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Patent US5990869 - Force feedback mouse - Google PatentsSearch Images Maps Play YouTube News Gmail Drive More »Sign in<nobr>Advanced Patent Search</nobr>PatentsA computer interface includes an input device and display connected to a CPU. The input device generally comprises a mouse movable along an X-axis or Y-axis, resulting in a corresponding movement of a cursor on the display. A pair of motors impart a force upon the mouse along the X-axis and the Y-axis....http://www.google.com/patents/US5990869?utm_source=gb-gplus-sharePatent US5990869 - Force feedback mouseAdvanced Patent SearchPublication numberUS5990869 APublication typeGrantApplication numberUS 08/802,581Publication dateNov 23, 1999Filing dateFeb 19, 1997Priority dateAug 20, 1996Fee statusLapsedAlso published asCA2263988A1, WO1998008159A2, WO1998008159A3Publication number08802581, 802581, US 5990869 A, US 5990869A, US-A-5990869, US5990869 A, US5990869AInventorsEric Gregory Kubica, Kevin Lloyd Tuer, Daniel Richard Madill, Kevin Brian KrauelOriginal AssigneeAlliance Technologies Corp.Export CitationBiBTeX, EndNote, RefManPatent Citations (70), Non-Patent Citations (8), Referenced by (55), Classifications (13), Legal Events (7) External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, EspacenetForce feedback mouseUS 5990869 AAbstract A computer interface includes an input device and display connected to a CPU. The input device generally comprises a mouse movable along an X-axis or Y-axis, resulting in a corresponding movement of a cursor on the display. A pair of motors impart a force upon the mouse along the X-axis and the Y-axis. The motors provide force feedback based upon movement of the mouse and based upon interaction of the cursor with objects displayed on the display.
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BradfordThree-dimensional mouse with tactile feedbackUS5513100 *Jun 10, 1993Apr 30, 1996The University Of British ColumbiaVelocity controller with force feedback stiffness controlUS5576727 *Jun 5, 1995Nov 19, 1996Immersion Human Interface CorporationElectromechanical human-computer interface with force feedbackUS5709219 *Aug 1, 1996Jan 20, 1998Microsoft CorporationMethod and apparatus to create a complex tactile sensationUS5724068 *Sep 7, 1995Mar 3, 1998Microsoft CorporationJoystick with uniform center return forceUS5739811 *Sep 27, 1995Apr 14, 1998Immersion Human Interface CorporationMethod and apparatus for controlling human-computer interface systems providing force feedbackUS5742278 *Nov 1, 1995Apr 21, 1998Microsoft CorporationProgrammable input and output deviceUS5800177 *Jul 11, 1996Sep 1, 1998Gillio; Robert G.Surgical simulator user input deviceEP0489469A1 *Nov 29, 1991Jun 10, 1992Philips Electronics N.V.A data input device for use with a data processing apparatus and a data processing apparatus provided with such a deviceGB2260389A * Title not availableJP56183116A * Title not availableJPH05150795A * Title not availableWO1996007965A2 *Aug 28, 1995Mar 14, 1996Philips Electronics NvVirtual workspace with user-programmable tactile feedbackWO1996018942A1 *Dec 14, 1995Jun 20, 1996Lewis John Harthan IiiForce feedback for virtual reality* Cited by examinerNon-Patent CitationsReference1Dynamic Systems and Control, vol. 1, ASME 1994 "On the Development of a Force-Feedback Mouse and its Integration into a Graphical User Interface".2 *Dynamic Systems and Control, vol. 1, ASME 1994 On the Development of a Force Feedback Mouse and its Integration into a Graphical User Interface .3Fukui et al., "Edge Tracing of Virtual Shape Using Input Device with Force Feedback", 1992, vol. 23, pp. 94-104.4 *Fukui et al., Edge Tracing of Virtual Shape Using Input Device with Force Feedback , 1992, vol. 23, pp. 94 104.5Hirota et al., "Development of Surface Display", pp. 256-262, Sep. 18, 1993.6 *Hirota et al., Development of Surface Display , pp. 256 262, Sep. 18, 1993.7Szakaly et al., "Force-Feedback Cursor Control", May 1990, p. 413.8 *Szakaly et al., Force Feedback Cursor Control , May 1990, p. 413.* Cited by examinerReferenced byCiting PatentFiling datePublication dateApplicantTitleUS6100874 *Jun 24, 1997Aug 8, 2000Immersion CorporationForce feedback mouse interfaceUS6166723 *Nov 7, 1997Dec 26, 2000Immersion CorporationMouse interface device providing force feedbackUS6184868Sep 17, 1998Feb 6, 2001Immersion Corp.Haptic feedback control devicesUS6191774 *Sep 22, 1999Feb 20, 2001Immersion CorporationMouse interface for providing force feedbackUS6211861 *Dec 7, 1999Apr 3, 2001Immersion CorporationTactile mouse deviceUS6243078Feb 18, 1999Jun 5, 2001Immersion CorporationPointing device with forced feedback buttonUS6252583May 5, 1999Jun 26, 2001Immersion CorporationMemory and force output management for a force feedback systemUS6256011Dec 1, 1998Jul 3, 2001Immersion CorporationMulti-function control device with force feedbackUS6259382Feb 4, 2000Jul 10, 2001Immersion CorporationIsotonic-isometric force feedback interfaceUS6278439May 28, 1999Aug 21, 2001Immersion CorporationMethod and apparatus for shaping force signals for a force feedback deviceUS6278441 *Jun 14, 1999Aug 21, 2001Virtouch, Ltd.Tactile interface system for electronic data display systemUS6288705Jun 30, 1999Sep 11, 2001Immersion CorporationInterface device and method for providing indexed cursor control with force feedbackUS6292172 *Mar 20, 1998Sep 18, 2001Samir B. MakhloufSystem and method for controlling and integrating various media devices in a universally controlled systemUS6292174May 4, 2000Sep 18, 2001Immersion CorporationEnhanced cursor control using limited-workspace force feedback devicesUS6300936Nov 14, 1997Oct 9, 2001Immersion CorporationForce feedback system including multi-tasking graphical host environment and interface deviceUS6310605Aug 9, 1999Oct 30, 2001Immersion CorporationForce feedback interface with selective disturbance filterUS6317116 *Jun 8, 2000Nov 13, 2001Immersion CorporationGraphical click surfaces for force feedback applications to provide selection of functions using cursor interaction with a trigger position of a graphical objectUS6342880Oct 6, 1999Jan 29, 2002Immersion CorporationForce