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Eagles Talk To New York Media - Philadelphia - Scout
Eagles Talk To New York MediaScout.com01/03/2007Andy Reid and Jeff Garcia took time out from preparing to play the Giants to talk to the folks who cover the Giants. Here's a full transcript of what they had to say.Andy Reid's comments
Q: How does the familiarity factor play into this game, you obviously knowing the Giants so well and them knowing you so well? Does it put more pressure on you to kind of maybe come up with some new stuff for this game?
A: I think both sides go through that. You are not going to change everything. But you are going to have a new wrinkle here or there. And it really comes down to playing good football; good solid football, and who is going to do that the best.
Q: Could you have envisioned the things that Jeff Garcia has been able to do for you, not only on the field but kind of stepping up as very much of an emotional leader on the sideline and off the field?
A: He had some big shoes to fill. You are talking about replacing the MVP of the National Football League. And so he came in and handled that like a season veteran, but he is also a very good football player and a Pro Bowl caliber football player. So he respects Donovan and has a close relationship with Donovan and never hides that. But at the same time he knows that he is in a position where he has to lead. And he is taking that to heart.
Q: Is it easier to play a team that you have already played twice this season?
Q: What makes it….?
A: When you are playing a rival - you have seen how the last couple of games have gone. It has gone right down to the end. There is nothing easy about this. It's a dog fight. That's what we expect it to be on Sunday; so no less.
Q: Obviously you go way back with Marty Morhinweg. Was it a difficult decision for you to turn over the play calling to him?
A: Not at all from the standpoint of trust. I only called the plays because I enjoyed doing it, so from that standpoint if there was any debate with myself, that was what it was over. But the fact is that I have one of the best in the business at what he does sitting right here and we go way back. And I have a lot of trust in him. So that it made it very easy from that standpoint.
Q: Could you just talk about your offensive line. It just seems like they have, particularly in the last month and a half, really established themselves as kind of a dominant force in these games.
A: We had a couple of new guys in there this year. It was just a matter that they made small … no big jumps, leaps and bounds, but they made progress forward. They got used to playing with each other throughout the season and part of that is being healthy. They are able to play together throughout the season; and not a lot of injuries. So they got better as it went on. They have a big chore this weekend. And so they know they are going to have to be at the top of their game for Sunday.
Jeff Garcia's comments
Q: What percentages of your rollout plays are improvised and why do you think the Giants defense has had so much trouble against the rollout?
A: I really can't answer that question. That's something for them to figure out. I don't really see a lot of rollout taking place, so I don't have an answer for that.
Q: How often do you see defenses dare you to beat them by overplaying Westbrook?
A: Are these from the writers or from the coaches? I just see us being a very balanced team. It's one of those things where Westbrook is a guy who is very important to our offense. And obviously teams are going to be aware of him no matter where he is on the field. And so if it is a situation where they are overplaying him, it's up to me to make the right decisions and be good and be accurate and go to the right place with the football.
Q: What, if anything, can you take from the last meeting with the Giants considering you just faced them three weeks ago?
A: It was a very competitive, hard fought football game. And it could have gone either way. It definitely came down to the wire and we fortunately made some plays at the end that allowed us to win the football game. We don't expect anything different. We have had two great football games against them this year. I think in many ways we are very evenly matched and now that it is a playoff scenario, it's one of those situations where there is no next time. So both teams are going to bring everything that they have and it is going to be a very physical game and we don't expect anything less than that. Q: How can you describe the chemistry between yourself and Marty Mornhinweg and how has it contributed to the renaissance of your career in Philadelphia?
A: Marty is a coach that I am very comfortable with. Obviously I am familiar with him having played for him for two seasons in San Francisco. He is very aware of the intangibles that I bring to the field. I think the great thing that we have is just open communication. We are able to talk about things on the practice field. We are able to sit in the meeting rooms and discuss things. And I think that is where there is such positive chemistry. And I think he just has a great mind for the game; a great feel for the game. He does a great job of calling the game. Q: Does a play-caller have to work in conjunction with the quarterback's comfort level for an offense to be successful?
A: I think it is important, but I think it is my experience in the west coast system there really isn't much that I am uncomfortable with. So I think that we have a very open play book, a very open game plan. I don't think that there is a sense of holding anything back based upon the fact that Donovan is not in the game and I'm in the game. I think that we have been able to really maintain the same system, the same terminology, obviously, the same similar schemes. I think the focus has definitely changed a little bit in the sense of allowing Brian Westbrook to touch the ball a few more times than he was previously. And so in those ways that's really where I see the major difference taking place. But I think that as far as the comfort zone is concerned, it is very important that Marty knows what I feel good about, what I'm comfortable with, and we just go from there. Share on Facebook Share on TwitterTrending on ScoutCardinals MLB Notebook: Nov. 28-Dec. 4 WeekRussian Subs That Hunted US Aircraft CarriersTrigger Grass Bass With Lipless CrankbaitsMarines Fire Precision-Guided 120mm MortarCam Newton explains his dress code violationWar Nest Top StoriesWorst Plays of Week 11	Check out the wackiest and worst plays from Week 11 of NFL action.	by StaffScout NFL Network11/21/2016Three-and-out: NFL’s best matchups of Week 9Division titles hopes are starting to heat up and Week 9 provides plenty of storylines with strong divisional matchups in the AFC and NFC. We highlight the top three for Week 9.by Tim YotterScout NFL Network11/03/2016Three Keys to Victory: Giants vs. EaglesThe Giants will need these three things to happen in order to send the Eagles back to the City of Brotherly Love with a loss.by Sara EljouziThe Giants Beat11/03/2016Fantasy Slant: Giants vs. EaglesThe Giants Beat predicts three breakout performers who fantasy owners need to play in the Week 9 battle between Philly and New York.by Justin WitmondtThe Giants Beat11/03/2016Week 9: Three WR Corps To WatchMark Morales-Smith examines some interesting wide receiver groups as we approach Week 9 of the Fantasy Football season!by Mark Morales-SmithScout Fantasy11/03/2016NFL Mid-Season Home Attendance ReportCheck out who has been filling the seats so far this NFL season.by Jonathan KahnScout11/03/2016Safe Bets and Bold Predictions: Week 9The Giants Beat takes an inside look at the Giants Week 9 matchup and predicts what will happen on Sunday.by Alex EvansThe Giants Beat11/02/2016Forgotten Storylines: Week 9 EditionTwo division rivals do battle this week and we cover the under the radar storylines heading into the battle of the NJ Turnpike.by Sara EljouziThe Giants Beat11/01/2016Cowboys Pay Back Eagles 29-23 in OTCowboys 'Don't Blink,' Pay Back Eagles 29-23 in OTby Mark LaneCowboysHQ10/31/2016Week 7: Six Players To Send To The BenchEvery week, Fantasy Football Expert Nate Weitzer recommends a handful of players who should ride the pine. It may be because of a bad matchup, lost playing time, a nagging injury…by Nate WeitzerScout Fantasy10/18/2016Essentials from Sunday: Old guys get recordsTom Brady became the winningest quarterback in NFL history on Sunday, leading a contingent of old guys rising in the record books.by Tim YotterScout NFL Network5:53 AMNFL DFS: Week 13 Perfect DraftKings LineupTake a trip through the mind of Senior Fantasy Football Expert Shawn Childs as he attempts to construct the perfect Week 13 DraftKings lineup!by Shawn ChildsScout FantasyYesterday at 3:57 AMLoad More

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Patent US6956473 - Self-adjusting alarm system - Google PatentsSearch Images Maps Play YouTube News Gmail Drive More »Sign inPatentsAn alarm system having the capability to self-adjust or self-calibrate itself is disclosed. The system includes an alarm controller and at least one sensor that generates a signal that corresponds to the magnitude of a detected event. The signal evaluator is part of the alarm controller and receives...http://www.google.com/patents/US6956473?utm_source=gb-gplus-sharePatent US6956473 - Self-adjusting alarm systemAdvanced Patent SearchTry the new Google Patents, with machine-classified Google Scholar results, and Japanese and South Korean patents.Publication numberUS6956473 B2Publication typeGrantApplication numberUS 10/752,054Publication dateOct 18, 2005Filing dateJan 6, 2004Priority dateJan 6, 2003Fee statusPaidAlso published asUS20040140892Publication number10752054, 752054, US 6956473 B2, US 6956473B2, US-B2-6956473, US6956473 B2, US6956473B2InventorsScott T. HanoodOriginal AssigneeJbs Technologies, LlcExport CitationBiBTeX, EndNote, RefManPatent Citations (9), Referenced by (25), Classifications (14), Legal Events (5) External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, EspacenetSelf-adjusting alarm system
US 6956473 B2Abstract
a sensor for detecting an event, the sensor generating a magnitude signal corresponding to a magnitude of a detected event; a signal evaluator operatively coupled to the sensor, the signal evaluator generating a sensor-initiated alarm signal in response to the magnitude signal exceeding an alarm threshold; an alarm threshold adjustor operatively coupled to the signal evaluator whereby the alarm threshold can be adjusted in response to the sensor-initiated alarm signals; and a timer operatively coupled to the alarm threshold adjustor whereby the frequency of the sensor-initiated alarm signals can be evaluated in adjusting the alarm threshold. 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the sensor is a shock sensor that generates the magnitude signal corresponding to a sensed vibration.
