text:
Outside the Red Crescent compound in Jalalabad, soldiers at times struck children, women and old men indiscriminately. Some soldiers hit women who sat on the ground and begged. At least one struck a boy so hard that the branch broke across the boy's back. The crowd responded by throwing stones.''There are too many people who come here for food,'' said Abdul Basir Basirat, the Red Crescent Society supervisor in Jalalabad. ''All of them need rice and other things. What should I do?''As Mr. Basirat spoke from inside his office the crowd wailed and pushed on the compound gate. The crowd surged, the gate held, the crowd relaxed, then surged again. Soldiers could be seen swinging sticks from the top of the walls down into the crowd, striking those who pressed too close.
Mr. Basirat said that the same soldiers who were trying to control the crowd were actually linked to the source of the problem.
The troops are members of the Eastern Shura, the group of anti-Taliban warlords in the region who worked with the United States military to hunt down Taliban and Al Qaeda forces in cave complexes nearby. Since the Taliban fled Jalalabad in November, these warlords have controlled the city and the surrounding Nangarhar Province. They are a largely undisciplined force.
Relief officials said that several days ago six trucks loaded with rice arrived from Pakistan, enough food to feed everyone now requesting assistance. But the Eastern Shura seized four of the trucks to feed its armies or the relatives of soldiers who died in the war. The seizures left little rice for the refugees.''The local commanders took all of the rice,'' Mr. Basirat said. ''We were allowed only two trucks. All of the rest went to their houses, or to the families of the martyrs.''The thefts were confirmed by Atiqullah Mohmand, the Jalalabad program director for the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. ''That is true,'' he said. ''Right now, we don't have a proper system of government in this province. The mujahedeen put force on us and take the food. They are looting.''
Mr. Mohmand said that since late November relief organizations have also tried three times to distribute wheat, and each time local soldiers stole most of the food. He declined to name the commanders responsible.
''Nobody wants to mention a clear name, because it might put them in danger,'' he said.The senior commander in the region, Hajji Hazat Ali, brushed aside questions about the thefts, suggesting that some of the rice was missing because the Red Crescent society was corrupt.
''Some people who are working for the non-government organizations are all thieves,'' he said. ''They try to divide some food they receive between themselves and some of the local commanders. We are trying to capture these people.''But he did not seem to be trying very hard to catch the thieves or recover the rice, sacks of which could be found today in the city being used to feed his own soldiers at each of the checkpoints he maintains.
The United Nations said that as many as 300 families a day are arriving in Jalalabad from Pakistan. The new arrivals have been joining as many as 5,000 displaced Afghans who were counted in a Red Crescent survey in early December.''There are children who have become very thin because of the cold and not enough food,'' said Muktar, a society employee. ''Some of them are dead already, and others will die soon.''
For months, a muscular propaganda campaign directed by the White House has been focused on showing that the American air campaign has helped, not harmed, the Afghan people. This week, the White House information center is highlighting its relief efforts, reflecting how avoiding famine in Afghanistan has been a critical national security goal.While no one disputed that the relief effort has been successful, several relief officials expressed concern that the United States was exaggerating that success and could possibly imperil future relief operations by drawing too rosy a picture. Mr. Natsios was careful to say that food will be needed for at least another year but he also said only some people in fringe areas may still need emergency relief to avoid famine.
Nigun Ogun of Save The Children, a relief group that has worked in Afghanistan since 1994, was skeptical. ''I don't think we averted a famine,'' he said. ''I would say that the problem has been averted for two months -- no more.''
Officials at the World Food Program disagreed and said they knew they had turned a corner in December when they were running their trucks on all six routes into Afghanistan, bringing 4,000 tons of wheat into the country every day.''It's not that simple to say when we averted famine, but we have,'' said Abby Spring, of the aid program. ''Yes, people are still in tough shape but it is a tribute to the international community that this much was accomplished.''
As the crowd left the Red Crescent compound today, Mr. Basirat said he hoped to register as many new arrivals as possible and circulate identification cards to them so the society could distribute its remaining sacks of rice within the next few days.
The refugees were not satisfied. One white-haired man wandered near the compound, clutching a petition and begging for food. He spoke English, and said he had been a teacher, but now was destitute.''There are many different problems about this food distribution,'' said the man, Zaid Gulab, 50. ''Many people do not have any information about how to get food here today. I am hungry. I do not know how to get any. I cannot find out because the soldiers are there with guns and sticks.''Mr. Mohmand, of the United Nations, said conditions today were reminiscent of those in the early 1990's, when guerrilla commanders ran the province, abusing civilians and taking whatever they wanted. Popular anger with their conduct helped bring the Taliban to power.