feedback system including multiple force processorsUS6343349Sep 22, 1999Jan 29, 2002Immersion CorporationMemory caching for force feedback effectsUS6353850Aug 28, 2000Mar 5, 2002Immersion CorporationForce feedback provided in web pagesUS6411276Oct 13, 2000Jun 25, 2002Immersion CorporationHybrid control of haptic feedback for host computer and interface deviceUS6424356May 5, 1999Jul 23, 2002Immersion CorporationCommand of force sensations in a forceback system using force effect suitesUS6437770Jan 25, 1999Aug 20, 2002University Of WashingtonFlat-coil actuator having coil embedded in linkageUS6448977 *Feb 15, 2000Sep 10, 2002Immersion CorporationTextures and other spatial sensations for a relative haptic interface deviceUS6469692May 10, 2001Oct 22, 2002Immersion CorporationInterface device with tactile feedback buttonUS6565554 *Apr 7, 1999May 20, 2003Intuitive Surgical, Inc.Friction compensation in a minimally invasive surgical apparatusUS6686901 *Jan 26, 2001Feb 3, 2004Immersion CorporationEnhancing inertial tactile feedback in computer interface devices having increased massUS6697043Jun 2, 2000Feb 24, 2004Immersion CorporationHaptic interface device and actuator assembly providing linear haptic sensationsUS6704001Nov 1, 1999Mar 9, 2004Immersion CorporationForce feedback device including actuator with moving magnetUS6707443 *Feb 18, 2000Mar 16, 2004Immersion CorporationHaptic trackball deviceUS6762745May 5, 2000Jul 13, 2004Immersion CorporationActuator control providing linear and continuous force outputUS6781569Jun 11, 1999Aug 24, 2004Immersion CorporationHand controllerUS6784561Nov 15, 2002Aug 31, 2004Sony Computer Entertainment Inc.Resistance force generator for use in a game machineUS6899705Mar 27, 2003May 31, 2005Intuitive SurgicalFriction compensation in a minimally invasive surgical apparatusUS6954899 *Feb 16, 2001Oct 11, 2005Novint Technologies, Inc.Human-computer interface including haptically controlled interactionsUS6974449Jun 8, 2004Dec 13, 2005Intuitive Surgical, IncFriction compensation in a minimally invasive surgical apparatusUS7106313 *Dec 11, 2000Sep 12, 2006Immersion CorporationForce feedback interface device with force functionality buttonUS7168042 *Oct 9, 2001Jan 23, 2007Immersion CorporationForce effects for object types in a graphical user interfaceUS7181502 *Nov 15, 2002Feb 20, 2007International Business Machines CorporationSystem and method for locating on electronic documents items referenced in a physical documentUS7191191Apr 12, 2002Mar 13, 2007Immersion CorporationHaptic authoringUS7253803 *Jan 5, 2001Aug 7, 2007Immersion CorporationForce feedback interface device with sensorUS7339574 *Dec 10, 2003Mar 4, 2008Korean Advanced Institute Of Science And TechnologyHaptic mouse interface system for providing force and tactile feedbacks to user's fingers and armUS7447604Nov 23, 2004Nov 4, 2008Immersion CorporationMethod and apparatus for compensating for position slip in interface devicesUS7713263Sep 13, 2005May 11, 2010Intuitive Surgical Operations, Inc.Friction compensation in a minimally invasive surgical apparatusUS7724239Feb 22, 2005May 25, 2010Research In Motion LimitedHandheld electronic device, cursor positioning sub-system and method employing cursor scaling controlUS8103472Aug 14, 2008Jan 24, 2012Immersion CorporationMethod and apparatus for compensating for position slip in interface devicesUS8212771Mar 24, 2009Jul 3, 2012Sanchez-Garcia Raul AInterconnected computer mouse and padUS8411035Mar 11, 2010Apr 2, 2013Research In Motion LimitedHandheld electronic device, cursor positioning sub-system and method employing cursor scaling controlUS8486053Sep 4, 2009Jul 16, 2013Intuitive Surgical Operations, Inc.Friction compensation in a minimally invasive surgical apparatusUS8708823 *Nov 3, 2011Apr 29, 2014Haitao ZhouGame controller with locating device having guider tracks and displacement sensor with touch sensor switchUS20100295667 *May 21, 2010Nov 25, 2010Electronics And Telecommunications Research InstituteMotion based pointing apparatus providing haptic feedback and control method thereofUS20120072863 *Sep 21, 2011Mar 22, 2012Nintendo Co., Ltd.Computer-readable storage medium, display control apparatus, display control system, and display control methodUS20130029763 *Nov 3, 2011Jan 31, 2013Haitao ZhouGame controllerWO2001043114A1 *Dec 7, 2000Jun 14, 2001Immersion CorpTactile mouse deviceWO2002059869A1 *Jan 25, 2002Aug 1, 2002Immersion CorpEnhancing inertial tactile feedback in computer interface devices having increased mass* Cited by examinerClassifications U.S. Classification345/163, 345/161, 345/157, 33/1.00M, 345/167International ClassificationG06F3/038, G06F3/01, G06F3/00Cooperative ClassificationG06F2203/014, G06F3/038, G06F3/016European ClassificationG06F3/01F, G06F3/038Legal EventsDateCodeEventDescriptionJan 15, 2008FPExpired due to failure to pay maintenance feeEffective date: 20071123Nov 23, 2007LAPSLapse for failure to pay maintenance feesJun 7, 2007REMIMaintenance fee reminder mailedJun 11, 2003REMIMaintenance fee reminder mailedMay 21, 2003FPAYFee paymentYear of fee payment: 4Sep 13, 1999ASAssignmentOwner name: ALLIANCE TECHNOLOGIES CORP., ONTARIOFree format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:CONTROL ADVANCEMENTS, INC.;REEL/FRAME:010229/0214Effective date: 19990907Feb 19, 1997ASAssignmentOwner name: CONTROL ADVANCEMENTS, INC., CANADAFree format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:TUER, KEVIN L.;KUBICA, ERIC G.;MADILL, DANIEL R.;AND OTHERS;REEL/FRAME:008491/0079Effective date: 19970131RotateOriginal ImageGoogle Home - Sitemap - USPTO Bulk Downloads - Privacy Policy - Terms of Service - About Google Patents - Send FeedbackData provided by IFI CLAIMS Patent Services©2012 Google

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By JULIE BOSMAN JAN. 27, 2016
Members of the National Guard handed out water filters to residents in Flint, Mich., on Wednesday. Credit Sarah Rice for The New York Times
Gov. Rick Snyder of Michigan, second from right, with Mayor Karen Weaver of Flint, right, at a news conference on Wednesday. Credit Sarah Rice for The New York Times
Michigan Governor Says Race Had No Role in Flint Water Response JAN. 22, 2016

