text:
Patent US4591673 - Frequency or time domain speech scrambling technique and system which does ... - Google PatentsSearch Images Maps Play YouTube News Gmail Drive More »Sign inAdvanced Patent SearchPatentsThe present invention relates to speech scrambling techniques and systems and in particular to a frequency or time domain speech scrambling technique and system which does not require any frame synchronization. This invention is a technique and system for scrambling speech signal in frequency or time...http://www.google.com/patents/US4591673?utm_source=gb-gplus-sharePatent US4591673 - Frequency or time domain speech scrambling technique and system which does not require any frame synchronizationAdvanced Patent SearchPublication numberUS4591673 APublication typeGrantApplication numberUS 06/376,607Publication dateMay 27, 1986Filing dateMay 10, 1982Priority dateMay 10, 1982Fee statusLapsedPublication number06376607, 376607, US 4591673 A, US 4591673A, US-A-4591673, US4591673 A, US4591673AInventorsLin-Shan Lee, Ger-Chih Chou, Ching-Sung ChangOriginal AssigneeLee Lin Shan, Chou Ger Chih, Chang Ching SungExport CitationBiBTeX, EndNote, RefManPatent Citations (28), Non-Patent Citations (14), Referenced by (7), Classifications (5), Legal Events (3) External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, EspacenetFrequency or time domain speech scrambling technique and system which does not require any frame synchronization
US 4591673 AAbstract
1. Apparatus, responsive to an audio frequency analog input signal applied thereto, for generating a scrambled audio frequency analog signal for transmission, said apparatus comprising:input interface means, responsive to said analog input signal, for sampling said analog input signal at a predetermined rate, and generating digital data signals representative of said samples; input switching buffer means, responsive to said digital data signals, for grouping said digital data signals into successive digital data frames (Xr) each representing a predetermined number (N) of samples, where Xr (q); r=0,1,2 . . . ; q=0, 1, . . . N-1; input memory means, responsive to signals indicative of said digital data frames, for storing indicia of a predetermined number (2L) of successive digital data frames; filter means, responsive to said stored data frame indicia, and signals indicative of a predetermined filter function h(-Nr'+q), to calculate a time domain digital vector UrR, where ##EQU19## the elements of said vector being indicative of the corresponding frequency (k) component value of the corresponding sample; Fourier transform means, responsive to signals indicative of said digital vector [UrR (q), 0≦q≦N-1]T, for generating a frequency domain digital vector [YrR (k), k=0, 1 . . . N-1]T where {YrR (k), k=0, 1, . . . n-1}=DFT {UrR ((q-rR))moduloN, q=0, 1, . . . N-1}, where DFT represents the Discrete Fourier Transform operator; permutator means, responsive to signals indicative of said frequency domain digital vector YrR (k), k=0, 1 . . . N-1, and signals indicative of a predetermined N by N cryptographic matrix M, for generating a scrambled frequency domain digital vector Yr '=MYr inverse Fourier Transform means, responsive to signals indicative of said scrambled frequency domain digital vector Yr '(k), k=0, 1 . . . N-1, for generating a scrambled time domain digital vector [yrR (q), q=0, 1 . . . N-1]T where {yrR (q), q=0, 1, . . . N-1}=IDFT{Y'rR (k), k=0, 1 . . . N-1}, where IDFT is the inverse Discrete Fourier transform operator; interpolation means, responsive to signals indicative of said scrambled time domain vector [YrR (q), q=0, 1 . . . N-1,]T and signals indicative of a predetermined interpolation function f(q), for generating an interpolated scrambled digital signal X'rR (n), where: ##EQU20## where Z is the greatest integer less than q/R; and output buffer means, responsive to signals indicative of said interpolated digital signal XrR '(n), for generating a scrambled audio frequency analog signal corresponding to said interpolated vector XrR '(q) for transmission. 2. A speech scrambling system, of the type responsive to an audio frequency signal, and including a sender for transmitting a scrambled signal indicative of said audio frequency signal, and a receiver for descrambling said scrambled signal, which does not require any frame synchronization, comprising:input interface means for generating a serial digital signal indicative of frames of samples selected from said audio-frequency signal; input buffer means for buffering such digital signal; input memory means for temporarily registering respective frames of said serial digital signal; scrambling/descrambling controller means for rearranging the order of said digital signal in said input memory means, and selectively scrambling or descrambling each successive frame of said digital signal, said controller comprising: main memory means for pre-registering at least one cryptograph matrix, function table memory means for storing specific numerical values to be used in scrambling and descrambling process, FFT address generator means for performing FFT of the data in the input memory means in cooperation with both the function table memory means, and system control means for controlling operation of said scrambling/descrambling controller means, output memory means for preregistering the transformed digital signal that is originally the data in said input memory means after being processed by the scrambling/descrambling controller means, and output buffer means for buffering such signal; output interface means for converting the transformed digital signal from said output buffer means into an analog signal; said analog signal being amplified and transformed into sound wave through a loudspeaker. 3. The system as claimed in claim 2, further including means, responsive to at least one of an original input audio frequency signal to said sender or transformed audio frequency signal to said receiver for selecting one frame of the audio frequency analog signal from continuous readings and convert it into serial digital signal; and treating a series of signals selected at random from the continuous readings as a whole unit, selectively scrambling or descrambling each signal in this unit by re-arranging this order such that the frame synchronization is not required.
The present invention relates to speech scrambling techniques and systems and in particular to a frequency or time domain speech scrambling technique and system which does not require any frame sychronization.
The primary processing method in this invention to transform speech signal waveform is to cut it into numerous segments. The following is a full description of the method to process speech signal segment by the sender (transmitter) and receiver, respectively.
Preferred exemplary embodiments of the present invention are described in the following detailed description taken in connection with the accompanying drawing wherein:
The basis of the present invention is shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, flowcharts of scrambling and descrambling processes. In fact, FIG. 2 is another form of FIG. 1. FIG. 3 is the N ideal filters in the filter bank, and FIGS. 4˜11 are the exemplary embodiment of the invention presented in this description. The detailed description is made in four parts below.
We have discussed in the paragraph of "Summary of the Invention" the basic theory of the invention; FIGS. 1 and 2 indicate its essential structure. Block P1 represents the operations explained in paragraph 1, sections 1(1)(2), and paragraph 2, sections 2(1)(2). Block P2, represents the functions as stated in sections 1(4)(5) and 2(4)(5). Therefore, P1 and P2 are indeed two blocks with inverse operation to each other. In addition, the Block V and V-1 (the dot lined blocks) also represent invert operations of each other corresponding to section 1(3) and 2(3). Further description is made as follows.
Referring now to FIG. 1, {x(n), n=0,1,2 . . . } are the samples of the original speech signal. The vector Ur is obtained after operation P1 is performed on x(n), where P1 and P2 operations will be described later, and ##EQU1## here Ur is an N-component vector, whose components {UrR (q), q=0,1, . . . N-1}, are time domain samples of the speech signal but rearranged and processed by the predetermined procedure of P1 as described later. R is an integer, R≦N, representing the period at which the vector Ur is obtained, i.e., a new vector Ur will be obtained after every additional R speech samples x (n) is processed by P1. This will be clearer after the operation of P1 is described. The block W in FIG. 1 converts the vector Ur by FFT, into another vector Yr, i.e.,
An ideal filter bank is shown in FIG. 3 as a series of N of ideal bandpass filters (H0 . . . HN-1) with equal bandwidth in the spectrum. After being passed through this filter bank, the frequency components of the speech signal will be detected. This set of frequency components can be processed by the foregoing method of scrambling and descrambling and then an output speech waveform can be obtained by interpolating. As in FIG. 3, suppose X(n) are the input speech sample values, the frequency components detected by the filter on band No. K and time n, Yn (K), is ##EQU4## in eq(13), h(n) is the low-pass equivalent impulse response of the filter, n is the time index.
From the theory, as long as the sets of frequency components YrR (K), K=0,1, . . . N-1, r=0,1,2,3, . . . can be obtained with R≦N the complete sequences Yn (K), n=0, 1, 2 . . . K=0, 1, . . . N-1, the original time domain signal, X(n), can be recovered even if the timing is wrong by n such that YrR +.sub.Δn (K) instead of YrR (K) is obtained. Therefore, when the transmitter and receiver are not synchronized but perform the foregoing process once for every R sample periods with R≦N, the original signal, X(n) can always be recovered. This is the reason why the synchronization is completely unnecessary. The complete operation of the frequency domain scrambling technique is summarized in the following. Eqs(14) (15) may be expressed with n=rR, ##EQU9## where r is an integer, because one set of frequency components are obtained for every R samples. Since the procedure for scrambling and descrambling are the same as stated in 1-1, both scrambling and descrambling can be expressed as the following except for descrambling M is replaced by M-1 Yr =WUr                                          (4)
Note that the definition of Ur in eq(23) is slightly different from that in eq(1). In FIG. 1, P1 represents the operation of eqs(22)(23), indicating the procedure to convert X(n) to Ur, while P2 represents the operation of eq(19), indicating the procedure to convert Yr to X'(n). The blocks W, M, W-1 represent the operations in eqs(4), (5), (6), respectively. This describes the frequency domain scrambling technique of this invention. For the time domain scrambling technique in the invention as shown in FIG. 2, the operations of P1, P2 are exactly the same, while the operations of T, T-1 are simply multiplying the input vector Ur by the matrices T and T-1 as defined in eqs(9˜12).
2-1. Simultaneous Processing Capability
The complete system 10 is shown in FIG. 4 for the frequency domain scrambling system. It can be divided into four main parts:
In the described system, the period of clock pulse is 250 ns, while the sampled speed is 8 KHz. After every frame has 256 samples, i.e., N=256, the system has to complete the processing for one frame of data in 32 msec. In eqs(19)(22), taking L=3, then, the data processed in every frame are related to the samples of preceding 5 frames in which data have been stored. The actions of the system to process data includes four kinds of operations:
(A) Input interface 14: Referring now to FIG. 5, the original signal coming from a microphone 40 passes through a 2-stage amplifier 42 and, a signal 2 volts peak-to-peak amplitude is obtained. This signal is then filtered by a butterworth low-pass filter 44 of order 10 having a cutoff frequency of 3 KHz and an amplitude response which decreases rapidly to -35 dB at 4 KHz. After filtering, this signal is converted into digital data. Samples are taken by a sample-and-hold circuit 46 at the sampling rate of 8 KHz and processed by A/D converter 48. Then, A/D converter 48 will generate a EOC (End of Conversion) signal to initiate data transfer into the input buffer 20.
3-2. Switching Buffer 18
(A) Input Buffer 20: As shown in FIG. 7, the input buffer 20 consists of 2 sets of 256�12 bits memory A1 and A2, in which data write-in and read-out are controlled by a D-type flip-flop 60 of one shift per frame. When A1 is used as the data write-in buffer of the interface circuit, A2 will be used as the data read-out buffer of the processing center. M1 and M2 represent mutiplexers 62 controlled by D-type flip-flop 60. The multiplexer-M1 selectively applies a content of the counter 63 as the address of A1 (or A2) and the multiplexer-M2 connects the address bus of the processing center to A2 (or A1). Once the interface circuit data is written, the counter 63 will be incremented by 1. When A1 is filled up the D-type flip-flop will reverse its value to make A1 and A2 exchange their functions. Such operations repeat and continue.
3-3. Processing Center
As shown in FIG. 8, the processing center 24 is composed of an arithmetic logic unit 74 including three data processors AM2901, a microprogram controller 104 (AM2910), a high-speed multiplier 90 (TRW-12HJ), main memory 28, input and output memory 30 and 32 and logic gates. Combining these components, the processing center forms a bit-slice microprocessor system having the following characteristics:
3-4. Control Center 28
Referring now to FIG. 9, the control center 38 comprises a Z-80 microprocessor system including
As previously noted the real time operating procedure of the complete system may be divided into the following five steps expressed mathematically: ##EQU10## In these five steps, we take R=N=256, L=3.
Operation of the steps relating to (A)˜(E) is described below: ##EQU11##
One frame of the data from input buffer 20 are transferred into input memory 30. This frame of data, together with other five frames of data already stored in the input memory, i.e., a total of six frames of data, are multiplied by the function value h(-Nr'+q) and summed to obtain UrR (q). A cyclic counter is set up here to automatically adjust the input memory's address permanently at r'=-3, whenever a new frame of data is going to be written in. In fact, the contents in memory are not moved, only the address r' is changed. In doing so, the preceding five frames r'=-3, -2, -1, 0, 1 will move forward one frame, and become r'=-1, 0,1,2, while the original frame of r'=2 disappears automatically. The status transition is demonstrated in FIG. 11. ##EQU12## Because N=R, this simply corresponds to performing 256 decimation in frequency FFT on UrR, which includes eight passes, each having 128 butterfly structures (computation). The relation between the input and output data of each butterfly structure is shown in FIG. 12. Mathematically ##EQU13## if A,B,C,D, are all complex numbers, can be expressed as: ##EQU14## In these eqs, a, b, c, d are the real parts stored in the main memory 68 address 600H; 6FFH; a', b', c', d' are the imaginary parts stored in the main memory 68 addressed 700H˜7FFH; and cos(s), sin(s) are the function values stored in the function table 100 addressed 600H˜6FFH.
Described above is the complete structure and operation of the frequency domain technique of this invention. For the time domain technique, the structure and operation is similar except everything has to do with FFT and inverse FFT is eliminated, and the scrambling matrix M is replaced by the "linear combination of uniform permutation" T described in eqs (9)˜(12).
Patent CitationsCited PatentFiling datePublication dateApplicantTitleUS2183248 *Sep 11, 1936Dec 12, 1939 Wave translationUS2243089 *May 13, 1939May 27, 1941Bell Telephone Labor IncSystem for the artificial production of vocal or other soundsUS2411206 *May 19, 1944Nov 19, 1946Radio Patents CorpElectrical signaling methodUS2510338 *Sep 5, 1946Jun 6, 1950Radio Patents CorpMeans for and method of scrambling speech signalsUS2586475 *Jan 27, 1947Feb 19, 1952Patelhold PatentverwertungSecrecy system wherein frequency bands of messages are intermixed during multiplexingUS2726283 *Dec 31, 1949Dec 6, 1955IttMethod and apparatus for reducing band requirements in transmission systemsUS2908761 *Oct 20, 1954Oct 13, 1959Bell Telephone Labor IncVoice pitch determinationUS2920287 *Jun 9, 1955Jan 5, 1960Hazeltine Research IncVariable-delay systemUS3090837 *Apr 29, 1959May 21, 1963IbmSpeech bandwidth compression systemUS3202764 *Jan 29, 1960Aug 24, 1965IttTransmission systemsUS3341659 *Jan 24, 1964Sep 12, 1967Burroughs CorpControlled bandwidth coded voice communication systemUS3638121 *Dec 20, 1960Jan 25, 1972Lockheed Aircraft CorpNonperiodic energy communication system capable of operating at low signal-to-noise ratiosUS3773977 *Jun 21, 1971Nov 20, 1973Patelhold PatentverwertungMethod of enciphered information transmission by time-interchange of information elementsUS3979558 *Jun 30, 1944Sep 7, 1976Bell Telephone Laboratories, IncorporatedSignaling systemUS3995115 *Aug 25, 1967Nov 30, 1976Bell Telephone Laboratories, IncorporatedSpeech privacy systemUS4020285 *Jan 29, 1975Apr 26, 1977Datotek, Inc.Voice security method and systemUS4052565 *May 28, 1975Oct 4, 1977Martin Marietta CorporationWalsh function signal scramblerUS4058094 *Jun 30, 1975Nov 15, 1977Franklin Eldridge MooreSpeed control deviceUS4100374 *Apr 11, 1977Jul 11, 1978Bell Telephone Laboratories, IncorporatedUniform permutation privacy systemUS4149035 *Jun 1, 1977Apr 10, 1979Peter FrutigerMethod and apparatus for enciphering and deciphering audio informationUS4179586 *Aug 2, 1972Dec 18, 1979The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The ArmySystem of encoded speech transmission and receptionUS4188506 *May 20, 1976Feb 12, 1980Gretag AktiengesellschaftMethod and installation for masked speech transmission over a telephone channelUS4232194 *Mar 16, 1979Nov 4, 1980Ocean Technology, Inc.Voice encryption systemUS4278840 *Mar 23, 1979Jul 14, 1981Datotek, Inc.Dynamic frequency and time voice encryption system and methodUS4305152 *Mar 26, 1979Dec 8, 1981Tokyo Shibaura Denki Kabushiki KaishaSecurity communication systemUS4393276 *Mar 19, 1981Jul 12, 1983Bell Telephone Laboratories, IncorporatedFourier masking analog signal secure communication systemUS4433211 *Nov 4, 1981Feb 21, 1984Technical Communications CorporationPrivacy communication system employing time/frequency transformationUS4443660 *Feb 10, 1982Apr 17, 1984Rockwell International CorporationSystem and method for encrypting a voice signal* Cited by examinerNon-Patent CitationsReference1"A New Frequency Domain Speech Scrambling System Which Does Not Require Frame Synchronization", IEEE Transactions on Communications, vol. Com-32, No. 4, Apr. 1984, by Lin-Shan Lee, Ger-Chih Chou and Ching-Sung Chang.2"A New Frequency Domain Speech Scrambling System Which Does Not Require Frame Synchronization", Lee et al., 12/82.3"A New Time Domain Speech Scrambling System Which Does Not Require Frame Synchronization", IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, vol. SAC-2, No. 3, May 1984, by Lin-Shan Lee and Ger-Chih Chou.4"An Efficient Time Domain Sample Value Scheme Eliminated Frame Snyc. Req. For Speech . . . ", Lee et al., 11/82.5"Digital Signal Processing", The Discrete Fourier Transform, by Alan V. Oppenhein (1972).6"Short Term Spectral Analysis, Synthesis and Modification by Discrete Fourier Transform", IEE Transactions on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, vol. ASSP-25, No. 3, Jun. 1977, by Jont B. Allen.7 *A New Frequency Domain Speech Scrambling System Which Does Not Require Frame Synchronization , IEEE Transactions on Communications, vol. Com 32, No. 4, Apr. 1984, by Lin Shan Lee, Ger Chih Chou and Ching Sung Chang.8 *A New Frequency Domain Speech Scrambling System Which Does Not Require Frame Synchronization , Lee et al., 12/82.9 *A New Time Domain Speech Scrambling System Which Does Not Require Frame Synchronization , IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, vol. SAC 2, No. 3, May 1984, by Lin Shan Lee and Ger Chih Chou.10 *An Efficient Time Domain Sample Value Scheme Eliminated Frame Snyc. Req. For Speech . . . , Lee et al., 11/82.11Digital Processing of Speech Signals, "Short-Time Fourier Analysis", by Lawrence R. Rabiner and Ronald W. Schafer, (1979), Prentice-Hall, Inc., pp. 250-354.12 *Digital Processing of Speech Signals, Short Time Fourier Analysis , by Lawrence R. Rabiner and Ronald W. Schafer, (1979), Prentice Hall, Inc., pp. 250 354.13 *Digital Signal Processing , The Discrete Fourier Transform, by Alan V. Oppenhein (1972).14 *Short Term Spectral Analysis, Synthesis and Modification by Discrete Fourier Transform , IEE Transactions on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, vol. ASSP 25, No. 3, Jun. 1977, by Jont B. Allen.* Cited by examinerReferenced byCiting PatentFiling datePublication dateApplicantTitleUS4750205 *Feb 14, 1986Jun 7, 1988Lee Lin ShanFrequency or time domain speech scrambling technique and system which does not require any frame synchronizationUS4773092 *Oct 24, 1986Sep 20, 1988Racal Research LimitedSpeech scramblersUS4837821 *Jan 4, 1984Jun 6, 1989Nec CorporationSignal transmission system having encoder/decoder without frame synchronization signalUS5003599 *Feb 7, 1989Mar 26, 1991Simulation Laboratories, Inc.In-band framing method and apparatusUS6718038 *Jul 27, 2000Apr 6, 2004The United States Of America As Represented By The National Security AgencyCryptographic method using modified fractional fourier transform kernelUS8959365 *Jul 1, 2013Feb 17, 2015Speedtrack, Inc.Methods of providing fast search, analysis, and data retrieval of encrypted data without decryptionUS20140019776 *Jul 1, 2013Jan 16, 2014Jerzy LewakMethods of providing fast search, analysis, and data retrieval of encrypted data without decryption* Cited by examinerClassifications U.S. Classification380/28, 380/276International ClassificationH04K1/00Cooperative ClassificationH04K1/00European ClassificationH04K1/00Legal EventsDateCodeEventDescriptionAug 7, 1990FPExpired due to failure to pay maintenance feeEffective date: 19900527May 27, 1990LAPSLapse for failure to pay maintenance feesFeb 15, 1990REMIMaintenance fee reminder mailedRotateOriginal ImageGoogle Home - Sitemap - USPTO Bulk Downloads - Privacy Policy - Terms of Service - About Google Patents - Send FeedbackData provided by IFI CLAIMS Patent Services


