text:
"CRP2" redirects here. For the airport, see Reston/R.M. of Pipestone Airport.
1GTW, 1GU4, 1GU5, 1H88, 1H89, 1H8A, 1HJB, 1IO4, 2E42, 2E43
CEBPB, C/EBP-beta, IL6DBP, NF-IL6, TCF5, CCAAT/enhancer binding protein beta, CCAAT enhancer binding protein beta
MGI: 88373 HomoloGene: 3807 GeneCards: CEBPB
50,190,734 bp[1]
50,192,689 bp[1]
2 H3|2 87.58 cM
167,688,915 bp[2]
167,690,418 bp[2]
• CHOP-C/EBP complex
• granuloma formation
• regulation of odontoblast differentiation
NM_001285878
NM_001285879
NM_001287738
NM_001287739
NP_001272807
NP_001272808
NP_001274667
NP_001274668
NP_034013
Chr 20: 50.19 – 50.19 Mb Chr 2: 167.69 – 167.69 Mb
CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein beta is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CEBPB gene.[5][6]
The protein encoded by this intronless gene is a bZIP transcription factor that can bind as a homodimer to certain DNA regulatory regions. It can also form heterodimers with the related proteins CEBP-alpha, CEBP-delta, and CEBP-gamma. The encoded protein is important in the regulation of genes involved in immune and inflammatory responses and has been shown to bind to the IL-1 response element in the IL-6 gene, as well as to regulatory regions of several acute-phase and cytokine genes. In addition, the encoded protein can bind the promoter and upstream element and stimulate the expression of the collagen type I gene.[7]
CEBP-beta is critical for normal macrophage functioning, an important immune cell sub-type; mice unable to express CEBP-beta have macrophages that cannot differentiate (specialize) and thus are unable to perform all their biological functions - including macrophage-mediated muscle repair.[8] Observational work has shown that expression of CEBP-beta in blood leukocytes is positively associated with muscle strength in humans,[9] emphasizing the importance of the immune system, and particularly macrophages, in the maintenance of muscle function.
Function of CEBPB gene can be effectively examined by siRNA knockdown based on an independent validation.[10]
CEBPB is capable of increasing the expression of several target genes. Among them, some have specific role in the nervous system such as the preprotachykinin-1 gene, giving rise to substance P and neurokinin A[11] and the choline acetyltransferase responsible for the biosynthesis of the important neurotransmitter acetylcholine.[12] Other targets include genes coding for cytokines such as IL-6,[13] IL-4,[14] IL-5,[15] and TNF-alpha.[16] Genes coding for transporter proteins that confer multidrug resistance to the cells have also been found to be activated by CEBPB. Such genes include ABCC2[17] and ABCB1.[18]
CREB1,[19]
DNA damage-inducible transcript 3,[21][22]
EP300,[23]
Estrogen receptor alpha,[24][25]
Glucocorticoid receptor,[24]
HMGA1,[26]
HSF1,[27]
Nucleolar phosphoprotein p130,[28]
Serum response factor,[31][32]
SMARCA2,[33]
Sp1 transcription factor,[26][34]
TRIM28,[35][36] and
Zif268.[37]
^ a b c GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000172216 - Ensembl, May 2017
^ a b c GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000056501 - Ensembl, May 2017
^ Szpirer C, Riviere M, Cortese R, Nakamura T, Islam MQ, Levan G, Szpirer J (Jul 1992). "Chromosomal localization in man and rat of the genes encoding the liver-enriched transcription factors C/EBP, DBP, and HNF1/LFB-1 (CEBP, DBP, and transcription factor 1, TCF1, respectively) and of the hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor gene (HGF)". Genomics. 13 (2): 293–300. doi:10.1016/0888-7543(92)90245-N. PMID 1535333.
^ Cao Z, Umek RM, McKnight SL (Oct 1991). "Regulated expression of three C/EBP isoforms during adipose conversion of 3T3-L1 cells". Genes Dev. 5 (9): 1538–52. doi:10.1101/gad.5.9.1538. PMID 1840554.
^ Ruffell D, Mourkioti F, Gambardella A, Kirstetter P, Lopez RG, Rosenthal N, Nerlov C (2009). "A CREB-C/EBPbeta cascade induces M2 macrophage-specific gene expression and promotes muscle injury repair". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 106 (41): 17475–80. doi:10.1073/pnas.0908641106. PMC 2762675  . PMID 19805133.
^ Harries LW, Pilling LC, Hernandez LD, Bradley-Smith R, Henley W, Singleton AB, Guralnik JM, Bandinelli S, Ferrucci L, Melzer D (2012). "CCAAT-enhancer-binding protein-beta expression in vivo is associated with muscle strength". Aging Cell. 11 (2): 262–8. doi:10.1111/j.1474-9726.2011.00782.x. PMC 3486692  . PMID 22152057.
^ Munkácsy, Gyöngyi; Sztupinszki, Zsófia; Herman, Péter; Bán, Bence; Pénzváltó, Zsófia; Szarvas, Nóra; Győrffy, Balázs (2016-01-01). "Validation of RNAi Silencing Efficiency Using Gene Array Data shows 18.5% Failure Rate across 429 Independent Experiments". Molecular Therapy - Nucleic Acids. 5 (9): e366. doi:10.1038/mtna.2016.66. ISSN 2162-2531. PMC 5056990  . PMID 27673562.
^ Kovács KA, Steinmann M, Magistretti PJ, Halfon O, Cardinaux JR (September 2006). "C/EBPbeta couples dopamine signalling to substance P precursor gene expression in striatal neurones". J. Neurochem. 98 (5): 1390–9. doi:10.1111/j.1471-4159.2006.03957.x. PMID 16771829.
^ Robert I, Sutter A, Quirin-Stricker C (October 2002). "Synergistic activation of the human choline acetyltransferase gene by c-Myb and C/EBPbeta". Brain Res. Mol. Brain Res. 106 (1–2): 124–35. doi:10.1016/S0169-328X(02)00419-9. PMID 12393272.
^ Natsuka S, Akira S, Nishio Y, Hashimoto S, Sugita T, Isshiki H, Kishimoto T (January 1992). "Macrophage differentiation-specific expression of NF-IL6, a transcription factor for interleukin-6". Blood. 79 (2): 460–6. PMID 1730090.
^ Davydov IV, Krammer PH, Li-Weber M (December 1995). "Nuclear factor-IL6 activates the human IL-4 promoter in T cells". J. Immunol. 155 (11): 5273–9. PMID 7594540.
^ van Dijk TB, Baltus B, Raaijmakers JA, Lammers JW, Koenderman L, de Groot RP (September 1999). "A composite C/EBP binding site is essential for the activity of the promoter of the IL-3/IL-5/granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor receptor beta c gene". J. Immunol. 163 (5): 2674–80. PMID 10453008.
^ Greenwel P, Tanaka S, Penkov D, Zhang W, Olive M, Moll J, Vinson C, Di Liberto M, Ramirez F (February 2000). "Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha Inhibits Type I Collagen Synthesis through Repressive CCAAT/Enhancer-Binding Proteins". Mol. Cell. Biol. 20 (3): 912–8. doi:10.1128/MCB.20.3.912-918.2000. PMC 85208  . PMID 10629048.
^ Tanaka T, Uchiumi T, Hinoshita E, Inokuchi A, Toh S, Wada M, Takano H, Kohno K, Kuwano M (December 1999). "The human multidrug resistance protein 2 gene: functional characterization of the 5'-flanking region and expression in hepatic cells". Hepatology. 30 (6): 1507–12. doi:10.1002/hep.510300617. PMID 10573531.
^ Chen GK, Sale S, Tan T, Ermoian RP, Sikic BI (April 2004). "CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein beta (nuclear factor for interleukin 6) transactivates the human MDR1 gene by interaction with an inverted CCAAT box in human cancer cells". Mol. Pharmacol. 65 (4): 906–16. doi:10.1124/mol.65.4.906. PMID 15044620.
^ Chen Y, Zhuang S, Cassenaer S, Casteel DE, Gudi T, Boss GR, Pilz RB (2003). "Synergism between calcium and cyclic GMP in cyclic AMP response element-dependent transcriptional regulation requires cooperation between CREB and C/EBP-beta". Mol. Cell. Biol. 23 (12): 4066–82. doi:10.1128/mcb.23.12.4066-4082.2003. PMC 156132  . PMID 12773552.
^ Mo X, Kowenz-Leutz E, Xu H, Leutz A (January 2004). "Ras induces mediator complex exchange on C/EBP beta". Mol. Cell. 13 (2): 241–50. doi:10.1016/s1097-2765(03)00521-5. PMID 14759369.
^ Hattori T, Ohoka N, Hayashi H, Onozaki K (April 2003). "C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP) up-regulates IL-6 transcription by trapping negative regulating NF-IL6 isoform". FEBS Lett. 541 (1–3): 33–9. doi:10.1016/s0014-5793(03)00283-7. PMID 12706815.
^ Fawcett TW, Eastman HB, Martindale JL, Holbrook NJ (June 1996). "Physical and functional association between GADD153 and CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein beta during cellular stress". J. Biol. Chem. 271 (24): 14285–9. doi:10.1074/jbc.271.24.14285. PMID 8662954.
^ Mink S, Haenig B, Klempnauer KH (November 1997). "Interaction and functional collaboration of p300 and C/EBPbeta". Mol. Cell. Biol. 17 (11): 6609–17. doi:10.1128/mcb.17.11.6609. PMC 232514  . PMID 9343424.
^ a b Boruk M, Savory JG, Haché RJ (November 1998). "AF-2-dependent potentiation of CCAAT enhancer binding protein beta-mediated transcriptional activation by glucocorticoid receptor". Mol. Endocrinol. 12 (11): 1749–63. doi:10.1210/mend.12.11.0191. PMID 9817600.
^ Stein B, Yang MX (September 1995). "Repression of the interleukin-6 promoter by estrogen receptor is mediated by NF-kappa B and C/EBP beta". Mol. Cell. Biol. 15 (9): 4971–9. PMC 230744  . PMID 7651415.
^ a b Foti D, Iuliano R, Chiefari E, Brunetti A (2003). "A nucleoprotein complex containing Sp1, C/EBP beta, and HMGI-Y controls human insulin receptor gene transcription". Mol. Cell. Biol. 23 (8): 2720–32. doi:10.1128/mcb.23.8.2720-2732.2003. PMC 152545  . PMID 12665574.
^ Xie Y, Chen C, Stevenson MA, Auron PE, Calderwood SK (April 2002). "Heat shock factor 1 represses transcription of the IL-1beta gene through physical interaction with the nuclear factor of interleukin 6". J. Biol. Chem. 277 (14): 11802–10. doi:10.1074/jbc.M109296200. PMID 11801594.
^ Miau LH, Chang CJ, Shen BJ, Tsai WH, Lee SC (April 1998). "Identification of heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein K (hnRNP K) as a repressor of C/EBPbeta-mediated gene activation". J. Biol. Chem. 273 (17): 10784–91. doi:10.1074/jbc.273.17.10784. PMID 9553145.
^ Weber M, Sydlik C, Quirling M, Nothdurfter C, Zwergal A, Heiss P, Bell S, Neumeier D, Ziegler-Heitbrock HW, Brand K (June 2003). "Transcriptional inhibition of interleukin-8 expression in tumor necrosis factor-tolerant cells: evidence for involvement of C/EBP beta". J. Biol. Chem. 278 (26): 23586–93. doi:10.1074/jbc.M211646200. PMID 12707271.
^ Xia C, Cheshire JK, Patel H, Woo P (December 1997). "Cross-talk between transcription factors NF-kappa B and C/EBP in the transcriptional regulation of genes". Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol. 29 (12): 1525–39. doi:10.1016/s1357-2725(97)00083-6. PMID 9570146.
^ Sealy L, Malone D, Pawlak M (March 1997). "Regulation of the cfos serum response element by C/EBPbeta". Mol. Cell. Biol. 17 (3): 1744–55. doi:10.1128/mcb.17.3.1744. PMC 231899  . PMID 9032301.
^ Kowenz-Leutz E, Leutz A (November 1999). "A C/EBP beta isoform recruits the SWI/SNF complex to activate myeloid genes". Mol. Cell. 4 (5): 735–43. doi:10.1016/s1097-2765(00)80384-6. PMID 10619021.
^ Liu YW, Tseng HP, Chen LC, Chen BK, Chang WC (July 2003). "Functional cooperation of simian virus 40 promoter factor 1 and CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein beta and delta in lipopolysaccharide-induced gene activation of IL-10 in mouse macrophages". J. Immunol. 171 (2): 821–8. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.171.2.821. PMID 12847250.
^ Rooney JW, Calame KL (2001). "TIF1beta functions as a coactivator for C/EBPbeta and is required for induced differentiation in the myelomonocytic cell line U937". Genes Dev. 15 (22): 3023–38. doi:10.1101/gad.937201. PMC 312827  . PMID 11711437.
^ Zhang F, Lin M, Abidi P, Thiel G, Liu J (November 2003). "Specific interaction of Egr1 and c/EBPbeta leads to the transcriptional activation of the human low density lipoprotein receptor gene". J. Biol. Chem. 278 (45): 44246–54. doi:10.1074/jbc.M305564200. PMID 12947119.
Human CEBPB genome location and CEBPB gene details page in the UCSC Genome Browser.
CEBPB+protein,+human at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CEBPB&oldid=797987201"
This page was last edited on 30 August 2017, at 09:31 (UTC).

