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1. fish Vaccination Present status and future challenges Presented by- Manish kumar I.D.No.- 40024
2. INTRODUCTON  Fisheries will soon reach the maximum capacity in global food production. Consequently, food from aquaculture will be more important for future food security.  The intensive farming of fin fishes and shellfishes has led to an imbalance of optimal culture conditions, which shows increased susceptibility to infectious disease.  Under these conditions, the prevalence and spread of infectious diseases will unavoidably increase due to higher infection pressure and deterioration of environmental conditions, so good husbandry practices and health management must be emphasized.  Use of antibiotics has attracted lot of criticism due to the issues like antibiotic residues, bacterial drug resistance and toxicity.
3.  In this present scenario, vaccination would be the best alternative to combat bacterial and viral disease for the sustainable aquaculture.  The first report on fish vaccination was done by David C. B. Duff and he is regarded as "Father of fish vaccination”.  The vaccines against Fish infectious bacterial diseases were developed in 1970s, It is commercialized in 1980s.  Later due to the reduced environmental impact and improved food quality obtained by minimizing antibiotic use in addition, animal welfare has been improved by the implementation of vaccination.
4. Definition A vaccine is a biological preparation that improves immunity to a particular disease. A vaccine typically contains an agent that resembles a disease-causing microorganism, and is often made from weakened or killed forms the microbe. The agent stimulates the body's immune system to recognize the agent as foreign, destroy it, and "remember" it, so that the immune system can more easily recognize and destroy any of these microorganisms that it later encounters in future.
5. Concept of vaccination "Prevention is better than cure” • Vaccination is an easy, effective and preventive method of protecting fish from diseases. Vaccination is a process by which a protective immune response is induced in an animal by administration of vaccines. • Once fish stimulated by a vaccine, the antibody-producing cells, called B lymphocytes, remain sensitized and ready to respond to the agent should it ever gain entry to the body.
6. Mechanism of a vaccine action
7. TYPES OF VACCINES On the basis of inducing agent and preparation method Vaccines are can be classified as- •Whole-Organism Vaccines  Killed  Attenuated • Purified Macromolecules as Vaccines  Toxoids  Subunit vaccines  Conjugate vaccine • Recombinant vaccine • DNA vaccine
8. Whole-Organism Vaccines Killed or Inactivated: these vaccines contains killed, but previously virulent, micro-organisms that have been destroyed with chemicals, heat, radioactivity or antibiotics. Infective virus Empty virus-like particle Effective, but not Infective
9. Attenuated: these vaccines contains live, attenuated microorganisms. Many of these are live microorganisms that have been cultivated under conditions that disable their virulent properties or which use closely related but less dangerous organisms to produce a broad immune response. example • A vaccine for Koi Herpes Virus (KHV) based on attenuated Carp, Interstitial Nephritis and Gill Necrosis Virus .
10. Inactivated exotoxins or Toxoid Toxoids are vaccines which consist of exotoxins that have been inactivated, either by heat or chemicals. These vaccines are intended to build immunity against the toxins.
11. Subunit vaccine Subunit vaccines are made from a small portion of a micro- organism (rather than the entire micro-organism) that ideally will stimulate an immune response to the entire organism. Example: IPN-vaccine for salmonid fish
12. Conjugate vaccine Certain bacteria have polysaccharide outer coats that are poorly immunogenic. By linking these outer coats to proteins, the immune system can be led to recognize the polysaccharide.
13. RECOMBINANT VACCINES o Recombinant vaccines are produced by using biotechnology. o Identfy and isolate specific gene from bacteria or virus. o Gene is inserted into plasmid DNA and ligated. This engineered plasmid transformed into another Bacterium. o Allow the bacterial culture to grow and produce the antigenic protein. o The vaccine is purified protein recovered from bacteria or virus.
14. DNA Vaccine When the genes for a microbe’s antigens are introduced into the body, some cells will take up that DNA. The DNA then instructs those cells to make the antigen molecules. The cells secrete the antigens and display them on their surfaces. In other words, the body’s own cells become vaccine-making factories, creating the antigens necessary to stimulate the immune system. 15
15. Development of Fish Vaccines Disease Information Aetiology of Disease Characterization of Isolates Definition of Disease Vaccine Development Vaccine Production Lab Vaccination Tests Pre-Licensing Studies Licensing Marketing Preparation Performance monitoring Normally 5 – 8 years in R&D Epidemiology and disease investigation Laboratory phase Field and licensing phase
16. SELECTING THE STRAINS FOR VACCINE PRODUCTION GROWING THE MICRO- ORGANISMS ISOLATION & PURIFICATION OF MICROORGANISM INACTIVATION OF ORGANISM FORMULATION OF VACCINE QUALITY CONTROLAND LOT RELEASE
17. 19 virus (production seed) Cell culture Harvest Bulk Purification FormulationFillingLabelingPackaging      Add  Inoculation cell Adjuvant Stabilizer Bulking agent Preservative Inspection  centrifugation filtering
18. SELECTING THE STRAINS FOR VACCINE PRODUCTION • The Seed(Strain) - – Manufacturing begins with small amounts of a specific bacteria or virus called as seed. GROWING THE MICROORGANISMS • GROWING BACTERIA Methods used are : – BATCH CULTURE – CONTINUOUS CULTURE • GROWING VIRUSES – Methods used are : • CELL (TISSUE) CULTURES • BIRD EMBRYOS • LIVE ANIMAL INOCULATION
19. Isolation & Purification of microorganism • Product isolation is the removal of those components whose properties vary markedly from that of the desired product. • Purification selectively separates and retains the desired product at the highest purity as per its pre-determined specification.(Remove unwanted compounds). Centrifugation Differential Centrifugation – Density gradient Centrifugation – Chromatography column chromatography Ion exchange chromatography:- Affinity chromatography :- Filtration Ultra filtration:-
20. Inactivation of microorganism Virus inactivation involves dismantling a virus’s ability to infect cells without actually eliminating the virus. 1- By attacking the viral envelope or capsid and destroying its ability to infect or interact with cells. 2- By disrupting the viral DNA or RNA and preventing replication. Methods are- • Solvent/detergent (S/D) inactivation • Pasteurization • Acidic pH inactivation(Low pH Treatment) • Ultraviolet (UV) inactivation
21. QUALITY CONTROL AND LOT RELEASE Prior to release the manufacturer must test-  PURITY, SAFETY, AND POTENCY TESTS-  VIRULENCE TESTS – All live vaccines should be tested for virulence  ASSESSING RISK TO THE ENVIRONMENT –  CONSISTENCY OF PRODUCTION –  STABILITY TESTS • LABELLING • MARKETTING • PERFORMANCE MONITORING
