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Producing the front cover
by selmandemirok
Screen printing is an easy way to print custom shirts for your business. Learn about the different materials used in screen printing in this presentation. ...
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Delmar R Caldwell - Semantic Scholar
Delmar R Caldwell
5,061Citations
D M Carter6
Z A Karcioglu4
A N Lin3
8P R Kastl
7M S Insler
6Teodoro Pizzolante
6Edwin R. Chilvers
Local environment of chronic wounds under synthetic dressings.
M C Varghese, A K Balin, D M Carter, D Caldwell
Local wound environment under oxygen-permeable and oxygen-nonpermeable dressings in patients with chronic ulcers was investigated. The oxygen tensions under both these dressings were very low or zero. Wound fluid was more acidic under the nonpermeable hydrocolloid dressing than under the oxygen-permeable polyurethane dressing. Bacterial growth studied in… (More)
D R Caldwell, C R Salisbury, J P Guzek
Betaxolol, a new beta 1-adrenergic blocker, was applied to 20 eyes of ten patients with ocular hypertension. Topical 0.25% betaxolol was found to significantly lower intraocular pressure compared with placebo. There were no subjective or objective ocular or systemic side effects detected. There were no changes in pulse rate, BP, or corneal sensitivity.… (More)
J Heier, J K Cheetham, +4 authors A Rosenthal
PURPOSE To investigate the efficacy and safety of ketorolac tromethamine 0.5% ophthalmic solution (Acular; Allergan, Inc, Irvine, California) in the treatment of moderate to severe anterior segment inflammation developing after unilateral cataract surgery with intraocular lens implantation. METHODS Only patients who exhibited moderate or greater levels of… (More)
Phase II trial of intravenous lobradimil and carboplatin in childhood brain tumors: a report from the Children’s Oncology Group
K. Warren, R. Jakacki, +13 authors F. M. Balis
Backround: Lobradimil is a synthetic bradykinin analog that rapidly and transiently increases the permeability of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). The combination of lobradimil and carboplatin was studied in pediatric patients with primary brain tumors in a phase II trial, the primary endpoints of which were to estimate the response rate and time to disease… (More)
Herpes simplex virus: recurrent and nonrecurrent strains.
Y Centifanto-Fitzgerald, D R Caldwell, F Yates
A study of three Herpes Simplex strains with different frequencies of recurrent disease was done using the New Zealand white rabbit eye model. Each of the three strains, the McKrae strain (high frequency), the E-43 strain (low, frequency), and the CGA-3 (no recurrence) grew well in the rabbit corneal epithelium and produced overt recognizable disease for up… (More)
A J Nahmias, A M Visintine, D R Caldwell, L A Wilson
A newborn with severe ocular herpes simplex virus (HSV) type 2 infection acquired in utero is presented to exemplify problems in diagnosis and management. A review of 297 newborns with HSV type 1 or type 2 infection reveals that about one-fifth demonstrate ocular involvement including one or more of the following: microphatalmia, conjunctivitis, keratitis,… (More)
Grafting of skin ulcers with cultured autologous epidermal cells.
J M Hefton, D Caldwell, D G Biozes, A K Balin, D M Carter
We treated five adult individuals with six full-thickness chronic ulcerations in the skin caused by venous insufficiency, sickle cell anemia, or surgical wounds. Each patient received applications to the ulcerations of sheets of autologous epidermal cells grown in culture. All patients experienced relief of pain after grafting. Four of the six ulcers healed… (More)
R A Hyndiuk, R A Eiferman, +7 authors V Klauss
PURPOSE The purpose of the study is to compare the clinical efficacy and safety of ciprofloxacin ophthalmic solution 0.3% (Ciloxan) with a standard therapy regimen (fortified tobramycin, 1.3%-cefazolin, 5.0%) for treating bacterial corneal ulcers. METHODS This randomized, parallel group, double-masked, multicenter study was conducted in 324 patients at 28… (More)
Povidone-iodine: its efficacy as a preoperative conjunctival and periocular preparation.
D R Caldwell, P R Kastl, J Cook, J Simon
Even though advances in aseptic care have reduced the incidence of endophthalmitis, the conjunctiva still is not sterilized for surgery. This article presents a simple preoperative preparative procedure which, in a series of 225 surgical cases, reduced the incidence of positive postoperative cultures to 9.6%, a much lower percentage than has been reported… (More)
K R Wilhelmus, R A Hyndiuk, D R Caldwell, R L Abshire, A T Folkens, L B Godio
OBJECTIVE To determine the efficacy and safety of topical 0.3% ciprofloxacin hydrochloride ophthalmic ointment in the treatment of bacterial keratitis. DESIGN Prospective case series with a nonrandomized comparison of culture-positive, evaluable cases (ciprofloxacin ointment group) with culture-positive, concurrent patients (nonenrolled group) treated… (More)

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It has been suggested that Tripas be merged into this article. (Discuss) Proposed since April 2014.
1.4 Dishes prepared with tripe
Washed tripe is more typically known as dressed tripe. To dress the tripe the stomachs are cleaned and the fat trimmed off.[4] It is then boiled and bleached giving it the white colour more commonly associated with tripe as seen on market stalls and in butchers shops. The task of dressing the tripe is usually carried out by a professional tripe dresser.
Dressed tripe was a popular nutritious and cheap dish for the working classes from Victorian times up until the latter half of the 20th century.[5][6] While still popular in many parts of the world today, the number of tripe eaters, and consequently the number of tripe dressers, in the UK has rapidly declined. Tripe has come to be regarded as a mere pet food as the increased affluence of post war Britain has reduced the appeal of this once staple food.
It remains a popular dish in many parts of continental Europe such as France and Italy. In France, a very popular dish, sold in most supermarkets, is 'Tripes à la mode de Caen'.