an alarm annunciator coupled to the signal evaluator, the alarm annunciator generating an alarm in response to the alarm signal. 10. The system of claim 9, wherein the generated alarm is one of a vocal alarm, a siren, a horn, a bell, a chirp, a tone, and a light.
a means for detecting an event, the means generating a magnitude signal corresponding to a magnitude of a detected event; a means for evaluating the magnitude of a detected event operatively coupled to the means for detecting an event, the means for evaluating the magnitude of a detected event generating a sensor-initiated alarm signal in response to the magnitude signal exceeding an alarm threshold; a means for adjusting the alarm threshold operatively coupled to the means for evaluating the magnitude of a detected event whereby the alarm threshold can be adjusted in response to the sensor-initiated alarm signals; and a means for timing operatively coupled to the means for adjusting the alarm threshold whereby the frequency of the sensor-initiated alarm signals can be evaluated in adjusting the alarm threshold. 12. A method for adjusting the sensitivity of an alarm system comprising:
generating a magnitude signal by a sensor corresponding to a magnitude of a detected event; comparing the magnitude signal to an alarm threshold; generating a sensor-initiated alarm signal in response to the magnitude signal exceeding the alarm threshold; and adjusting the alarm threshold based on the magnitude signals and a frequency thereof.
The present application claims benefit of U.S. provisional application Ser. No. 60/438,140, filed Jan. 6, 2003, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
A variety of sensors are used in such alarm systems. For example, the use of shock sensors in a vehicle to detect a potentially hostile shock, impact, or vibration to the vehicle are well known. See, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,317,034; 6,140,914; and 5,886,622. In addition to shock sensors, it is well known that motion detectors can be used in a vehicle to detect movement in a radiated field about the vehicle, or to detect the presence of an intruder in a home or business. Finally, vehicular radar detectors employ an alarm system whereby a driver is alerted to the possibility of his or her vehicle being radiated by a law enforcement personnel's radar gun.
FIG. 1 is a block diagram of an alarm system.
FIG. 2 is a block diagram of an alarm controller.
FIG. 3 is a flow chart of the process performed by the alarm system.
FIG. 4 is a disassembled illustration of a shock sensor.
FIG. 5 is a circuit diagram of the circuitry included in the shock sensor of FIG. 4.
FIG. 2 further illustrates the components of one embodiment of the alarm controller 12. As shown, a signal from a sensor 14 will proceed through an operational amplifier 22 and then through an analog to digital (A/D) converter 24. The digitized signal is then evaluated by a signal evaluator program module 26 which is typically contained within the memory of the alarm controller 12. This signal evaluator module 26 evaluates the signals received from the various sensors 14 to determine whether the alarm controller 12 should generate a sensor-initiated alarm signal which in turn will activate the alarm annunciator 16. For each of the sensors 14 that generate a magnitude signal, the evaluator 26 compares the magnitude signal to an alarm threshold. When the magnitude signal from any sensor 14 exceeds the alarm threshold, an alarm signal is sent to the alarm annunciator 16.
Applying this process to a shock sensor 14 a in the context of a thunderstorm can further illustrate the present invention. While rolling thunder may initially set off a shock sensor 14 a, the alarm system 10 will eventually self-adjust or re-calibrate itself to the point that an alarm signal is no longer generated in response to a clap of thunder. However, as the storm clouds move out of the area, over time, the alarm system 10 will again self-adjust or re-calibrate itself back to the shock sensor 14 a sensitivity originally defined by a user or preset by a manufacturer.
FIG. 4 is an illustration of a representative shock sensor 14 a of the present invention, which is also described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,612,670, and is expressly incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. The shock sensor 14 a includes a printed circuit board 66 and optionally may be encased within a plastic housing formed of two half-layers 68 and 70. The housing halves may be secured together by an adhesive or by screws 72 that allow the detector to be mounted on a building or vehicle. The circuit board 66 is preferably manufactured using surface-mount technology, thereby minimizing the size of the shock sensor 14 a. The circuit board 66 includes a number of surface-mounted components 74 such as resistors, capacitors, diodes, transistors, and an integrated circuit containing four operational amplifiers, as is more specifically detailed in FIG. 5. Also included is a strip 20 of piezoelectric material, a light-emitting diode (LED) D4, and a potentiometer RP3.
From the foregoing, it should be apparent that the present invention may be practiced with any alarm controller 12 that receives a sensor 14 signal that corresponds to the magnitude of a detected event, as long as the magnitude of the detected event has a range in which an alarm threshold may be established. Although the signal evaluator 26, alarm threshold adjuster 28, and timing functions 30 of the preferred embodiment are implemented in software, hardware similar to that illustrated in FIG. 4, and described herein, could also be used to accomplish these functions. Such hardware would include interface circuitry for the sensor 14 signal, and the signal evaluator 26, alarm threshold adjustor 28, timer 30, as well as circuitry for each of these components and/or functions.