''The people who are now in the positions of authority in our province, they are exactly the same persons who were here before,'' Mr. Mohmand said. ''They are following the same system as before. It is not good. There is no killing right now, but the thieves are very active.'' Continue reading the main story

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Illustrated Encyclopaedia Gold Silver Coins World - AbeBooks
Illustrated Encyclopaedia Gold Silver Coins World
Title: illustrated encyclopaedia gold silver coins world
Illustrated encyclopaedia of gold and silver coins of the world illustrating the modern ancient current and curious from A.D. 1885 back to B.C. 700 *EBOOK*
Smith Andrew Madsen
Item Description: 2013. Book Condition: New. ***This is the EBook version (.pdf format) of the 1886 edition. Scanned from the original book !!** You will be receiving the text of this book via download. An email will be sent shortly to your email address containing the download instructions. Refund requests for 'Buyer does not want item' after an ebook has been received will not be accepted. Bookseller Inventory # 330091
Illustrated encyclopaedia of gold and silver coins of the world; illustrating the modern, ancient, current and curious, from A.D. 1885 back to B.C. 700 1886
Smith, Andrew Madsen, -
Item Description: 2016. Softcover. Book Condition: New. 528 Lang: - eng, Pages 528, Print on Demand. Reprinted in 2016 with the help of original edition published long back[1886]. This book is Printed in black & white, sewing binding for longer life with Matt laminated multi-Colour Soft Cover {HARDCOVER EDITION IS ALSO AVAILABLE}, Printed on high quality Paper, re-sized as per Current standards, professionally processed without changing its contents. As these are old books, we processed each page manually and make them readable but in some cases some pages which are blur or missing or black spots. If it is multi volume set, then it is only single volume. We expect that you will understand our compulsion in these books. We found this book important for the readers who want to know more about our old treasure so we brought it back to the shelves. (Any type of Customisation is possible). Hope you will like it and give your comments and suggestions. Language: eng. Bookseller Inventory # PB1111006320025
Item Description: 2016. Softcover. Book Condition: New. 528 Lang: - eng, Pages 528, Print on Demand. Reprinted in 2016 with the help of original edition published long back[1886]. This book is Printed in black & white, sewing binding for longer life with Matt laminated multi-Colour Soft Cover {HARDCOVER EDITION IS ALSO AVAILABLE}, Printed on high quality Paper, re-sized as per Current standards, professionally processed without changing its contents. As these are old books, we processed each page manually and make them readable but in some cases some pages which are blur or missing or black spots. If it is multi volume set, then it is only single volume. We expect that you will understand our compulsion in these books. We found this book important for the readers who want to know more about our old treasure so we brought it back to the shelves. (Any type of Customisation is possible). Hope you will like it and give your comments and suggestions. Language: eng. Bookseller Inventory # PB1111006360995
Illustrated encyclopaedia of gold and silver coins of the world; illustrating the modern, ancient, current and curious, from A.D. 1885 back to B.C. 700 1886 [Hardcover]
Item Description: 2016. Hardcover. Book Condition: New. 528 Lang: - eng, Pages 528, Print on Demand. Reprinted in 2016 with the help of original edition published long back[1886]. This book is Printed in black & white, Hardcover, sewing binding for longer life with Matt laminated multi-Colour Dust Cover, Printed on high quality Paper, re-sized as per Current standards, professionally processed without changing its contents. As these are old books, we processed each page manually and make them readable but in some cases some pages which are blur or missing or black spots. If it is multi volume set, then it is only single volume. We expect that you will understand our compulsion in these books. We found this book important for the readers who want to know more about our old treasure so we brought it back to the shelves. (Any type of Customisation is possible). Hope you will like it and give your comments and suggestions. Language: eng. Bookseller Inventory # 1111006320025
Item Description: 2016. Hardcover. Book Condition: New. 528 Lang: - eng, Pages 528, Print on Demand. Reprinted in 2016 with the help of original edition published long back[1886]. This book is Printed in black & white, Hardcover, sewing binding for longer life with Matt laminated multi-Colour Dust Cover, Printed on high quality Paper, re-sized as per Current standards, professionally processed without changing its contents. As these are old books, we processed each page manually and make them readable but in some cases some pages which are blur or missing or black spots. If it is multi volume set, then it is only single volume. We expect that you will understand our compulsion in these books. We found this book important for the readers who want to know more about our old treasure so we brought it back to the shelves. (Any type of Customisation is possible). Hope you will like it and give your comments and suggestions. Language: eng. Bookseller Inventory # 1111006360995
Illustrated encyclopaedia of gold and silver coins of the world; illustrating the modern, ancient, current and curious, from A.D. 1885 back to B.C. 700 (1886)
Item Description: ReInk Books, 2017. Softcover. Book Condition: NEW. Reprinted from 1886 edition. Language: eng. NO changes have been made to the original text. This is NOT a retyped or an ocr'd reprint. Illustrations, Index, if any, are included in black and white. Each page is checked manually before printing. As this reprint is from very old book, there could be some missing or flawed pages, but we always try to make the book as complete as possible. Fold-outs, if any, are not part of the book. If the original book was published in multiple volumes then this reprint is of only one volume, not the whole set. This paperback book is SEWN, where the book block is actually sewn (smythe sewn/section sewn) with thread before binding which results in a more durable type of paperback binding. It can also be open wide. The pages will not fall out and will be around for a lot longer than normal paperbacks. This print on demand book is printed on high quality acid-free paper. Original Publisher: Philadelphia, A. M. Smith 528 pages. Bookseller Inventory # 457423417
Illustrated Encyclopaedia of Gold and Silver Coins of the World; Illustrating the Modern, Ancient, Current and Curious, from A.D. 1885 Back to B.C. 70
ISBN 10: 1375948253 ISBN 13: 9781375948258
Item Description: 2017. PAP. Book Condition: New. New Book. Shipped from US within 10 to 14 business days. THIS BOOK IS PRINTED ON DEMAND. Established seller since 2000. Bookseller Inventory # IQ-9781375948258
Smith, Andrew Madsen, 1841-1915.
Item Description: ReInk Books, 2017. Softcover. Book Condition: NEW. Reprinted from edition. NO changes have been made to the original text. This is NOT a retyped or an ocr'd reprint. Illustrations, Index, if any, are included in black and white. Each page is checked manually before printing. As this reprint is from very old book, there could be some missing or flawed pages, but we always try to make the book as complete as possible. Fold-outs, if any, are not part of the book. If the original book was published in multiple volumes then this reprint is of only one volume, not the whole set. This paperback book is SEWN, where the book block is actually sewn (smythe sewn/section sewn) with thread before binding which results in a more durable type of paperback binding. It can also be open wide. The pages will not fall out and will be around for a lot longer than normal paperbacks. This print on demand book is printed on high quality acid-free paper. Bookseller Inventory # 152088917
Illustrated encyclopaedia of gold and silver coins of the world : illustrating the modern, ancient, current and curious from A.D. 1885 back to B. C. 700
Smith, Alfred Morris.