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text:
Patent US3547791 - Manufacture of chlorine and caustic alkali in diaphragm cells - Google Patents
www.google.comhttp://www.google.com/patents/US3547791?utm_source=gb-gplus-sharePatent US3547791 - Manufacture of chlorine and caustic alkali in diaphragm cells
Publication number US3547791 A
Also published as DE1667804B1
Publication number US 3547791 A, US 3547791A, US-A-3547791, US3547791 A, US3547791A
Inventors Mellish Stuart Frederick, Roach Robert Joseph
Manufacture of chlorine and caustic alkali in diaphragm cells
US 3547791 A
Dec. 1-5, 1970 s. F. MELLISH ETAL 3,541,191
MANUFACTURE OF CHLORINE AND GAUSTIC ALKALI IN DIAPHRAGM CELLS Filed Feb. 29, me
United States Patent 3,547,791 MANUFACTURE OF CHLORINE AND CAUSTIC ALKALI IN DIAPHRAGM CELLS Stuart Frederick Mellish and Robert Joseph Roach, Runcorn, England, assignors to Imperial Chemical Industries Limited, Millbank, London, England, a corporation of Great Britain Filed Feb. 29, 1968, Ser. No. 709,391 Claims priority, application Great Britain, Mar. 16, 1967, 12,328/ 67 Int. Cl. Cllld N06 US. Cl. 20498 8 Claims ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE Varying electrical loads may be handled during the continuous operation of a chlor-alkali cell which has a percolating asbestos diaphragm by rapidly making changes in the rate of flow of electrolyte through the diaphragm by altering the gas pressure on the anode compartment or cathode compartment each time the current density across the diaphragm is changed. The rate of electrolyte flow is always approximately proportional to the current density.
The present invention relates to the manufacture of chlorine and caustic alkali in diaphragm cells. More particularly it relates to a method of operating cells with percolating asbestos diaphragms under varying electrical load conditions.
Industrial installations of electrolytic cells of various types consume very large quantities of electrical energy so that these installations contribute very significantly to the total energy demand of any highly industrialised country. In order to discourage use of electrical energy at times of peak demand by other consumers, for example domestic consumers, industry is usually penalized by a higher price for energy taken at these times and it has therefore become the custom for industry to practice what is usually termed load-shedding wherever possible so as to reduce the use of electrical energy during the part of the day when the cost per unit of energy is high.
Most electrolytic processes cannot be shut down completely without introducing unacceptable troubles, but in some types of cell, for instance in mercury-cathode cells for the electrolysis of brine, the load can be severely reduced when desired and can later be restored to normal without serious effect on the equipment or products. However, when operating cells with percolating asbestos diaphragms between the anodes and the cathodes for the electrolysis of brine, it has heretofore been considered that once steady operating conditions have been reached the current density must be maintained substantially constant throughout the life of the diaphragms in order to avoid chemical changes in the diaphragms which lead to a catastrophic reduction in permeability and consequently to a seriously reduced life. Any load-shedding practised on diaphragm cells has therefore been restricted to very minor proportions and has not been able to alfect very significantly the overall factory load.
We have now found that cells with percolating asbestos diaphragms can be operated at current densities varying over at least a ten-fold range without noticeable damage to the diaphragms if the percolation rate through the diaphragms is maintained approximately proportional to the current density by changing the percolation rate rapidly to the new required value each time the current density is changed. We have found that by operating in this way severe load-shedding may be practised and the cells may afterwards be returned to the original high percolation "Ice rate at the original current density without increasing the hydrostatic pressure across the diaphragms. We have furthermore found that the necessary rapid change in percolation rate can be attained by altering the gas pressure on the anode compartment, the cathode compartment or both compartments when the current density is changed.
According to the present invention therefore we provide an advantageous method for the operation under conditions of varying electrical load of a chlor-alkali electrolysis cell which incorporates a percolating asbestos diaphragm, this method comprising rapidly making such change in the rate of flow of electrolyte through the diaphragm by altering the gas pressure on at least one of the anode compartment and the cathode compartment of the cell each time the current density across the diaphragm is changed that the rate of electrolyte flow is always approximately proportional to the current density. The speed of the adjustment of the electrolyte fiow to its appropriate new value is of the essence of the invention.
Usually it will be more convenient to alter the pressure on only the anode compartment or the cathode compartment rather than on both. To exercise control by changing the pressure on the anode side one can for example arrange to work the cell with an adequate pressure on the chlorine off-take at maximum current density so that the chlorine pressure can be appropriately reduced when the current density is reduced. Since, however, it is generally undesirable to hold a large volume of chlorine under excess pressure we prefer to control the pressure on the cathode side of the diaphragm by increasing the backpressure on the cathode compartment when the current density is reduced and returning to the normal working pressure when full-load conditions are restored.
Two suitable arrangements of apparatus for carrying out the method of the invention by rapidly changing the gas pressure on the cathode side of the diaphragm each time the current density is changed are illustrated in the diagrammatic drawings (not to scale), which each illustrates a sectional elevation seen along the line of the diaphragm in a single cell together with pressure-control means, like parts being numbered alike in the two figures.
In the two figures, 1 represents the outer casing of a unit cell which is divided by asbestos diaphragm 2 into an anode compartment 3 and a cathode compartment 4. The anode is indicated as 5 and the foraminate cathode 6 is set close to the diaphragm. Brine is fed to the anode compartment at a steady rate through pipe 7 to maintain a level of brine as shown in the head tank 8. 9 is an outlet for chlorine liberated in the anode compartment and 10 is an outlet for hydrogen produced in the cathode compartment.
Referring now to FIG. 1, the outlet for caustic liquor from the cathode compartment is connected towards the bottom of the compartment as shown at 11 and the caustic liquor is delivered by way of a swan-neck 12 and a lute 13 to the delivery pipe at 14. The swan-neck 12 is connected by a flexible pipe 15 to the hydrogen outlet 10 and the connection at 11 is also made flexible so that the whole swan-neck and accompanying lute can be raised and lowered when desired. This arrangement is most useful when it is desired to have the facility for lowering the liquor level in the cathode compartment gradually during the life of the diaphragm to compensate for the normal slow decrease in diaphragm permeability with age, since these small adjustments of cathode liquor level can be made from time to time as appropriate by lowering the whole swan-neck and accompanying lute. In order to be able to increase the back-pressure quickly on the cathode compartment under load-shedding conditions a pressure-control valve 18 is inserted in the hydrogen delivery pipe. On closing this valve to the required extent the gas pressure on top of the cathode compartment is increased and the level of liquor in the inner limb of the lute 13 is depressed, thus giving an indication of the amount of pressure applied to the cathode compartment.
The arrangement of FIG. 2 is suitable when it is not desired to be able to change the level of liquor in the cathode compartment. In this case the lute 13 is connected directly to the hydrogen line as shown at 16 and also to the cathode compartment at the normal liquor level as shown at 17. On closing the pressure-control valve 18 to the required extent an increased back-pressure is applied to the gas space in the cathode compartment and is indicated by depression of the liquor in the inner limb of the lute.