Patent CitationsCited PatentFiling datePublication dateApplicantTitleUS5084696 *Jan 24, 1991Jan 28, 1992Aritech CorporationSignal detection system with dynamically adjustable detection thresholdUS5552763 *Nov 10, 1993Sep 3, 1996Simplex Time Recorder CompanyFire alarm system with sensitivity adjustmentUS5612670May 30, 1995Mar 18, 1997Jon Snyder, Inc.Dual sensitivity shock detectorUS5886622Jun 24, 1994Mar 23, 1999Jon Snyder, Inc.Alarm system with sensor signal evaluatorUS5923487Jun 5, 1997Jul 13, 1999Maxtor CorporationIntegrated shock sensing deviceUS6018431Apr 16, 1999Jan 25, 2000Maxtor CorporationDisk drive with shock evaluatorUS6140914Feb 19, 1998Oct 31, 2000Mueller; Rand W.Vehicle security systemUS6317034Apr 16, 1999Nov 13, 2001Directed Electronics, Inc.Alarm sensor multiplexingUS6720875 *May 18, 2001Apr 13, 2004F And F International S.A.R.L.Self-adjusting alarm device with low energy consumption* Cited by examinerReferenced byCiting PatentFiling datePublication dateApplicantTitleUS7084753 *Jun 30, 2004Aug 1, 2006Lockheed Martin CorporationChemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear weapon detection system comprising array of spatially-disparate sensorsUS7088230 *Jun 30, 2004Aug 8, 2006Lockheed Martin CorporationChemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear weapon detection system with alarm thresholds based on environmental factorsUS7212103 *Aug 20, 2002May 1, 2007Omron CorporationMonitor system, central monitor apparatus, on-vehicle monitor apparatus, monitor method, monitor program, computer-readable recording medium containing the sameUS7218221 *Apr 27, 2005May 15, 2007Lenovo (Singapore) Pte. Ltd.Theft deterrent systemUS7362223 *Jun 30, 2004Apr 22, 2008Lockhead Martin CorporationChemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear weapon detection system with environmental acuityUS7642924Mar 2, 2007Jan 5, 2010Walter Kidde Portable Equipment, Inc.Alarm with CO and smoke sensorsUS8026846Jul 11, 2008Sep 27, 2011Mobile Detect Inc.Mobile radiation surveillance networkUS8049604 *May 26, 2009Nov 1, 2011Kabushiki Kaisha Toyota JidoshokkiShock-detecting apparatus for industrial vehicleUS8847750 *Jun 30, 2011Sep 30, 2014Universal Lighting Technologies, Inc.Network of dual technology occupancy sensors and associated lighting control methodUS8994556May 24, 2013Mar 31, 2015Douglas H. LundyThreat detection system and methodUS9199680 *Jun 23, 2011Dec 1, 2015Honda Motor Co., Ltd.Vehicle anti-theft deviceUS20040246111 *Aug 20, 2002Dec 9, 2004Masayuki OyagiMonitor system, central monitor apparatus, on-vehicle monitor apparatus, monitor method, monitor program, computer-readable recording medium containing the sameUS20060001536 *Jun 30, 2004Jan 5, 2006Maurer Scott MChemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear weapon detection system with alarm thresholds based on environmental factorsUS20060187018 *Jun 30, 2004Aug 24, 2006Maurer Scott MChemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear weapon detection system comprising array of spatially-disparate sensorsUS20060244590 *Apr 27, 2005Nov 2, 2006Kishiko ItohTheft deterrent systemUS20070075847 *Dec 6, 2006Apr 5, 2007Omron CorporationMonitor system, central monitor apparatus, on-vehicle monitor apparatus, monitor method, monitor program, computer-readable recording medium containing the sameUS20070171030 *Aug 10, 2005Jul 26, 2007Omron CorporationDetecting apparatus, abnormality monitoring systemUS20070222675 *Jan 31, 2007Sep 27, 2007Mcfadden Robert CMobile radiation surveillance networkUS20070244653 *Jun 30, 2004Oct 18, 2007Maurer Scott MChemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear weapon detection system with environmental acuityUS20080163062 *Dec 27, 2007Jul 3, 2008Samsung Electronics Co., LtdUser interface method and apparatusUS20080211678 *Mar 2, 2007Sep 4, 2008Walter Kidde Portable Equipment Inc.Alarm with CO and smoke sensorsUS20090033487 *Jul 11, 2008Feb 5, 2009Mcfadden Robert CassinMobile radiation surveillance networkUS20090289781 *May 26, 2009Nov 26, 2009Kabushiki Kaisha Toyota JidoshokkiShock-detecting apparatus for industrial vehicleUS20100004759 *Sep 15, 2009Jan 7, 2010Cindy Alsup ScottMethods and apparatus to manage process plant alarmsUS20140125472 *Jun 23, 2011May 8, 2014KOSTAL Electromecanica Ltda.Vehicle anti-theft device* Cited by examinerClassifications U.S. Classification340/522, 340/429, 340/566, 340/541, 340/426.11International ClassificationB60R25/10, G08B29/26, G08B13/16Cooperative ClassificationG08B13/1654, B60R25/1004, G08B29/26European ClassificationG08B13/16B, B60R25/10C, G08B29/26Legal EventsDateCodeEventDescriptionJan 6, 2004ASAssignmentOwner name: JBS TECHNOLOGIES, LLC, OHIOFree format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:HANOOD, SCOTT T.;REEL/FRAME:014880/0124Effective date: 20040106Aug 10, 2005ASAssignmentOwner name: LASALLE BUSINESS CREDIT, LLC, PENNSYLVANIAFree format text: SECURITY AGREEMENT;ASSIGNOR:JBS TECHNOLOGIES, LLC;REEL/FRAME:016377/0298Effective date: 20050509Apr 17, 2009FPAYFee paymentYear of fee payment: 4Nov 3, 2009ASAssignmentOwner name: ACCESS 2 COMMUNICATIONS, LLC, OHIOFree format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:LASALLE BUSINESS CREDIT, LLC;REEL/FRAME:023456/0537Effective date: 20070515Apr 16, 2013FPAYFee paymentYear of fee payment: 8RotateOriginal ImageGoogle Home - Sitemap - USPTO Bulk Downloads - Privacy Policy - Terms of Service - About Google Patents - Send FeedbackData provided by IFI CLAIMS Patent Services

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My Houzz: Dreamy, Organic Style in a Tampa Cottage - Eclectic - Dining Room - Tampa - by Mina Brinkey
My Houzz: Dreamy, Organic Style in a Tampa CottageEclectic Dining Room, Tampa
Eclectic dining room photo in Tampa with white walls — Houzz
Woodland Creek Furniture wrote:Oct 23, 2013
Why a plastic dining table when you could have had real wood?
New Silver Graphite & Driftwood finishes over real wood. We can make dining, coffee, sofa, or end tables any size in these finishes. Thank you for the inspiration to create them.
dee072 wrote:Oct 29, 2013
Mar Ler - I checked West Elm's website and did not find the mirror. Did you see it there recently? I'd like to get another one of these mirrors. Thank you!
I've noticed it comes and goes in their catalog. Best thing to do would be call them. They are great to work with and you'll get a human.
madjax88 wrote:Dec 15, 2013
Who sells stump table bases?
This particular table is from Z Gallerie
I love the chair that is in front on the left. Can you tell me the brand?
ndiess wrote:Oct 23, 2013
I love the chicken coop light pendant. Any others available?
- I love the chicken coop light pendant. Any others available?
This was purchased at the local Blue Moon Trading Company in Tampa.
Rada Hugonet
The light pendant is sublime! The chairs too, thanks for ideas.
Vanina Cobeaga wrote:Nov 8, 2014
- Please tell me where this is from.
307eloise
I want to know where I can purchase light fixture
dougpagliaro wrote:Nov 10, 2013
- Love the mix of chairs. Where are they from?
All the chairs were purchased at Marshalls.
gayleslmtih wrote:May 31, 2017
- Where did you buy that great fixture over the z gallerie dining table .. I love it
miastensrud wrote:Jan 12, 2016
What are the room and table dimensions? Thanks.
octarmando wrote:May 27, 2014
who manufactures chairs ?
3. Different chairs, same upholstery. Unify a group of lovely chairs, old or new, by having them re-covered in the same fabric. In the dining room featured here, three different pairs of chairs were all covered in similar fabric to create a “set.”
Fred Albert added this to Decorating 101: Do It Yourself or Hire a Pro?May 9, 2014
Becky Harris added this to You Said It: 'Make It Easy on Yourself' and More Houzz QuotablesNov 6, 2013
"What’s funk? It’s those rough edges that challenge your expectations and give a composition soul. It’s what separates Pat Metheny from Pat Boone, Langston Hughes from Hallmark." — Fred AlbertAlbert thought he was done furnishing his home after placing all the new furniture and hanging window treatments and art, but it was missing those one-of-a-kind pieces with age and history.Full story: Bring in da Funk: How Humble Touches Give a Home Soul
I love that these fancy chairs are paired with a light fixture fabricated from a rusty scrap of metal. High meets low — and both benefit from the introduction.
Becky Dietrich, Interior Designer added this to Ditch the Rules but Keep Some ToolsOct 22, 2013
If you prefer neutrals to color, no worries. Just remember the fifth — and to me, the most important — tool: Mix, mix, mix! This lovely, calming dining room gets its allure from its mix. The rustic ladder, the formal dining chairs, the somewhat woebegone metal chandelier, the fibrous frame on the mirror and the glass table with its sculptural base all work together to create great interest and personality — with not so much as a touch of color. Mixing is (dare I say it) practically a rule.
A local artisan made the dining room pendant light using materials salvaged from a chicken coop. “I love the eclectic feel of mixing old and new, repurposing items and using them in unexpected ways,” Shona says. Table: Sequoia Dining Table, Z Gallerie; dining chairs: Marshalls; mirror, lighting: Blue Moon Trading Company
Joyce Maenle added this to Dining Room Chairs FabricAug 1, 2019

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Amazon.com: C++ Guide (Quick Study Computer) (0654614002631): Inc. BarCharts: Books
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Publisher: QuickStudy; Lam Crds edition (September 6, 2006)
ISBN-10: 1423202635
ISBN-13: 978-1423202639
Amazon Best Sellers Rank: #23,907 in Books (See Top 100 in Books)
#13 in Books > Computers & Technology > Programming > Languages & Tools > C & C++ > C++
#3581 in Books > Reference
1.0 out of 5 starsMisadvertised product
The only thing c++ about this product is cin/cout, otherwise it is 100% c, very disappointed.