value: This website is the English-language edition of the free online encyclopedia Wikipedia. It was founded on 15 January 2001 as Wikipedia's first edition and, as of October 2021, has the most articles of any edition, at 6,412,521.


text: and deficit this country is facing, it's clear that we have a lot of problems in this country that the president has just not addressed, and i think that's why we saw his debate performance the way that it was a couple of nights ago. he has a really, really hard time defending his record, defending the last four years and that's why we saw such a difference between him and governor romney on the stage last wednesday in denver. >> kirsten, thank you very much. appreciate it. >> thank you. >>> a 12-year-old boy is attacked on a school bus but didn't tell his mother. we'll tell you how she found out. >>> it's one of the most recognizable guitar riffs ever recorded. the theme to "james bond." ever wonder how much the guy who played it made? we'll tell you next. ♪ [ male announcer ] how do you make 70,000 trades a second... ♪ reach one customer at a time? ♪ or help doctors turn billions of bytes of shared information... ♪ into a fifth anniversary of remission? ♪ whatever your business challenge, dell has the technology and services to help you solve it. ♪ >>> you know t Search Results 0 to 1 of about 2 (some duplicates have been removed)

type: global

value: This website is an American digital library with the stated mission of "universal access to all knowledge". It provides free public access to collections of digitized materials, including websites, software applications/games, music, movies/videos, moving images, and millions of books.


text:
Doctors, nurses, and healthcare workers of reddit, who was the most memorable patient you ever had and why? : AskReddit
subscribeunsubscribe20,657,120 readers
12.2k · 5059 comments
10.1k · 3251 comments
33.2k · 10658 comments
8865 · 4506 comments
1271 · 1723 comments
4013 · 3503 comments
3340 · 3824 comments
884 · 273 comments
2018 · 980 comments
6999 · 2374 comments
Doctors, nurses, and healthcare workers of reddit, who was the most memorable patient you ever had and why?
submitted 3 years ago by Jaylus
[–]soylentblueissmurfs 10Answer Link0 points1 point2 points 3 years ago (0 children)
95 year old guy who was constipated but otherwise perfectly healthy. He would start his morning by jogging up and down the corridor.
π Rendered by PID 2699 on r2-app-02e9a4952dfdc6149 at 2018-11-19 07:36:00.850403+00:00 running b14303b country code: US.

value: This website is an American social news aggregation, web content rating, and discussion website. Registered members submit content to the site such as links, text posts, images, and videos, which are then voted up or down by other members.


text:
Properties For Sale in Los Cristianos, €140,000 – €180,000, at least 2 bed
Morfitt Properties offer this great opportunity to purchase a spacious top floor Duplex Apartment in the very popular Castle Harbour complex in Los Cristianos. The property comprises of Entrance hall, attractive Shower room, Double bedroom, American style kitchen and Lounge/ Dining room. Patio door.
Morfitt Properties Tenerife have for sale this 2 bedroom (converted) apartment in the complex Los Diamantes in Los Cristianos. The apartment offers 2 bedrooms, 2 bathrooms, fitted kitchen, lounge with access to a small terrace with pool views. The complex is surrounded by all amenities and benefits.
A property in a great central location. Included is a garage where parking is very difficult. 2 Bedroom apartment with sea and mountain views in the very heart of Los Cristianos centre. The property has been renovated to a very high standard and has a very modern feel. There are 2 double bedrooms,

value: This website is a UK-based company that runs rightmove.co.uk, the UK's largest online real estate portal and property website. It is listed on the London Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the FTSE 100 Index.