text:
Revision as of 22:13, 27 August 2013 (view source)Murphynw (Talk | contribs) (navbox)Newer edit →
Chapel History Manchester (St Michael) was created a chapel of ease by 1789 from and lying within the boundaries of Manchester Our Lady, St George and St Denys, Lancashire Ancient Parish; located on Angel Street.[1] Resources Civil Registration Birth, marriages and deaths were kept by the government, from July 1837 to the present day. The civil registration article tells more about these records. There are several Internet sites with name lists or indexes. A popular site is FreeBMD. Online index of Lancashire Births, Marriages and Deaths Lancashire BMD Church records Online Records There are online transcriptions for St Michael Manchcester Chapelry and as well as for its mother (ancient) parish (Cathedral) of Our Lady, St George and St Denys. Displayed below are links to the chapelry's (and the Cathedral) online transcriptions located at the web sites indicated; note the ranges of years: AC = Ancestry.co.uk (£)

type: global

value: This website is a nonprofit organization and website offering genealogical records, education, and software. It is operated by The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints , and is closely connected with the church's Family History Department.


text:
Web Publishing/Marketing Assistant job - Eastern Kentucky University - Richmond, KY | Indeed.com
Web Publishing/Marketing Assistant
Web Publishing Marketing Assistant jobs
Job responsibilities for this position will consist of providing excellent customer service, creating and maintaining department websites, publications and social media accounts. Furthermore, students may be asked by senior department staff to help with other areas associated within the department.
Jeremy Raines - Jeremy.Raines@eku.edu
Familiarity with web design and/or web authoring. (Please do not count social networking experience).
Proficient in HTML, knows Javascript, Photoshop, PowerPoint, and Publisher. Drupal experience preferred.
Excellent customer service skills, a positive attitude, and a professional demeanor are all required for successful candidates.
Strong written and verbal communication skills are desired.
Basic proficiency with personal computers and prior experience using computers is expected.
Accuracy, attention to detail, and a high degree of confidentiality are essential.
Must be extremely reliable, responsible, professional in appearance and able to work under pressure.
The ability to work independently as well as in a team environment is needed.
This position funding is preferred for federal work study, if you are unsure if you are eligible for federal work study funding, please contact Student Employment Services to verify eligibility at (859) 622-5094 prior to applying for the position. Qualified applicants eligible for institutional funding are also encouraged to apply.
Applicant must have availability during office hours, Monday-Friday 8AM-5PM.
Web Publishing Marketing Assistant jobs in Richmond, KY
Web Publishing Marketing Assistant salaries in Richmond, KY

value: This website is an American worldwide employment website for job listings launched in November 2004. It is a subsidiary of Japan's Recruit Co.


text:
Bash as a C lib? - Stack Overflow
Bash as a C lib? [closed]
I've got a project where I want to do some stuff that would be trivial in bash but where I want/need a binary with has zero external dependencies. So, has anyone written a self contained lib (i.e. not a wrapper around system()) that lets you do bash like stuff from inside C?
Off hand, the things I expect to need are: cp, rm, wget, tftp, ar, tar, guzip and maybe dpkg but I think I can side step that one.
To answer the comments: I'm looking for something along the lines of a statically linked busy-box but where I don't need a shell file as a program for it and where things I don't use automatically don't even get linked in.
c bash share|improve this question edited Jan 22 '11 at 3:12
closed as off-topic by Andrew Medico, anatolyg, Mad Physicist, Nit, Mureinik Dec 18 at 23:17
This question appears to be off-topic. The users who voted to close gave this specific reason: "Questions asking us to recommend or find a book, tool, software library, tutorial or other off-site resource are off-topic for Stack Overflow as they tend to attract opinionated answers and spam. Instead, describe the problem and what has been done so far to solve it." – Andrew Medico, anatolyg, Mad Physicist, Nit, Mureinik
Most of these are external dependencies in bash... You want a single library with ALL of these executables embedded in the lib?
Why not just call system("cp ...")? (I'm assuming you're on Linux but this is a totally different question in Windows...)
Why can't you use system()? All of those are external executables, so having "bash as a C library" wouldn't help you to achieve zero dependencies.
You need busybox.
share|improve this answer answered Jan 22 '11 at 2:20
I could live with that, but would rather not. See my edit.
You have a lot of custom requirements, and as you say, you don't want "things I don't use don't even get[ting] linked in", so you're going to have to do a lot of hand-hacking.
If you compile all the external dependencies into object files, you should be able to link them in to your own tool (assuming no namespace conflicts; a big assumption, but not too bad if you're careful), you should be able to do it if you just excise their main() functions.
In fact, for the dependencies, you can probably even just rename their main(), and have the tool available to you as if you were calling it from the command-line yourself, by packing their argc/argv, though this would likely have some overhead, rather than calling the individual functions yourself.
The aforementioned busybox already offers all the features you require (even tar and wget) except for dpkg, and since there's already a lib for that, I'd say you're well on your way.
share|improve this answer answered Jan 22 '11 at 3:12
7,28231829
I was kind of hoping that someone had already done more or less exactly what you just described and then packed it as a lib.
I fully agree with Busybox. Additionally, if you get the source code for dpkg, you'll find a small library inside that gives you access to most of its functionality.
add a comment | Not the answer you're looking for?	Browse other questions tagged c bash or ask your own question.	asked
Library for querying installed (Debian) packages in C?
Obtaining Yesterday In Bash
Why is bash setting “???” to “lib”?

value: This website is a question and answer website for professional and enthusiast programmers. It is the flagship site of the Stack Exchange Network, created in 2008 by Jeff Atwood and Joel Spolsky.


text:
21” Extra Deep Pocket Ultra Soft Fitted Sheet Elastic All Around & Corner Straps | eBay
21” Extra Deep Pocket Ultra Soft Fitted Sheet with Corner Straps, Queen-Eggplant
21” Extra Deep Pocket Ultra Soft Fitted Sheet with Corner Straps, King-Navy Blue
21” Extra Deep Pocket Ultra Soft Fitted Sheet W/Corner Straps, Queen -Taupe Sand
cozyarray (183444 )
Details about 21” Extra Deep Pocket Ultra Soft Fitted Sheet Elastic All Around & Corner Straps
- Select - California King Full King Queen Split King Twin Twin XL[out of stock]
- Select - Black Pale Blush Butgundy Red Calm Blue[out of stock] Chocolate Brown Cream Beige Purple Eggplant Charcoal Gray Gray Lavender[out of stock] Hunter Green[out of stock] Iced Blue[out of stock] Aqua Light Blue Lavender Dream[out of stock] Misty Rose[out of stock] Navy Blue Ruby Wine (Burgundy)[out of stock] Royal Blue[out of stock] Sage Green Silver Light Gray Teal Blue Taupe Sand White
US $33.50 (84% off)
113690800695
Last updated on Dec 11, 2019 18:44:02 PST View all revisions
Features: Breathable, Cooling, Deep Fitted, Machine Washable Item Width: 7
sc-EB-FTD-sht-21-ck-blk
Item Length: 7 Theme: Luxury
Thanks very good seller A+
perfect fit, decent quality, thanks
Thank you! Got it quick!
soft and comfortable! also a great fit (king)
Absolutely perfect! Great quality. Will be purchasing from seller again.
Way to big for queensize mattress and the strap ripped first time.
First time I tried putting on the fitted sheet the elastic band broke, not happy
Quality is only fair ):
After washer to place on bed they already began falling apart...
doesn't fit seems like it's a twin size not a full size, psackaged wrong
i just got another sheet in the mail and the elistic strap was also broke on thi
Clearly repackaged and DEFINITELY not brand new. Don't appreciate being lied to.
Sheet Straps,
Wrap-Around Strap 16mm Width Wristwatch Bands

value: This website is an American multinational e-commerce corporation based in San Jose, California, that facilitates consumer-to-consumer and business-to-consumer sales through its website.


text:
DAVID CAMERON BECOMES PRIME MINISTER: Can we ever trust 'harlot' Lib Dems? | Daily Mail Online
Lib Dems are behaving like every harlot in history... can we ever trust them?
Updated: 02:24 EDT, 12 May 2010
Former Home Secretary David Blunkett said the new deal 'will lead to a lack of legitimacy'
It was left to a politician who had actually been elected by the public to signal the beginning of the end of Labour's shabby plot to remain in power by making a deal with the Liberal Democrats.
'I don't like what is taking place at all,' said former Home Secretary David Blunkett on Radio 4's Today programme at 8am. 'I don't believe it will bring stability, I believe it will lead to a lack of legitimacy.'
In a final flourish, the Labour grandee added: 'Can you trust the Liberal Democrats? They are behaving like every harlot in history.'
His colleagues took their lead from this frank intervention and started to declare publicly just how appalled they were by the idea of an unprincipled Lib-Lab pact, orchestrated by the unelected Alastair Campbell and Lord Mandelson, and designed to prop up a Government which had been utterly rejected by the voters.
Immediately, the Lib Dems themselves realised the dream of doing a deal with Labour was dead.
Or, more to the point, if Labour MPs were unwilling to back the stitch-up on proportional representation that Gordon Brown had promised in return for a coalition, there was no point in sealing their cynical pact.
The game was effectively up by breakfast. However Labour - poisonous and manipulative to the end - did not go down without attempting to score cheap political points along the way.
Meanwhile the Lib Dems desperately tried to regain some of the dignity they had lost by soliciting for the highest bidder on Monday, and Tory MPs did not disguise their contempt for the antics of the party that - by last night - was their new partner in government.
The intrigue began in earnest at 10am, when the Labour team given the job of negotiating formally with the Lib Dems left talks with Mr Brown at No10.
Ed Balls, flanked by Lord Mandelson and Lord Adonis (both unelected) and Ed Miliband, said: 'I am very clear my job is to protect our manifesto.'
There, in a nutshell, was the agenda of Mr Balls: to paint himself as party stalwart, unwilling to trade Labour values with the Lib Dems, in order to gather support for his imminent leadership challenge.
A deal has been arranged between the new Prime Minister David Cameron and LibDem leader Nick Clegg
He stuck to this approach in almost three hours of talks with the Lib Dems and by 1.30pm it was being leaked that his truculent behaviour had been badly received by Nick Clegg's team, and that he had been unwilling to negotiate.
In reality, given that the talks were already dead, Mr Balls's performance amounted to little more than a self-promoting public relations exercise.
That did not stop Lord Mandelson and his acolytes spinning a different story, however.
The Lib Dems had been making reckless and unreasonable demands about spending and taxation, the forked tongues were saying by 2.30pm - only 30 minutes after coalition talks between the Tories and the Lib Dems had got under way at the Cabinet Office and with a deal still hours away.
A responsible Labour Party - suggesting its only concern was the national interest - could not possibly hop into bed with such an outfit.
'The talks never got off the ground, we couldn't betray voters who elected us on our manifesto,' the briefers said.
As ever, that could not have been further from the truth. At the same time Cabinet ministers, aware they would soon be filling the Opposition benches, were beginning to go public with the news that the New Labour era was ending.
Health Secretary Andy Burnham said we 'cannot get away from the fact that Labour didn't win'
Health Secretary Andy Burnham, taking up the role Mr Blunkett had played earlier in the day, said: 'I think we have got to respect the result of the General Election and you cannot get away from the fact that Labour didn't win.
'I think David has spoken with real authority on this matter. I am very clear my job is to be there with the whole negotiating team to make sure we protect our manifesto.'
By mid-afternoon, Downing Street had briefed London's Evening Standard newspaper that Mr Brown's time as PM was over. The paper hit the streets at 4pm. Little over three hours later, he was driven to see the Queen and was gone.
After their extraordinary duplicity over the course of Sunday and Monday, the Lib Dems at least behaved differently yesterday.
Perhaps they realised they had been manipulated by Lord Mandelson and Mr Campbell and that, by holding secret talks with Labour on Sunday - details of which were leaked to the Press by a desperate Lord Mandelson - they had cheapened their cause.
Hence yesterday afternoon the only on-the-record talk was of how seriously they were approaching the negotiations - even if that did not stop a few of their MPs patrolling Portcullis House to insist to journalists they had never been serious about Labour in the first place.
By 6pm they could disguise their joy no longer, however.
Vince Cable briefed reporters that a deal was 'very, very close' and the spin doctors set about rehabilitating the party's image in readiness for the Cabinet table.
First came the unofficial news, at 7pm, that their manifesto promise of an amnesty for illegal immigrants had been dumped in the negotiations with the Tories.
Other eccentric policies will follow that into the dustbin - to the delight of those Tories dreading having to explain to their constituency activists why it was sensible to have done a deal with a party many consider a Left-wing rabble.
But by the time the deal was done, one Lib Dem could not resist boasting: 'I can't believe how much they've offered us. The Tories have basically rubbed out their manifesto and inserted ours.
'We'll have to cope for four or five years with our flesh creeping, but still.'
In fairness, under extreme provocation, the Tory spin doctors and MPs kept their discipline yesterday, as in previous days.
In the Portcullis hothouse, some did not hide their disgust with the 'treacherous' behaviour of the Lib Dems on Monday but, in front of the cameras, the animosity was hidden.
The test now will be to maintain this discipline amid the inevitable policy clashes which lie ahead. Labour, meanwhile, departed government in the most fitting style.
Lying, spinning, trying to destabilise its opponents and - generally - putting the national interest last.
DAVID CAMERON BECOMES PRIME MINISTER: Can we ever trust 'harlot' Lib Dems?