22. Vaccine delivery system 1. Injection delivery system. 2. Immersion delivery system. 3. Oral delivery system.
23. Injection vaccination • Injection delivery system is an effective way of inducing antibody response in fish. The injection may be intraperitoneal or intramuscular. • Injection is in general superior to any other vaccine application method because it is directly incorporate vaccine in the body.But main disadvantage is it may cause stress and inflammatory reactions.
24. Immersion vaccination (a) Dip vaccination (b) Bath vaccination • In dip vaccination, fish are immersed for a short duration, usually 30-60 sec, in a highly concentrated vaccine solution. • In bath vaccination, fish are exposed for a longer time, usually one to several hrs, in a lower concentration of antigen. • Immersion vaccination is widely used for fry. It is an effective method that results in relatively good protection for a significant period of time.
25. Oral vaccination • In oral vaccination, the vaccine is either mixed with the feed, coated on top of the feed (top dressed) or bio-encapsulated . • Bio-encapsulation is used where fish or shrimp fry are to be vaccinated. In this case, live feed such as Artemia nauplii, copepods or rotifers are incubated in a vaccine suspension and then fed to the fry. • Since these live organisms are non-selective filter feeders, they will accumulate the antigen in their digestive tract and, as such, transform themselves into living microcapsules .
26. • Recently biofilm of bacterial pathogen has been evolved successfully for oral vaccination of fish with high antibody tire and protection. The glycocalyx of biofilm helps to resist the vaccine destruction in the foregut favouring better antigen delivery to immune responsive sites in the hind gut. • Oral vaccination has the advantage in that it is easy to administer and causes no stress to the fish.
27. Current status of
28. VACCINES SPECIES DISEASE Aeromonas salmonicida Bacterin Atlantic salmon Furunculosis Vibrio anguillarum. V. Ordalii Bacterin Rainbow trout Vibriosis, Yersinia ruckeri Bacterin Salmonids Yersiniosis (enteric red- mouth disease) Vibrio salmonicida Bacterin Salmonids Vibriosis Vibrio anguillarum-salmonicida Bacterin Salmonids Vibriosis Aeromonas salmonicida Bacterin Salmonids Furunculosis Edwardsiella ictaluri Bacterin Catfish Enteric septicaemia Spring viraemia of carp virus Common carp Spring viraemia of carp Koi herpes virus (KHV) Koi carp Koi herpes virus (KHV) disease Biofilm and free-cell vaccines of Aeromonas hydrophila Indian major carps Dropsy Streptococcus agalactiae vaccine Tilapia Streptococcosis Betanodavirus Grouper Betanodavirus disease
29. Vibriosis • within the genus Vibrio, the species causing the most economically serious diseases in marine culture are Vibrio anguillarum, V.ordalii, V.salmonicida and V.vulnificus. • Number of commercial Vibrio anguillarum vaccines have been developed for use mainly by injection.
30. Winter ulcer:-  Winter Ulcer is a disease affecting sea-farmed atlantic salmon.  Today Moritella viscosa has been incorporated in the Oil- based mutivalent vaccines employed routienly in the salmon industry of the affected countries.
31. Pasteurellosis- Pasteurellosis currently described also as photobacteriods, is caused by the halophilic bacterium Photobacterium demselae. Which causes economic losses in the marine culture of yellotail(Seriola quinquerdiata) in Japan.  In recent year, several commercial vaccines against P.damselae have been made available on the market, their efficacy is dependent on fish species, fish size, vaccine formulation.
32. Furunculosis:- o Aeromonas salmlonicida is the causative agent which causes economically devastating losses in cultivated salmonids in fresh water and marine waters. o Many furunculosis bacterins have been developed and commercialized since 1980 to be used in salmonids by injection, immersion or the oral route.
33. Yersiniosis:- o Yersinia ruckeri is the causal agent of yersiniosis or enteric red mouth (ERM) disease. o commercial ERM vaccines have been extensively used for decades. the formalin-killed whole-cell vaccine continues to be highly effective whether administered by immersion, spray, injection or oral routes. .
34. Enteric septicaemia of cat fish, ESC (Edwardsiella ictaluri) Edwardsiella ictaluri is the enterobacterium responsible for enteric septicemia of catfish, with channel cat fish being the most susceptible fish species among them to E. ictaluri . Recently an attenuated O- antigen deficient E.ictaluri strain has been developed which was safe and provided high long lasting acquired immunity with immersion in 9-14 day old channel catfish.
35. Cold water disease or rainbow trout fry syndrome:- • Flavobacterium psychrophilum has been known as the causative agent of bacterial cold water disease (BCWD). • Recent vaccination experiment performed with young rainbow trout demonstrated that significant protection was achieved using oil-adjuvant (Intra peritoneal) vaccines.
36. Pseudomonadiasis:- (red spot disease) o The Pseudo monas species recovered from disease fish. Pseudomonas anguillisetica is considered the significant pathogens for cultured fish. o In recent research efforts production of aqueous and non-mineral oil- adjuvanted bacterins with proved to be effective in experiment trials in gilt head sea bream and turbot.
37. Bacterial kidney disease:- o BKD caused by the gram- positive diplobacillus (Renibacterium salmoninarum) is a chronic systemic disease of salmonids which causes mortality in cultured fish in fresh and marine environment. o Recently a commercial aqueous live vaccine developed by Novartis S.A has been licensed under the name of ‘Renogen’ for BKD prevention.
