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Georgian TV host lambasts Putin, escalating tensions between Georgia and Russia - The Washington Post
A protester burns an image of Russian President Vladimir Putin in Tbilisi, Georgia, on June 20, 2019. (Irakli Gedenidze/Reuters)
July 8, 2019 at 2:22 PM EDT
“These insulting remarks are totally unacceptable and deserve condemnation,” Kremlin spokesman Dmitry Peskov told reporters Monday. Russia’s Foreign Ministry said in a statement that it viewed the incident “as another all-out provocation by Georgian radical forces aimed at undermining Russian-Georgian relations.”
Ties between the neighbors are at their worst point in years. In 2008, hostilities erupted into a brief war when Russia backed the breakaway South Ossetia region, and Russian troops invaded Georgia proper. Relations gradually got back on track, with trade and tourism between the two fully reestablished by 2013.
Georgian President Salome Zurabishvili and Prime Minister Mamuka Bakhtadze condemned Gabunia’s TV performance as a “provocation.” Both leaders are backed by the ruling Georgian Dream party, which has moved to forge closer ties with Russia in recent years, angering the opposition and many ordinary Georgians, who see Moscow as an occupier.
Russia has military bases in South Ossetia and the other breakaway region, Abkhazia — two regions that make up a fifth of Georgia’s territory.
The Russian Duma, or lower house of parliament, said it would put Gabunia on a wanted list and seek his extradition so he can be tried in a Russian court, although it was not clear what he would be charged with.
“Unfortunately, the statements released by the Georgian government are in line with the Kremlin. This is a scary development,” said Eto Buziashvili, a researcher at the Atlantic Council’s Digital Forensics Research Lab. “It allows the Kremlin to say: ‘See, the Georgian government agrees with us. We are friendly, but others are undermining our relationship.’ ”
The travel blockade on all Russian and Georgian flights operating between the countries poses a serious economic challenge to Georgia. The southern Caucasus country, which has a population of nearly 4 million, receives about 1 million Russian visitors a year. Although Russian tourists will still be able to enter Georgia by road or indirect flights, the financial blow to Tbilisi is expected to be considerable.
Russia has said the ban, which was signed by Putin, is intended to protect its citizens from “Russophobic hysteria.” Some Georgians have responded to the measure by creating the social media campaign #SpendSummerInGeorgia, hoping to attract non-Russian tourists to visit the country’s Black Sea coast and spectacular mountains. The U.S. Embassy in Tbilisi joined the campaign.
Georgia’s wine — a hallmark export that belongs to a viticulture tradition going back 8,000 years — is beloved by Russians, and its sale often has been viewed as a barometer of relations between the former Soviet countries.
White wine on the Red Planet? Scientists in Georgia are hunting for the perfect Martian grape
To avoid sanctions, Kremlin goes off the grid: An investigation
10 years ago, Russia built a border wall, too. Here’s the story

value: This website is an American daily newspaper published in Washington, D.C. It is the most-widely circulated newspaper within the Washington metropolitan area, and has a large national audience. Daily broadsheet editions are printed for D.C., Maryland, and Virginia.


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30 Pins 21 Followers Follow Board
This would be cute up at my family's cabin! I could see my mom and aunt doing this.
Paint and add shoes to a single salvaged chair for a whimsical look. Upcycle, Recycle, RePurpose! For ideas and goods shop at Estate ReSale & ReDesign, in Bonita Springs, FL
Paint and add shoes to a single salvaged chair for a whimsical look. Upcycle, Recycle, RePurpose! For ideas and goods shop at Estate ReSale ReDesign, in Bonita Springs, FL
Starting to think I fall into the category of loving "Shabby chic" - bugger, I was trying to be original lol
interiorlightingoptions.com
Upside down table for a toddler bed.. such a cute idea!!
DIY Laundry Room Drying Rack by centsationalgirl: Folds flush when not in use. #Drying_Rack #Laundry_Rack #centsationalgirl
Mirror, Mirror on the Wall Reuse the mirror from your old vanity or dresser by mounting it to the wall behind your bed as a headboard. DIY Tip: Fresh paint goes a long way on oak bedroom sets that should have stayed in the '80s. Crisp black sets this set off nicely; try glossy white for a contemporary finish.
reuse the mirror from an old dresser as a headboard.
This is so pretty! My bathroom counter should be condemned....this would help :)
Brown craft paper floor...wow...all I can say is wow.
http://designlover.hubpages.com/hub/2012-Trends-Global-Safari-Styled-Bedroom-Designs
from HubPages 2012 Trends: Global Safari Styled Bedroom Designs
Oh my, animal print galore, I kinda love.

type: global

value: This website is an image sharing and social media service designed to enable saving and discovery of information  on the internet using images, and on a smaller scale, animated GIFs and videos, in the form of pinboards. The site was created by Ben Silbermann, Paul Sciarra, and Evan Sharp, and had over 478 million global monthly active users as of March 2021.


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Fremada Sterling Silver 1.1mm Twisted Box Link Chain (16-30 inch) Sale $14.84 Was $16.49(22) Mondevio Sterling Silver 18-inch Italian Box Chain Necklace Sale $9.89 Was $10.99 Compare $25.00 Save 60% (40) Fremada Sterling Silver 1.9mm Flat Mariner Link Chain (16-36 inch) Sale $17.09 Was $18.99(15) Mondevio Sterling Silver 24-inch Italian Box Chain Necklace Sale $13.94 Was $15.49(61) Fremada Sterling Silver 1.5-mm Sparkle Necklace Today $14.99 (8) Fremada Sterling Silver 1.8mm Tiger Eye Link Chain (18-30 inch) Sale $22.94 Was $25.49(9) Sterling Essentials Sterling Silver 20-inch Snake Chain (1mm) Sale $21.59 Was $23.99(187) Fremada Sterling Silver 2.8mm Fancy Double Open Curb Link Chain (16-30 inch) Sale $14.39 Was $15.99(14) High-polish Sterling Silver 0.8-millimeter Venetian Box Chain Sale $8.90 Was $9.89(32) Sterling Essentials Sterling Silver 20-inch Curb Chain (1mm) Sale $12.32 Was $13.69(12) Fremada Sterling Silver 1.1-mm Round Wheat Chain (16 - 30 inch) Sale $13.49 Was $14.99 De Buman High-polish Sterling Silver Singapore Chain (18-22 inches) Sale $8.81 Was $9.79(57) Sterling Essentials Sterling Silver 20-inch Box Chain (.70 mm) Sale $13.94 Was $15.49(32) Sterling Essentials Sterling Silver 16-inch Cable Chain Sale $13.04 Was $14.49(14) Fremada Sterling Silver Diamond-cut Rope Chain (16-20 inch) Sale $16.64 Was $18.49(3) Fremada Sterling Silver 1.8mm Square Byzantine Chain (18-36 inch) Sale $67.49 Was $74.99(1) Mondevio Sterling Silver Italian 36-inch Box Chain Necklace Sale $17.09 Was $18.99(5) Simon Frank 14k Gold Overlay 4mm Gucci-style Necklace (20-30 inch) Today $11.99 (19) Next Sponsored Links What's This?
http://www.overstock.com/Jewelry-Watches/Fremada-Sterling-Silver-1.22-mm-Singapore-Chain-16-30/7660475/product.html?recommendation_id=d283af9c-bc7f-4ff8-b7cd-7023e8149b71&rcmndsrc=2&atcError=3

value: This website is an American internet retailer selling primarily furniture headquartered in Midvale, Utah, near Salt Lake City.


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Economy Stalled in 1st Quarter - The Washington Post
Economy Stalled in 1st Quarter
The economy performed slightly better in the first three months of the year than the government originally estimated, the Department of Commerce reported yesterday.
The department said the gross national product, the value of all goods and services produced by American citizens, grew not at all in the first quarter. In its previous estimate, the Commerce Department said total output declined 0.4 percent.
The gross national product, after adjustment for inflation, is the broadest measure of economic performance economists possess.
Analysts have predicted that the economy could grow at an annual rate of 8 to 10 percent before settling into a more moderate 4 to 4.5 percent rate in the final six months of the year.
The department also reported that profits fell 2.5 percent after taxes, compared with an initial estimate that profits dropped 2 percent in the first quarter. In the final three months of 1977 corporate profits rose 1.4 percent.
Corporate profits ran at a seasonally adjusted annual rate of $102.4 billion in the first quarter.
In another development, the Business Roundtable, an organization of chief executives of the largest American corporations, pledged support for President Carter's program to reduce the rate of inflation by a half percentage point this year, but warned that private efforts to reduce inflation will come to naught unless the federal government adopts sound "fiscal, monetary and regulatory policies."
