 9781117011196
ISBN: 1117011194
Alibris ID: 14245867745
ISBN-13: 9781117011172
ISBN: 1117011178
Alibris ID: 13167376266
Alibris ID: 14629648315
ISBN-13: 9781357830700
ISBN: 135783070X
Alibris ID: 13872497172
Alibris ID: 14637239959
1811, Suttaby, Evance & Co.
Publisher: Suttaby, Evance & Co.
Alibris ID: 9824627535
Fair. No Jacket. 4 volume set. The boards are 1/2 Leather. The text is clean with no markings. The boards are detached on all volumes except for volume 1. The covers show wear with significant loss from spine. A good reading set that needs rebinding.
All Editions of The Gleaner: A Series of Periodical Essays;
9781357830700
9781241266158
9781117011172
Memorials of Shakspeare Or, Sketches of His Character and Genius

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The room we stayed in was fabulous - and the... - Review of MDC Hotel - TripAdvisor
The room we stayed in was fabulous - and the... - Review of MDC Hotel
“Our room was spacious and nicely decorated, if a...”
“Hotel is the Manager and his staff - Mustafa...”
“Only comment is that in August, the room heats up...”
“Hotel is 10 minutes from the centre of urgup”
“We ate 3 nights at the restaurant and the food...”
“Near the town of Urgup and in the middle of...”
“The room were well beyond expectations, very...”
See the most recent reviews SME82101
MDC was one of the nicest hotels we stayed in during our recent trip to Turkey, but it is also the one that evokes the fondest memories because of the extratordinary service. The manager, Mustafa, had the skill of making us (and everyone else staying in the hotel) feel as though we were the most important guests staying in the hotel. All staff were extremely professional and happy in their work. This is a real compliment to the senior management of the hotel.The room we stayed in was fabulous - and the constant temperature within the cave without the need fror airconditioning was a lovely cotrast to the heat of the dayI wouldnt hesitate to recommend this hotel to others.
Thank SME82101 Report Ask SME82101 about MDC Hotel
Thank you for taking the time to write up your review of MDC Hotel so soon after your return home. We do appreciate it; all the staff are very happy to know that they have contributed to making your stay in Cappadocia and in our hotel and exceptional one.I look forward to hosting you once agian in our hotelBest RegardsAhmet Küçükyildiz Owner and General Manager
Chinese (Traditional) first Chinese (Simplified) first English first French first German first Indonesian first Italian first Japanese first Korean first Portuguese first Russian first Spanish first Turkish first Any radranblr
2 helpful votes “Amazing service, lovely hotel, great trip”
We stayed in MDC in May 2012. Capadoccia is an amazing location and the sites to be seen will be imprinted on our minds for ever. MDC made our stay unforgettable with the fabulous service - especially by the Manager Mustafa. From the minute we checked in, Mustafa impressed us with his interest and his energy. He attended to every small detail of our trip personally and was always available for any kind of help. On one occasion we were to make a trip for which the guide did not turn up for some unforeseen reason, and to our amazement, Mustafa drove us there, even though it was his day off. We have never seen such service from a hotel manager, beyond the call of duty. The rooms themselves were amazing, managing to blend the quaint, old-worldly air of living in a cave, with all mod-cons. The food was very good and the service at the restaurants was also excellent, with effort to make items especially to our taste.
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I was delighted to read your very positive comments about our hotel. We do appreciate the feedback we receive from our guests as it enables us to continue to provide a first-class level of customer service to our guests. I am also very pleased to know that you enjoyed your meals in our gourmet restaurant; I have passed on your compliments to all the team here at MDC Hotel and look forward to welcoming you on your return visit to Cappadocia.Best RegardsAhmet Küçükyildiz Owner and General Manager
Level Contributor 3 reviews 3 helpful votes “Beautiful Hotel, Relaxing”
Thank Comfort Q Report Ask Comfort Q about MDC Hotel
Thank you so much for your glowing comments about MDC Hotel and about the quality of our guest relation management. I have passed on your praise to the staff who are proud to have contributed to making your stay a memorable one.I do hope you will have the opportunity of coming back and staying with us again.Best RegardsAhmet Küçükyildiz Owner and General Manager
23 helpful votes “Great start to a trip”
The winding narrow lanes to the hotel don't prepare you for its delights. Each room and suite is configured differently depending on how the original caves were merged into it and the multi levelled rooms are cool and very calming but very still as there is no cross ventilation, you may need a fan at night depending on the season. Bathroom are huge and fully equipped and you should see a couple of rooms before deciding the one you would like to stay in.The staff really make an effort to make you comfortable and Mr Mustafa, the GM, was a great help in organising anything we needed. Prices are reasonable and the food is good, they also have a shuttle going into town on demand which is very useful. All in all a lovely experience.
Room Tip: Rooms are at various levels on a hillside so if you have any problems with climbing or knees means y...
Thank ShreekantB Report Ask ShreekantB about MDC Hotel
Thank you for your kind comments about MDC Hotel and your lovely photos. I was delighted to read that you enjoyed your stay with us and appreciated our privileged location overlooking a beautiful Cappadocian valley. Each of our rooms are unique and we cater for guests with mobility problems by providing ground floor rooms and wheelchair ramps.It would be my pleasure to welcome you once again when you return to Cappadocia.Best RegardsAhmet Küçükyildiz Owner and General Manager
144 helpful votes “my stay at mdc”
Thank rakeshMumbai_India Report Ask rakeshMumbai_India about MDC Hotel
Thank you for taking the time to write your thoughtful comments about our hotel. I am pleased to know that you enjoyed your stay and would recommend our hotel to other travelers. We would be pleased to welcome you agin on your next visit.Best RegardsAhmet Küçükyildiz Owner and General Manager
11 helpful votes “Excellent Cave Hotel”
Thank GuluJ Report Ask GuluJ about MDC Hotel
I was very pleased to read your recommendation of MDC Hotel and to know that all aspects of your stay were perfect. We always make our best efforts to give a personalised service to each and every guest and we are always pleased to know these efforts are rewarded by customer satisfaction. I look forward to greeting you on your next visit to Cappadocia.Best RegardsAhmet Küçükyildiz Owner and General Manager
We were a group of 8 travellers, we spent 2 nights at MDC hotels on 12th to 14th Sept,Words fail me to describe the extent of comfort we felt during our stay. We have to single out the efforts of Mr Mustafa in making our stay one to remember for the rest of our lives. He was ably supported by his ever smiling helpful staff. what needs to be mentioned here is that the rooms were so unique and comfortable.Mr Jalan specially enjoyed himself considering he has travelled extensively almost across the globe with he's gorgeous wife also a very finicky traveller.I would STRONGLY recommend any one however discerning to experience the hospitality of MDC Cave hotels Capadoccia Turkey.WArm RgdsMicky Makhija
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I was delighted to read your glowing recommendation about MDC Hotel. All the staff are particularly pleased when they know they have contributed to make our guests' stay a memorable one. It was a real pleasure to have you to stay with us and I hope you have the pleasure of hosting you again on your return visit.Best Regards from myself and all the staff at MDC HotelAhmet Küçükyildiz Owner and General Manager

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