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IpTables | Firewall (Computing) | Port (Computer Networking)
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1 Introduction 2 What Is iptables? 3 Download And Install The Iptables Package 4 How To Start iptables 5 Determining The Status of iptables 6 Packet Processing In iptables
6.1 Table 14-1 Processing For Packets Routed By The Firewall 6.2 Figure 14-1 Iptables Packet Flow Diagram
8.1 Table 14-2 General Iptables Match Criteria 8.2 Table 14-4 Common TCP and UDP Match Criteria 8.3 Table 14-5 Common ICMP (Ping) Match Criteria 8.4 Table 14-6 Common Extended Match Criteria
10 Saving Your iptables Scripts 11 Fedora's iptables Rule Generator 12 Recovering From A Lost Script 13 Loading Kernel Modules Needed By iptables 14 Sample iptables Scripts
14.1 Basic Operating System Defense 14.2 Advanced iptables Initialization 14.3 Allowing DNS Access To Your Firewall 14.4 Allowing WWW And SSH Access To Your Firewall 14.5 Allowing Your Firewall To Access The Internet 14.6 Allow Your Home Network To Access The Firewall 14.7 Masquerading (Many to One NAT) 14.8 Port Forwarding Type NAT (DHCP DSL)
15.1 Checking The Firewall Logs 15.2 iptables Won't Start
This chapter shows how to convert a Linux server into: A firewall while simultaneously being your home website's mail, web and DNS server. A router that will use NAT and port forwarding to both protect your home network and have another web server on your home network while sharing the public IP address of your firewall. Creating an iptables firewall script requires many steps, but with the aid of the sample tutorials, you should be able to complete a configuration relatively quickly.
Originally, the most popular firewall/NAT package running on Linux was ipchains, but it had a number of shortcomings. To rectify this, the Netfilter organization decided to create a new product called iptables, giving it such improvements as: Better integration with the Linux kernel with the capability of loading iptables-specific kernel modules designed for improved speed and reliability. Stateful packet inspection. This means that the firewall keeps track of each connection passing through it and in certain cases will view the contents of data flows in an attempt to anticipate the next action of certain protocols. This is an important feature in the support of active FTP and DNS, as well as many other network services. Filtering packets based on a MAC address and the values of the flags in the TCP header. This is helpful in preventing attacks using malformed packets and in restricting access from locally attached servers to other networks in spite of their IP addresses.
System logging that provides the option of adjusting the level of detail of the reporting. Better network address translation. Support for transparent integration with such Web proxy programs as Squid. A rate limiting feature that helps iptables block some types of denial of service (DoS) attacks. Considered a faster and more secure alternative to ipchains, iptables has become the default firewall package installed under RedHat and Fedora Linux.
Before you begin, you need to make sure that the iptables software RPM is installed. (See Chapter 6, "Installing Linux Software", if you need a refresher.) When searching for the RPMs, remember that the filename usually starts with the software package name by a version number, as in iptables-1.2.91.0.i386.rpm.
You can start, stop, and restart iptables after booting by using the commands: [root@bigboy tmp]# service iptables start [root@bigboy tmp]# service iptables stop [root@bigboy tmp]# service iptables restart
To get iptables configured to start at boot, use the chkconfig command:. [root@bigboy tmp]# chkconfig iptables on
You can determine whether iptables is running or not via the service iptables status command. Fedora Core will give a simple status message. For example [root@bigboy tmp]# service iptables status Firewall is stopped. [root@bigboy tmp]#
Queue Type Filter Queue Function Packet filtering FORWARD Packet Transformation Chain in Queue Chain Function Filters packets to servers accessible by another NIC on the firewall.
Filters packets destined to the firewall. INPUT
Filters packets originating from the firewall OUTPUT
Address translation occurs before routing. Facilitates the transformation of the destination IP address to be compatible with the firewall's routing table. Used with NAT of the destination IP address, also known as destination NAT or DNAT. Address translation occurs after routing. This implies that there was no need to modify the destination IP address of the packet as in pre-routing. Used with NAT of the source IP address using either one-to-one or many-to-one NAT. This is known as source NAT, or SNAT. Network address translation for packets generated by the firewall. (Rarely used in SOHO environments)
You need to specify the table and the chain for each firewall rule you create. There is an exception: Most rules are related to filtering, so iptables assumes that any chain that's defined without an associated table will be a part of the filter table. The filter table is therefore the default. To help make this clearer, take a look at the way packets are handled by iptables. In Figure 14.1 a TCP packet from the Internet arrives at the firewall's interface on Network A to create a data connection. The packet is first examined by your rules in the mangle table's PREROUTING chain, if any. It is then inspected by the rules in the nat table's PREROUTING chain to see whether the packet requires DNAT. It is then routed. If the packet is destined for a protected network, then it is filtered by the rules in the FORWARD chain of the filter table and, if necessary, the packet undergoes SNAT in the POSTROUTING chain before arriving at Network B. When the destination server decides to reply, the packet undergoes the same sequence of steps. Both the FORWARD and POSTROUTING chains may be configured to implement quality of service (QoS) features in their mangle tables, but this is not usually done in SOHO environments. If the packet is destined for the firewall itself, then it passes through the mangle table of the INPUT chain, if configured, before being filtered by the rules in the INPUT chain of the filter table before. If it successfully passes these tests then it is processed by the intended application on the firewall. At some point, the firewall needs to reply. This reply is routed and inspected by the rules in the OUTPUT chain of the mangle table, if any. Next, the rules in the OUTPUT chain of the nat table determine whether DNAT is required and the rules in the OUTPUT chain of the filter table are then inspected to help restrict unauthorized packets. Finally, before the packet is sent back to the Internet, SNAT and QoS mangling is done by the POSTROUTING chain
It is now time to discuss the ways in wh which you add rules to these chains.
target ACCEPT Desciption iptables stops further processing. The packet is handed over to the end application or the operating system for processing DROP iptables stops further processing. The packet is blocked LOG The packet information is sent to the syslog daemon for logging iptables continues processing with the next rule in the table As you can't log and drop at the same time, it is common to have two similar rules in sequence. The first will log the packet, the second will drop it. REJECT Works like the DROP target, but will also return an error message to the host sending the packet that the packet was blocked The qualifier tells what type of reject message is returned. Qualifiers include: icmp-port-unreachable (default) icmp-net-unreachable icmp-host-unreachable icmp-proto-unreachable icmp-net-prohibited icmp-host-prohibited tcp-reset echo-reply Tells iptables to prefix all log messages with a user defined string. Frequently used to tell why the logged packet was dropped N/A N/A Most Common Options
Used to do source network address translation rewriting the source IP address of the packet The source IP address is user defined
--to-source <address>[<address>][:<port>-<port>]
Used to do Source Network Address Translation. By default the source IP address is the same as that used by the firewall's interface
iptables command Switch -t <-table-> Desciption If you don't specify a table, then the filter table is assumed. As discussed before, the possible built-in tables include: filter, nat, mangle Jump to the specified target chain when the packet matches the current rule. Append rule to end of a chain Flush. Deletes all the rules in the selected table Match protocol. Types include, icmp, tcp, udp, and all Match source IP address Match destination IP address
-j <target> -A -F -p <protocoltype> -s <ip-address> -d <ip-address>
-i <interfacename> -o <interfacename>
Match "input" interface on which the packet enters. Match "output" interface on which the packet exits
In this command switches example iptables -A INPUT -s 0/0 -i eth0 -d 192.168.1.1 -p TCP -j ACCEPT
Switch -p tcp --sport <port> -p tcp --dport <port> -p tcp --syn -p udp --sport <port> -p udp --dport <port> Desciption TCP source port. Can be a single value or a range in the format: start-portnumber:end-port-number TCP destination port. Can be a single value or a range in the format: startingport:ending-port Used to identify a new TCP connection request. ! --syn means, not a new connection request UDP source port. Can be a single value or a range in the format: starting-port:endingport UDP destination port. Can be a single value or a range in the format: startingport:ending-port
In this example: iptables -A FORWARD -s 0/0 -i eth0 -d 192.168.1.58 -o eth1 -p TCP \ --sport 1024:65535 --dport 80 -j ACCEPT
Matches used with ---icmp-type --icmp-type <type>
Desciption The most commonly used types are echo-reply and echo-request
In this example: iptables -A OUTPUT -p icmp --icmp-type echo-request -j ACCEPT iptables -A INPUT -p icmp --icmp-type echo-reply -j ACCEPT
iptables is being configured to allow the firewall to send ICMP echo-requests (pings) and in turn, accept the expected ICMP echo-replies. Consider another example iptables -A INPUT -p icmp --icmp-type echo-request \ -m limit --limit 1/s -i eth0 -j ACCEPT
Switch -m multiport -sports <port, port> -m multiport -dports <port, port> -m multiport --ports <port, port> Desciption A variety of TCP/UDP source ports separated by commas. Unlike when -m isn't used, they do not have to be within a range. A variety of TCP/UDP destination ports separated by commas. Unlike when m isn't used, they do not have to be within a range. A variety of TCP/UDP ports separated by commas. Source and destination ports are assumed to be the same and they do not have to be within a range.
