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Patent US20070260125 - Minimally open retraction device - Google PatentsSearch Images Maps Play YouTube News Gmail Drive More »Sign inAdvanced Patent SearchPatentsA retractor having a pair of blades is disclosed. A ring having an opening is attached to one end of the blades. The blades define a channel therebetween. The blades may be pivotally coupled to the ring. The retractor may have at least two conditions. In a first condition, the retractor is insertable...http://www.google.com/patents/US20070260125?utm_source=gb-gplus-sharePatent US20070260125 - Minimally open retraction deviceAdvanced Patent SearchPublication numberUS20070260125 A1Publication typeApplicationApplication numberUS 11/799,576Publication dateNov 8, 2007Filing dateMay 2, 2007Priority dateMay 2, 2006Also published asWO2008136802A1Publication number11799576, 799576, US 2007/0260125 A1, US 2007/260125 A1, US 20070260125 A1, US 20070260125A1, US 2007260125 A1, US 2007260125A1, US-A1-20070260125, US-A1-2007260125, US2007/0260125A1, US2007/260125A1, US20070260125 A1, US20070260125A1, US2007260125 A1, US2007260125A1InventorsKevin Strauss, Josef Gorek, Larry McClintock, John KostuikOriginal AssigneeStrauss Kevin R, Josef Gorek, Mcclintock Larry, John KostuikExport CitationBiBTeX, EndNote, RefManPatent Citations (41), Referenced by (5), Classifications (7), Legal Events (4) External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, EspacenetMinimally open retraction deviceUS 20070260125 A1Abstract A retractor having a pair of blades is disclosed. A ring having an opening is attached to one end of the blades. The blades define a channel therebetween. The blades may be pivotally coupled to the ring. The retractor may have at least two conditions. In a first condition, the retractor is insertable through an incision in a patient's skin to an operative site. In a second condition, the retractor may be manipulated for retracting tissue surrounding the operative site. Instruments, prostheses, or tissue may be inserted or removed through the channel of the retractor. Images(12) Claims(22)
1. A surgical retractor comprising: a first elongate member; a first arcuate member attached to one end of the first elongate member, the first arcuate member having an arc of at least 180�; and a first rod attached to an outer surface of the first arcuate member. 2. The surgical retractor of claim 1, further including: a second elongate member and a second arcuate member attached to a distal end of the second elongate member, the second arcuate member having an arc of at least 180�, wherein the first and second arcuate members are attached to one another. 3. The surgical retractor of claim 2, further including a second rod attached to the second arcuate member, the first and second rods extending outwards from a center of the surgical retractor. 4. The surgical retractor of claim 3, wherein the elongate members are bendable with respect to the arcuate members. 5. The surgical retractor of claim 3, wherein the arcuate members define an opening of the surgical retractor, the opening configured and dimensioned to accommodate a surgical instrument therethrough. 6. The surgical retractor of claim 1, wherein the first rod is adapted to fit within a passageway of a pedicle screw. 7. A surgical retraction device comprising: first and second sections, each section including: an elongate member, an arcuate member attached to a distal end of the elongate member, the arcuate member including first and second opposed rod portions extending therefrom, the first rod portion having a longitudinal slot, and the second rod portion having a rib disposed thereon, the slots of the first rod portions configured and dimensioned for slidable engagement with the ribs of the second rod portions. 8. The surgical retraction device of claim 7, wherein the first and second sections are coupled such that the first rod portions slidably engage the second rod portions, and the first and second sections are movable relative to each other. 9. The surgical retraction device of claim 8, wherein an opening is defined by the first and second arcuate members and relative movement of the first and second sections causes a change in size of the opening. 10. The surgical retraction device of claim 7, wherein the elongate members are bendable with respect to the arcuate portions. 11. The surgical retraction device of claim 7, wherein at least one of the first and second rod portions is adapted to fit within a passageway of a pedicle screw. 12. A surgical retractor comprising: a ring member; at least one elongate member pivotally coupled to the ring member; and at least one rod portion attached to an outer surface of the ring member and extending away from a center of the ring member. 13. The surgical retractor of claim 12, wherein the ring member defines an opening, the opening dimensioned for allowing a surgical instrument to pass therethrough. 14. The surgical retractor of claim 12, wherein pivotal movement of the at least one elongate members retracts tissue, thereby increasing the dimensions of an operative site. 15. The surgical retractor of claim 12, wherein the at least one rod portion is adapted to fit within a passageway of a pedicle screw. 16. The surgical retractor of claim 12, wherein the retractor includes at least two elongate members. 17. The surgical retractor of claim 16, wherein a first state of the surgical retractor is defined when proximal portions of the elongate members are in close approximation. 18. The surgical retractor of claim 16, wherein the ring member is substantially parallel to the at least one elongate member. 19. A surgical retractor comprising: an arcuate member; first and second rod extensions, attached to ends of the arcuate member; a first elongate member having an opening defined at a distal end thereof, the distal end configured and adapted for slidably receiving a portion of either rod extension; and a second elongate member that is pivotally coupled to the arcuate member. 20. The surgical retractor of claim 19, wherein the first elongate member is pivotable about a longitudinal axis of the rod extensions. 21. The surgical retractor of claim 19, wherein pivotal movement of either elongate member displaces tissue surrounding an operative site. 22. The surgical retractor of claim 19, wherein a first state is defined when proximal regions of the elongate members are in close approximation, such that the surgical retractor has a reduced profile for insertion into an opening in tissue.
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS This application claims priority from, and the benefits of, U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/796,921 filed on May 2, 2006, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.