text:
Patent US20040267752 - Transparent file replication using namespace replication - Google PatentsSearch Images Maps Play YouTube News Gmail Drive More »Sign inAdvanced Patent SearchPatentsA NAS switch, in the data path of a client and a NAS file server on the storage network, provides a centralized point of reconfiguration after a network change that alleviates the need for reconfiguration of each connected client. The client uses a NAS request to access a storage object to the NAS switch...http://www.google.com/patents/US20040267752?utm_source=gb-gplus-sharePatent US20040267752 - Transparent file replication using namespace replicationAdvanced Patent SearchPublication numberUS20040267752 A1Publication typeApplicationApplication numberUS 10/831,701Publication dateDec 30, 2004Filing dateApr 23, 2004Priority dateApr 24, 2003Also published asUS7587422Publication number10831701, 831701, US 2004/0267752 A1, US 2004/267752 A1, US 20040267752 A1, US 20040267752A1, US 2004267752 A1, US 2004267752A1, US-A1-20040267752, US-A1-2004267752, US2004/0267752A1, US2004/267752A1, US20040267752 A1, US20040267752A1, US2004267752 A1, US2004267752A1InventorsThomas Wong, Panagiotis Tsirigotis, Anand Iyengar, Rajeev ChawlaOriginal AssigneeWong Thomas K., Panagiotis Tsirigotis, Anand Iyengar, Rajeev ChawlaExport CitationBiBTeX, EndNote, RefManReferenced by (20), Classifications (22), Legal Events (2) External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, EspacenetTransparent file replication using namespace replicationUS 20040267752 A1Abstract A NAS switch, in the data path of a client and a NAS file server on the storage network, provides a centralized point of reconfiguration after a network change that alleviates the need for reconfiguration of each connected client. The client uses a NAS request to access a storage object to the NAS switch using a switch file handle that is independent of object location and that can be used to locate the primary and its replica storage objects if the object is subsequently replicated. A replication module replicates a namespace separately from data contained therein. Afterwards, synchronicity module looks-up the switch file handle in a file handle replication table to determine if the object has been replicated and, if so, sends one of the replica NAS file handles. The synchronicity module also maintains synchronicity between the primary and replica file servers through critical NAS requests that modify objects such as create, delete, and the like. Images(9) Claims(38)
We claim: 1. In a NAS (Network Attached Storage) switch, a method for accessing an object in a storage network, the method comprising: mapping a switch file handle that is independent of an object location to a first NAS file handle that is indicative of a location of the object on a primary file server; replicating the object on the primary file server to a replica object on a replica file server; and mapping the switch file handle to a second NAS file handle that is indicative of a location of the replica object on the replica file server. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the object comprises a directory having objects representative of sub-directories and files. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the object comprises a file. 4. The method of claim 1, further comprising receiving the switch file handle with a corresponding operation. 5. The method of claim 1, further comprising submitting the switch file handle including the NAS request to the replica server. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the replicating the object comprises replicating a namespace containing the object by separately replicating a directory and data. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the replicating the object comprises: during the replicating, sending critical requests involving the object to both the primary file server and the replica file server, the critical request comprising one from the group consisting of a create request, a delete request, a move request, and a copy request. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the replicating the object further comprises: prior to replicating object, storing a file handle in the location on the replica file server, the stored file handle indicative of the location of the object on the primary file server. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the replicating the object comprises updating a file handle replication table with an entry for the location on the primary file server and an entry for the location on the replica file server responsive to a successful migration. 10. The method of claim 1, further comprising: receiving the switch file handle with a request from a client; looking-up the second NAS file handle in the file handle replication table with the switch file handle; and sending the request to the location on the replica file server. 11. The method of claim 1, further comprising: receiving a request concerning a non-replicated object; looking-up the non-replicated object in the file replication table with a non-replicated file handle; and responsive to failing to find an entry for the non-replicated object in the file handle replication table, sending the second request to a second location on the primary file server. 12. The method of claim 1, wherein the request comprises one from the group consisting of a read request and a write request. 13. The method of claim 1, wherein the request comprises one from the group consisting of a create request, a delete request, a move request, and a copy request. 14. The method of claim 1, wherein the NAS file handle comprises one from the group consisting of a NFS (Network File System) file handle and a CIFS (Common Internet File System) file handle. 15. In a centralizing switch, a method for accessing an object in a decentralized storage network, the method comprising: mapping a switch file handle that is independent of an object location to a first server file handle that is indicative of a location of the object on a primary file server; replicating the object on the primary file server to a replica object on a replica file server; and mapping the switch file handle to a second server file handle that is indicative of a location of the replica object on the replica file server. 16. The method of claim 1, wherein the first file handles is a first NAS (Network Attached Storage) file handle and the second file handle is a second NAS file handle. 17. A NAS (Network Attached Storage) switch to access an object in a storage network, comprising: a file server interface to map a switch file handle that is independent of an object location to a first NAS file handle that is indicative of a location of the object on a primary file server; and a replication module to copy the object on the primary file server to a replica object on a replica file server; wherein the file server interface maps the switch file handle to a second NAS file handle that is indicative of a location of the replica object on the replica file server. 18. The NAS switch of claim 17, wherein the object comprises a directory having objects representative of sub-directories and files. 19. The NAS switch of claim 17, wherein the object comprises a file. 20. The NAS switch of claim 17, further comprising a client module to receive the switch file handle, with a corresponding operation, from a client. 21. The NAS switch of claim 17, wherein the file server module submits the second file handle including the NAS request to the replica server. 22. The NAS switch of claim 17, wherein the replicating module replicates a namespace containing the object by separately replicating a directory and data. 23. The NAS switch of claim 17, wherein a client module receives the switch file handle with a request from a client; a synchronization module looks-up the second NAS file handle in a file handle replication table with the switch file handle; and responsive to finding an entry in the file handle replication table, the server module also sends the request to the location on the replica file server. 24. The NAS switch of claim 17 wherein a client module receives a request concerning a non-replicated object; a synchronization modules looks-up the non-replicated object in the file replication table with a non-replicated file handle; and responsive to failing to find an entry for the non-replicated object in the file handle replication table, the file server module sends the non-replicated request to the primary file server location using the first NAS file handle. 25. The NAS switch of claim 17, wherein the request comprises one from the group consisting of a read request and a write request. 26. The NAS switch of claim 17, wherein the request comprises one from the group consisting of a create request, a delete request, a move request, and a copy request. 27. The NAS switch of claim 17, wherein the NAS file handle comprises one from the group consisting of a NFS (Network File System) file handle and a CIFS (Common Internet File System) file handle. 28. A computer program product, comprising a computer-readable medium having computer program instructions and data embodied thereon In a NAS (Network Attached Storage) switch, a method for accessing an object in a storage network, comprising: mapping a switch file handle that is independent of an object location to a first NAS file handle that is indicative of a location of the object on a primary file server; replicating the object on the primary file server to a replica object on a replica file server; and mapping the switch file handle to a second NAS file handle that is indicative of a location of the replica object on the replica file server. 29. The computer program product of claim 28, wherein the object comprises a directory having objects representative of sub-directories and files.. 30. The computer program product of claim 28, wherein the object comprises a file. 31. The computer program product of claim 28, further comprising receiving the switch file handle with a corresponding operation. 32. The computer program product of claim 28, further comprising submitting the switch file handle including the NAS request to the replica server. 33. The computer program product of claim 28, wherein the replicating the object comprises replicating a namespace containing the object by separately replicating a directory and data. 34. The computer program product of claim 28, further comprising: receiving the switch file handle with a request from a client; looking-up the second NAS file handle in the file handle replication table with the switch file handle; and sending the request to the location on the replica file server. 35. The computer program product of claim 28, further comprising: receiving a request concerning a non-replicated object; looking-up the non-replicated object in the file replication table with a non-replicated file handle; and responsive to failing to find an entry for the non-replicated object in the file handle replication table, sending the second request to a second location on the primary file server. 36. The computer program product of claim 28, wherein the request comprises one from the group consisting of a read request and a write request. 37. The computer program product of claim 28, wherein the request comprises one from the group consisting of a create request, a delete request, a move request, and a copy request. 38. The computer program product of claim 28, wherein the NAS file handle comprises one from the group consisting of a NFS (Network File System) file handle and a CIFS (Common Internet File System) file handle.
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS [0001] This application is claims priority under 35 U.S.C. � 119(e) to: U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/465,578, filed on Apr. 24, 2003, entitled �Method and Apparatus for Transparent File Replication Using the Technique of Namespace Replication,� by Thomas K. Wong et al.; U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/465,579, filed on Apr. 24, 2003, entitled �Method and Apparatus for Transparent File Migration Using the Technique of Namespace Replication,� by Thomas K. Wong et al.; and is related to U.S. patent application Ser. No. [attorney docket #23313-07965], filed on [date even herewith], entitled �Transparent File Migration Using Namespace Replication,� by Thomas K. Wong et al., each of which applications are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION [0002] 1. Field of the Invention [0003] This invention relates generally to storage networks and, more specifically, to a network device that tracks locations of an object before and after replication on a back-end, while maintaining transparency for a client on the front-end by using persistent file handles to access the objects. [0004] 2. Description of Related Art [0005] In a computer network, NAS (Network Attached Storage) file servers connected directly to the network provide an inexpensive and easily configurable solution for a storage network. These NAS file servers are self-sufficient because they contain file systems that allow interoperability with clients running any operating system and communication using open protocols. For example, a Unix-based client can use the NFS (Network File System) protocol by Sun Microsystems, Inc. of Santa Clara, Calif. and a Windows-based client can use CIFS (Common Internet File System) by Microsoft Corp. of Redmond, Wash. to access files on a NAS file server. However, the operating system does not affect communication between the client and file server. Thus, NAS file servers provide true universal file access. [0006] By contrast, more expensive and powerful SAN (Storage Area Network) file servers use resources connected by Fibre Channel on a back-end, or dedicated network. Additionally, a SAN file system is part of the operating system or an application running on the client. Different operating systems may require additional copies of each file to be stored on the storage network to ensure compatibility. Communication between file servers on a SAN use proprietary protocols and thus are typically provided by a common vendor. As a result, NAS file servers are preferred when price and ease of use are major considerations. However, the benefits of NAS storage networks over SAN storage networks also have drawbacks. [0007] One drawback with NAS file servers is that there is no centralized control. When NAS file servers are either added or removed from the storage network, each client must mount or unmount the associated storage resources as appropriate. This is particularly inefficient when there are changes in hardware, but not in the particular files available on the network, such as when a failing NAS file server is swapped out for an identically configured back-up NAS file server. [0008] A related drawback is that a client must be reconfigured each time a file is relocated within the storage network, such as during file migration or file replication. To access objects, the client generates a NAS file handle from a mounted directory. The NAS file handle identifies a physical location of the object on the storage network. To request that the NAS file server perform an operation on the object (e.g., create, delete, etc.), the client sends a NAS request directly to the NAS file server with the NAS file handle. But when the file is relocated to a different NAS file server, subsequent requests for access to the object require a new look-up in an updated directory to generate a new NAS file handle for the new location. [0009] An additional drawback is that NAS file servers are inaccessible during large data transfer operations such as file migrations and replications. These data transfers typically occur during non-business hours to reduce consequential downtime. However, ever-larger storage capacities increase the amount of time necessary for data transfers. Additionally, many enterprises and applications have a need for data that is always available. [0010] Therefore, what is needed is a network device to provide transparency for clients of decentralized file servers such as NAS file servers. Furthermore, there is a need for the network device to maintain transparency through file replications by managing new locations of replicated files, and tracking their availability. Moreover, there is a need for the network device to provide access to data during file replication. BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION [0011] The present invention meets these needs by providing file replications in a decentralized storage network that are transparent to a client. A NAS switch, in the data path of a client and NAS file servers, reliably coordinates file replication of a primary file server to a replica file server using namespace replication to track new file locations. Additionally, the NAS switch maintains data availability during time-consuming data transfers and as a result of failing file servers. [0012] An embodiment of a system configured according to the present invention comprises the NAS switch in communication with the client on a front-end of the storage network, and both a primary file server and a replica file server on a back-end. The NAS switch associates NAS file handles (e.g., CIFS file handles or NFS file handles) received from the primary and replica file servers with switch file handles that are independent of a location. The NAS switch then exports the switch file handles to the client. In response to subsequent object access requests from the client, the NAS switch substitutes switch file handles with appropriate NAS file handles for submission to the appropriate NAS file server. [0013] In another embodiment, the NAS switch comprises a replication module to coordinate replication of source objects at locations on the primary file server to destination objects at locations on the replica file server. Before replicating data, the replication module separately replicates a namespace of the directory hierarchy containing data to be replicated. Namespace replication can also include the use of stored file handles as pointers from objects to be replicated on the file server to the corresponding objects on the primary file server. This replication process allows the NAS switch to track replicated copies of an object. Additionally, the NAS switch keeps the primary file server available during replication, and also maintains consistency across both namespaces by replicating critical operations. The replication module advantageously provides replication services to decentralized file servers and file servers that do not otherwise natively support replication. [0014] In yet another embodiment, the NAS switch comprises a synchronization module to select a switch file handle. The synchronization module looks-up the NAS file handle in a file handle replication table to determine if the object has been replicated and, if not, returns a switch file handle similar to the NAS file handle. The synchronization module looks-up replicated files in a synchronization location table to determine a current primary file server from which to access the object, and checks a status of the current primary server. The synchronization module returns a switch file handle corresponding to the current primary server, or alternate file server if not available. [0015] In still embodiment, the redirection module maintains synchronicity between the primary and replica file servers. When the client requests a critical operation on a replicated object (e.g., create, delete, etc.), the synchronization module replicates the critical operation on other copies of the object. In one embodiment, the synchronization module further comprises a persistent buffer to store operations that have yet to be successfully completed in both namespaces. Thus, if a critical operation is unsuccessful due to a file server failure or otherwise, the synchronization module can resubmit the critical operation until successful. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS [0016]FIG. 1 is a high-level block diagram illustrating a storage network system according to one embodiment of the present invention. [0017]FIG. 2 is a block diagram illustrating the file server module according to one embodiment of the present invention. [0018]FIG. 3 is a high-level flow chart illustrating a method of providing transparent file replication in a NAS storage network according to one embodiment of the present invention. [0019]FIG. 4 is a flow chart illustration the method of associating NAS file handles with switch file handles according to one embodiment of the present invention. [0020]FIG. 5 is a flow chart illustrating the method of performing file replication using namespace replication according to one embodiment of the present invention. [0021]FIG. 6 is a flow chart illustrating the method of replicating a directory hierarchy from a primary server to a replica server according to one embodiment of the present invention. [0022]FIG. 7 is a flow chart illustrating the method of redirecting NAS requests concerning replicated objects according to one embodiment of the present invention. [0023]FIG. 8 is a flow chart illustrating the method of determining a NAS file handles from a switch file handles according to one embodiment of the present invention. DETAILED DESCRIPTIONS OF THE INVENTION [0024] The present invention provides file replication in a decentralized storage network that is transparent to clients. The accompanying description is for the purpose of providing a thorough explanation with numerous specific details. Of course, the field of storage networking is such that many different variations of the illustrated and described features of the invention are possible. Those skilled in the art will thus undoubtedly appreciate that the invention can be practiced without some specific details described below, and indeed will see that many other variations and embodiments of the invention can be practiced while still satisfying its teachings and spirit. For example, although the present invention is described with reference to storage networks operating under the NAS protocol, it can similarly be embodied in future storage network protocols other than NAS, or in mixed protocol networks. Accordingly, the present invention should not be understood as being limited to the specific implementations described below, but only by the claims that follow. [0025] The processes, features, or functions of the present invention can be implemented by program instructions that execute in an appropriate computing device. Example computing devices include enterprise servers, application servers, workstations, personal computers, network computers, network appliances, personal digital assistants, game consoles, televisions, set-top boxes, premises automation equipment, point-of-sale terminals, automobiles, and personal communications devices. The program instructions can be distributed on a computer readable medium, storage volume, or the Internet. Program instructions can be in any appropriate form, such as source code, object code, or scripting code. [0026]FIG. 1 is a high-level block diagram illustrating a storage network system 100 according to one embodiment of the present invention. The system 100 comprises a NAS switch 110 and a client 140 coupled to a network 195. The NAS switch 110, a primary file server 120, and a replica file server 130, are each coupled in communication through a sub-network 196. Note that there can be various configurations of the system 100, such as embodiments including additional clients 140, additional primary and/or replica file servers 120, 130, and additional NAS switches 110. The system 100 components are implemented in, for example, a personal computer with an x86-type processor executing an operating system and/or an application program, a workstation, a specialized NAS device with an optimized operating system and/or application program, a modified server blade, etc. In one embodiment, the storage network 175 comprises a NAS using protocols such as NFS and CIFS. In another embodiment, the storage network 175 comprises a combination of NAS, SAN, and other types of storage networks. In yet another embodiment the storage network 175 comprises a decentralized standard or proprietary storage system other than NAS. [0027] The NAS switch 110 provides continuous transparency to the client 140 with respect to physical configurations and replication operations on the storage network 175. Preferably, the NAS switch 110 emulates file server processes to the client 140 and emulates client processes to the file servers 120, 130. As such, the client 140 is unaware of the NAS switch 110 since the NAS switch is able to redirect NAS requests intended for the primary file server 120 to appropriate locations on the replica file server 130. Thus, the client 140 submits object requests, such as file writes and directory reads, directly to the NAS switch 110. Likewise, the file servers 120, 130 are unaware of the NAS switch 110 since the NAS switch is able to resubmit requests, contained in server file handles, as if they originated from the client 140. To do so, the NAS switch 110 can use mapping, translating, bridging, packet forwarding, other network interface functionality, and other control processes to perform file handle switching, thereby relieving the client 140 of the need to track changes in a file's physical location. [0028] In one embodiment, the NAS switch 110 comprises a file server module 114 and a client module 112 to facilitate communications and file handle switching. The client module 112 receives exported file system directories from the file servers 120, 130 containing NAS switch handles. To create compatibility between the client 140 and the NAS switch 110, the client module 112 maps the file system directories to internal switch file systems which it sends to the client 140. To request an object, the client 140 traverses an exported switch file system and selects a switch file handle which it sends to the NAS switch 110 along with a requested operation. [0029] The file server module 114 coordinates the replication process. The file server module 114 initiates tasks that are passively performed by the primary and replica file servers 112, 114. The file server module 114 replicates a namespace containing the data to be replicated from the primary file server 120 to the replica file server 130, and then replicates associated data. During and afterwards, the file server module 112 redirects namespace and file object accesses by the client 140 to appropriate locations. Thus, data transfer services