text:
.net - Is there a way to measure boxing/unboxing penalties? - Stack Overflow
1 I'm working with a framework that uses collections derived from System.Collections.CollectionBase. Users have been complaining about performance, and I feel that these collections, which are very heavily used, might be a big part of the problem. Is there a way with a tool or profiler or in the IL that I can get some metrics on boxing/unboxing penalties? I need evidence to back-up a push for System.Collections.Generic instead. I've tried CLRProfiler, but tend to get lost and am not sure what I should be looking for. UPDATE
Thanks all for your input so far. I am aware that this is probably not the main bottleneck, but am looking for metrics on as many possible performance killers as I can. This is just one of them, not sure how big it is, hence looking for a way to measure it.
.net performance profiling boxing share|improve this question edited Nov 11 '10 at 14:53
I am very sure the performance problem won't be which collection class you use. Read a few tutorials about profiling and test it. You can also take methods of your code and execute them on their own to test how long they take for 1,10,100,100000 elements and test if it really matters.
Personally I doubt that this is the bottleneck; in particular is it structs or classes in the collection?
Classes. Lots of them. Used very heavily. I'm aware of other issues with the framework (there are many, many issues), but I'm trying to gather as many metrics as possible to convince them to upgrade.
@AJ: If your collections are of classes (reference types), then you don't even having a boxing issue to begin with.
While I certainly encourage you to move from non-generic to generic collections for plenty of good reasons, I honestly doubt that these collections could be the cause of your performance problems. Boxing is generally only an issue when you get to the microscopic level, needing to squeeze out tiny gains in high-performance situations. It's also good to avoid in general for GC reasons, but it's typically minor in that arena as well.
To put it another way: it's highly doubtful that boxing would cause a performance issue that your users would notice.
Obviously, I'm speaking in generalizations. Without knowing your specific scenario, I can't really say that much with any certainty.
Edit: Note that while I am skeptical your problem could be your use of non-generic collections per se, I will point out that it is very important what type of collection you use to tackle a given problem, particularly when the amount of data in the collection is large. Here are just a few examples:
If you are performing lookups based on a key, a hash table such as Dictionary<TKey, TValue> will significantly outperform a List<T>, for example.
If you are checking for duplicates, a HashSet<T> will have superior performance.
If you are looking for FIFO (queue-like) behavior, a Queue<T> will have superior performance.
If you are performing insertions/removals at random positions within the collection, a LinkedList<T> will have superior performance.
These collections should be part of any .NET developer's (really, any developer's) set of tools. If you find yourself using a List<T> (or ArrayList) or similar data structure everywhere you utilize collections of items, that very well may cause a performance issue down the road--again, particularly when your collections are large. These are not trivial performance gains I'm talking about. So do take care to make sensible choices for your collection types.
But I'd recommend a performance profiler in general, such as ANTS (good, but not free) or EQATEC (also good and free). Just run your application under a program such as one of these and see where your bottlenecks are. My guess is that you'll find it isn't with your non-generic collections; but naturally, I could be wrong.
answered Nov 11 '10 at 14:35
Right... chances are the performance over which collection is being used is minor in comparison to other areas like data access, or network latency.
Playing with EQATEC now. Thanks much for your detailed response.
OMG @Dan Tao, I would +23 this if I could. Used EQATEC to find the smoking gun, and you were right, it has nothing to do with boxing and everything to do with data access. Thank you thank you thank you.
Why not just set up a quick console app to measure the speeds of various operations. You could use a simple method like this:
private TimeSpan TimedAction(Action action)
var elapsed = TimedAction(() =>
//Do some stuff with your collection here
Console.WriteLine("Elapsed Time: {0}", elapsed.TotalMilliseconds);
You should be able to collect enough empirical evidence from this to figure out which collection would be faster given analogous operations. Number of items, number of contiguous operations performed, etc...
However, as Dan mentioned above; the amount of overall performance spent on the third party collection is probably insignificant when juxtapose to data access and network latency.
@Dan Tao's remarks are right on the money.
What I find myself doing a lot, in similar circumstances, is this technique, which you can do under any IDE.
So I know you want to measure a specific thing, but overall, your big concern is finding performance problems wherever they are, right?
We have debates about issues like these, but what the program is really spending time on is unrelated to that. Things like going 30 layers deep into subterranean libraries, just to do things like extract strings from resources so they can be translated into different languages, when they don't, in fact, need to be. Things like somebody sets a property to True, which sets off a chain of notifications with things getting added or removed from lists, tree-view controls being updated, windows being created and destroyed, tabs and menu items being added/removed, etc. Then a little while later, the property gets set to False again, as if it's no big deal. Things like setting cells in a grid control, where a similar tidal wave of ramifications ensue.
Generally, tails wagging dogs.
That's what I mean about what's really going on. When things like boxing are a problem, samples will show it.
share|improve this answer edited Nov 12 '10 at 17:19
In addition to type safety, generic
collection types generally perform
better for storing and manipulating
value types because there is no need
to box the value types.
Take note though that in real life, generics are not actually as fast as Microsoft say. The difference is negligible.
Not the answer you're looking for?	Browse other questions tagged .net performance profiling boxing or ask your own question.	asked
Boxing and Unboxing concept


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Congress hits back at Advani, says BJP veteran 'frustrated'
Updated: Jun 27, 2011 21:58 IST	PTI
Congress on Monday hit back at LK Advani for describing it as a 'fiefdom' of a single family, saying his views reflect "his frustration from unfulfilled desires".