With either of the arrangements illustrated the feed of brine to the head tank 8 must also be adjusted to match the new current density or overflow means must be provided so that the head of liquor in tank 8 remains at approximately the same level when the current density and the back-pressure on the cathode compartment are altered. Furthermore, when it is desired to operate a cell with very severe load-shedding, e.g., 90% reduction in electrical load, it is preferred to arrange for the diaphragm to be completely submerged in the catholyte and in fact to have a few centimetres head of caustic liquor above the top edge of the diaphragm, rather than to have part of the diaphragm exposed as in the schematic arrangements of the drawings. The necessary substantial increase in back pressure can then be applied to the cathode compartment without any danger of forcing hydrogen through the diaphragm from the gas space above the catholyte into the anode compartment.
Very accurate control of the rate of flow of liquor through the cell diaphragm can be achieved if desired by metering the caustic liquor delivery rate or its alkalinity and adjusting the back-pressure on the cathode compartment to bring the delivery rate to the new value or to maintain the alkalinity substantially constant each time the current density is changed. We have found, however, that although the flow of liquor through the diaphragm is not directly proportional to the pressure difference across it, for practical purposes it is quite satisfactory to work the invention by adjusting the pressure difference across the diaphragm so as to be proportional to current density. Although the electrolyte flow rate is not then exactly proportional to current density at all times, the error introduced by working in this way is generally acceptable.
If desired it may be arranged for the back-pressure on the cathode compartment to be controlled automatically when the current density is changed. This can be achieved by operating the control valve by a servo-motor which is fed with a voltage proportional to the electrolyzing current and with an opposing voltage related to the position of the control valve so that whenever there is an error between these two voltages the control valve is moved to a new position until the error is brought to zero. The control valve servo-system may be calibrated to operate on the principle of maintaining the differential pressure across the diaphragm proportional to current density or, if desired, it may be operated in terms of the more accurate parameter of electrolyte flow rate by continuously metering the caustic liquor flow rate by automatic means and feeding this metered data to the servo-system which controls the valve in the hydrogen line. Another alternative is to have the pressure-control valve automatically operated by a servo-system which is responsive to changes in the alkalinity of the caustic liquor produced in the cell, so as to maintain this alkalinity substantially constant. With this arrangement, a slow change or a stepwise change in the alkalinity reference point can be built in to allow for the normal changes in diaphragm percolation rate with ageing.
The invention is further illustrated by the following experimental data obtained on a laboratory-scale cell fitted with a chrysotile asbestos diaphragm and continuously electrolysing a feed brine containing 315 g.p.l. sodium chloride at approximately C. The full-load current was 2 ka./m. of diaphragm area.
The cell was operated with the electrical load reduced to 34% (66% load-shedding) for 4.5 hours a day on five consecutive days each week up to the twenty-second day shown in the table and thereafter with loadshedding for 4.5 hours a day. Load-shedding was carried out in the manner of the invention by rapidly applying additional back-pressure to the cathode compartment by adjusting a control valve on the hydrogen outlet to show the required depression in a lute connected to the cathode compartment, as in FIG. 1 of the drawings accompanying the Provisional Specification, when the current density was reduced, while keeping a constant head of brine on the anode compartment.
The figures shown in the table are flow rates measured at times when the cell was on full load divided by the effective head of brine across the diaphragm. It will be seen that the permeability of the diaphragm was substantially unchanged during the period of the test.
Flow rate/etlee- Flow rate/effective brine head tive brine head Day No (1nl./hr./cm.) (ml./hr./crn.)
1. A method for the operation under conditions of varying electrical load of a chlor-alkali cell which incorporates a percolating asbestos diaphragm, which is characterised by rapidly making such change in the rate of flow of electrolyte through the diaphragm by altering the gas pressure on at least one of the anode compartment and the cathode compartment of the cell each time the current density across the diaphragm is changed that the rate of electrolyte flow is always approximately proportional to the current density.
2. A method according to claim 1, wherein the rate of flow of electrolyte through the diaphragm is rapidly changed each time the current density is changed by altering the gas pressure on the cathode compartment of the cell by means of a pressure-control valve in the hydrogen exit pipe.
3. A method according to claim 2, wherein the rate of flow of electrolyte through the diaphragm is changed each time the current density is changed so that the alkalinity of the caustic liquor leaving the cell is maintained substantially constant.
4. A method according to claim 3, wherein the pressurecontrol valve is automatically adjusted by means of a servo-system responsive to changes in the alkalinity of the caustic liquor leaving the cell.
5. A method according to claim 2, wherein the rate of electrolyte flow is maintained approximately proportional to the current density by rapidly adjusting the differential pressure across the diaphragm each time the current density is changed so as to maintain the said differential pressure proportional to the current density.
6. A method according to claim 5, wherein the pressurecontrol valve is automatically adjusted by means of a servo-system responsive to the cell current density and the differential pressure across the cell diaphragm.
7. A method according to claim 2, wherein the rate of flow of electrolyte through the diaphragm is measured by metering the rate of flow of the caustic liquor leaving the cell and the said rate of flow of caustic liquor is maintained approximately proportional to the current density.
8. A method according to claim 7, wherein the pressurecontrol valve is automatically adjusted by means of a servo-system responsive to the cell current density and the metered rate of flow of the caustic liquor leaving the cell.