38. Viral vaccines • Inactivated vaccines are used against infectious pancreatic necrosis (IPN), infectious salmon anaemia (ISA) and pancreas disease (PD) . • A DNA vaccine against infectious haematopoietic necrosis (IHN) is produced in in Canada. The vaccine gives acceptable protection. • Research on DNA-vaccines for several diseases (IPN, VHS, koi herpes virus-infection, spring viraemia in carp)
39. Potential benefits of vaccines  Increased appetite and growth in vaccinated fish compared to non- vaccinated fish is more because of the better food conversion rates in vaccinated fish.  Potential of growing vaccinated fish at higher densities because disease is not a limiting factor in the population.  Immunization of pre-spawning females may have potential as a means of protecting fish against pathogens which affect the early life stages , such as Flavabacterium psychrophilum, Edwardisiella ictaluri.  Reduction of drug use and therefore, the no appearance of bacterial drug resistance, as well as drug residues in the final product.  Improvement of industry image for the sanitary quality of the fish produced, as well as from the environmental safety stand point of view.
40. THE FUTURE- As part of health management measures, vaccination can be effective for disease control in future. To achieve progress in fish vaccinology, an increase in the co- operation between basic and applied science (i.e., between the Immunologist, microbiologist and the vaccinologist ) is needed. Early identification and characterization etiology and epidemiology of the diseases of causing agent.  Identification of the earliest time to vaccinate and available windows for vaccination (i.e. ontogeny of the immune system) .
41.  Development of new non-mineral oil adjuvants lacking side effects.  Development of polyvalent vaccines and standardization of a vaccination calendar appropriate for each economically important fish species. Improvement in oral immunity with biodegradable microparticle based vaccines to be used for booster vaccination.  Investigation of the mechanisms of immunoglobulin transfer from pre-spawning females to offspring as a useful way of protecting fish against pathogens which affect early life stages.
42. Risk associated  The primary risk associated with vaccines, especially vaccines that utilize live organisms and vaccine itself may causes illness.  Vaccine may behave as a super antigen and over stimulate the immune system.  Some individuals may have an allergic reaction to the vaccine.  poor delivery technique may cause stresses which can result tissue damage, necrosis, infection or internal organ damage and death.  Decrease in growth caused by side effects such as those produced by some adjuvant vaccines.  Fish are weakened by improper handling or rearing practices.
43. Conclusion  Aquaculture continues to expand, disease problems will increase. Therefore, disease research and the implementation of new disease control concepts are important to maintain sustainability.  The development of an effective vaccine is a complex process. One of the prerequisites understanding of basic epidemiology of diseases and the immune system of the target species is required.  The importance of disease control is increasingly recognized by both farmers and governments due to the significant economic losses caused by diseases and international pressure on the use of chemicals and antibiotics.  A number of vaccines have been in used by the salmonid industry for decades, however, commercial vaccine development for other aquaculture sectors, including warm water fish, is still quite limited.
44. Currently, vaccines are available for some economically important bacterial and viral diseases but vaccines for protection against parasitic and fungal diseases have not yet been developed.  For the future of the fish farming industry it is also important that vaccination contributes to a sustainable biological production with negligible consumption of antibiotics. Thus, increased resources have been allocated for disease research. In turn, to improved information on diagnostic techniques, infectious diseases and standardization of the culture practices will assist the development of vaccines in the future.
45. References • Biering E., S. Villoing, I. Sommerset, and K.E. Christie. 2005. Update on viral vaccines for fish. Progress in Fish Vaccinology. Developments in Biologicals, P.J. Midtlyng, (ed.): 121:97-113. • Grisez, L., and Z. Tan. 2005. Vaccine development for Asian aquaculture. In (eds), Diseases in Asian Aquaculture, P. Walker, R. Lester, and M.G. Bondad-Reantaso V: 483-494. Fish Health Section, Asian Fisheries Society, Manila.. • Hastein, T., R. Gudding, and O. Evensen. 2005. Bacterial vaccines for fish—an update of the current situation worldwide. Progress in Fish Vaccinology. Developments in Biologicals, P. J. Midtlyng, (ed), 121:55-74. • Komar, C., W.J. Enright, L. Grisez, and Z. Tan. 2004. Understanding fish vaccination. AQUA Culture AsiaPacific Magazine, pp. 27-29.
46. • Russo, R., H. Mitchell, and R. P. E. Yanong. 2006a. Characterization of Streptococcus iniae isolated from ornamental cyprinid fishes and development of challenge models. Aquaculture 256:105-110. • Russo, R., R. P. E. Yanong, and H. Mitchell. 2006b. Dietary beta- glucans and nucleotides enhance resistance of red-tail black shark (Epalzeorhynchus bicolor, fam. Cyprinidae) to Streptococcus iniae infection. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society 37:298-306. • Sommerset, I., B. Krossoy, E. Biering, and P. Frost. 2005. Vaccines for fish in aquaculture. Expert Review of Vaccines 4(1):89-101. • Roy P. E. Yanong, professor, Tropical Aquaculture Laboratory, Program in Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, School of Forest Resources and Conservation, UF/IFAS Extension, Gainesville, FL 32611 • Huovinen, P. 1999. Bacterial resistance; an emerging health problem. Acta Vet Scandinavia Supp.92, 7-13.
47. • Gudding, R., Lillehaug, A., Midtlyng, P.J., Brown, F. (Eds.), 1997. Fish Vaccinology. Developments in Biological Standardization, vol. 91. S. Karger, Basel, p. 484. • Hill, B., 2005. The need for effective disease control in international aquaculture. In: Midtlyng, P.J. (Ed.), Progress in Fish Vaccinology. Developments in Biologicals, vol. 121, pp. 3Ð12. • Bostock, J. 2002. Animal Pharm Report. Aquaculture: A Global Market Study. PJB Publications Ltd. • Campbell, R., Adams, A., Tatner, M.F., Chair, M. and Sorgeloos, P. 1993. Uptake of Vibrio anguillarum • Vaccine by Artemia salina as a potential oral delivery system to fish fry. Fish and Shellfish Immunology 3, 451-459. • Choo, P.S. 2000. Antibiotic use in aquaculture: the Malaysian perspective. INFOFISH International 2, 24-29. • MacMillan, J.R. 2001. Aquaculture and antibiotic resistance: A negligible public health risk? World Aquaculture. June issue. p. 49-68.