BACKGROUND 1. Technical Field The present disclosure relates generally to orthopedic spine surgery and, in particular, to a minimally open retraction device and methods for its use in a minimally open surgical procedure. 2. Background of Related Art In recent years minimally open surgical approaches have been applied to orthopedic spine surgery and more recently to spine fusions involving one or more vertebral bodies. Unlike minimally invasive procedures such as arthroscopic knee surgery or gallbladder surgery where the affected area is contained within a small region of the body, spine surgery involving a fusion typically spans a considerably larger length or portion of the body. For this reason, the idea of performing a minimally open procedure on the spine has only recently been approached. Minimally open surgery offers significant advantages over conventional open surgery. At the onset, the skin incision and subsequent scar are significantly smaller. By using more than one small incision rather than one large incision the need for extensive tissue and muscle retraction is greatly reduced. This leads to significantly less post-operative pain, shorter hospital length-of-stay and a faster recovery overall. A truly minimally open spine procedure should constitute the smallest damage or disruption possible to the surrounding anatomy. While there may be more than one incision or one long incision, depending on the number of levels needing attention, it is the amount of muscle retraction and scraping that will result in less operative trauma for the patient. A minimally open procedure is also less expensive, reduces hospitalization time, causes less pain and scarring, reduces the incidence of complications, such as surgical site infections, and has an increased speed of recovery. A typical spine fusion in the lumbar region, whereby at least two vertebral bodies are rigidly connected using screws implanted into the vertebral body and a solid metal rod spanning the distance between said screws, is by its nature not very conducive to a minimally open approach. Furthermore, a spine fusion is typically supported by implanting one or more interbodies into the disc space either using an anterior or posterior approach. An anterior approach requires a separate incision whereby the surgeon accesses the patient's spine through the abdomen. One advantage is the interbody used in this procedure closely matches the footprint of the adjacent vertebral bodies. The disadvantage is that an anterior procedure is typically performed at a different time and requires its own incision and access. A posterior approach to interbody implantation can be achieved through the same incision as that of the pedicle screws. Implantation of a Posterior Lumbar Interbody Fusion (PLIF) device requires bilateral removal of the facet joint while implantation of a Transforaminal Lumbar Interbody Fusion (TLIF) device can be achieved unilaterally and may require removal of only one facet joint. The advantage of the TLIF is that only one device is implanted into the disc space whereas a PLIF requires two bilateral implants. While the implantation of pedicle screws can be achieved with relatively little site preparation, interbody implantation requires considerable work. Once the facet joint is removed, the surgeon can begin removing the disc. One or more instruments may be needed to access the site at any time as well as sufficient lighting and suction. To perform these tasks the surgeon needs a suitable opening or channel to work through. There has been considerable development of retractors and retractor systems for minimally invasive procedures, with most of the new technologies being based on traditional types of surgical retractors for open procedures, predominantly table-mounted devices of various designs. These prior art devices are large and bulky and frequently do not adapt well to a less invasive approach. Standard hand-held surgical retractors are well known in the prior art and can be modified to fit the contours of these smaller incisions, but they require manual manipulation to maintain their position. Typical retractors also are positioned into the soft tissue and levered back to hold the wound open, frequently requiring re-positioning if they dislodge, obstruct the view, or the access ways. Several minimally open or minimally invasive access devices currently exist to achieve the goal of a suitable working channel. Most are either mounted to the surgical table or held in place by the surgeon or an assistant. Table mounted retractors offer little by way of flexibility. Furthermore, they do not offer a relationship or positional guidance with respect to the patient. Handheld retractors offer greater flexibility but require an extra hand to maintain position. They also may or may not offer a fixed relationship to the patient but in either case can easily be knocked out of position. Furthermore, handheld retractors typically offer a very long and narrow fixed channel to work through making the procedure even more challenging. Finally, any of the above mentioned retractors typically require a form of dilation to obtain the initial opening. Circular or oblong dilators are well known in the art. SUMMARY The present disclosure is directed towards retractors configured for use in minimally invasive procedures. In particular, embodiments of the present disclosure include retractors that are configurable for insertion through a minimal opening in the patient's skin and are reconfigurable for retracting tissue surrounding a selected operative site. According to one embodiment of the present disclosure, the minimally open retraction device includes first and second elongate members or blades. The blades are generally arcuate and define a generally funnel shaped channel that extends through the retractor. A ring member is attached to the distal ends of the blades. The ring member has an opening extending therethrough. The blades are repositionable between a closely approximated position and a spaced apart position. In the closely approximated position, the retractor is insertable and removable through the incision in the patient's skin. After the retractor is inserted into an operative site, the blades are manipulated by the practitioner to retract tissue surrounding the operative site. In addition, the ring member may include opposing rod portions for attaching the retractor to pedicle screws located in the operative site. According to another presently disclosed embodiment, the retractor includes first and second sections. Each section includes a ring portion attached to a distal end of an elongate member or blade. The blade has a generally arcuate configuration. A pair of rod portions extends outwards from opposing ends of the ring portion. The rod portions of one section include complementary structures for slidably engaging the corresponding rod portions of the other section such that the rod portions are slidable relative to each other. When assembled, the ring portions define an opening and the arcuate blades define a generally funnel shaped channel that is in communication with the opening. Since the rod portions are slidably coupled, the size and shape of the opening is variable. As in the previous embodiment, the retractor may be coupled to pedicle screws. In a further embodiment of the minimally open retraction device or retractor, the retractor includes a pair of elongate members or blades that are operatively coupled to a ring member. The ring member is located at the distal ends of the blades and has an opening therethrough. Each blade includes a hole near its distal end. The hole cooperates with a loop that is attached to the ring member such that each blade is pivotally coupled to the ring member. A pair of opposing rod portions is attached to the ring member. As such, the retractor blades can be repositioned into close approximation with each other that rotates the ring about an axis of the rod portions. In this state, the retractor has a minimal profile and may be inserted through a minimal incision or opening in the patient. Once inserted, the retractor is manipulated to a second state for retracting tissue surrounding the operative site. As in previous embodiments, the retractor may be attached to pedicle screws located in the operative site. In an alternative embodiment of the present disclosure, the minimally open retraction device or retractor includes an arcuate member having opposing rod portions extending from the ends of the arcuate member. One blade includes a hole that cooperates with a loop attached to the arcuate member. The other blade has an arcuately shaped cutout in its distal region and a pair of protrusions with bores. The bores are sized to cooperate with the rod portions such that the blade is rotatable about the rod portions. In addition, the arcuate cutout and the arcuate member define an opening in the retractor. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS Embodiments of the presently disclosed minimally open retraction device are described herein with reference to the accompanying drawings, wherein: FIG. 1A is a top view of a minimally open retraction device according to an embodiment of the present disclosure; FIG. 1B is a front perspective view of the minimally open retraction device of FIG. 1A; FIG. 1C is a front perspective view of the minimally open retraction device of FIG. 1A attached to a pair of pedicle screws; FIG. 2A is a top view of a first section of a minimally open retraction device according to another embodiment of the present disclosure; FIG. 2B is an enlarged bottom perspective view of a second section of the minimally open retraction device illustrating features of extension members; FIG. 2C is a bottom perspective view of the two sections of the minimally open retraction device of FIGS. 2A and 2B as assembled; FIG. 3A is a side perspective view of a minimally open retraction device according to a further embodiment of the present disclosure in a first state; FIG. 3B is a front view of the minimally open retraction device of FIG. 3A; FIG. 3C is a top view of the minimally open retraction device of FIG. 3A shown in a second state; FIG. 3D is a front perspective view of the minimally open retraction device of FIG. 3C; FIG. 3E is a side perspective view of the minimally open retraction device of FIG. 3A attached to a pair of pedicle screws; FIG. 4A is a side perspective view of a minimally open retraction device in a first state according to an alternate embodiment of present disclosure; FIG. 4B is a side perspective view of the minimally open retraction device of FIG. 4A in a second state; FIG. 4C is a top view of the minimally open retraction device of FIG. 4A; FIG. 4D is a side perspective view of the minimally open retraction device of FIG. 4B attached to a pair of pedicle screws; FIG. 4E is a top perspective view of an alternate embodiment of the minimally open retraction device of FIG. 4A; FIG. 5A is a perspective view of a further embodiment of the presently disclosed minimally open retraction device; FIG. 5B is a bottom perspective view of the minimally open retraction device of FIG. 5A shown in one configuration; FIG. 5C is a bottom perspective view of the minimally open retraction device of FIG. 5A shown in a second configuration; FIG. 6A is a top plan view of a minimally open retraction device according to a further embodiment of the present disclosure; FIG. 6B is a side plan view of the minimally open retraction device of FIG. 6A; FIG. 7A is a top perspective view of a minimally open retraction device according to an alternate embodiment of the present disclosure; FIG. 7B is a bottom perspective view of the minimally open retraction device of FIG. 7A in an insertion condition; FIG. 8 is a side perspective view of a temporary set screw; and FIG. 9 is a top perspective view of the minimally open retraction device of FIG. 4E installed onto a pair of pedicle screws.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS Embodiments of the presently disclosed minimally open retraction device will now be described in detail with reference to the drawing figures wherein like reference numerals identify similar or identical elements. In the drawings and in the description which follows, the term �proximal�, as is traditional, will refer to the end of the minimally open retraction device which is closest to the operator while the term �distal� will refer to the end of the device which is furthest from the operator. Referring now in detail to FIGS. 1A-1C, in which like reference numerals identify similar or identical elements, a minimally open retraction device, in accordance with a first embodiment of the disclosure, is generally designated as 100. As shown in FIGS. 1A and 1B, a minimally open retraction device, or retractor 100 includes first and second elongate members or blades 110, 120. Each of the blades 110, 120 include a proximal end 112, 122 and a distal end 114, 124. In addition, each blade 110, 120 is arcuately shaped and formed from a resilient polymeric material. The distal ends 114, 124 are attached to a ring 130 that includes an opening 132 therethrough. On opposing portions of the ring 130 are rod portions or extension members 140, 150. The ring 130 and the rod portions 140, 150 are formed from polyethylene. Although the rod portions 140, 150 are illustrated as having a cross shaped configuration, other geometric shapes are contemplated (e.g. circular, hexagonal, or rectangular). It is contemplated that the distal ends 114, 124 of the blades 110, 120 are integrally formed with the ring 130. It is further contemplated that other suitable biocompatible materials (e.g. polyethylene, polypropylene, polycarbonate, polyetheretherketone, stainless steel, or titanium) may be used. In instances where a metallic material is selected, the material has a thickness that allows each blade 110, 120 to bend and retract tissue. It is also contemplated that the thickness of each blade 110, 120 may vary along its length, thereby adjusting its rigidity and flexibility for a selected procedure. The ring member 130 is formed from a material that is more rigid than the material selected to form blades 110, 120. By forming the ring member 130 from a more rigid material than the blades 110, 120, the geometry of the retractor 100 and the opening 132 are maintained during retraction of the surrounding tissue. In addition, each of the blades 110, 120 include a plurality of orifices 50. The orifices 50 are adapted to cooperate with a conventional instrument such as a Gelpi retractor. Each blade 110, 120 is generally arcuate such that when the blades 110, 120 are moved towards each other (i.e. approximated), the retractor 100 defines a funnel shaped channel 160 therebetween. The channel 160 is in communication with the opening 132 of the ring 130. As such, the channel 160 permits access to the operative site and the introduction and/or removal of surgical instruments, tissue, or prosthetic devices from the operative site. In addition, as shown in FIG. 1C, the retractor 100 may be coupled to a pair of pedicle screws 10. As is known in the art, the pedicle screws may be monoaxial or polyaxial. Each pedicle screw 10 includes a head 12 defining a channel 14. A set screw 16 may be threaded into the head 12. The pedicle screw 10 also includes a threaded shank 18 for engagement with a selected bone structure (e.g. a vertebral body). Each of the rod portions 140, 150 is configured and adapted to fit within the channel 14 of the pedicle screw 10. When a rod portion 140, 150 is positioned within the channel 14, the set screw 16 is tightened and secures the rod portion 140, 150 relative to the pedicle screw 10. The set screw 16 may be loosened so that the practitioner may adjust the positioning of the rod portion 140, 150 relative to the pedicle screw 10 and then re-tightened when the rod portion 140, 150 is in a desired position. In addition, the structural rigidity of the ring member 130 maintains the distance between the pedicle screws 10 during the surgical procedure. The retractor 100 is installed through an incision or opening created in the patient's skin using techniques and instruments that are known in the art. In one embodiment, the retractor 100 is installed through a minimal incision or opening. Once the incision is made in a desired location and the pedicle screws 10 are positioned in the selected bone structures, the retractor 100 is inserted into the incision. Working subcutaneously, the practitioner manipulates the retractor 100 into a desired position and maneuvers the rod portions 140, 150 into the channels 14 of the respective pedicle screws 10. The retractor 100 may then be moved along an axis defined between the pedicle screws 10, thereby allowing the practitioner to finely adjust the location of the retractor 100. Once the retractor 100 is in the desired location, the practitioner tightens the set screws 16 to secure the position of the retractor 100. Additionally, one or both of the set screws 16 may be loosened or loosely installed in their respective pedicle screws 10, thereby allowing the practitioner to reposition the retractor without necessitating removal and reinstallation of the retractor 100. Subsequent to any repositioning, the practitioner tightens the set screws 16 to lock the retractor 100 in position. Once the retractor 100 is in the desired location, the practitioner manipulates the blades 110, 120 by bending them outwards to retract tissue at the operative site, thereby increasing the size of the access opening at the operative site. As such, the retractor 100 may be inserted through a relatively small opening and expanded to enlarge the opening for subsequent surgical procedures. Instruments, tissue, and/or prosthetic devices may then be inserted or removed through the opening 132. The channel 160 and the opening 132 provide a convenient access portal for the practitioner to perform surgical procedures at the operative site. Advantageously, the shape of the access opening created using the devices and methods disclosed herein is generally funnel shaped, with a narrower section disposed within the incision localized on the area of interest between the pedicle screws, the location of the ring at the base of the funnel being secured relative to the pedicle screws. The funnel shape defined by the retractor with the flexible blades spread apart provides increased access space at the proximal portion of the incision, thereby providing increased visibility and the ability to insert and remove additional instrumentation such as suction, irrigation or lighting without interfering with the surgeon's ability to operate in the operative area at or below the bottom of the funnel shaped device. In an alternate embodiment of the present disclosure, a minimally open retraction device is illustrated in FIGS. 2A-2C. The minimally open retraction device, or retractor