6 References Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS TA HSUNG TUNG, Primary Examiner U.S. Cl. X.R..
US4689133 * Jun 6, 1986 Aug 25, 1987 The Dow Chemical Company Directly electrically coupled fuel cell-electrolysis cell system
DE2348889A1 * Sep 28, 1973 Aug 1, 1974 Du Pont Verfahren und vorrichtung zum elektrolysieren waessriger loesungen von natrium- und/oder kaliumsalzen und/oder -hydroxiden
U.S. Classification 205/335, 204/266, 205/518
International Classification C25B15/02, C25B1/46, C25B15/00, C25B1/00
Cooperative Classification C25B15/02, C25B1/46
European Classification C25B1/46, C25B15/02

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Map, Available Online, German, Military Battles and Campaigns, North America, Image, Geography and Map Division, American Revolution and Its Era: Maps and Charts of North America and the West Indies, 1750 to 1789 | Library of Congress
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Patent US8140611 - Method and representations for exporting tactical data link information as a ... - Google PatentsSearch Images Maps Play YouTube News Gmail Drive More »Sign inAdvanced Patent SearchPatentsA scalable method and apparatus for performing a mashup of military Situation Awareness (SA) data in a tactical data link (TDL) with data residing in several databases, using a web server-web browser architecture over an IP-based network. In a preferred embodiment the invention employs a TDL gateway...http://www.google.com/patents/US8140611?utm_source=gb-gplus-sharePatent US8140611 - Method and representations for exporting tactical data link information as a web serviceAdvanced Patent SearchPublication numberUS8140611 B1Publication typeGrantApplication numberUS 11/448,645Publication dateMar 20, 2012Filing dateJun 7, 2006Priority dateJun 7, 2006Publication number11448645, 448645, US 8140611 B1, US 8140611B1, US-B1-8140611, US8140611 B1, US8140611B1InventorsFrank W. Miller, Richard WaldschmidtOriginal AssigneeRockwell Collins, Inc.Export CitationBiBTeX, EndNote, RefManPatent Citations (8), Non-Patent Citations (1), Referenced by (2), Classifications (9), Legal Events (2) External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, EspacenetMethod and representations for exporting tactical data link information as a web serviceUS 8140611 B1Abstract A scalable method and apparatus for performing a mashup of military Situation Awareness (SA) data in a tactical data link (TDL) with data residing in several databases, using a web server-web browser architecture over an IP-based network. In a preferred embodiment the invention employs a TDL gateway to collect and correlate SA data from a TDL and stores the data in a track database, which is interfaced by a web server to the IP-based network. A SA web browser interfaces with the TDL gateway web server, a maps server and a symbology server to mash data from a plurality of sources into an integrated whole, allowing a more complete graphical representation of the SA data. The invention is capable of operating in reverse, to inject user defined data from the SA web browser into the TDL.
We claim: 1. A client-server system for Tactical Data Link (TDL) Situational Awareness (SA) data mashups over an IP network comprising: a TDL Gateway receiving TDL data, said TDL Gateway having a TDL Gateway web server receiving processed TDL data from said TDL Gateway and interfacing said TDL Gateway to communicate over the IP network; an SA Browser having an SA Browser web client communicating with said TDL Gateway web server over the IP network; a Symbology Server; and a Maps Server, wherein: said SA Browser connects to said Maps and Symbology servers via said SA Browser web client communicating with said web servers of said Symbology Server and said Maps Server; and said SA Browser performs a mashup with graphical map data from said Maps Server, vector graphic symbol data from said Symbology Server, and said processed TDL data from said TDL Gateway.
2. The system of claim 1, wherein: said at least one other server is a server selected from the group consisting of a Maps Server and a Symbology Server.
3. The system of claim 1, further comprising: a Track database, accessible by said TDL Gateway, to store data, wherein: said TDL Gateway comprises a TDL Message Handling block to correlate said message data and store said correlated message data in said Track database; and said data in said Track database is accessed by said SA Browser web client acting through said TDL Gateway web server.
4. The invention of claim 3, further comprising: a Track database, accessible by said TDL Gateway, to store data, wherein: said TDL Gateway comprises a TDL Message Handling block to correlate said message data and store said correlated message data in said Track database; said data in said Track database is accessed by said SA Browser web client running filtered queries and acting through said TDL Gateway web server.
5. The system of claim 1, wherein: said Symbology Server is embedded within the SA Browser.
6. The system of claim 1, further comprising: a Track database, accessible by said TDL Gateway, to store data, wherein: said TDL Gateway comprises a TDL Message Handling block to correlate said message data and store said correlated message data in said Track database; said data in said Track database is accessed by said SA Browser web client acting through said TDL Gateway web server; said SA Browser is capable of injecting user-defined data into said Track database; and, said TDL Gateway is capable of introducing said user-defined data into the TDL.
7. The system of claim 1, wherein: a third server comprising a Maps Server, said Maps Server is embedded within the SA Browser, wherein: said at least one other server is a Symbology Server, said Maps and Symbology servers forming virtual servers; and, said SA Browser performs a mashup with data from said Maps Server, data from said Symbology Server, and said processed TDL data from said TDL Gateway, via said TDL Gateway web server.
8. A method comprising: receiving Tactical Data Link (TDL) data from one or more TDL nodes in a TDL network with a TDL Gateway having a TDL Gateway web server; serving processed TDL data to a Situational Awareness (SA) browser having an SA browser web client over an IP network with the TDL Gateway web server; receiving the processed TDL data with the SA browser web client; connecting the SA Browser to a maps server and a symbology server via the SA browser web client communicating with web servers of the symbology server and the maps server; and performing a mashup of the processed TDL data, vector graphic symbol data associated with the TDL data from the symbology server and the graphical map data associated with the TDL data from the maps server with the SA browser.
9. The method of claim 8 further comprising: adapting the TDL data for transport across an IP network.
10. The method of claim 8 further comprising: requesting symbology data associated with the TDL data from a symbology server; and requesting map data associated with the TDL data from a map server.
11. The method of claim 8, wherein the TDL data comprises: one or more global positioning system (GPS) coordinates associated with one or more tactical targets; and one or more identifiers associated with the one or more tactical targets.
The present invention relates generally to the field of command, control, communications, computer, intelligence surveillance, and reconnaissance (C4ISR) hardware and software systems and components.
At present a disparate number of data, message, and circuit switching systems and equipment communicate with one another over a range of network systems, ranging from tactical, squad-level systems, to strategic, headquarters-level systems, over a plurality of transmission systems including tactical line-of-sight; combat net radios; high frequency, microwave and troposphere scatter systems; fiber optic cable; telephone lines; and satellite links. These transmission systems when used in a military context can be termed a Tactical Data Link (TDL). Often it is necessary to superimpose and combine data from a TDL onto data from another source (e.g., a �mashup�). A mashup is a function of a web application that seamlessly performs the acquisition, combination, and integrated presentation of data from multiple websites; a mashup is a web application that seamlessly combines content from more than one source into an integrated whole. The best known example is to acquire database information from a website that includes a geographical component and to �mash� that against content from a graphical maps website, i.e. Google Maps, thereby presenting the database information in its geographic context visually. Another example might be a website that polls several other websites for pricing information and then presents the results ordered from lowest cost to highest cost to allow a user to do price comparisons.
In the present invention a simple example of a mashup might be to superimpose data acquired from a scout in the field that has sighted an enemy target using a GPS locator with an colored icon of the enemy target indicating what type of target it is, superimposed onto a terrain map of where the enemy target is situated, so an end user, e.g., an officer, can more readily make strategic and tactical decisions.