-m --state <state> The most frequently tested states are: ESTABLISHED: The packet is part of a connection that has seen packets in both directions NEW: The packet is the start of a new connection RELATED: The packet is starting a new secondary connection. This is a common feature of such protocols such as an FTP data transfer, or an ICMP error. INVALID: The packet couldn't be identified. Could be due to insufficient system resources, or ICMP errors that don't match an existing data flow.
This is an expansion on the previous example: iptables -A FORWARD -s 0/0 -i eth0 -d 192.168.1.58 -o eth1 -p TCP \ --sport 1024:65535 -m multiport --dports 80,443 -j ACCEPT iptables -A FORWARD -d 0/0 -o eth0 -s 192.168.1.58 -i eth1 -p TCP \ -m state --state ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT
As you may remember, you can configure iptables to have user-defined chains. This feature is frequently used to help streamline the processing of packets. For example, instead of using a single, built-in chain for all protocols, you can use the chain to determine the protocol type for the packet and then hand off the actual final processing to a user-defined, protocol-specific chain in the filter table. In other words, you can replace a long chain with a stubby main chain pointing to multiple stubby chains, thereby shortening the total length of all chains the packet has to pass through. For example iptables -A INPUT -i eth0 -d 206.229.110.2 -j fast-input-queue iptables -A OUTPUT -o eth0 -s 206.229.110.2 -j fast-output-queue
iptables -A fast-input-queue -p icmp -j icmp-queue-in iptables -A fast-output-queue -p icmp -j icmp-queue-out iptables -A icmp-queue-out -p icmp --icmp-type echo-request \ -m state --state NEW -j ACCEPT iptables -A icmp-queue-in -p icmp --icmp-type echo-reply -j ACCEPT
Chain INPUT OUTPUT fast-inputqueue fast-outputqueue icmp-queue-out icmp-queue-in Desciption The regular built-in INPUT chain in iptables The regular built-in OUTPUT chain in iptables Input chain dedicated to identifying specific protocols and shunting the packets to protocol specific chains. Output chain dedicated to identifying specific protocols and shunting the packets to protocol specific chains. Output queue dedicated to ICMP Input queue dedicated to ICMP
The service iptables save command permanently saves the iptables configuration in the /etc/sysconfig/iptables file. When the system reboots, the iptables-restore program reads the configuration and makes it the active configuration. The format of the /etc/sysconfig/iptables file is slightly different from that of the scripts shown in this chapter. The initialization of built-in chains is automatic and the string "iptables" is omitted from the rule statements. Here is a sample /etc/sysconfig/iptables configuration that allows ICMP, IPSec (ESP and AH packets), already established connections, and inbound SSH. [root@bigboy tmp]# cat /etc/sysconfig/iptables # Generated by iptables-save v1.2.9 on Mon Nov 8 11:00:07 2004 *filter :INPUT ACCEPT [0:0] :FORWARD ACCEPT [0:0] :OUTPUT ACCEPT [144:12748] :RH-Firewall-1-INPUT - [0:0]
-A INPUT -j RH-Firewall-1-INPUT -A FORWARD -j RH-Firewall-1-INPUT -A RH-Firewall-1-INPUT -i lo -j ACCEPT -A RH-Firewall-1-INPUT -p icmp -m icmp --icmp-type 255 -j ACCEPT -A RH-Firewall-1-INPUT -p esp -j ACCEPT -A RH-Firewall-1-INPUT -p ah -j ACCEPT -A RH-Firewall-1-INPUT -m state --state RELATED,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT -A RH-Firewall-1-INPUT -p tcp -m state --state NEW -m tcp --dport 22 -j ACCEPT -A RH-Firewall-1-INPUT -j REJECT --reject-with icmp-host-prohibited COMMIT # Completed on Mon Nov 8 11:00:07 2004 [root@bigboy tmp]#
Fedora comes with a program called lokkit that you can use to generate a very rudimentary firewall rule set. It prompts for the level of security and then gives you the option of doing simple customizations. It is a good place for beginners to start on a test system so that they can see a general rule structure. Like the service iptables save command, lokkit saves the firewall rules in a new /etc/sysconfig/iptables file for use on the next reboot. Once you have become familiar with the iptables syntax, it's best to write scripts that you can comment and then save it to /etc/sysconfig/iptables. It makes them much more manageable and readable.
Sometimes the script you created to generate iptables rules may get corrupted or lost, or you might inherit a new system from an administer and cannot find the original script used to protect it. In these situations, you can use the iptables-save and iptables-restore commands to assist you with the continued management of the server. Unlike the service iptables save command, which actually saves a permanent copy of the firewall's active configuration in the /etc/sysconfig/iptables file, iptables-save displays the active configuration to the screen in /etc/sysconfig/iptables format. If you redirect the iptables-save screen output to a file with the >
symbol, then you can edit the output and reload the updated rules when they meet your new criteria with the iptables-restore command. This example exports the iptables-save output to a text file named firewall-config. [root@bigboy tmp]# iptables-save > firewall-config [root@bigboy tmp]# cat firewall-config # Generated by iptables-save v1.2.9 on Mon Nov 8 11:00:07 2004 *filter :INPUT ACCEPT [0:0] :FORWARD ACCEPT [0:0] :OUTPUT ACCEPT [144:12748] :RH-Firewall-1-INPUT - [0:0] -A INPUT -j RH-Firewall-1-INPUT -A FORWARD -j RH-Firewall-1-INPUT -A RH-Firewall-1-INPUT -i lo -j ACCEPT -A RH-Firewall-1-INPUT -p icmp -m icmp --icmp-type 255 -j ACCEPT -A RH-Firewall-1-INPUT -p esp -j ACCEPT -A RH-Firewall-1-INPUT -p ah -j ACCEPT -A RH-Firewall-1-INPUT -m state --state RELATED,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT -A RH-Firewall-1-INPUT -p tcp -m state --state NEW -m tcp --dport 22 -j ACCEPT -A RH-Firewall-1-INPUT -j REJECT --reject-with icmp-host-prohibited COMMIT # Completed on Mon Nov 8 11:00:07 2004 [root@bigboy tmp]#
After editing the firewall-config file with the commands you need, you can reload it into the active firewall rule set with the iptables-restore command. [root@bigboy tmp]# iptables-restore < firewall-config
The iptables application requires you to load certain kernel modules to activate some of its functions. Whenever any type of NAT is required, the iptable_nat module needs to be loaded. The ip_conntrack_ftp module needs to be added for FTP support and should always be loaded with the ip_conntrack module which tracks TCP connection states. As most scripts probably will keep track of connection states, the ip_conntrack module will be needed in any case. The ip_nat_ftp module also needs to be loaded for FTP servers behind a NAT firewall. Unfortunately, the /etc/sysconfig/iptables file doesn't support the loading of modules, so you'll have to add the statements to your /etc/rc.local file which is run at the end of every reboot. The script samples in this chapter include these statements only as a reminder to place them in the /etc/rc.local file # File: /etc/rc.local # Module to track the state of connections modprobe ip_conntrack # Load the iptables active FTP module, requires ip_conntrack modprobe ip_conntrack_ftp # Load iptables NAT module when required modprobe iptable_nat # Module required for active an FTP server using NAT modprobe ip_nat_ftp
This section provides some sample scripts you can use to get iptables working for you. Pay special attention to the logging example at the end. The basic initialization script snippet should also be included in all your scripts to ensure the correct initialization of your chains should you decide to restart your script after startup. This chapter also includes other snippets that will help you get basic functionality. It should be a good guide to get you started. Note: Once you feel more confident, you can use Appendix II "Codes, Scripts, and Configurations", to find detailed scripts. The appendix shows you how to allow your firewall to: Be used as a Linux Web, mail and DNS server Be the NAT router for your home network
Prevent various types of attacks using corrupted TCP, UDP and ICMP packets. Provide outbound passive FTP access from the firewall There are also simpler code snippets in the Appendix II "Codes, Scripts, and Configurations", for Inbound and outbound FTP connections to and from your firewall
You can do several things before employing your firewall script to improve the resilience of your firewall to attack. For example, the Linux operating system has a number of built-in protection mechanisms that you should activate by modifying the system kernel parameters in the /proc filesystem via the /etc/sysctl.conf file. Using of /etc/sysctl.conf to modify kernel parameters is explained in more detail in , Appendix I "Miscellaneous Linux Topics". Here is a sample configuration: # File: /etc/sysctl.conf #--------------------------------------------------------------# Disable routing triangulation. Respond to queries out # the same interface, not another. Helps to maintain state # Also protects against IP spoofing #--------------------------------------------------------------net/ipv4/conf/all/rp_filter = 1
#--------------------------------------------------------------# Enable logging of packets with malformed IP addresses #--------------------------------------------------------------net/ipv4/conf/all/log_martians = 1
#--------------------------------------------------------------# Disable redirects #--------------------------------------------------------------net/ipv4/conf/all/send_redirects = 0
#--------------------------------------------------------------# Disable source routed packets #--------------------------------------------------------------net/ipv4/conf/all/accept_source_route = 0
#--------------------------------------------------------------# Disable acceptance of ICMP redirects #--------------------------------------------------------------net/ipv4/conf/all/accept_redirects = 0
#--------------------------------------------------------------# Turn on protection from Denial of Service (DOS) attacks #--------------------------------------------------------------net/ipv4/tcp_syncookies = 1