Meanwhile, Office of Management and Budget director James McIntyre told reporters yesterday that President Carter will not be able to balance the budget in 1981 after all. Administration officials have been implying that for months, but McIntyres statement was the first formal deferral of the goal.


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Signed Postal Cover. by WEISSKOPF, Victor F. (1908-2002).: Signed by Author(s) - Main Street Fine Books & Mss, ABAA
This Austrian-American physicist was among those who developed the atomic bomb at Los Alamos on the Manhattan Project during World War Two; ironically, he later became a noted anti-nuclear activist, and co-founded the Union of Concerned Scientists; recipient of the Max Planck medal (1956), the National Medal of Science (1980) and the Wolf Prize (1981). Signed postal cover (NOT a first day cover), 6½" X 3½", cancelled in Chicago, Illinois on 2 December 1967. Near fine. Ornamental cachet at left depicts English sculptor Henry Moore's "Nuclear Energy" sculpture, with printed caption beneath noting its dedication on this date at the Fermi Lab at the University of Chicago; at right, below the stamp and postal cancellation, is printed "Atomic Energy -- 25 Years of Progress." In the center of the envelope, Weisskopf signs boldly in full in blue fineline. An uncommon signature. Bookseller Inventory # 35917

value: This website is an e-commerce global online marketplace with seven websites that offer books, fine art, and collectables from sellers in over 50 countries. Launched in 1996, it specialises in used, rare and out-of-print books.


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Patent US20030141373 - Transaction card with dual IC chips - Google PatentsSearch Images Maps Play YouTube News Gmail Drive More »Sign inPatentsThe present invention relates to a process for producing an opaque, transparent or translucent transaction card having multiple features, such as a holographic foil, integrated circuit chip, silver magnetic stripe with text on the magnetic stripe, opacity gradient, an invisible optically recognizable...http://www.google.com/patents/US20030141373?utm_source=gb-gplus-sharePatent US20030141373 - Transaction card with dual IC chipsAdvanced Patent SearchPublication numberUS20030141373 A1Publication typeApplicationApplication numberUS 10/302,658Publication dateJul 31, 2003Filing dateNov 22, 2002Priority dateSep 1, 2000Publication number10302658, 302658, US 2003/0141373 A1, US 2003/141373 A1, US 20030141373 A1, US 20030141373A1, US 2003141373 A1, US 2003141373A1, US-A1-20030141373, US-A1-2003141373, US2003/0141373A1, US2003/141373A1, US20030141373 A1, US20030141373A1, US2003141373 A1, US2003141373A1InventorsEllen Lasch, Lisa Webb, Judy Vigiletti, Faenza WilliamOriginal AssigneeEllen Lasch, Lisa Webb, Judy Vigiletti, Faenza, William J.Export CitationBiBTeX, EndNote, RefManPatent Citations (82), Referenced by (45), Classifications (27), Legal Events (1) External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, EspacenetTransaction card with dual IC chips
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF DETAILED EMBODIMENTS [0037] In general, the present invention allows for the identification and detection of various articles, wherein the articles include materials having machine recognizable compounds. The articles include, for example, transaction cards, documents, papers and/or the like. The materials include, for example, coatings, films, threads, plastics, inks, fibers, paper, planchettes, and/or the like. [0038] In an exemplary embodiment, the machine recognizable compounds are optically recognizable compounds containing infrared blocking (absorbing, refracting, diffusing, reflecting or otherwise blocking) ingredients. The optically recognizable compounds may be invisible, visible, or colored to produce a desired effect and/or they may contain other detectable compounds, such as, for example, UV-Fluorescent or IR-Fluorescent features. The optical compounds preferably have good stability, resistance properties, durability and other physical properties, such as good appearance, flexibility, hardness, solvent resistance, water resistance, corrosion resistance and exterior stability. Moreover, the use of such compounds typically does not interfere with UV compounds that may be present in many substrates. One skilled in the art will appreciate that the optically recognizable compound is any chemical, solution, dye, ink substrate, material and/or the like which is recognizable by a sensor. In an exemplary embodiment, the optically recognizable ink is an infrared ink which blocks, absorbs or reflects most infrared light, but transmits most other wavelengths of light. [0039] In an exemplary embodiment, the optically recognizable compound is incorporated into a material in the form of a film, plastic, fiber, ink, concentrate, thermoplastic or thermoset matrix, thread, planchette, and/or other medium which contains in the range of about 0.001 to 40.0 wt. (%) of a compound derived from organic or inorganic materials. The infrared ink may be applied to card 5 (see FIG. 1) by, for example, a screen printing process or any other printing or coating means such as lithography, gravure, flexo, calender coating, curtain coating, roller coating and/or the like. An exemplary screen printing process utilizes a screen press equipped with drying equipment (UV curable or convection heat) and a screen with a specific mesh size of about 80 lines/cm. The IR ink is printed across any portion of the entire card surface of plastic using a silk screen press, as described below. [0040] Because the relative eye sensitivity of an ordinary observer for a specified level of illumination is between around 400-770 nm, infrared ink at over 770 nm is preferable because it is invisible to the human eye in normal white light. As such, the invisible infrared material will not substantially obscure the transparent surface of card 5. Additionally, the exemplary ink withstands card production temperatures of about 200 F. to 400 F. degrees and includes a “light fastness period” (which is the resistance of the ink to fade or degrade in the presence of any light, and specifically, UV light) of about at least three years under normal credit card usage conditions. Moreover, the exemplary ink blocks, absorbs or reflects the spectral output of IRED's, such as, for example, the Sankyo Seiki LED's, which is about 800-1000 nm. The exemplary ink also limits the light reaching the phototransistors, so the presence of a clear card having the ink is detected in a transaction machine, such as, for example, a card grabbing-type ATM machine. [0041] Exemplary compositions of the machine recognizable compounds of the present invention comprise a mixture of a wide variety of compounds. The active compounds are derived of inorganic, organometallic, ore organic layered materials or rare earth compounds, most commonly rare earth oxides, oxysulfides or oxyhalides. The compounds are relatively inert, so the effects on the performance properties of the final product are minimized. The infrared compound comprises either a dye, layered material, pigment and/or encapsulated pigment that is dispersed in a particular medium which can be incorporated into a wide variety of end-usable products. The particle size of the infrared compound allows the materials (plastic, thread, ink, etc.) to optimally dispersed or dissolved and uniformly exist within the articles which it is incorporated. [0042] Conventionally known infrared materials comprising layered dielectric and metallic materials or doped rare-earth materials can be effectively used as pigments for compounds in accordance with exemplary embodiments of the present invention. In this context, the pigments or dyes absorb specific wavelengths of energy and may change one wavelength of energy to another. The energy conversions or absorptions may be above or below any stimulation within the electromagnetic spectrum. The compounds may absorb specific wavelengths of light or change from one color to another or the compounds may change from invisible to visible and/or the like. The infrared compounds of the present invention are thus incorporated into a system which reversibly changes one wavelength of energy to another, hence causing a “fingerprint”-type of detectable feature within the articles. [0043] Moreover, the prepared films or materials can be mixed with a binder to form infrared compounds for use in threads, fibers, coatings, and the like. Binders that can be incorporated in the present invention include conventional additives such as waxes, thermoplastic resins, thermoset resins, rubbers, natural resins or synthetic resins. Such examples of such binders are, polypropylene, nylon, polyester, ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer, polyvinyl acetate, polyethylene, chlorinated rubber, acrylic, epoxy, butadiene-nitrile, shellac, zein, cellulose, polyurethane, polyvinylbutyrate, vinyl chloride, silicone, polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl methyl ether, nitrocellulose, polyamide, bismaleimide, polyimide, epoxy-polyester hybrid and/or the like. Films that can be used include polyester, polyvinylchloride, polypropylene, polyethylene, acrylic, polycarbonate and/or the like. As discussed below, any film can be laminated or adhered to common card articles using heat, adhesives, or a combination of both. [0044] If the content of the compound is too low, adequate blocking may not be achieved and the phototransistor may not send the proper signal to the capture device, which will mean that the card will not be detected. Therefore, the infrared compounds are usually present in the composition at a total amount from about 1 PPM to 80.0 wt. (%), and preferably from about 0.25%-25.0% by weight. Moreover, the present invention contemplates that other materials such as, for example, UV absorbers, reflectors, antioxidants, and/or optical brighteners, may be add in order to achieve better resistance properties, aesthetics, or longevity of the materials. [0045] Particularly, other materials may be added to allow for color shifts from one color to another color after stimulation. Commonly employed materials such as dyes, pigments, fluorescent dyes, luminous pigments, and/or the like, can be used to promote reversible color changes from one color state to another color state. Such materials can be incorporated directly with the infrared compounds during initial processing or may be