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Patent US2643988 - Heat-stabilized polychlorotrifluoroethylene resins - Google Patents
www.google.comhttp://www.google.com/patents/US2643988?utm_source=gb-gplus-sharePatent US2643988 - Heat-stabilized polychlorotrifluoroethylene resins
Publication number US2643988 A
Publication number US 2643988 A, US 2643988A, US-A-2643988, US2643988 A, US2643988A
Inventors Andrew T Walter
Non-Patent Citations (1), Referenced by (16), Classifications (12)
Heat-stabilized polychlorotrifluoroethylene resins
US 2643988 A
Patented June 30, 1953 HEAT-STABILIZED POLYCHLOROTRI- FLUOROETHYLENE RESIN S Andrew T. Walter, South Charleston, W. Va., as,- signor to Union Carbide and Carbon Corporation, a corporation of New York No Drawing. Application October 12 1951,
Serial No. 251,149
11 Claims. (Cl. ZED-45.7)
This application relates to an improvement in polychlorotrifluoroethylene resins. More particularly it is concerned with the stabilization of such resins at temperatures required for molding or extruding operations by dispersing intimately therein certain inorganic compounds, as for instance a metal salt of an oxygen acid of chlorine.
Polychlorotriiluoroethylene is a crystalline polymer melting at about 205 C. Its melting point is rather sharp, and similar in kind to that of polyethylene at 115 C. Its viscosity at temperatures above its melting point is high. For instance, the numerical expression of the meltviscosity of a grade preferred for injection-molding is approximately twenty-five times as great as that of the melt-viscosity of a commercial grade of polyethylene commonly used for extrusion and molding operations (sold under the trade name Bakelite polyethylene DYNl-l) at temperatures which are approximately 25 C. above their respective melting points. Also, the
comparatively gradual decrease in viscosity with I increase in temperature which is a characteristic of polyethylene is also observed with polychlorotrifluoroethylene. Were it possible to take meltviscosity alone as the index of suitable performance of the resin for molding and extrusion operations the temperature that would be required to render a polychlorotrifiuoroethylene resin equivalent to polyethylene at 150 C. would be about 360 C. (extrapolated). Furthermore, under high shearing forces, not polychlorotrifiuoroethylene has a tendency to crumble rather than how, a tendency attributable to low intermolecular cohesion.
Because of these and other characteristics, the temperatures used in processing polychlorotrifluoroethylene, as by injection molding extrusion or the like are necessarily high. The operating temperature of the high order that is required falls within the temperature region .in which breakdown in vacuum of all vinyl and diene polymers to gaseous materials within a short time has been observed. According to Research Paper FUR-1938; National Bureau of Standards (L. A. Wall), complete decomposition of such a polymer within a short time is observed at 400 C. Mass spectrometer analyses, made in connection with the present improvement, of gases evolved at elevated temperatures from a polychlorotrifluoroethylene' resin indicate that the degradation from the polymer to the chlorotrifluoroethylene monomer, although very small, is measurable at temperatures between 250 and 300 C. Above 300 C, the analyses also indicate, the rate of decomposition increases rapidly, and at about 375 C. the rate is so rapid that decomposition can be accomplished almost quantitatively in thirty minutes. Weight loss measurements, also made in connection with my improvement, have shown that at temperatures of 300 C. and 325 C. in open crucibles, fifty per cent of the polychlorotrifiuorethylene resin is lost within fifty-seven and twelve hours, respectively; and that at temperatures of 340 to 350 C. the weight loss during the first hour of heating is extremely high. Although this loss in weight might be attributable in part to the evaporation of resin of low molecular weight, the seriousness of the depolymerization tendency is pointed up by the tests, nevertheless.
Melt-viscosity determinations on specimens which have been aged for varying lengths of time at temperatures ranging from 250 to 330 C. also provide a useful index of polymer breakdown. The method for determining meltviscosity used herein is that described by G. J. Dienes and H. F. Klemm in the Journal of Applied Physics for June 1945 (vol. 17, No. 6, pp. 458-471). Upon being subjected to temperatures above 330 C. the melt-viscosity, at 230 C., of even the most stable polymer samples falls below 0.05 megapoise within a short time. A resin having a melt-viscosity at 230 C. of 0.05 megapoise or less is very weak and can easily be broken by hand, and at meltvisoosities of about 0.5 megapoise the increase in brittleness and the decrease in ultimate elongation is substantial. Typical data on the relationship of physical properties and melt-viscosities at 230 C. are given in the following table:
TABLE I Comparison of meZt-oiscosz'tz'es and physical properties of polychlorotrifluoroethylene O 7 18, Tensile Ultimate Brittle Sample No. Viscosity Strength, Elongation, Tempera- Megapoises p. s. 1. Percent tures, 0.
seemingly should have shown a tensile strength and elongation greater than that of Sam ple No.4 (meltviscosity, 1.9)).
My improvement is based upon the discovery .chlorate, Mg (C104) 2;
that polychlorotrifiuoroethylene can be stabilized by intimately dispersing therein a small amount of a metal salt of an oxyacid of chlorine in which the metals are lithium, sodium and potassium of group 1 and beryllium and magnesium of group" 2 of the periodic classification of the elements, having atomic numbers from three to nineteen, inclusive. The salts include the hypochlorites, the chlorites, the chlorates and the perchlorates of these metals. From about 0.01 part to 2.5 parts of salt per 100 parts of' resin is useful for my improvement. Larger amounts may be used, if desired, but no added advantage results from the use of more than 2.5 parts per 100 parts of resin. An amount which is about 0.01 to 0.1 part per 100 parts of resin is preferred.