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Inside Job: Avoiding Work-at-Home Scams
» Follow The Post On: Transcript: Thursday, October 26, 1 p.m. ET
Co-Directors, Scambusters.org
Had enough of the rat race? Maybe it's time to start your own business -- and many people have had success opening shop from within their homes. In our Inside Job special feature, we've gathered information you can use to learn the ins and outs of doing a home-based business right.
Audri and Jim Lanford are co-directors of Scambusters.org. They were online to discuss the pitfalls awaiting those who don't snoop out work-at-home scams -- and how to avoid them.
The Post's Annys Shin examined the topic of work at home scams in her latest entry to her consumer blog, The Checkout.
For more on entrepreneur ism, visit last year's Small Business 101 special feature. And there is plenty more information on jobs and careers in our online Jobs section.
washingtonpost.com: I'd like to start the discussion off with a general question about ScamBusters. Who are you, why did you start the web site and what do you consider the primary need you are attempting to address?
Audri Lanford: ScamBusters.org is a public service that we've been publishing for 12 years to help people protect themselves from Internet scams. We have about 2 million visitors and 110,000 subscribers to our free newsletter. Scammers are getting more and more clever, so we want to help people not get taken.
Forestville, Md.: I'm retired and looking into working out of my home, something to supplement my retirement. I have been trying to do paid surveys and have yet to earn any money. Recently I've signed up for eBay. My question is can you actually make the kind of money they advertise that you can or is it just another scam?
Audri Lanford: Paid surveys will most likely not lead to earning any decent money. You might earn a few dollars and get a few products, but that's it.
You can earn money selling on eBay -- tens of thousands of people do. However, you have to know what you're doing. And, you do work -- it's not that you get money just popping up in your bank account.
Another legitimate way to earn money is to register with eLance.com. It is basically a marketplace for people hiring freelance writers, graphic artists, consultants, programmers, you name it. We have successfully dozens of people from eLance for years.
Leonardtown, Md.: How safe is it to sell items on eBay?
Audri Lanford: Great question. There are millions of items sold each day on eBay, and the vast majority are bought and sold legitimately.
However, that doesn't mean that you shouldn't be careful. You definitely should.
We wrote a ScamBusters issue awhile back about online auctions that I think you'll find useful. It's called "Online Auctions: Deal or Steal?" You can find it here:
http://www.scambusters.org/Scambusters43.html
Washington, D.C.: I've heard these "Secret Shopper" programs you can sign up for are fishy? Are they legit? Or, are some OK and others not reliable?
Audri Lanford: Secret or Mystery Shopping is a field filled with scams. However, we recently did a special issue of ScamBusters where we interviewed an expert on the topic, Cathy Stucker, and I was surprised to learn from Cathy how much was legitimate. Cathy explained in detail what the scams are and how to avoid them. You can find the article here:
We did an update on another secret shopper scam in yesterday's issue, which you can find here:
http://www.scambusters.org/secretshoppers.html
Manassas, Va. : Is there anything illegal about participating in the "classic" work-at-home businesses, like trying to get people into envelope stuffing, etc.? Is it against the law to recruit for these things, or is it just immoral (taking advantage of greedy fools)?
Audri Lanford: It depends. Envelope stuffing is definitely a scam -- we've never seen a non-scam version.
Many scammers are incredibly clever and stay just within the law. So, you need to know what the scams are to protect yourself and not rely on things being illegal.
Washington, D.C.: Are there clear "red flags" you can point me to so when I am presented with an opportunity I know to be wary of it?
Jim Lanford: First, if it comes from spam it is a scam.
Then check out: Top 10 Work At Home and Home Based Business Scams
Washington, D.C.: Who are you to say what's a scam and what isn't, so long as it's legal?
Audri Lanford: We haven't gotten this question in a long time...
We're the founders and editors of Internet ScamBusters, the #1 publication on Internet fraud. We've been publishing ScamBusters for 12 years as a public service, and have about 2 million visitors and 110,000 subscribers to our free weekly newsletter.
Hundreds of very reputable newspapers, radio show hosts, magazine editors, etc. (such as the Washington Post, Forbes, the Wall Street Journal, New York Times) have found our advice valuable. If you don't, that's fine. :)
Atlanta, Ga.: For the last 25 years, I have held positions in outside sales, which requires making telephone cold calls to generate new business. I know what it takes and I know how it's done.
Here is something else to add to you scam list: the assumptions used for income potential. My brother was recently looking at a work from home sales position to businesses and he was running it by me. The info said if you make 100 phone calls per day, you would actually talk to 20 people, you would get 5 appointments and would be able to close on 2 or 3.
As a professional sales person, I can tell you right now that it is virtually impossible to make 100 phone calls in a day, assuming they are talking about a normal 8 hour work day (since the calls are to businesses, not homes, that can be called in the evening). When I have really busted my can making calls, the best I have ever been able to do is 75. And if you get 5 appointments that take you away from the phone, there is no way to make 100 calls.
For those that know nothing about sales, its easy to bypass the main assumption of 100 calls a day, which makes the rest of the income formula invalid. To top it off, this "company" had other earmarks you point out on your web site. He would have had to go for 2 weeks of training in San Francisco where he would have to pay for airfare, hotel and meals, PLUS $500 for the training! My 3 words to my brother: Scam, scam, scam!
Audri Lanford: Thanks for pointing that out. We agree. I think some of the other numbers are a bit high as well.
Plus, cold calling is perhaps the worst way to get leads and appointments -- there are much better ways like giving away free reports, audios, or having a web site and email newsletter filled with great information. That way, you build a relationship with people over time so that when they are ready to buy, you'll be an obvious choice. MUCH better than interrupting their dinner.
The WAHI: Audri and Jim,
I always see commercials for The Work at Home Institute, making grand promises of earning tons of money. Are you familiar with them and are they for real?