Item Description: ReInk Books, 2017. Softcover. Book Condition: NEW. Reprinted from edition. NO changes have been made to the original text. This is NOT a retyped or an ocr'd reprint. Illustrations, Index, if any, are included in black and white. Each page is checked manually before printing. As this reprint is from very old book, there could be some missing or flawed pages, but we always try to make the book as complete as possible. Fold-outs, if any, are not part of the book. If the original book was published in multiple volumes then this reprint is of only one volume, not the whole set. This paperback book is SEWN, where the book block is actually sewn (smythe sewn/section sewn) with thread before binding which results in a more durable type of paperback binding. It can also be open wide. The pages will not fall out and will be around for a lot longer than normal paperbacks. This print on demand book is printed on high quality acid-free paper. Bookseller Inventory # 151281668
Illustrated encyclopaedia of gold and silver coins of the world, illustrating the modern, ancient, current and curious, from A.D. 1885 back to B.C. 700 (Hardbound)
Item Description: ReInk Books, 2015. Hardback. Book Condition: New. Reprinted from 1886 edition. Hardback. NO changes have been made to the original text. Illustrations, Index, if any, are included in black and white. Each page is checked manually before printing. Fold-outs, if any, are not part of the book. If the original book was published in multiple volumes than this reprint is of only one volume, not the whole set. This hardback book is SEWN perfect bound, where the book block is actually sewn (smythe sewn/section sewn) with thread before binding which results in a more durable type of hardback binding. It can also be open wide. The pages will not fall out and will be around for a lot longer than normal hardbacks. This book is printed on demand on acid-free paper. (Original publisher, Philadelphia, A. M. Smith) 528 pages. Bookseller Inventory # HB451990094
ISBN 10: 137180317X ISBN 13: 9781371803179
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Illustrated Encyclopaedia of Gold and Silver Coins of the World; Illustrating the Modern, Ancient, Current and Curious, from A.D. 1885 Back to B.C. 700 (Paperback)
Item Description: Andesite Press, 2017. Paperback. Book Condition: New. Language: English . Brand New Book ***** Print on Demand *****. This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work. This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work. As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant. Bookseller Inventory # AAV9781375948258
Andrew Madsen 1841-1915 Smith
Item Description: Wentworth Press, United States, 2016. Paperback. Book Condition: New. Language: English . Brand New Book ***** Print on Demand *****. This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work. This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work. As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant. Bookseller Inventory # AAV9781371803179
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Illustrated Encyclopedia of Gold and Silver Coins of the World: Illustrating the Modern, Ancient, Current and Curious, from A. D. 1885 Back to B. C. 700 (Classic Reprint) (Paperback)
ISBN 10: 133425124X ISBN 13: 9781334251245
Item Description: Forgotten Books, United States, 2016. Paperback. Book Condition: New. Language: English . Brand New Book ***** Print on Demand *****. Excerpt from Illustrated Encyclopedia of Gold and Silver Coins of the World: Illustrating the Modern, Ancient, Current and Curious, From A. D. 1885 Back to B. C. 700 In the interests of the science to which I have been so long de voted, to justify the attering Opinion expressed by those who de sired this work from my hands, to aid, so far as in my power, in systemizing money and commercial transactions, and for my own reputation, I have expended upon the encyclopedia an amount of hard, conscientious labor for which money cannot recompense me. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works. Bookseller Inventory # AAV9781334251245
Illustrated Encyclopaedia of Gold and Silver Coins of the World; Illustrating the Modern, Ancient, Current and Curious, from A.D. 1885 Back to B.C. 70 (Paperback)
Smith Andrew Madsen 1841-1915
ISBN 10: 1313249300 ISBN 13: 9781313249300
Item Description: Hardpress Publishing, United States, 2013. Paperback. Book Condition: New. Language: English . Brand New Book ***** Print on Demand *****. Unlike some other reproductions of classic texts (1) We have not used OCR(Optical Character Recognition), as this leads to bad quality books with introduced typos. (2) In books where there are images such as portraits, maps, sketches etc We have endeavoured to keep the quality of these images, so they represent accurately the original artefact. Although occasionally there may be certain imperfections with these old texts, we feel they deserve to be made available for future generations to enjoy. Bookseller Inventory # AAV9781313249300
Illustrated Encyclopaedia of Gold and Silver Coins of the World Illustrating the Modern, Ancient, Current and Curious, from A.D. 1885 Back to B.C. 70
ISBN 10: 1130297470 ISBN 13: 9781130297478
Item Description: RareBooksClub. Paperback. Book Condition: New. This item is printed on demand. 44 pages. Dimensions: 9.7in. x 7.4in. x 0.1in.This historic book may have numerous typos and missing text. Purchasers can download a free scanned copy of the original book (without typos) from the publisher. Not indexed. Not illustrated. 1886 Excerpt: . . . (See gold plate, Great Britain, XIX 8. ) The ryal was current for 10 shillings. at this time, the sovereign for 20 shillings, or one round sterling; the doubfa sovereign for 4) s. ; the angel, 0s. 8d. , sis before. Hery: VIII: no nobles, or ryals were issued by this King; ha coined the double ryal, or sovereign, and introcluceU the erotrn into the English series. The sovereign was current for 20 s. , or 1 sterling, the quarter, or crown, for 5 s. , and the half-crown to 2 s. ti d. Gold wsis raised only abqut iV, while the silver was inflated J; a profit of nearly 00 per cent, being instde by exchanging silver for gold. Edward VI (1547) coined the same pieces as bis father, Henry VIII. Gold was raised, bringing the proportions of fine silver and fine gold to 1 sts to 5T. During this reign the dsite was first placed on coins of the English series. Mary, 1553: No change in general design of sovereign or double ryal. Silver raised in proportion to gold to 1 to ll-rgV Elizaieth (1558) made many unimportant changes in her coins; issued the pound sovereign, and msule the proportion of fine silver to fine gold, in tha 43d yesir of her reign to be as 1 to 10g; previous to which time it had been ai 1 to UrV Great Britains American Colonies. --All silver coins, 925 fine. No. 1; 50 cents of Canada, 179 grains weight, 105 pure grs. --34 cents. No. 2; 50 cents of Newfoundland, 181 grs. weight, 108 pure--5 cents. No. 3; 2 dollars of Newfoundland (Gold) 910 fine, 51 grs. weight, 37 grs. pure--1. 59. No. 4; 20 cents of Newfoundland, 72 grs. weight, 60 grs. pure--13 cents. No. 5; 10 cents of Newfoundland, 36 grs. weight, 33 grs. pure--6 cents. No. 6; 10 cents of Canada, 35 grs. weight, 32 grs. pure--01 cents. No. 7; 25 cents of Canada, 89 grs. . . This item ships from La Vergne,TN. Paperback. Bookseller Inventory # 9781130297478