is generally designated as 200 (FIG. 2C). FIG. 2A illustrates one section 200 a of the retractor 200 with the other section 200 b being substantially similar. The section 200 a includes an elongate member or blade 210 having a proximal end 212 and a distal end 214. The blade 210 is arcuately shaped and formed from a flexible polymeric material similar to the materials used in manufacturing retractor 100. An arcuate ring 230 is attached to the distal end of the retractor 200. The arcuate ring 230 is formed from ring portions 230 a, 230 b that are at the distal ends 214, 224 of the blades 210, 220 (FIG. 2C). It is contemplated that the distal ends 214, 224 are integrally formed with the ring portions 230 a, 230 b. At the ends of the ring member 230, a pair of opposing rod portions 240, 250 is attached. The ring member 230 and the rod portions 240, 250 combine to define a substantially hemispherical structure. In particular, the rod portions 240, 250 are attached to opposing ends of the ring member 230 and extend outwards therefrom. The ring member 230 is formed from a resilient polymeric material and may be stretched or compressed accordingly. The rod portions 240, 250 are generally hemispherical structures. Each of the rod portions 240, 250 include a planar surface 244, 254. As shown in FIGS. 2B and 2C, the planar surface 244 of rod portion 240 is separated from the planar surface 254 of rod portion 250 by approximately 180�. Further still, the planar surface 244 includes a rib 242 that extends above the surface of planar surface 244. The planar surface 254 includes a channel 252 that is recessed below the planar surface 254. The rib 242 and the channel 252 are complementary in that they are both configured and dimensioned for slidably engaging one another. As assembled, the retractor 200 (FIG. 2C) includes first and second sections 200 a, 200 b. The sections 200 a, 200 b are coupled together such that the ribs 242 slidably engage the channels 252 as described hereinabove. This arrangement permits the practitioner to vary the size of the opening 232 as will be described in detail hereinbelow. As in the previous embodiment, the blades 210, 220 are bendable in relation to the ring 230 such that the retractor 200 retracts tissue surrounding the operative site. Similar to the previous embodiment, the operative site is prepared by forming an incision or an opening in the patient's skin using known techniques and equipment. The pedicle screws 10 may be installed in the selected bone structures either before the incision is made or subsequent to its creation. Once the incision is created at the operative site, the practitioner installs the retractor 200. In a first technique, the practitioner couples the first and second sections 200 a, 200 b as described above and inserts the assembled retractor 200 into the incision. The assembled retractor 200 may be positioned between the pedicle screws 10 using the techniques discussed with regards to retractor 100. As such, the retractor 200 may be substituted for the retractor 100 that is illustrated in FIG. 1C. The slidable arrangement between the first and second sections 200 a, 200 b permits the practitioner to vary the size and configuration of the opening 232. After the assembled rod portions 240, 250 are positioned in their respective channels 14 of the pedicle screws 10, the practitioner may slide the respective rod portions 240, 250 relative to one another, thereby expanding or contracting (i.e. re-configuring) the opening 232. Thus, the retractor 200 is capable of being installed through an incision and joining adjacent pedicle screws 10 without the necessity of sizing the retractor 200 to the operative site prior to commencing the surgical procedure. As such, the increased flexibility of the retractor 200 allows the practitioner to install the pedicle screws 10 in desired locations, form the incision between the pedicle screws 10, install the retractor 200, and adjust the size of the opening 232 for accommodating the distance between the pedicle screws 10. As shown in FIG. 2C, the retractor 200 is in its default condition. In this condition, the effective length of the retractor 200 is defined by the distance between the distal ends of the rod portions 240, 250 of either section 200 a, 200 b. If the distance between the pedicle screws 10 is greater than the distance between the end regions of the rod portions 240, 250, the practitioner merely slides the rod portions 240, 250 away from each other (i.e. away from a center of the opening 232) and effectively increases the overall length of the retractor 200 such that it may be attached to the pedicle screws 10 and locked in position using the set screws 16. Alternatively, if the distance between the pedicle screws 10 is less than the distance between the rod portions 240, 250, the practitioner may slide the rod portions 240, 250 towards each other (i.e. towards a center of the opening 232) and effectively reduce the overall length of the retractor 200 prior to securing it to the pedicle screws 10 using the set screws 16. In addition, by altering the effective length of the retractor 200, the configuration of the opening 232 in ring 230 is also altered. When the effective length of the retractor 200 is increased, the ring portions 230 a, 230 b are stretched and define a generally elliptical opening having its long axis along a longitudinal axis of the rod portions 240, 250. When the effective length of the retractor 200 is decreased, the ring portions 230 a, 230 b are compressed forming a generally elliptical opening with its short axis along the longitudinal axis of the rod portions 240, 250. Referring now to FIGS. 3A-3E, a further embodiment of the present disclosure is illustrated. The minimally open retraction device or retractor is generally designated as 300. The retractor 300 includes first and second elongate members or blades 310, 320. Each blade 310, 320 includes a proximal end 312, 322 and a distal end 314, 324. In addition, each blade 310, 320 has a generally arcuate shape. The ring member 330 is attached to the distal ends 314, 324 of the blades 310, 320. The ring member 330 is a circular structure having an opening 332 and a pair of outwardly extending rod portions 340, 350. As in each of the previous embodiments, the ring member is formed from a material having greater rigidity (i.e. structural strength) that the material used to form each of the blades 310, 320. By using a more rigid material, the ring member 330 maintains its geometry during the surgical procedure and further maintains the distance between the pedicle screws 10 as will be discussed hereinbelow in connection with FIG. 3E. Each of the rod portions 340, 350 have a generally cylindrical shape and are located in opposition to one another such that they are approximately 180� apart from each other on an outer surface of the ring member 330. The rod portions 340, 350 may also have different geometric configurations such as rectangular, hexagonal, or cross shaped. The blades 310, 320 are pivotally coupled to the ring member 330 and are positioned such that the points of attachment are approximately 180� apart on the ring member 330. In one embodiment, the distal ends 314, 324 are pivotally coupled to the ring member 330 via loops 316, 326. The loops 316, 326 are fixedly attached to the ring member 330, while each of the blades 310, 320 are movable along the loops 316, 326 via a hole 318, 328 (FIG. 3E) in each of the blades 310, 320. Thus, the blades 310, 320 are capable of retracting surrounding tissue once the retractor 300 is positioned in a desired location by urging the blades 310, 320 away from each other and retracting the surrounding tissue. As in the previous embodiments, one or both of the blades 310, 320 may be manipulated to retract tissue. The retractor 300 is capable of being transitioned from a first condition (FIG. 3A) to a second condition (FIG. 3C). In the first condition, the retractor 300 has a minimum profile, thereby facilitating its insertion into an operative site since the blades 310, 320 are in close approximation with each other and the ring member 330 is substantially parallel with at least one of the blades. By manipulating the blades 310, 320, the practitioner rotates the ring member 330 to a position that is substantially perpendicular to the blades 310, 320 (i.e. the second condition) when the retractor 300 is located in the operative site, thereby defining the opening at the base of the retractor 300 adjacent the pedicle screws 10. Specifically referring to FIG. 3E, the retractor 300 is shown connected to a pair of pedicle screws 10. The pedicle screws 10 are attached to selected bone structures in the patient's body using techniques and instruments that are known in the art. Once the incision is made in a desired location and the pedicle screws 10 are positioned in the selected bone structures, the retractor 300 is inserted into the incision with the retractor 300 initially in its first condition (i.e. a minimal profile). Working subcutaneously, the practitioner manipulates the retractor 300 into a desired position and maneuvers the rod portions 340, 350 into the channels 14 of the respective pedicle screws 10. The retractor 300 may then be moved along an axis defined between the pedicle screws 10 allowing the practitioner to finely adjust the location of the retractor 300. Once the retractor 300 is in the desired location, the practitioner tightens