The salt can be dispersed in the resin by any suitable expedient. For instance, the resin and the salt can be dry-mixed or blended in powder form as by finely pulverizing the resin and the salt separately to pass a lOO-mesh screen and then intimately mixing and blending them in a suitable mixer or blender. Good distribution of parts, and then tumbling the powdered resin with an amount of solution to give the desired a salt content. When a salt solution is used, care should be taken to evaporate the solvent slowly to prevent migration of the salt in the final drying of the resin.
In'addition to the foregoing metal salts which are preferred, the barium, calcium, strontium, copper, zinc, silver, cadmium, caesium, gold and mercury salts of the oxyacids of chlorine can also be used with good results.
Polychloroti'ifiuoroethylene resins stabilized by a salt intimately dispersed therein in accordance with my discovery can be extruded, molded or I the like at temperatures required for such operation without substantial deterioration or loss of essential properties.
, The improvement is further illustrated by the following examples:
EXAMPLE 1 A'polychlorotrifluoroethylene resin having an initial melt-viscosity of 18 megapoises at a temperature of 230 C. was pulverized to a fine par- .in an'amount-sufiicient to provide the desired concentration of the salt in the resin, and the solvent then evaporated slowly. The salts were sodium hypochlorite, Na ClO; magnesium perand sodium chlorate, NaClOs. For instance, to obtain a resin containing 0.1 per cent of stabilizer, ten parts of the resin were tumbled in admixture with one part of solved in a mixture of isopropanol, 80 parts, a solutioncontaining one part of the salt dissolved in a mixture of isopropanol, 80 parts, and water, 20 parts, all by weight.
Ten gram specimens were heated in unsealed glass tubes for a period of onehour at a temperature of 300 C. and then molded in a positivepressure disc mold heated at a temperature of 7 250 C. for five minutes to form discs 15 inches by 4 ,4 inch thick. Test discs having a diameter of inch were then cut from the molded discs and the melt-viscosities determined. The results are set forth in the following table:
Melt-Vis- 1 After degradation by heating at 300 C. for one hour.
Unstabilized specimens under the same conditions turned brown in color and had a meltviscosity at 230 C. of 0.12 megapoise, only 0.67 per cent of its original viscosity.
EXAMPLE 2 A polychlorotrifiuoroethylene resin having an initial melt-viscosity of 9.7 megapoises at a temperature of 230 C. was finely pulverized to pass a 100-mesh screen, the pulverized resin then tumbled with an isopropanol-water solution of a stabilizer salt, and the solvent evaporated slowly as in Example 1. The salts were sodium chlorite, NaCloz, and sodium chlorate, NaClOa.
Also, as in Example 1, ten gram specimens of the resin were then heated in unsealed glass tubes for a period of one hour at a temperature of 300 C. The specimens were then molded under pressure into discs and the molded discs cut into test discs, inch by /8 inch. The mold was heated at a temperature of 250 C. for a period of five minutes. The melt-viscosity of the resin specimens was then determined. The results are given in the following table:
Mel-pvis' Viscosity Stabilner Percent gazi g Retained, Color I Megapoises Percent l NaClOg 0. 2 0. 92 9. 48 Colorless. NaClOa 0.1 1.6-2.0 16. 8-206 D0.
l After degradation by heating at 300 C. for one hour.
By way of comparison, an unstabilized specimen of the same resin after heating for one hour at 300 C. was dark in color and had a meltviscosity of only 0.05 megapoise, which is but 0.52 per cent of its initial melt-viscosity.
EXAMPLE 3 A polychlorotrifiuoroethylene resin having an initial melt-viscosity of 55.5 megapoises at a temperature of 230 C. was finely pulverized to pass a Hid-mesh screen, and the pulverized res- ,in then tumbled with a stabilizer salt dissolved mold heated to a temperature of 250 C. for a 1 After degradation by heating at 300 C. tor-one hour.
In contrast to the foregoing, an unstabilized specimen of the same resin although clear in color after heating for one hour at 300 C. had a melt-viscosity of 12.7 megapoises, or 22.9 per cent of its initial melt-viscosity.
A polychlorotrifluoroethylene resin having an initial melt-viscosity at a temperature of 230 C. of 18 megapoises was pulverized to a fine particle size to pass a 100-mesh screen. The pulverized resin was tumbled with an isopropanol-water solution of sodium hypochlorite, NaClO in the ratio of one part of solution to ten parts of resin. The solution contained one part of the salt in a mixture of 80 parts isopropanol and 20 parts of water. The solvent was evaporated slowly.
This resin was then heated in a thin layer for a period of four hours in a circulating air oven maintained at a temperature of about 190 C.
Thereafter, ten gram specimens of the resin were heated in unsealed glass tubes for a period of one hour at a temperature of 300 C., and
then molded in a mold heated at a temperature.
of 250 C. for five minutes and cut' into test 6 ties were then determined with the following results:
MeIt-Vis- Viscosity Stabilizer Percent gg titfi Retained} Color 1 v Megapoises Percent NaClO; 0.1 8.0 82. 47 Colorless. NaCIOI. 0. 05 O. 46 4.74 D0.
l After degradation by heating at 300 0. for one hour.
These results are to be compared with an unstabilized specimen which, on heating at 300 C I for a period of one hour, and then molded in a discs, inch by /s inch. The stabilized resin EXAMPLE 5 A polychlorotrifluoroethylene resin having an initial melt-viscosity at 230 C. of 9.7 megapoises was pulverized to a fine particle-size to pass a 100-mesh screen. The pulverized resin was tumbled with isopropanol-water (80-20)v solutions of sodium chlorite, NaClOz, in the ratio of one part of solutionv to ten parts of resin. The solutions contained 0.5 part and 1.0 part, respectively, of sodium chlorite per 100, parts of solvent. The solvent was evaporated slowly.
The stabilized resins were then heated, each mold heated at a temperature of 250 C. for five minutes, turned dark in color and had a meltviscosity at 230 C. of 0.5 megapoise, corresponding to 0.52 per cent of its initial melt-viscosity.