48. • Corbeil, S., LaPatra, S.E., Anderson, E.D. and Kurath, G. 2000. Nanogram quantities of DNA vaccine protect rainbow trout fry against heterologous strains of infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus. Vaccine 18, 2817-2824. • Evelyn, T.P.T. 1997. A historical review of fish vaccinology. In R. Gudding, A. Lillehaug, P.J. Midtlyng and F. Brown (eds.) Fish Vaccinology. Development of Biological Standards, Vol. 90, Basel, p. 1-12. • Evelyn, T.P.T. 2002. Finfish immunology and its use in preventing infectious diseases in cultured finfish. In Lavilla-Pitogo, C.R. and Cruz- Lacierda, E.R. (eds.). Diseases in Asian Aquaculture IV. Fish Health Section, Asian Fisheries Society, Manila. p. 303-324. • Lorenzen, E, Einer-Jensen, K., Martinussen, T., LaPatra, S.E. and Lorenzen, N. 2000. DNA vaccination of rainbow trout against viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus: a dose-response and timecourse study. Journal of Aquatic Animal Health 12, 167-180. • Tendencia, E.A. and De La Pena, L.D. 2001. Antibiotic resistance of bacteria from shrimp ponds. Aquaculture 195, 193-204.
Recent developments in vaccination in fish
Development of diagnostic tools and vaccines for aquatic animals
Dna vaccines for fish diseases ppt 2016
Mudasir Maqsood
Diagnosis of fish diseases

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The Muslim Miss World: Nigerian contestant crowned in beauty pageant held to oppose Miss World contest in Bali | Mail Online
Obabiyi Aishah Ajibola of Nigeria crowned in Jakarta, IndonesiaMiss Muslimah World organised by World Muslimah FoundationThe Muslim women's group said it was an 'Islamic response' to Miss WorldContest featured 20 modestly dressed women from Indonesia, Iran, Malaysia, Brunei, Nigeria and BangladeshFinal of traditional Miss World contest takes place in Bali on 28 SeptemberBritish Embassy has advised caution amid possibility of terror attackWarned that extremist groups may be planning to attack the event By
07:15 EST, 19 September 2013
09:55 EST, 19 September 2013
A Nigerian woman has been crowned Muslim Miss World in the final of a beauty pageant organised by a women's group in direct response to the mainstream Miss World competition taking place in Indonesia.Miss Nigeria, Obabiyi Aishah Ajibola, 21, won the Miss Muslimah World contest which was organised by the World Muslimah Foundation, a Muslim women's group, and held in Indonesia's capital city of Jakarta as a protest to the traditional contest being held in Bali this month.The annual Muslim event - now in its third year - is held exclusively for Muslim women, who are assessed not only their appearance (in Islamic dress) but also their piety, religious
knowledge and understanding of the Koran.Scroll down for videos The newly crowned the Muslimah World 2013 Obabiyi Aishah Ajibola of Nigeria is congratulated by contestants during the Muslimah World competition in Jakarta yesterday
The newly crowned the Muslimah World 2013 Obabiyi Aishah Ajibola of Nigeria collects her crown, trophy and flowers and thanks the crowds in Indonesia
Obabiyi Aishah Ajibola of Nigeria reacts emotionally as she hears the announcement of her victory in the Muslim Miss World
More than 500 Muslim women entered the contest online, with 20 finalists chosen by judges. Entrants were asked to talk people through their path to the religion and what wearing a headscarf meant to them.When Miss Nigeria was announced the winner - and won a trip to Mecca - she recited a verse from the Koran. Miss Nigeria is CROWNED Miss Muslimah World 2013
Hello Kitty launch banana-flavoured beer to get Asian women drinking lager - and insist it ISN'T marketed at children
Meanwhile in Bali, the
mainstream pageant was subject to protests by hard-line Muslims within the world's most populous Muslim country, even though organisers relented and agreed to cancel the bikini round.Moreover, its final - held on 28 September - was due to take place in Jakarta, but it has now been agreed
that the whole pageant will take place in Bali, a Hindu-majority island, where armed police are on high alert following warnings that the contest could be a target for terror attacks. The finale of a beauty pageant exclusively for Muslim women took place in Jakarta
Obabiyi Aishah Ajibola of Nigeria reacts for her title of the Muslimah World as First Runner Up Noor Aspasia of Indonesia looks on
Contestants of the Muslimah World pageant take part in a rehearsal for the grand final of the contest in Jakarta on 18 September
Nigerian Obabiyi Aishah Ajibola salutes in front of the contestants during the final of the 3rd Miss World Muslimah 2013 contest in Jakarta, Indonesia
The contestants line up during the final of the 3rd Miss World Muslimah 2013 contest The audience claps during the final of the 3rd Miss World Muslimah 2013 contest
Miss Nigeria wins a trip to Mecca as part of her prize
The ten final contestants of the Muslimah World 2013 answer questions from a judge panel during the Muslimah World Five of the Muslim women taking part in the competition in Jakarta that judged women on her Islam dress and her knowledge of the Koran
Indonesian Muslims in the audience share photos of the competition
Muslim women in the audience of the pageant
Meanwhile in Bali: Miss World contestants warned about possible terror attacks
Following protests around Indonesia opposing the Miss World competition taking place in Bali, female contestants have warned to be vigilant against possible terror attacks on the island.The British, US and Australian Embassies in Jakarta have warned the women taking part - three of whom are from the UK - that extremist groups may be planning to disrupt the pagean.The competition final takes place in Bali on 28 September. Miss Australia, Erin Holland, left; Miss Angola, Maria Castelo, right