added after the infrared compounds have been processed. The use of materials such as solvents, water, glycols, and/or the like can be added to adjust rheological properties of the material. Also, the use of surfactants, defoamers, release agents, adhesion promoters, leveling agents, and/or the like may be added to the formulations for improved processing properties. Optical brightening materials may also be added to ensure whiteness in a colorless state and to maintain a low level of contrast between many substrates where infrared compounds are located. [0046] Fibers of various materials are used either in a continuous manner or single fibers can be incorporated into a wide variety of materials. The present invention contemplates, for example, natural fibers, synthetic fibers, copolymer fibers, chemical fibers, metal fibers, and/or the like. Examples of these fibers may be nylon, polyester, cotton, wool, silk, casein fiber, protein fiber, acetalyated staple, ethyl cellulose, polyvinylidene chloride, polyurethane, acetate, polyvinyl alcohol, triacetate, glass, wood, rock wool, carbon, inorganic fibers, and/or the like. Such fibers can be incorporated or mixed into other types of materials such as paper pulp, plastic label stock, plastic materials, and the like. Such materials can be used alone in a continuous manner or can be used as mono- or di-filaments in other materials. [0047] Moreover, the infrared materials that are incorporated into plastics can be used with a wide variety of materials, such as, for example, nylon, acrylic, epoxy, polyester, bismaleimide, polyamide, polyimide, styrene, silicone, vinyl, ABS, polycarbonate, nitrile, and/or the like. As such, the compounds that are incorporated into fibers, plastics, film and/or the like, may be processed directly to a suitable form in a single- or multi-process application. Such compounds can be added into a formulation in the form of a single ingredient or in the form of a master-batch that is then processed in a similar manner to normal processing operations of compounds. Processing of such compounds includes the use of continuous mixers, two- or three-roll mills, extrusion, and/or other melt-compounding methods of dispersion. While in an exemplary embodiment, the thread can be woven or non-woven, the infrared materials may be extruded directly into a thermoplastic matrix and drawn directly into the form of a thread that can be used in a continuous manner or sectioned in the form of a fiber or plastic film. [0048] The exemplary infrared compounds are deposited onto films of various compositions and can be used in most card applications. Moreover, the infrared compounds in accordance with the present invention can be used alone or blended with other materials at ranges from 0.001 to 50.0 parts by weight, but most preferable from 1.0 to 15.0 parts by weight. [0049] A particularly preferred infrared compound is a multilayer polymeric film manufactured by 3M Company (Minneapolis, Minn.), and described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,882,774 entitled “Optical Film”, U.S. Pat. No. 6,045,894 entitled “Clear to Colored Security Film”, and U.S. Pat. No. 6,049,419 entitled “Multilayer Infrared Reflecting Optical Body”, each of which is incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. Specifically, the multilayer polymeric film is either a birefringement dielectric multilayer film or an isotropic dielectric multilayer film designed to reflect infrared radiation, i.e., electromagnetic radiation commonly known to have a wavelength longer than visible light, specifically above about 700 nm. The particularly preferred film utilized in the present invention comprises at least two layers and is a dielectric optical film having alternating layers of a material having a high index of refraction and a material having a low index of refraction. Although the film may be either birefringement or isoptropic, it is preferably birefringement, and is designed to allow the construction of multilayer stacks for which the Brewster angle is very large or is nonexistent for the polymer layer interfaces. This feature allows for the construction of multilayer mirrors and polarizers whose reflectivity for p-polarized light decreases slowly with angle of incidence, is independent of angle of incidence, or increases with angle of incidence away from the normal. As a result, the multilayer films have high reflectivity over a wide bandwidth. [0050] Specific examples of such films are described in U.S. patent Ser. No. 08/402,201, filed Mar. 10, 1995, and U.S. patent Ser. No. 09/006,601 entitled “Modified Copolyesters and Improved Multilayer Reflective Film”, filed on Jan. 13, 1998. In addition, U.S. Pat. No. RE 3,034,605 describes films which prevent higher order harmonics that prevent color in the visible region of the spectrum. Other suitable films include the films described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,360,659, which describes a two component film having a six layer alternating repeating unit that suppresses reflections in the visible spectrum (about 380 nm to about 770 nm) while reflecting light in the infrared wavelength region of between about 770 nm to about 2000 nm. [0051] Multilayer polymeric films can include hundreds or thousands of thin layers and may contain as many materials as there are layers in the stack. For ease of manufacturing, preferred multilayer films have only a few different materials. A preferred multilayer film, as noted above, includes alternating layers of a first polymeric material having a first index of refraction, and a second polymeric material of a second index of refraction that is different from that of the first material. The individual layers are typically on the order of about 0.05 μm to about 0.45 μm thick. Preferably, the number of individual layers in the optic film may preferably range from about 80 to about 1000 layers, although other numbers are contemplated in the present invention. In addition, the optical film may be as low as about 0.5 mil thick to as high as about 20.0 mils thick. [0052] The multilayer films useful in the present invention may comprise alternating layers of crystalline naphthalene dicarboxylic acid polyester and another selected polymer, such as copolyester or copolycarbonate, wherein each of the layers have a thickness of less than about 0.5 μm. Specifically, polyethylene 2,6-naphthalate (PEN), polybutylene 2,6-naphthalate (PBN), or polyethylene terephthalate (PET) are typically used. Adjacent pairs of layers (one having a high index of refraction and the other a low index) preferably have a total optical thickness that is � of the wavelength of the light desired to be reflected. However, other ratios of the optical thicknesses within the layer pairs may be chosen as is apparent to one having ordinary skill in the art. A preferable optic film may be as low as about 0.5 mil having alternating layers of PET and polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA). [0053] Although the optical film described above is particularly preferred, any other optical film may be utilized in the present invention that effectively absorbs, refracts, diffuses, reflects or otherwise blocks electromagnetic radiation of a range or a plurality of ranges of wavelengths, but transmits electromagnetic radiation of another range or plurality of wavelengths, such as, for example, blocking the transmission of infrared radiation, but transmitting visible radiation, and the present invention should not be limited as herein described. Other suitable optical films may be utilized as apparent to one having ordinary skill in the art. [0054] The present invention will now be illustrated in greater detail with reference to the following examples, comparative examples, test examples and use examples. As disclosed in the examples, tests and graphs herein, the resulting inks sufficiently block IR radiation from phototransistor detection. It is understood that the present invention is not limited thereto. For example, one skilled in the art will appreciate that, in any of the examples, the ink may contain other materials for different optical effects or authentication purposes. EXAMPLE 1 [0055] The present example includes about 2% Epolin VII-164 dye and about 98% Tech Mark Mixing Clear, produced by Sericol, Inc.. 980.0 g of Tech Mark solvent evaporative screen ink is mixed on a high-speed disperser. While mixing, 20.0 g of Epolight VII-164 dye is dissolved completely. The resulting ink has a viscosity of about 3.2 Pa.S at 25 C. degrees and is printed using a screen process. The screen process includes a 305 polymer screen onto both sides of clear PVC 13.0 mil film. EXAMPLE 2 [0056] The following ink was produced by adding about 15.0 lbs of Epolight VII-164 and about 20.0 lbs of Epolight VI-30 to about 965 lbs. of TM Mixing Clear. The mixture was dispersed for about 40 minutes. The resulting mixture was coated on PVC core plastic using an 80 line/cm polyester screen. The resulting coating exhibited high absorbtivity from 780 nm to 1070 nm with low visible absorption. Card core, magnetic stripe and lamitate were assembled and the entire assembly was placed in Burckle Stack Lamination Unit at a temperature of about 280 F. EXAMPLE 3 [0057] A concentrate of about 30.0 g. Epolight VII-172 was blended with about 700.0 g. of polyvinylchloride plastic. The resulting mixture was extruded at about 260 F., air cooled and pelletized. About 1.0 lb of the resulting pellets were combined with about 99.0 lbs of PVC. Klockner Pentaplast provided calendered sheets of approximately 0.013 inches. Cards were fabricated using said sheets. These cards exhibited sufficient absorption in the IR region from 800 nm to 1000 nm. The cards were detected by a Sankyo ATM capture device. EXAMPLE 4 [0058] Multi-Layer PET plastic with sufficient optical properties was combined into a card construction. The PET plastic was provided by 3M Co. (Minneapolis, Minn.), as described above. The resultant card exhibited sufficient optics such that an ATM device detected the card. ADDITIONAL EXAMPLES [0059] Additional examples of IR ink formulations are disclosed in FIG. 13. The IR ink examples in FIG. 13 exhibit a visible green color. Moreover, FIG. 14 shows measurements related to these exemplary cards, including, for certain wavelength ranges, transmission density, ATM readability and ISO compliance. FIG. 15 shows exemplary test results for the exemplary green cards wherein samples of the cards