What is lacking in the prior art is a method and apparatus performing such a mashup using an IP network with a web server-web browser architecture, and for exporting tactical data link information as a web service, such as taught in the present invention.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION Accordingly, an aspect of the present invention is to provide an automated computer driven system and method of performing a mashup using an IP-based network with a web server-web browser architecture, and for exporting tactical data link information as a web service to web servers and web browsers within the IP-based network.
To this end TDL information or data in the form of messages is collected from a TDL and fed into a TDL Gateway, which employs a gateway function to correlate TDL messages to produce a database of Situational Awareness (SA) tracks, or correlated, normalized data relating to the TDL messages. A web server then exports this information from the track database to an IP network, whenever there are queries requested by a SA web browser, which is controlled by an end user. The SA web browser is also responsible for performing a mashup with other servers, such as for example a maps server and a symbology server, as explained herein, to produce a composite, unified and integrated graphical amalgam of data from a plethora of potentially disparate sources.
A further aspect of the invention is to employ the system and method of the present invention �in reverse�, so that a client web browser is used to post data to a web server for insertion into the Track Database and, via the TDL Gateway, injection of this information into the TDL.
FIG. 1 is a block diagram detailing the TDL and IP network of the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a block diagram of an implementation of the SA Browser of the present invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION The method and apparatus of the present invention is a computing platform running a software tool, which can accept human input, and may be written in any computer language (such as C, C++, Perl, Java or the like) run by a computer system having an operating system. The computer system typically has one or more processors, primary and secondary memory cooperating with the processor(s), which executes instructions stored in the memory, I/O means such as monitor, mouse and keyboard, and any necessary specialized hardware or firmware. Depending on the language used to construct and implement the software tool, the source code, object code and/or executables of the tool may have any number of classes, functions, objects, variables, templates, lines of code, portions of code and constructs (collectively and generally, �a process step�, �step�, �block�, �functional module� or �software module�) to carry out the invention in successive stages as described and taught herein, and may be either a standalone software application, or employed inside of or called by another software application, or as firmware. The software process or software module may be constructed so that one portion of code in the application performs a plurality of functions, as for instance in Object Oriented programming (e.g., an overloaded process). The converse is also true, in that a plurality of portions of code could perform a plurality of functions, and still be functionally the same as a single portion of code. At any stage of the process step of the present invention, intermediate values, variables and data may be stored for later use by the program. In addition, the binary executable or source code data comprising the software of the present invention may reside on computer readable storage medium (e.g., a magnetic disk, which may be portable); memory (e.g., flash RAM); DVD or CD-ROM.
Turning attention to FIG. 1, there is shown a block diagram schematic of the method and apparatus of the present invention, connecting a Tactical Data Link (TDL) 10 to an IP network 20 (i.e. TCP/IP). The TDL 10 is shown as a cloud 10. The cloud reduces the entire TDL communications network into points of entry and exit. It infers there may be any number of switches, routers, trunks, and other network devices within the cloud, for example network devices comprising tactical line-of-sight systems; radio communications such as combat net radios; high frequency, microwave and troposphere scatter systems; fiber optic cable; telephone lines; and satellite links. Each of these systems pass sometimes data, often as binary messages, such as Situational Awareness (SA) message data (data relating to military matters including but not limited to target acquisition and identification of hostile and friendly forces), in a variety of formats, including but not limited to Link-11 (MIL-STD-6011), Link-16-J-Series (e.g. MIL-STD-6016C), MIL-STD-6017 (Variable Message Format (VMF)). Disparate pieces of military hardware in a TDL often have their own format for data transmission. The present invention contemplates accommodating any past, present or future message format.
A TDL Gateway block or TDL Gateway Server 30, employing a TDL Message Handling block 31, would collect Situational Awareness (SA) messages from the TDL cloud 10, correlate the SA messages and store the results in a Track database 32 accessible to the TDL Gateway. More generally the collection, correlation and storing of message data from the TDL can be termed processing of the data by the TDL Gateway block 30. Each SA message in TDL 10 would have at least one �track� associated with it. Generally the present invention envisions only a single track per message, but in general it is possible to have many tracks per message. For example, three SA messages might be received by the TDL Gateway 30, each comprising an identification of an enemy tank. One message may be from an AWACs surveillance plane, another message from a spy satellite, and a third message from a scout in the field employing a GPS transmitter/receiver. The three SA messages would be related to one another, because they relate to the same enemy tank, and can thus be correlated, because though they come from possibly disparate hardware they likely share one or more pieces of data, say the common GPS location of the enemy tank. The track associated with each of these SA messages would link the three messages as relating to the same target. Some SA messages even have a field for �track� embedded in the message, which makes correlation more easy.
The correlation of SA messages may be done by software residing in the TDL Gateway block 30, and the correlation can be either rules based (e.g. MIL-STD-6016) or statistics based. Rules based correlation is based on the �track quality� which is a parameter that is included in most of the TDL messages. The track quality is assigned by the generator of the track information to give the receiver of the message an indication in the �confidence� of track information. Any number of rules-based correlations may be employed, with no particular preferred methodology. As far as statistical correlation is concerned, a variety of different techniques may be employed with no particular preferred methodology, e.g. regression analysis and/or a Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient can be used to correlate SA messages.
An SA track can be considered a �normalized� track meaning that any data that resides in the Track database 32 has generally already been correlated. Since a target can be observed by multiple observers, all of which then generate their own track messages, the TDL Gateway block 30, which correlates these incoming messages, figures out that several messages might actually refer to the same actual target and sticks a single �track� in the database to link to these messages.
In the present invention encryption/decryption happens at the physical layer, not at the functional and logical level shown in the figures. Thus track messages are generally not encrypted on a message basis.
The TDL Gateway block 30 also contains a TDL Gateway Web Server block 33. The web server 33 interfaces the TDL Gateway block 30 (e.g. allowing access to the Track database 32) to allow communication over the IP-based network 20 and connect with other blocks. The web server block 33 may be a separate computer (an application server comprising both hardware and software) from the TDL Gateway block 30, that delivers Web pages to client web browsers and client applications via the HTTP protocol, such as SA client browser 40 as explained further herein. Thus the web server 33 may include the hardware, operating system, Web server software, TCP/IP protocols and site content (Web pages and other files). The Web server 33 may be used internally as part of an intranet (i.e. if the IP-based network 20 is a LAN), or over a WAN, but in either case the IP-based network can be termed the �internet�. Preferably in the present invention the web server 33 is linked to the internet or Web (i.e. the IP-based network 20) and is a secure web server.