#--------------------------------------------------------------# Disable responding to ping broadcasts #--------------------------------------------------------------net/ipv4/icmp_echo_ignore_broadcasts = 1 #--------------------------------------------------------------# Enable IP routing. Required if your firewall is protecting a # network, NAT included #--------------------------------------------------------------net/ipv4/ip_forward = 1
You may also want to add some more advanced initialization steps to your script, including checks for Internet traffic from RFC1918 private addresses. The sample script snippet below outlines how to do this. More complex initializations would include checks for attacks using invalid TCP flags and directed broadcasts which are beyond the scope of this book. The script also uses multiple user-defined chains to make the script shorter and faster as the chains can be repeatedly accessed. This removes the need to repeat the same statements over and over again. You can take even more precautions to further protect your network. The complete firewall script in Appendix II "Codes, Scripts, and Configurations", outlines most of them. #=#=#=#=#=#=#=#=#=#=#=#=#=#=#=#=#=#=#=#=#=#=#=#=#=#=#=#=#=#=#=#= # # Define networks: NOTE!! You may want to put these "EXTERNAL"
# definitions at the top of your script. # #=#=#=#=#=#=#=#=#=#=#=#=#=#=#=#=#=#=#=#=#=#=#=#=#=#=#=#=#=#=#=#= EXTERNAL_INT="eth0" EXTERNAL_IP="97.158.253.25" # External Internet interface # Internet Interface IP address
#--------------------------------------------------------------# Initialize our user-defined chains #--------------------------------------------------------------iptables -N valid-src iptables -N valid-dst #--------------------------------------------------------------# Verify valid source and destination addresses for all packets #--------------------------------------------------------------iptables iptables iptables iptables -A -A -A -A INPUT FORWARD OUTPUT FORWARD -i -i -o -o $EXTERNAL_INT $EXTERNAL_INT $EXTERNAL_INT $EXTERNAL_INT -j -j -j -j valid-src valid-src valid-dst valid-dst
#=#=#=#=#=#=#=#=#=#=#=#=#=#=#=#=#=#=#=#=#=#=#=#=#=#=#=#=#=#=#=# # # Source and Destination Address Sanity Checks # # Drop packets from networks covered in RFC 1918 (private nets) # Drop packets from external interface IP # #=#=#=#=#=#=#=#=#=#=#=#=#=#=#=#=#=#=#=#=#=#=#=#=#=#=#=#=#=#=#=# iptables iptables iptables iptables iptables iptables iptables iptables iptables iptables iptables -A -A -A -A -A -A -A -A -A -A -A valid-src valid-src valid-src valid-src valid-src valid-src valid-src valid-src valid-src valid-src valid-dst -s -s -s -s -s -s -s -d -s -s -d 10.0.0.0/8 -j DROP 172.16.0.0/12 -j DROP 192.168.0.0/16 -j DROP 224.0.0.0/4 -j DROP 240.0.0.0/5 -j DROP 127.0.0.0/8 -j DROP 0.0.0.0/8 -j DROP 255.255.255.255 -j DROP 169.254.0.0/16 -j DROP $EXTERNAL_IP -j DROP 224.0.0.0/4 -j DROP
You'll almost certainly want your firewall to make DNS queries to the Internet. This is not because it is required for the basic functionality of the firewall, but because of Fedora Linux's yum RPM updater which will help to keep the server up to date with the latest security patches. The following statements will apply not only for firewalls acting as DNS clients but also for firewalls working in a caching or regular DNS server role. #--------------------------------------------------------------# Allow outbound DNS queries from the FW and the replies too # # - Interface eth0 is the internet interface # # Zone transfers use TCP and not UDP. Most home networks # / websites using a single DNS server won't require TCP statements # #--------------------------------------------------------------iptables -A OUTPUT -p udp -o eth0 --dport 53 --sport 1024:65535 \ -j ACCEPT iptables -A INPUT -p udp -i eth0 --sport 53 --dport 1024:65535 \ -j ACCEPT
This sample snippet is for a firewall that doubles as a web server that is managed remotely by its system administrator via secure shell (SSH) sessions. Inbound packets destined for ports 80 and 22 are allowed thereby making the first steps in establishing a connection. It isn't necessary to specify these ports for the return leg as outbound packets for all established connections are allowed. Connections initiated by persons logged into the Web server will be denied as outbound NEW connection packets aren't allowed. #--------------------------------------------------------------# Allow previously established connections # - Interface eth0 is the internet interface #--------------------------------------------------------------iptables -A OUTPUT -o eth0 -m state --state ESTABLISHED,RELATED \ -j ACCEPT #--------------------------------------------------------------# Allow port 80 (www) and 22 (SSH) connections to the firewall #--------------------------------------------------------------iptables -A INPUT -p tcp -i eth0 --dport 22 --sport 1024:65535 \ -m state --state NEW -j ACCEPT
iptables -A INPUT -p tcp -i eth0 --dport 80 --sport 1024:65535 \ -m state --state NEW -j ACCEPT
This iptables script enables a user on the firewall to use a Web browser to surf the Internet. HTTP traffic uses TCP port 80, and HTTPS uses port 443. Note: HTTPS (secure HTTP) is used for credit card transactions frequently, as well as by RedHat Linux servers running up2date. FTP and HTTP are frequently used with yum. #--------------------------------------------------------------# Allow port 80 (www) and 443 (https) connections from the firewall #--------------------------------------------------------------iptables -A OUTPUT -j ACCEPT -m state \ --state NEW,ESTABLISHED,RELATED -o eth0 -p tcp \ -m multiport --dports 80,443 --sport 1024:65535 #--------------------------------------------------------------# Allow previously established connections # - Interface eth0 is the internet interface #--------------------------------------------------------------iptables -A INPUT -j ACCEPT -m state --state ESTABLISHED,RELATED -i eth0 -p tcp \
In this example, eth1 is directly connected to a home network using IP addresses from the 192.168.1.0 network. All traffic between this network and the firewall is simplistically assumed to be trusted and allowed. Further rules will be needed for the interface connected to the Internet to allow only specific ports, types of connections and possibly even remote servers to have access to your firewall and home network. #---------------------------------------------------------------
# Allow all bidirectional traffic from your firewall to the # protected network # - Interface eth1 is the private network interface #--------------------------------------------------------------iptables -A INPUT iptables -A OUTPUT -j ACCEPT -p all -s 192.168.1.0/24 -i eth1 -j ACCEPT -p all -d 192.168.1.0/24 -o eth1
As explained in Chapter 2, "Introduction to Networking", masquerading is another name for what many call many to one NAT. In other words, traffic from all devices on one or more protected networks will appear as if it originated from a single IP address on the Internet side of the firewall. Note: The masquerade IP address always defaults to the IP address of the firewall's main interface. The advantage of this is that you never have to specify the NAT IP address. This makes it much easier to configure iptables NAT with DHCP. You can configure many to one NAT to an IP alias, using the POSTROUTING and not the MASQUERADE statement. An example of this can be seen in the static NAT section that follows. Keep in mind that iptables requires the iptables_nat module to be loaded with the modprobe command for the masquerade feature to work. Masquerading also depends on the Linux operating system being configured to support routing between the internet and private network interfaces of the firewall. This is done by enabling IP forwarding or routing by giving the file /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward the value 1 as opposed to the default disabled value of 0. Once masquerading has been achieved using the POSTROUTING chain of the nat table, you will have to configure iptables to allow packets to flow between the two interfaces. To do this, use the FORWARD chain of the filter table. More specifically, packets related to NEW and ESTABLISHED connections will be allowed outbound to the Internet, but only packets related to ESTABLISHED connections will be allowed inbound. This helps to protect the home network from anyone trying to initiate connections from the Internet: #--------------------------------------------------------------# Load the NAT module # # Note: It is best to use the /etc/rc.local example in this # chapter. This value will not be retained in the # /etc/sysconfig/iptables file. Included only as a reminder. #---------------------------------------------------------------
modprobe iptable_nat #--------------------------------------------------------------# Enable routing by modifying the ip_forward /proc filesystem file # # Note: It is best to use the /etc/sysctl.conf example in this # chapter. This value will not be retained in the # /etc/sysconfig/iptables file. Included only as a reminder. #--------------------------------------------------------------echo 1 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward #--------------------------------------------------------------# Allow masquerading # - Interface eth0 is the internet interface # - Interface eth1 is the private network interface #--------------------------------------------------------------iptables -A POSTROUTING -t nat -o eth0 -s 192.168.1.0/24 -d 0/0 \ -j MASQUERADE #--------------------------------------------------------------# Prior to masquerading, the packets are routed via the filter # table's FORWARD chain. # Allowed outbound: New, established and related connections # Allowed inbound : Established and related connections #--------------------------------------------------------------iptables -A FORWARD -t filter -o eth0 -m state \ --state NEW,ESTABLISHED,RELATED -j ACCEPT iptables -A FORWARD -t filter -i eth0 -m state \ --state ESTABLISHED,RELATED -j ACCEPT
In many cases home users may get a single DHCP public IP address from their ISPs. If a Linux firewall is also your interface to the Internet and you want to host a Web site on one of the NAT protected home servers, then you will have to use port forwarding. Here the combination of the firewall's single IP address, the remote server's IP address, and the source/destination port of the traffic can be used to