the set screws 16 to secure the position of the retractor 300. Alternatively, one or both of the set screws 16 may be loosened or loosely installed in their respective pedicle screws 10, thereby allowing the practitioner to reposition the retractor without necessitating removal and reinstallation of the retractor 300. Subsequent to any repositioning, the practitioner tightens the set screws 16 to lock the retractor 300 in position. Once the retractor 300 is in the desired location, the practitioner manipulates the retractor 300 and spreads apart the retractor blades 310, 320, such that the retractor 300 transitions from its first condition to its second, funnel-shaped condition, thereby allowing the practitioner access to the operative site and retracting tissue surrounding the operative site. In addition, the practitioner manipulates the blades 310, 320 by bending them outwards to retract tissue at the operative site, thereby increasing the size of the opening at the operative site. As such, the retractor 300 may be inserted through a relatively small opening and expanded to enlarge the opening for subsequent surgical procedures. Instruments, tissue, and/or prosthetic devices may then be inserted or removed through the opening 332. The channel 360 and the opening 332 provide a convenient access portal for the practitioner to perform surgical procedures at the operative site. In addition, since the ring member 330 is formed from a material that is more rigid than the material selected for the blades 310, 320, the ring member 330 maintains its geometric configuration during the retraction process. Additionally, since the ring member 330 resists deformation, it maintains the relative positions of the pedicle screws 10 to each other during the retraction procedure. Another embodiment of the presently disclosed minimally open retraction device is illustrated in FIGS. 4A-4D and is generally designated as 400. The minimally open retraction device or retractor 400 includes first and second elongate members or blades 410, 420. Each blade 410, 420 includes a proximal end 412, 422 and a distal end 414, 424. In addition, each blade 410, 420 has a generally arcuate shape. The distal end 424 of the blade 420 has an arcuately shaped cutout 423. An arcuate member 430 is releasably and pivotably coupled to the distal ends 414, 424 of the blades 410, 420. The arcuate member 430 has a pair of outwardly extending rod portions 440, 450. Each of the rod portions 440, 450 has a generally cylindrical shape and is located in opposition to one another such that they are approximately 180� apart from each other on an outer surface of the arcuate member 430. In particular, the rod portions 440, 450 extend in opposing directions from ends of the arcuate member 430. In this embodiment, one blade 410 is pivotally coupled to the ring member 430 via a loop 416. The loop 416 is slidably attached to the ring member 430 and the blade 410 is movable along the arcuate member 430 by sliding the blade 410 and the loop 416. Thus, the blade 410 is capable of retracting surrounding tissue once the retractor 400 is positioned in a desired location by urging the blade 410 away from the opposing blade 420 and retracting the surrounding tissue. In addition, the blade 410 may be repositioned relative to the rod portions 440, 450 by sliding the blade 410 and the loop 416 along the arcuate path defined by the ring member 430. The other blade 420 has first and second protrusions 426, 428 depending therefrom. Each of the protrusions 426, 428 has a bore 427, 429 extending therethrough. The bores 427, 429 are configured to cooperate with the rod portions 440, 450 such that the protrusions 426, 428 are rotatable about the rod portions 440, 450. Accordingly, the blade 420 is rotatable about the rod portions 440, 450. When the blade 420 is moved away from the blade 410, the cutout 423 and the arcuate member 430 define a circular opening 432 through the retractor 400. Additionally, the arcuately shaped blades 410, 420 define a funnel shaped channel 460 when they are spaced apart from one another (FIG. 4C) which is wider at the proximal portion of the incision and narrower adjacent the pedicle screws 10. As in the previous embodiments, one or both of the blades 410, 420 may be manipulated to retract tissue. In addition, the retractor 400 has at least a first condition and a second condition. In the first condition, the blades 410, 420 are in close approximation with each other and define a minimum profile (i.e. the first condition) for the retractor 400. In the first condition, the retractor 400 is adapted and configured for insertion into a relatively small opening or incision in the patient's skin. In the second condition, the retractor 400 is configured and adapted for retracting tissue surrounding the operative site. Once the retractor 400 is positioned in a selected location, the practitioner manipulates the blades 410, 420 away from each other and retracts the tissue surrounding the operative site. As the blade 420 is manipulated, the protrusions 426, 428 rotate relative to the rod portions 440, 450 thereby increasing the size of the opening 432. Retracting tissue using the retractor 400 is substantially similar to retracting tissue with previous embodiments of the retractor. In addition, the retractor 400 can be attached to a pair of pedicle screws in the same manner as the retractor 300 as illustrated in FIG. 4D. The arcuate member 430 is formed from a material that is more rigid than the material used to form the blades 410, 420 and has the attendant advantages discussed with respect to the ring member 330. A further embodiment of the retractor is illustrated in FIG. 4E and is generally designated as 500. The retractor 500 has substantially the same or similar components as the retractor 400 with the differences being discussed in detail hereinafter. In this embodiment, blade 520 has a proximal end 512, an arcuate cut-out 523, and a pair of distal end portions 514 a, 514 b. A loop 516 is attached to each distal end portion 514 a, 51 b. The loops are configured and adapted to encircle the rod portions 440, 450 such that the blade 520 is pivotable about the rod portions 440, 450. The arcuate cut-out 523 and the ring member 430 define an opening 532. The blades 410, 520 have a generally arcuate configuration and define a funnel shaped channel 560 therebetween when the instrument is in a second condition. As in the previous embodiments, the retractor 500 can be manipulated between a first condition having a minimal profile for insertion into a minimal incision in the patient's skin and a second condition for retracting tissue and accessing the operative site. In the second condition, instruments, prosthetics, and/or tissue may be inserted or removed through the channel 560, which provides access to the operative site for the practitioner. Additionally, the blades 410, 520 include a plurality of orifices 50. Referring now to FIGS. 5A-5C, an alternate embodiment of the presently disclosed minimally invasive retraction device or retractor is illustrated and referenced as 600. In this embodiment, the retractor 600 is formed as an integrated unit similar to the retractor 100 (FIG. 1A). The retractor 600 includes elongate members or blades 610, 610 and rod portions 640, 650. Each of the blades 610, 620 include a plurality of orifices 50. Additionally, the blades 610, 620 include a proximal end 612, 622 and distal end portions 614, 624. The distal end portions 614 of the blade 610 are spaced apart from one another and define an arcuate cut-out 613. Similarly, the distal end portions 624 of the blade 620 are spaced apart from one another and define an arcuate cut-out 623. The arcuate cut-outs 613, 623 define an opening 632 through the retractor 600. Furthermore, each of the distal end portions 614, 624 includes a notch 634 that extends partially through the respective distal end portion 614, 624 and defines a flexion joint about which the blades 610, 620 may be bent that is best illustrated in FIGS. 5B and 5C. A strut 636 connects the distal end portions 614, 624 to the rod portions 640, 650. The retractor 600 is initially substantially planar (FIG. 5A) and is manipulated by the practitioner such that the blades 610, 620 are moved towards each other with the notches 634 defining the point about which the blades 610, 620 bend. After the blades 610, 620 are bent (FIG. 5B), the retractor 600 is in a first condition and has a minimal profile, thereby allowing the retractor 600 to be inserted into a minimal opening in the patient's skin. Once the retractor is positioned in a selected area of the patient's body, the practitioner can manipulate the retractor 600 to place it in a second condition (FIG. SC) for retracting tissue surrounding the selected operative site. In the second condition, the blades 610, 620 define a channel 660 therebetween. In particular, the channel 660 is in communication with the opening 632 and permits access to the operative site for the introduction and/or removal of surgical instruments, tissue, or prosthetic devices from the operative site. The retractor 600 further includes rod portions 640, 650 for releasably coupling the retractor 600 to a pair of pedicle screws using the same techniques previously discussed with respect to the retractor 100. The blades 610, 620 may be formed from suitable materials as previously discussed with regards to the blades 110, 120 of the retractor 