2.0 out of 5 starsCovers very little C++.
This could have been a good first 4 pages of a 6 page C++ guide. But as it is they barely mention classes and give no information on how to define them or information of private, protected or public member variables. Also there is no mention of "static", which is probably the keyword with the most different usages. As others have said, this is a only C reference card with a couple mentions of C++
2.0 out of 5 starsCovers only the "C" Programming Language, NOT the extended "C++" features
I had to return this, because it only covered "C" features, NOT "C++" .
Very helpful for the causal C++ programmer.
Awesome cheat sheet for coding.
4.0 out of 5 starsUseful .
Very useful cheatsheet for C++ students, handy reference and good tips.
C++ Guide (Quick Study Computer) ... thanks
1.0 out of 5 starsDefective/Faulty Item
Recieved this product and was so excited to take it out of the box...once I did I realized that there was no way I could possibly read or use this product as there was a large white bar all over the product. It is impossible to use now. Won't be buying from them again.
2.0 out of 5 starsthe this is pretty good. C has been the dominant language for ...
This product should really be called "C Guide", not "C++ Guide". They do not go over any OOP aspects unique to C++.Read more
Great info packed reference sheet
This is a C guide not a C++, even though it is emblazoned with C++.
I bought it to help remind me of format details.Read more
5.0 out of 5 starsIt does what its supposed to.
5.0 out of 5 starsc++
Awesome for short cuts
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Excellent; as advertised; no defects.
This item: C++ Guide (Quick Study Computer)
C++ All-in-One For Dummies Paperback
C++ in One Hour a Day, Sams Teach Yourself (8th Edition) Paperback
Starting Out with C++: Early Objects (9th Edition) Paperback

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Peacock Painting Peacock Art Peacock | Etsy
Peacock Painting, Peacock Art, Peacock
Peacock Painting. This painting is done with acrylic paint in blue, greens, purples and yellows. Sides are painted, ready for hanging.
Finger painted by Candi Sue.
Measurements: appx 20" x 16"
Shout out to "Painting with Jane" on youtube for the inspiration.
Any over shipping cost will be refunded.
Sealed with an UV protection and non yellowing seal.
Reviewed by BARBARA OSTERRIEDER
Lovely, seems real, thank you!
Old Wooden Shed Window Painting, Paintings, Old Windows
Peacock Lane Painting, Peacock Lane, Original Painting on Canvas, Unique Painting, Small Painting
Jellyfish Painting, Jelly Fish Painting, Acrylic Painting, Nautical Painting, Sea Life Painting
Books by Candlelight, Acrylic Paint, Books and Candle Painting
Sunflower Painting, Sunflowers, Acrylic Painting, Housewarming Gift
Peacock Jewelry, Reed and Barton, Pewter Peacock, Peacock Jewelry, Glass Opal, Vintage Jewelry, Vintage Reed and Barton, Large Pendant
ArtLouiseStudio
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$447.13 Free shipping
Crimson Summer ( Mini-Big Skies)
AmandaWathenFineArt
Original watercolor painting Peacock King beautiful bird without frame
Tag! (Elephants Acrylic Finger Painting )
Unique painting by GrünertArt acrylic abstract
It Hurts to Become Abstract Finger Painting
karsengromm
Unique painting by GrünertArt acrylic Psychadelic
FINGER Painting Acrylic wallart
LoriArtnStuff
Best Friend (Abstract, Finger Painting, Acrylic)

value: This website is an American e-commerce company focused on handmade or vintage items and craft supplies.


text:
CoogleGhrome comments on I believe the word you're looking for is "aquarium"jump to contentmy subredditsannouncementsArtAskRedditaskscienceawwblogbookscreepydataisbeautifulDIYDocumentariesEarthPornexplainlikeimfiveFitnessfoodfunnyFuturologygadgetsgamingGetMotivatedgifshistoryIAmAInternetIsBeautifulJokesLifeProTipslistentothismildlyinterestingmoviesMusicnewsnosleepnottheonionOldSchoolCoolpersonalfinancephilosophyphotoshopbattlespicsscienceShowerthoughtsspacesportstelevisiontifutodayilearnedTwoXChromosomesUpliftingNewsvideosworldnewsWritingPromptsedit subscriptionsfront-all-random | gadgets-sports-gaming-pics-worldnews-videos-AskReddit-aww-Music-funny-news-movies-books-history-food-philosophy-television-Jokes-Art-DIY-space-Documentaries-Fitness-askscience-nottheonion-todayilearned-personalfinance-gifs-listentothis-IAmA-TwoXChromosomes-creepy-nosleep-GetMotivated-WritingPrompts-LifeProTips-EarthPorn-explainlikeimfive-Showerthoughts-Futurology-photoshopbattles-mildlyinteresting-dataisbeautiful-tifu-OldSchoolCool-UpliftingNews-InternetIsBeautiful-sciencemore » funnycommentsrelatedwant to join? sign in or create an account in seconds|Englishlimit my search to /r/funnyuse the following search parameters to narrow your results:subreddit:subredditfind submissions in "subreddit"author:usernamefind submissions by "username"site:example.comfind submissions from "example.com"url:textsearch for "text" in urlselftext:textsearch for "text" in self post contentsself:yes (or self:no)include (or exclude) self postsnsfw:yes (or nsfw:no)include (or exclude) results marked as NSFWe.g. subreddit:aww site:imgur.com dogsee the search faq for details.advanced search: by author, subreddit...this post was submitted on 18 Sep 20133,184 points (96% upvoted)shortlink: remember mereset passwordloginSubmit a humorous linkSubmit a comical text postfunnyunsubscribesubscribe8,628,536 readers8,035 users here nowWelcome to r/Funny:
a community for 7 yearsmessage the moderatorsMODERATORSilluminatedwaxWe're no strangerskrispykrackersKyldeThe JanitorGuitarFreak027brownboy13There is no alien, citizen.complex_reductionLivykaLord_Nukeoh god how did this get here I am not good with computerKnowltey...and 13 more »318331843185I believe the word you're looking for is "aquarium" (i.imgur.com)submitted 1 year ago by highhhhclimber477 commentssharecancelsorry, this has been archived and can no longer be voted onloading...sorted by: besttopnewhotcontroversialoldrandomq&ayou are viewing a single comment's thread.view the rest of the comments →[–]CoogleGhrome 6 points7 points8 points 1 year ago (0 children)sorry, this has been archived and can no longer be voted on
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Fairfax Chamber of Commerce Accuses Supervisors of Taking Hostile Stands - The Washington Post
Fairfax Chamber of Commerce Accuses Supervisors of Taking Hostile Stands
By Thomas Grubisich By Thomas Grubisich March 21, 1981
The president of the Fairfax County Chamber of Commerce, which has assumed an increasingly important role in county politics, yesterday accused some of Fairfax's supervisors of taking antibusiness positions and making "irrational statements" about development of the county.
"Some members of the Board of Supervisors are treading on a very thin line," chamber President Florence E. Townsend told a luncheon meeting attended by four of the nine supervisors. "I'm not sure of their intention. A lot of it could be speaking without thinking."
What has made chamber officials unhappy are recent votes by the supervisors urging the county's largely autonomous economic development authority to tighten up its policies for approving so-called "tax-free" industrial revenue bonds for businesses that agree to locate in the county. With interest rates at current high levels, companies are increasingly competing for the low-interest bonds, but the supervisors have told the authority that it has been issuing them to freely.
Townsend, a banking executive, disagreed yesterday with the board and warned the supervisors that she is appealing to the chamber's 2,600 members to put pressure on the County Board for a more positive attitude toward business."It's in effect a referendum," Townsend said.
Townsend's comments drew an immediate denial from Supervisor Sandra Duckworth (D-Mt. Vernon), one of the supervisors who supported the votes asking the development authority to tighten its bond policy. She said it was "absolutely untrue" that the board was antibusiness.
"I don't see any basis for this fear," said Duckworth, a chamber member herself, who shared the luncheon dais with Townsend. "They're looking for ulterior motives that are not here . . . They are blowing it out of proportion."
Fairfax Board Chairman John F. Herrity, who sat next to Townsend, also dissented in part. "Every private organization in the county has a right to make its own judgment about any officials of the county . . . I'm not sure I would go that far [and characterize remarks by some supervisors as 'irrational']."