remain available to the client 140. [0030] In one embodiment, the file server module 114 also tracks reconfigurations resulting from replication and other processes (e.g. adding or removing file server capacity) with a nested system of tables, or information otherwise linked to the switch file systems. The switch file handles are static as they are persistent through replications, but the associated NAS file handles can be dynamic as they are selected depending upon which particular copy is being accessed. To track various copies of an object, the file server module 114 maintains a file handle replication table, corresponding to each file system, that maps NAS file handles of replicated objects to locations on the storage network 175 and to status information about the replication locations. Further embodiments of the file server module 114 are described with respect to FIG. 2. [0031] In general, NAS file handles uniquely identify objects on the primary or replica file servers 120, 130, such as a directory or file, as long as that object exists. NAS file handles are file server specific, and are valid only to the file servers 120, 130 that issued the file handles. The process of obtaining a NAS file handle from a file name is called a look-up. A NAS file handle, which identifies a directory or file object by location, may be formatted according to protocols such as NFS or CIFS as discussed in further detail below, e.g., with reference to Tables 1A and 1B. By contrast, a switch file handle identifies a directory or file object independent of location, making it persistent through file replications, migrations, and other data transfers. The switch file handle can be a modified NAS file handle that refers to an internal system within the NAS switch 110 rather than the primary file server 120. A stored file handle is stored in place of a migrated or to be replicated object as a pointer to an alternate location. [0032] Object access requests handled by the NAS switch 110 include, for example, directory and/or file reads, writes, creation, deletion, moving, and copying. As used herein, various terms are used synonymously to refer to a location of an object prior to replication (e.g., �primary�; �source�; �original�; and �first�) and various terms are used to refer to a location of the same object after migration (e.g., �replica�; �destination�; �substitute�; and �second�). Further embodiments of the NAS switch 110 and methods operating therein are described below. [0033] The client 140 accesses resources on the primary and second file servers 120, 130 by using a switch file handle submitted to the NAS switch 110. To access an object, the client 140 first mounts an exported file system preferably containing switch file handles. In another embodiment, however, the exported file system also contains unaltered NAS file handles. The client 140 looks-up an object to obtain its file handle and submits an associated request. From the perspective of the client 140, transactions are carried out by a file server 120, 130 having object locations that do not change. Thus, the client 140 interacts with the NAS switch 110 before and after a file replication in the same manner. A user of the client 140 can submit operations through a command line interface, a windows environment, a software application, or otherwise. In one embodiment, the client 140 provides access to a storage network 175 other than a NAS storage network. [0034] The primary file server 120 is the default or original network file server for the client 140 before file replication. The primary file server 120 further comprises primary objects 125, which include directory metadata and file data such as enterprise data, records, database information, applications, and the like. [0035] The replica file server 130 is able to substitute for, or take over as, the primary network file server for the client 140 during and after file replication. The NAS switch 110 resubmits client requests to the replica file server 130 rather than the primary file server 120 responsive to, for example, a failure, load imbalance, etc. on the primary file server 120. The replica file server 130 further comprises replica objects 135, which include the replicated source directories and files. In one embodiment, more than one replica file server 130 contains a replicated object. Both the primary and replica file servers 120, 130 also preferably comprise a file system compatible with NAS protocols. In one embodiment, the file servers 120, 130 comprise a decentralized file servers, or file servers that otherwise do not natively support file replication. [0036] The network 195 facilitates data transfers between connected hosts (e.g., 110, 120, 130, 140). The connections to the network 195 may be wired and/or wireless, packet and/or circuit switched, and use network protocols such as TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol), IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) 802.11, IEEE 802.3 (i.e., Ethernet), ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode), or the like. The network, 195 comprises, for example, a LAN (Local Area Network), WAN (Wide Area Network), the Internet, and the like. In one embodiment, the NAS switch 110 acts as a gateway between the client 140, connected to the Internet, and the directory file server 120, and the shadow file servers 130, connected to a LAN. The sub-network 196 is preferably a local area network providing optimal response time to the NAS switch 110. In one embodiment, the sub-network 196 is integrated into the network 195. [0037]FIG. 2 is a block diagram illustrating the file server module 114 according to one embodiment of the present invention. The file server module 114 comprises a file server interface 210, a replication module 220, and a synchronization module 230 with a persistent buffer 235. Generally, the file server interface 210 manages client requests before replication without assistance, but afterwards, checks with the synchronization module 230 for alternative locations or additional processes required by, for example, critical operations. Note that rather than being strict structural separations, �modules� are merely exemplary groupings of functionality corresponding to one or many structures. [0038] The file server interface 210 receives a switch file handle with a request in from the client 140. If the synchronization module 230 does not recognize the switch file handle as an object subject to replication processes, the file server interface 210 forwards the request with an original NAS file handle. Alternatively, the file server interface 210 can receive a replica NAS file handle for the replica file server 130 from the synchronization module 230 responsive to, for example, a need to access the object at a replicated location or a need to maintain synchronicity between file servers 120, 130. [0039] The replication module 220 in the NAS switch 110 coordinates replication such that the primary server 120 and the replica server 130 remain available to the client 140. The replication module 220 replicates directory metadata separate from time-consuming data replication. After successful data replication, the replication module 220 updates the file handle replication table including the location on the primary file server 120 and the location on the replica file server 130. In one embodiment, the replication module 220 recognizes replicated directories in exported file systems and maps replicated objects to primary objects. [0040] The synchronization module 230 substitutes a switch file handle with a replica NAS file handle for objects subject to replication processes. The synchronization module 230 recognizes such objects by looking-up the NAS file handle in a directory replication table and/or a file handle replication table. The directory replication table contains entries for objects that are currently undergoing namespace replication. The file handle replication table contains entries for objects that have completed replication. In one embodiment, the synchronization module 230 further comprises a persistent buffer 235 such as a non-volatile memory to improve data integrity. For critical requests, the synchronization module 230 uses the persistent buffer 235 to ensure that operations are completed in both the primary and replica file servers 120, 130, for example, when one file server is unavailable or experiences any other type of failure. [0041]FIG. 3 is a high-level flow chart illustrating a method 300 of providing transparent file migration in a NAS storage network according to one embodiment of the present invention. The client server module 112 associates 310 an original NAS file handle with a switch file handle as described below with respect to FIG. 4. This enables the NAS switch 110 to act as an intermediary between the client 140 and the file servers 120, 130. The client 140 submits NAS requests using switch file handles as if the NAS switch 110 were a file server 120, 130, and, in turn, the file servers 120, 130 process NAS file handles from the NAS switch 110 as if they were submitted by the client 140. [0042] The replication module 220 performs 320 file replication using namespace replication as described below with respect to FIG. 5. By separating directory replication from data replication, the replication module 220 is able to process changes to objects being modified during replication and maintains synchronicity between the primary and replica file servers 120, 130. [0043] The replication module 220 redirects 330 NAS requests concerning replicated files as described below with respect to FIG. 6. Because the NAS switch 110 coordinates and stores elements involved in replication, the client 140 continues referring to objects stored in alternative locations with the same switch file handle used prior to replication. On the back end, however, many changes can occur. In one embodiment, the NAS switch 110 uses replications as synchronized data back-ups when the primary file server 110 is nonresponsive, or fails in other ways. In another embodiment, the NAS switch 110 balances requests between servers to optimize latency, I/O bandwidth, and other performance metrics. [0044]FIG. 4 is a flow chart illustration the method 310 of associating a NAS file handle with a switch file handle according to one embodiment of the present invention. Initially, the NAS switch 140 mounts 410 an exported directory of file systems from the primary server 120. In general, the file system organizes objects on a file server 120, 130 into a directory hierarchy of NA file handles. In one embodiment, the NAS switch 110 receives exported directories from associated primary file servers 120, and, in turn, sends exported directories to associated clients 140. [0045] The client module 112 generates 420 switch file handles independent of object locations in the primary file server 120. The client module 112 organizes exported file systems from the file server 120 by replacing file system or tree identifiers with a switch file system number as shown below in Tables 2A and 2B. The client module 112 exports 430 the switch file system to the client 140 to use in requesting operations. In the reverse process, the NAS switch 110 receives the NAS request and searches replicated file handles and/or replicated namespaces using the NAS file handle. Accordingly, the file server interface 210 checks entries of nested tables maintained by the synchronization module 230. The file server interface 210 generates a NAS file handle from the switch file handle based on an object location. An example of the contents of an NFS and CIFS file handle are shown in Tables 1A 1B, while an example of switch file handles or modified NFS and CIFS file handles are shown in Tables 2A and 2B: TABLE 1A NFS File Handle Contents Field Name Description fsid File system identification - identifies an exported file system of a file server file id File identification - identifies a file or directory object of an exported file system gen id Generation identification - changes each time the file identification is re-used to identify a different file or directory object [0046] TABLE 1B CIFS File Handle Contents Field Name Description tree id Tree identification - assigned by a CIFS server file id File identification - unique within a tree identification [0047] TABLE 2A Contents of NFS Switch File Handle Field Name Description file system id File system identification - index to NAS switch 110 file system export table that identifies the name and location of a NAS file server file id File identification - identifies a file or directory object of an exported file system gen id Generation identification - changes each time the file identification is re-used to identify a different file or directory object [0048] TABLE 2B Contents of CIFS Switch File Handle Field Name Description file system id File system identification - index to NAS switch 110 file system export table that identifies the name and location of a NAS file server file id File identification - unique within a tree identification [0049] As discussed below, after objects have been replicated, the NAS switch 110 can accesses objects at new locations using updated NAS file handle. [0050]FIG. 5 is a flow chart illustrating the method 220 of performing file replication using namespace according to one embodiment of the present invention. The replication module 220 replicates 510 a directory hierarchy of the primary server 120 to organize data copied from the primary file server 120 to the replica file server 130. [0051] In a separate process, the replication module 220 copies 520 data. If no error occurs during the data transfer, the replica file server 130 commits the data migration. If an error does occur 730, the data transfer is repeated. To commit the data transfer, the reproduction module 220 locks the source file to prevent further access to the file. The reproduction module 220 marks the current entry in the replicated fie list as done, and enters the source and destination file handles indicative of the locations on the primary and replica file servers 120, 130 in the file replication table. Finally, the reproduction module 220 resumes access to the source file. [0052] If a critical request is issued to the primary server 530, the synchronization module 230 resubmits 540 the critical request to the replica server 130. When the data copy is complete 550, the replication module 220 updates 560 the file handle replication table. [0053] During data copying, if a client 140 issues a critical request 530 concerning the primary server 120, the synchronization module 230 resubmits 540 the critical request to the replica server 130. In one embodiment, the synchronization module 230 stores requests in the persistent buffer 235 to ensure that critical operations are carried out even if a failure occurs. However, if the request is not a critical request 530, the resubmission is not necessary. Non-critical requests include, for example, read, copy, and other passive operations. When data copying is complete 550, the synchronization module 230 updates 560 the file handle replication table. If there is more data to copy 550, the process loops back to copy data 520. [0054]FIG. 6 is a flow chart illustrating the method 510 of replicating a directory hierarchy from the primary server 120 to the replica server 130 according to one embodiment of the present invention. The reproduction module 220 selects 610 a current source directory from the directory hierarchy of the primary file server 120 and the current destination directory from the replica file server 130. The replication module 220 adds 620 a mapping entry in a replication table with switch file handles related to the source and destination locations. The replication module 220 selects 630 a current object from a listing of file and directory objects in the current source directory. [0055] If the current object is a directory 530, the reproduction module 220 creates 650 a directory in the replica file server 130 with the same name as the current directory in the primary file server 120. On the other hand, if the current object is a file 640, the reproduction module 220 creates 645 a file with a stored file handle for the object from the file handle in the current destination directory. In one embodiment, the stored file handle is similar to the switch file handle. Preferably, the stored file handle is a predetermined size so that the NAS switch 110 can determine whether a file contains a stored file handle merely by inspecting the file's size. An exemplary stored file format is shown in Table 3: TABLE 3 Exemplary Stored File Handle Byte Offset Length Name Description 0-3 4 Stored file handle 0x06072022 identifier 4-7 4 Stored file handle type =1 for NFS, =2 for CIFS 8-11 4 Size of stored file Hash value from switch handle file handle 12-15 4 Contents of stored file Size in bytes handle 12-size of switch file Size of switch file Padding See above description handle handle Enough bytes to pad to a =0x0 byte length of 419 bytes for NFS and 431 bytes for CIFS [0056] Note, however, that there can be variations of the stored file format. The replication module 220 adds 655 a mapping entry in a replicated file list with source and destination switch file handles. [0057] If all objects have been processed 660, no errors were committed in the process 670, and there are no more directories to replicate 680, the reproduction module 220 commits 690 the namespace replication. However, if there are more objects to be processed 660, the replication module 220 continues the process from selecting 630 objects. If there was an error in the directory or file creation 670, the reproduction module 220 deletes 675 the destination directory, and repeats the process from adding 620 mapping entries. Also, if there are more directories to process 680, the first file server 120 returns to selecting 510 primary directories. [0058] To commit 690 the namespace replication, the reproduction module 220 adds entries to the replicated directory table. As a result, future object access requests will be directed to the replica file server 130 in addition to the primary file server 120. When critical operations are executed on the primary server 120, the replication module 220 uses the replicated directory table to recognize that the request needs to be resubmitted to the replica server 130. The primary file server 120 deletes 620 the replication table since it is no longer needed. [0059]FIG. 7 is a flow chart illustrating the method 230 of redirecting requests concerning replicated objects according to one embodiment of the present invention. The NAS switch 110 receives 710 the NAS request containing the switch file handle from the client 140. The file server interface 210 determines 720 the NAS file handle from the switch file handle as described below with respect to FIG. 8. [0060] If the switch file handle is a replicated file handle 730, and the NAS request is a critical request 740, the synchronization module 230 executes 750 the request in both primary and replica file servers 120, 130 through the persistent buffer 235. By replicating the critical request, the synchronization module 230 is able to keep identical directories and data on a primary file server 120 and each replica file server 130. Because replicated requests are stored in the persistent buffer 235 until successful in all file servers 120, 130, the NAS switch 110 ensures that temporarily unavailable file servers 120, 130 receive the same modifications. In one embodiment, if the synchronization module 230 is unable to successfully complete critical operations, an error message can be returned to the client 140. On the other hand, for non-replicated file handles 730 and/or non-critical NAS requests 740, the file server interface 210 executes 760 the request in the primary file server 120. Since non-critical operations do not modify contents or disrupt synchronicity between file servers 120, 130, replicated requests are not necessary. [0061]FIG. 8 is a flow chart illustrating the method 720 of determining a NAS file handle from a switch file handle according to one embodiment of the present invention. Note that nested tables of FIG. 8 are merely an example as various data structures can be used to associate NAS switch file handles with appropriate switch file handles. [0062] The reproduction module 230 determines if a switch file handle represents a replicated object 810. As described above in Tables 1 and 2, the switch file handle contains a file system ID as exported by the NAS switch 110 to identify a file system as exported by the file servers 120, 130. The NAS switch locates a file handle replication table associated with the file system. The file handle replication table contains: a replicated file handle representing the switch file handle that has been replicated; a primary file handle representing the primary file server 120 when the object is replicated; a replication location ID representing an entry number to a replication location table identifying where the object is replicated; and a primary file attributes representing attributes (e.g., creation date, etc.) that differ between file servers 120, 130, but can be substituted as attributes for the replicated objects when the primary file server 120 is down. [0063] If the object has not been replicated, the replication module 230 returns the original NAS file handle. However, if the object has been replicated, the replication module 230 returns either the primary file handle or the replica file handle after determining 820 the primary file server 120 from the file handle replication table and the replica file servers 130 from the replication location table. The replication location table contains: a current primary file system ID representing the file system acting as the primary file system at the present time; an original primary file system ID representing the configured primary file server 120, and a list of replica file system IDs representing one or more replica file servers 130 containing the replicated object. [0064] To select a file server 120, 130, the reproduction module 230 first determines whether the primary file server 120 is currently acting as the primary server 830. If so, the current primary file system ID from the replication location table matches the primary file handle from the file handle replication table. The reproduction module 230 thus returns 825 the primary file handle as the output NAS file handle. If the current primary file system ID does not match the primary file handle, the reproduction module 230 determines a replica file handle from the current primary file system ID. As such, the reproduction module 230 searches an associated file handle replication table for a primary file handle matching the original primary file handle. The reproduction module 230 returns 835 the replicated file handle of the same entry. In one embodiment, the synchronization module 230 first checks a status of the replica file server 130 in a replica file system status table. The replica file system status table containing: the replication location ID, the replicated file system ID; and a replica file system status representing whether a replica file server 130 is ready to act in a primary capacity, is ready to replicate, or is not ready. Referenced byCiting PatentFiling datePublication dateApplicantTitleUS7389298 *Nov 18, 2004Jun 17, 2008International Business Machines CorporationSeamless remote traversal of multiple NFSv4 exported file systemsUS7584219 *Sep 24, 2003Sep 1, 2009Microsoft CorporationIncremental non-chronological synchronization of namespacesUS7685179Mar 13, 2007Mar 23, 2010Microsoft CorporationNetwork flow for constrained replica placementUS7720796Jan 3, 2006May 18, 2010Neopath Networks, Inc.Directory and file mirroring for migration, snapshot, and replicationUS7725764 *Aug 4, 2006May 25, 2010Tsx Inc.Failover system and methodUS7831641Apr 26, 2004Nov 9, 2010Neopath Networks, Inc.Large file support for a network file serverUS7975174Apr 9, 2010Jul 5, 2011Tsx Inc.Failover system and methodUS8108483 *Jan 30, 2004Jan 31, 2012Microsoft CorporationSystem and method for generating a consistent user namespace on networked devicesUS8131689Oct 2, 2006Mar 6, 2012Panagiotis TsirigotisAccumulating access frequency and file attributes for supporting policy based storage managementUS8180843Jan 24, 2008May 15, 2012Neopath Networks, Inc.Transparent file migration using namespace replicationUS8190741Mar 31, 2006May 29, 2012Neopath Networks, Inc.Customizing a namespace in a decentralized storage environmentUS8195627Sep 30, 2005Jun 5, 2012Neopath Networks, Inc.Storage policy monitoring for a storage networkUS8204854 *Mar 6, 2009Jun 19, 2012International Business Machines CorporationDynamically redirecting a target location during a file I/O operationUS8392477May 9, 2008Mar 5, 2013International Business Machines CorporationSeamless remote traversal of multiple NFSv4 exported file systemsUS8438196Mar 31, 2008May 7, 2013Symantec Operating CorporationFiner grained data organization using data sublayersUS8539081Sep 15, 2004Sep 17, 2013Neopath Networks, Inc.Enabling proxy services using referral mechanismsUS8639734 *Mar 31, 2008Jan 28, 2014Symantec Operating CorporationUse of external information about a file to determine virtualizationUS20100023563 *Jul 23, 2008Jan 28, 2010Nvidia CorporationCopying Files From One Directory To AnotherUS20120221518 *May 7, 2012Aug 30, 2012International Business Machines CorporationDynamically redirecting a target location during a file i/o operationUS20120330988 *Jun 24, 2011Dec 27, 2012Douglass Adam ChristieSystems And Methods For Performing Index Joins Using Auto Generative Queries* Cited by examinerClassifications U.S. Classification1/1, 707/E17.005, 707/E17.01, 707/999.009International ClassificationH04L29/08, H04L29/06, G06F17/30Cooperative ClassificationY10S707/99953, Y10S707/99945, Y10S707/99948, H04L67/1097, H04L67/1095, H04L67/06, H04L69/329, H04L29/06, G06F17/30067European ClassificationH04L29/08N9R, H04L29/08N5, H04L29/08N9S, G06F17/30F, H04L29/08A7, H04L29/06Legal EventsDateCodeEventDescriptionMar 8, 2013FPAYFee paymentYear of fee payment: 4Aug 25, 2004ASAssignmentOwner name: NEOPATH NETWORKS, INC., CALIFORNIAFree format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:WONG, THOMAS K.;TSIRIGOTIS, PANAGIOTIS;IYENGAR, ANAND;AND OTHERS;REEL/FRAME:015085/0040;SIGNING DATES FROM 20040805 TO 20040809RotateOriginal ImageGoogle Home - Sitemap - USPTO Bulk Downloads - Privacy Policy - Terms of Service - About Google Patents - Send FeedbackData provided by IFI CLAIMS Patent Services©2012 Google