value: This website is the website of the Daily Mail, a newspaper in the United Kingdom, and of its sister paper The Mail on Sunday. MailOnline is a division of dmg media, which is owned by Daily Mail and General Trust plc.


text:
Guaranteed by Thu. Oct. 24 if paid within 9 hrs 49 mins | See details
curecysticfibrosis (15332 )
Vintage Nocona Rhinestone Studded Crystals Leather Western Belt M 28”
Western Cowgirl Rhinestone Studded Belt Women Leather Bling Crystal Waistband
Nocona Womens 40" Black Leather Belt Rhinestone Studs Western Silver Tone Buckle
Rhinestone western womens show belt S M med bling leather 8108 buckle studded
333322709015
Last updated on Sep 28, 2019 10:22:27 PDT View all revisions


text:
Spanische Reitschule (Vienna, Austria) [WorldCat Identities]
114 works in 285 publications in 3 languages and 9,791 library holdings
Filmed performances Photographs
Most widely held works about Austria) Spanische Reitschule (Vienna
The Perfect Horse : the daring U.S. mission to rescue the priceless stallions kidnapped by the Nazis by Elizabeth Letts( Book )
My horses, my teachers by Alois Podhajsky( Book )
The complete training of horse and rider in the principles of classical horsemanship by Alois Podhajsky( Book )
The perfect horse : the daring rescue of horses kidnapped by Hitler by Elizabeth Letts( Book )
The perfect horse : the daring U.S. mission to rescue the priceless stallions kidnapped by the Nazis by Elizabeth Letts( Recording )
My dancing white horses by Alois Podhajsky( Book )
The white stallions of Vienna by Alois Podhajsky( Book )
The white stallions : the story of the dancing horses of Lipizza by Laurel Van der Linde( Book )
The Lippizaners and the Spanish Riding School of Vienna by Philippe Dumas( Book )
Ghost riders : when US and German soldiers fought together to save the world's most beautiful horses in the last days of World War II by Mark Felton( Book )
The Spanish Riding School : its traditions and development from the sixteenth century until today by Mathilde Windisch-Graetz( Book )
The Lipizzaners and the Spanish Riding School by Wolfgang Reuter( Book )
Ghost riders : Operation Cowboy, the World War Two mission to save the world's finest horses by Mark Felton( Book )
The Spanish Riding School of Vienna by Alois Podhajsky( Book )
Airs above the ground by Mary Stewart( Recording )
Most widely held works by Austria) Spanische Reitschule (Vienna
New year's concert : Vienna 1987 by Herbert von Karajan( Visual )
Registratie van een nieuwjaarsconcert door de Wiener Philharmoniker
Neujahrskonzert der Wiener Philharmoniker 2008 = [New Year's concert 2008] by Wiener Philharmoniker( Visual )
"This DVD includes all the music from a very special occasion - including many selections with a distinctly French flavor - and no fewer than six New Year's Concert premieres, as well as soecially filmed images of Austria, dance sequences from Vienna, and a performance by the world famous Spanish Riding School."--The publisher
Die Spanische Reitschule Wien by Alois Podhajsky( Book )
From Vienna : the New Year's Celebration 2002( Visual )
A live concert from Vienna's Musikverein, consisting mostly of polkas by members of the Strauss family
400 jahre Spanische Reitschule Wien = 400th anniversary Spanish Riding School of Vienna = 4ème centenaire de l'ecole d'equtation espagnole de vienne by Austria) Spanische Reitschule (Vienna( Book )
The spirit of Aachen : CHIO 2005 = Concours Hippique Internationale Officiel 2005 = Official international equestrian event of the Federal Republic of Germany, 2005( Visual )
This program provides a behind-the-scenes look at activities, personalities and legacies surrounding the 2005 Aachen competition. Contains footage of events, still photos and interviews with past champions, such as George Morris and Nelson Pessoa, as well as a performance by the world-renowned Spanische Reitschule of Vienna
[Souvenir program] U.S. and Canadian tour, April-May 1964 by Austria) Spanische Reitschule (Vienna( Book )
[Souvenir program] Empire Pool, Wembley, October 1969 by Austria) Spanische Reitschule (Vienna( Book )
Columbia Festivals, inc. presents the Spanish Riding School of Vienna, under the direction of Alois Podhajsky, tour of the United States and Canada, April-May, 1964 by Austria) Spanische Reitschule (Vienna( Book )
[Programs] by Austria) Spanische Reitschule (Vienna( Book )
Audience level: 0.20 (from 0.10 for Maestoso P ... to 1.00 for [Programs] ...)
Podhajsky, Alois Author
United States Army Cavalry Regiment, Mechanized, 2nd
Reed, Charles Hancock 1900-1980
Dennis, Wesley Illustrator
Kendall, Jane F. Author
Animal rescue Animals Arabian horse Austria Austria--Vienna Buildings Children's stories Circus Commando troops Concerts Confiscations Czech Republic Czech Republic--Hostouň Dressage Driving of horse-drawn vehicles--Competitions England--London English fiction Galops Germany Horsemanship Horsemanship--Competitions Horsemen and horsewomen Horses Horses in art Horses--Training Lipizzaner horse Marches (Orchestra) Miniature books Missing persons Operas--Excerpts Orchestral music Overtures Podhajsky, Alois Poland Polkas Reed, Charles Hancock, Riding schools Search and rescue operations Songs (High voice) with orchestra Spanische Reitschule (Vienna, Austria) Travel United States United States.--Army.--Cavalry Regiment, Mechanized, 2nd Waltzes World War (1939-1945)
K. u. k. spanische Reitschule
Spanish Court Riding School (Vienna, Austria)
Vienna (Austria). Spanische Reitschule
Vienna. Spanische Reitschule

value: This website is a union catalog that itemizes the collections of 15,637 libraries in 107 countries that participate in the OCLC global cooperative. It is operated by OCLC, Inc.


text: Sorry, no products matched "" Check your spelling Use different keywords and try again Contact your local store Compute- app-5482506-5-59261538, DC- prod-dfw2, ENV- prod-a, Ver- 47.0.0, SHA- 330b6d8b7fe1b5e8da2ce298fce537e03580ccc1, Log- 51d8774f-1ae03-15779213536000 Site Information Be the first to save! Email Address Sign up Privacy Policy Stay connected Mobile apps Help Feedback MoneyCenter Privacy & Security CA Privacy Rights Terms of Use Walmart services See All Services Walmart MoneyCenter Walmart Credit Card Product Care Plans Walmart Pay Get to know us About Walmart.com Corporate Suppliers Marketplace Careers @WalmartLabs Walmart.com Terms of Use About Our Ads Affiliate Program CA Privacy Rights Privacy & Security Customer service Returns Policy Product Recalls Int’l Customers Tax Exempt Program Contact Us Feedback Store Pickup In the spotlight Expand Baby Cribs Strollers Diapers Baby Feeding Car Seats Expand Electronics Cut the Cable Computers TVs iPads & Tablets Expand Fitness Exercise Machines Vitamins Ellipticals Treadmills Fitbit Expand Keep Cool Air Conditioners Fans Swimming Pools Pool Toys Popular Products Expand International Sites Argentina Brazil Canada Chile China Japan Mexico United Kingdom © Walmart Stores, Inc. To ensure we’re able to help you as best we can, please include your reference number: Ref:

value: This website is an American multinational retail corporation that operates a chain of hypermarkets , discount department stores, and grocery stores from the United States, headquartered in Bentonville, Arkansas.