Item Description: Forgotten Books, United States, 2016. Paperback. Book Condition: New. Language: English . Brand New Book ***** Print on Demand *****.Excerpt from Illustrated Encyclopedia of Gold and Silver Coins of the World: Illustrating the Modern, Ancient, Current and Curious, From A. D. 1885 Back to B. C. 700 In the interests of the science to which I have been so long de voted, to justify the attering Opinion expressed by those who de sired this work from my hands, to aid, so far as in my power, in systemizing money and commercial transactions, and for my own reputation, I have expended upon the encyclopedia an amount of hard, conscientious labor for which money cannot recompense me. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works. Bookseller Inventory # AAV9781334251245
Item Description: Hardpress Publishing, United States, 2013. Paperback. Book Condition: New. Language: English . Brand New Book ***** Print on Demand *****.Unlike some other reproductions of classic texts (1) We have not used OCR(Optical Character Recognition), as this leads to bad quality books with introduced typos. (2) In books where there are images such as portraits, maps, sketches etc We have endeavoured to keep the quality of these images, so they represent accurately the original artefact. Although occasionally there may be certain imperfections with these old texts, we feel they deserve to be made available for future generations to enjoy. Bookseller Inventory # AAV9781313249300
Item Description: Andesite Press, 2017. Paperback. Book Condition: New. PRINT ON DEMAND Book; New; Publication Year 2017; Not Signed; Fast Shipping from the UK. No. book. Bookseller Inventory # ria9781375948258_lsuk
Item Description: Hardpress Publishing. Paperback. Book Condition: New. This item is printed on demand. 524 pages. Dimensions: 9.0in. x 6.0in. x 1.1in.Unlike some other reproductions of classic texts (1) We have not used OCR(Optical Character Recognition), as this leads to bad quality books with introduced typos. (2) In books where there are images such as portraits, maps, sketches etc We have endeavoured to keep the quality of these images, so they represent accurately the original artefact. Although occasionally there may be certain imperfections with these old texts, we feel they deserve to be made available for future generations to enjoy. This item ships from La Vergne,TN. Paperback. Bookseller Inventory # 9781313249300
Illustrated Encyclopedia of Gold and Silver Coins of the World: Illustrating the Modern, Ancient, Current and Curious, From A. D. 1885 Back to B. C. 700 (Classic Reprint)
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Illustrated Encyclopaedia of Gold and Silver Coins of the World; Illustrating the Modern, Ancient, Current and Curious, from A.D. 1885 Back to B.C. 70 (Hardback or Cased Book)
ISBN 10: 1371803196 ISBN 13: 9781371803193
Item Description: Wentworth Press 8/27/2016, 2016. Hardback or Cased Book. Book Condition: New. Illustrated Encyclopaedia of Gold and Silver Coins of the World; Illustrating the Modern, Ancient, Current and Curious, from A.D. 1885 Back to B.C. 70. Book. Bookseller Inventory # BBS-9781371803193
Item Description: Forgotten Books, United States, 2016. Paperback. Book Condition: New. Language: English . This book usually ship within 10-15 business days and we will endeavor to dispatch orders quicker than this where possible. Brand New Book. Excerpt from Illustrated Encyclopedia of Gold and Silver Coins of the World: Illustrating the Modern, Ancient, Current and Curious, From A. D. 1885 Back to B. C. 700 In the interests of the science to which I have been so long de voted, to justify the attering Opinion expressed by those who de sired this work from my hands, to aid, so far as in my power, in systemizing money and commercial transactions, and for my own reputation, I have expended upon the encyclopedia an amount of hard, conscientious labor for which money cannot recompense me. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works. Bookseller Inventory # LIE9781334251245
Item Description: Wentworth Press, 2017. Hardcover. Book Condition: New. Never used! This item is printed on demand. Bookseller Inventory # 1371803196
ISBN 10: 1296780759 ISBN 13: 9781296780753
Item Description: Andesite Press, 2015. HRD. Book Condition: New. New Book.Shipped from US within 10 to 14 business days.THIS BOOK IS PRINTED ON DEMAND. Established seller since 2000. Bookseller Inventory # IP-9781296780753
Illustrated Encyclopaedia of Gold and Silver Coins of the World; Illustrating the Modern, Ancient, Current and Curious, from A.D. 1885 Back to B.C. 700 (Hardback)
Item Description: Andesite Press, United States, 2015. Hardback. Book Condition: New. Language: English . Brand New Book ***** Print on Demand *****. This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work. This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant. Bookseller Inventory # APC9781296780753
Item Description: Wentworth Press, United States, 2016. Hardback. Book Condition: New. Language: English . Brand New Book ***** Print on Demand *****. This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work. This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work. As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant. Bookseller Inventory # APC9781371803193
Item Description: Andesite Press, United States, 2015. Hardback. Book Condition: New. Language: English . Brand New Book ***** Print on Demand *****.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work. This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant. Bookseller Inventory # APC9781296780753

type: global

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text:
Spark Plug Wire Set-ThunderCore Ultra fits 90-94 Audi V8 Quattro 4.2L-V8 | eBay
Spark Plug Wire Set-ThunderCore Ultra fits 90-94 Audi V8 Quattro 4.2L-V8
List price $584.58 Save 65%
Get it by Friday, Oct 19 from Wichita, Kansas
This part generally fits Audi vehicles and includes models such as V8 Quattro with the trims of Base Sedan 4-Door. The engine types may include 3.6L 3562CC V8 GAS DOHC Naturally Aspirated, 4.2L 4172CC V8 GAS DOHC Naturally Aspirated.