Kirsty Heslewood from England, Gabrielle Shaw from Wales and Meagan Green from Northern Ireland are representing Britain in the competition.The British Embassy said that 'local Islamist vigilante groups have threatened to hold large-scale demonstrations to disrupt the Miss World pageant', adding 'extremist groups may also be planning to attack the event'.Terrorist bombs killed 202 people in Bali in 2002, 30 of whom were British. Miss Albania, Ersela Kurti, left, and Miss Angola, Maria Castelo, right
Bali Islamists protested against Miss World earlier this month

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Physical fitness and all-cause mortality. A prospective study of healthy men and women. - PubMed - NCBI
Format: AbstractFormatSummarySummary (text)AbstractAbstract (text)MEDLINEXMLPMID ListApplySend toChoose DestinationFileClipboardCollectionsE-mailOrderMy BibliographyCitation managerFormatSummary (text)Abstract (text)MEDLINEXMLPMID ListCSVCreate File1 selected item: 2795824FormatSummarySummary (text)AbstractAbstract (text)MEDLINEXMLPMID ListMeSH and Other DataE-mailSubjectAdditional textE-mailDidn't get the message? Find out why...Add to ClipboardAdd to CollectionsOrder articlesAdd to My BibliographyGenerate a file for use with external citation management software.Create File
See comment in PubMed Commons belowJAMA. 1989 Nov 3;262(17):2395-401.Physical fitness and all-cause mortality. A prospective study of healthy men and women.Blair SN1, Kohl HW 3rd, Paffenbarger RS Jr, Clark DG, Cooper KH, Gibbons LW.Author information1Institute for Aerobics Research, Dallas, Tex 75230.AbstractWe studied physical fitness and risk of all-cause and cause-specific mortality in 10,224 men and 3120 women who were given a preventive medical examination. Physical fitness was measured by a maximal treadmill exercise test. Average follow-up was slightly more than 8 years, for a total of 110,482 person-years of observation. There were 240 deaths in men and 43 deaths in women. Age-adjusted all-cause mortality rates declined across physical fitness quintiles from 64.0 per 10,000 person-years in the least-fit men to 18.6 per 10,000 person-years in the most-fit men (slope, -4.5). Corresponding values for women were 39.5 per 10,000 person-years to 8.5 per 10,000 person-years (slope, -5.5). These trends remained after statistical adjustment for age, smoking habit, cholesterol level, systolic blood pressure, fasting blood glucose level, parental history of coronary heart disease, and follow-up interval. Lower mortality rates in higher fitness categories also were seen for cardiovascular disease and cancer of combined sites. Attributable risk estimates for all-cause mortality indicated that low physical fitness was an important risk factor in both men and women. Higher levels of physical fitness appear to delay all-cause mortality primarily due to lowered rates of cardiovascular disease and cancer.Comment inExercise, fitness, and mortality. [JAMA. 1990]PMID: 2795824 [Indexed for MEDLINE] SharePublication type, MeSH terms, Grant supportPublication typeResearch Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.MeSH termsAdultCardiovascular Diseases/mortalityCause of Death*FemaleHumansMaleMiddle AgedNeoplasms/mortalityPhysical Fitness*Population SurveillanceProspective StudiesRisk FactorsTexas/epidemiologyGrant supportAG06945/AG/NIA NIH HHS/United StatesLinkOut - more resourcesFull Text SourcesSilverchair Information SystemsOther Literature SourcesCOS Scholar UniverseMedicalClinicalTrials.govExercise and Physical Fitness - MedlinePlus Health InformationPubMed Commons home

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Shirley E Foss Bonney (1921-2004) - Find A Grave Memorial
Shirley E Foss Bonney
2 Dec 2004 (aged 83)
44219869 · View Source
Shirley is the daughter of Delmar Linwood Foss & Alice (Johnson) Foss. Wife of Corry Orville Bonney.
They had 8 children: Corry Jr, Owen D, Corrine M, Constance G, Kirby D, Bonita, Sandra Jeane, and Deborah L.
Corry Orville Bonney
Find A Grave Memorial 44219869
Find A Grave, database and images (https://www.findagrave.com : accessed ), memorial page for Shirley E Foss Bonney (21 Apr 1921–2 Dec 2004), Find A Grave Memorial no. 44219869, citing Pleasant Pond Cemetery, Sumner, Oxford County, Maine, USA ; Maintained by Gary Bonney (contributor 47070426) .
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Best 15 Glass, Mirror and Shower Door Contractors in Saint-Césaire, QC | Houzz
20 Saint-Césaire, QC Glass, Mirror and Shower Door Contractors
Glass is one of the most useful materials to use in a home, but it takes a skilled glass dealer in Saint-Césaire, QC to correctly handle it. You use it all around the house, whether you realize it or not — windows, doors, showers, mirrors and more. While glass can be a very sturdy material, it’s also prone to break if not properly maintained. Make sure you hire professional Saint-Césaire glass companies to install or repair your products safely so you can live comfortably. More
Click to callBelvidere Center, VT, 05442
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Before you hire a glass, mirror or shower door contractor in Saint-Césaire, Quebec, shop through our network of over 20 local glass, mirror and shower door contractors. Read through customer reviews, check out their past projects and then request a quote from the best glass, mirror and shower door contractors near you.