text:
Patent US20030127092 - Positive expiratory pressure device with bypass - Google PatentsSearch Images Maps Play YouTube News Gmail Drive More »Sign inAdvanced Patent SearchPatentsAn oscillatory positive expiratory pressure respiratory therapy device which may be incorporated into the expiratory limb of a ventilator circuit. Accordingly, this device allows a patient on a ventilator to be subjected to positive expiratory pressure (PEP) therapy combined with airway oscillation and...http://www.google.com/patents/US20030127092?utm_source=gb-gplus-sharePatent US20030127092 - Positive expiratory pressure device with bypassAdvanced Patent SearchPublication numberUS20030127092 A1Publication typeApplicationApplication numberUS 10/337,002Publication dateJul 10, 2003Filing dateJan 3, 2003Priority dateNov 24, 1999Also published asDE60306318D1, DE60306318T2, EP1435251A1, EP1435251B1, US6776159Publication number10337002, 337002, US 2003/0127092 A1, US 2003/127092 A1, US 20030127092 A1, US 20030127092A1, US 2003127092 A1, US 2003127092A1, US-A1-20030127092, US-A1-2003127092, US2003/0127092A1, US2003/127092A1, US20030127092 A1, US20030127092A1, US2003127092 A1, US2003127092A1InventorsRichard Pelerossi, Gregory King, Jennifer Foran, Lawrence Weinstein, Fredrick Richards, Christopher Zirps, Robert EldenOriginal AssigneeDhd Healthcare CorporationExport CitationBiBTeX, EndNote, RefManReferenced by (8), Classifications (15), Legal Events (4) External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, EspacenetPositive expiratory pressure device with bypassUS 20030127092 A1Abstract An oscillatory positive expiratory pressure respiratory therapy device which may be incorporated into the expiratory limb of a ventilator circuit. Accordingly, this device allows a patient on a ventilator to be subjected to positive expiratory pressure (PEP) therapy combined with airway oscillation and intermittent air flow acceleration while allowing the oscillatory PEP respiratory therapy treatment to be bypassed without interrupting the integrity of the ventilating circuit once the device has been installed in the ventilator circuit. In this manner, all expiratory air in the ventilator circuit is accounted for, the expiratory air volume may be accurately monitored and the ventilator circuit does not have to be broken for insertion or removal of the device. Images(8) Claims(16)
What is claimed is: 1. An oscillatory positive expiratory pressure therapy device for installation in a ventilator circuit to induce an oscillatory positive air pressure exhalation by a user, or to bypass the therapy without opening the ventilator circuit in which the device has been installed, comprising: an air-flow tube having an inlet opening adapted to be connected into a ventilator circuit for receiving expiratory air passed there through by a user receiving respiratory therapy or care, and an outlet opening adapted to be connected into the ventilator circuit for discharging the expiratory air passed through said inlet opening; air-flow control means carried within said air-flow tube for directing the flow of expiratory air received through said inlet opening in a first path of air movement for inducing a respiratory treatment in the user or in a second path of air movement bypassing the respiratory treatment; said air-flow tube including expiratory air responsive closure means positioned in said first path of air movement and actuable between an open position and a closed position in response to the pressure of expiratory air passed thereto; and said expiratory air responsive closure means including a normally closed non-linear discharge outlet which is opened in response to the presence of a predetermined pressure of expiratory air being passed in said first path of air movement, and which closes in response to a predetermined rate of air pressure decrease through said non-linear discharge opening. 2. The oscillatory positive expiratory pressure therapy device of claim 1 wherein said expiratory air responsive closure means includes a cone-shaped closure member pivotally movable in response to expiratory air pressure between a closed position blocking the flow of expiratory air in said first path of air movement and an open position permitting the flow of expiratory air in said first path of air movement. 3. The oscillatory positive expiratory pressure therapy device of claim 1 wherein said non-linear discharge outlet positioned in said first path of air movement comprises a non-linear tapered discharge orifice. 4. The oscillatory positive expiratory pressure therapy device of claim 1 wherein said non-linear discharge outlet positioned in said first path of air movement comprises a bell-shaped discharge orifice. 5. The oscillatory positive expiratory pressure therapy device of claim 1 wherein said non-linear discharge outlet positioned in said first path of air movement comprises a trumpet-shaped air discharge outlet. 6. The oscillatory positive expiratory pressure therapy device of claim 1 further including a magnetic force field applying means for generating a biasing force effecting the opening and closing of said non-linear discharge opening. 7. The oscillatory positive expiratory pressure therapy device of claim 6 further including means for adjusting the magnitude of the magnetic force field applying means to bias the opening and closing of said non-linear discharge opening. 8. The oscillatory positive expiratory pressure therapy device of claim 1 wherein said expiratory air responsive closure means positioned in said first path of air movement and actuable between an open position and a closed position in response to the pressure of expiratory air passed thereto comprises an oscillatory rocker assembly including a rocker portion pivotally supported on a rocker support portion. 9. The oscillatory positive expiratory pressure therapy device of claim 8 wherein said rocker portion includes a cone-shaped closure member carried on said rocker portion for pivotal movement into and out from said non-linear discharge opening; and said rocker support portion includes a bell-shaped non-linear discharge orifice which is opened and closed in response to the movement of said cone-shaped closure member. 10. The oscillatory positive expiratory pressure therapy device of claim 7 wherein said means for adjusting the magnitude of the magnetic force field applying means includes a rotatable frequency control dial. 11. The oscillatory positive expiratory pressure therapy device of claim 10 wherein said rotatable frequency control dial includes a receiving aperture operatively connected to said expiratory air responsive closure means for adjusting the expiratory air pressure for opening said non-linear discharge opening. 12. A method of selectively effecting oscillatory positive expiratory pressure therapy in a patient using a ventilator circuit without interruption of the circuit integrity, comprising: passing a flow of patient-induced expiratory air from a ventilator circuit into an air-flow tube having an air-flow control valve for selectively passing the expiratory air in a first path of air movement for inducing oscillatory positive expiratory pressure therapy and in a second path of air movement bypassing said oscillatory positive expiratory pressure therapy; blocking a discharge opening for expiratory air moving in said first path of air movement and thereby increasing the expiratory air pressure as said expiratory air continues in said first path of air movement; opening said discharge opening in response to the increase of the expiratory air pressure to a predetermined level, and then reducing the expiratory air pressure at a variable rate by passing the discharge of expiratory air through a non-linear discharge orifice to induce an oscillatory positive expiratory pressure in the patient; and actuating said air-flow control valve to selectively pass said flow of expiratory air from said first path of air movement for inducing oscillatory positive pressure therapy to said second path of air movement for bypassing said oscillatory positive expiratory pressure therapy when said oscillatory positive expiratory pressure therapy has been completed to return said flow of expiratory air through said air-flow tube to the ventilator circuit. 13. The method of selectively effecting oscillatory positive expiratory pressure therapy of claim 12 wherein the steps of blocking the discharge opening for expiratory air moving in said first path of air movement and thereby increasing the expiratory air pressure as said expiratory air continues to flow in said first path of air movement, and opening said discharge opening in response to the increase of the expiratory air pressure to a predetermined level and then reducing the expiratory air pressure at a variable rate bypassing the discharge of expiratory air through a non-linear discharge orifice to induce an oscillatory positive expiratory pressure in the patient are repeated until a sufficient oscillatory positive expiratory pressure therapy has been effected. 14. The method of selectively effecting oscillatory positive expiratory pressure therapy of claim 12 further including applying a biasing force for closing said discharge opening to control the predetermined level of expiratory air pressure. 15. The method of selectively effecting oscillatory positive expiratory pressure therapy of claim 14 wherein said biasing force is a magnetic force field. 16. The method of selectively effecting oscillatory positive expiratory pressure therapy of claim 12 wherein said step of reducing the expiratory air pressure at a variable rate by passing the discharge of expiratory air through a non-linear discharge orifice includes application of the Coanda effect.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION [0002] 1. Field of the Invention [0003] This invention relates in general to a single patient use, positive oscillatory expiratory pressure respiratory therapy device which includes an air-flow bypass and, in particular, to a positive oscillatory expiratory pressure respiratory therapy device for incorporation into the expiratory limb of a ventilator circuit, and operable by a patient through passive exhalation during the expiratory cycle. The device when in an �on� or �active� mode of operation imposes an oscillatory expiratory air pressure on the patient during exhalation for the purpose of loosening secretions, and in the �off� or �bypass� mode of operation permits free flow of air through the device with minimal or no pressure drop. [0004] 2. Description of Related Art [0005] Persons who suffer from pulmonary problems that result in large amounts of mucus being produced in the lungs often require assistance in the removal of these secretions. If these secretions are allowed to remain in the lungs, airway obstruction occurs resulting in poor oxygenation and possible pneumonia and/or death. One of the clinically recognized treatments for this condition is a technique known as positive expiratory pressure therapy or PEP. With PEP therapy, a patient exhales against a resistance to generate expiratory pressure at a substantially constant rate of flow. Prescribed expiratory pressures are generally in the range of 10-20 cm of H2O, although other pressure ranges and pressures can be used. [0006] In the use of PEP therapy, a patient breaths through an orifice restricter to generate a positive pressure in the lungs during exhalation, with the pressure falling to zero at the end of the exhalation. By selection of the proper-sized orifice, a given pressure is determined for the exhalation flow rate generated by an individual patient. This extended, substantially constant, flow of elevated-pressure exhalation has been shown to be effective for moving secretions trapped in the lungs to the larger airways where the secretions can then be removed through coughing. It has also been found that in the treatment of patients having chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), chronic bronchitis, cystic fibrosis, atelectasis, or other conditions producing retained secretions, treatment with PEP therapy is improved by combining positive expiratory pressure therapy with airway oscillation and intermittent air-flow acceleration. To this end a hand-held, single patient use, positive expiratory pressure respiratory therapy device was developed by assignees of the present invention, and is the subject matter of a co-pending application, Ser. No. 09/449,208, filed Nov. 24, 1999 for �POSITIVE EXPIRATORY PRESSURE DEVICE�. [0007] The present invention comprises a positive oscillatory expiratory pressure respiratory therapy device which is incorporated into the expiratory limb of a ventilator circuit. Accordingly, this device allows a patient on a ventilator to be subjected to positive expiratory pressure therapy combined with airway oscillation and intermittent air flow acceleration while allowing this respiratory therapy treatment to be bypassed without interruption once the ventilator circuit has been established. In this manner, all expiratory air in the ventilator circuit is accounted for, and the expiratory air volume may be accurately monitored. [0008] As is known to respiratory therapy healthcare providers, the volume of expiratory air in a ventilator circuit is closely monitored. Once this invention has been installed into the expiratory limb of the ventilator circuit, the ventilator circuit never needs to be broken enabling the healthcare provider to accurately account for all expiratory air and maintain the integrity of the ventilator circuit. In addition, the device is constructed such that any condensation forming in the device will drain out from the housing because of the interior design which facilitates the flow of condensate out from the device into the ventilator circuit. Furthermore, the transparency of the housing permits inspection of the interior to insure that condensate is not being retained in the device. [0009] As is also known to respiratory healthcare providers, the use of an oscillatory expiratory pressure imposed on the patient must be carefully controlled. To this end, a ventilator circuit includes apparatus to closely monitor the positive end expiratory pressure (PEEP). Accordingly, the amount of expiratory air pressure buildup in the opening pressure cycle for producing the airway oscillation, and intermittent air flow acceleration, must be carefully controlled. To this end, during the �on� cycle or �active� mode of operation, the present invention is designed such that oscillatory expiration occurs throughout the entire expiratory air cycle until the expiratory air pressure decreases to the point where oscillation can no longer occur, but never exceeds the allowable PEEP. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION [0010] The present invention is directed to overcoming one or more of the problems or disadvantages associated with the relevant technology. As will be more readily understood and fully appreciated from the following detailed description of a preferred embodiment, the present invention is embodied in a positive oscillatory expiratory pressure respiratory therapy device for incorporation into a ventilator circuit. The device includes a bypass for selectively directing the expiratory air discharged from a patient through the device for oscillatory PEP treatment or bypassing the device to discharge the patient's expiratory air directly through the ventilator circuit. In this manner, once the device is installed into a ventilator circuit, the integrity of the ventilator circuit always remains intact and the patient expiratory air volume may be accurately monitored. DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS [0011] Further objectives of the invention, together with additional features contributing thereto and advantages accruing therefrom, will be apparent from the following description of a preferred embodiment of the invention which is shown in the accompanying drawings with like reference numerals indicating corresponding parts throughout, wherein: [0012]FIG. 1 is a perspective view of the assembled invention; [0013]FIG. 2 is an exploded perspective view of the invention with portions removed to better illustrate the internal structure thereof; [0014]FIG. 3 is an exploded perspective view of the rocker and platform portions of the invention to better illustrate the manner in which a user produces an oscillatory positive expiratory pressure and the manner in which the magnitude and frequency of the oscillations can be adjusted; [0015]FIGS. 4, 5 and 6 are, respectively, a side profile, top elevation and front profile view of the platform portion of the invention to illustrate a portion of the structure forming the non-linear orifice and a portion of the structure for adjusting the magnitude and frequency of the oscillatory expiratory air pressure; [0016]FIGS. 7, 8 and 9 are, respectively, a side profile, top elevation and front profile view of the rocker portion of the invention with portions broken away to show the internal structure which is used in combination with the platform structure of FIGS. 4-6 form the non-linear discharge orifice and create the oscillatory expiratory air pressure; [0017]FIG. 10 is a perspective view of an adjustment dial portion of the invention to better illustrate the manner in which the platform portion illustrated in FIGS. 4-6 is positionable relative to the rocker portion illustrated in FIGS. 7-9 to determine the movement of the rocker portion for controlling the oscillatory frequency and pressure; [0018]FIG. 11 is an enlarged view of an end portion of the upper housing of the invention to better illustrate the manner in which the movement of the adjustment dial illustrated in FIG. 10 is controlled; [0019]FIG. 12 is a cross-sectional view of the flow tube portion of the invention taken along the lines 12-12 of FIG. 3; [0020]FIG. 13 is an enlarged perspective view of the knob and stem portion of an air-flow control valve, the operation of which selectively controls the air flow movement through the air-flow tube between the oscillatory pressure portion or bypass portion of the invention; [0021]FIG. 14 is a graphical representation of the operation of a ventilator circuit with the invention in the �off� or �bypass� mode; and [0022]FIG. 15 is a graphical representation of the operation of the invention in the �on� or �active� mode.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION [0023] Referring now to the drawings, there is illustrated in FIGS. 1 and 2 an oscillatory positive expiratory pressure (PEP) respiratory therapy device 1000 which may be incorporated into the expiratory limb of a ventilator circuit for applying oscillatory positive expiratory air pressure (PEP) therapy to a patient, or for bypassing the oscillatory PEP treatment by coupling the expiratory air flow directly to the remainder of the ventilator circuit. [0024] The oscillatory PEP device 1000 is selectively actuated between two modes of operation, an �on� or �active� mode in which oscillatory PEP therapy is applied, and an �off� or �bypass� mode in which the expiratory air bypasses the therapy applying portion of the device, by operation of an air-flow control valve 100. The air-flow control valve 100 is carried within an air-flow tube 200 and is manually positionable to selectively control the passage of expiratory air through either the oscillatory PEP inducing portion or to bypass that portion of the device. [0025] When the air-flow control valve 100 is in a closed position, blocking free through-flow of the expiratory air, the �on� or �active� mode of the device 1000, expiratory air is passed to and through an upper housing portion 300 of the device 1000 in which is enclosed an expiratory-air-driven oscillatory rocker assembly 400. The expiratory-air-driven oscillatory rocker assembly 400 comprises two portions, a rocker portion 440 and a rocker support or platform portion 480 which act together in creating the oscillatory PEP therapy and are best illustrated in FIGS. 2-9. The details of the structure and operation of this oscillatory PEP portion of the device will be described in detail hereinafter. [0026] To control the magnitude and frequency of the oscillatory pressure applied to a patient, a rotatable frequency control dial 350 is positioned at and carried by one end of the housing 301 in which the rocker assembly 400 is contained. By operation of the adjustable frequency control dial 350 in a manner to be hereinafter described, the relative positioning between the oscillatory PEP inducing portions of the oscillatory rocker assembly 400, the rocker portion 440 and the rocker support portion 480, are adjusted to control the magnitude and frequency of the oscillatory expiratory air pressure. [0027] The expiratory-air-driven oscillatory rocker portion 440 is best illustrated in the exploded view of FIG. 3, and in more detail, in FIGS. 7-9. The rocker support portion 480, which functions in cooperation with the rocker portion 440 to produce an oscillatory expiratory air flow and pressure, is also illustrated in the exploded view of FIG. 3, and in more detail in FIGS. 4 through 6. The expiratory-air-driven oscillatory rocker portion 440 and the rocker support portion 480, when assembled together, form the rocker assembly 400. [0028] The rocker assembly 400 is supported on the air-flow tube 200 and carried within the upper housing 300 which forms a sealed chamber with the air-flow tube 200. In this manner, the rocker assembly 400 functions to create an oscillatory positive expiratory air pressure and flow rate in response to a patient's exhalation when the air-flow control valve 100 is closed, the �on� or �active� mode of operation, and the patient's expiratory air is thereby directed to and through the rocker assembly 400. [0029] As best shown in FIGS. 3 and 12, there is illustrated the air flow tube 200 having a first or input end 201 for attachment into the expiratory air limb of a ventilator circuit, and a second or output end 202 through which expiratory air passes to the remainder of the expiratory leg of the ventilator circuit. The input and output ends 201 and 202, respectively, are sized as standard female and male fittings so that the air flow tube 200 can be used with tubing of standard size used in a ventilator circuit, frequently 22 mm i.d. and 22 mm o.d. The air flow tube 200 has an opening 203 in the top portion thereof through which expiratory air will be passed to the oscillatory rocker assembly 400 for creating the oscillatory PEP therapy for the patient in a manner to be hereinafter described in detail. To this end, the air flow tube 200 carries the air-flow control valve 100 within the interior of the air flow tube 200 whereby the air-flow control valve 100 is operable between a closed position, wherein the air flow is directed into the housing 300 and through the rocker assembly 400 during the �on� or �active� mode of operation, and an open position, the �off� or bypass mode of operation, whereby the oscillatory PEP therapy is bypassed and the expiratory air is discharged through the remaining portion of the expiratory leg of the ventilator circuit. The selective rotational movement of the air-flow control valve 100 is effected by an air-flow control valve knob 105 extending outwardly from the bottom of the air flow tube 200. [0030] As best illustrated in FIGS. 2, 3, 12 and 13, the air-flow control valve 100 has a tapered circular portion 102 which is carried within the air-flow tube 200 to be rotated between an �on� position blocking the through flow of air through the air-flow tube 200, as illustrated in FIG. 12, and an �off� portion wherein the tapered circular portion 102 is rotated 90� to permit the free flow of air through air-flow tube 200. These two positions correspond, respectively, to the �active� and �bypass� modes of operation. [0031] Rotational movement of the air-flow valve 200 between �on� and �off� positions is effected by turning a knob 105 connected to the tapered circular portion 102. As best illustrated in FIGS. 2, 3, 12, and 13 knob 105 includes a stem 106 which extends through the air-flow tube 200 and the tapered circular portion 102 between guides 103 formed thereon. The distal or terminal end of the stem 106 includes a tip 107 which engages with a suitable recess in the air-flow tube 200 to permit the knob 105, and thereby the tapered circular portion 102, to be rotated between the �on� position blocking the through-flow of air through the air-flow tube 200 and an �off� position permitting the free through-flow of air through the air-flow tube 200. An arrow-shaped indicator 109 is formed on the knob 105 to permit the visual confirmation of the �on� and �off� modes of operation. The air-flow control valve 100 is sized to conform to the cross-sectional shape of the air-flow tube 200 and is rotatable between the closed and open positions to control the �on� and �off� modes of the oscillatory PEP treatment, respectively. [0032] When the air-flow control valve 100 is positioned for operation of the device in the �on� or �active� mode of operation, air flow passing directly through the air-flow tube 200 is blocked, and an air flow path is created which extends from the inlet 201 of the air-flow tube 200 out through the opening 203 in the air-flow tube into the housing 300 to be applied to the oscillatory rocker assembly 400 for creating the oscillatory PEP therapy applied to the patient. [0033] As best illustrated in FIGS. 2-9, the rocker portion 440 is balanced for pivotal movement about pivot pins 441 on spaced pivot supports 481 formed on a platform 485 of the rocker support portion 480. The pivot pins 441 form a transverse pivot axis for the rocker portion 440 which lies in a plane above and extends transverse