value: This website is a search engine provided by Google. Handling over 3.5 billion searches per day, it has a 92% share of the global search engine market.


text:
Phone: (860) 523-9966
Fax: (860) 233-1216
147 Park Rd,
http://www.millerplumbing.biz
Request a Quote from Miller Plumbing and Heating Company
BBB has determined that Miller Plumbing and Heating Company meets BBB accreditation standards, which include a commitment to make a good faith effort to resolve any consumer complaints. BBB Accredited Businesses pay a fee for accreditation review/monitoring and for support of BBB services to the public.
Factors that raised the rating for Miller Plumbing and Heating Company include:
File a Complaint against Miller Plumbing and Heating Company
See Trends in Complaints on Miller Plumbing and Heating Company
| View Complaints Summary by Resolution Pie Chart on Miller Plumbing and Heating Company
See Trends in Customer Reviews on Miller Plumbing and Heating Company
BBB knows of no government actions involving the marketplace conduct of Miller Plumbing and Heating Company.
BBB has nothing to report concerning Miller Plumbing and Heating Company's advertising at this time.
Business incorporated 04/11/2000 in CT
Customer Contact: Mr. Rick Doucette, Operations Manager
Principal: Mr. Stephen Miller, Member
M: 8:00 AM - 5:00 PMT: 8:00 AM - 5:00 PMW: 8:00 AM - 5:00 PMTh: 8:00 AM - 5:00 PMF: 8:00 AM - 5:00 PMOffice Hours
Serving the Greater Hartford areas, including:West Hartford, Newington, Bloomfield, Avon, Simsbury, Wethersfield, Rocky Hill, Glastonbury, Manchester, Cromwell, Farmington, New Britian, Windsor
See trends in Customer Reviews for Miller Plumbing and Heating Company Associated Searches