EXAMPLE 6 A polychlorotrifiuoroethylene resin having an initial melt-viscosity at atemperature of 230 C.
of 43.8 megapoises was pulverized to a fine par-' ticle size to pass a 100-mesh screen. The pulverized resin was tumbled with an isopropanolwater (80-20) solution of lithium chlorate, LiClOs, in the ratio of one part of the solution per ten parts of resin. The solution contained one part of lithium chlorate per 100 parts of solvent. The solvent was evaporated slowly.
The stabilized resin was then heated in a thin layer for a period of four hours in a circulating air oven maintained at a temperature of 200 C Thereafter, ten gram specimens of the resin were heated in unsealed glass tubes for a period of one hour at a temperature of 300 C., and then molded in a mold heated at a temperature of 250 C. for five minutes and cut into test-discs, inch by /8 inch. The stabilized resin remained colorless and was found to have a melt-viscosity at 230 C. of 16.5 megapoises, corresponding to 37.67 per cent of the initial melt-viscosity.
By wayof comparison, an unstabilized specimen of the resin, on heating at 300 C. for a period of one hour and then molded in a mold heated at a temperature of 250 C. for five minutes, turned dark amber in color and had a meltviscosity at 230 C. of 0.18 megapoise, corresponding to 0.41 per cent of its initial meltviscosity.
EXAMPLE 7 resin.
in a thin layer, for a. period of four hours in a circulating air oven maintained at a temperature of 180 C.
Thereafter, ten gram Specimens of the resins were heated in unsealed glass tubes for a period of one hour at a temperature of 300 C., and then molded in a mold heated at a temperature of 250 C. for five minutes and out into test discs, inch by- A; inch. The melt-viscosi- The resin was then heated in a thin layer for a period of four hours in a circulating air oven maintained at a temperature of about 200 C.
Thereafter, ten gram specimens of the resin were heated in unsealed glass tubes for a period of, one hour at a temperature of 300 C., and then molded in a mold heated at a temperature of 250 C. for five minutes and cut into test discs, inch by inch. The stabilized resin'remained unchanged in color and was found to have a melt-viscosity at 230 C. of 14.6 megapoises, corresponding to 69.52 per cent of the initial melt-viscosity of the resin.
By way of'comparison, an unstabilized. specimen. of theresin, on heating at 300 C. for a period of one hour and then molding in a mold EXAMPLE 8 A polychlorotrifiuoroethylene resin having an initial melt-viscosity at a temperature of 230 C. of 25.9 megapoises was pulverized to a fine particle size to pass a 100-mesh screen. The pulverized resin was blended in a double cone blender with sodium chlorate, NaC1O3, in the ratio of 0.1 part of sodium chlorate per 100 parts of the resin.
The resin was then heated in a thin layer for a period of four hours in a circulating air oven maintained at a temperature of about 200 C.
Thereafter, 10 gram specimens of the resin were heated in unsealed glass tubes for a period of one hour at a temperature of 300 C., and then molded in a mold heated at a temperature of 250 C. for live minutes and cut into test discs, inch by inch. The stabilized resin remained colorless and was found to have a melt-viscosity at 230 C. of 14.3 megapoises, corresponding to 55.21 per cent of the initial melt-viscosity.
An unstabilized specimen of the same resin, on heating at 300 C. for a period of one hour and molding in a mold heated at a temperature of 250 C. for five minutes turned light amber in color and had a melt-viscosity at 230 C. of 2.56 megapoises, corresponding to 9.38 per cent of the initial melt-viscosity. The same resin upon being subjected to the blending operation without the addition of salt, and then heated in a thin layer for a period of four hours in a circulating a ir oven at a temperature of about 200 C., precisely as in the case of the salt-stabilized resin, had a melt-viscosity at 230 C. of 2.8 megapoises, or 10.81 per cent of its initial melt-viscosity, although it did remain clear in color.
EXAMPLE 9 Afnumber of tests were run in which various salts were incorporated into a polychlorotrifiuoroethylene resin having a melt-viscosity of 16.9 megapoises at 230 C. The salts were incorporated by the slurry method as described in Example l. The amount of salt used in each case was 0.1 part per 100 parts of the resin, except in the case of the control where none was used.
The melt-viscosities at 230 C. both before aging and after aging at a temperature of 300 C. for a period of one hour were determined for the stabilized and unstabilized specimens with the following results:
Melt-Viscosity, Megapoises, at 230 0.
Stabilizer Salt After aging at 300 C. for 1 hour EXAMPLE 10 A number oftests similar to those described in Examples were run on a polychlorotrifluoro 8 ethylene resin having a melt-viscosity at 230 0., of 57.2 megapoises. The results were as follows:
Melt-Viscosity, Megspcises, at 230 C.
Stabilizer Salt 1 Aft a er aging g g at 30c 0. g g for 1 hour None (control) 57. 2 l5. 9 Barium chlorate, Ba(C1O3)i 57. 2 39.0 Calcium chlorate, Ca(0l0=)z 57. 2 16.7 Magnesium chlorate, Mg(ClOs)2 57. 2 29. 0 Strontium chlorate, Sr(ClOa)z 57. 2 38. 3 Sodium chlorate, NaOlOs 57. 2 l6. 3
1 0.1 part per parts of resin. I
- EXANLPLE 11 A polyehlorotrifluoroethylene resin was stabilized with 0.1 part of sodium chlorate, NaClOa, per 100 parts of resin by the slurry method as described in Example 1 and then dried at a temperature of 200 C. for five hours.
Injection-molded specimens were then made of both the stabilized and unstabilized resin by an injection-molding operation carried out in a oneounce Van Dorn injection-molding machine at a cylinder temperature of about 288 to 315 C. (550 to 600 F.).
, The specimens molded from the stabilized resin were perfectly colorless, of good strength, and the stabilized resin after this injection-molding operation had a melt-viscosity at 230 C. of 17.5 megapoises.
By way of contrast the specimens molded from the unstabilized resin were amber-colored, of poor strength, and the unstabilized resin after this injection molding operation had a melt-viscosity at 230 C. of 0.96 megapoise.