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Words containing dendralene | Words that contain dendralene
Words containing dendralene | Words that contain dendralene http://www.thefreedictionary.com/words-containing-dendralenePrinter Friendly
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Words containing dendralene
Found 1 words containing dendralene. Browse our Scrabble Word Finder, Words With Friends cheat dictionary, and WordHub word solver to find words that contain dendralene. Or use our Unscramble word solver to find your best possible play! Related: Words that start with dendralene
11 letter words containing dendraleneSee also11 letter words containing dendralenedendralenesSee also:Q words without UWords that start with pWords that start with eWords with the letter jWords that end in cWords that start with gWords containing dendralen

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Patent US6092072 - Programmed medium for clustering large databases - Google PatentsSearch Images Maps Play YouTube News Gmail Drive More »Sign inPatentsThe present invention relates to a computer method, apparatus and programmed medium for clustering large databases. The present invention represents each cluster to be merged by a constant number of well scattered points that capture the shape and extent of the cluster. The chosen scattered points are...http://www.google.com/patents/US6092072?utm_source=gb-gplus-sharePatent US6092072 - Programmed medium for clustering large databasesAdvanced Patent SearchTry the new Google Patents, with machine-classified Google Scholar results, and Japanese and South Korean patents.Publication numberUS6092072 APublication typeGrantApplication numberUS 09/055,941Publication dateJul 18, 2000Filing dateApr 7, 1998Priority dateApr 7, 1998Fee statusLapsedPublication number055941, 09055941, US 6092072 A, US 6092072A, US-A-6092072, US6092072 A, US6092072AInventorsSudipto Guha, Rajeev Rastogi, Kyuseok ShimOriginal AssigneeLucent Technologies, Inc.Export CitationBiBTeX, EndNote, RefManPatent Citations (16), Non-Patent Citations (11), Referenced by (87), Classifications (17), Legal Events (6) External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, EspacenetProgrammed medium for clustering large databases
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http://nyti.ms/1aFvd18
Automobiles A Concept Goes From Paper Sketch to Metal Reality
By PHIL PATTONOCT. 29, 2013
Gael Buzyn and Niki Smart with a clay model of the Cadillac Elmiraj concept car.
J. Emilio Flores for The New York Times “YOU can lie to yourself quite easily in a sketch,” said Niki Smart, a designer at the General Motors Advanced Design studio in North Hollywood, Calif., who makes dozens of sketches a day.Most of his sketches sell cars of the future, but first they must sell his ideas to his bosses. While each bold drawing comes with the exaggerated wheels and fenders typical at this stage of car design, each also represents a potential vehicle. Mr. Smart often wonders if he’s fooling himself that it can be a good one.“Is there really a car there?” he asks himself. He worries about how his bosses will react. “I wonder if they will see in it what I see in it,” he said. “Is it a good car? Is it the same car?”Such sketches are the beginnings of concept cars, the dream vehicles that manufacturers display to sell themselves to the public. Some are lightly disguised versions of future models that an automaker plans to produce; others are science fiction fantasies; still others morale boosters for lagging companies. Rarely is a concept car turned directly into a production car. Continue reading the main story
In August, the Elmiraj, a long and formidable two-door, four-seat coupe, was unveiled in Pebble Beach, Calif., at the annual gathering where the wealthiest car collectors, executives and design chiefs meet. Then it was displayed for the press in Detroit and New York, and sent off to the Frankfurt auto show.But the life of the Elmiraj began with pencil and paper in California, where GM, like nearly 30 automakers, has located its advance design studio to keep its inspirations undiluted by the practical concerns of production design.If the studio’s North Hollywood address suggests the sprawling lots of Warner Bros., think again: the studio looks like a small warehouse, shielded by tall walls and spruce trees. Inside those walls, a Google satellite view shows, is an oval of pavement. This is where clay car models are placed for viewing outside, because designers want to see their visions in natural light, though privacy must be maintained against early glimpses by outsiders.
A rendering of the Elmiraj.
General Motors This studio works on advanced ideas for all of GM’s brands worldwide and has an international staff of 70, including technology experts, modelers and paint and materials specialists. Mr. Smart was raised in Britain and educated at the Royal College of Art. He worked on the Elmiraj with Gael Buzyn, a French interior designer.The designers worked with the Cadillac design language, a set of visual stylistic conventions called “art and science.” (Many brands have such visual languages, some with names like “fluidic sculpture.”) The art and science language — established in 1999 with the Evoq concept car — has been said to combine the faceting of jewels with the design of stealth fighters, to express both luxury and high technology. This formula helped Cadillac leave behind its image as a maker of gas-guzzling land barges and cars for Elvis.Mr. Smart said the design brief for the Elmiraj was short and abstract, even banal. Clay Dean, Cadillac’s head of advanced design, called for a car expressing the future of luxury and the concept of “the drive.” Mr. Smart had already worked on a concept car with such nebulous marching orders, one meant to express “the journey,” which became the Ciel, an open-top hybrid shown at Pebble Beach two years ago.Since concept cars give midcareer designers like Mr. Smart, 40, a shot at becoming a studio or brand design chief, he was delighted when his sketch for the Elmiraj was pulled from the stack of drawings from the studio’s designers.He described his methods. “I do most of my drawings first in pencil,” he says, “then I scan them into the computer.” In the computer, sketches are fleshed out using software called Alias. From the first scratchy drawings, a more detailed vision of the car emerges.
As with most concept cars, the Elmiraj resulted from a choice among several themes, as designers call them, or basic ideas for the car. Four or five sketches are usually chosen to be made into one-third-scale clay models.The unsung hero in the creation of concepts is the skilled modeler who helps the designer transfer visual ideas to clay. Digital technology lets designers scattered around the globe look at colleagues’ work on other continents. Long before 3-D printers arrived, car studios used computer-driven milling machines to carve full-size clay models.But a human hand is still required for the final touches, to make sure, for instance, that the highlights of light appear energetic and alive. The computer can also lie, it turns out.
General Motors Mr. Buzyn, the car’s interior designer, noted that both he and Mr. Smart liked mid-20th-century modern furniture and brought its influences to the Elmiraj.The Elmiraj’s shape suggests the influence of Charles and Ray Eames’s famous lounge chair and ottoman, he said. There is also something modernist in the use of undecorated expanses of material with minimal accents, whether it is grainy wood or dark steel.The Elmiraj is perhaps the least decorated Cadillac ever, with only three air vents as accents on the exterior. Its grille is matte metal wire, a long way from the gleaming chrome egg crate of Cadillacs past. The interior is accented with bits of rosewood, the original material of the Eames lounger.The Elmiraj is intended to shape anticipations of dealers and customers about a production model. Other concept cars have hinted at new technology. Elements of Cadillac’s Urban Luxury Concept, a gasoline-electric hybrid unveiled at the 2010 Los Angeles Auto Show that Mr. Smart worked on, will show up in the Cadillac ELR, the extended-range electric model due soon.Mr. Smart said he wanted Elmiraj to have a sense of presence and prestige, like large Cadillacs of the past. “I grew up near Silverstone” — a racetrack in Britain — “and my father worked with exhaust systems,” Mr. Smart said. “I looked at all his old magazines and saw those long, low American cars.”