100. The struts 636 are formed of a more rigid material than are the blades 610, 620. Using a more rigid material for the struts 636 provides the same benefits to the retractor 600 as did the ring member 330 to the retractor 300. Specifically, using a more rigid material for the struts 636 provides increased rigidity and stability of the retractor 600 such that the retractor 600 maintains its geometry during the retraction procedure and maintains the retractor 600 in position relative to the installed pedicle screws. Consequently, the pedicle screws are also inhibited from movement away from their selected installation position. That is, the selected distance between the pedicle screws remains substantially constant throughout the surgical procedure. In a further embodiment of the present disclosure, the minimally open retraction device or retractor is illustrated in FIGS. 6A-6B and referenced as 700. The retractor 700 includes first and second blades 710, 720. The blades 710, 720 include proximal portions 712, 722 and distal end portions 714, 724. The distal end portions 714 of the blade 710 are spaced apart from one another and define an arcuate cut-out 713. Similarly, the distal end portions 724 of the blade 720 are spaced apart from one another and define an arcuate cut-out 723. Each blade 710, 720 includes a pair of feet 716, 726 attached to the respective distal end portions 714, 724. The feet 716, 726 extend away from the arcuate cut-outs 713, 723 and are substantially orthogonal to a plane defined by the respective blades 710, 720. Each foot 716, 726 has a hole 702 extending therethrough. The holes 702 may be circular, elliptical, or oblong. When the holes 702 of blade 710 are aligned with the holes 702 of blade 720, the arcuate cut-outs 713, 723 define an opening 732 that permits access to the operative site similar to the opening 632 discussed with respect to the retractor 600. In this embodiment, the blades 710, 720 are formed from materials that were previously discussed with regards to the retractor 100. Alternatively, as seen in FIGS. 7A and 7B, the minimally open retraction device or retractor may be formed as an integral unit that is referenced as 800. The retractor 800 includes blades 710, 720 having respective proximal ends 712, 722. The blades 710, 720 include distal end portions 714, 724. The distal end portions 714, 724 are connected at their ends, thus the retractor 800 is an integrated device. The distal end portions 714 of the blade 710 are spaced apart from one another and define an arcuate cut-out 713. Similarly, the distal end portions 724 of the blade 720 are spaced apart from one another and define an arcuate cut-out 723. The arcuate cut-outs 713, 723 cooperatively define an opening 832 that extends through the retractor 800 and permits access through the retractor 800 to the operative site similar to the opening 632 of retractor 600. A pair of feet 816 is attached to the region where the distal end portions 714, 724 join together. The feet 816 extend outwards from the opening 832 and include a hole 802. The blades 710, 720 can be manipulated by the practitioner towards each other (FIG. 7B) such that the retractor 800 is in a first condition and ready to be inserted into a minimal incision in the patient's skin. Once the retractor 800 is installed through the skin and into the operative site, the blades 710, 720 may be spread apart (i.e. a second condition) as previously discussed in detail hereinabove with respect to the retractor 600. Referring now to FIGS. 8 and 9, in conjunction with FIG. 4E, a method of using the retractor 500 is disclosed. A method and supporting structures for using the retractor 500 are disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/528,223, filed on Sep. 26, 2006, owned by the assignee of the present application, the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference. An example of a temporary set screw 16 a is illustrated in FIG. 8. The temporary set screw 16 a includes threads 18 a at a distal end thereof. The threads 18 a are adapted to engage corresponding thread structures in the head 12 of the pedicle screw 10 (FIG. 1C). At the opposing end of the temporary set screw 16 a is a head that is adapted to engage driving tools as are known in the art. Initially, the practitioner installs a pair of pedicle screws 10 using known open or mini-open surgical techniques and instruments. Alternatively, percutaneous placement of the pedicle screws 10 is contemplated by any suitable technique. In this regard, the methods and devices of the aforementioned U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/528,223 may be particularly useful if the pedicle screws 10 are installed percutaneously in the selected locations, with an incision made through the patient's skin such that the incision spans the distance between the pedicle screws. The practitioner then dissects a minimum amount of tissue between the pedicle screws 10 and installs an arcuate member 430 therebetween. The arcuate member 430 includes rod portions 440, 450 that are received in the channels 14 of the pedicle screws 10. Subsequently, a pair of temporary set screws 16 a is installed into the heads 12 of the pedicle screws 10 and secure the arcuate member 430 in its desired position. By securing the arcuate member 430 to the pedicle screws 10, the relative position of the pedicle screws 10 to each other is maintained throughout the surgical procedure. Alternatively, the practitioner may substitute a different retractor for retractor 500. For example, the retractor 700 is installed by inserting one of the blades 710, 720 into the incision such that the shafts of the temporary set screws 16 a pass through the holes 702. Once the first blade is installed, the remaining blade is installed in the same manner. With the blades 710, 720 installed in the operative site, the practitioner spreads the blades 710, 720 apart from one another and retracts tissue surrounding the operative site. The practitioner may grasp the blades 710, 720 and retract the tissue or may use a conventional retractor, such as a Gelpi retractor 850, to move the blades 710, 720. Alternately, the practitioner may select the retractor 800 for the procedure. In this instance, the practitioner inserts the retractor 800 into the incision and positions the retractor 800 such that the holes 802 are aligned with the temporary set screws 16 a. Moving the retractor 800 towards the pedicle screws 10 couples the retractor 800 to the pedicle screws 10 by inserting the shafts of the temporary set screws 16 a through the holes 802 of the retractor 800. The practitioner then manually separates the blades 810, 820 of the retractor 800 and retracts tissue surrounding the operative site. After the tissue is retracted, the practitioner may perform procedures on the accessible region such as a diskectomy, rod stabilization, prosthetic installation, etc. Additionally, the minimally invasive retraction structures disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/528,223 may be used in conjunction with either retractor 700 or retractor 800. In this configuration, incisions and openings are created in the patient's skin using known techniques. The pedicle screws 10 are then installed in their desired locations. The pedicle screws 10 may be installed prior to installing the minimally invasive retractors 60 or they may be installed as an assembled unit. Once the minimally invasive retractors 60 are installed over the pedicle screws 10, the practitioner either manually separates the blades to retract tissue surrounding the pedicle screw 10 or employs a conventional retractor (e.g. a Gelpi retractor) to separate the blades and retract tissue around the pedicle screw 10. Once the tissue around the pedicle screws 10 is retracted, the practitioner then makes an incision between the pedicle screws 10 and dissects a minimally open region for inserting the arcuate member 830. Once the arcuate member is positioned, the practitioner performs the steps previously discussed. Each of the presently disclosed embodiments provides a retractor that can be inserted through a minimal opening. In addition, the retractors are reconfigurable after installation such that the practitioners can retract tissue surrounding the operative site. The presently disclosed embodiments of the retractor also include orifices on the blades that are configured for cooperating with a convention retraction instrument such as a Gelpi retractor. Further still, the retractors provide an access opening for inserting or removing various instruments, prosthetics, or tissue. In conjunction with the above, pedicle screws may be installed and act as anchors points for the retractors and further increasing the options available to the practitioner during surgical procedures. In each of the disclosed embodiments, a funnel-shaped access opening is defined which is wider at the proximal, skin level of the incision and narrower at the bottom, or lower section of the incision where the retractor is fixed in position relative to the pedicle screws. Contrary to prior devices which attempt to create an access opening of the reverse shape, i.e., a narrower opening at the skin level and a widened section below the skin adjacent the working area on the facets and interbody space, the access opening of the present devices provides improved visibility of the operative site and the widened top section allows insertion and removal of