Herrity stressed that business accounts for 25.2 percent of the county's revenues, and said that as recently as last month the supervisors affirmed that economic development was their number one priority. The two other supervisors at the meeting, Marie B. Travesky of Springfield and Joseph Alexandria of the Lee District, left the meeting before Townsend spoke.
Townsend said the chamber's concern goes far beyond the industrial revenue bond issue. "When we have members of the governing body of the county making irrational statements and then these statements are published in The Washington Post, there is a great deal of danger for the continued economic development of the county" she said.
"If I were an executive of a company considering moving to Fairfax, and I read those statements in The Washington Post, I would have second thoughts about relocating there."
Townsend said the county "can never go back to the days of the early 1970s," when the previously dormant chamber helped oust then board chairman Jean R. Packard, who had led what many business leaders considered an antigrowth faction on the County Board.
Since the 1975 campaign, the chamber has grown into a potent political force in Fairfax. It has doubled its membership in the past three years.
But it has done more than add numbers. While the chamber used to be dominated by small-business people, its boardroom now includes officials from most of the big-name corporations that have moved to Fairfax in recent years. Mobil Oil, BDM Corp., Dynalectron Corp., and AT&T Longlines are all represented in the chamber's decision-making hierarchy.
For example, one of the chamber's directors is Charles Gulledge, head of Dynalectron, the worldwide professional services company based in McLean. Gulledge also is chairman of the controversial economic development authority.
In a series of votes two weeks ago, the supervisors urged the authority not to grant its bonds to businesses engaged primarily in politics. The vote was aimed at a decision by the authority last year, when it tentatively approved a $7 million bond for Richard A. Viguerie, the direct-mail wizard who is associated with many causes of the New Right.
Shortly after the Viguerie deal was disclosed, it was revealed that the development authority also approved a $7 million bond that allowed Marlo Furniture Co. to relocate its corporate offices in a large warehouse-showroom off Shirley Highway. The bonds were issued for the facility, which includes a retail sales area, despite a prohibition on use of the bonds for retail establishments. Some of the Fairfax supervisors were also critical of that transaction.

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text:
Caryl Anne Nowson - Semantic Scholar
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J E Pritchard, Caryl Anne Nowson, John Dennis Wark
OBJECTIVE To compare the effects of two weight loss interventions, diet or exercise, on changes in bone, fat and lean tissue. DESIGN Prospective, long term, worksite, randomised and controlled… (More)

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Powerplay: The Origins of the American Alliance System in Asia (Princeton 9780691180946 | eBay
Powerplay: The Origins of the American Alliance System in Asia, Cha, Victor D.
Powerplay – The Origins of the American Alliance System in Asia Cha, Victor D.
Powerplay: The Origins of the American Alliance System in Asia (Princeton Studie
Powerplay – The Origins of the American Alliance System in Asia Cha, Victor
The American Occupation of Japan: The Origins of the Cold War in Asia Michael Sc
Details about Powerplay: The Origins of the American Alliance System in Asia (Princeton
Powerplay: The Origins of the American Alliance System in Asia (Princeton
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The sociology of sports : an introduction (Livro, 2009) [WorldCat.org]
Achei que você talvez possa estar interessado neste item em http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/270109665 Título: The sociology of sports : an introduction Autor: Tim Delaney; Tim Madigan Editora: Jefferson, N.C. : McFarland & Co., ©2009. ISBN/ISSN: 9780786441693 0786441690 OCLC:270109665
Encontrar mais informações sobre: Tim Delaney Tim Madigan
Emphasizes the positive aspects of sports and how they affect and are affected by the mores, values, and general culture of a nation. This sociological exploration moves from violence, gender, race, religion and economics, to the role of sports in high school and college life. It includes a brief history of sports from antiquity onwards. Ler mais...
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text:
Patent US4749556 - Process for producing boron nitride - Google PatentsSearch Images Maps Play YouTube News Gmail Drive More »Sign inAdvanced Patent SearchPatentsA process for producing boron nitride which comprises providing a nitrogen-containing nitride promoter, preferably melamine or dicyandiamide, in contact with an admixture of boron oxide and a sufficient amount of boric acid to enhance the formation of boron nitride under a non-oxidizing atmosphere, and...http://www.google.com/patents/US4749556?utm_source=gb-gplus-sharePatent US4749556 - Process for producing boron nitrideAdvanced Patent SearchPublication numberUS4749556 APublication typeGrantApplication numberUS 06/804,548Publication dateJun 7, 1988Filing dateDec 4, 1985Priority dateDec 4, 1985Fee statusLapsedPublication number06804548, 804548, US 4749556 A, US 4749556A, US-A-4749556, US4749556 A, US4749556AInventorsLien N. Parrish, Charles C. ChaseOriginal AssigneeUnion Carbide CorporationExport CitationBiBTeX, EndNote, RefManPatent Citations (12), Referenced by (10), Classifications (6), Legal Events (9) External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, EspacenetProcess for producing boron nitride
US 4749556 AAbstract
A process for producing boron nitride which comprises providing a nitrogen-containing nitride promoter, preferably melamine or dicyandiamide, in contact with an admixture of boron oxide and a sufficient amount of boric acid to enhance the formation of boron nitride under a non-oxidizing atmosphere, and maintaining same at sufficiently elevated temperature to form boron nitride.
1. A process for producing boron nitride which comprises mixing boron oxide, orthoboric acid and melamine to form a reaction composition which comprises from about 45 to about 50 weight percent, based on the weight of the reaction composition, of melamine and from about 50 to about 55 weight percent, based on the weight of the reaction composition, of a combination of boron oxide and orthoboric acid, wherein the weight ratio of boron oxide to orthoboric acid is from about 3:1 to about 4:1; and heating said composition to temperature of about 700� C. to about 1200� C. under a non-oxidizing atmosphere to form boron nitride.
2. A process for producing boron nitride which comprises mixing boron oxide, orthoboric acid and dicyandiamide to form a reaction composition which comprises from about 35 to about 40 weight percent, based on the weight of the reaction composition, of dicyandiamide and from about 60 to about 65 weight percent, based on the weight of the reaction composition, of a combination of boron oxide and orthoboric acid, wherein the weight ratio of boron oxide to boron acid is from about 2:1 to about 1:1; and heating said composition to temperature of about 700� C. to about 1200� C. under a non-oxidizing atmosphere to form boron nitride.
3. A process for producing boron nitride which comprises mixing boron oxide, ammonium pentaborate tetrahydrate and melamine to form a reaction composition which comprises from about 30 to about 40 weight percent, based on the weight of the reaction composition, of melamine and from about 60 to about 70 weight percent, based on the weight of the reaction composition, of a combination of boron oxide and ammonium pentaborate tetrahydrate, wherein the weight ratio of boron oxide to ammonium pentaborate tetrahydrate is from about 1:1 to about 1:2; and heating said composition to temperature of about 700� C. to about 1200� C. under a non-oxidizing atmosphere to form boron nitride.
4. A process for producing boron nitride which comprises combining boron oxide, ammonium pentaborate tetrahydrate and dicyandiamide to form a reaction composition which comprises from about 40 to about 50 weight percent, based on the weight of the reaction composition, of dicyandiamide and from about 50 to about 60 weight percent, based on the weight of the reaction composition, of a combination of boron oxide and ammonium pentaborate tetrahydrate wherein the weight ratio of boron oxide to ammonium pentaborate tetrahydrate is from about 2:1 to about 3:1 and heating said composition to temperature of about 700� C. to about 1200� C. under a non-oxidizing atmosphere to form boron nitride.
5. The process of claims 1, 2, 3 or 4 wherein the reaction composition is maintained at temperature of at least 850� C. for a period of at least about 15 minutes to produce boron nitride.
6. A process for producing boron nitride which comprises;(a) contacting a nitrogen-containing nitride promoter with an admixture of boron oxide and an amount of boric acid sufficient to enhance the formation of boron nitride under a non-oxidizing atmosphere and to provide a ratio of boron oxide to boric acid from about 4:1 to about 1:3, and (b) maintaining the admixture at a temperature from about 700� C. to about 1200� C. to form boron nitride. 7. The process of claim 6 wherein the boric acid is produced by reacting the boron oxide with a puffing agent at elevated temperature.