Jim Lanford: I have not heard of them. If it sounds too good to be true, it probably is.
Landover, Md.: Simply put, I am very eager to start my own (home-based) business. It will be to add to my existing income. I am a 36-year-old woman with a 40-hour/week, full-time job but have the time to put into starting my own business.
I want to learn about grants and how to write grants -- is that a waste of time? I eventually want to have enough money to open my own evening lounge -- another place of relaxation and socializing after work. I am in the process of applying to be a notary public. I will begin a residential real estate appraisal course on Nov. 18 until Feb. 10 -- every Saturday.
I'm not sure yet whether or not I will take the real estate sales course after that. I guess I want to know if you all can suggest any legitimate home businesses that I can start with. I have inquired online and have received over 1,800 emails and averaged six calls a day! I can't decipher what's good and what's not and it has just been overwhelming.
Thank you for any and all information and advice.
Signed, lookn4prosperity
Audri Lanford: First, I think you're doing too many things (although I appreciate your enthusiasm a lot -- and that's a big key to success).
Pick one thing and focus on it -- you're more likely to be successful. Read this transcript -- I think you'll find some useful advice. Good luck!
Washington, D.C.: You say scammers are growing more clever. Is it that, or are people just growing more gullible and/or desperate to make more money?
Jim Lanford: Scammers are getting more clever. Phishing scams are getting harder to distinguish every day. Yes, people are still gullible.
VA: What kinds of opportunities are there for people who would prefer not to have their own small business to run from home, but still have professional-level skills?
Audri Lanford: We already mentioned eLance -- and there is also Guru.com, and if you're a programmer, rentacoder.com.
Another option a friend recommended today that I hadn't heard of before (but I trust his recommendations) is Ether.com. It allows you to set a price for phone consultations -- by the minute or the session. You might look into that.
Bluemont, Va. : Slightly off-topic, but hopefully not too much. I am a working adult interested in getting an associate's degree in business from home. I get a lot of solicitations for programs for doing this -- but while I would like to achieve this as easily, quickly and inexpensively as possible (I don't have a lot of extra time or money) I do NOT want a "fake degree." Can you help with ideas?
There are legit university and colleges offering online learning. The best known is: http://www.phoenix.edu/
Note: it is hard to get a .edu domain name without accreditation.
Washington, D.C.: Why can't these people (scammers) just be shut down?
Jim Lanford: Scammers change their identity weekly or daily. Often they are in another country. This is why we try to educate our readers on scammers' techniques and principles rather than specific names.
Bethesda, Md. : What online-based work-at-home businesses DO you recommend? Both in terms of legitimacy and pay out with regard to time required.
Audri Lanford: We personally have been working from home for years and love it.
Personally, I'd avoid anything pitched as a business opportunity. There are just too many scams (although there are certainly legitimate biz opps).
A few options in addition to what we've already discussed:
- create valuable web sites and earn money with Google AdSense. We offer a free mini-course on this at:
- write an ebook on something you are passionate about. We've published 22 ebooks -- you can see some of them on the nav bars at the ScamBusters.org site.
- Buy and sell on eBay (as we've discussed)
- affiliate programs (many people earn a lot of money promoting affiliate products).
Arlington, Va.: I read the article on The Checkout blog about scams and now am convinced that none of these web-based home businesses are legal. Is this true? If not, are there some you would recommend?
washingtonpost.com: Here's a link to Annys Shin's article from The Checkout .
Audri Lanford: We know many hundreds of people who are earning great, full-time livings working at home running Internet businesses. None of them, however, have participated in the web-based biz ops. Also, they all WORK -- money does not just pop into their bank accounts.
See our other answers for more on the legitimate things you can do to earn money legitimately.
Washington, D.C.: I frequently get e-mail inviting me to investigate some sort of photography business. Usually says certain industries, I assume mortgage, insurance, etc. are in constant need of photographs. All that is needed is a car and camera. What's that about?
Jim Lanford: Remember, when it comes from spam, it is a scam. You should not pay an upfront fee. See the reference to Elance (http://www.elance.com/) below.
Jim Lanford: This applies to most of the work-at-home questions we have received. It will be work, and it won't be handed to you on a silver platter.
Gaithersburg, Md. : How did you two get into this type of work? Were you burned yourselves? Also, is ScamBusters a full-time thing?
Audri Lanford: We started ScamBusters 12 years ago after seeing 3 friends who were about to get ripped off in one week. This was quite early on, and we recognized that scams would become a bigger and bigger problem on the Net. So, we decided we could do something about it or not.
The result was ScamBusters.org. It is a public service for us (our way of giving back). (We're online publishers with about 100+ web sites and 23 ebooks).
Yes, we have gotten burned ourselves occasionally over the years -- and we're very public about this, letting our subscribers know when it happens. The reason is that so many people feel stupid when they get scammed. We figure that if scammers occasionally even get us, others will be less intimidated when they get scammed.
Well then...: How would you recommend using online mass mailings in such a way as to NOT get thrown into someone's spam filter? It's an efficient and inexpensive way to make contact with customers.
Jim Lanford: Spam is unsolicited email. You did not ask for it. It is such a big problem, that virtually all legitimate email will get caught in a spam filter somewhere.
You should look for a legitimate company that insists on opt-in or verified subscribe procedure. We use http://www.aweber.com/.
They have a feature that will check your email to see how spam filters will rate it. With 110,000 subscribers, and talking about scams, we always get caught by some filters. Remember there is a huge difference between spam and opt-in email newsletters that people have asked to receive.
Wheaton, Md.: Is is safe to assume that any "get rich at home" offer is probably a scam, especially if they're asking for money up front?