to the longitudinal axis of the platform 485. The pivot pins 441 are limited in their axial and vertical movement by a pair of locking guides 482, carried by the platform 485 and one of which is positioned adjacent each of the pivot supports 481 to maintain the pivot pins 441 in their proper position on the pivot supports 481. In this manner the rocker portion 440 is pivotal relative to the rocker support portion 480 regardless of the orientation of the device 1000, allowing the oscillatory PEP device 1000 to function regardless of its orientation in use. A balance pad 442 and balancing cylinder 443 are formed at one end of a rocker 445 to balance the weight of a cone-shaped air-flow closure member 447 and a pin of magnetically attractable material, such as a steel pin 448 both of which are carried at the opposite end of the rocker 445. The pin 448 is carried at the distal end of the rocker 445 by a plurality of gripping fingers 446 which partially encircle the pin 448 for holding the pin in a position to be exposed to the magnetic field of a magnet 488 carried on the platform 485. The air-flow closure cone 447 is sized and positioned on the rocker 445 to be periodically inserted into a tapered bell-shaped or trumpet-shaped air-discharge outlet 487 formed in the platform 485 to create the oscillatory PEP when expiratory air is discharged through the opening 203 in the air-flow tube 200 into the housing 300. As best illustrated in FIGS. 3 and 4, the interior of the air-discharge outlet 487 has a non-linear taper or bell-shaped interior surface to form a non-linear air discharge outlet for creating the oscillatory PEP therapy in response to the pivotal movement of the rocker cone 447 in to and out therefrom. In this manner the discharge outlet 487 is periodically closed and re-opened allowing the expiratory air discharged there through to be returned to the air-flow tube 200 at a position downstream of the closed air-flow control valve 100. Accordingly, all of the expiratory air passed into the oscillatory PEP device 1000 when operating in the �on� or �active� mode will be returned to the ventilator circuit through the discharge outlet 207 passing out and thereby through the air-flow tube discharge outlet end 202. [0034] The oscillatory rocker assembly 400 is secured on the air-flow tube 200 and positioned within the housing 300 by means of a plurality of positioning tangs 484 which extend downwardly from the platform 485 and are best illustrated in FIGS. 4 and 6. These tangs 484 are secured in channels 284 extending upwardly from the top of the air-flow tube 200 to securely position the oscillatory rocker assembly 400 onto the air-flow tube 200. In this manner the non-linear tapered, bell-shaped discharge outlet 487 carried by the platform 485 aligns with a cowling 287 of the complementary opening 203 in the air-flow tube 200 into, and through which, the bell-shaped discharge outlet 487 extends. Another tang 384 extends downwardly from the interior of upper portion 304 of the housing 300 and passes through an aperture 444 in the rocker 445 to press downwardly against the platform 485 thereby securing the oscillatory rocker assembly 400 in the proper position on the air-flow tube 200 when the housing 300 is secured thereto. [0035] To create the periodically interrupted discharge of expiratory air for applying the oscillatory PEP therapy to a patient, the magnetically attractable material or steel pin 448 is carried on the pivotal rocker 445 at a position in operative proximity to the magnet 488 carried by the rocker support portion 480. The magnet 488 is carried in a magnet support pocket formed by a plurality of gripping or centering fingers 492. The magnet support pocket is formed at the free end of a vertically positionable U-shaped carrier 490 which is cantilevered from the platform 485. In this manner, the magnet is positioned in proximity to the steel pin 448 to apply a preselected magnetic attraction force thereto. To this end the U-shaped carrier 490 has a vertical positioning link 494 extending vertically upward from a position adjacent to the magnet support pocket 491 and terminating at a distal end in a tip 495 which engages a recess 395 in the oscillation frequency control dial 350. Rotation of the frequency control dial 350 controls the frequency of the oscillations by which the PEP treatment or therapy is applied in accordance with the desires of the healthcare provider. The recess 395 is offset from the center of rotation of the frequency control dial 350 (best illustrated in FIG. 10) such that rotation of the dial 350 will raise or lower the tip 495, engaged therein, thereby moving the magnet 488 towards or away from the steel pin 448 to vary the magnetic attractive force there between. [0036] While the device 1000 will function to provide an oscillatory PEP pulse without the use of the magnetic field between the magnet 488 and the steel pin 448 because of the opening and closing of the tapered non-linear discharge outlet 487 due to the movement of the tapered cone-shaped air-flow closure 447 induced in response to the patient's discharge of expiratory air, the use of the magnetic field permits the device 1000 to provide an adjustable range in the pressure of the patient's expiratory air discharge required to create the oscillatory positive expiratory pressure pulses. By using the magnetic field attraction, the patient's expiratory air pressure required to create the oscillations can be controlled to insure that the positive end expiratory pressure (PEEP) level set by the ventilator circuit is not exceeded. In addition, the magnetic field attraction permits the device 1000 to be operated in any spatial orientation. [0037] To assist a patient or the healthcare provider in using the device 1000 once the proper magnetic field has been set, a plurality of indicia 310 are spaced along the top of the housing 300. These indicia 310, in combination with a base reference point 360 on the frequency adjusting dial 350, are used to ensure that the correct setting is being maintained after the healthcare provider has established the desired level for treatment. To minimize the occurrence of the rotatable adjusting dial 350 being unknowingly rotated, a series of tooth-like projections 315 are formed on the face of the housing 300 (best seen in FIG. 11) which engage with a mating tooth 355 formed on the interior of the rotatable frequency adjusting dial 350 to provide resistance to movement and an audible sound when the dial 350 is rotated. A pair of stops 317 are formed on the front of the housing 300 which, in combination with a stop 357 formed on the interior of the frequency adjusting dial 350, limit the rotational movement of the dial 350 relative to the housing 300. [0038] Industrial Applicability [0039] During use of the variable frequency or oscillatory PEP device 1000 in a ventilator circuit in the �active� mode, the air-flow control valve 100 is closed and a patient's expiratory air is delivered through the input end 201 of the air-flow tube 200 and passes through the opening 203 to the oscillatory rocker assembly 400. Accordingly, the expiratory air pressure is applied against the cone-shaped closure 447 of the rocker assembly 400 which forms a closure of the non-linear discharge opening or orifice 487. The pressure of the patient's expiratory air will raise the cone-shaped closure 447, causing the rocker portion 440 to pivot about the pivot pins 441 against the force of the magnetic field between the magnet 488 carried on the pivotal rocker support portion 480 and the steel pin 448 carried on the rocker assembly 400. As the cone-shaped closure 447 moves upwardly in response to the increasing expiratory air pressure, the constant taper of the conical shape in conjunction with the bell-shaped non-linear taper of the non-linear discharge opening or orifice 487 increases the effective discharge area thereby decreasing the air pressure applied against the cone-shaped closure 447 and reducing the upward acceleration of the rocker arm 445. When the magnetic force and the Coanda effect of the air flow over the bell-shaped or non-linear tapered interior of the discharge outlet 487 overcome the expiratory air pressure applied to the tapered cone-shaped closure 447, the closure 447 will again begin to move downwardly and accelerate into the bell-shaped non-linear-tapered discharge orifice 487. As the cone descends into the air flow path through the discharge outlet or orifice 487, the annular flow area diminishes reducing the airflow rate and increasing the air pressure. This continues until the downward momentum is overcome and the cone 447 resumes its upward acceleration. Maximum pressure is obtained at this point and another cycle begins. The oscillatory air pressure and air flow during an inhalation and an exhalation cycle when the device is in the �on� or �active� mode of operation is illustrated in the graph of FIG. 15. [0040] Positioning the air-flow control valve 100 in an open position, the �off� or �bypass� mode of operation, permits the expiratory air discharged by the patient to bypass the oscillatory rocker assembly 400 and flow directly through the device 1000 and into the rest of the ventilator circuit with no perceptible drop in air pressure because of the substantially unrestricted flow of air through the air-flow tube. Accordingly, once the device 1000 has been installed into the ventilator circuit, it never needs to be removed greatly facilitating the monitoring of the volume of air circulated through the ventilating circuit. The device 1000 will then operate in a passive state allowing the patient to breath in a manner by which the device 1000 will not effect the operation of the ventilator circuit. The passive air pressure and flow rate during an inhalation and exhalation cycle when the device 1000 is in the bypass mode of operation is illustrated in the graph of FIG. 14. [0041] While this invention has been described in the specification and illustrated in the drawings with reference to a preferred embodiment, the structure of which has been disclosed herein, it will be understood by those skilled in the art to which this invention pertains that various changes may be made and equivalents may be substituted for elements of the invention without departing from the scope of the claims. Therefore, it is intended that the invention not be limited to the particular embodiment disclosed in the specification and shown in the drawings as the best mode presently known by the inventors for carrying out this invention nor confined to the details set forth, but that the invention will include all embodiments modifications and changes as may come within the scope of the following claims: Referenced byCiting PatentFiling datePublication dateApplicantTitleUS7059324 *Mar 24, 2003Jun 13, 2006Smiths Medical Asd, Inc.Positive expiratory pressure device with bypassUS7779841Nov 13, 2006Aug 24, 2010Carefusion 2200, Inc.Respiratory therapy device and methodUS8025054Feb 2, 2007Sep 27, 2011Carefusion 2200, Inc.Passive respiratory therapy deviceUS8528547Apr 2, 2008Sep 10, 2013Carefusion 2200, Inc.High frequency oscillation respiratory therapyUS8534284Sep 27, 2011Sep 17, 2013Carefusion 2200, Inc.Respiratory therapy deviceUS20120097164 *Oct 20, 2011Apr 26, 2012Deborah Anne RozarioApparatuses and methods for positive expiratory pressure therapyEP1464357A1 *Mar 23, 2004Oct 6, 2004DHD Healthcare CorporationPositive expiratory pressure device with bypassEP2636420A1 *Mar 4, 2013Sep 11, 2013Hill-Rom Services Pte. Ltd.Respiratory therapy device having standard and oscillatory pep with nebulizer* Cited by examinerClassifications U.S. Classification128/200.24, 128/205.23International ClassificationA61M16/00, A61M16/20, A61M16/08, A63B23/18Cooperative ClassificationA61M16/08, A61M16/0006, A61M16/205, A61M16/209, A63B23/18, A61M16/208European ClassificationA61M16/08, A63B23/18, A61M16/20BLegal EventsDateCodeEventDescriptionSep 21, 2011FPAYFee paymentYear of fee payment: 8Jan 25, 2008FPAYFee paymentYear of fee payment: 4Jan 23, 2006ASAssignmentOwner name: SMITHS MEDICAL ASD, INC., NEW HAMPSHIREFree format text: MERGER;ASSIGNOR:DHD HEALTHCARE CORPORATION;REEL/FRAME:017045/0164Effective date: 20041217Mar 12, 2003ASAssignmentOwner name: DHD HEALTHCARE CORPORATION, NEW YORKFree format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:PELEROSSI, RICHARD K.;KING, GREGORY S.;FORAN, JENNIFER M.;AND OTHERS;REEL/FRAME:013838/0880;SIGNING DATES FROM 20030212 TO 20030304Owner name: DHD HEALTHCARE CORPORATION ONE MADISON STREETWAMPSFree format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:PELEROSSI, RICHARD K. /AR;REEL/FRAME:013838/0880;SIGNINGDATES FROM 20030212 TO 20030304RotateOriginal ImageGoogle Home - Sitemap - USPTO Bulk Downloads - Privacy Policy - Terms of Service - About Google Patents - Send FeedbackData provided by IFI CLAIMS Patent Services©2012 Google