value: This website is a private, nonprofit organization whose self-described mission is to focus on advancing marketplace trust, consisting of 106 independently incorporated local BBB organizations in the United States and Canada, coordinated under the International Association of Better Business Bureaus  in Arlington, Virginia.The Better Business Bureau is not affiliated with any governmental agency. Businesses that affiliate with the BBB and adhere to its standards do so through industry self-regulation.


text:
Key Trump Aide’s Departure Rattles President’s Allies - Bloomberg
September 5, 2017, 6:12 AM EDT
Former Trump bodyguard Schiller leaving for security business
Aide has worked for Trump since 1999 and is a close confidant
Trump’s allies may have more personal concerns. Schiller is a contact for Trump friends who want to reach the president. And campaign staffers knew the best way to get Trump’s ear was to slip a note to Schiller -- especially if they wanted to bypass Trump’s first campaign manager, Corey Lewandowski, whom Schiller didn’t always get along with.
Discontent among Trump friends and allies outside the White House has grown as Kelly has sought to streamline and professionalize the Oval Office. The new chief of staff has imposed new protocols for getting face time or ideas in front of the president -- cutting off a cadre of trusted regulars whose advice and conversation Trump relished.
“It was like a fraternity house the first six months and now it’s a military compound -- it’s a fort,” one former aide said.

value: This website is an international news agency headquartered in New York City and a division of Bloomberg L.P. Content produced by Bloomberg News is disseminated through Bloomberg Terminals, Bloomberg Television, Bloomberg Radio, Bloomberg Businessweek, Bloomberg Markets, Bloomberg.com, and Bloomberg's mobile platforms. Since 2015, John Micklethwait has served as editor-in-chief.