Audri Lanford: Yes, any get rich at home offer is most likely a scam -- especially if it is sent via spam.
However, don't confuse legitimate advice to work at home with these get rich quick offers. The legitimate ones are never sent via spam. I believe there are many people who have had great success working at home, and they legitimately do charge to provide valuable help to others.
You've been scammed?: Wow. Which one did you fall for and how? Yes, I am following this chat carefully...
Audri Lanford: Yes, we have. Obviously NOT by the Nigerian scam or any of the obvious ones.
We got taken buying stuff on eBay once -- the scammer was incredibly clever. The other time we got scammed was from a supposed customer who ordered one of our products (sent to Africa -- this was a long time ago), and the credit card was no good.
Chantilly, Va.: I have seen ads looking for people to drive around with ads on their cars. I know the ones that promise a "free car" are definitely not worth taking seriously, but are there any legitimate opportunities to make money by displaying advertising?
Audri Lanford: We haven't researched this personally, but a friend who has says there are some legitimate ones. But again, I'd be VERY careful here.
Brooklyn, N.Y.: There are so many offers about home-based job opportunities. How do you distinguish between the genuine and scams?
Audri Lanford: I think we've answered this today. You can read more here:
Austin, Texas: I recently got my MBA and after a few months in corporate America, I desperately want to get out. Any advise on how I can leverage my background to get out of the rat race and work from home?
Jim Lanford: Start to moonlight. Don't quit the day job until you start earning enough money to live on over an extended period of time. Find some other entrepreneur to be your mentor as you get going. You'll find him/her at your local civic club, Church etc. Not everyone has the temperament to be 'self unemployed'
Alexandria, Va.: If I see something that does look interesting or at least within the realm of possibility, is there a good web site for researching whether the specific company/merchant/firm etc., is legit?
Jim Lanford: Look at these two articles:
Audri Lanford: Time to wrap up -- thanks everyone! This has been fun.
We do advise you take a few minutes each week to protect yourself from clever scammers by subscribing to Internet ScamBusters. Many scams are obvious, but many aren't. Our subscribers tell us they really appreciate knowing what's new so they don't get taken. You can subscribe free at:

value: This website is an American daily newspaper published in Washington, D.C. It is the most-widely circulated newspaper within the Washington metropolitan area, and has a large national audience. Daily broadsheet editions are printed for D.C., Maryland, and Virginia.


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Ask for a room on the back side of the property... - Review of Hampton Inn Long Island/Islandia - TripAdvisor
“Near a supermarket and some restaurants”
“For a Hampton Inn, I was disappointed in the size...”
“The fact that the pool was unusable was very...”
“Humid, weird looking people over the weekend”
“Hotel is the standard in which we hold other...”
“Great location for getting off and on the freeway...”
“The front desk staff took our number and called...”
“Near the airport and the LIE”
“I chose this one specifically for the pool for...”
Ask for a room on the back side of the property... - Review of Hampton Inn Long Island/Islandia
This is an older property that is starting to show its age. Its in a good location for doing business in Suffolk County and the staff tries hard to please. Ask for a room on the back side of the property away from the freeway so it will be quieter.
Ask Garrison98370 about Hampton Inn Long Island/Islandia
Bruce E, General Manager at Hampton Inn Long Island/Islandia, responded to this reviewResponded October 20, 2013
The hotel was nice. The room was very clean and the staff friendly. Be aware that the beds are spring mattresses. We must be spoiled with our memory foam and were sore after a couple nights of sleeping on springs again.
Ask Jessica C about Hampton Inn Long Island/Islandia
This Hampton Inn is a typical Hampton Inn. Beds are comfortable, room is sufficient. Breakfast has a variety of food, nothing exciting. Breakfast staff was very nice. Desk staff was okay. For the price paid, it was a good value.
Ask sharonephone about Hampton Inn Long Island/Islandia
Thank sharonephone
Bruce E, General Manager at Hampton Inn Long Island/Islandia, responded to this reviewResponded October 12, 2013
Rooms are comfortable and clean with attractive furnishings. Quiet location even though the hotel is close to a major highway. When the guests in an adjacent room were partying loudly at midnight the management dealt with the problem within minutes. The complementary hot breakfast has a good selection.
Ask Peakwest about Hampton Inn Long Island/Islandia
Thank Peakwest
Bruce E, General Manager at Hampton Inn Long Island/Islandia, responded to this reviewResponded October 4, 2013
I had sworn to stay at Hilton Garden Inn, and Hilton Hotels prior to my injury. Due to the location of my appointment on Long Island, I went against my rule and stayed at the Hampton Inn. To no surprise my stay was not good. The room smelled like cleaning supplies and body odor. In the past few years I have noticed the beds are not comfortable. They feel worn out and bouncy. The kid at the front desk had more of a commitment to his Smartphone than customer relations. I will not stay at this hotel again and will drive the extra distance for a Hilton Garden Inn or another Chain.
Ask Heath M about Hampton Inn Long Island/Islandia
I am very sorry that you did not enjoy your stay with us. As you know Hampton Inn unlike other hotels does stand by its 100% Guarantee, where if you are unhappy with your stay then you do not pay. I would be happy to extend this Guarantee to you. Please feel free email me or call me and I would be happy to take care of that for you. Our goal is our guest satisfaction and guest loyalty and I am very sorry that we did not meet your expectations. Again please contact me and I would be happy to refund your night stay and hope that you do give us another try.
I have stayed in a number of Hampton Inns over the years, and this one was below expectations. Three things in a room are absolutely necessary: 1) a clean bed 2)the ability to control the temperature in the room and 3) a hot shower. This hotel lacked the third. Water was lukewarm at best, and we weren't the only ones to complain. For the price, I also would have expected real glasses (only paper cups everywhere), and nicer towels/amenities. (There were plenty of towels- a plus - but they had all seen better days.) Rooms facing the road are quite noisy. The good news: beds were clean, room was big and well done, and there were plenty of plugs. Would we stay there again? No.