were inserted into ATMs of various manufacturers. The tests resulted in positive ATM detection of the exemplary cards. Furthermore, FIG. 16 shows an example of the transmission density of exemplary green cards in a graph of percent transmission v. wavelength (the graph also indicates the ISO specifications for the card). [0060] FIGS. 17A-17I show exemplary test results for various card embodiments in a graph of percent transmission v. wavelength (nm). For example, with respect to FIG. 17A, the quality assurance of IR ink on PVC with no text is tested wherein a curve represents one of four corners of an exemplary card. Subsequent curves represent another card sample which was selected after an interval of card production, such as, for example, after about 50 cards. FIG. 17B shows the percent transmission of different wavelengths of light through cards having different ink formulations, wherein each curve represents a card with a different ink formulation. [0061] FIGS. 17C-17I represent various spectra of films, coatings, cards, etc. which demonstrate the ability of the materials used in the card constructions to block sufficient quantaties of infrared radiation and transmit visible light in order to produce cards described in the embodiement. The mechanism of blocking may be absorption, reflection, diffusion, dispersion or other methods of blocking radiation in the electromagnetic spectrum. [0062] In addition to the IR inks, the optically recognizable compound may alternatively be a film or hot mirror which also blocks (absorbs or reflects) infrared light, but transmits all other wavelengths of light. In an exemplary embodiment, the film is set between the front sheet 10 and back sheet 12. FIG. 4 is a graph of energy v. wavelength for the reflection and transmission of an exemplary IR film in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 4 shows that, while the visible light is transmitted through the film, the infrared light is blocked at higher wavelengths and a substantial amount of infrared light is reflected. [0063] The optically recognizable compounds may be incorporated into plastic products, films, products, documents or other articles which may inhibit detection via phototransistors, CCD's, and/or the like. The material can be incorporated into a transaction card via a film, plastic, printing ink, coating or other application medium by grinding or the use of dispersed or deposited material into a liquid, paste or other type of medium. To minimize environmental damage to the ink, such as the ink being scratched, the ink is preferably applied directly onto the plastic sheets under the laminate (described below in step 170). Moreover, the infrared ink may be applied on the inside or outside surface of the plastic sheets. [0064] In an exemplary embodiment, incorporating the optically recognizable compound into an article may not require a separate printing unit, modifications to existing processing equipment or an additional operational step. Particularly, the fabrication of the articles, such as a transaction card, utilizes existing equipment which incorporate colorants anyway, so the application of the optically recognizable compounds to the existing colorants do not add extra equipment or steps to the process. [0065] In a further exemplary embodiment, the optically recognizable compounds block light which is detectable by machines. More particularly, the machines suitably detect the presence of a card via infrared interference at one or several wavelengths. In an exemplary embodiment, detection of materials may include the production of a visual effect when the materials are interrogated with invisible infrared radiation from the proper instrument, and when such radiation contacts the infrared material, a visual effect, such as a colored light, can be seen. Alternatively, the materials may be detected by a remote detector that will indicate the presence of the materials. Detection or authentication of the materials occurs above and below the stimulation wavelength of the reading device. As such, once the optically recognizable material has been detected, the detection device may then provide the user with a positive identification signal, which is preferably located on or near the detection device. [0066] In an exemplary embodiment, the detection of IR materials trigger the sensors in ATM machines. In particular, with respect to FIG. 8, the present invention allows for the passage of a greater percentage of visible light (from about 400 nm to 700 nm), which allows the card to appear translucent in nature, while allowing for the blockage of certain light (from about 700 nm and above) to allow the phototransistors in ATM's to detect that a card has been inserted into the carriage mechanism. As discussed above, an exemplary ATM sensing device includes an IRED, a filter and a phototransmitter. [0067] In addition to triggering the sensors in ATM machines, translucent card 5 can be used with any magnetic stripe or smart card reader. The reader system can include a card reader/writer, a point-of-sale terminal, ATM or any other acceptance device. In an exemplary embodiment, card 5 is used in conjunction with a reader which, not only detects the existence of the card, but also illuminates the transparent portion of card 5 when the card is inserted into the reader. The illumination source can be either an incandescent or solid state source (infrared emitting diode or laser). In operation, when the card is inserted into the acceptance device, the edge of the card presses against the illumination assembly (or activates a switch, interrupts a beam, etc.). Depending upon the application of the card, the illumination source can be under the control of the acceptance device or external software. Thus, the illumination source can flash or display a particular color if directed by the external software program. Additionally, depending on the structure of the card, the illumination source could be used to excite an embedded design useful for security or product enhancement. [0068] As discussed above, the optically recognizable compounds may be incorporated into any type of article. An exemplary article is a transaction card which may itself include any number of numerous features. In an exemplary embodiment, the present invention includes, generally, a transaction card 5 comprised of base containing opaque, transparent or translucent plastic layers 10, 12 and multiple features affixed to the card 5 such as text 30, 32, 34, logos 50, embossed characters 35, magnetic stripe 42, signature field 45, holographic foil 15, IC chip 20 and opacity gradient 25 (FIGS. 1 and 2). [0069] Card 5 also includes an optically recognizable compound, described above, for allowing the transparent or translucent transaction card 5 to be recognized by card reading devices, such as ATMs, and/or for allowing the transparent transaction card 5 to be recognized and counted during card fabrication. The optically recognizable compound on transparent card 5 is a substantially invisible or translucent infrared ink, mirror or film which blocks (absorbs or reflects) infrared light but transmits all other wavelengths of light (see FIG. 4). Card 5 can be used for credit, charge, debit, access, identification, information storage, electronic commerce and/or other functions. [0070] With respect to FIG. 3, to fabricate card 5 having a front and back surface in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present invention, a front sheet 10 and back sheet 12 (FIGS. 1 and 2) consisting of a plastic substrate such as, for example, clear core PVC, are produced (step 100). One skilled in the art will appreciate that sheets 10 and 12 of card 5 may be any suitable transparent, translucent and/or opaque material such as, for example, plastic, glass, acrylic and/or any combination thereof. Each sheet 10, 12 is substantially identical and is preferably about 3′�4′ (622 mm�548 mm) and about 0.005-0.350 inches, or more preferably 0.01-0.15 inches or 13.5 mil thick. [0071] With respect to FIG. 7A, the fabrication of the individual card sheets includes either direct layout (9 layers) of film or the use of a sub-assembly (5 layers). An exemplary sub-assembly consists of 5 layers of film with room temperature tack adhesive applied over thermoset and thermoplastic adhesives. The resulting cards comprise (from the card front towards the card back) 2.0 mil outer laminate (PVC, polyvinylchloride) having the holographic foil, embossed surface, chip and other indicia on its surface, 9.0 mil printed PVC core with print side out (card front), 2.0 mil PVC adhesive, 1.7 mil PET GS (extrusion coated polyethyleneterephthalate-gluable/stampable) manufactured by D&K (525 Crossen, Elk Grove Village, Ill. 60007), 2.0 mil PET IR blocking film, 1.7 mil PET GS, 2.0 mil PET adhesive, 9.0 mil printed PVC core with the print side out (card back), and 2.0 mil outer back laminate with a signature panel, applied magnetic stripe and other indicia. Optimally, the PET IR blocking film is fabricated in the middle of the layers to balance the card and minimize warping of the resulting card product. Other exemplary embodiments of the layers are shown in FIGS. 7B-7H. [0072] Specifically, FIG. 7G illustrates an alternate embodiment of the individual transaction cards. As with FIG. 7A, card sheets may be constructed as described in FIG. 7H. Each card sheet may include nine layers of film or the use of a five layer subassembly. The resulting cards comprise (from the card front towards the card back) about 2.0 mil outer laminate (PVC) having the holographic foil, embossed surface, chip and/or other indicia on its surface, about 9.0 mil printed PVC core with print side out (card front), about 1.0 mil oriented PVC, about 3 mil adhesive (1 mil PET with 1 mil adhesive on each side), about 2.0 mil PET IR blocking film, as described above, about 3.0 mil adhesive (1 mil PET with 1 mil adhesive on each side), about 1.0 mil oriented PVC, about 9.0 mil printed PVC core with print side out (card back), and about 2.0 mil outer PVC laminate comprising a signature panel, applied magnetic stripe and/or any other indicia apparent to one having ordinary skill in the art. As with the card described in FIG. 7A, the PET IR blocking film is fabricated in the middle of the layers to balance the card and minimize warping of the resulting card product. [0073] The adhesive layers described above with reference to FIG. 7G (the 3.0 mil adhesive) that may be disposed on either