Early in 2013, Mr. Smart signed off on the final version of the Elmiraj clay model and it was sent to Detroit for construction of the actual metal show car. The car was finished in July, a month before its unveiling; sometimes, construction goes on almost until a concept car’s curtain time.Some concept cars are poorly received, seen as false promises by a company. But the Elmiraj met almost universal approval. “The most beautiful thing to come out of Detroit in years,” raved Autoweek. The late-night television host Jay Leno, a noted car collector, praised the Elmiraj.Automotive cognoscenti speculate that the Elmiraj’s lines will appear on a future production car, perhaps the four-door flagship model Cadillac needs to compete with the BMW 7 series or the Mercedes S-Class. This would be built on what GM engineers call the Omega platform, a worldwide specification for engine and chassis arrangement. There is a lot of reality in the Elmiraj design.There is, however, one lie — under the hood. The car’s supercharged V-8 engine is an engineer’s fantasy in these days of stricter mileage standards. The rule is almost ironclad: concept cars boast unrealistic horsepower.
A version of this article appears in print on October 30, 2013, on page F4 of the New York edition with the headline: A Concept Goes From Paper Sketch to Metal Reality. Order Reprints| Today's Paper|Subscribe

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Kokomo on matkailijoiden suosiossa muun muassa teemojen perhekohde, ravintolat ja ystävälliset ihmiset ansiosta.
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This hotel in Kokomo, Indiana offers a daily continental breakfast bar and free Wi-Fi access. Indiana University Kokomo is 8 minutes' drive from the hotel. Holiday Inn Express Hotel & Suites Kokomo
Within one mile from American Legion Golf Course and Indiana University Kokomo, Fairfield Inn by Marriott Kokomo offers an indoor pool area and spacious rooms with free Wi-Fi. Fairfield Inn by Marriott Kokomo
Just 1 mile from Indiana University Kokomo and next to Highway 31, Courtyard Kokomo offers a fitness center, indoor pool and an on-site convenience store. Rooms include premium cable channels. ”we booked the hotel for a wedding. the hotel allowed us to check in early so we could get ready for the wedding. this helped us out alot.”
This hotel in Kokomo, Indiana is one mile from the American Legion Golf Course. Free Wi-Fi is available along with an indoor pool and a gym at this hotel. ”Indoor pool and breakfast area.”
Situated in Kokomo, Indiana, this motel is 6 miles from the Howard County Historical Society. On-site dining, an outdoor pool and spacious guest rooms with free Wi-Fi are offered. ”Beds were comfi. Breakfast was fine. Nice swimming pool.”
Offering free Wi-Fi and a flat-screen TV with HBO film channels in every guest room, this motel is 1 mile from Indiana University Kokomo. A launderette is available on site. Motel 6 Kokomo
Travelers Inn & Suites is conveniently located at U.S. 31 North and Lincoln Road, and is within walking distance from Delphi Electronics & Safety Division and DaimlerChrysler Corporation. ”Very clean room; very courteous staff”
Featuring a seasonal outdoor pool and a daily hot breakfast with cinnamon rolls, this Kokomo, Indiana motel is 83 km away from Indianapolis Airport. Free Wi-Fi access is available. Super 8 Kokomo
The Comfort Inn hotel is conveniently located within minutes from points of interest include the Elwood Haynes Museum, Grissom Air Reserve Base, Highland Park, Indiana University Kokomo and the Kokomo...
”The front desk staff were very cordial and professional.”
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Still smarting, Formula One has hopes for U.S. Prix - Sports - International Herald Tribune - The New York Times
Sports|Still smarting, Formula One has hopes for U.S. Prix - Sports - International Herald Tribune
Still smarting, Formula One has hopes for U.S. Prix - Sports - International Herald Tribune
Brad Spurgeon JUNE 28, 2006
As the world's highest-level motor racing series stages one of its most crucial races of the season at the U.S. Grand Prix this weekend, much of the focus of the global sporting world will be on the World Cup, Wimbledon and the Tour de France.
For once, Formula One will be comfortable with the diluted attention of its global audience. At its visit to the Indianapolis Motor Speedway last year, it had its biggest public relations nightmare after only 6 of the 20 cars took part in a simulacrum of a race - and all most people in the sport want now is to repair the damage.
"Hopefully, we will have a race that is deserving of Indianapolis and its fans," said Gil de Ferran, the Honda sporting director and winner of the Indianapolis 500 as a driver in 2003. "I hope we'll put on a fantastic motor racing show, which is what Indianapolis is all about."
Yet although the wounds remain a year later, one thing is clearer than ever within Formula One: the teams that refused to race because their Michelin tires were unsafe could not have done otherwise. Whether the sport handled the situation well and how it should deal with the American audience in the future remain matters of debate.
The debacle last year began during Friday practice when Ralf Schumacher crashed into the wall after a rear tire of his Toyota burst under the pressure of the banked track. It was the second year that the German crashed there, and he is not looking forward to returning.
"The atmosphere is great, and I never expected to be that well received by the Americans," Schumacher said. "But on the circuit itself, to me, we shouldn't race there. Banking is not designed for Formula One."
The Formula One cars use only one of the famous oval's banked corners, where they run at 280 kilometers an hour, or 174 miles an hour, while the rest of the track runs through the infield and resembles other Formula One circuits.
Scott Speed, the sport's only American driver, said he was lucky nothing happened to him with his Michelin- shod car last year in his debut as a test driver. But he said he is confident that the tire problem has been fixed.
"That's what happens when you have the most technically advanced cars on the planet," said Speed, who drives for the Toro Rosso team. "Because of this reason sometimes they go over the edge, and in this circumstance they did and they had a safety problem."
Jarno Trulli, the other Toyota driver, likened it to when Sauber had to withdraw from the Brazilian Grand Prix in 2000 and Minardi pulled out of the Spanish Grand Prix in 2002, both times because their wings were weak. The only difference was that the tire problem involved more than half the teams.