Ask stampwife about Hampton Inn Long Island/Islandia
Bruce E, General Manager at Hampton Inn Long Island/Islandia, responded to this reviewResponded September 30, 2013
Dear "Not As Expected"
I am very sorry that you did not enjoy your stay with us. As you know Hampton Inn unlike other hotels does stand by its 100% Guarantee, where if you are unhappy with your stay then you do not pay. I would be happy to extend this Guarantee to you. Please feel free email me or call me and I would be happy to take care of that for you. Our goal is our guest satisfaction and guest loyalty and I am very sorry that we did not meet your expectations. Again please contact me and I would be happy to refund your night stay.
Hampton Inn/ Islandia
Great value for the money. Very clean. So nice to have cookies, tea ,and coffee in the lobby all day and evening.
Small amenities like a night light in the bathroom made it feel homey.
The staff is very friendly. Free wifi and breakfast, comfortable bedding made our stay very pleasant.
Ask Mapie35 about Hampton Inn Long Island/Islandia
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value: This website is a United States-based web site operated by YP Holdings that provides listings for local businesses. In 2013 it was re-branded as YP.com or simply "YP".


text:
Patent US5194892 - Film information exchange system with virtual identification codes - Google PatentsSearch Images Maps Play YouTube News Gmail Drive More »Sign inPatentsA virtually transparent magnetic layer is included as an additional layer in a photographic film. Information exchange between various users of the film, such as the film manufacturer, the camera user, the dealer and photofinisher, is carried via plural longitudinal magnetic tracks on the film, each...http://www.google.com/patents/US5194892?utm_source=gb-gplus-sharePatent US5194892 - Film information exchange system with virtual identification codesAdvanced Patent SearchTry the new Google Patents, with machine-classified Google Scholar results, and Japanese and South Korean patents.Publication numberUS5194892 APublication typeGrantApplication numberUS 07/686,635Publication dateMar 16, 1993Filing dateApr 16, 1991Priority dateOct 7, 1988Fee statusPaidPublication number07686635, 686635, US 5194892 A, US 5194892A, US-A-5194892, US5194892 A, US5194892AInventorsGary L. RobisonOriginal AssigneeEastman Kodak CompanyExport CitationBiBTeX, EndNote, RefManPatent Citations (14), Non-Patent Citations (4), Referenced by (47), Classifications (16), Legal Events (4) External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, EspacenetFilm information exchange system with virtual identification codes
US 5194892 AAbstract
A virtually transparent magnetic layer is included as an additional layer in a photographic film. Information exchange between various users of the film, such as the film manufacturer, the camera user, the dealer and photofinisher, is carried via plural longitudinal magnetic tracks on the film, each track being dedicated to the writing and reading of a predetermined set of related parameters. The tracks are divided into data fields. A data field includes a virtual identification code and a plurality of sub-fields representative of different parameters. The virtual identification code serves as an address to corresponding stored instructions which identify and interpret the data in the corresponding sub-fields. Look-up tables addressed by said virtual identification codes can include bit-map instructions, state identifier instructions, and/or scaling algorithm instructions.
1. In an elongate photographic film strip having successive frames, the improvement comprising:a magnetic layer; and a magnetic track recorded in said magnetic layer, said track comprising at least one field, said field comprising a virtual identification code and a plurality of sub-fields comprising magnetically recorded data representive of different parameters, the virtual identification code serving as an address to corresponding stored instructions which identify and interpret data in said sub-fields. 2. The film strip of claim 1 wherein said virtual identification codes refer to instructions for corresponding sub-fields comprising at least one of: bit-mapping instruction; state identifier instructions; scaling algorithm instructions.
The invention solves the problem of attaining data synchronization at all stages of film use without requiring that each stage transport the film at constant velocity nor even at the same velocity while recording or playing back data. The invention achieves this without requiring the recording of an extra space-wasting clocking track simultaneously with the data track. Instead, the representation of the binary state of a particular bit is unaffected by the film transport speed during recording and playback and is self-clocking. This representation uniquely depends upon the temporal relationship between each data transition pulse and its immediately preceeding and succeeding clock pulses in the serial pulse train comprising the self-clocking code. In the preferred embodiment, a one bit is represented by a data transition pulse which is closer to the preceeding clock pulse. For a zero bit, the data transistion pulse is closer to the succeeding clock pulse.
Referring to FIG. 1, a strip 100 of color negative film 35 millimeters wide includes a base 110, various well-known photo-chemical layers 115 on one side of the base 110 and a virtually transparent magnetic layer 120 on the other side. An anti-static and lubricating layer 22 overlies the magnetic layer 120. The film strip 100 includes perforations 125 sapced along the film edge at regular intervals matching the pitch of a metering pawl in a camera adapted to use the film strip 100.
As described previously with reference to FIG. 6, each field of data is preceeded by an identification code or ID code 625 comprising two six-bit characters. The remainder of the field consists of one or more six-bit characters representing a particular parameter or piece of information. For example, if the camera records the aperture size used to expose each frame, then, as one possible example, four characters would suffice, using the symbol table of FIG. 8. Specifically, if the aperture size was f 1.4, then the first character would be the six-bit byte for "f" from FIG. 8, the second would be "1", the third "." and the fourth would be the six bit byte for "4". Unfortunately, such a scheme uses twelve indentification code bits for each parameter recorded, requiring a maximum amount of overhead. (The term "overhead", as used in this specification, refers to data recorded for control or identification purposes.)