uniquely identify a traffic flow. All traffic that matches a particular combination of these factors may then be forwarded to a single server on the private network. Port forwarding is handled by the PREROUTING chain of the nat table. As in masquerading, the iptables_nat module has to be loaded and routing has to be enabled for port forwarding to work. Routing too must be allowed in iptables with the FORWARD chain, this includes all NEW inbound connections from the Internet matching the port forwarding port plus all future packets related to the ESTABLISHED connection in both directions: #--------------------------------------------------------------# Load the NAT module # # Note: It is best to use the /etc/rc.local example in this # chapter. This value will not be retained in the # /etc/sysconfig/iptables file. Included only as a reminder. #--------------------------------------------------------------modprobe iptable_nat #--------------------------------------------------------------# Get the IP address of the Internet interface eth0 (linux only) # # You'll have to use a different expression to get the IP address # for other operating systems which have a different ifconfig output # or enter the IP address manually in the PREROUTING statement # # This is best when your firewall gets its IP address using DHCP. # The external IP address could just be hard coded ("typed in # normally") #--------------------------------------------------------------external_int="eth0" external_ip="`ifconfig $external_int | grep 'inet addr' | \ awk '{print $2}' | sed -e 's/.*://'`" #--------------------------------------------------------------# Enable routing by modifying the ip_forward /proc filesystem file # # Note: It is best to use the /etc/sysctl.conf example in this # chapter. This value will not be retained in the # /etc/sysconfig/iptables file. Included only as a reminder. #--------------------------------------------------------------echo 1 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward #--------------------------------------------------------------# Allow port forwarding for traffic destined to port 80 of the
# firewall's IP address to be forwarded to port 8080 on server # 192.168.1.200 # # - Interface eth0 is the internet interface # - Interface eth1 is the private network interface #--------------------------------------------------------------iptables -t nat -A PREROUTING -p tcp -i eth0 -d $external_ip \ --dport 80 --sport 1024:65535 -j DNAT --to 192.168.1.200:8080 #--------------------------------------------------------------# After DNAT, the packets are routed via the filter table's # FORWARD chain. # Connections on port 80 to the target machine on the private # network must be allowed. #--------------------------------------------------------------iptables -A FORWARD -p tcp -i eth0 -o eth1 -d 192.168.1.200 \ --dport 8080 --sport 1024:65535 -m state --state NEW -j ACCEPT iptables -A FORWARD -t filter -o eth0 -m state \ --state NEW,ESTABLISHED,RELATED -j ACCEPT iptables -A FORWARD -t filter -i eth0 -m state \ --state ESTABLISHED,RELATED -j ACCEPT
In this example, all traffic to a particular public IP address, not just to a particular port, is translated to a single server on the protected subnet. Because the firewall has more than one IP address, I can't recommend MASQUERADE; it will force masquerading as the IP address of the primary interface and not as any of the alias IP addresses the firewall may have. Instead, use SNAT to specify the alias IP address to be used for connections initiated by all other servers in the protected network. Note: Although the nat table NATs all traffic to the target servers (192.168.1.100 to 102), only connections on ports 80,443 and 22 are allowed through by the FORWARD chain. Also notice how you have to specify a separate -m multiport option whenever you need to match multiple non-sequential ports for both source and destination. In this example the firewall: Uses one to one NAT to make the server 192.168.1.100 on your home network appear on the Internet as IP addresses 97.158.253.26.
Creates a many to one NAT for the 192.168.1.0 home network in which all the servers appear on the Internet as IP address 97.158.253.29. This is different from masquerading You will have to create alias IP addresses for each of these Internet IPs for one to one NAT to work. #--------------------------------------------------------------# Load the NAT module # # Note: It is best to use the /etc/rc.local example in this # chapter. This value will not be retained in the # /etc/sysconfig/iptables file. Included only as a reminder. #--------------------------------------------------------------modprobe iptable_nat #--------------------------------------------------------------# Enable routing by modifying the ip_forward /proc filesystem file # # Note: It is best to use the /etc/sysctl.conf example in this # chapter. This value will not be retained in the # /etc/sysconfig/iptables file. Included only as a reminder. #--------------------------------------------------------------echo 1 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward #--------------------------------------------------------------# NAT ALL traffic: ########### # REMEMBER to create aliases for all the internet IP addresses below ########### # # TO: FROM: MAP TO SERVER: # 97.158.253.26 Anywhere 192.168.1.100 (1:1 NAT - Inbound) # Anywhere 192.168.1.100 97.158.253.26 (1:1 NAT - Outbound) # Anywhere 192.168.1.0/24 97.158.253.29 (FW IP) # # SNAT is used to NAT all other outbound connections initiated # from the protected network to appear to come from # IP address 97.158.253.29 # # POSTROUTING: # NATs source IP addresses. Frequently used to NAT connections from # your home network to the Internet # # PREROUTING: # NATs destination IP addresses. Frequently used to NAT # connections from the Internet to your home network #
# - Interface eth0 is the internet interface # - Interface eth1 is the private network interface #--------------------------------------------------------------# PREROUTING statements for 1:1 NAT # (Connections originating from the Internet) iptables -t nat -A PREROUTING -d 97.158.253.26 -i eth0 \ -j DNAT --to-destination 192.168.1.100 # POSTROUTING statements for 1:1 NAT # (Connections originating from the home network servers) iptables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -s 192.168.1.100 -o eth0 \ -j SNAT --to-source 97.158.253.26 # POSTROUTING statements for Many:1 NAT # (Connections originating from the entire home network) iptables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -s 192.168.1.0/24 \ -j SNAT -o eth0 --to-source 97.158.253.29 # Allow forwarding to each of the servers configured for 1:1 NAT # (For connections originating from the Internet. Notice how you # use the real IP addresses here) iptables -A FORWARD -p tcp -i eth0 -o eth1 -d 192.168.1.100 \ -m multiport --dports 80,443,22 \ -m state --state NEW -j ACCEPT
# Allow forwarding for all New and Established SNAT connections # originating on the home network AND already established # DNAT connections iptables -A FORWARD -t filter -o eth0 -m state \ --state NEW,ESTABLISHED,RELATED -j ACCEPT # Allow forwarding for all 1:1 NAT connections originating on # the Internet that have already passed through the NEW forwarding # statements above iptables -A FORWARD -t filter -i eth0 -m state \ --state ESTABLISHED,RELATED -j ACCEPT
You track packets passing through the iptables list of rules using the LOG target. You should be aware that the LOG target: Logs all traffic that matches the iptables rule in which it is located. Automatically writes an entry to the /var/log/messages file and then executes the next rule. If you want to log only unwanted traffic, therefore, you have to add a matching rule with a DROP target immediately after the LOG rule. If you don't, you'll find yourself logging both desired and unwanted traffic with no way of discerning between the two, because by default iptables doesn't state why the packet was logged in its log message. This example logs a summary of failed packets to the file /var/log/messages. You can use the contents of this file to determine which TCP/UDP ports you need to open to provide access to specific traffic that is currently stopped. #--------------------------------------------------------------# Log and drop all other packets to file /var/log/messages # Without this we could be crawling around in the dark #--------------------------------------------------------------iptables -A OUTPUT -j LOG iptables -A INPUT -j LOG iptables -A FORWARD -j LOG iptables -A OUTPUT -j DROP iptables -A INPUT -j DROP iptables -A FORWARD -j DROP
Here are some examples of the output of this file: Firewall denies replies to DNS queries (UDP port 53) destined to server 192.168.1.102 on the home network. Feb 23 20:33:50 bigboy kernel: IN=wlan0 OUT= MAC=00:06:25:09:69:80:00:a0:c5:e1:3e:88:08:00 SRC=192.42.93.30
DST=192.168.1.102 LEN=220 TOS=0x00 PREC=0x00 TTL=54 ID=30485 PROTO=UDP SPT=53 DPT=32820 LEN=200
The traffic in all these examples isn't destined for the firewall; Therefore, you should check your INPUT, OUTPUT, FORWARD, and NAT related statements. If the firewall's IP address is involved, then you should focus on the INPUT and OUTPUT statements If nothing shows up in the logs, then follow the steps in Chapter 4, "Simple Network Troubleshooting", to determine whether the data is reaching your firewall at all and, if it is not, the location on your network that could be causing the problem. As a general rule, you won't be able to access the public NAT IP addresses from servers on your home network. Basic NAT testing requires you to ask a friend to try to connect to your home network from the Internet. You can then use the logging output in /var/log/messages to make sure that the translations are occurring correctly and iptables isn't dropping the packets after translation occurs.
The iptables startup script expects to find the /etc/sysconfig/iptables before it starts. If none exists, then symptoms include the firewall status always being stopped and the /etc/init.d/iptables script running without the typical [OK] or [FAILED] messages. If you have just installed iptables and have never applied a policy, then you will face this problem. Unfortunately, running the service iptables save command before restarting won't help either. You have to create this file.