side of the 2.0 mil PET IR blocking film preferably comprise a first layer of a polyester (1.0 mil PET) having second and third layers of a polyester-based adhesive disposed on either side of the first layer of polyester. The polyester-based adhesive layers may each be about 1.0 mil. Preferably, the polyester-based adhesive layers exhibit excellent adhesion to polyester and PVC, in that it binds to both the PET IR blocking film on one side of the 3.0 mil adhesive and the 1.0 mil oriented PVC layer on the other side. Specifically, a preferable material that may be used as the polyester-based adhesive is Bemis Associates Inc. 5250 Adhesive Film. Alternatively, another preferably material that may be used as the polyester-based adhesive is Transilwrap Company, Inc. Trans-Kote� Core Stock KRTY. [0074] The card sheet of FIG. 7G, including the nine layers of film and/or the use of a five layer subassembly, as described above, may be constructed together by a lamination process as is known to someone having ordinary skill in the art using heat and pressure. A preferred method of constructing the cards as described in FIG. 7H utilizes a two-step lamination cycle, wherein a first hot step includes laminating the layers of the cards together at a pressure of about 170 psi at a temperature of about 300� F. for about 24 minutes. A second step includes laminating the layers together at a pressure of about 400 psi at a diminished temperature of about 57� F. for about 16 minutes. Of course, other methods of constructing the cards may be utilized. [0075] Of course, other multilayer films may be utilized that incorporate an optical film therein (as described above) for blocking light of one or more ranges of electromagnetic radiation while allowing another range or ranges of electromagnetic radiation to be transmitted therethrough. The multilayer films may have any sequence of layers of any material and thickness to form individual transaction cards as herein defined. [0076] [0076]FIG. 71 illustrates another exemplary card sheet construction according to the present invention. Specifically, FIG. 71 illustrates another transparent or translucent card having an IR blocking optical film incorporated therein, as described above with reference to FIGS. 7A and 7G. The card sheet construction defined below may be made via a coextrusion/lamination process. Specifically, the card sheet comprises a layer of a PET IR blocking optical film (about 2.0 mils), as described above. An EVA-based material (about 2.0 mils) may be coextruded onto each side of the IR blocking film to form a 3-layer subassembly. The 3-layer subassembly may then be laminated on each side to a printed PVC layer (each about 11 mils). The card may further have PVC laminate layers (each about 2.0 mils) disposed on sides of the printed PVC layers thereby forming outside layers of the card. [0077] Preferable materials that may be utilized as the EVA-based material that is coextruded to the PET IR blocking film are acid modified EVA polymers. The acid modified EVA polymers may preferably be Bynel� Series 1100 resins. Typically, the Bynel� Series 1100 resins are available in pellet form and are used in conventional extrusion and coextrusion equipment designed to process polyethylene resins. The Bynel� Series 1100 resins have a suggested maximum melting temperature of about 238� C. However, if adhesion results are inadequate, the melting temperature may be lowered. The remaining layers of the card may be laminated to the card as described above, or via any other lamination process to form a card. [0078] In addition, FIG. 7H illustrates another exemplary card sheet construction according to the present invention. Specifically, FIG. 7H illustrates a transparent or translucent multilayer transaction card having an IR blocking ink incorporated therein. The IR blocking ink may be any ink having the characteristic of blocking IR radiation from being transmitted through the transaction card. Examples 1 and 2, noted above, describe two possible ink compositions that may be used. Of course, others may be used as well and the invention should not be limited as herein described. [0079] The card sheet in FIG. 7H may comprise (from the card front to the card back) an outer layer of about 2.0 mil PVC laminate having the holographic foil, embossed surface, chip, and/or other indicia on its surface, about 13.0 mil printed PVC, about 2.0 mil PVC core, about 13.0 mil printed PVC, and an outer layer of about 2.0 mil PVC laminate comprising a signature panel, applied magnetic stripe and/or any other indicia apparent to one having ordinary skill in the art. It should be noted that the PVC core layer (herein described, according to FIG. 7H, as being about 2.0 mil thick) may be optional, and may be included if a thicker card is desired. Of course, the PVC core layer may be any thickness to create a transaction card having any thickness desired. These cards may be printed on the core PVC layer with IR blocking ink across the entire surface of the layer according to the printing methods described above with respect to Examples 1 and 2, above. Of course, any other method of printing or IR blocking ink may be utilized in the transaction card according to the present invention. [0080] After the card sheets are laminated, according to the method described above or via any other method, the sheets are cut into individual cards by a known stamping process, including any necessary curing, burrowing, heating, cleaning, and/or sealing of the edges. Each individual transaction card is about 2.5″�3.0″, and therefore conform to ISO standards for transaction card shape and size. [0081] Moreover, FIG. 11 details exemplary embodiments of layers/sheets for card construction, including layer number, material, layer thickness (in mil), source/manufacturer of the material, comments regarding bond strength data and total thickness (in mil). Additionally, with respect to FIG. 12A, the film bond strength is indicated on a graph of strength (lb/in) v. film bond for various film bonds. With respect to FIG. 12B, the bond strength at the film interfaces is indicated on a graph of strength (lb/in) v. film interface for various film interfaces. [0082] After eventually combining the sheets (step 160), by preferably adhering the front sheet 10 on top of the back sheet 12, the total thickness of the transaction card 5 is about 0.032 in. (32 mil.), which is within the ISO thickness standard for smart cards. Because the IC chip 20 is eventually embedded into the surface of the substrate (step 195), and the surface of chip 20 is co-extensive with the outer surface of the front sheet 10, the IC chip 20 does not affect the thickness of the overall card 5. Moreover, the about 3′�4′ sheets include markings which define the boundaries of the individual cards 5 which will be cut from the sheet. Each exemplary sheet yields over 50 transaction cards (typically 56 cards), wherein each card 5 is within the ISO card size standard, namely about 2″�3.5″. [0083] In general, an exemplary process for construction of card 5 having an IR film includes chemical vapor deposition of PET film which has optimal visible and infrared properties (step 105). The chemical deposition is preformed by a Magnetron Machine manufactured by the Magnetron Company. With respect to FIG. 10, the process incorporates a roll chemical vapor deposition sputtering system with three coating zones. The Magnetron roll vapor deposition machine deposits evaporation batches containing Ag, Au and Indium oxide onto optical grade polyethyleneterephthalate using chemical vapor deposition. The Ag/Au/Indium layers are about 100 angstroms each and, depending on the lower wavelength reflections, about three to five layers exist. More details related to vacuum coating, solar coating and Magnetron sputtering can be found in, for example, “Handbook of Optical Properties, Volume I, Thin Films for Optical Coatings” edited by Rolf Hummel and Karl H. Guenther, 1995, CRC Press, Inc, the entire contents of which is hereby incorporated by reference. [0084] Next, plasma or flame treatment is applied to the PET film for surface tension reduction of the film (step 110). During the deposition and assembly of the layers, the IR film is monitored to optimize the IR blocking spectrum. Thus, the film is then tested against a standard by using a spectrophotometer to test the visible and infrared properties of the PET film (step 115). With respect to FIG. 9, a reflection and transmission monitor with various optical components for vacuum evaporation in-line roll coating operations is utilized to monitor the IR film. In-line spectrophotometric monitoring is part of the vapor deposition process. Transmission at various wavelengths is monitored during the entire run. A tack adhesive is applied to PET GS (polyethyleneterephthalate-gluable/stampable) (step 120) and a pressure laminate is applied to the Indium Oxide metal surface of the PET IR blocking film (step 125). Next, a tack adhesive is applied to the PET side of the IR blocking film (step 130) and a pressure laminate is applied to the PET GS (step 135). Exemplary lamination conditions include 280 F. degrees and 600 psi for 22 minutes, then cooled under pressure for about 18 minutes. A heat seal adhesive is applied to both outer sides of the PET GS, or alternatively, a PVC adhesive is applied to both outer sides of the PET GS (step 140). [0085] In an exemplary embodiment, certain compounds are printed over the surface of sheets 10 and 12. One skilled in the art will appreciate that the printing of the text 30, 32, 34, logos 50, optically recognizable ink and opacity gradient 25 may be applied to any surface of card 5 such as, for example, the front 10 face, the rear 12 face, the inside or outside surface of either face, between the two sheets of base material and/or a combination thereof. Moreover, any suitable printing, scoring, imprinting, marking or like method is within the scope of the present invention. [0086] The opacity gradient 25 and optically recognizable ink are printed onto the sheets by a silk screen printing process (step 150). With respect to the opacity gradient 25, the exemplary gradient is comprised of a silver pearl ink gradation having an ink stippling which is more dense at the top of card 5 and gradually becomes less dense or clear as it approaches the bottom of card 5. One skilled in the art will appreciate that the opacity gradient 25 can be any density throughout the gradient 25 and the