Use of the dedicated film tracks for magnetic recording of information by a camera has been described with reference to the example of FIG. 2. FIG. 10 illustrates one example of the use of the dedicated film tracks (of either FIG. 1 or FIG. 3) for magnetic reading and writing in a photofinishing system. In general, such a photofinishing system employs it own version of the read only memories 240, 700, 800 for track location, and ID code dictionary and a symbol dictionary.
Referring to FIG. 18a, an order entry station, such as one used by a film dealer, receives a cassette of film of the type illustrated in FIG. 1 from a customer. Presumably, the customer has exposed the film in his camera and desires that the film be processed for prints. Under these circumstances, the process which is followed is illustrated in FIG. 18a and is described with reference to the system illustrated in FIG. 10. The dealer would have only a few of the components illustrated in FIG. 10, these being a P/F order entry station 910, a controller 915, a memory 925 storing the P/F order entry algorithm illustrated in FIG. 18a and a terminal 920. The customer's cassette containing the film 100 is inserted into the order entry station 910 (block 1001 of FIG. 18a). The order entry station 910 includes means of the type well-known in the art for extracting the film leader out of the cassette so that the order entry station magnetic head 910a can read data (if any) previously recorded in dedicated tracks on the film lead (frame 0). (Blocks 1003, 1005 of FIG. 18a.) The controller 915 first determines (through the head 910a) whether track F1 of frame 0 is empty (block 1007). If data is detected in track F1 (NO branch of block 1007) the controller 915 immediately concludes that the film cassette is a customer reorder for prints, was developed previously and therefore should be handled separately. Otherwise (taking the YES branch of block 1007) the controller 915 next determines whether the owner's name and address (ID) was previously recorded--presumably using a camera of the type illustrated in FIG. 2--on camera track C0 of frame 0, in accordance with the dedicated tracks allocation of FIG. 5 (block 1009 of FIG. 18a). If not, taking the NO branch of block 1009, the controller 915 causes the display on the terminal 910 to prompt the dealer to input the owner ID (block 1011). The dealer then inputs the owner ID on the keyboard 920 (block 1013). Otherwise, taking the YES branch of block 1009, the controller 915 causes the terminal 920 to display the owner ID previously recorded in the film. The controller 915 then determines whether the owner ID is complete or correct, given prior inputs from the terminal 920 (blocks 1015 and 1017 of FIG. 18a). If the ID is incorrect or incomplete, the controller 915 causes the display on the terminal 920 to prompt the dealer for a correction of the owner (block 1019) so that the dealer may respond by making the correct entry at the keyboard 920 (block 1021 of FIG. 18a). If the owner ID is correct and complete (YES branch of block 1017) the controller 915 then determines (block 1023) whether the customer ID indicates a return customer. This determination would be made by matching the customer's ID with the file of all customer ID's kept in the dealer's computer memory. As a variation on this theme, it may be that the customer has used a camera of the type illustrated in FIG. 2 which could have the capability of recording a particular dealer ID on the film exposed by that camera. In such a case, the camera may have been programmed by the dealer that sold it to always record that dealer's ID on all film processed by the camera. Alternatively, means could be provided for permitting the customer to program his camera to record certain dealer ID numbers.
As illustrated in FIG. 10, the photofinisher system itself may include its own order entry station, enabling it to use computerized automation to process film received from the dealer and even film received directly from a customer. Of course, such a photofinisher order entry station would operate in nearly the same manner as that described in connection with the dealer order entry station process of FIG. 18a. FIG. 18b, however, highlights the differences between the operation of a photofinisher order entry station and a dealer order entry station. Referring to FIG. 18b, the photofinisher order entry station 910 of FIG. 10 extracts the leader from the film cartridge in order to read the data recorded on frame O (block 1040). The controller 915 of the photofinisher order entry station then determines whether tracks F00 and F01 are empty (block 1042). If so, the process described previously in connection with FIG. 18a is used to update the frame 0 data to be recorded in tracks F00 and F01 representing the customer and order information in accordance with the dedicated track allocation of FIG. 5 (block 1044). Such data is then recorded through the head 910a and the requisite locations on tracks F00 and F01 of frame 0 (block 1046).
The inspection station 960 of FIG. 10, under control of the controller 965, follows an inspection algorithm stored in the memory 970, the inspection algorithm being illustrated in the flow diagram of FIG. 18d. The inspection station 960, via the magnetic head 960a, reads the data frame 0, tracks F00, F01 and F02 (block 1200 of FIG. 18d). The controller 965 determines whether or not track F02 is empty (block 1203). If track FO0 is not empty, this indicates that the current order requires makeover or reorder, and an alarm or indication is raised (NO branch of block 1203). In a special case, the inspection station 960 may halt operation at this point if it is not supposed to handle reorders or makeovers. Otherwise, taking the YES branch of block 1203, the inspection station 960 advances the negsatives by one frame (block 1205 of FIG. 18d) and reads the frame number of the next frame (block 1207). The controller 965 determines whether or not that frame number falls within the maximum number of frames on a given roll of film (block 1209). If not, taking the NO branch of block 1209, the frame number indicates the end of the particular customer order has been reached and the controller 965 next determines whether an end of order flag has been set (block 1211). The setting of this flag will be discussed below. If not (NO branch of block 1211), the negatives and the prints have gotten out of synchronization with each other (block 1213) and an alarm is sounded. Otherwise, the end of order has properly been reached and the roll of negatives is advanced to frame 0 (the leader) of the next customer order or roll (block 1215), and the entire cycle is repeated.