EXAlVDPLE l2 EXAMPLE 1s A number of extrusion operations to form rods were carried out on difierent lots of polychlorotrifiuoroethylene resin which had been stabilized with 0.1 part of sodium chlorate per 100 parts of resin by the slurry method as described in Examples 1 and 11. On one lot of resin thus stabilized the melt-viscosities at 230 C. before and after extrusion were 39.4 and 3.1 megapoises, respectively; on another lot 18.2 and 12.7 megapoises, respectively. The rods in each instance were rated as excellent in freedom from color.
In contrast to the foregoing, similar extrusion operations on lots of unstabilized resin resulted in a reduction of melt-viscosity at 230 C. from 48 megapoises, before extrusion, to 1.8 megapoises after extrusion in one instance, and from 17 megapoises before extrusion, to 2.6 megapoises after extrusion in another instance. An amber color was developed in theunstabilized resin in both instances, by the extrusion.
EXAMPLE 14 To a number of 50-gram samples of powdered polychlorotrifluoroethylene resin, having a meltviscosity at 230 C. of 35 megapoises, were added diifering amounts of sodium chlorate as stabiliz- The manner of adding the stabilizer was The ers. similar to that described in Example 1.
various stabilizer samples were then heat-treated in powder form for a period of five hours at a temperature of 190 C.
Thereafter, the heat-treated resin samples were tested for stability by heating them in a steel mold for a period of 15 minutes at a temperature of 300 C. The results were as follows:
Melt-Viscosity at 230C. after Stabilizer, Percent Color after Heating minutes,- Megapoises 8. 9 Slightly discolored. 11.6 Very slightly discolored. l6. Colorless. 19. 6 Do. 18.0 Do. 2i. 0 D0.
In contrast to the foregoing, an unstabilized sample after being subjected to the same test gave a melt-viscosity of 3.75 and had turned amber in color.
EXAMPLE To a number of samples of dry powdered poly-v chlorotrifiuoroethylene resin, having a melt-vis cosity at 230 C. of 10.9 megapoises, were added difiering amounts of sodium chlorate stabilizer. The stabilizer was added in the form of an isopropyl alcohol-water solution (80 parts isopropyl alcoholparts water), and the solvent evaporated slowly. The resin-stabilizer composition was then cold-pressed into tablets, 1% inch thick Melt-Viscosity Color at 230C. after Stabilizer, goi ezging at Percent or one' hour; Mega- After Heating After Extrupoises sion 2. 2 Light Brown Light Brown. 4. 4 ..do Do. 2. 0 Colorless Colorless. 4. 4 .do o.
No bubble formation was observed in the extruded material.
By way of comparison, the melt-viscosity at 230 C. of an unstabilized sample after the heating was found to be 0.85 megapoise. The color of the material both after the heating and the extrusion was a dark brown.
This application is in part a continuation of my co-pending application, filed May 16, 1950, Serial No. 162,393, for Heat-Stabilized Polychlorotrifiuoroethylene Resins.
1. A polychlorotrifiuoroethylene resin stabilized against color development and degradation of melt-viscosity at molding temperatures :by the presence intimately dispersed therein of about 0.01 to 2.5 parts per 100 parts of resin, by weight, of a metal salt of an oxyacid of chlorine, said metal being of the first two groups of metals of the periodic classification.
2. A polychlorotrifluoroethylene resin stabilized against color development and degradation of melt-viscosity at molding temperatures by the presence intimately dispersed therein of about 0.01 to 2.5 parts per parts of resin, by weight, of a salt of the group consisting of silver fluoride and the alkali metal and alkaline earth metal salts of the oxyacids of chlorine.
3. A polychlorotrifluoroethylene resin stabilized against color development and degradation of melt-viscosity at molding temperatures by the presence intimately dispersed therein of about 0.01 to 2.5 parts per 100 parts of resin, by weight, of an alkali metal salt of an oxyacid of chlorine.
4. A polychlorotrifluoroethylene resin stabilized against color development and degradation of melt-viscosity at molding temperatures by the presence intimately dispersed therein of about 0.01 to 2.5 parts per 100 parts of resin, by weight, of a metal salt of an oxyacid of chlorine, said metal being of the first two groups of metals of the periodic classification and having an atomic number of not more than 19.
5. A polychlorotrifluoroethylene resin stabilized against color development and degradation of melt-viscosity at molding temperatures by the presence intimately dispersed therein of about 0.01 to 2.5 parts per 100 parts of the resin by weight of the sodium salt of an oxyacid of chlorine.
6. A polychlorotrifiuoroethylene resin stabilized against color development and degradation of melt-viscosity at molding temperatures by the presence intimately dispersed therein of about 0.01 to 2.5 parts per 100 parts of the resin by weight of the potassium salt of an oxyacid of chlorine.
'7. A polychlorotrifluoroethylene resin stabilized against color development and degradation of melt-viscosity at molding temperatures by the presence intimately dispersed therein of about 0.01 to 2.5 parts per 100 parts of the resin by weight of the magnesium salt of an oxyacid of chlorine.
8. A polychlorotrifluoroethylene resin stabilized against color development and degradation of melt-viscosity at molding temperatures by the presence intimately dispersed therein of about 0.01 to 2.5 parts per 100 parts of the resin by weight of the lithium salt of an oxyacid of chlorine.
9. A polychlorotrifiuoroethylene resin stabilized against color development anddegradation of melt-viscosity at molding temperatures by the presence intimately dispersed therein of about 0.01 to 2.5 parts per 100 parts of the resin by weight of the beryllium salt of an oxyacid of chlorine.
10. A polychlorotrifiuoroethylene resin stabilized against color development and degradation of melt-viscosity at molding temperatures by the presence intimately dispersed therein of about 0.0 1 to 0.10 part per 100 parts of resin, :by weight, of a metal salt of an oxyacid of chlorine, said metal being of the first two groups of metals of the periodic classification.
11. A polychlorotrifluoroethylene resin stabilized against colordevelopment and degradation of melt-viscosity at molding temperatures by the presence intimately dispersed therein of about 0.01 to 2.5 parts per 100 parts of resin, by weight, of an alkaline earth metal salt of an oxyacid of chlorine.
ANDREW T. WALTER.