gradient 25 can traverse any direction across card 5 face. The opacity gradient 25 can be formed by any substance which can provide a similar gradient 25 on card 5. The exemplary ink gradient 25 for each card 5 is printed using known printing inks suitably configured for printing on plastic, such as Pantone colors. In an exemplary embodiment, the ink used for the stippling 25 is a silver pearl ink and is applied to the outside surface of each plastic sheet. Ink gradient 25 is printed on the surface of each of the sheets using a silk screen printing process which provides an opaque, heavier ink coverage or using offset printing process which provides halftone images in finer detail. The words “American Express” are printed in Pantone 8482 using a similar silkscreen process. [0087] More particularly, with respect to silk screen printing, artwork containing the desired gradient 25 is duplicated many times to match the number of individual cards 5 to be produced from the sheets. The duplicated artwork is then suitably applied to a screen by any suitable known in the art photo-lithographic process and the screen is then developed. The screen is placed over the sheet and ink is suitably washed across the surface of the screen. The exposed portions of the screen allow the ink to pass through the screen and rest on the sheet in the artwork pattern. If multiple colors are desired, this process can be repeated for each color. Moreover, other security features are optionally silk printed on card 5 such as, for example, an invisible, ultraviolet charge card logo (visible in black light) is printed in a duotone of Pantone 307 and 297 using offset and silk screen presses. [0088] The text 30, 32, 34 and logo 50 are printed on the outside surface of each sheet by a known printing process, such as an offset printing process (step 155) which provides a thinner ink coverage, but clearer text. More particularly, with respect to offset printing, the artwork is duplicated onto a metal plate and the metal plate is placed onto an offset press printing machine which can print up to four colors during a single run. The offset printed text includes, for example, a corporate name 30, a copyright notice 33, a batch code number 34, an “active thru” date 32, contact telephone numbers, legal statements (not shown) and/or the like. The exemplary offset text is printed in 4DBC in opaque white ink or a special mix of Pantone Cool Gray 11 called UV AMX Gray. [0089] Because the resulting card 5 may be transparent, the text can be seen from both sides of card 5. As such, if the text is only printed on one sheet, the text may be obscured when viewing the text from the opposite side of card 5 (in other words, viewing the text “through” the plastic substrate). To minimize the obscuring of the text, the front sheet 10 is printed on its outside surface with standard format text and the back sheet 12 is printed on its outside surface with the same text, but the text is in “reverse” format. The back 12 text is aligned with the text on the front face 10, wherein the alignment of the text is aided by card 5 outline markings on the full sheet. Certain text or designs which may be obscured by an compound of card 5 (magnetic stripe 40, chip 20, etc.) may be printed on only one sheet. For example, in an exemplary embodiment, the corporate logo 50 is printed on only one sheet and is located behind the IC chip 20, thereby being hidden from the front 10 view and hiding at least a portion of the IC chip 20 from the back 12 view. One skilled in the art will appreciate that any of the offset printing can occur on the outside or inside surface of the sheets. [0090] The sheet of laminate which is applied to the back 12 of card 5 (step 170) preferably includes rows of magnetic stripes 40, wherein each magnetic stripe 40 corresponds to an individual card 5. The magnetic stripe 40 extends along the length of card 5 and is applied to the back 12 surface, top portion of card 5 in conformity with ISO standards for magnetic stripe 40 size and placement. However, the magnetic stripe 40 may be any width, length, shape, and placed on any location on card 5. The two track magnetic stripe 40, including the recorded information, can be obtained from, for example, Dai Nippon, 1-1, Ichigaya Kagacho 1-chome, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8001, Japan, Tel: Tokyo 03-3266-2111. [0091] In an exemplary embodiment, the magnetic stripe is applied to the outer laminate using a tape layer machine which bonds the cold peel magnetic stripe to the outer laminate roll with a rolling hot die and at suitable pressure. The roll is then cut into sheets at the output of the tape layer before the card layers are assembled and the stripe is fused to the card during the lamination process. [0092] In a further embodiment, there is no infrared blocking film or infrared blocking ink disposed on or associated with the card 5 in the card area covered by the magnetic stripe 40. Thus, the card 5 has associated with it infrared blocking film or ink as before except for the card area having the magnetic stripe 40 thereon. This configuration can result in card manufacturing cost savings since there is a reduced amount of infrared block film or ink required for this card 5. Advantageously, this card embodiment maintains the characteristic that infrared radiation is blocked from being transmitted through the card 5. [0093] Although prior art magnetic stripes 40 in current use are black, in a particularly exemplary embodiment, the magnetic stripe 40 of the present invention is a silver magnetic stripe 40. Exemplary silver magnetic stripe 40 is 2750 oersted and also conforms to ISO standards. Moreover, the silver magnetic stripe 40 includes printing over the magnetic stripe 40. The printing on the magnetic stripe 40 can include any suitable text, logo 50, hologram foil 15 and/or the like; however, in an exemplary embodiment, the printing includes text indicative of an Internet web site address. Dai Nippon Printing Co., Ltd (more information about Dai Nippon can be found at www.dnp.co.jp) prints a hologram or text on the magnetic stripe using, for example, the Dai Nippon CPX10000 card printer which utilizes dye sublimation retransfer technology having a thermal head which does not contact the card surface. The card printer utilizes the double transfer technology to print the image with the thermal head over a clear film and then re-transferring the printed image onto the actual card media by heat roller. The printing of information on the surface of the magnetic stripe 40 is preformed by, for example, American Banknote Holographics, 399 Executive Blvd., Elmsford, N.Y. 10523, (914) 592-2355. More information regarding the printing on the surface of a magnetic stripe 40 can be found in, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,684,795 issued on Aug. 4, 1987 to United States Banknote Company of New York, the entire contents of which is herein incorporated by reference. [0094] After the desired printing is complete and the magnetic stripe applied, the front 10 and back 12 sheets are placed together (step 160), and the sheets are preferably adhered together by any suitable adhering process, such as a suitable adhesive. One skilled in the art will appreciate that, instead of printing on two sheets and combining the two sheets, a single plastic card 5 can be used, wherein card 5 is printed on one side, then the same card 5 is re-sent through the printer for printing on the opposite side. In the present invention, after adhering the sheets together, a sheet of lamination, approximately the same dimensions as the plastic sheets, namely 3′�4′, is applied over the front 10 and back 12 of card 5. After the laminate is applied over the front 10 and back 12 of the combined plastic sheets (step 170), card 5 layers are suitably compressed at a suitable pressure and heated at about 300 degrees, at a pressure of between 90-700 psi, with a suitable dwell time to create a single card 5 device. The aforementioned card fabrication can be completed by, for example, Oberthur Card Systems, 15 James Hance Court, Exton, Pa. [0095] The cards may be constructed by laminating the layers together using heat and pressure. For example, the transaction cards may be roll laminated with adhesives, platen laminated, or other lamination process to laminate the cards together. Processing temperatures may range from about 200� F. to about 500� depending on the material used in the layers of the multilayer transaction card (such as PETG, polycarbonate, or other like materials). For PVC, the temperatures commonly range from about 270� F. to about 320� F. Pressures may range from about 50 psi to about 600 psi. Processing times for laminating the transaction cards of the present invention may range from a few seconds (1-10 seconds, for example if roll laminated with adhesives) to up to about an hour if polycarbonate is used as a material in the multilayer transaction card. For PVC materials, a hot cycle of about 20 to 30 minutes may be used. Cool cycles may last about 15 to about 25 minutes for PVC materials. [0096] In an exemplary embodiment, and especially for IR ink cards, such as, for example, the card described with respect to FIG. 7H, the card layers are fused together in a lamination process using heat and pressure. During the hot press phase, the press is heated to about 300 F. degrees and the pressure builds to about 1000 psi and holds for about 90 seconds. The pressure then ramps up to about 350 psi over an about 30 second period and holds for 16 minutes at the same temperature, namely 300 F. degrees. The card is then transferred to a cold press that is at about 57 F. degrees. The pressure builds to about 400 psi and is held for about 16 minutes as chilled water of about 57 F. degrees is circulated in the plates. The cold press then unloads the card. [0097] With respect to FIGS. 1 and 2, after the laminate is applied, a signature field is applied to the back surface 12 of card 5 (step 175) and the holographic foil 15 is applied to the front 10 of card 5 (step 190). With respect to signature field 45, although prior art signature fields are formed from adhering a paper-like tape to the back 12 of card 5, in an exemplary embodiment of the present invention, the signature field 45 is a translucent box measuring about 2″ by ⅜″ and is applied to the card using a hot-stamp process. The verification of the signature in signature field 45 by the merchant is often a card 5 issuer