Sold byautomotivesupplyinc (31896)99.1% Positive feedbackContact seller
Description--ThunderCore Ultra Spark Plug Wire Set, Package Height--8.5 IN, Package Length--3.5 IN, Package Weight--2.962 LBS, Package Width--6.0 IN
item 1 Spark Plug Wire Set-ThunderCore Ultra fits 92-94 Audi V8 Quattro 4.2L-V8 -Spark Plug Wire Set-ThunderCore Ultra fits 92-94 Audi V8 Quattro 4.2L-V8
item 2 Spark Plug Wire Set-ThunderCore Ultra fits 92-94 Audi V8 Quattro 4.2L-V8 -Spark Plug Wire Set-ThunderCore Ultra fits 92-94 Audi V8 Quattro 4.2L-V8
item 3 Spark Plug Wire Set-ThunderCore Ultra fits 92-94 Audi V8 Quattro 4.2L-V8 -Spark Plug Wire Set-ThunderCore Ultra fits 92-94 Audi V8 Quattro 4.2L-V8
item 4 Spark Plug Wire Set-ThunderCore Ultra fits 92-94 Audi V8 Quattro 4.2L-V8 -Spark Plug Wire Set-ThunderCore Ultra fits 92-94 Audi V8 Quattro 4.2L-V8
item 5 Walker Products 900-1389 Spark Plug Wire Set -Walker Products 900-1389 Spark Plug Wire Set
item 6 Walker-900-1389 THUNDERCORE ULTRA WIRE SET -Walker-900-1389 THUNDERCORE ULTRA WIRE SET
MSD Ignition 8.5mm Wire Set - '99 Chevy Truck Ls1 32829
NGK 4858 ZE81 Spark Plug Wire Set

value: This website is an American multinational e-commerce corporation based in San Jose, California, that facilitates consumer-to-consumer and business-to-consumer sales through its website.


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Unnoticed Talent : photocritiquejump to contentmy subredditsannouncementsArtAskRedditaskscienceawwblogbookscreepydataisbeautifulDIYDocumentariesEarthPornexplainlikeimfiveFitnessfoodfunnyFuturologygadgetsgamingGetMotivatedgifshistoryIAmAInternetIsBeautifulJokesLifeProTipslistentothismildlyinterestingmoviesMusicnewsnosleepnottheonionOldSchoolCoolpersonalfinancephilosophyphotoshopbattlespicsscienceShowerthoughtsspacesportstelevisiontifutodayilearnedTwoXChromosomesUpliftingNewsvideosworldnewsWritingPromptsedit subscriptionsfront-all-random | Music-DIY-AskReddit-GetMotivated-gaming-LifeProTips-nosleep-TwoXChromosomes-Jokes-history-science-gifs-creepy-Art-IAmA-funny-todayilearned-personalfinance-books-gadgets-food-explainlikeimfive-Documentaries-UpliftingNews-news-listentothis-pics-askscience-aww-WritingPrompts-space-Futurology-videos-Showerthoughts-InternetIsBeautiful-nottheonion-photoshopbattles-sports-EarthPorn-Fitness-movies-television-mildlyinteresting-OldSchoolCool-dataisbeautiful-philosophy-tifu-worldnewsmore »reddit.com photocritiquecommentsrelatedwant to join? login or register in seconds|Englishlimit my search to /r/photocritiqueuse the following search parameters to narrow your results:subreddit:subredditfind submissions in "subreddit"author:usernamefind submissions by "username"site:example.comfind submissions from "example.com"url:textsearch for "text" in urlselftext:textsearch for "text" in self post contentsself:yes (or self:no)include (or exclude) self postsnsfw:yes (or nsfw:no)include (or exclude) results marked as NSFWe.g. subreddit:aww site:imgur.com dogsee the search faq for details.advanced search: by author, subreddit...this post was submitted on 20 May 20136 points (100% upvoted)shortlink: remember mereset passwordloginSubmit a new photographphotocritiquesubscribeunsubscribe29,077 readers~33 users here nowWelcome to /r/photocritique/ Post your photographs here for advice. Browse other's shots and give critique and draw inspiration. Rules
created by wrboycea community for 5 yearsmessage the moderatorsMODERATORSwrboycecomment_thumbnailsMaxionhttp://www.flickr.com/maxedingthingAutoModeratorPhiluppus567Unnoticed Talent (flickr.com)submitted 1 year ago by hmp169commentsharecancelsorry, this has been archived and can no longer be voted onloading...no comments (yet)sorted by: hotbesttopnewhotcontroversialoldrandomthere doesn't seem to be anything hereaboutblogaboutteamsource codeadvertisejobshelpwikiFAQreddiquetterulescontact ustoolsmobilefirefox extensionchrome extensionbuttonswidget<3reddit goldstoreredditgiftsreddit AMA appreddit.tvradio redditUse of this site constitutes acceptance of our User Agreement and Privacy Policy. © 2014 reddit inc. All rights reserved.REDDIT and the ALIEN Logo are registered trademarks of reddit inc.close this windowyou'll need to login or register to do thatcreate a new accountall it takes is a username and passwordprivacy philosophy
username:try anotheravailable!account recovery email: (optional)we only send email at your requestpassword:verify password:remember mecreate accountis it really that easy? only one way to find out...loginalready have an account and just want to login?username:password:remember merecover passwordloginclose this windowinterface languageEnglish [en]العربية [ar]Беларуская мова [be]български език [bg]Bosanski [bs]català [ca]česky [cs]dansk [da]Deutsch [de]Ελληνικά [el]English (Australia) [en-au]English (Canadian) [en-ca]English (Great Britain) [en-gb]English [en-us]Esperanto [eo]español [es]español [es-ar]eesti keel [et]Euskara [eu]فارسی [fa]suomi [fi]français [fr]Gàidhlig [gd]עברית [he]मानक हिन्दी [hi]hrvatski [hr]Magyar [hu]Հայերեն լեզու [hy]Bahasa Indonesia [id]íslenska [is] (*)italiano (Italy) [it]日本語 [ja]ಕನ್ನಡ [kn_IN]한국어 [ko]Latin [la]1337 [leet]LOL [lol]lietuvių kalba [lt]latviešu valoda [lv]Nederlands [nl]Nynorsk [nn]Norsk [no]Arrrrrrrr! [pir]polski [pl]português [pt] (*)português [pt-pt]português brasileiro [pt_BR]română [ro]русский [ru]slovenčina [sk]slovenščina [sl]српски језик [sr]Srpski [sr-la]Svenska [sv]தமிழ் [ta]ภาษาไทย [th]Türkçe [tr]українська мова [uk]Tiếng Việt [vi]中文 [zh] (*) incomplete volunteer to translateπ Rendered by PID 13549 on app-13 at 2014-10-31 20:16:14.622035+00:00 running 731b054 country code: US.