US2874142 * Apr 20, 1955 Feb 17, 1959 Minnesota Mining & Mfg Polytrifluorochloroethylene and barium peroxide
US2874144 * Apr 20, 1955 Feb 17, 1959 Minnesota Mining & Mfg Polyperfluorochloroethylene and lead dioxide
US2907742 * Mar 12, 1956 Oct 6, 1959 Hoechst Ag Stabilization of perfluorochloroolefin polymers
US2909503 * Jun 21, 1955 Oct 20, 1959 Minnesota Mining & Mfg Mixture of trifluorochloroethylene reaction products useful as potting and sealing compositions
US3058967 * Mar 2, 1954 Oct 16, 1962 Mortimer H Nickerson Method of converting powdered polymers to granular form
US3092598 * Aug 14, 1958 Jun 4, 1963 Dow Chemical Co Thermal stabilization of latexes of haloethylene polymers with chlorine dioxide or chlorites
US3092599 * May 9, 1960 Jun 4, 1963 Dow Chemical Co Composition of chloroethylenic polymer latex with a chlorate and osmium tetroxide
US4544721 * Oct 6, 1983 Oct 1, 1985 E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company Chlorotriflouroethylene polymer oriented films
DE1010733B * Apr 13, 1955 Jun 19, 1957 Hoechst Ag Stabilisatoren fuer Polymerisate bzw. Mischpolymerisate des Trifluorchloraethylens
DE1267844B * Jun 19, 1961 May 9, 1968 Ici Ltd Verringerung der Verfaerbung bei der Herstellung von Formkoerpern aus Polytetrafluoraethylen
U.S. Classification 524/401, 524/544, 524/403, 526/249, 525/371, 525/367, 528/481, 524/436, 525/360


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スマホで撮れる！思わず「いいね！」な写真をご紹介。
スマホでカメラ部
スマホのカメラで写真を撮ろう！
スマホ写真cafe
超広角ならではの広々と遠近感を出すコツ
見上げて撮ると遠近感を実感できる
超広角レンズのAQUOS Rなら、何も考えずに撮っても広々と撮影できます。そこに遠近感を加えるとより広々とした印象の写真を撮ることができます。遠近感を簡単に出す撮り方が「見上げて撮る」方法です。
見上げて撮る場合、作例のように対象物の配置を工夫するとより効果的です。クリスマスツリーのように先がとがっている被写体の場合は、作例のように四隅の角に向かって斜めに配置すると、まっすぐに撮るよりも遠近感が生まれます。
作例は二枚とも同じクリスマスツリーを内と外で見上げて撮ったものです。前項のクリスマスツリーのイルミネーションのように全体を撮るのもよいですが、ときには視点を変えていろいろ撮影してみるだけでいつもとは違った写真が撮れますので試してみましょう。
ご紹介した撮り方を是非参考にしていただき、この冬の思い出をAQUOS Rで残しましょう。
撮影データ:「おすすめプラス」フルマニュアル / ISO感度:125 / シャッタースピード:1/13 / ホワイトバランス:オート
< 夜景やイルミネーションを撮影するときの覚えておきたい3つのポイント >
1. シャッターボタンを優しくタッチするだけで手ブレは軽減される
2. シャッターを切った後は一呼吸そのまま動かない(すぐに本体を動かさない)
3. 撮影現場の周辺にある壁や柱といったものを利用する
http://3sh.jp/cp/photoshow/gallery/2017/20171130-gallery.html#gallery-04
撮影データ:「おすすめプラス」フルマニュアル / ISO感度:125 / シャッタースピード:1/12 / ホワイトバランス:オート
イルミネーションとの相性がいい反射
イルミネーションが反射していたら、とりあえず撮っておく
イルミネーションに関わらず、電飾などの光を撮る場合は、ビルの窓ガラスや水面といった周辺をよく見て探しましょう。光が反射して被写体が映り込んでいる場面を写すだけで、みんなと同じように撮ってしまいがちなイルミネーションも、いつもと違う写真になります。写真家の方の中には映り込みだけを撮られる方がいるくらいですので、印象的な写真を撮れるかもしれません。
作例のクリスマスツリーは、池の中心に設置してあるため、水面の部分にクリスマスツリーが写り込んでいます。この写真のようにクリスマスツリーの部分のみを撮るよりも、水面に反射している部分を入れ込むことで、クリスマスツリーのみの撮影に比べて面白みが増します。この場所では池が大きくないため、全体の映り込みは表現できませんが、もし大きな川や湖のように水面が大きければ全体を写り込ませて撮るとよいでしょう。
撮影データ:「おすすめプラス」フルマニュアル / ISO感度:64 / シャッタースピード:1/10 / ホワイトバランス:オート
手前のボケが演出するちょっとした「おもちゃ感」
横位置の写真でも効果的なスマホを地面につける地面撮り
10月の特集記事「AQUOS R の写真の撮り方 - 撮影機能と風景編 -」でもご紹介した「地面撮り」は、スマートフォンを逆さに持って、本体をほぼ地面にくっつけて撮影する方法です。この地面撮りは、縦位置の写真が最も効果的ですが、今回のように横位置で撮っても効果があります。また、地面につけて撮影することで、手ブレも起こしにくくなります。
この撮り方を夜景やイルミネーションで実践すると、手前の地面のボケが大きくなる反面、奥にあるものがより小さく撮れ、ちょっとした「おもちゃ感」を演出できます。これも遠近感のある写真を得意とするAQUOS Rの超広角レンズならではの写真です。
日没直後に撮ることで空のグラデーションもあわせて撮れる
夜景やイルミネーションは、当然のことながら夜に撮る写真ですが、撮影する時間帯を変えるだけでこれまでとは違った写真が撮れます。
イルミネーションは、日没の時間に合わせて点灯します。夕暮れから夜へとかわる時間帯、このわずか30分から1時間程度のこの時間帯こそ、一味違ったイルミネーションを撮る絶好のタイミングです。暗闇の中のイルミネーションと違い、この時間帯に撮る写真は夕暮れの空のオレンジ色が空に残っています。オススメは日没直後で空がオレンジから深い青のグラデーションになっているときです。イルミネーションの背景に色がつくだけで、とても綺麗な「景色としてのイルミネーション」が撮れます。
撮影テクニックではなく、撮る時間帯こそがポイントになるこの撮り方は、とても簡単ですので是非試してみましょう。
撮影データ:「おすすめプラス」フルマニュアル / ISO感度:32 / シャッタースピード:1/10 / ホワイトバランス:オート
AQUOS R の写真の撮り方 - テーブルフォトと人物編 -
今回は料理と人物の写真の撮り方のコツをご紹介します。AQUOS Rをお持ちでない人でも、スマートフォンでの撮影に役立つ内容になっていますので、是非とも試してみてください。
AQUOS Rで撮る「人物の写真」
5.AQUOS Rならではの撮影機能「人物の写真」編
インカメラの美肌調整と小顔補正
インカメラの美肌調整と小顔補正は、それぞれ「弱」「中」「強」「オフ」の4段階で効果の適用量を変えられます。また、レンズ補正効果を「オン」にすると周辺の歪みを抑える効果があります。
http://3sh.jp/cp/photoshow/special/2017/20171109-01-special.html
4.誰かに撮ってもらったようなセルフィー
インカメラは、スマホを持っている腕を伸ばした際の写り方がポイントです。腕を写さないようにするだけで、誰かに撮ってもらったような写真になり、いつもと違った印象のセルフィーになります。画角を調整することもできますが、下の作例のように、柱や木などに腕を回すと、自然な見え方のまま、簡単に撮ることができます。
1.暗くなりがちな逆光のときの人物「2つの撮り方」
逆光で撮影すると、人物の顔が暗くなってしまいます。そんな時は、露出補正(明るさ調整)を使い、顔に合わせて明るさを調整しましょう。背景は白飛びしますが、逆光時の顔は凹凸による影がないため、全体的にふんわりした優しい表情になり、自然な雰囲気の写真になります。
AQUOS Rで撮る「テーブルフォト」
4.AQUOS Rならではの撮影機能「テーブルフォト」編
あとからピント位置を変えられる撮影モード「背景ぼかし」
撮影後にピント位置などを変えられる撮影モード「背景ぼかし」は、撮影した後に、ピントを合わせたい場所にタッチすると、ピント位置を変更することができます。また、ぼかしの量も10段階で調整が可能で、アルバムアプリから何度でも変更することができます。
3.いろいろなアングルで撮ってみる
テーブルフォトの撮影で大切なのは、目の前の被写体を、色々なアングルで試しながら撮影してみることです。縦位置、横位置はもちろん、普段撮ってしまいがちな斜めの角度だけでなく、ときにはスマホを逆さに持って撮影したり、真上から全体を撮ってみるなど。色々と試すことで、バリエーション豊かな写真が撮れます。