instruments and accessories (e.g., light, suction, irrigation) without interfering with surgical instruments already inserted into the opening and which the surgeon desires to leave in place despite also desiring to introduce other accessories as mentioned above. The fixation of the lower portion of the retractor structure to the set screw is important, as the narrower end of the funnel-shaped retractor is maintained in the desired position relative to the anatomy to be operated upon. It will be understood that various modifications may be made to the embodiments of the presently disclosed minimally open retraction devices or retractors. Therefore, the above description should not be construed as limiting, but merely as exemplifications of embodiments. Those skilled in the art will envision other modifications within the scope and spirit of the present disclosure. Patent CitationsCited PatentFiling datePublication dateApplicantTitleUS196600 *Mar 30, 1877Oct 30, 1877 Improvement in speculumsUS2701562 *Sep 18, 1953Feb 8, 1955Mckinley Raymond EInstrument for retracting the walls of an incisionUS3192928 *May 2, 1961Jul 6, 1965Unimed IncGynecologic appliance for vaginal distentionUS4966130 *Jan 26, 1990Oct 30, 1990Montaldi David HOne-piece disposable speculumUS5769783 *Jun 27, 1996Jun 23, 1998Lone Star Medical Products, Inc.Surgical retractor stay apparatusUS5947896 *Sep 20, 1996Sep 7, 1999United States Surgical CorporationHeart stabilizer apparatus and method for useUS5976146 *Jun 11, 1998Nov 2, 1999Olympus Optical Co., Ltd.Surgical operation system and method of securing working space for surgical operation in bodyUS7537564 *Mar 23, 2005May 26, 2009Atropos LimitedWound retractor deviceUS7588575 *Nov 16, 2004Sep 15, 2009Innovative Spinal TechnologiesExtension for use with stabilization systems for internal structuresUS7618442 *Nov 16, 2004Nov 17, 2009Theken Spine, LlcImplant assembly and method for use in an internal structure stabilization systemUS7758584 *Apr 11, 2007Jul 20, 2010Synthes Usa, LlcMinimally invasive fixation systemUS7879074 *Sep 27, 2005Feb 1, 2011Depuy Spine, Inc.Posterior dynamic stabilization systems and methodsUS8012182 *Mar 22, 2007Sep 6, 2011Zimmer Spine S.A.S.Semi-rigid linking piece for stabilizing the spineUS8043343 *Jun 28, 2007Oct 25, 2011Zimmer Spine, Inc.Stabilization system and methodUS8097027 *Aug 5, 2009Jan 17, 2012Warsaw Orthopedic, Inc.Minimally invasive instruments and methods for inserting implantsUS8118840 *Feb 27, 2009Feb 21, 2012Warsaw Orthopedic, Inc.Vertebral rod and related method of manufactureUS8231528 *Mar 13, 2012Jul 31, 2012Globus Medical, Inc.System and method for retracting body tissueUS8251901 *Oct 8, 2008Aug 28, 2012Greatbatch Medical S.A.Retractor for minimally invasive surgeryUS8398644 *Jan 23, 2012Mar 19, 2013X-Spine Systems, Inc.Retraction tube for use with bone screwUS8556905 *Dec 27, 2012Oct 15, 2013Depuy Spine, Inc.Configured and sized cannulaUS20030171749 *Jul 25, 2001Sep 11, 2003Regis Le CouedicSemirigid linking piece for stabilizing the spineUS20030208203 *Jul 25, 2002Nov 6, 2003Roy LimMinimally invasive instruments and methods for inserting implantsUS20060079894 *Nov 16, 2004Apr 13, 2006Innovative Spinal TechnologiesConnector transfer tool for internal structure stabilization systemsUS20060173454 *Nov 16, 2004Aug 3, 2006Innovative Spinal TechnologiesInternal structure stabilization system for spanning three or more structuresUS20060271057 *Jul 20, 2006Nov 30, 2006Shluzas Alan EMinimally invasive access device and methodUS20070106123 *Sep 26, 2006May 10, 2007Josef GorekMinimally invasive retractor and methods of useUS20070156023 *Sep 29, 2006Jul 5, 2007Depuy Spine, Inc.Non-rigid surgical retractorUS20070270842 *Apr 11, 2007Nov 22, 2007Bankoski Brian RMinimally invasive fixation sysyemUS20080262318 *Apr 17, 2008Oct 23, 2008K2M, Inc.Minimally open interbody access retraction device and surgical methodUS20090093684 *Oct 8, 2007Apr 9, 2009Scott SchorerSurgical retractor device and method of useUS20090099605 *Dec 15, 2008Apr 16, 2009Stryker SpineRod contouring apparatus for percutaneous pedicle screw extensionUS20090131755 *Oct 8, 2008May 21, 2009Patrick Michel WhiteRetractor for minimally invasive surgeryUS20090222044 *Mar 2, 2009Sep 3, 2009K2M, Inc.Minimally Invasive Retractor Screw and Methods of UseUS20090222046 *Mar 2, 2009Sep 3, 2009K2M, Inc.Minimally Invasive Retraction Device Having Removable BladesUS20110130634 *May 20, 2010Jun 2, 2011Synthes Usa, LlcPatient-mounted retractionUS20120123432 *Jan 23, 2012May 17, 2012X-Spine Systems, Inc.Retraction tube for use with bone screwUS20120190934 *Jan 20, 2011Jul 26, 2012K2M, Inc.Minimally invasive retractor and posted screwUS20120232350 *Aug 31, 2010Sep 13, 2012Kevin SeexRetractor blade including a flexible member for anchorage engagementUS20130158611 *Feb 13, 2013Jun 20, 2013X-Spine Systems, Inc.Retraction tube for use with capless pedicle screwUS20130245383 *Mar 13, 2012Sep 19, 2013Adam FriedrichSystem and Method for Retracting Body TissueUS20130245384 *Jun 19, 2012Sep 19, 2013Adam FriedrichSystem and Method for Retracting Body Tissue* Cited by examinerReferenced byCiting PatentFiling datePublication dateApplicantTitleUS8114085 *Apr 13, 2006Feb 14, 2012General Electric CompanyPercutaneous registration-and-access tool for minimally invasive spinal surgeryUS8597180 *Jun 23, 2011Dec 3, 2013Covidien LpExpandable thoracic access portUS20100305407 *Jun 2, 2010Dec 2, 2010Farley Daniel KMalleable Port RetractorUS20110130634 *May 20, 2010Jun 2, 2011Synthes Usa, LlcPatient-mounted retractionUS20120041269 *Jun 23, 2011Feb 16, 2012Thomas John Hector CopelandExpandable thoracic access port* Cited by examinerClassifications U.S. Classification600/219International ClassificationA61B1/32Cooperative ClassificationA61B17/02, A61B17/7001, A61B1/32European ClassificationA61B1/32, A61B17/02Legal EventsDateCodeEventDescriptionMay 22, 2013ASAssignmentOwner name: K2M, INC., VIRGINIAFree format text: TERMINATION;ASSIGNOR:SILICON VALLEY BANK;REEL/FRAME:030918/0426Effective date: 20121029Nov 1, 2012ASAssignmentFree format text: SECURITY INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:K2M, INC.;K2M HOLDING, INC.;K2M UK LIMITED;REEL/FRAME:029489/0327Owner name: SILICON VALLEY BANK, MASSACHUSETTSEffective date: 20121029Jul 30, 2009ASAssignmentOwner name: SILICON VALLEY BANK, CALIFORNIAFree format text: SECURITY AGREEMENT;ASSIGNOR:K2M, INC.;REEL/FRAME:023032/0109Effective date: 20090729Owner name: SILICON VALLEY BANK,CALIFORNIAFree format text: SECURITY AGREEMENT;ASSIGNOR:K2M, INC.;US-ASSIGNMENT DATABASE UPDATED:20100518;REEL/FRAME:23032/109Free format text: SECURITY AGREEMENT;ASSIGNOR:K2M, INC.;US-ASSIGNMENT DATABASE UPDATED:20100525;REEL/FRAME:23032/109Jul 5, 2007ASAssignmentOwner name: K2M, INC., VIRGINIAFree format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:STRAUSS, KEVIN R.;GOREK, JOSEF;MCCLINTOCK, LARRY;AND OTHERS;REEL/FRAME:019533/0081;SIGNING DATES FROM 20070605 TO 20070624RotateOriginal ImageGoogle Home - Sitemap - USPTO Bulk Downloads - Privacy Policy - Terms of Service - About Google Patents - Send FeedbackData provided by IFI CLAIMS Patent Services©2012 Google


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Top Product Reviews for Libbey Geo 15.5-oz Cooler Glasses (Pack of 12) - Overstock.com
Read All Reviews for Libbey Geo 15.5-oz Cooler Glasses (Pack of 12)
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Joss Stone at home when murder plot suspects arrested nearby, court hears | UK news | The Guardian
Joss Stone at home when murder plot suspects arrested nearby, court hears
Singer tells an Exeter jury it was a really nice day apart from being told by police that 'someone is trying to kill me'
Joss Stone: 'I’ve lived in Devon for a long time and nobody really shuts their door.' Photograph: Brian Rasic/Rex Features
Tuesday 19 March 2013 11.09 EDT
The soul singer Joss Stone told a court she was at home in Devon on the day that two men, who are accused of plotting to rob and murder her, were arrested close by with an arsenal of weapons.
Stone said she had an alarm at her house but did not use it very often and did not really have a lock on her door – but she did now.
The singer, 25, told the jury at Exeter crown court: "I've lived in Devon for a long time and nobody really shuts their door."
Two men, Kevin Liverpool and Junior Bradshaw, were found with weapons including a samurai sword, hammers, a metal spike and a knife, when they were seized by police, it is claimed. They also had balaclava helmets, gloves, body bags, gaffer tape, maps and a roll of plastic bags, the court has been told.
Notes found by the police suggested the two had planned to decapitate Stone, whom they referred to as a "she-devil", and throw her body in a river, it is alleged. The prosecution has said the motive for the men's alleged plot may never be known. There may have been a financial reason but other notes hinted that they may have had a grudge against Stone because of her connections to the royal family: royals have watched her perform and she attended Prince William's wedding.
Liverpool, 35, and Bradshaw, 32, from Manchester, deny conspiring to murder Stone and also pleaded not guilty to conspiring to cause her grievous bodily harm or rob her in June 2011.
The court has heard that the pair were arrested a few miles from Stone's home where she was at the time, although the singer only became aware of what had happened when police contacted her later that day.