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Rivertiger - Orange County's Android Community Group for Developers+Users (Tustin, CA)
http://photos3.meetupstatic.com/photos/member/6/b/d/d/member_2487613.jpeg
http://www.meetup.com/OCAndroid/members/5055473/
Hi im new to android programming, but am coming from iOS so looking to network and learn some new programming tips.
I am an iOS programmer
Social networking or geolocation apps
Objective-C, some Java, Perl, and Ruby on Rails
Hey Rivertiger, what kind of projects are you working on? If you have any need for in-app video/audio conferencing, screen sharing, and gesture sharing features, let me know. I'm giving our SDK out to talented developers. You can learn more at showkit.com. My goal is to make sure talented developers can put ShowKit to work in new and interesting ways. Feel free to email me, maybe we can set up a call so I can tell you more about it: [masked]. -Emily Apr 03, 2013 5:11 PM
Hi Rivertiger, welcome to the group! Please be sure to take our topic and time/location polls under More-->Polls. I look forward to seeing you soon! Aug 27, 2012 12:57 PM
Hi! Aug 26, 2012 10:05 PM
iOS programmer Rivertiger http://meetup.com/OCAndroid/members/5...(LW7WY3=I just approved ur app 2join our group: WELCOME TO http://Meetup.com/OCAndroid ! ---the largest Android community group in Orange County, also partnering & including the events of the 2nd largest+events of related groups --ur 1stop-shop4 OC Android community!+Follow ur welcome email, incl RSVP2 @least 2 events (r some 2nite!)+Read "Read more about us" incl recruiter/job rules: we link u up!See u@the events!) Dec 14, 2011 7:18 PM
OCAndroid applicant Rivertiger http://meetup.com/OCAndroid/members/5... ; thanks for applying to our group, the by-far largest community Android group in OC. Because your main group pic meets all guidelines http://1.JotHere.com/9va except being a closeup of your face, I will approve it for now provided you please update to these full standards within the next 7 days. Sound good? Thanks. Dec 14, 2011 7:14 PM
Hi Rivertiger, Welcome to the GenuineSF group man. We hope to see you at our upcoming events (there are two scheduled this month). Aug 30, 2011 7:16 PM
Hi Rivertiger! Welcome to the group! I hope to meet you on the the 28th! Have you RSVPd? :) Oct 05, 2010 10:42 PM
Hi any opportunity is open 4 us to engage with you to work in any of your project.. email me [masked] Vasanth[masked] Extn 1040 Feb 04, 2010 7:15 PM
Welcome! I'm glad you've joined. I hope we can make this group fun and rewarding for everybody. Jan 23, 2010 12:28 PM
Thanks Rivertiger, for joining our group. I'm looking forward to meeting you soon! Dec 12, 2009 4:47 AM
679 Online Marketers

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Words & Ideas - Icicle Song - BBC Music The BBC has updated its cookie policy. We use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. This includes cookies from third party social media websites if you visit a page which contains embedded content from social media. Such third party cookies may track your use of the BBC website. We and our partners also use cookies to ensure we show you advertising that is relevant to you. If you continue without changing your settings, we'll assume that you are happy to receive all cookies on the BBC website. However, you can change your cookie settings at any time. Continue Change settings Find out more ]]> Accessibility links Skip to content Accessibility Help BBC iD Notifications
]]> Music Tracks Performances Playlists Artists More My Music Menu My Music Home Tracks Popular Find a Track Recommended Performances Popular All Recommended Playlists Featured All Recommended Artists Popular All Recommended More BBC Music News LIVE BBC Music My Generation BBC Introducing BBC Music in iPlayer BBC Proms Glastonbury BBC Performing Groups Sound Of 2017 My Music My Tracks My Performances My Interviews My Playlists My Artists Words & Ideas Share this track Share this with Digg Facebook Google LinkedIn Reddit StumbleUpon Twitter Copy this link http://www.bbc.co.uk/music/records/nzjbpc Read more about sharing. Add Artist Icicle Languages:

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Tanah Qita Bungalows لومبوك حجز رخيص فوري مع اجودا تفضل بإبداء رأيك في الموقع
Gili Trawangan, جيلى تراونجان, لومبوك, أندونيسيا, 80862
51 كيلومتر Lombok International Airport (LOP)
106 كيلومتر مطار نجورا راى الدولى (DPS)
13 كيلومتر RSU Tanjung Hospital
المزيد حول Tanah Qita Bungalows
يقع Tanah Qita Bungalows على بعد 5 دقائق فقط سيرا على الأقدام من المنطقة المفعمة بالحياة في جزيرة غيلي تراوانغان، ويوفر ملاذ ريفي جميل على الشاطئ مع خدمة الواي فاي المجانية في جميع أنحاء مكان الإقامة.
يقع على بعد 10 دقائق سيرا على الأقدام من سوق الفنون في غيلي تراوانغان ومرفأ الجزيرة، ويمكن الوصول الى مطار لومبوك الدولي في غضون 30 دقيقة بالقارب إلى مرفأ Bangsal في لومبوك ومن ثم ساعتين بالسيارة إلى المطار، ويوفر مكان الإقامة خدمة نقل المطار مقابل تكلفة إضافية.