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Vadam et Circuibo civtatem - Victoria Song - BBC Music The BBC has updated its cookie policy. We use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. This includes cookies from third party social media websites if you visit a page which contains embedded content from social media. Such third party cookies may track your use of the BBC website. We and our partners also use cookies to ensure we show you advertising that is relevant to you. If you continue without changing your settings, we'll assume that you are happy to receive all cookies on the BBC website. However, you can change your cookie settings at any time. Continue Change settings Find out more ]]> Accessibility links Skip to content Accessibility Help BBC iD Notifications
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A Scream of Angels: Templar Chronicles #2 (Urban Fantasy and Supernatural Thriller) by Joseph Nassise | 9781452400877 | NOOK Book (eBook) | Barnes & Noble
Some things are best left undisturbed.Necromancers, revenants, even a demon or two - they're all in a day's work for the men of the Echo Team and their enigmatic leader, Cade Williams. But nothing could prepare them for the fury they are about to face...When a Jesuit priest wanders out of the New Mexico desert, telling wild stories about a secret…

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John Cantlie speaks about failed US attempt to rescue hostages in Isis video | World news | The Guardian
British photojournalist says hostages were moved by militants days before night time mission in Raqqa on 4 July
British photojournalist John Cantlie has appeared in another video produced by Isis militants, talking about an attempt to rescue hostages. Photograph: AP
Friday 21 November 2014 16.59 EST
First published on Friday 21 November 2014 16.19 EST
Jihadis have released a video of British hostage and journalist John Cantlie speaking about a failed US raid to save him and five fellow captives from months of imprisonment.
Speaking from behind a desk and dressed in an orange jumpsuit, the freelance photojournalist, who has previously explained that he is speaking under duress, blames the British prime minister, David Cameron, for not going far enough to help him.
In the seventh installment released so far in a “series” entitled Lend Me Your Ears, Cantlie says that Islamic State (Isis) militants were put into cars and moved days before a US raid on 4 July to save the hostages.
Speaking to camera, Cantlie who has worked for the Sunday Times, castigates the US government for mounting the raid instead of initiating prisoner release negotiations or paying for his release.
“I will tell you about a failed raid to rescue us and how it feels to be left for dead by your own government.
He says that two dozen Delta Force commandos, Black Hawk helicopters, drones and fighter jets were involved in the rescue, adding “but we weren’t there”.
“Why would you put all those lives in danger when you could have peacefully negotiated?” Cantlie asks.
In August the US administration released details of the failed night-time mission in Raqqa which had been authorised by the president. The Cantlie video provides no further details beyond those released at that time.
Over the weekend an Isis militant, thought to be from the UK, was seen standing over the severed head of US aid worker Peter Kassig in a village north of Aleppo. Kassig and four other now dead US and UK hostages are understood to have been held captive alongside Cantlie.
Last month, Cantlie was seen delivering a “report” from the Syrian border town of Kobani showing how Isis militants were “mopping up” and on the verge of defeating Kurdish rebels. This latest release is a return to previous form. Graphics tweeted by Isis propagandists suggest there will be two further videos to come.
Cantlie says the UK and US’s policy to not pay for the release of captives has meant that the six hostages were “left to die”.
“You spend your whole life working, paying taxes, not getting into trouble with the police … paying your bills and for what? The first time you need your country … they turn their back.”
He adds he did not want Cameron’s sympathy and would have instead preferred for negotiations to have worked.
Making clear the threat to his life, Cantlie added at the end that he was against intervention. “I will continue to speak out against this military action … for as long as the mujahideen allow me to live.”
His father Paul who recently passed away after battling illness and Cantlie’s sister Jessica have made public appeals to Isis to reopen dialogue and ensure his safe return.

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