The web server 33 may in the alternative be just the software residing in the computer hardware comprising the TDL Gateway block 30 and not an entire separate computer system. In such cases, the web server 33 would be the software that services HTTP requests�i.e. an HTTP server such as IIS, Apache and the like�that manages requests from the browser such as HTTP requests, headers and codes, and delivers HTML documents and files in response. The software of the web server 33 would also execute server-side scripts (CGI scripts, JSPs, ASPS, and the like) that provide functions such as database searching. The software of the web server 33 in an internet environment would host a variety of language systems used to program database queries (e.g. SQL language). These scripts and services, such as JavaScript and Java server pages (JSPs), would typically access the Track database 32 to retrieve up-to-date data that is presented to users via their browsers or client applications, such as SA client browser 40.
For large sites, multiple computers may be used for both application servers and Web servers (HTTP servers), and the software residing therein may be distributed objects software.
A SA Browser 40 (the web client) is the interface for the user and connection to the web servers over the IP network of the present invention. Though only one SA Browser 40 is shown in FIG. 1, in practice many such web clients may be present. The SA Browser 40 in a user's machine would typically incorporate a front end interface in the form of a web browser 42 (e.g. Microsoft Internet Explorer). The SA Browser 40 may also incorporate plug-ins and helper applications that enhance the browser to support special services from the site. The SA Browser 40 may comprise the entire user's computer system (hardware and software), or software alone residing on a server, or a handheld device linked to the IP network 30 that provides Web access, such as a modified Blackberry device with plug-ins for internet access.
An IP network 20, which preferably is a secure network, connects the various blocks comprising the invention such as TDL Gateway block 30, SA Browser block 40, Maps Server block 50 and Symbology Server block 60, which communicate over the IP network 20.
Two other servers, which may be separate hardware and software or just software residing on the same machine as the web browser 42, are used for the present invention, a Maps Server 50 and a Symbology Server 60. More than two servers of these distinct types or of different types may also be employed.
The Maps Server 50 has internet access to a maps database 52 (e.g. Google maps or FalconView) or a local maps database residing on a local hard drive. The maps database 52 is a database of maps, and has graphical representations of earth topography (e.g. in some known image format like PNG format) linked to GPS coordinates and other indicia. The Maps Server 50 has a Maps Web Server 54 as the web server interface to connect with the IP network 20.
The Symbology Server 60 has a Symbology Server Web Server 62 acting as the web server interface to connect with the IP network 20. Symbology Server 60 has access to a symbology database 64, a database of symbols, which stores vector graphic symbols associated with common targets. For example, a friendly target that is an airplane may be represented by a green vector graphic icon of an airplane, with suitable optional alphanumeric indicia indicating the type of aircraft; likewise an enemy target that is a tank may be represented by a red vector graphic icon with suitable optional alphanumeric indicia. The Symbology Server 60 is the most likely of the server types (TDL Gateway server, Maps Server, Symbology Server) to be embedded with the SA Browser 40, rather than as a network service over the IP-based network 20. Thus in claims of the present invention, when referencing the Symbology Server 60, it should be understood by one of ordinary skill using the teachings of the present invention that the Symbology Server 60 may be embedded as part of the SA Browser 40, as a sort of �virtual server� residing in the SA Browser 40, rather than only being a physically distinct and separate server, as shown in FIG. 1. Indeed with the miniaturization and integration of technology as time progresses in the field of computer systems, the same could be true for the Maps Server 50, which could also be embedded with the SA browser and not be physically distinct outside the SA browser system.
The SA Browser 40 is responsible for driving the presentation of the SA data to the user. Conventionally, as web servers do not �push� data to browsers unsolicited, the SA Browser web browser 42 is responsible for polling the web server 33 of the TDL Gateway 30 for data periodically. The SA Browser 40 would poll the TDL Gateway 30, the Maps Server 50, and the Symbology Server 60 as required to provide periodic updates to the SA Browser web browser 42 viewed by the user.
FIG. 2 an implementation of the SA Browser 40. The implementation platform is any web browser that supports JavaScript and the XMLHttpRequest asynchronous HTTP request mechanism (an HTTP request); this includes but is not limited to Microsoft Internet Explorer, Mozilla Firefox, Apple Safari, and Opera. The SA Browser 40 is initialized by loading a web page 43 from the web server 33 of the TDL Gateway 30. The TDL Gateway 30 contains the SA Browser application, which can be, by way of example but not of limitation, downloaded to the user's machine, and is written to support a combination of HTML and JavaScript. The SA Browser application of the SA Browser 40 is responsible for four activities: 1) polling the TDL Gateway 33 periodically for TDL SA information as explained herein, 2) polling the Map Server 50 as required to obtain maps that are relevant to the SA information and the user's interactions, 3) polling the Symbology Server 60 periodically for graphical elements that can be used to paint the SA information on the maps, and 4) presenting the combination of these three information sources as a unified map of SA information to the user, as a mashup. The user employs the web browser 42 of the SA Browser 40 as an interface to the Web.
Polling is done via the SA browser, using timers in Javascript. The polling is for XML and XML schema, with communication between web browser client and web server, with typical polling shown in FIG. 2. For example, the SA Browser 40 can poll the TDL Gateway 30 every 500 ms using the XMLHttpRequest asynchronous HTTP request mechanism, and likewise the SA Browser can poll the Maps Server 50 and the Symbology Server 60 on demand. In general any arbitrary time limit can be used.
The information provided by the TDL Gateway 30 is presented using the XML schema discussed above. The information provided by the Map Server 50 is presented in the form of map images in some well-known image format, e.g. Portable Network Graphics (PNG). The information provided by the Symbology Server 60 is presented as a vector graphics representation, e.g. Scalable Vector Graphics (SVG). The SA Browser application in SA Browser 40 paints the appropriate information SA information (e.g. tracks) onto the map images using the appropriate symbols to present a unified, graphical representation of the SA information to the user. Thus the present invention performs a mashup between information residing in the TDL Gateway 30, the SA Browser 40, the Maps Server 50 and the Symbology Server 60.
Turning attention to the functional operation of the present invention, as indicated in FIG. 1, some participant, say an aircraft 69, in the TDL 10 makes an observation that results in the need to transmit a message over the TDL. For example, an aircraft might observe an enemy target and need to notify others in the TDL of its target acquisition. The aircraft 69 will likely locate the target in space using its sensors and onboard positioning equipment. It will also provide some identification, including possibly the target type and how confident it is that the identification is accurate.