تحتوي البنغلات الخشبية الساحرة في Tanah Qita إما على مروحة أو تكييف، ويحتوي كل بنغل على خزينة شخصية وخزانة ملابس ومنطقة جلوس وحمام داخلي مع مرافق دش، ويمكن للضيوف الاستمتاع بإطلالة على الحديقة أو على البحر من الشرفة.
يوفر Tanah Qita Bungalows خدمة نقل مكوكية مجانية، ويشتمل على حديقة، وتشمل المرافق الأخرى المتوفرة في مكان الإقامة مرافق الاجتماعات، ويمكن للضيوف الاستمتاع بمجموعة من الأنشطة في الموقع أو في المناطق المحيطة تشمل الغطس وخدمة النقل المكوكية وتأجير الدراجات.
يُرجى الملاحظة أن مكان الإقامة يطلب دفع وديعة/ تأمين بقيمة ليلة واحدة غير قابلة للاسترداد عن طريق باي بال. سيقوم موظفو مكان الإقامة بالاتصال بالضيوف مباشرةً لإبلاغهم بتعليمات الدفع.
يُرجى الملاحظة أنه يجب تأكيد جميع الحجوزات بدون باي بال قبل 3 أيام على الأقل من هذه المواعيد : من الأول من ديسمبر 2014 إلى 15 يناير 2015 ومن الأول من يونيو 2015 إلى 31 أغسطس 2015. سيتم إلغاء حجوزات الضيوف، إذا لم يتم تأكيد الحجز خلال هذه المواعيد. أظهر المزيد
Great location & great price!!”
Location and price for this hotel is great! It was a great deal and it provided everything we needed during our stay. The bed was a little squeaky but other than that it was a great stay!
The beach front bangalow isn't really the beach front. Non of them are beach front in fact. The Internet is poor and they don't accept credit or debit cards.
Cosy bungalows”
The garden around the bungalows was nice and so was the staff.
Gili trawangan was not the Island for us so we went to gili air instead
Amira من سويسرا
I like the location just 2 minutes form the beach
no personals afe as mentioned in my reservation. no hot water! to expensive for what they offer, especially in low season. After 3 days I had to ask for the bungalow to be cleaned...Wifi only works at...
WE ENJOYED OUR STAY SO...”
A Great Christmas Destination”
Tanah Qita was a great place to relax on Gili T. It was close to the beach and far enough off the main strip to be peaceful and quiet. The staff were great and the breakfast tasty. The A/C are a ...
WI-FI was ok near the front office, but no access in bungalows. Rooms without A/C too hot for a good night's sleep.
Great location, friendly , helpful...”
Clean accommodation, small facility, good beach front, lovey staff, would assist with anything
Mosque at 5am.
Benallen19801980 من المملكة المتحدة
Location in the main strip of Gili T was perfect.
We stayed for 2 nights and had to deal with 8 cockroaches on separate occasions in the bathroom. The wifi was terrible. The noise from the Main Street is too loud and goes on until late. Also, we ...
Location makes this place”
Location just across from the snorkeling reef is great. 10-15 min walk from the boat pier so a little quieter. Great massages can be had just across the road. Room was large with outside bathroom.
No hot water but then it's warm enough so this isn't too much of an issue. The aircon isn't the strongest so had to leave it going for the day to cool the room which I didn't feel so ...

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Manuscript/Mixed Material, Indians of North America, United States, Web Page | Library of Congress
Results: 51-70 of 70 | Refined by: Original Format: Manuscript/Mixed Material Remove Subject: Indians of North America Remove Subject: United States Remove Online Format: Web Page Remove
Carl Brent Swisher collection of research materials relating to Roger B. Taney, 1836-1962 Historian. Chiefly reproductions of correspondence, reports, records, and newspapers gathered by Swisher for a history of Roger Brooke Taney's tenure as chief justice of the U.S. Supreme Court.
Contributor: Swisher, Carl Brent
Eloise Hubbard Linscott collection, circa 1815, 1929-2002 Eloise Hubbard Linscott’s collection of research materials for her book, Folk Songs of Old New England (1939) and other folk music research through about 1955. The collection includes correspondence; music transcriptions; sound recordings of folk music, lectures, and radio broadcasts; photographs of Linscott's informants; documentation of events and trips within New England; plus some materials from her estate, dated circa 1815-2002.
Contributor: Linscott, Eloise Hubbard - Bayard, Samuel Preston - Grover, Carrie - Sherrard, William J. - Reed, Elizabeth Foster
Gibson-Getty-McClure families papers, 1777-1926 Correspondence, diaries, financial papers, military papers, and miscellany relating to various members of these allied families from the area of Cumberland County, Pennsylvania. Includes correspondence of General George Gibson (d. 1861) and the jurist John Bannister Gibson (1780-1853) and papers, 1777-1854, relating to the Revolutionary War service of their father, Colonel George Gibson (1747-1791); papers of George Washington Getty (1819-1901) and members of his...
August V. Kautz papers, 1846-1939 United States army officer. Diaries, memoirs, scrapbooks, military orders, correspondence, newspaper clippings, topical files, and miscellaneous material relating chiefly to Kautz's military service in the Civil War and during Indian conflicts in the West before and after the war.
Contributor: Kautz, August V. (August Valentine) - Kautz, August V.
Andrew Jackson papers, Correspondence, memoranda, journals, speeches, military papers, land deeds, scrapbook, printed matter, and other papers reflecting most phases of Jackson's military and political career. Subjects include his law practice in Tennessee, his service in the U.S. Congress; Florida and Tennessee state politics; the War of 1812; Creek War, 1813-1814; Battle of New Orleans, 1815; Indian affairs; Eaton Affair (Petticoat Affair) involving John Henry Eaton and...
National Association for Universal Military Training records, 1909-1933 Correspondence and other organizational records of the National Association for Universal Military Training and its predecessor, the Association for National Service. Also includes personal papers of the founder of the organization, Henry Harrison Sheets.
Contributor: National Association for Universal Military Training
David Bailie Warden papers, 1800-1840 Author, book collector, and diplomat. Correspondence, diaries, scientific notes and articles, business papers, historical notes, and miscellaneous material. Includes material relating to Warden's service as private secretary to John Armstrong, U.S. minister to France, and as U.S. consul at Paris.