Although Formula One has raced in Indianapolis since 2000, the track was resurfaced last year, and as the teams do not practice on it they discovered how rough the surface was only upon arrival.
Michelin suggested the race take place with a chicane at the banked corner to slow the cars. But the International Automobile Federation, known by its French acronym, FIA, refused, saying that would not be fair to the Bridgestone teams.
The FIA suggested that the Michelin- shod cars detour through the pit lane instead of racing down the straight, to avoid the banking. But the resulting race would have had the same result as the race that took place with six cars.
"It was a tremendous shame for the whole American fan base, let alone those watching on TV back in Europe," said Mark Webber, a driver at Williams. "I hope they understand from the drivers' side that we had no choice. It wasn't if we are going to hit the wall - it was when we are going to hit the wall."
He began to say that when a car hit the wall its wheel might fly into the crowd. He did not finish the sentence.
De Ferran said it was one of the worst experiences of his career.
"Indianapolis for me has probably a greater meaning than it does for most of the people in the Formula One paddock," de Ferran said. "I'm aware of the history, I'm aware of the importance of the place: for drivers, Indianapolis is like our church. It's almost like a religious experience. So what happened was like putting a knife through your heart."
Bernie Ecclestone, the sport's promoter, said last week that Formula One does not need a U.S. Grand Prix. He begins talks with the speedway this week to renew the contract, which ends this year, at nearly $20 million annually for the rights to the race.
Teams and sponsors say they need the U.S. race. "The U.S. is the most important market for the BMW Group, as there we have the two biggest production facilities outside Germany," said Mario Theissen, the head of BMW's racing program.
And while a district judge last week dismissed a class-action suit by some of last year's spectators, other fans see last year's race day fiasco differently.
"What some people saw as a disaster of a weekend," said John Greer, a spectator who traveled from Canada for the race, "we saw as a history-making event that was a pleasure to be part of."


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Best Price on Quality Hotel and Resort Fagernes in Fagernes + Reviews
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Quality Hotel and Resort FagernesJernbaneveien, Other, Fagernes, Norway, 2900 - View on mapQuality Hotel and Resort FagernesSee more photosLobbySee more photosSee all 18 photosView on map
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More about Quality Hotel and Resort FagernesAn overviewFor travelers who want to take in the sights and sounds of Fagernes, Quality Hotel and Resort Fagernes is the perfect choice. From here, guests can enjoy easy access to all that the lively city has to offer. With its convenient location, the hotel offers easy access to the city's must-see destinations. Quality Hotel and Resort Fagernes offers impeccable service and all the essential amenities to invigorate travelers. This hotel offers numerous on-site facilities to satisfy even the most discerning guest. All guest accommodations feature thoughtful amenities to ensure an unparalleled sense of comfort. Besides, the hotel's host of recreational offerings ensures you have plenty to do during your stay. With an ideal location and facilities to match, Quality Hotel and Resort Fagernes hits the spot in many ways.Show moreWhat they offerInternet accessFree Wi-Fi in all rooms Services and conveniencesSmoking area AccessPets allowed Available in all roomsComplimentary bottled water Languages spokenNorwegian Show lessGuest policiesChild and extra bed policyChildren 0-12 year(s)Must use an extra bedExtra beds are dependent on the room you choose. Please check the individual room capacity for more details.When booking more than 5 rooms, different policies and additional supplements may apply.Show more

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The Jūra is a river in western Lithuania and a right tributary of the Nemunas. It mostly follows a meandering and natural course, although two concrete dams of hydroelectric power plants prevent paddling, as do dense vegetation in its upper reaches and large stones.
The river's name comes from the Lithuanian word jūra, which means "sea". Towns on the Jūra include Tauragė, Rietavas, Kvėdarna, and Pajūris.
left - Aitra, Lokysta, Akmena, Šunija, Šešuvis.
right - Letausas, Šlaunis.
Coordinates: 55°03′N 22°08′E / 55.050°N 22.133°E / 55.050; 22.133
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - https://wn.com/Jūra
Radio Stations - Jūra

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$19.25 Retail: $35.00 Save 45% ($15.75) In Stock Stock No: WW24139EB Baker Academic / 2007 / ePub Add To Cart
Call Calvin's Theology of the Psalms - eBook By: Herman Selderhuis
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Format: DRM Protected ePubVendor: Baker AcademicPublication Date: 2007ISBN: 9781441237194ISBN-13: 9781441237194Series: Texts and Studies in Reformation and Post-Reformation Thought
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Patent US8055375 - Analytical generator of key performance indicators for pivoting on metrics ... - Google Patents
A guidance system of an industrial process captures process parameter data that is correlated with a human-machine interface (HMI) in order to learn how an experienced operator selects visualizations of key performance indicators (KPI) in order to take a corrective action to address an abnormal or non-optimal...http://www.google.com/patents/US8055375?utm_source=gb-gplus-sharePatent US8055375 - Analytical generator of key performance indicators for pivoting on metrics for comprehensive visualizations
Publication number US8055375 B2
Application number US 12/242,140
Also published as US20100082125
Publication number 12242140, 242140, US 8055375 B2, US 8055375B2, US-B2-8055375, US8055375 B2, US8055375B2
Inventors Jan Pingel, Micheal John Pantaleano, Bruce Gordon Fuller, Robert Joseph McGreevy, Ian Edward Tooke, Kevin John Albert, John Joseph Baier
Patent Citations (50), Referenced by (3), Classifications (12), Legal Events (2)
Analytical generator of key performance indicators for pivoting on metrics for comprehensive visualizations
US 8055375 B2
select based on the plurality of weighted process HMI visualizations a solution HMI visualization.
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U.S. Classification 700/173, 700/161, 700/28, 700/47, 700/174, 700/159, 700/160, 700/180
International Classification G06F19/00, G05B19/18
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:PINGEL, JAN;PANTALEANO, MICHEAL JOHN;FULLER, BRUCE GORDON;AND OTHERS;SIGNING DATES FROM 20080924 TO 20080930;REEL/FRAME:021944/0422