text:
Automation - BBC R&D
Automation topic
Getting machines or algorithms to do complex, repetitive and boring work for us not only makes it less time-consuming, it can cut costs too. Our research looks at techniques such as pattern recognition, machine learning, artificial intelligence and semantic analysis, among others.
Blog post on 18 Jan 2017

value: This website is the BBC's online service. It is a large network of websites including such high-profile sites as BBC News and Sport, the on-demand video and radio services co-branded BBC iPlayer, the children's sites CBBC and CBeebies, and learning services such as Bitesize.


text:
R. H. J. Kessell - Semantic Scholar
R. H. J. Kessell
The Effect of Dissolved Oxygen Concentration on Growth and Differentiation of Carrot (Daucus carota) Tissue
R. H. J. Kessell, A. J. H. Carr
For suspension cultures of carrot tissue there is a critical level of dissolved oxygen concentra tion. Below this level, dry weight increased linearly with time while cell numbers increased… (More)
A. Borrow, Spencer C. Brown, +6 authors J C Swait
The metabolism of Gibberclla Jujikuroi in stirred culture has been studied at varied temperatures over the range 8–40 °C. Two nitrogen-limited media were used, which differed only in the initial… (More)
Some aspects are described of the kinetics of the growth of Gibberella fujikuroi in nitrogen-limited media containing either ammonium nitrate, ammonium acetate, ammonium tartrate, urea, or glycine.… (More)
Fatty acids of Rhodotorula gracilis: fat production in submerged culture and the particular effect of pH value.
SUMMARY Rhodotorula gracilis growing in batch culture exhibited acceleration, exponential and linear phases of growth. In a fourth phase, following nitrogen exhaustion, the concentration of lipid… (More)
THE METABOLISM OF GIBBERELLA FUJIKUROI IN STIRRED CULTURE
A. Borrow, E. G. Jefferys, R. H. J. Kessell, E. C. Lloyd, P. B. Lloyd, I. S. Nixon
The growth of Gibberella fujikuroi in stirred culture was studied. Media were designed in which the initial concentrations of glucose (G), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and magnesium (M) were varied… (More)
The relationship between dissolved oxygen concentration, ATP and embryogenesis in carrot (Daucus carota) tissue cultures
R. H. J. Kessell, Colin C. Goodwin, J Philip, Michael W. Fowler
Abstract Changing the level of dissolved oxygen in cell suspension cultures of carrot tissue to below a critical level led to an increase in both the cyanide sensitivity of respiration (CN -… (More)

value: This website is an artificial-intelligence backed search engine for academic publications developed at the Allen Institute for AI and publicly released in November 2015. It uses advances in natural language processing to provide summaries for scholarly papers.


text:
with the fiscal cliff. >> after several days allowed the students are going back to school today first would take a live look outside and it is breezy and outside we will be right back. >> in world news this morning tens of thousands of children are returning to school in the gaza strip today. a small sign of the messy after eight days of fighting between israel and hamas. as the cease-fire continues to hold in the middle east. israel carried out about 1500 air strikes against hamas link targets in gaza. authorities say more than a hundred and 50 palestinians were killed, including 33 children. >> in each of rising tensions between the government and protesters following president mohammed more reseed decreed they gives him sweeping powers. morrissey made the declaration and tar rear square he's giving himself temporary powers he says are needed to battle enemies of the nation. >> the bay bridge approach clean and it is a nice day. we will be right back. uz >> and just about perfect to do anything that you need to do outside. i hope that you can make it out to enjoy the sunshine. >> it will be be KRON 4 News Weekend
. and dealing with the loving fiscal cliff looming -- they will have to deal with this to avoid tax increases and spending cuts at the net jones has the latest on the negotiations. >> after meeting with president of,. >> let me welcome the congressional leadership. >> expressed optimism to avoid $500 billion on tax increases and spending cuts next year. >> we have a very constructive meeting with the president to talk about the americans financial problems. >> we have a cornerstone to fig. >> the have working behind this seemed to work together to bring in tax revenue and reduce spending on medicare but it is not yet clear what lawmakers will meet next. even if some progress is made a final deal could be a long way away. >> we rarely see the hill and the white house make decisions early they do better when they have a deadline so i would be pleasantly surprised to see a deal emerge earlier. by the end of the year, so we will see. >> tax hikes and steep spending cuts will take place next year. >> 8:41 first, this live look outside at san francisco still very foggy. there are some bridge adviso Search Results 0 to 1 of about 2


text:
Lok Sabha elections 2019: Impact of JD (U)’s special status demand | lok sabha elections | Hindustan Times
Lok Sabha elections 2019: Impact of JD (U)’s special status demand
The JD(U) raised the demand for the special category status to Bihar in the final stages of the 17th Lok Sabha polls.
lok-sabha-elections Updated: May 18, 2019 07:50 IST
Just when Bihar chief minister and Janata Dal (United) supremo, Nitish Kumar, seemed to have reconciled to playing second fiddle to the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), his party sprang a surprise.(PTI)
Just when Bihar chief minister and Janata Dal (United) supremo, Nitish Kumar, seemed to have reconciled to playing second fiddle to the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), his party sprang a surprise.
Having been silent during the first five phases on an issue that is close to Kumar’s heart and remained his key talking point in all the elections since 2005, the JD(U) raised the demand for the special category status to Bihar in the final stages of the 17th Lok Sabha polls.
Senior JD(U) leader, KC Tyagi, told a news conference in Patna last week that the party would make a fresh pitch for its longstanding demand if his party gets 15 Lok Sabha seats in the ongoing elections.
As part of the National Democratic Alliance (NDA), the JD(U) is contesting on 17 of the 40 seats in Bihar with the BJP fighting on 17 and the Lok Janshakti Party (LJP) on the remaining six.
A special category status ensures special economic packages and tax concessions, among other facilities, to help faster growth of backward states.
The opposition Rashtriya Janata Dal (RJD) immediately latched on to Tyagi’s remarks.
“Nitish Kumar will use the special category status issue to desert the BJP once again. He has started preparing the ground,” the party tweeted on its official handle on May 15.
Also read| BSP makes battle triangular in Buxar constituency
RJD leader, Tejashwi Yadav, too, took a jibe at the Bihar chief minister, alleging that Kumar is looking for an opportunity to once again dump the BJP. “He is trying to find the reason for leaving the BJP and the ground for that could be the demand for the special category status to Bihar,” Tejashwi tweeted the same day.
The Congress agreed with its alliance partner and pointed to a viral video of a public meeting at Darbhanga on April 25 in which Prime Minister Narendra Modi and other BJP leaders got up to chant ‘Vande Mataram and Bharat Mata ki Jai” while Kumar remained seated.
“Nitish Kumar is in a dilemma. He is talking about the national security but has a different take on Article 370, communalism, triple talaq and Uniform Civil Code. We can’t rule out (the fact that) he may switch sides again and we have to wait till May 23 [the day votes are counted] for his next move,” Congress spokesperson, Prem Chand Mishra, said.
Political analyst, DM Diwakar, of Patna-based AN Sinha Institute of Social Studies said Kumar is keeping his options open and creating a space for himself by raising the special category status issue. “If the BJP doesn’t get the requisite numbers and if his party is in a position to play a role in next government formation, he will switch sides,” added Diwakar. But JD(U) spokesperson, Neeraj Kumar, said special status is the stated position of his party. “This is also the expectation of the people of Bihar. There is no politics in it,” he said.
Also read| ‘Lantern vs arrow’: Lalu Yadav writes letter to Nitish Kumar
Coinciding with the special status issue came a statement from senior JD(U) leader, Gulam Rasool Balyawi, that if the NDA wants to return to power in 2019, they have to put Kumar at the forefront of the campaign.
The BJP-led NDA government rule has, however, maintained that Bihar would not be granted the state special category status.
Tejashwi on many occasions has sought to create a wedge between the BJP and the JD(U) by pointing out to the “contradictions” within the NDA. Both Tejashwi and RJD supremo, Lalu Prasad, have often mocked Kumar for his repeated political somersaults.
Kumar had taken a moral high ground in June 2013 while breaking his 17-year-old ties with the BJP over the naming of Narendra Modi as its prime ministerial candidate for 2014 Lok Sabha polls.
However, in July 2017, Kumar wholeheartedly thanked Modi for congratulating him over his decision to resign as the chief minister of Mahagathbandhan over allegations of corruption against Prasad’s family members.
For five phases in the current elections, Kumar extensively campaigned on PM Narendra Modi’s popularity, the BJP’s muscular nationalism, decisive action against terrorism, restoring India’s pride globally and national security.
Diwakar said Kumar is playing a smart game and in case the JD(U) doesn’t perform well in the elections, he could easily shift the blame to Modi and the BJP.
“If BJP blames him for the losses, he could turn back and say that they had fought the elections in Modi’s name,” he said.
However, another political analyst, Shaibal Gupta, a founder member-secretary of Asian Development Research Institute in Patna, said the “moral hegemony” of Kumar in 2013 has become diluted in 2019. “When he came back to NDA, he thought he would get the same respect from the BJP he got in 2013. But that respect is not forthcoming now. Even in the election campaign, BJP clearly comes out as the dominant partner though he did salvage some pride by getting 17 seats in the seat sharing,” he said.
But another JD(U) leader, Sanjay Gandhi, dismissed the talk of Kumar playing second fiddle to the BJP. “Since we are fighting the national elections, it is obvious that Nitishji will talk about the achievements of Modiji and the ultimate aim is to win all the 40 seats for the NDA in Bihar,” he said.
First Published: May 18, 2019 07:41 IST
https://www.hindustantimes.com/lok-sabha-elections/lok-sabha-elections-2019-impact-of-jd-u-s-special-status-demand/story-yGFfhZy3GA9PkyO3I2EM0L.html
Impact of JD (U)’s special status demand

value: This website is an Indian English-language daily newspaper introduced and founded in 1924 by Sunder Singh Lyallpuri, founder-father of the Akali movement and the Shiromani Akali Dal in the Punjab Province. It played integral roles in the Indian independence movement as a nationalist daily.