value: This website is a search engine provided by Google. Handling over 3.5 billion searches per day, it has a 92% share of the global search engine market.


text:
National Biodiesel Board Joins Diesel Technology Forum -- WASHINGTON, Dec. 18, 2012 /PRNewswire-USNewswire/ --
WASHINGTON, Dec. 18, 2012 /PRNewswire-USNewswire/ -- The National Biodiesel Board, which represents more than 260 U.S. and international companies that produce and distribute renewable biodiesel fuel, is the newest allied member of the Diesel Technology Forum (DTF).
"We share the common goal of assuring that future energy and transportation policies recognize the unique value and capabilities of diesel technology." – Allen Schaeffer, DTF
"We are extremely pleased to welcome the National Biodiesel Board to the Diesel Technology Forum," said Allen Schaeffer, the Executive Director of the Forum. "The NBB has a mission of educating the public and policy makers about the importance of biodiesel as an important component in America's goal of expanding the use of alternative and renewable energy sources. This is an excellent partnership with the Diesel Technology Forum's mission of educating policymakers about the economic importance, energy efficiency and environmental progress of clean diesel technology.
"We share the common goal of assuring that future energy and transportation policies recognize the unique value and capabilities of diesel technology, particularly as it relates to the energy security and environmental benefits of the use of high-quality biodiesel fuels in diesel engines and equipment," Schaeffer said.
"When you combine the increased efficiency diesel engines with the low carbon nature of an Advanced Biofuel like biodiesel, new technology diesel engines are positioned to become the clean - and green - technology of the future." – Steve Howell, NBB
Steve Howell, Technical Director for the National Biodiesel Board, said, "NBB is excited about our new partnership with the Diesel Technology Forum. Many people do not realize that today's new technology diesel engines with ultra low sulfur biodiesel blends provide tailpipe emissions as clean or cleaner than natural gas or gasoline, while providing superior fuel economy, horsepower, and durability. In addition, when you combine the increased efficiency diesel engines with the low carbon nature of an Advanced Biofuel like biodiesel, new technology diesel engines are positioned to become the clean - and green - technology of the future."
ABOUT THE NATIONAL BIODIESEL BOARD The National Biodiesel Board (NBB) is the national trade association representing the U.S. biodiesel industry, providing education, communications, government affairs, technical and quality assurance programs. Last year, the U.S. biodiesel industry set a new production record of nearly 1.1 billion gallons, which improved the nation's energy security while supporting more than 40,000 jobs across the country. Made from an increasingly diverse mix of resources such as recycled cooking oil, soybean oil and animal fats, biodiesel has been approved and designated as an 'Advanced Biofuel' under the Environmental Protection Agency's Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS-2) program. Biodiesel is produced in nearly every state in the country, and biodiesel blends meeting ASTM standards are used in existing diesel engines without modification. For more information on the National Biodiesel Board and clean, renewable biodiesel, visit www.biodiesel.org. ABOUT THE DIESEL TECHNOLOGY FORUM The Diesel Technology Forum is a non-profit national organization dedicated to raising awareness about the importance of diesel engines, fuel and technology. Forum members are leaders in clean diesel technology and represent the three key elements of the modern clean-diesel system: advanced engines, vehicles and equipment, cleaner diesel fuel and emissions-control systems. For more information visit www.dieselforum.org.
Available Topic Expert(s): For information on the listed expert(s), click appropriate link.Allen Schaeffer https://profnet.prnewswire.com/Subscriber/ExpertProfile.aspx?ei=100525
See more news releases in Oil & Energy Utilities Not For Profit 2015