[root@bigboy tmp]# service iptables start [root@bigboy tmp]# [root@bigboy tmp]# touch /etc/sysconfig/iptables [root@bigboy tmp]# chmod 600 /etc/sysconfig/iptables [root@bigboy tmp]# service iptables start Applying iptables firewall rules: [ OK ] [root@bigboy tmp]#


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carbontax comments on My IM chat bot attack script language, 'call it something mess with it, in a chat program Open Source full rights rights anyone any usejump to contentmy subredditsannouncementsArtAskRedditaskscienceawwblogbookscreepydataisbeautifulDIYDocumentariesEarthPornexplainlikeimfiveFitnessfoodfunnyFuturologygadgetsgamingGetMotivatedgifshistoryIAmAInternetIsBeautifulJokesLifeProTipslistentothismildlyinterestingmoviesMusicnewsnosleepnottheonionOldSchoolCoolpersonalfinancephilosophyphotoshopbattlespicsscienceShowerthoughtsspacesportstelevisiontifutodayilearnedTwoXChromosomesUpliftingNewsvideosworldnewsWritingPromptsedit subscriptionsfront-all-random | gaming-history-gadgets-explainlikeimfive-videos-news-Art-space-Fitness-OldSchoolCool-movies-Jokes-Showerthoughts-askscience-philosophy-nosleep-science-funny-sports-IAmA-mildlyinteresting-gifs-todayilearned-dataisbeautiful-WritingPrompts-food-AskReddit-pics-DIY-tifu-EarthPorn-creepy-listentothis-Documentaries-nottheonion-GetMotivated-personalfinance-Futurology-television-InternetIsBeautiful-UpliftingNews-worldnews-Music-photoshopbattles-LifeProTips-aww-TwoXChromosomes-booksmore » programmingcommentsrelatedwant to join? login or register in seconds|Englishlimit my search to /r/programminguse the following search parameters to narrow your results:subreddit:subredditfind submissions in "subreddit"author:usernamefind submissions by "username"site:example.comfind submissions from "example.com"url:textsearch for "text" in urlselftext:textsearch for "text" in self post contentsself:yes (or self:no)include (or exclude) self postsnsfw:yes (or nsfw:no)include (or exclude) results marked as NSFWe.g. subreddit:aww site:imgur.com dogsee the search faq for details.advanced search: by author, subreddit...this post was submitted on 24 Nov 20111 point (100% upvoted)shortlink: remember mereset passwordloginSubmit a new linkprogrammingsubscribeunsubscribe544,681 readers799 users here now/r/programming is a reddit for discussion and news about computer programming
created by speza community for 8 yearsmessage the moderatorsMODERATORSketralnisspezPoromenostryxdonsmastakylevchromakodea_redditorAutoModerator012My IM chat bot attack script language, 'call it something mess with it, in a chat program Open Source full rights rights anyone any use (pastebin.com)submitted 2 years ago by carbontax2 commentssharecancelsorry, this has been archived and can no longer be voted onloading...sorted by: bestbesttopnewhotcontroversialoldrandomyou are viewing a single comment's thread.view the rest of the comments →[–]carbontax[S] 0 points1 point2 points 2 years ago (0 children)sorry, this has been archived and can no longer be voted oncode I wrote for hackers and just bored, (No name help name and active if usefully fun thanksgiving). open source GNU anyone any purpose
:: attack chat bot in IM chat used yahoo mail Android app or webemail
first attempt snip it () ; <0>;{}{;
new) attempt 00.7
<'tincup'><stripe=0;><php echo '255.252.0.0' int:stripe ,n/,"u",n/; ?><><,><stripes>
(stripe) ; <'tincup'><stripe=0;>;{stripes}<php echo '255.252.0.0' stripe ,n/"u"n/; , ; stripe; ?><><,><stripes> {} { ;
first attempt ask for chat convert later will chat log when have time..
username:try anotheravailable!account recovery email: (optional)we only send email at your requestpassword:verify password:remember mecreate accountis it really that easy? only one way to find out...loginalready have an account and just want to login?username:password:remember merecover passwordloginclose this windowinterface languageEnglish [en]العربية [ar]Беларуская мова [be]български език [bg]Bosanski [bs]català [ca]česky [cs]dansk [da]Deutsch [de]Ελληνικά [el]English (Australia) [en-au]English (Canadian) [en-ca]English (Great Britain) [en-gb]English [en-us]Esperanto [eo]español [es]español [es-ar]eesti keel [et]Euskara [eu]فارسی [fa]suomi [fi]français [fr]Gàidhlig [gd]עברית [he]मानक हिन्दी [hi]hrvatski [hr]Magyar [hu]Հայերեն լեզու [hy]Bahasa Indonesia [id]íslenska [is] (*)italiano (Italy) [it]日本語 [ja]ಕನ್ನಡ [kn_IN]한국어 [ko]Latin [la]1337 [leet]LOL [lol]lietuvių kalba [lt]latviešu valoda [lv]Nederlands [nl]Nynorsk [nn]Norsk [no]Arrrrrrrr! [pir]polski [pl]português [pt] (*)português [pt-pt]português brasileiro [pt_BR]română [ro]русский [ru]slovenčina [sk]slovenščina [sl]српски језик [sr]Srpski [sr-la]Svenska [sv]தமிழ் [ta]ภาษาไทย [th]Türkçe [tr]українська мова [uk]Tiếng Việt [vi]中文 [zh] (*) incomplete volunteer to translateπ Rendered by PID 4005 on app-05 at 2014-08-21 19:14:22.498670+00:00 running 47ce52d country code: US.

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−'''E-mail:'''<ref name="Email"> [http://www.vahistorical.org/staff_list.htm Organizational Directory, Library] at Virginia Historical Society] (accessed 22 October 2012).</ref> [mailto:fpollard@vahistorical.org fpollard@vahistorical.org] (Frances Pollard, Chief Librarian)
+'''E-mail:'''<ref name="Email"> [http://www.vahistorical.org/staff_list.htm Organizational Directory, Library] at Virginia Historical Society (accessed 22 October 2012).</ref> [mailto:fpollard@vahistorical.org fpollard@vahistorical.org] (Frances Pollard, Chief Librarian)
 −'''Address:'''<ref name="Visit">fckLR[http://www.vahistorical.org/visit/location.htm Visit the VHS] at Virginia Historical Society] (accessed 22 October 2012)</ref>
+'''Address:'''<ref name="Visit">[http://www.vahistorical.org/visit/lo

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Taras Bulba; A Tale of the Cossacks by Nikolai Vasil'evich Gogol - New, Rare & Used Books Online at Alibris Marketplace
Books History Taras Bulba; A Tale of the Cossacks Book Condition: New
Taras Bulba; A Tale of the Cossacks by
This historic book may have numerous typos and missing text. Purchasers can download a free scanned copy of the original book (without typos) from the publisher. Not indexed. Not illustrated. 1915 edition. Excerpt: ...all the animals. Not a horse or a dog, nor even a mouse, can be found in the whole city. We never had any store of provisions in ...
This historic book may have numerous typos and missing text. Purchasers can download a free scanned copy of the original book (without typos) from the publisher. Not indexed. Not illustrated. 1915 edition. Excerpt: ...all the animals. Not a horse or a dog, nor even a mouse, can be found in the whole city. We never had any store of provisions in the town: they were all brought in from the villages." "But how can you, while dying such a fearful death, still dream of defending the city?" "Possibly the Voevod might have surrendered; but yesterday the Colonel in Buzhana sent a hawk into the city with a note, saying that it was not to be given up: that he was coming to its rescue with his regiment, and was only waiting for another colonel, that they might march together. And now they are expected at any moment.--But we have reached the house." Andrii had already seen, from afar, the house which was unlike the others, and had been built, apparently, by an Italian architect: it was constructed of thin red bricks, and had two stories. The windows of the lower story were sheltered under lofty projecting granite cornices; the upper story consisted entirely of small arches, which formed a gallery; between them, gratings with coats-of-arms could be seen: on the corners of the houses were more coats-of-arms. The broad external staircase, of tinted bricks, abutted on the square. At the foot of the staircase sat sentries, one on each side, who with one hand held the halberd standing beside him in a picturesque and symmetrical manner, and with the other supported his drooping head, and in this attitude more resembled statues than living beings. They were neither asleep nor dozing, but seemed perfectly insensible to everything; they even paid no attention when any one ascended the stairs. At the head of the stairs they found a richly-dressed warrior, clad in armour from head to foot, holding a prayer-book in his hand. He was turning his dim eyes upon them when the Tatar spoke a...
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New. 284 pages. Reprinted from 1917 edition. New 2013 edition in PAPERBACK is SEWN PERFECT BOUND, much more durable than a standard paperback. This is a quality reprint of an old book of historical value. If the original book was printed in multiple volumes than this reprint is of only a single volume. This is an exact/strict reproduction of text, no changes has been made in respect to the original text. A lot of effort has been made to check and improve each page/scan manually for its quality of text and illustrations (if any, are in b/w). Folded illustrations, if any, are not included in the book. This is not a retyped or an ocr'd book. Index, contents, etc, if any in the original book, are included. This item is printed on demand using good quality natural shade paper. The title of the book, on the cover, is in gold lettering.
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New. 294 pages. ReInk Books reprint from the 1917 edition. This paperback book is SEWN perfect bound, where the book block is actually sewn (smythe sewn/section sewn) with thread before binding which results in a more durable type of paperback binding. It can also be open wide. The pages will not fall out and will be around for a lot longer than normal paperbacks. NO changes have been made to the original text. Each page is checked manually before printing. Illustrations, Index, if any, are included in b/w. Fold-outs, if any, are not part of the book. If the original book was printed in multiple volumes than this reprint is of only a single volume. This book is printed on demand on acid-free paper. (Original publisher: New York: A. A. Knopf)
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there is a plan. | Feed YOUR soul! | Pinterest | Faith, Heavenly Father and Young Women
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romantic...the girls would like this...makes you want to make up a fairy tale.