8. The process of claim 6 wherein the reaction composition comprises from about 30 to about 55 weight percent of a nitrogen-containing nitride promoter, and from about 45 to about 70 weight percent of a mixture of boron oxide and boric acid.
9. The process of claim 6 wherein the non-oxidizing atmosphere is an atmosphere of ammonia or nitrogen.
10. The process of claim 6 wherein after the reaction mixture is heated to a temperature from about 700� to about 1200� C., the resulting boron nitride product is heated at a temperature from about 1300� to about 2000� C. under an non-oxidizing atmosphere to form crystalline boron nitride.
11. The process of claim 10 wherein the heating to form crystalline boron nitride is under a nitrogenous-atmosphere.
12. A process for producing boron nitride which comprises;(a) contacting a nitrogen-containing nitride promoter with an admixture of boron oxide and a sufficient amount of boric acid to enhance the formation of boron nitride under a non-oxidizing atmosphere, and (b) maintaining the admixture at a temperature from about 700� C. to about 1200� C. to form boron nitride,wherein the admixture of boron oxide and boric acid is produced by heating the boron oxide in the presence of at least one puffing agent at a ratio of boron oxide to puffing agent of from about 4:1 to about 1:3. 13. An ammonia-free process for producing boron nitride which comprises the steps of:(a) mixing boron oxide, a puffing agent selected from the group consisting of water, metaboric acid, orthoboric acid, pyroboric acid, ammonium pentaborate tetrahydrate and mixtures thereof, and a nitrogen containing nitride promoter selected from the group consisting of melamine and dicyandiamide in amounts to form a reaction composition, with a weight ratio of boron oxide to puffing agent from about 4:1 to about 1:3; (b) introducing the reaction composition into a reaction zone maintained at temperature in a range of from about 700� C. to about 1200� C. under an atmosphere of nitrogen; (c) reacting the reaction composition in said reaction zone to produce amorphous boron nitride; and (d) removing the amorphous boron nitride from the reaction zone. 14. The process of claim 13 additionally comprising the steps of;(e) cooling the amorphous boron nitride formed in the reaction zone to a temperature less than 50� C.; (f) crushing the cooled amorphous boron nitride to a particle size of less than about 25 mm; and (g) nitriding the crushed particles at a temperature from about 1300� to about 2000� C. under an atmosphere of nitrogen to produce a crystalline product. 15. A process for producing boron nitride which comprises;(a) providing a reaction composition comprising from about 45 to about 70 weight percent of a mixture of boron oxide and a puffing agent with the ratio of boron oxide to puffing agent being from about 4:1 to about 1:3, and from about 30 to 55 weight percent of a nitrogen-containing nitride promoter, and (b) maintaining the reaction composition at a temperature from about 700� C. to about 1200� C. under a nonoxidizing atmosphere to form boron nitride. 16. The process of claim 7, 12, or 15, wherein the puffing agent is selected from the group consisting of; water, metaboric acid, orthoboric acid, pyroboric acid, ammonium pentaborate tetrahydrate and mixtures thereof.
17. The process of claim 7, 12, or 15, wherein the puffing agent is selected from the group consisting of; metaboric acid, orthoboric acid, pyroboric acid, and ammonium pentaborate tetrahydrate.
18. The process of claim 7, 12, or 15, wherein the puffing agent is selected from the group consisting of orthoboric acid, and ammonium pentaborate tetrahydrate.
19. The process of claim 7, 12, or 15, wherein the nitrogen-containing nitride promoter is selected from the group consisting of primary amines, secondary amines, tertiary amines, and amides.
20. The process of claim 7, 12 or 15, wherein the nitrogen-containing nitride promoter is selected from the group consisting of diphenylamine, ethylene amine, hexamethylene amine, and melamine and dicyandiamide.
21. The process of claim 6 wherein the reaction composition is maintained at a temperature of at least 840� C. for a period of at least about 15 minutes to produce boron nitride.
22. A process for producing boron nitride which comprises;(a) contacting a nitrogen-containing nitride promoter with an admixture of boron oxide and a sufficient amount of boric acid to enhance the formation of boron nitride under a non-oxidizing atmosphere, and (b) maintaining the admixture at a sufficiently elevated temperature to form boron nitride; wherein the ratio of boron oxide to boric acid is from about 4:1 to about 1:3. 23. The process of claim 22 wherein the boric acid is produced by reacting the boron oxide with a puffing agent at elevated temperature.
24. A process for producing boron nitride which comprises;(a) contacting a nitrogen-containing nitride promoter with an admixture of boron oxide and a sufficient amount of boric acid to enhance the formation of boron nitride under a non-oxidizing atmosphere, and (b) maintaining the reaction composition at a temperature to form boron nitride, wherein the admixture of boron oxide and boric acid is produced by heating boron oxide in the presence of at least one puffing agent at a ratio of boron oxide to puffing agent of from about 4:1 to about 1:3. Description
This invention relates to a process for producing boron nitride using particulate boron oxide as a reactant material and more particularly to a continuous process for producing boron nitride from boron oxide.
Boron nitride is a thermally stable, highly refractory material of increasing commercial significance. Typically, boron nitride is produced by processes wherein boric acid is utilized as the boron source of reaction compositions. Suggested processes for producing boron nitride from boric acid are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,922,699, 3,241,918, and 3,261,667 as well as in British Pat. Nos. 874,166, 874,165, and 1,241,206.
Processes wherein boron nitride is generated from boron oxide, as opposed to boric acid, are of special interest since per unit weight of reactant materials boron oxide contains more boron than boric acid, the additional boron theoretically making higher product yields of boron nitride possible. However, processes wherein boron oxide is a reactant are generally complicated, cumbersome procedures. For example:
U.S. Pat. No. 3,208,824 discloses a process for producing boron nitride using as a boron source compounds such as B2 O3, H3 BO3, and alkali and alkaline earth metal borates. The process involves mixing a selected boron-containing compound and an inert solid diluent with water to form a pasty mass, extruding the pasty mass into small particles, drying the particles at a sufficiently high temperature to vaporize the water, and nitriding the dried particles with ammonia.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,232,706 discloses a process wherein boron oxide is introduced into the high temperature reaction zone of an arc furnace, vaporized and reacted with a reactive nitrogenous gas such as ammonia to produce boron nitride. The process requires the use of a specialized high temperature furnace wherein a high temperature reaction zone is produced by utilizing one or more non-consumable electrodes to generate a high temperature arc.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,429,722 discloses a process for producing boron nitride fibers wherein a boron oxide fiber having a maximum diameter of about 30 microns is heated at a temperature rise between 25�� C. per hour and 5,000� C. per hour up to a final temperature between 300� C. and 1500� C. in a current of ammonia. The patent discloses that particle size is critical to obtaining substantially complete conversion of B2 O3 to born nitride (column 2, line 72 to column 3, line 11). U.S. Pat. No. 3,429,722 further discloses that by heating the oxide in ammonia, the boron oxide fiber is provided with a protective shield of a nitrogen and hydrogen containing compound which retains the fibrous form of the B2 O3 reactant and prevents fusion of the fiber.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,130,631 discloses a process for forming a shaped article of fused boron nitride fibers which comprises forming a shaped article from a blend of boron oxide fibers and boric acid, heating the article in an anyhydrous gas to a temperature above the melting temperature of the boric acid for a time sufficient to melt some of the boric acid to the boron oxide fibers and, either simultaneously with or subsequent thereto, heating the article in an ammonia atmosphere to convert the boron oxide and boric acid to boron nitride. U.S. Pat. No. 4,130,631 requires that the article be heated in such a manner that the boron oxide fibers are not destroyed by melting or decomposition.
It is further known that boron oxide may be reacted with ammonia in the presence of a tertiary calcium phosphate carrier at temperatures of about 900� C. to produce boron nitride. (See Gmelin's Handbuch der anorganischen Chemie, supplement to 8th edition, vol. 13, part 1, pages 1-6 (Springer Verlag, 1974) as cited in U.S. Pat. No. 4,107,276). In this process the tertiary calcium phosphate carrier distributes the boron oxide in a thin sheet, providing a larger surface for oxide reaction with ammonia thereby reducing the tendency of boron oxide to form large unreactive lumps or agglomerations. However, such a reaction requires the use of extremely pure reactants and employs various heating, drying, homogenation and filtration steps.