value: This website .


text:
Glenwood ResidenceTransitional Bathroom, Little Rock
Inspiration for a mid-sized transitional black and white tile alcove shower remodel in Little Rock with multicolored walls — Houzz
12X16 Bathroom Ideas
Coral Tile Bathroom Ideas
Light Colored Granite Countertop Bathroom Ideas
Leigh Bligh wrote:Oct 4, 2011
- could someone provide me with type of area rug to put in bath... over tile... able to get a bit wet please?
This is a wool rug from Jonathan Adler. I would likely use a bathmat over it when getting out of the shower but when just using this guest bath as a powder room and not a shower, I put the bathmat away and this stays cozy and chic.
Leigh Bligh
thank you Tobi... I don't really want to invest a ton of money for a designer rug... but we plan to stay in this home for quite some time... gives me food for thought... so you have given me inspiration. A very bit THANK YOU again.
bebrooks wrote:Sep 25, 2012
What kind of shower curtain did you use to not see the curtain rings?
mrspeak
Do you know the wallpaper that was used?
I absolutely love the curtains used here. where did you get them from? I would like to buy that for my bathroom too.
kristencalhoun wrote:May 1, 2012
Where cn I find that adorable shower curtain??
It's custom made with 2 solid duck fabrics by Kravet Fabrics and mounted on a ceiling track since the ceilings are low in this room. Thanks for the compliments!
crp1234
Did you use a liner in addition to the curtain? Did you use a Trax rod?
kocher wrote:Jul 24, 2011
- Could someone provide the name of the wallpaper.
Isn't this a great print? It's called Minaret. If you click "More Info" you will see that a green product tag has been added to this wallpaper with a written description, price, and link to buy.
Although the may be small, keep an eye out for these little tags all over the site as they can prove to be quite helpful and informative.
It's by Cole and Sons I think. Or maybe it's Osborne and Little.
JJ Smith wrote:Nov 28, 2011
- Could someone tell me where to get this black/white shower curtain?
It's custom made with 2 solid duck fabrics by Kravet Fabrics and mounted on a ceiling track since the ceilings are low in this room.
heffernhyphen wrote:Feb 27, 2016
- Hi Tobi, Were you able to find this track system in Little Rock, or did you purchase it online? Thank you!
T Barton wrote:Sep 18, 2015
- Where did you get the wallpaper? I'd love to know the brand, etc. Thanks!
equwine wrote:Jul 13, 2014
- Where can I find the black and white shelf.?
cleeb wrote:Feb 24, 2014
What is the size of this shower?
- Re doing a small bath....
Jess McBride added this to Textile Textbook: Get Ready to be Wooed by WovensJan 11, 2016
1. Plain WeavePlain weave creates duck cloth, canvas, chintz and taffeta. The standout feature of these fabrics is their characteristic flat appearance, which comes from tightly woven fibers.The shower curtain here is made of duck cloth for a simple, natural elegance.
Lisa Higgins added this to 12 Gorgeous Black and White BathroomsFeb 27, 2014
Showstopping black and white wallpaper (Minaret by Osborne & Little) makes a statement here. The black and white interplay continues with a white cotton duck shower curtain trimmed in black, a black Jonathan Adler rug with a white border, and the stacks of black and white towels carefully arranged on a matching étagère.
Lauren Donaldson added this to Utility Fabrics That Go the DIY DistanceJun 24, 2012
Duck fabric is naturally water resistant, so it's perfect for a DIY shower curtain. With a curtain liner, or treated with a waterproofing spray, it works well anywhere in the bathroom. More: Ecofriendly Fabrics Make the CutDecorate With Burlap
Shawn Gauthier added this to Mixing Patterns: Start With Black and WhiteDec 28, 2011
A rug with a perimeter stripe and black-and-white penny tiles in the shower complement the busier wallpaper in this bathroom. Black-and-white towels in solid colors carry the color scheme without competing with the patterns.
Debbie Snider added this to 12 Ways to Warm Up Your BathSep 30, 2011
8. Area rug. In an all-tile bath, sound echoes off the hard surfaces. A rug absorbs sound and makes us forget we are in a bathroom.In this stylish black-and-white bath, you are enveloped by the layers: fabric shower curtain, large area rug, wallpaper and stacks of towels.
Natalie Myers added this to What's Black and White and Chic? Your Home!Aug 5, 2011
A glamorous black-and-white bathroom is achieved by installing geometric wallpaper and a bold graphic shower curtain. Only black and white towels allowed, stacked in alternating patterns, of course.
Erika Ward - Erika Ward Interiors added this to Interview: The Design Magic of Tobi FairleyJul 29, 2011
EW: What inspired you to start organizations such as InBox Interiors and your popular design camps? TF: I love the business of design as much as I love design itself. So I can hardly go a week without brainstorming and creating new business concepts and opportunities. The online design concept wasn’t originated with me. I saw several very smart and talented designers across the country entering this area. So few ideas are ever really original, but it’s understanding if they are a fit for your firm that helps you determine if you should make the leap into that area of business. As far as the camps go, people have been coming to me for over 10 years wanting to “shadow me, learn from me, spend a day with me.” I am a teacher at heart and love to share ideas, help people learn from my mistakes, and help people gro
Photos in Glenwood
Toronto Renovation & Addition
Noe Valley Powder bath
Rugby Shower Curtain, Navy/White

value: This website is an American website, online community and software for architecture; interior design and decorating; landscape design and home improvement. It was founded in 2009 and is based in Palo Alto, California.


text:
Justin T Gass - Semantic Scholar
Michael Foster Olive54
P. Jeffrey Conn42
Rainer Spanagel30
Clyde W. Hodge28
62Michael Foster Olive
45Peter William Kalivas
36Andrew John Lawrence
34Lucas R. Watterson
26Rose Chesworth
Sven Kroener, Patrick J. Mulholland, Natasha N. New, Justin T Gass, Howard C Becker, L Judson Chandler
In the present study, we used a mouse model of chronic intermittent ethanol (CIE) exposure to examine how CIE alters the plasticity of the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). In acute slices obtained… (More)
mGluR5 Antagonism Attenuates Methamphetamine Reinforcement and Prevents Reinstatement of Methamphetamine-Seeking Behavior in Rats
Justin T Gass, Megan P. H. Osborne, Noreen L Watson, Jordan L Brown, M. Foster Olive
Addiction to methamphetamine is a significant public health problem, and there are currently no pharmacological agents that are approved for the treatment of addiction to this powerful… (More)
The Plasticity of Extinction: Contribution of the Prefrontal Cortex in Treating Addiction through Inhibitory Learning
Justin T Gass, L Judson Chandler
Theories of drug addiction that incorporate various concepts from the fields of learning and memory have led to the idea that classical and operant conditioning principles underlie the compulsiveness… (More)
BACKGROUND The perseverance of the motivational salience of drug-associated memories is an obstacle to the successful treatment of drug addiction and is often a causative factor in triggering… (More)
mGluR5 positive allosteric modulation enhances extinction learning following cocaine self-administration.
Richard M. Cleva, Megan P. Hicks, +4 authors M Foster Olive
Extinction of classically and instrumentally conditioned behaviors, such as conditioned fear and drug-seeking behavior, is a process of active learning, and recent studies indicate that potentiation… (More)
Courtney M Sinclair, Richard M. Cleva, Lauren E. Hood, M Foster Olive, Justin T Gass
Pharmacological blockade of the type 5 metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR5) attenuates cue-induced reinstatement of ethanol-seeking behavior, yet the brain regions involved in these effects are… (More)
Alcohol-seeking behavior is associated with increased glutamate transmission in basolateral amygdala and nucleus accumbens as measured by glutamate-oxidase-coated biosensors.
Justin T Gass, Courtney M Sinclair, Richard M. Cleva, John J. Widholm, M Foster Olive
Relapse is one of the most problematic aspects in the treatment of alcoholism and is often triggered by alcohol-associated environmental cues. Evidence indicates that glutamate neurotransmission… (More)

value: This website is an artificial-intelligence backed search engine for academic publications developed at the Allen Institute for AI and publicly released in November 2015. It uses advances in natural language processing to provide summaries for scholarly papers.