As indicated in FIG. 1 at 70, the TDL participant aircraft 69 transmits a TDL message containing the observations into the TDL 10. This message is received by others in the TDL and eventually by the TDL Gateway block 30, as shown at arrow 80.
As indicated in FIG. 1 at 90 the TDL Gateway 30 receives the message(s) and correlates it with other messages being received from other sources that may reference the same target. The TDL Gateway 30 stores the resulting correlated �track� in its Track database 32.
As indicated in FIG. 1 at 100, the contents of the Track database 32 are �published� to the IP network 20 using the Web Server 33. Publishing is the act of making data available to the Web. That data can be either pushed out to the clients by the server, �server push� (e.g. by a system such as HTTP Server Push) or the clients can poll to get the data, �client pull�. The latter �client pull� way of publishing, by polling, is the preferred way of publishing in the present invention, but using �server push� is also taught by the present invention. The use of the term �polling� in the present invention, whenever referencing the exchange or publishing of information between client and server, encompasses both the �server push� and the preferred method of �client pull�. The publication can take any of several forms including a variety of simple HTTP interfaces (e.g. CGI, cgi-bin, PHP, Java Servlet, and the like) or something more complicated, like a SOAP web service.
As indicated in FIG. 1 at 110 the SA Browser 40 application queries the Web Server 33 for new track information. The query will likely be filtered in some way. For example, the SA Browser user may want to see tracks in a specified geographical region. There are many other types of filters that might be useful, e.g. time-based, friendly-only, enemy-only, and the like. The SA browser 40 will likely be presenting the information in a context that is useful to the user and will only need to acquire tracks from the Track database 32 that are useful in that context. Filtering allows that context to be applied to the queries.
As indicated in FIG. 1 at 120, if the SA Browser 40 is mashing data against maps, it will query a Maps Server 50 (e.g. FalconView or Google Maps) for map images that can be used for display in the SA Browser 40.
As indicated in FIG. 1 at 130, if the tracks being displayed by the SA Browser 40 correspond to well-known objects, it is likely that standard symbology will be used to present the tracks graphically in a standard way (e.g. MIL-STD-2525 or MIL-STD-1790 symbology). The SA Browser 40 can query a Symbology Server 60 to acquire specific symbols that correspond to the tracks in its context.
In the present invention the architecture disclosed herein is at a logical, functional level. That means that the present invention can not only be implemented as disclosed herein, but also implemented in a variety of different equivalent ways that achieve the same function, as can be appreciated by one of ordinary skill using the teachings of the present invention.
The architecture of the present invention can be implemented on many scales. The architecture could be implemented as the basic implementation approach of a flight deck on a carrier, e.g. a next-gen Flight2, using the internet. Flight2 is a general term for a RCGS (Rockwell Collins Government Systems) cockpit solution. Flight2 includes displays, flight management, controls, and integration with various other parts of the flight deck equipment. Presently there are variations of the Flight2 implementation on at least a dozen different military aircraft.]. The architecture of the present invention could also be used to implement widely distributed SA distribution across a battlefield or across the globe, in other words, it does not have to be local. Further, the software and hardware of the present invention can be implemented in a distributed or centralized fashion. Both the hardware and/or software of the present invention may run on a single computer or all the elements might reside on different computers distributed around the world.
Further, using object oriented programming techniques, such as polymorphism and inheritance, it is possible for one software module to combine the functionality of two or more software modules written in more traditional system design, but this does not in any way change any teachings of the present invention.
The present invention could also be employed �in the reverse� to inject data from the SA Browser 40 into the TDL 10 and/or databases. A user would input data using the Web Browser 42, which would, via a HTTP request, JavaScript, and the like, communicate with the various web servers (e.g. web servers 33, 54 and 62 in the example of FIG. 1). For example, as can be appreciated by one skilled in the art using the teachings of the present invention, a user can post data to TDL Gateway 30 via the web server 33 to inject new user-defined data into the Track database 32. The new user-defined data from Track database 32 may be injected into the TDL 10 by the software running the TDL Gateway 30. A user may use the SA Browser 40 to introduce a new symbol into the Symbology database 64 by posting from the Web Browser 42 to the Web Server 62. Likewise a user may introduce a new topography into the maps database 52 by posting data from the SA Browser to the Maps server 50.
In addition, though an IP network is the preferred network for the present invention, in general any network may be employed, including ATM or a legacy network, so long as the overall client-server architecture is maintained.
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text:
Bixin protects against particle-induced long-term lung injury in an NRF2-dependent manner. - PubMed - NCBI
1 selected item: 30090580
Toxicol Res (Camb). 2018 Jan 11;7(2):258-270. doi: 10.1039/c7tx00304h. eCollection 2018 Mar 1.
Xue L1, Zhang H1, Zhang J1, Li B2, Zhang Z1, Tao S3,1.
School of Public Health , Medical College of Soochow University , 199 Ren'ai Road , Suzhou 215123 , Jiangsu , China . Email: zhangzengli@suda.edu.cn ; ; Tel: +86-0512-656883323.
Experimental Center of Medical College , Soochow University , 199 Ren'ai Road , Suzhou 215123 , Jiangsu , China.
Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Disease , School of Public Health , Soochow University , Suzhou , 215123 , PR China . Email: taoqishu619@126.com ; ; Tel: +86-0512-65698540.
Scope: Particle-induced lung injury is a kind of comprehensive pulmonary disease with not only inflammation but also fibrosis. Bixin is a natural compound that is widely used as a food additive. Our previous studies demonstrated that bixin could alleviate inflammation in ventilation-induced acute lung injury as well as UV-exposure caused skin damage. But whether it could depress silica-induced long-term comprehensive lung injury and the mechanism of bixin in this protection have not yet been studied. Methods: A murine SiO2-induced long-term comprehensive lung injury model was established through silica intratracheal instillation. To elucidate the effects and mechanisms of bixin in silica-induced pulmonary inflammation and fibrosis, we treated mice with bixin following silica instillation. Results: Bixin treatment attenuated the accumulation of inflammatory cells which significantly ameliorated pathological inflammation and fibrotic development in the lungs. In addition, intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of bixin in mice led to the upregulation of the NRF2 response in the lungs. Since alveolar macrophage activation plays a vital role in the initiation and progression of this injury, the mechanism was further studied in the THP-1 macrophage cells. Bixin activated NRF2 signals via blocking KEAP1 mediated ubiquitylation and degradation of NRF2. Conclusions: Our work has brought insights into exploring anti-particle-induced lung injury activities in the daily consumption of natural products. In addition, our study also inspires the discovery of new beneficial effects of bixin and its application in the treatment of other inflammatory diseases.