requirement for a merchant to avoid financial liability for fraudulent use of card 5. As such, the translucent signature field 45 on the transparent card 5 not only allows the clerk to view at least a portion of the signature field 45 from the front of the card 5, but the signature view also encourages the clerk to turn over card 5 and verify the authenticity of the signature with the signed receipt. [0098] After the card sheets are laminated, the sheets are cut into individual cards 5 (step 180) by a known stamping process, including any necessary curing, burrowing, heating, cleaning and/or sealing of the edges. The individual transaction cards 5 are about 3″�4″ and conform to ISO standards for transaction card 5 shape and size. In an exemplary embodiment, the laminated sheets of 56 cards are suitably cut in, half on a guillotine device, resulting in two half-sheets of 28 cards. The half-sheets are loaded onto a card punch machine which aligns the sheets to a die (x and y axes) using predetermined alignment marks visible to the optics of the machine. The half-sheets are then fed under the punch in seven steps. Particularly, a fixed distance feed is followed by another optic sensor search to stop the feed at the pre-printed alignment mark, then the machine punches a row of four cards out at one time. After die cutting and finishing according to standard processing, the IR reflection properties are verified in-line (step 185) before application of the holographic foil 15. [0099] With respect to the application of an exemplary holographic foil, the holographic foil 15 is adhered to card 5 (step 190) by any suitable method. In an exemplary embodiment, a substantially square steel die, which is about 1�″�1�″ with rounded corners and a 0.0007″ crown across the contacting surface, stamps out the individual foils 15 from a large sheet of holographic foil 15. The die is part of a hot stamp machine such that the die is sent through a sheet of foil 15, cutting the foil 15 around a particular image and immediately applying the foil 15 with heat to the front 10 surface of card 5 after the card has been laminated. The die temperature is in the range of about 300F. ��10 F. �.The dwell time is approximately � seconds and the application speed is set based upon the individual hot stamp applicator; however, the foregoing temperature and dwell is identified for a speed of 100 cards per minute. U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,206,965; 4,421,380; 4,589,686; and 4,717,221 by Stephen P. McGrew provide more details about hot stamping of a holographic image and are hereby incorporated by reference. [0100] With respect to the holographic foil 15, the foil 15 can be any color, contain any hologram, can be applied to any location on card 5, and can be cut to any size, shape and thickness. In an exemplary embodiment, the holographic foil 15 sheet preferably includes a gray adhesive on the bottom side and a blue, mirrorlike, three-dimensional holographic surface on the top side containing numerous holographic images about 1�″�1�″ each. The exemplary hologram includes a 360 degree viewability and diffracts a rainbow of colors under white light. The full color hologram is created by, for example, American Banknote Holographics. [0101] The corners of the individual foil 15 are preferably rounded to minimize the likelihood that the foil 15 will peal away from the surface of card 5. Moreover, when applied to the card, the blue holographic surface faces away from card 5 while the gray adhesive side is applied to card 5 surface. The top surface of the holographic foil 15 may be created by any suitable method such as reflection holographics, transmission holographics, chemical washing, the incorporation of mirror compounds and/or any combination thereof. The holographic foil 15 can be fabricated by, for example, American Banknote Holographics, Inc. located at 1448 County Line Road, Huntingdon Valley, Pa., 19006. [0102] The exemplary holographic foil includes various layers. One skilled in the art will appreciate that any ordering, combination and/or composition of these layers which provides a similar holographic effect is still within the scope of the present invention. In an exemplary embodiment, the holographic transfer foil structure includes the following layers: 90 gauge polyester carrier, release coat, embossable resin, vacuum deposited aluminum, tie coat and size coat. During the transfer process, the embossable resin, vacuum deposited aluminum, tie coat and size coat layers are deposited onto a substrate. [0103] In an exemplary embodiment, the sheets of holographic foil 15 are transmission holograms suitably created by interfering two or more beams of converging light, namely an object beam and reference beam, from a 20 watt Argon laser at 457.9 nm, onto a positive photoemulsion (spun coat plates using shiply photoresist). The system records the interference pattern produced by the interfering beams of light using, for example, a 303A developer. The object beam is a coherent beam reflected from, or transmitted through, the object to be recorded which is preferably a three-dimensional mirror. The reference beam is preferably a coherent, collimated light beam with a spherical wave front 10. [0104] The incorporation of the holographic foil 15 onto a transaction card 5 provides a more reliable method of determining the authenticity of the transaction card 5 in ordinary white light, namely by observing if the hologram has the illusion of depth and changing colors. Thus, to allow the hologram to be viewed with ordinary, white light, when the hologram is recorded onto the transaction card 5, the image to be recorded is placed near the surface of the substrate. Moreover, the hologram is be embossed on a metalized carrier, such as the holographic foil 15, or alternatively the hologram may be cast directly onto the transparent plastic material. When formed on the clear plastic material, the hologram is made visible by the deposit of a visible substance over the embossed hologram, such as a metal or ink. More information regarding the production of holograms on charge cards 5 or the production of holographic foil 15 can be found in, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,684,795 issued on Aug. 4, 1987 to United States Banknote Company of New York or from the American Banknote Holographics, Inc. web site at www.abnh.com, both of which are herein incorporated by reference. [0105] In an exemplary embodiment, the application of holographic foil onto vinyl credit cards is accomplished by using a metallized credit card foil. The foil is unsized, metallized, embossable, abrasion, and chemical resistant hot stamping foil on a 1.0 mil (92 gauge) polyester carrier. All of the exemplary materials are tinted with raw materials supplier color code #563 (blue). The foil is vacuum metallized with aluminum and has an optical density range of about 1.60 to 2.00. The optimum foil is free of visible defects and particulate matter. The foil contains release characteristics of about 0 to 7 grams based upon a release testing unit having a die face of 300 F. degrees, 80 psi, 1.0 seconds dwell, 0.1 seconds delay in the removal of the carrier at a 45 degree angle. An exemplary base material is capable of receiving a permanent, high fidelity (based upon an embossing die of 100%, having at least 70% diffraction efficiency) impression of the holographic image surface by embossing with a hard nickel die in the range of about 1600 pounds per linear inch at about 100 pounds air pressure and in the range of about 200 to 350 F. degrees die temperatures. When testing the embossibility of the base material, the testing includes a primary and secondary image to assure the embossable coating is capable of producing an optimal secondary image. [0106] With respect to the mechanical and chemical durability of the holographic foil, the foil resists abrasions. As such, after sizing and stamping the foil onto the vinyl credit card, the transferred hologram withstands about 100 cycles on the Taber Abrader using CS-10 wheels and about a 500 gram load before signs of breakthrough. The foil resists scuffing such that the foil withstands about 6 cycles on Taber Abrader under the same conditions without any substantial visual marks, scratches or haze. The holographic foil also resists any substantial evidence of cracking the vinyl in the hologram area when embossed on a DC 50000 encoder or an equivalent system. Moreover, the embossed, un-sized foil on the polyester carrier is capable of being stretched 15% without cracking of the base coat. Moreover, the exemplary vinyl card with the exemplary hologram withstands 15 minutes in an oven at 110 C.� with the image clearly visible after the test. Additionally, the exemplary hologram does not show any visible effects after 5 cycles of 8 hours at 0� and 16 hours at 60 C.�. [0107] The exemplary holograms on the vinyl cards also resist plasticizers, alkalis, acids and solvents. In particular, the cards with holograms withstand immersion in warm liquid plasticizers (typically dioctyl phthalate) up to the point of severe swelling of the card. The image on the card is not substantially affected by contact with plasticized vinyl for a period of 5 days at 60 C.�. With respect to alkalis, the holograms on the cards withstand approximately 1 hour immersion in 10% ammonium hydroxide at room temperature without deterioration. Moreover, the hologram does not show substantial deterioration after 50 hours of immersion at room temperature in artificial alkaline perspiration (10% sodium chloride, 1% sodium phosphate, 4% ammonium carbonate, and pH 8.0). With respect to acids, the exemplary holograms on the cards substantially withstand approximately 1 hour immersion in 10% acetic acid at room temperature without substantial deterioration. Moreover, the exemplary hologram substantially withstand, without substantial deterioration, 50 hours immersion at room temperature in artificial acetic perspiration (10% sodium chloride, 1% sodium phosphate, 1% lactic acid, pH 3.5). [0108] With respect to solvents, the exemplary holograms on cards substantially withstand the following: ethylene glycol (100% and 50% in water) with no substantial effects after 4 hours at room temperature, ethyl alcohol (100% and 50% in water) with no substantial effect after 4 hours at room temperature, methyl ethyl ketone has no substantial effect after 1 minute at room temperature, toluene has no substantial effect up to severe swelling of the card (30 minutes at room temperature), water has no substantial effect after 16 hours at 60 C.