She told the court: "Apart from someone [the police] coming around to say someone is trying to kill me, it was a really nice day."
Stone – who said she was happy to be referred to in court by her real name, Jocelyn Stoker – said: "I had an alarm but I did not really turn it on very much. I didn't really have a lock on my door … But I do now." She also agreed that the property, accessed by narrow lanes, was an "open house" for family, friends and her then boyfriend.
The singer said: "At the time I had a gate. To get in, they [visitors] would just open the gate, drive in with their car, get up to another gate, shut the gate hopefully so the dogs don't get out, then say hello."
Asked by Philip King QC, representing Liverpool, about what happened when police arrived at her home, Stone said: "That was strange – it was a surprise."
According to the prosecution, Liverpool used a computer at his local library to research various artistes before fastening on Stone. Two weeks before they were arrested there was a reconnaissance trip to the village where Stone lived, it was claimed, when a neighbour saw a red car driving slowly past Stone's home.
In June 2011, the men drove to Devon with the weapons and other equipment in a red Fiat Punto.
Simon Morgan, prosecuting, told the jury: "The crown says with this arsenal of weapons it is obvious they were intent upon serious violence. The intended target is Joss Stone. They had decided upon this action some time before and this was the time to put it into effect."
They got lost and showed a postman a picture of Stone and one of the men asked him where she lived, the jury was told. The postman told them he did not know.
Later, three local women saw the car. They thought the occupants were "agitated and behaving abnormally" and phoned the police. A patrol car followed the Fiat then stopped it. The weapons and equipment were found.
When the men's flat in Longsight, Manchester, was searched, police also discovered a pistol, crossbow and a BB gun.
Notes found included the message: "Joscelyn [sic] Stoker ... RIP for ever" and: "I don't kill just for dollars, only for good cause or reason." One mentioned decapitation and yet another read: "Once Jocelyn's dead … find a river to dump her." Morgan said one note also described the Queen as a "she-devil" and added: "But she likes Joss Stone. Invited to Will's wedding by Queen. Where's the sense in that?"
Morgan told the court: "The items in their possession, the trips to the area, the fact that the intended victim was at home, the notes and maps all point to a determined effort on the part of the defendants to carry out the plan they had hatched some time before."

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T-Systems DDM GmbH: Board of Directors - Bloomberg
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{ link: "https://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/98506817/", thumbnail:{ url :"//cdn.loc.gov/service/pnp/cph/3a20000/3a24000/3a24100/3a24166_150px.jpg", alt:'Image from Prints and Photographs Online Catalog -- The Library of Congress' } ,download_links:[ { link :"//cdn.loc.gov/service/pnp/cph/3a20000/3a24000/3a24100/3a24166_150px.jpg", label:'Small image/gif', meta: 'b&w film copy neg. [7kb]' } ,{ link :"//cdn.loc.gov/service/pnp/cph/3a20000/3a24000/3a24100/3a24166r.jpg", label:'Medium image/jpg', meta: 'b&w film copy neg. [83kb]' } ,{ link :"//cdn.loc.gov/master/pnp/cph/3a20000/3a24000/3a24100/3a24166u.tif", label:'Larger image/tif', meta: 'b&w film copy neg. [2.2mb]' } ] }
JPEG (83kb) | TIFF (2.2mb) Item is from this group
http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/cph.3a24166
Title: Rather die freemen than live to be slaves - 3rd United States Colored Troops
Bowser, David Bustill, 1820-1900 , artist
Summary: Regimental flag depicting African American soldier and Columbia holding an American flag between them.
Reproduction Number: LC-USZ62-23098 (b&w film copy neg.)
Call Number: LOT 6592, no. 134 USE SURROGATE [P&P]
In album: [U.S. army officers and other persons of the Civil War period / John White Geary, comp. 1861-1865], no. 134, surrogate p. 34 (upper right).
https://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/98506817/

value: This website is the research library that officially serves the United States Congress and is the de facto national library of the United States. It is the oldest federal cultural institution in the United States.


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RICHARD KINSLEY Obituary - Hartville, OH | IndeOnline
More Obituaries for RICHARD KINSLEY
age 86, of Lake Township, went home to be with the Lord on Monday, September 3, 2018. He was born February 26, 1932, in Hartville, to the late Norman and Goldie (Mohler) Kinsley. He was in the Navy Reserves. Richard retired from F. E. Schumacher Co. as Purchasing Agent. He was a skilled carpenter and craftsman, very creative and enjoyed hard work. He had the opportunity of founding SH (Serving Him) AGAPE Bread Ministry. He loved all animals especially his horse, Magic and cat, Princess. Preceded in death by his son and daughter-in-law, Jeff and Carol Kinsley; grandson, Michael Kinsley; and brothers, Donald, Kenneth (Pauline); sister, Kathryn Witters; and brother-in-law, Wendell Kettering.
He is survived by his siblings: Doris Kettering, Bill (Grace Reed) Kinsley, Jan Humbert, Shirley (Harold) Goad; siblings-in-law, Nicki Kinsley, Marvin Witters; family friend, Linda Miller; great-granddaughter, Lauryn Kinsley; former wife and care giver, Grace Silvius; and also many loving nieces and nephews.
Calling hours are Monday 4-7 p.m. and Tuesday 10-11 a.m. at Arnold Funeral Home Hartville. Funeral services are Tuesday 11 a.m. in the funeral home with Pastor Donald Viebranz officiating. His final resting place is Sunset Hills Memory Gardens.
Memorial contributions may be made to SH AGAPE Bread
Ministry, 11011 Immel Ave., N.E., Hartville, OH 44632.

value: This website is a United States-based website founded in 1998, the world's largest commercial provider of online memorials. The Web site hosts obituaries and memorials for more than 70 percent of all U.S. deaths.


text:
Top Reviewer Ranking: 450,510
Reviews Written by Charlie "CWH" (England)
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Swees� New Premium Flip S View PU Leather Case Cover For Samsung Galaxy S3 III i9300 + Screen Protector & Stylus Pen - White
5.0 out of 5 stars great case for the s3, 16 April 2014
This review is from: Swees� New Premium Flip S View PU Leather Case Cover For Samsung Galaxy S3 III i9300 + Screen Protector & Stylus Pen - White (Electronics)
This a great case that fits the phone perfect and you can keep the original back as a spare back
Zagg invisibleSHIELD for Samsung Galaxy S3 i9300 - Front Screen Protection
This review is from: Zagg invisibleSHIELD for Samsung Galaxy S3 i9300 - Front Screen Protection (Electronics)
I have used one of these in the past so got this one for my new phone. They are so easy to apply and protect the screen perfect with no loss of clarity.
I bought this tablet to replace one I got at xmas which was useless, the galaxy logs on to my hub the minute it is turned on and has never dropped out yet, it is also very stable while surfing the net and loads pages with no effort, I use this all the time now and my laptop is about redundant, I am think to my a second for my wife to use.
Comment Comment (1) | Permalink | Most recent comment: Jul 14, 2013 4:42 PM BST
5.0 out of 5 stars great jigsaw, 12 July 2013
We bought this for our 4 year old grandson who loves diggers, now every time he comes to visit he builds it up on the floor, keeps him quiet for a while.
This lead is great as the one you get from Samsung is far too short, I can now use my tablet when charging and dont have to sit over the socket.
5.0 out of 5 stars great pen, 12 July 2013
I use my pen every time I use my tablet or phone, it is great for keepling finger marks of the screen, buy one or two.
I bought this along with my samsung tablet, it is a great addition and is perfect for holding the tablet as well as protection when not in use.

value: This website is an American multinational technology company which focuses on e-commerce, cloud computing, digital streaming, and artificial intelligence.


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