Daughter of The King, a beautiful thought.
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faith. LOVE it!!!!
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My lifeguard who walks on water
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Life Quotes, Quotes Bible, Prayer Request, Bible Scriptures, Bible Verses, 20 Quotes, Bibleverses, Inspirational Faith Scripture
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FAITH ~ forwarding all issues to heaven :-)
Faith Acronym ♥ Love this!!
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Don’t Tell God You Have a Big Problem Tell Your Problem You Have a Big God

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File a Complaint against Blue Valley Energy, Inc
1 Customer Review on Blue Valley Energy, Inc
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BBB knows of no government actions involving the marketplace conduct of Blue Valley Energy, Inc.
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Business incorporated 12/21/2007 in CO
Principal: Mr. Monte Schmidt, Owner/Manager
Blue Valley Energy, Inc has received 5 out of 5 stars based on 1 Customer Reviews and a BBB Rating of A+.
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Reduced on 09/11/2018 by Peter Alan, Swansea
Fully let for 2018/19 I 5 bedrooms I Beautifully presented I Many original features retained I Two Bathrooms I Garden with rear access I Great access to Singleton Campus I Ready to go HMO Investment Property
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A ONE BEDROOM SECOND FLOOR RETIREMENT APARTMENT Homegower House was constructed by McCarthy & Stone (Developments) Ltd and comprises 136 properties arranged over 4 floors each served by two lifts. The Development Managers can be contacted from various points within each property in the cas...
A RECENTLY RECARPETED AND REDECORATED ONE BEDROOM SECOND FLOOR RETIREMENT APARTMENT Homegower House was constructed by McCarthy & Stone (Developments) Ltd and comprises 136 properties arranged over 4 floors each served by two lifts. The Development Managers can be contacted from various po...
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A ONE BEDROOM SECOND FLOOR RETIREMENT APARTMENT Homegower House was constructed by McCarthy & Stone (Developments) Ltd and comprises 136 properties arranged over 4 floors each served by two lifts. The Development Managers can be contacted from various points within each property in the case...

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Belatacept in kidney transplantation. - PubMed - NCBI
1 selected item: 23044530
Curr Opin Organ Transplant. 2012 Dec;17(6):640-7. doi: 10.1097/MOT.0b013e32835a4c0d.
Kidney Transplant Service, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143-0780, USA.
In June 2011 the US Food and Drug Administration approved belatacept (Nulojix; Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey, USA) for the prophylaxis of organ rejection in adult kidney transplant recipients. This review will discuss the use of belatacept for the prevention of acute rejection as part of a maintenance immunosuppression regimen.
Belatacept is a selective costimulation blocker designed to provide effective immunosuppression while avoiding the toxicities associated with calcineurin inhibitors. Phase 3 trial data have demonstrated that belatacept is noninferior to cyclosporine in 1-year patient and allograft survival. Three-year data demonstrate an ongoing improvement in mean measured glomerular filtration rate in belatacept-treated versus cyclosporine-treated patients. Overall, there seemed to be an improvement in cardiometabolic parameters in patients treated with belatacept compared with cyclosporine. There was a trend toward higher rates of early rejection episodes in patients treated with belatacept. One safety issue that must be considered when using belatacept is the potential for increased risk of posttransplant lymphoproliferative disease, especially in Epstein-Barr virus-seronegative recipients or patients treated with lymphocyte-depleting agents.
Belatacept is the first new agent available in kidney transplant that may achieve the goal of improved long-term renal function.
Lymphoproliferative Disorders/chemically induced

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FNL: Underclassmen Offensive Headliners - Ohio State - Scout
FNL: Underclassmen Offensive HeadlinersDerek Young07/22/2014Ohio State will host a bevy of underclassmen talent for Friday Night Lights. Here's a look at the offensive side of the ball.Ohio State is hosting a stacked group of prospects across three different recruiting classes for Friday Night Lights at the end of this week. Our first look takes a glance at some of the headliners on the offensive side of the ball that will be on hand from the 2016 and 2017 classes.
Jake Hausmann. Cincinnati (OH) Moeller Four-star tight end. He's the nation's top tight end for his class and has many connections to the Buckeye program. Hausmann will be one of the top prospects there, regardless of class.
Luke Farrell. Perry (OH) Three-star tight end. He's a major lean to Ohio State and everyone will get one of their first looks at his ability on Friday.
Demario McCall. North Ridgeville (OH) Four-star running back. He'll be one of the more entertaining prospects of the entire to field to watch on Friday.
Thiyo Lukusa. Traverse City (MI) Four-star offensive guard. Lukusa will be working out and will arrive in Columbus Thursday to check out the campus and program.
Austin Mack. Fort Wayne (IN) Four-star wide receiver. He's one of the top prospects in the midwest for the 2016 class and recently hauled in an offer from the Buckeyes.
Michael Onwenu. Detroit (MI) Cass Tech Four-star offensive guard. The Buckeyes were his first offer and he is very high on the program. He will not be working out, though.
Binjimen Victor. Coconut Creek (FL) Four-star wide receiver. He picked up an offer from Ohio State not long ago and the Buckeyes will have a good idea of how hard they want to pursue after seeing him in person.
Elijah Holyfield. College Park (GA) Three-star running back. It'll be another try-out process as Ohio State gets a good look at what he can do from the running back position.
Justin Layne. Cleveland (OH) Benedictine four-star wide receiver. He's one of the top prospects in Ohio and a definite candidate to receive an offer.
Drake Jackson. Versailles (KY) Four-star center. He's ranked as the best center in the country for the 2016 class, and another definite candidate to be offered. He's camped for Ohio State numerous times already, showing his strong desire for an offer.
Desmond Fitzpatrick. Farmington (MI) Four-star wide receiver. He was pinpointed by Scout analysts as prospect to keep an eye on since his freshman year and has developed nicely, since. Fitzpatrick has also camped at Ohio State several times and is definitely on the radar.
Josh Myers. Miamisburg (OH) offensive tackle. He already has a strong offer sheet, including one from Ohio State. The Buckeyes should have no problem reeling him in.
Donovan Peoples-Jones. Detroit (MI) Cass Tech wide receiver. The standout's first offer was from Ohio State and will be a national prospect as well.
Trevon Grimes. Fort Lauderdale (FL) St. Thomas Aquinas wide receiver. He's another 2017 recruit that is already a national prospect and grew up very fond of Ohio State. Share on Facebook Share on TwitterTrending on ScoutView From The Fan: Another RoadtripBank Bag: OSU vs Penn State Week Part-ThreeYCTS: Idaho WhitetailCommander: What People Get Wrong About SEALsCollege coaches who could get hired awayShare & EmbedInside the Matchup: Ohio State vs Penn State Full StoryBuckeye Sports Top StoriesStaff Predictions: Buckeyes Travel To PSUThe Buckeye Sports Bulletin staff is in agreement: Ohio State should beat Penn State despite the hostile environment in Happy Valley, but you still can't sleep on the Nittany Lions…by Tim MoodyBuckeye Sports9:30 AMView From The Fan: Another RoadtripBuckeyeSports.com subscriber Ben van Ooyen's weekly column "View From The Fan" continues with a preview of the Buckeyes' road game against Penn State.by StaffBuckeye Sports8:04 AMUrban Meyer: Booker Will Play Against PSUUrban Meyer announced linebacker Dante Booker will play against Penn State this week among other things leading up to Ohio State's road trip to Happy Valley.by James Grega Jr.Buckeye SportsWednesday at 3:12 PMMeyer Updates: Receivers 'A Work In Progress'Urban Meyer joined the Big Ten teleconference to preview Ohio State's road matchup at Penn Stateby Ryan McGladeBuckeye SportsTuesday at 6:25 AMWATCH: Ohio State DE Finds Out Ref Hit MeyerDuring Ohio State's win over Wisconsin, Urban Meyer got too close to the sideline and was accidentally struck by a referee, resulting in a 15-yard penalty. Defensive end Jalyn…by Tim MoodyBuckeye SportsMonday at 10:00 AMUrban Meyer: Get Rid Of Sideline RuleFollowing a 30-23 overtime win over Wisconsin, Urban Meyer met with the media to look back at the win over the Badgers and look ahead to Penn State.by James Grega Jr.Buckeye SportsMonday at 8:34 AMBuckeye Leaves For OT Ohio State VictoryBSB's Staff picks for the Buckeye Leaves in Ohio State's overtime win over the Badgers.by James Grega Jr.Buckeye SportsSaturday at 9:36 PMWhat We Learned In OSU Overtime WinOhio State escaped Madison with a 30-23 win over Wisconsin in overtime. The BSB staff gives you their biggest takeaways from the game.by James Grega Jr.Buckeye SportsSaturday at 9:22 PMWhat To Watch For: OSU vs. WisconsinOhio State's first top-10 showdown of the season is set for Saturday night against Wisconsin. The BSB staff gives you five things to watch for when the ball is kicked in Madison.by James Grega Jr.Buckeye Sports10/14/2016View From The Fan: Bucks Travel To WisconsinBuckeyeSports.com subscriber Ben van Ooyen's weekly column "View From The Fan" continues with a preview of the Buckeyes' road game against No. 8 Wisconsin.by StaffBuckeye Sports10/14/2016Game Preview: Ohio State at Penn StateFor the second consecutive week, Ohio State hits the road to play in another tough environment, and make no mistake, Penn State is a tough place to play on a Saturday night. How…by Bill GreeneBuckeye Sports8:43 AMBank Bag: OSU vs Penn State Week Part-ThreeAs undefeated Ohio State heads to Happy Valley to battle Penn State, Bill Greene is here to answer question from BSB subscribers. Here is Part-Three.by Bill GreeneBuckeye SportsYesterday at 3:47 PMLoad More

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Okay Thai - Review of Thai Flavor Restaurant, Aurora, CO - TripAdvisor
Okay Thai - Thai Flavor Restaurant
Review of Thai Flavor Restaurant
1014 S Peoria St, Aurora, CO 80012-3464
Ranked #49 of 749 Restaurants in Aurora
I am from out of town - so I can't speak to the neighborhood - but it felt a little sketchy. I had the Pad Thai and I thought it was average to good. Others in my party seemed to enjoy their meal. I am from the west coast and eat lots of Thai food - I enjoyed but wasn't wowed. Service is a little odd in that my meal came out a full 7 - 10 minutes before the rest of my co-diners. causing my meal to be on the chilly side by the time everyone else got theirs.