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Company, 1984 pp. 1 24.* Cited by examinerReferenced byCiting PatentFiling datePublication dateApplicantTitleUS5376981 *Jun 29, 1993Dec 27, 1994Olympus Optical Co., Ltd.Data recording apparatus for a cameraUS5453805 *Jun 27, 1994Sep 26, 1995Olympus Optical Co., Ltd.Data recording apparatus for a cameraUS5485554 *Oct 29, 1993Jan 16, 1996Hewlett-Packard CompanyMethod and apparatus for processing an image in a video printing apparatusUS5500701 *Oct 25, 1993Mar 19, 1996Olympus Optical Co., Ltd.Data recording module device for camera and camera system using the sameUS5508783 *Jan 24, 1994Apr 16, 1996Konica CorporationPhotographic processing systemUS5548361 *Jan 27, 1994Aug 20, 1996Nikon CorporationCamera with data display functionUS5576836 *Oct 28, 1994Nov 19, 1996Minolta Co., Ltd.Multi-picture image printing systemUS5625848 *Oct 19, 1994Apr 29, 1997Nikon CorporationMultiple point distance measurement camera with correction for orientationUS5710618 *Mar 30, 1995Jan 20, 1998Eastman Kodak CompanyPhotofinishing process converting optical data to magnetic dataUS5740484 *May 22, 1996Apr 14, 1998Olympus Optical Co., Ltd.Camera capable of recording data onto filmUS5742857 *Jun 5, 1997Apr 21, 1998Minolta Co, Ltd.System for reproducing film imageUS5768633 *Sep 3, 1996Jun 16, 1998Eastman Kodak CompanyTradeshow photographic and data transmission systemUS5913088 *Sep 6, 1996Jun 15, 1999Eastman Kodak CompanyPhotographic system capable of creating and utilizing applets on photographic filmUS6023524 *Dec 18, 1996Feb 8, 2000Fuji Photo Film Co., Ltd.Method for determining amount of exposureUS6038011 *Sep 29, 1993Mar 14, 2000Fuji Photo Film Co., Ltd.Photographic printing methodUS6084728 *Aug 10, 1995Jul 4, 2000Fuji Photo Film Co., Ltd.Method of recording magnetic informationUS6108104 *Sep 16, 1996Aug 22, 2000Eastman Kodak CompanyImage handling method and systemUS6222607Dec 8, 1999Apr 24, 2001Eastman Kodak CompanySystem and method for process and/or manipulating imagesUS6278531Jun 21, 2000Aug 21, 2001Eastman Kodak CompanyImage handling method and systemUS6321040Jun 4, 1998Nov 20, 2001Eastman Kodak CompanySystem and method of scanning, viewing and writing information on a magnetic layer of photosensitive filmUS6396537Nov 24, 1997May 28, 2002Eastman Kodak CompanyPhotographic system for enabling interactive communication between a camera and an attraction siteUS6833861 *Jul 9, 1999Dec 21, 2004Fuji Photo Film Co., Ltd.System for transferring image data from a camera to a printing systemUS6879373 *Aug 19, 2003Apr 12, 2005Eastman Kodak CompanyMakeover workflow process in a digital photofinishing systemUS7218776Apr 8, 2005May 15, 2007Eastman Kodak CompanyPlurality of picture appearance choices from a color photographic recording material intended for scanningUS7221475 *Dec 22, 1997May 22, 2007Canon Kabushiki KaishaColor image processing apparatusUS7576892May 2, 2007Aug 18, 2009Canon Kabushiki KaishaColor image processing apparatusUS7590347Dec 6, 2007Sep 15, 2009Silverbrook Research Pty LtdPhotographic prints having magnetically recordable mediaUS7742696Aug 17, 2009Jun 22, 2010Silverbrook Research Pty LtdDigital camera having printhead and magnetic recorderUS8271388Aug 29, 2006Sep 18, 2012Sony CorporationImage commercial transactions system and method, image transfer system and method, image distribution system and method, display device and methodUS8306917Oct 26, 2006Nov 6, 2012Sony CorporationImage commercial transactions system and methodUS20010016829 *Dec 27, 2000Aug 23, 2001Hideki ToshikageImage commercial transactions system and methodUS20010053247 *Dec 20, 2000Dec 20, 2001Eastman Kodak CompanyPlurality of picture appearance choices from a color photographic recording material intended for scanningUS20040183918 *Mar 20, 2003Sep 23, 2004Eastman Kodak CompanyProducing enhanced photographic products from images captured at known picture sitesUS20050041223 *Aug 19, 2003Feb 24, 2005Eastman Kodak CompanyMakeover workflow process in a digital photofinishing systemUS20060080187 *Nov 4, 2005Apr 13, 2006Sony CorporationPortable music player and a photographic image commercial transaction systemUS20070003275 *Aug 29, 2002Jan 4, 2007Kia SilverbrookPhotographic prints having magnetically recordable mediaUS20070050267 *Oct 26, 2006Mar 1, 2007Sony CorporationImage commercial transactions system and methodUS20070188626 *Apr 4, 2007Aug 16, 2007Squilla John RProducing enhanced photographic products from images captured at known eventsUS20070192211 *Mar 16, 2007Aug 16, 2007Sony CorporationPortable music player and photographic image commercial transactions systemUS20070220173 *Feb 22, 2007Sep 20, 2007Sony CorporationImage commercial transactions system and methodUS20070279660 *May 2, 2007Dec 6, 2007Canon Kabushiki KaishaColor image processing apparatusUS20080075443 *Dec 6, 2007Mar 27, 2008Silverbrook Research Pty LtdPhotographic Prints Having Magnetically Recordable MediaUS20080174676 *Jan 24, 2007Jul 24, 2008Squilla John RProducing enhanced photographic products from images captured at known eventsUS20090304376 *Aug 17, 2009Dec 10, 2009Silverbrook Research Pty LtdDigital Camera Having Printhead And Magnetic RecorderEP0858207A2Jan 19, 1998Aug 12, 1998Eastman Kodak CompanyImage handling method and system incorporating coded instructionsEP0892298A2 *Jul 15, 1998Jan 20, 1999Canon Kabushiki KaishaCamera control apparatus adapted for film having magnetic recording partEP0892298A3 *Jul 15, 1998Dec 11, 2002Canon Kabushiki KaishaCamera control apparatus adapted for film having magnetic recording part* Cited by examinerClassifications