In general, the above described processes are time-consuming, multi-step procedures, which produce commercially unattractive yields of boron nitride, require the use of boron oxide in fibrous form or utilize highly specialized equipment. Moreover, the processes typically require the use of an ammonia nitriding atmosphere, which for environmental and toxicological reasons is oftentimes objectionable.
Accordingly, it is an aspect of this invention to provide a simplified, high-yield process for producing boron nitride directly from particulate boron oxide. It is a further aspect of this invention to produce boron nitride by a process wherein nitrogen may be substituted for ammonia as a nitriding agent.
This invention is directed to a process for producing boron nitride which comprises providing a nitrogen-containing nitride promoter in contact with an admixture of boron oxide and a sufficient amount of boric acid to enhance the formation of boron nitride under a non-oxidizing atmosphere, preferably a nitrogenous atmosphere of ammonia or, most preferably, nitrogen, and maintaining same at sufficiently elevated temperature, preferably about 700� C. to about 1200� C., most preferably about 900� C. to about 1050� C., to form boron nitride.
The process of this invention provides a method of producing high purity boron nitride from particulate boron oxide in relatively high yields. Further, this invention eliminates the need for time consuming reactant drying steps, and is adaptable to the continuous production of boron nitride.
For purposes of this invention an admixture of boron oxide and boric acid may be produced by heating boron oxide in the presence of at least one puffing agent capable of reacting with said boron oxide when heated to expand same, producing thereby a porous substrate comprising an homogenous mixture of boron oxide and metaboric acid. In the practice of this invention a nitrogen containing nitride promoter may be combined with boron oxide and at least one puffing agent to provide a reaction composition which is thereafter heated as previously described to produce boron nitride.
Puffing agents include compounds such as water, metaboric acid, orthoboric acid, pyroboric acid, ammonium pentaborate tetrahydrate and mixtures thereof. When water is used as a puffing agent it should be combined with the other reactants in a manner such as to avoid agglomeration of the reactant materials; e.g. spraying water onto a mixture of boron oxide and a nitride promoter. Preferred puffing agents are compounds such as metaboric acid, orthoboric acid, pyroboric acid and ammonium pentaborate tetrahydrate which increase the overall efficiency of the process by providing the reaction composition with additional boron beyond that which is provided thereto by the boron oxide reactant. For purposes of this invention, orthoboric acid and ammonium pentaborate tetrahydrate are particularly preferred puffing agents.
Boron oxide particles having a broad range of sizes are suitable for use herein. In order to sufficiently increase the surface area of the oxide available for reaction it is generally desirable to employ particles less than about 30μ in diameter, preferably about 10μ in effective diameter.
Nitrogen-containing nitride promoters contemplated for use herein include organic primary, secondary and tertiary amines, including compounds such as diphenylamine, ethylene amine, hexamethylene amine, and melamine; and organic amides such as dicyandiamide. Preferred amines are those compounds which under reaction conditions undergo polymerization to form straight chain linkages thereby optimizing the nitrogen sites available for reaction. It should be noted that under the conditions described herein, melamine typically forms a volatile polymerization by-product which tends to collect on furnace walls necessitating periodic system clean-out. Dicyandiamide does not form such a by-product and is, therefore, particularly preferred as a promoter.
The reaction compositions of this invention are subject to wide variation. In general, compositions suitable for use herein comprise from about 30 to about 55 weight percent, based upon the total weight of the reactant materials, of promoter and from about 45 to about 70 weight percent, based upon the total weight of the reactant materials, of a combination of boron oxide and puffing agent wherein the weight ratio of boron oxide to puffing agent in the combination ranges from about 4:1 to about 1:3. At concentrations above about 55 weight percent, based upon the total weight of reactant materials, nitride promoters can produce undesirably high quantities of carbon, resulting in a product of less than desirable purity. At promoter concentrations below about 40 weight percent, based upon the total weight of reactant materials, nitride production can be significantly reduced. Similarly, when a puffing agent is present in a composition in greater quantities than are suggested by the above recited weight percent and oxide to puffing agent weight ratio ranges, nitride yields can be reduced. Conversely, if the puffing agent is present in a composition in lower quantities than are suggested by the above recited weight percent and weight ratio ranges, incomplete reaction can occur as a result of the formation of a glassy boron oxide/boron nitride composite.
Preferred composition ranges depend upon the reactant components selected. When malamine, boron oxide, and boric acid are the components, particularly good product yields are obtained from a reaction composition comprising from about 45 to about 50 weight percent, based on the total weight of the reaction composition, of melamine and from about 50 to about 55 weight percent, based on the total weight of the reaction composition, of a combination of boron oxide and orthoboric acid, wherein the weight ratio of boron oxide to orthoboric acid ranges from about 3:1 to about 4:1, preferably from about 3.2:1.0 to about 3.6:1.0. In contrast thereto, when dicyandiamide, boron oxide and orthoboric acid are the components, particularly good product yields are obtained from a reaction composition comprising from about 35 to about 40 weight percent, based on the total weight of the reaction composition, of dicyandiamide and from about 60 to about 65 weight percent, based on the total weight of the reaction composition, of a combination of boron oxide and orthoboric acid, wherein the weight ratio of boron oxide to orthoboric acid ranges from about 2:1 to about 1:1, preferably from about 1.4:1.0 to about 1.0:1.0.
It is contemplated that when malamine, boron oxide and ammonium pentaborate tetrahydrate are the reaction components, particularly high yields are obtained from a reaction composition comprising from about 30 to about 40 weight percent, based on the total weight of the reaction composition, of melamine and from about 60 to about 70 weight percent, based on the total weight of the reaction composition, of a combination of boron oxide and ammonium pentaborate tetrahydrate, wherein the weight ratio of boron oxide to ammonium pentaborate tetrahydrate ranges from about 1:1 to about 1:2, preferably from about 1.0:1.2 to about 1.0:1.4. It is further contemplated that when dicyandiamide, boron oxide, and ammonium pentaborate tetrahydrate from the reaction composition, good nitride yields are obtained utilizing a reaction composition comprising from about 40 to about 50 weight percent, based on the total weight of the reaction composition, of dicyandiamide and from about 50 to about 60 weight percent, based on the total weight of the reaction composition, of a combination of boron oxide and ammonium pentaborate tetrahydrate, wherein the weight ratio of boron oxide to ammonium pentaborate tetrahydrate ranges from about 2:1 to about 3:1, preferably from about 2.3:1.0 to about 2.5:1.0.
It should be noted that while the specific composition ranges provided above generally result in relatively high product yields, acceptable nitride yields may also be obtained from compositions which fall outside of these preferred ranges (as an illustration thereof see Example 9). It is postulated that proportional variations in reaction compositions affect the amount and rate of intermediate by-product production (e.g. ammonia, water, metaboric acid and the like) which in turn affect the mechanism by which the reaction proceeds. The relationship between proportional variations in the reaction composition and nitride yield vis a vis the production of intermediate by-products is not, however, fully understood.
The preferred process of this invention may be more particularly described as comprising the steps of:
(a) mixing boron oxide; a puffing agent, preferably a puffing agent selected from the group consisting of metaboric acid, orthoboric acid, pyroboric acid, ammonium pentaborate tetrahydrate, and mixtures thereof, most preferably boric acid or ammonium pentaborate tetrahydrate; and a nitrogen-containing nitride promoter, preferably melamine or dicyandiamide to form a reaction composition;
(b) introducing the reaction composition into a reaction zone maintained at temperature in a range of from about 700� C. to about 1200� C. under a non-oxidizing atmosphere, preferably under a nitrogeneous atmosphere, most preferably under a nitrogen atmosphere.
(c) reacting the reaction composition in the reaction zone to produce amorphous boron nitride; and
(d) removing the amorphous boron nitride produced from the reaction zone.
The reaction zone may be maintained at a pressure of from about -2 psi to about +10 psi and typically is maintained at a pressure from about -1 psi to about 5 psi. The time required to convert the boron-containing reactants to amorphous boron nitride is subject to wide variation depending in part upon the temperature of the reaction zone. In general, an inverse relationship exists between reaction times and temperatures, with reactions run at higher temperatures requiring shorter reaction times than reactions run at lower temperatures. Typically, reaction times vary between about 15 minutes and about 1 hour. Although temperature within the reaction zone is subject to variation, it is particularly desirable that the reaction be maintained at temperature of at least 850� C. for a period of at least 15 minutes in order to ensure that all reaction generated gases and residual carbon impurities are removed from the reaction product.