Ask sunwineandpasta about Thai Flavor Restaurant
All reviews thai food curry shrimp soup wonderful food strip mall great service massaman spiciness sriracha dish medium entrees spicy denver
Service was fast and food was soooo delicious. Portions are large, so sharing is definitely an option if you want to try multiple dishes.
Ask Laura C about Thai Flavor Restaurant
We dined here for dinner and had Tom Yum and red vegetable curry. Curry was delicious, but something was missing in the Tom Yum. The flavor wasn't all there. Overall this place is good, clean, with great service.
Ask BeethovensLady about Thai Flavor Restaurant
Friendly, but slow, service
Had delicious green papaya salad. They were friendly, but considering the restaurant was NOT busy, the service was slow. Food came in a reasonable time after ordering, but long wait to order, and long wait to get check. Don't go there for lunch if you're in a hurry.
Ask KatrinaJB about Thai Flavor Restaurant
Found this gem online on the last day of our visit to Colorado. Located in a strip mall, the restaurant doesn't look like much from the outside but it was impeccably clean with attractive pink linen napkins, the wait staff was attentive and helpful, and the food - wow! We love Thai food and this was just about the best we've ever eaten. No wonder it was named the #1 Thai restaurant in 2010. Glad we detoured off I-70 en route to the airport hotel. This was a wonderful meal and a great find!
Ask JanC106 about Thai Flavor Restaurant
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text: View: Play-By-Play | Pitch-By-PitchInning: All | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9Arizona - Top of 1stSCORERyan Vogelsong pitching for San FranciscoARISFW Bloomquist grounded out to shortstop.00C Cowgill singled to center.00J Upton struck out swinging.00C Young grounded into fielder's choice to third, C Cowgill out at second.000 Runs, 1 Hits, 0 ErrorsSan Francisco - Bottom of 1stSCOREJason Marquis pitching for ArizonaARISFA Torres grounded out to pitcher.00J Keppinger singled to center.00P Sandoval flied out to right.00C Beltran flied out to left.000 Runs, 1 Hits, 0 ErrorsArizona - Top of 2ndSCORERyan Vogelsong pitching for San FranciscoARISFR Roberts struck out swinging.00P Goldschmidt walked.00P Goldschmidt stole second.00C Ransom grounded out to third, P Goldschmidt to third.00H Blanco struck out swinging.000 Runs, 0 Hits, 0 ErrorsSan Francisco - Bottom of 2ndSCOREJason Marquis pitching for ArizonaARISFO Cabrera safe at first on error by third baseman C Ransom.00A Huff singled to right, O Cabrera thrown out at third.00C Ross walked, A Huff to second.00E Whiteside popped out to second.00R Vogelsong grounded into fielder's choice to third, A Huff out at third, C Ross to second.000 Runs, 1 Hits, 1 ErrorsArizona - Top of 3rdSCORERyan Vogelsong pitching for San FranciscoARISFJ Marquis grounded out to second.00W Bloomquist singled to right.00C Cowgill grounded out to second, W Bloomquist to second.00J Upton hit by pitch.00W Bloomquist picked off second.000 Runs, 1 Hits, 0 ErrorsSan Francisco - Bottom of 3rdSCOREJason Marquis pitching for ArizonaARISFA Torres singled to right.00J Keppinger singled to left, A Torres to third.00P Sandoval singled to right, A Torres scored, J Keppinger to second.01C Beltran singled to center, J Keppinger scored, P Sandoval to third.02O Cabrera grounded out to shortstop, P Sandoval scored, C Beltran to second.03A Huff safe at first on error by second baseman R Roberts, C Beltran to third.03C Ross grounded into fielder's choice to shortstop, C Beltran scored, A Huff out at second.04E Whiteside grounded into fielder's choice to third, C Ross out at second.044 Runs, 4 Hits, 1 ErrorsArizona - Top of 4thSCORERyan Vogelsong pitching for San FranciscoARISFC Young lined out to second.04R Roberts walked.04P Goldschmidt grounded into fielder's choice to shortstop, R Roberts out at second.04C Ransom hit by pitch, P Goldschmidt to second.04H Blanco struck out looking.040 Runs, 0 Hits, 0 ErrorsSan Francisco - Bottom of 4thSCOREJason Marquis pitching for ArizonaARISFR Vogelsong grounded out to third.04A Torres struck out swinging.04J Keppinger grounded out to third.040 Runs, 0 Hits, 0 ErrorsArizona - Top of 5thSCORERyan Vogelsong pitching for San FranciscoARISFJ Marquis grounded out to pitcher.04W Bloomquist struck out swinging.04C Cowgill popped out to first.040 Runs, 0 Hits, 0 ErrorsSan Francisco - Bottom of 5thSCOREJason Marquis pitching for ArizonaARISFP Sandoval singled to center.04C Beltran singled to right, P Sandoval to second.04O Cabrera doubled to left, P Sandoval and C Beltran scored.06A Huff reached on infield single to first, O Cabrera to third.06B Ziegler relieved J Marquis.06C Ross doubled to deep left center, O Cabrera and A Huff scored.08E Whiteside grounded out to pitcher, C Ross to third.08R Vogelsong grounded out to shortstop.08A Torres grounded out to first.084 Runs, 5 Hits, 0 ErrorsArizona - Top of 6thSCORERyan Vogelsong pitching for San FranciscoARISFJ Upton struck out looking.08C Young walked.08R Roberts grounded out to shortstop, C Young to second.08P Goldschmidt struck out swinging.080 Runs, 0 Hits, 0 ErrorsSan Francisco - Bottom of 6thSCOREZach Duke pitching for ArizonaARISFZ Duke relieved B Ziegler.08J Keppinger flied out to left.08P Sandoval lined out to left.08C Beltran tripled to deep right center.08O Cabrera flied out to center.080 Runs, 1 Hits, 0 ErrorsArizona - Top of 7thSCORERyan Vogelsong pitching for San FranciscoARISFC Ransom doubled to deep left.08H Blanco singled to left, C Ransom to third.08Z Duke singled to left center, C Ransom scored, H Blanco to second.18G Mota relieved R Vogelsong.18W Bloomquist struck out swinging.18C Cowgill struck out swinging.18J Upton struck out swinging.181 Runs, 3 Hits, 0 ErrorsSan Francisco - Bottom of 7thSCOREZach Duke pitching for ArizonaARISFA Huff grounded out to second.18C Ross walked.18E Whiteside struck out swinging.18G Mota flied out to right.180 Runs, 0 Hits, 0 ErrorsArizona - Top of 8thSCOREGuillermo Mota pitching for San FranciscoARISFC Young struck out swinging.18R Roberts walked.18P Goldschmidt struck out swinging.18C Ransom walked, R Roberts to second.18H Blanco struck out looking.180 Runs, 0 Hits, 0 ErrorsSan Francisco - Bottom of 8thSCOREZach Duke pitching for ArizonaARISFG Parra in right field.18C Cowgill in center field.18X Nady in left field.18S Burroughs at third base.18C Ransom at shortstop.18A Torres walked.18J Keppinger lined out to shortstop.18P Sandoval flied out to left.18C Beltran flied out to center.180 Runs, 0 Hits, 0 ErrorsArizona - Top of 9thSCOREJavier Lopez pitching for San FranciscoARISFJ Lopez relieved G Mota.18M Owings hit for Z Duke.18M Owings grounded out to third.18G Parra grounded out to pitcher.18C Cowgill reached on infield single to second.18S Romo relieved J Lopez.18X Nady struck out swinging.180 Runs, 1 Hits, 0 Errors

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AFRICA is where most of world's warfare is now. Since civilians are often the targets there, it stands to reason that Africa may also be fertile ground in this new era of international justice. So: what signal did the delivery of Slobodan Milosevic to the Hague in exchange for $1.3 billion in assistance to Serbia send to Africa and its often appalling leaders?John Githongo, head of Transparency International in Kenya, an anti-corruption group, believes that the message is mostly a good one for ordinary Africans: that some of their worst leaders may be held to a long-overdue accounting.But that does not stop him from wondering about a new era of confusion and abuse, alongside the hope for greater justice. After all, $1.3 billion is a lot of money -- roughly one-tenth the crippling amount that the continent pays each year to service its debt. What's more, the search for justice for past crimes may provide a way of hiding new ones, or at least major shortcomings in a new regime that may not be much better than the last.Handing over an old leader to The Hague, Mr. Githongo said, ''would have an enormous effect on legitimizing the new regime by saying, 'We haven't done very much but the reason we haven't done very much is that the people before us made such a cockup of everything.' It does distract people.''Most experts dismiss the possibility that the precedent with Mr. Milosevic and the cash promised to Serbia could create ''an export industry in dictators along with diamonds, gold and cobalt,'' as Richard H. Dicker, director of the international justice program at Human Rights Watch, jokingly put it.