U.S. Classification355/40, 396/319, 355/77, 352/236, G9B/5.235, 360/1International ClassificationG03B27/46, G03D15/00, G11B5/633Cooperative ClassificationG03B27/462, G03B2217/244, G03D15/001, G11B5/633European ClassificationG03D15/00B, G03B27/46E, G11B5/633Legal EventsDateCodeEventDescriptionApr 16, 1991ASAssignmentOwner name: EASTMAN KODAK COMPANY, ROCHESTER, NY A CORP OF NJFree format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNOR:ROBISON, GARY L.;REEL/FRAME:005680/0456Effective date: 19910416Aug 21, 1996FPAYFee paymentYear of fee payment: 4Aug 30, 2000FPAYFee paymentYear of fee payment: 8Aug 25, 2004FPAYFee paymentYear of fee payment: 12RotateOriginal ImageGoogle Home - Sitemap - USPTO Bulk Downloads - Privacy Policy - Terms of Service - About Google Patents - Send FeedbackData provided by IFI CLAIMS Patent Services

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text:
US air strike on Libya kills two abducted Serbians | Daily Mail Online
Published: 16:26 EDT, 20 February 2016 | Updated: 16:26 EDT, 20 February 2016
A US air strike in Libya believed to have killed an Islamic State group operative behind the mass murder of tourists on a Tunisian beach also killed two kidnapped Serbian embassy employees, Belgrade said Saturday.
The Friday attack, which has been condemned by Libya's internationally recognised government, targeted a jihadist training camp near the Libyan coastal city of Sabratha, killing dozens of people.
But Belgrade said the victims of the strike also included two employees from its embassy in Libya, who were taken hostage on November 8 in Sabratha from a convoy of cars heading to the Tunisian border.
Libyans gather next to debris at the site of a jihadist training camp targeted in a US air strike, near the Libyan city of Sabratha on February 19, 2016 ©Mahmud Turkia (AFP)
US officials said the raid likely killed Noureddine Chouchane, also known as "Sabir," who along with other jihadists had been planning attacks against American and other Western interests.
"It has just been officially confirmed that two Serbian citizens who were foreign ministry employees, Sladjana Stankovic and Jovica Stepic, were killed," Serbian Prime Minister Aleksandar Vucic told reporters.
"They were killed by explosions, obviously we are talking about American bombs," he said, expressing "deepest condolences" to the families.
"This is the first big hostage crisis that our state has been faced with. Our people would have been released had they not been killed," insisted Vucic.
The Pentagon for its part said it had "no information" indicating that its air strike had killed the two Serbs and that the circumstances of their deaths "remained unclear".
"Our forces watched this training camp for weeks leading up to the operation, and at the time of the strike there were no indications of any civilians present," spokesman Peter Cook said, extending his condolences to the Serbian government and the victims' relatives.
Libya's internationally recognised government in the far east of the country issued a statement saying the US attack was not coordinated with the authorities and was "a clear and flagrant violation of sovereignty of the Libyan state".
The Serbian premier said the bodies of Stankovic, the embassy's communications chief, and her driver Stepic were expected to be repatriated on Monday.
Sabratha, which lies 70 kilometres (42 miles) west of Tripoli, is considered a stronghold of extremism in lawless Libya, where militants are trained in jihadist camps before launching deadly attacks in other countries.
The country spiralled into chaos after longtime dictator Moamer Kadhafi was ousted and killed in October 2011, with two governments vying for power and armed groups battling to control vast energy resources.
Belgrade maintains an embassy in Tripoli, and Serbian citizens -- mostly doctors, other medical staff and construction workers -- have been working in Libya for decades due to close bilateral relations during Kadhafi's regime.
- IS training in Libya -
The Pentagon estimates that around 5,000 IS fighters are in Libya, and Friday's strike was the second US air raid in the past three months targeting the fast-expanding group in the North African country.
A statement from the Tripoli-based general prosecutor said that one of those wounded in the US strike had confirmed that he and the others killed in the raid were IS members.
The wounded man said they "came to Libya to train and then carry out terrorist attacks in Tunis", the prosecutor's statement said.
Vucic said Washington was probably unaware that the Serbian hostages were held at the bombed location, "but it will remain unknown".
He said relations with the United States were "historically not easy", referring to the 11-week bombing campaign by NATO against Serbia in 1999 during the Kosovo war.
"I am not ready... to strain and worsen relations with the United States because we need them as a friend and partner, not as an enemy," he added.
An image released by the Tunisian interior ministry on February 19, 2016 shows Noureddine Chouchane, one of the suspects behind an attack in July on a beach resort near the Tunisian city of Sousse
Serbian Prime Minister Aleksandar Vucic addresses a press conference in Belgrade on February 20, 2016, after a US strike on an IS camp in Libya killed two Serbian embassy employees ©Andrej Isakovic (AFP)
Libyans gather next to debris at the site of a jihadist training camp, targeted in a US air strike, near the Libyan city of Sabratha on February 19, 2016 ©Mahmud Turkia (AFP)

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