� and concentrated laundry detergent has no substantial effect after 20 hours at room temperature. [0109] Moreover, the exemplary holograms on the vinyl cards do not show substantial effects after being washed and dried in a commercial washer and dryer inside a pants pocket at permanent press settings. [0110] The charge card substrate is comprised of a vinyl base or other comparable type material which is suitably capable of accepting a hot stamping of a hologram without substantially violating the present composition of the hologram or its coatings. When adhering the hologram to the vinyl card, the coating exhibits a consistent blush and is uniform in color, viscosity and free of contamination. The adhesion of the hologram to the card is also sufficiently strong enough such that the application of Scotch 610 tape over the hologram which is removed at a 450 angle will not result in a significant amount of foil removed from the substrate. [0111] With respect to the brightness of the image, a diffraction reading is obtained at a minimum of about 2 microwatts on the registration blocks. Moreover, with respect to image quality, the images are substantially free of defects such as large spots, scratches, wrinkles, mottle, haze, and/or any other defects that substantially distort the image. [0112] The final exemplary product is slit at a width of 1{fraction (53/64)}″�{fraction (1/64)}″ and length of 10,000 images per roll. The registration block is located no more than about {fraction (5/64)}″ from the edge of the slit material. All finished rolls are wound with the metal side facing in on a 3.0″ ID core with a maximum of 3 splices permitted per finished reel and the registration blocks are 0.125″�0.125″ square. [0113] After stamping out the individual cards 5 and applying the holographic foil, the IC chip 20 is applied to card 5 (step 195) by any suitable method, such as adhesive, heat, tape, groove and/or the like. More particularly, a small portion of the front 10 of card 5 is machined out using, for example, a milling process. The milling step removes about 0.02 mils of plastic from the front 10 surface, such that the routed hole cuts into the two core layers of plastic, but does not go through the last outer laminate layer of plastic, thereby forming a 5235HST pocket. IC chip 20 is a 5235 palladium plated with silver, rather than the standard gold plating. IC chip 20 is applied to the card using a process known as “potting”. Any suitable adhesive, such as a non-conductive adhesive, is placed into the machined hole and the IC chip 20 is placed over the adhesive such that the top surface of the IC chip 20 is substantially even with the front 10 surface of card 5. Suitable pressure and heat is applied to the IC chip 20 to ensure that the IC chip 20 is sufficiently affixed to card 5. The IC chip 20 is any suitable integrated circuit located anywhere on card 5. In an exemplary embodiment, the IC chip 20 structure, design, function and placement conforms to ISO standards for IC chips 20 and smart cards 5. The IC chip 20 may be obtained from, for example, Siemens of Germany. [0114] In another embodiment of the card 5, after stamping out the individual cards 5 and applying the holographic foil, two IC chips 20 are applied to the card 5 by any suitable method, such as adhesive, heat, tape, groove and/or the like. More particularly, a first small portion or pocket of the front 10 of the card 5 is machined out using, for example, a milling process. The first small portion or pocket milled out is preferably located in an upper left area of the front 10 of the card 5. The milling step removes or mills out sufficient plastic from the front 10 surface of the card, such that the routed hole or pocket cuts into the two core layers of plastic and particularly into the layer that comprises the infrared (IR) blocking film or ink, but does not go through the last outer laminate layer of plastic on the back 12 of the card 5, thereby forming a first 5235HST pocket in the front 10 of the card 5. A second small portion is machined or milled out of the back 12 of the card 5. The second small portion or pocket milled out of the card 5 is preferably symmetrically located in an upper left area of the back 10 of the card 5. Also, the milling step on the back 12 of the card 5 removes or mills out sufficient plastic from the back 12 surface of the card 5, such that the routed hole cuts into the two core layers of plastic and particularly into the layer that comprises the infrared (IR) blocking film or ink, but does not go through the last outer laminate layer of plastic on the front 10 of the card 5, thereby forming a second 5235HST pocket in the back 10 of the card 5. [0115] The card layers above the top surface of the IR blocking layer will have the first milled out portion for the first IC chip 20 while the layers below the IR blocking layer will only have the second milled out portion for the second IC chip 20. The IR blocking layer, in contrast, will have both the first and second milled out portions. The first and second milled out portions result in an IR blocking film or ink layer, including the top and bottom surfaces of the IR blocking layer, that have IR blocking film or ink distributed throughout the layer and top and bottom surfaces, except for the first and second milled out portions that have been milled out to accept IC chips. [0116] The IC chips 20 are 5235 palladium plated with silver, rather than the standard gold plating. Both IC chips 20 are applied to the card using a process known as “potting”. Any suitable adhesive, such as a non-conductive adhesive, is placed into the machined holes and the IC chips 20 are placed over the adhesive such that the top surfaces of the IC chips 20 are substantially even with the respective front 10 and back 12 surfaces of card 5. Suitable pressure and heat is applied to the IC chips 20 to ensure that the IC chips 20 are sufficiently affixed to card 5. The IC chips 20 can be any suitable integrated circuit located anywhere on the card 5. In an exemplary embodiment, the structure, design, function and placement of the IC chips 20 conforms to ISO standards for IC chips 20 and smart cards 5. [0117] The use of two IC chips 20 in the card 5 can have many commercial advantages for both a card issuer and a card user. This card embodiment maintains the characteristic that infrared radiation is blocked from being transmitted through the card 5. Additionally, by using two IC chips 20, twice the amount of memory or information can be saved on the card 5. Also, the use of two card can allow for one to serve as a back-up in the case of failure of a primary IC chip 20. Alternatively, the use of two IC chips 20 on the card 5 may allow for two separate card members accounts to be on one card 5. For example, one IC chip could be used for a credit card account and the other for a charge account or other account. Further, the use of two IC chips 20 will be viewed by many as aesthetically pleasing and thus result in increased demand for these card by consumers. Also, the presence of two IC chips 20 and the afforded advantages could be used in marketing the card 5 to consumers. [0118] After applying the holographic foil 15 and the IC chip 20 to card 5, certain information, such as account number 35 and “active thru” 32 date (not shown), are preferably embossed into card 5 (step 200) by known embossing methods. The embossing can be completed by, for example, Oberthur Card Systems. Although any information can be embossed anywhere on card 5, in a particularly exemplary embodiment, the account numbers 35 are embossed through the holographic foil 15 to reduce the possibility of the transfer of the holographic foil 15 to a counterfeit card 5 for fraudulent use. Additionally, although prior art cards 5 include a beginning and ending validity date, the present card 5 only includes an “active thru” 32 date, namely a date in which the card expires. [0119] While the foregoing describes an exemplary embodiment for the fabrication of card 5, one skilled in the art will appreciate that any suitable method for incorporating text 30, 32, 34, logos 50, embossed numbers 35, a magnetic stripe 42, a signature field 45, holographic foil 15, an IC chip 20 and opacity gradient 25 (see FIGS. 1 and 2) onto a substrate is within the scope of the present invention. Particularly, the holographic foil 15, IC chip 20, logo 50, magnetic stripe 40, signature field 45 or any other compound may be affixed to any portion of card 5 by any suitable means such as, for example, heat, pressure, adhesive, grooved and/or any combination thereof. [0120] The present invention has been described above with reference to an exemplary embodiment. However, those skilled in the art having read this disclosure will recognize that changes and modifications may be made to the exemplary embodiment without departing from the scope of the present invention. For example, various steps of the invention may be eliminated without altering the effectiveness of the invention. Moreover, other types of card fabrication, encoding and printing methods may be used such as dye sublimation retransfer technology and/or double transfer technology developed by Dai Nippon Printing Company of Japan. These and other changes or modifications are intended to be included within the scope of the present invention, as expressed in the following claims. 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by examinerClassifications U.S. Classification235/487International ClassificationG06Q20/00, G06K19/08, G06K7/00, G06K19/16, G06K13/08, G06K19/077, G06K19/07, G06K19/02Cooperative ClassificationG06K13/08, G06Q20/00, G06K19/16, G06K19/02, G06K19/077, G06K19/08, G06K7/0008, G06K19/0723, G06Q20/14European ClassificationG06Q20/14, G06K19/02, G06K19/07T, G06K19/16, G06K19/08, G06K7/00E, G06K13/08, G06Q20/00, G06K19/077Legal EventsDateCodeEventDescriptionMar 26, 2003ASAssignmentOwner name: AMERICAN EXPRESS TRAVEL RELATED SERVICES COMPANY,Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:LASCH, ELLEN;WEBB, LISA;VIGILETTI, JUDY;AND OTHERS;REEL/FRAME:013899/0253;SIGNING DATES FROM 20021209 TO 20021213RotateOriginal ImageGoogle Home - Sitemap - USPTO Bulk Downloads - Privacy Policy - Terms of Service - About Google Patents - Send FeedbackData provided by IFI CLAIMS Patent Services

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