But the Milosevic extradition, like that of Augusto Pinochet of Chile, does raise '' unique challenges to leadership in Africa,'' Mr. Githongo said. ''And it's only now being discussed.''Africa never had a Nuremberg trial, the decisive point at which Europeans defined what was acceptable and what was not. There is a tribunal to try suspects for the genocide in Rwanda, but some experts argue that its effect has been small, in part because the crimes, while horrific, were so local, and because, until recently, it had achieved few convictions. In any event, Africa experts note that for decades during the cold war, all manner of crimes, both military and economic, were overlooked in the name of geostrategic positioning. Thus Mobutu Sese Seko of Zaire, Mohamed Siad Barre of Somalia or Samuel Doe of Liberia essentially got a pass to act as they pleased.All that changed with the end of the cold war, and perhaps more pointedly, as the borders of justice dropped to the point where suspects in the Rwandan genocide in 1994 were tried this year in a Belgian court. But many leaders in Africa were slow to recognize those changes and now, in theory, they face a completely new set of rules from the same people who wrote the older, more lenient ones. That could create complications for the imposers of trans-border justice.''If Mobutu was being taken to court, his lawyers would argue, 'Well, why not the United States government and France and Belgium, who bankrolled him?'' asked Salih Booker, executive director of Africa Action, an advocacy group in Washington. ''That is the only refuge of African dictators that has some basis in fact.''There are some worries that, at least in the short run, the new rules may already be having the effect of prolonging conflict and keeping corrupt leaders in power.In Burundi, for example, ethnic Tutsi leaders have reportedly expressed fear of prosecution for their part in the civil war there, a clear disincentive to leaving office soon. It is analogous to the situation in Kenya, where there have not been questions about crimes against humanity, but where a grant of amnesty on corruption issues has reportedly been put forward as the key to persuading President Daniel arap Moi to end his long rule there.Mr. Githongo argues that for African societies, the international prosecution of former leaders is not yet compatible with more pressing goals. Those societies have a deep need for peace, he said, and focusing narrowly on prosecution now may stir up more immediate conflict. He noted the apparent success of achieving peace in Mozambique after granting some amnesty to end the civil war there a decade ago.''There are other important issues like reconciliation,'' he said. ''Terrible things have been done. Let's go through a transitional process but let's keep a low profile. Let's not be vindictive.''
His argument also raises the larger question of whether trying war criminals is, in fact, the most pressing need for Africa -- a variation of the argument often heard in Africa that AIDS deserves attention but only as one of many problems.Mr. Booker of Africa Action argues that '' justice is almost a necessity for democratic development,'' but he adds: ''At the same time, I would tend to be critical of the conventional human rights community that focus almost entirely on the legalistic approach to justice, to a court-based approach that does not address what may be the greater injustices: denial of access to clean water or to health care or corruption that are the consequences of dictatorial rule.''DESPITE the questions, African nations have largely signed on to the idea of a permanent tribunal for crimes against humanity (even as the United States has dragged its feet). And many argue that international justice provides a new set of laws that ordinary Africans can look to, even if their own leaders ignore them in their own lands.''When Milosevic was overthrown, the next day in the Ivory Coast people were demonstrating and citing Serbian democracy as an example,'' said Harold Hongju Koh, a Yale law professor who served as President Clinton's chief adviser on human rights. ''So we know that images and educational lessons are now carried through those channels.''This sends the message, he said, that ''a page has been turned, that what was tolerated in the past will not be tolerated in the future. And that has the potential to raise both the communal standards and the continental standards.'' Continue reading the main story

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BBB Business Profile | Zeal LLC
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Tiny Tri Colored Earrings Dot Earrings Tiny by StefanieSheehan
The smallest mixed metal earrings that are perfect for everyday. Three different colored dots of metal are soldered together to create a small three dot triangle. One dot is 14K Rose Gold, one is 14K Yellow Gold and the last is Sterling Silver. The ear posts and backings are sterling silver.Each earring measures 3mm wide.Perfect little gift for someone special. Please allow up to two weeks for your order to ship out. Meet the owner of StefanieSheehan
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Latest News for: telugu movies
Anasuya, who grabbed eyeballs of the Telugu cine-goers in her recent movie Rangasthalam, is all set to appear on the show today ... Kishore, Sreenivasa Reddy, Manchu Lakshmi, and other celebrities were seen promoting their movies on Bigg Boss Telugu 2....
The movie has gone on to cross Rs 60 crore mark in its six-day run ... The movie not only recovered 100 percent of the distributors' investment but also earned them 111 percent of profits in just five days ... But its business was better when compared to other Telugu movies ... The movie deals with a routine story, but its entertainment quotient has struck a chord with the movie buffs....
Fans can't contain their excitement after megastar Chiranjeevi treated his fans with the teaser of his movie 'Sye Raa Narasimha ... The movie is a period drama based on the life of Telugu freedom fighter Uyyalawada Narasimha Reddy, who rebelled against the British rule 10 years before the First War of Independence in 1857....
Aatagadhara Siva that was directed by Chandra Siddarth and released last month was a remake of Kannada film Rama Rama Re ... Rockline Venkatesh, producer of the film agreed for a change in climax in the Telugu film and roped in Uday Shankar, who was his friend’s contact and was looking for an opportunity to get into movies ... “It is an interesting time to be in movies now as the industry is welcoming anyone with talent and a fresh approach....
By Moumita Bhattacharjee . Published. August 21, 2018 12.07 pm. comments. Kajal Aggarwal - Chiranjeevi, Keerthy Suresh - Vijay. 7 pairs that will debut in 2017. On Chiranjeevi’s 61st birthday, let’s take a look at 8 of his masterpieces we can’t thank him enough for! ... Finally, the teaser of one of the most anticipated Telugu movie Sye Raa Narasimha Reddy is out! The film is produced by Ram Charan and has his father Chiranjeevi in the lead ... ....
Telugu movie Geetha Govindam has taken the Australia box office by the storm in the first weekend and made better collection than much-hyped Hindi movies like Gold and Satyameva Jayate. Australia is one of the potential international markets for Indian movies. But it is not as big for Telugu films as compared to Hindi movies ... Taran Adarsh tweeted, "A midweek release, yet Telugu film #GeethaGovindam takes international markets by storm....
Telugu film Geetha Govindam is creating a sensation at the US box office. The movie that released on Wednesday on the occasion of Independence Day is dominating all the other movies that released last weekend....
The hype and promotion helped the film register good advance booking for the premiere shows, which were held on Tuesday, a day before the movie hit the screens in India ... Within five days, Geetha Govindam has emerged as the fifth highest-grossing Telugu movie of 2018 in the US ... Here is the list of top 30 highest-grossing Telugu movies of all time in the US ... Rank Movie Release Collection....
The movie has emerged as the blockbuster success in just five days. Vijay Devarakonda is one young Telugu actor, who has been experimenting with his roles in each of his film. His movies like Arjun Reddy, Pelli Choopulu and Mahanati have become blockbusters at the box office ... The movie registered very good advance booking in the theatres across the globe for its opening day ... The movie has made 206.66 percent recovery....
The couple had also held a reception last evening ... He remade the movie in Telugu as Potugadu ... On the other hand, Apeksha Purohit is an actress and has worked in movies like Kaafi Thota, Kinaare and Kaanada Kadalalli. Follow us ... ....
Rama Varma has always been fascinated by Telugu language and the works of many unknown composers from the regions of Telangana and Andhra Pradesh. He says, “I have been blessed with a curious and open mind in general, be it with regard to food, movies, books or music ... The Telugu repertoire is largely due to my association with Carnatic music legend Dr Mangalampalli Balamuralikrishna with whom I spent nearly 18 years....
Bigg Boss Telugu 2 elimination live updates: Who among 4 housemates will be evicted this weekend?
... Boss Telugu 2 show on August 19, Sunday.  ... The latest promos by Bigg Boss Telugu 2 hint that sensational hero Vijay Deverakonda will visit Bigg Boss Telugu 2 show today, along with his director of the recent hit movie Geetha Govindam....
Bollywood Beauty Romance to Bellamkonda
Bellamkonda Sai Sreenivas upcoming movie ... Neil Nithin Mukesh is playing antagonist role in the movie....

value: This website is a news aggregator founded in March 1995 and launched online in 1998. In 2003, Search Engine Watch praised the service for its "Special Reports", and called it "an interesting alternative" to other news aggregation services.


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Top 10 Ostergotland County Hotels Near Atvidaberg Station | Sweden | Hotels.com
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Words containing ssiochemi | Words that contain ssiochemi
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