Following nitride formation the product formed may be cooled to temperature of less than about 50� C., crushed to a particle size of less than about 25 mm, preferably about 10 mm, and heated to a second higher temperature of about 1300� C. to about 2000� C., in a non-oxidizing atmosphere, preferably a nitrogenous atmosphere (e.g. ammonia or nitrogen) or, most preferably in a nitrogen atmosphere, to crystallize the amorphous boron nitride produced by the first heating. The resultant product may thereafter be washed, preferably with a solvent such as methanol or a 1% aqueous solution of nitric acid, to produce a fine, white, high purity, crystalline boron nitride powder.
The process of this invention may be carried out batch-wise or continuously. In continuous production processes the amorphous boron nitride produced following heating to a first elevated temperature, preferably between about 700� C. and about 1200� C., is directly introduced into a second higher temperature zone of about 1300� C. to about 2000� C.; maintained in the said second higher temperature zone under a non-oxidizing atmosphere, preferably a nitrogenous atmosphere, most preferably a nitrogen atmosphere, for a period of time sufficient to ensure essentially complete nitridation, typically from about 45 minutes to about 2 hours; and then crushed and washed as discussed above to yield a high purity crystalline product.
Preferably, the process of this invention achieves a Conversion Efficiency of at least 40%, preferably at least 50% and most preferably at least 55%. For purposes of this invention Conversion Efficiency is defined as: ##EQU1##
The following examples are provided for purposes of illustrating the process of this invention. The examples are not to be construed as limiting this invention in any manner. Examples 1 to 13 illustrate the variations in product yields and conversion efficiencies which result from the use of different reaction compositions. Examples 12 and 13 provide estimated product yields of an ammonium pentaborate tetrahydrate-containing reaction composition.
482 grams of melamine, 400 grams of boron oxide and 118 grams of orthoboric acid were blended together and spread onto a 12 inch�12 inch�2 inch (30.48 cm�30.48 cm�5.08 cm) graphite pan coated with an oxidation resistant ceramic paint. The pan was placed on a continuous belt and introduced to a furnace where it was heated in a 1000� C. first reaction zone for a period of 20 minutes. Heating was conducted under nitrogen gas at a pressure of 1 atmosphere (1.01 bars). Following this first heating the resultant product, an amorphous boron nitride cake, was cooled to about 50� C. and weighed. The weight of the cake was recorded as 400 grams. The cake was then crushed to a particle size of about 13 mm and heat treated at a second higher temperature of 1400� C. in a nitrogen atmosphere at a pressure of 1 atmosphere (1.01 bars) for a period of 60 minutes. Following the second higher temperature heat treatment the particles were methanol washed and dried to produce 212 grams of finely divided boron nitride powder having an analytical composition of 53.9 weight percent N, 42.4 weight percent B, 2.75 weight percent O, and 0.11 weight percent C.
The procedure followed in Example 1 was repeated using the reaction compositions specified in Table I. The product yields of the finely divided boron nitride powder produced varied between 186 and 274 grams based upon 1000 grams of starting material.
482 grams of melamine, 400 grams of boron oxide and 118 grams of orthoboric acid were blended together and spread onto a 12 inch�12 inch�2 inch (30.48 cm�30.48 cm�5.08 cm) graphite pan coated with an oxidation resistant ceramic paint. The pan was placed on a continuous belt and introduced to a furnace where it was heated in a 1000� C. first reaction zone for a period of 30 minutes and thereafter heated at a second higher temperature of 1400� C. for a period of 3 hours to achieve complete nitridation. Heating was conducted under nitrogen gas at a pressure of 1 atmosphere (1.01 bars). Following the second heating, the resultant product, an amorphous boron nitride cake, was crushed to a particle size of 13 mm, methanol washed and dried to produce 240 grams of finely divided boron nitride powder.
The procedure followed in Example 6 was repeated using the reaction compositions specified in Table I. The product yields of the finely divided boron nitride powder produced varied between 215 and 283 grams based upon 1000 grams of starting material.
344 grams of melamine, 285 grams of boron oxide and 371 grams of ammonium pentaborate tetrahydrate are blended together and spread onto a 12 inch�12 inch�2 inch (30.48 cm�30.48 cm�5.08 cm) graphite pan coated with an oxidation resistant ceramic paint. The pan is placed on a continuous belt and introduced to a furnace where it is heated in a 1000� C. first reaction zone for a period of 30 minutes and thereafter heated at a second higher temperature of 1400� C. for a period of 3 hours to achieve complete nitridation. Heating is conducted under nitrogen gas at a pressure of 1 atmosphere (1.01 bars). Following the second heating the resultant product is crushed to a particle size of 13 mm, methanol washed and dried. Based on these reactants the estimated yield of boron nitride is 372 grams.
534 grams of dicyandiamide, 330 grams of boron oxide and 136 grams of ammonium pentaborate tetrahydrate and blended together and spread onto a 12 inch�12 inch�2 inch (30.48 cm�30.48 cm�5.08 cm) graphite pan coated with an oxidation resistant ceramic paint. The pan is placed on a continuous belt and introduced to a furnace where it is heated in a 1000� C. temperature zone for a period of 30 minutes and thereafter heated at a second higher temperature of 1400� C. for a period of 3 hours to achieve complete nitridation. Heating is conducted under nitrogen gas at a pressure of 1 atmosphere (1.01 bars). Following the second heating the resultant product is crushed to a particle size of 13 mm, methanol washed and dried. Based on these reactants, the estimated yield of boron nitride is 341 grams.
541 grams of orthoboric acid was blended with 459 grams of melamine, charge into a stainless steel pan and dried at 300� C. for a period of 2 hours to form a dry cake. The cake was crushed to a particle size of about 10 mm and reacted at a temperature of 1000� C. in an ammonia atmosphere for a period of 10 minutes. Thereafter the reacted material was heated at 1400� C. under nitrogen gas at a pressure of 1 atmosphere (1.01 bars) for a period of 1 hour, acid washed with a 1% aqueous solution of nitric acid at 70� C., crushed and dried to produce 154 grams of finely divided boron nitride powder having an analytical composition of 55.0 weight percent N, 43.2 weight percent B, 3.1 weight percent O, and less than 0.1 weight percent C.
A comparison of the conversion efficiencies of Examples 1 to 6 and 9 to 11 with that of Comparative Example 1 illustrates that superior conversion efficiencies and product yields are obtainable by the processes of this invention wherein boron oxide is a reactant material.
500 grams of boron oxide and 500 grams of melamine were blended together and spread onto a 12 inch�12 inch�2 inch (30.48 cm�30.48 cm�5.08 cm) pan coated with an oxidation resistant ceramic paint. The pan was placed on continuous belt and introduced to a furnace where it was heated in a 1000� C. first reaction zone for a period of 30 minutes. Heating was conducted under nitrogen gas at a pressure of 1 atmosphere (1.01 bars). The resultant product was a yellowish-black material covered by a hard, thick layer of glassy boron oxide. The product was unsuitable for further processing. Comparative Example 2 illustrates that in the absence of a puffing agent, it is not feasible to produce boron nitride from boron oxide and melamine reactants.
For purposes of illustration, this invention has been described with reference to certain specific embodiments. It will be recognized by those skilled in this art that variations of these embodiments are possible without departing from the scope and spirit of this invention. It is intended that such variations, though unexemplified, be covered by this invention.
TABLE I______________________________________         Dicyan-  B2 O3                        H3 BO3                              BN1Ex.  Mela-    diamide  Re-   Re-   Pro-  Conversionam-  mine Re- Reacted  acted acted duced Efficiencyple  acted (g)         (g)      (g)   (g)   (g)   (%)______________________________________1    482      --       400   118   212   412    482      --       400   118   223   433    482      --       400   118   274   534    497      --       137   366   186   375    --       341      283   376   245   576    482      --       400   118   240   467    385      --       426   189   258   318    556      --       307   137   215   319    532      --       294   174   233   5010   --       390      323   287   283   4711   --       341      283   376   233   57C1459      --       --    541   154   28______________________________________ 1 BN produced after product is nitrided at 1400� C., washed and dried
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