text:
District School No. 20 - Wikipedia
NY 3, S of Co. Rd. 75, Hounsfield, New York
43°55′34″N 76°6′32″W / 43.92611°N 76.10889°W / 43.92611; -76.10889Coordinates: 43°55′34″N 76°6′32″W / 43.92611°N 76.10889°W / 43.92611; -76.10889
Hounsfield MRA
89001619[1]
District School No. 20 is a historic one-room school building located at Hounsfield in Jefferson County, New York. It is a one story, rectangular one room structure built about 1835 of rubble Chaumont limestone. It was last used as a school in 1938.[2]
^ a b National Park Service (2009-03-13). "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. ^ Tania Werbizky (October 1988). "National Register of Historic Places Registration: District School No. 20". New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation. Retrieved 2009-12-10. See also: "Accompanying five photo". v
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=District_School_No._20&oldid=751767423"	Categories: One-room schoolhouses in New YorkSchoolhouses in the United StatesSchool buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in New YorkSchool buildings completed in 1835Buildings and structures in Jefferson County, New YorkNational Register of Historic Places in Jefferson County, New YorkJefferson County, New York Registered Historic Place stubsHidden categories: Coordinates on WikidataAll stub articles	Navigation menu
Add links	This page was last edited on 27 November 2016, at 18:58.


text:
Tactical Military Green Laser Gun Dot Sight Rifle Hunt Scope Rail Remote Switch | eBay
muchadeal99 (8071 )
Details about Tactical Military Green Laser Gun Dot Sight Rifle Hunt Scope Rail Remote Switch
Tactical Military Green Laser Gun Dot Sight Rifle Hunt Scope Rail Remote Switch
- Select - Only 1 Pc Rifle Gun laser 1 PC Rifle Gun laser + 1 Pc 16... 1 Pc Rifle Gun laser +2 Pcs 16...
Tactical For Rifle Gun Red Green Dot Laser Sight Rail Barrel Mount Remote Switch
Tactical Rifle Dot Sight Scope Red Laser Lazer Gun Beam w/Mount Pistol Hunting
Hunting Tactical Green Laser Sight Remote Switch and Offest Mount Suit 20mm Rail
223281518363
Last updated on Aug 15, 2019 13:07:03 PDT View all revisions
Laser Color: Green Mounting: Rail
Wavelength: 532nm Color:
Package-1: Only 1 Pc Green Rifle Gun laser Powered by: 1x 16340 Battery
Package-2: 1 Pc Green Rifle Gun laser + 1 Pc 16340 battery Reching Distance: 980ft/300m
Type: Remote Model:
Green Laser Sight Dot Gun
Package-3: 1Pc Rifle Gun laser +2Pc 16340 battery+1Pc Charger Country/Region of Manufacture: China
Size: 120x30mm
SUPER FAST SHIPPING, JUST AS DESCRIBED, GREAT SELLER, THANKS .....A++++++++++
10 days to deliver but works great ! thanks Jim ! 👍
item as described. AAAAA=++++ seller.... fast shipping.
Fast Shipping. Good items. Thanks.
Excellent. As Described. Recommend. Thank You For A Pleasant Transaction.
Took over 3 weeks to receive, and the battery charger does not work

value: This website is an American multinational e-commerce corporation based in San Jose, California, that facilitates consumer-to-consumer and business-to-consumer sales through its website.


text:
Amazon.com: PUMA Women's Epic Flip (Mdvl Blue/Cabaret 11.5 M): Sandals: Shoes
PUMA Women's Epic Flip (Mdvl Blue/Cabaret 11.5 M)
Mdvl Blue/Cabaret
B009SMX09O
Amazon Best Sellers Rank: #83,160 in Shoes (See Top 100 in Shoes) Average Customer Review:
See all 48 customer reviews Very simple, comfortable and cute.StaceyeichenlaubThe sole is thick enough to walk around without feeling everything on the ground.jillThe quality of this product is extraordinary.rosemarie
1 of 1 people found the following review helpfultoo broad
on June 18, 2013Color Name: Black/Raspberry RoseSize Name: 9.5 B(M) US
the design was okay but the slipper or flip flop was too broad for a ladies foot,unless you have a broad foot to fit it it may not fit you good
on December 21, 2012Color Name: Black/Raspberry RoseSize Name: 8.5 B(M) US
i bought my first pair of these sandals in rome this summer - my feet were KILLING me after walking around. i have plantar faciitis, like most people nowadays, and these were the only shoes i could stand to wear the rest of the trip. when i came home, i bought a second pair. they mold to your feet, so after a lot of wearing, they get a bit squished, which is the only downside. the straps are cushy, which is great - no plastic!
1 of 1 people found the following review helpfulVery True to Size
on April 24, 2012Color Name: Summer Green/WhiteSize Name: 10.5 B(M) US
These flippy floppies are SUPER comfortable. And I love the colors! I have the white/green ones and the pink/grey ones. I wear puma tennis shoes and the 10.5 fits me perfectly, so I ordered the 10.5 flops as well. They fit, but they are made to fit perfectly to a 10.5 size foot. So if you're like me and like to wear flops a little big, get a size bigger than what you need. The 10.5 still fit and I don't think I'm going to get the bigger size, but I'll have to break them in a bit before they fit the way I like. They are great though, and seem really durable. Worth every penny.
Cheaply made but cheap to buy
Jillian P Dunkleberger
on October 31, 2013Color Name: Black/Raspberry RoseSize Name: 7.5 B(M) US
They are cheap flip flops - one step up from old navy. The fabric thong part are comfy more so than the plastic ones but the foam base is thin and flattens easily.
on October 22, 2013Color Name: Black/Raspberry RoseSize Name: 9.5 B(M) US
wore them everyday since i got them in the spring all the way through summer and they stayed soft and comfy the whole time surprisingly.
on October 6, 2013Color Name: Black/Raspberry RoseSize Name: 7.5 B(M) US
These are super cute to wear to the beach or casual day out. I took one star away as the are not supportive at all but for an easy breezy look they are cuter than most other flipies on the market.
staci dillinger
on October 2, 2013Color Name: Black/Raspberry RoseSize Name: 8.5 B(M) US
fit just the way i expected them too. look just the same as they do in the picture. i wore them all summer and they held up to my tough wear and tear. ill be wearing them again next summer :)
on September 12, 2013Color Name: Black/Raspberry RoseSize Name: 8.5 B(M) US
I love these flip flops.. Most comfortable EVER. I've worn this style for years now.Amazon is great.. Always carries what I'm looking for... Thanks Amazon!!!
Published 5 months ago by chocolate a must
I get a lot of compliments. they are so cute and made so well. I wore for a long walk and the material stuck to my feet and gave me a huge blister across the whole pad of my foot!
Published 15 months ago by Elaine Barclay
Not my favorite Puma flip flops
These flip flops are super comfortable, but they are not my favorite. Unfortunately, Puma decided to discontinue my favorite ones which everyone seemed to like?!
Published 16 months ago by Alanna Almgren
When I want to not wear anything on my feet but need to these are my go to flip flops. Feels like barefeet almost. Very ahppy with them.
Published 17 months ago by Susan Moore
the fabric is kind of weak haven't had these very long and the one side broke was really bummed about it :(
Published 17 months ago by Manda Kennedy
Puma size 11 1/2 flip flops
Love the color, I expected dark pink and I got it. The extra layer on sole is good too. The toe strap is soft ans cozy.
Quality is about a 5-6 kind of expected more for the price did arrive quickly overall okay maybe would buy again just would like for the material to be a little more comfortable
SUPER COMFORTABLE DUE TO WIDE WIDTH!
This is the first pair of flip flops I've ever purchased. I chose this pair and brand due to reading the reviews on many different pairs listed on Amazon.
PUMA Epic Sandal
PUMA Women's Epic Flip Shoe
Ground Yellow Sulfur Powder Feed Grade Pure Elemental Commercial Flour No Additives
$9.99 Nike Women's Celso Girl Thong Sandal
$11.50 - $150.00

value: This website is an American multinational technology company which focuses on e-commerce, cloud computing, digital streaming, and artificial intelligence.


text:
Cuentos Urbanos De Ronaldinho | eBay Please enable JavaScript Our new search experience requires JavaScript to be enabled. Please enable JavaScript on your browser, then try again.
Skip to main contenteBayShop by categoryEnter your search keywordAll CategoriesAntiquesArtBabyBooksBusiness & IndustrialCameras & PhotoCell Phones & AccessoriesClothing, Shoes & AccessoriesCoins & Paper MoneyCollectiblesComputers/Tablets & NetworkingConsumer ElectronicsCraftsDolls & BearsDVDs & MovieseBay MotorsEntertainment MemorabiliaGift Cards & CouponsHealth & BeautyHome & GardenJewelry & WatchesMusicMusical Instruments & GearPet SuppliesPottery & GlassReal EstateSpecialty ServicesSporting GoodsSports Mem, Cards & Fan ShopStampsTickets & ExperiencesToys & HobbiesTravelVideo Games & ConsolesEverything ElseAdvanced or register':' style="margin-right:3px">Hi -User-!'.replace(/-User-/,escape(a)))+"")}catch(b){document.write("")}})();Hi (Sign in to bid or buy)Daily DealsGift CardsSellHelp & ContactMy eBayExpand My eBaySummaryBids/OffersWatch listWish listAll listsPurchase historySellingMy CollectionsFollowed searchesMessagesNotification Refine your search for Cuentos Urbanos De Ronaldinho
results for Cuentos Urbanos De Ronaldinho
Follow Cuentos Urbanos De Ronaldinho to get e-mail alerts and updates on your eBay Feed.
Unfollow Cuentos Urbanos De Ronaldinho to stop getting updates on your eBay Feed.
Yay! You're now following Cuentos Urbanos De Ronaldinho in your eBay Feed.You will receive email alerts for new listings. Dont send me e-mail alerts.
Cuentos Urbanos De Ronaldinho: eBay determines this price through a machine learned model of the product's sale prices within the last 90 days.