30090580
PMC6060687
10.1039/c7tx00304h
Bixin protects against SiO2-induced tissue damage. (A) Three different time points of the experiments performed: 7 days, 28 days and 56 days. Treatment regimens: the respective groups of mice received i.p. injection of carrier control (tea oil) or bixin (200 mg kg–1) three days before the SiO2 exposure and every three days after. SiO2 was intratracheally instilled at day 0. The mice were harvested at 7 days, 28 days and 56 days. (B) Total BAL protein amount from the indicated treatment groups at different time points was measured. The data are presented as fold changes compared to the control group. The results are expressed as mean ± SD (*p < 0.05, control vs. treatment groups; #p < 0.05, SiO2vs. bixin + SiO2). (C) H&E staining of lung tissue sections from the respective groups of mice at different time points was performed. (D) IHC of 8-oxo-dG and (E) in situ TUNEL analysis (visualizing apoptotic cells) of lung tissue sections after SiO2 intratracheal instillation for 56 days were performed [n = 6, the representative images of the lung tissue from each group are shown (scale bar: 50 μm)].
Bixin protects against particle-induced long-term lung injury in an NRF2-dependent manner †Electronic supplementary information (ESI) available: S1 – The relative changes of body weight (A) and the relative changes of lung weight of the mice with the indicated treatments (B). See DOI: 10.1039/c7tx00304h
Toxicol Res (Camb). 2018 Mar 1;7(2):258-270.
Bixin attenuates SiO2-induced inflammation by decreasing P65 phosphorylation in the lung tissues. (A) Total cell numbers in BAL were measured in the indicated treatment groups. Cell differential analysis was performed on the BAL cells for each mouse sample. At least 200 cells were counted per sample. The numbers of (B) macrophages, (C) neutrophils and (D) lymphocytes were counted (n = 6). The mRNA levels of (E) Il6 and (F) Tnfα were measured by RT-PCR analysis. The results are expressed as mean ± SD (*p < 0.05, control vs. treatment groups; #p < 0.05, SiO2vs. bixin + SiO2). Lung tissue lysates from the indicated groups of mice (n = 3) were subjected to immunoblot analysis with the NF-κB signaling pathway (P65, p-P65) antibodies.
Bixin induces the NRF2 signaling pathway in the lung tissues. (A) IHC staining of NRF2 and its target GCLM in the lung tissue sections from the indicated treatment groups after 56 days of SiO2 exposure was performed [n = 6, a representative image of the lung tissue for each group is shown (scale bar: 50 μm)]. (B) Lung tissue lysates from SiO2 and bixin groups were subjected to immunoblot detection of the NRF2 pathway antibodies at the indicated time points. (C) Lung tissue lysates from the control, SiO2 and bixin + SiO2 treatment groups were subjected to immunoblot analyses with the NRF2 pathway antibodies at the indicated time points. (D) The mRNA levels of Nrf2, Keap1, Akr1c1, and Gclm were measured by RT-PCR analysis. The results are expressed as mean ± SD (*p < 0.05, control vs. treatment groups).
Bixin upregulates the NRF2 signaling pathway in THP-1 cells. (A) Bixin chemical structure. (B) Cell viability was measured in THP-1 cells treated with the indicated doses of bixin for 48 h. THP-1 cells were treated with the indicated doses of bixin for (C) 4 h and (D) 16 h. Cell lysates were subjected to immunoblot analyses with the NRF2 signaling pathway antibodies. THP-1 cells were treated with (E) bixin (40 μM) and (F) bixin (80 μM) for the indicated time points, and the cell lysates were subjected to immunoblot analyses. THP-1 cells were either left untreated (control) or treated with bixin (40 μM) for 4 h and 16 h, and mRNA was extracted. The relative mRNA levels of (G) NRF2, (H) KEAP1, (I) AKR1C1 and (J) GCLM were then determined by quantitative real-time RT-PCR. The data are expressed as mean ± SD (*p < 0.05, control vs. bixin treatment).
Bixin activates the NRF2 signaling pathway by decreasing NRF2 ubiquitination and increasing NRF2 protein stability. (A) THP-1 cells were cotransfected with plasmids encoding the indicated proteins for 24 h. The transfected cells were treated with SF (5 μM), tBHQ (40 μM) or bixin (40 μM) along with MG132 (10 μM) for 4 h. Anti-NRF2 immunoprecipitates were analyzed by immunoblotting with anti-HA antibody for the detection of ubiquitin-conjugated NRF2. (B) THP-1 cells were treated with bixin (40 μM) along with MG132 (10 μM) for 4 h. Anti-NRF2 immunoprecipitates were analyzed by immunoblotting with ubiquitin antibody for the detection of endogenous unbiquitin-conjugated NRF2. (C) THP-1 cells were either left untreated or treated with bixin (40 μM) for 4 h. Cycloheximide (CHX, 50 μM) was added and the cells were lysed at the indicated time points. Cell lysates were subjected to immunoblot analysis using anti-NRF2 and anti-GAPDH antibodies. The intensities of the bands were quantified using the GeneTools software and plotted against time after CHX treatment to obtain the half-life values.
Bixin decreases the NF-κB inflammation response and protects against the cell damage induced by the SiO2 administration in an NRF2-dependent manner. (A) THP-1 cells were pretreated with DMSO (Ctrl) or bixin (40 μM) for 4 h prior to the treatment with SiO2 (0–100 μg ml–1) for an additional 24 h. Cell lysates were subjected to immunoblot analysis with the indicated antibodies. THP-1 cells were transfected with either (B) control-siRNA (Ctrl siRNA) or (C) NRF2-siRNA (NRF2 siRNA) for 24 h. The cells were then pretreated with DMSO or bixin (40 μM) for 4 h before the addition of the indicated dose of SiO2 (0–2000 μg ml–1). Cell viability was measured at 48 h after the addition of SiO2. The data are expressed as mean ± SD (*p < 0.05, control vs. bixin treatment). Following the transfection with either (D) control-siRNA or (E) NRF2-siRNA for 24 h, THP-1 cells were pretreated with DMSO or bixin (40 μM) for 4 h prior to the treatment with SiO2 (0–100 μg ml–1) for an additional 24 h. DCF-based fluorescence was measured using flow cytometry. The data are expressed as mean ± SD (*p < 0.05, control vs. bixin treatment).

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