Contributor: Warden, David Bailie
Miles-Cameron families correspondence, 1661-1956 Army officer. Correspondence addressed to Elizabeth Cameron, J. D. Cameron, Nelson Appleton Miles, and Sherman Miles

value: This website is the research library that officially serves the United States Congress and is the de facto national library of the United States. It is the oldest federal cultural institution in the United States.


text:
FERGUS FALLS, Minn.—The semi truck driver who struck and killed a 16-year-old Vining boy a little over a year ago was found guilty Thursday, July 19, in Otter Tail County Court ... In a statement to the State Patrol following the crash, Vadner told authorities he was not distracted but simply trying to find the road when he "looked up and saw headlights." ... Vadner was hired by CPC Logistics, a shipping partner for Sara Lee Bread ... ....
Until now, water bowsers, static tank hire or pre-bottled water were the only options for site or short-term water supply, with logistic and commercial challenges for organisers, as Water Direct's Sven Parris explains ... tank hire for short term requirements, as the installation and collection costs associated with rental solutions are not incurred....
Little's, which was established in 1966, has previously provided vehicle hire for UK politicians and is accustomed to transporting VIPs and celebrities around Scotland ... “Although there have been motorcades flown in from the US to both Stansted and Prestwick for the presidential visit, the logistics required other vehicles to be hired on the ground in the UK....
NASHIK ... HALCON is eyeing double growth in current 2018 season ... Sheep and goat are exported to Sharjah during three months of monsoon from June to August," said Sajid Sayyed, Sayyed, who is the chairman of Nashik Aviation and Amigo Logistics. The cargo aircraft, hired by the logistics firm Nashik-based Amigo Logistics, started its non-scheduled operations at the Inland Container Depot (ICD) of the HALCON in 2016 ... ....
Raymondville Chronicle 11 Jul 2018
HOUSTON (AP) - A $1 million bond has been set for a 47-year-old Houston shipping and logistics business owner charged with hiring a hitman to kill a police officer who gave him repeated citations .......
Boeing's first-half aircraft deliveries rose more than 7 per cent, lifted by demand for its bestselling 737 jetliners as airlines seek more fuel-efficient planes, and orders were more than double those of European rival Airbus ... Such deals do not typically stay on Boeing’s balance sheet but would be sold on to other lessors ... _______. Read more. ... Exclusive. Saudi Arabia’s Ground Handling Logistics hires banks for IPO in 2019. Exclusive ... ....
Study: Tariff impacts minimal in Charleston, elsewhere — at least for now
But a trade war could be "potentially very damaging" if further threatened tariffs become a reality ... The only question now is. How severe will they be?" ... +1. The Robert Bosch plant in North Charleston is hiring a new logistics firm to help distribute its automotive parts ... Lincove said Bosch's products will continue to be warehoused at the Summerville site by another third-party logistics provider — MAU Workforce Solutions of Augusta, Ga ... ....
Saudi Arabian Airlines is exploring a potential order for Boeing 777X widebody jets, according to three sources familiar with the matter. It was not immediately clear when Saudi Arabia's state-owned airline, also known as Saudia, could reach a deal or how many 777X jets it is interested in. Boeing declined to comment ... _______________ ... Exclusive. Saudi Arabia’s Ground Handling Logistics hires banks for IPO in 2019 ... ....
Setting off on holiday as a family is exciting, even if navigating trains, planes and automobiles with small and potentially grumpy children is exhausting. But as my wife Francesca and our son Sacha (11 months) have learned, hiring a car can transform a mild logistical challenge into an appallingly stressful ordeal ... ....
Most are motivated by a desire to have more control over their professional destinies and to find new directions in their careers ... Image source ... 1 ... This is essential because you'll be doing more than just making products or providing a service -- you'll also have to handle the logistics of running a business. Since you may not be able to afford to hire much help when you first get started, you'll wear many hats as a budding entrepreneur....
Passersby outside Yandex's offices ... Yandex and Mail.ru are Russia's two biggest internet services ... We have already hired key members of the team responsible for logistics and warehouses." ... Operating expenses will only go up as it contends with the logistics of online shopping in the world's biggest country by land area ... The main issues are logistics, and the fact that Russia is primarily a cash economy, he said ... Yandex ... NOW WATCH ... More ... ....
Zomato has named former MakeMyTrip COO Mohit Gupta as the CEO of its online food delivery business. New Delhi ... Mohit Kumar, who was previously heading the online food ordering business, will focus on building the logistics stack within the food delivery business. Zomato also hired Rohithari Rajan, ex-Egon Zhender executive as business head of advertising business and Sameer Maheshwary as the chief financial officer from GE India....

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text:
Photos - London Socrates Cafe (London, England) | Meetup
September 10, 2012 - 9 went
Socrates Cafe Southbank - Discussion
Added by Uli
Sign in, if you're already a member of this group or Join London Socrates Cafe
Socrates Cafe Brixton - Discussion
From 'Illustrated Book of Bad Arguments'


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Patent US5178013 - Impact sensor - Google PatentsSearch Images Maps Play YouTube News Gmail Drive More »Sign in<nobr>Advanced Patent Search</nobr>PatentsThe present invention provides an impact sensor which has neither electrical contacts exposed to an atmosphere nor any movable components, which is durable and highly reliable, and which is able to safely sense a vehicle impact even if loaded in a vehicle for a considerable period of time. The impact...http://www.google.com/patents/US5178013?utm_source=gb-gplus-sharePatent US5178013 - Impact sensorAdvanced Patent SearchPublication numberUS5178013 APublication typeGrantApplication numberUS 07/667,410Publication dateJan 12, 1993Filing dateOct 4, 1990Priority dateOct 6, 1989Fee statusLapsedAlso published asCA2039145A1, DE4091726T, EP0447560A1, EP0447560A4, WO1991005266A1Publication number07667410, 667410, US 5178013 A, US 5178013A, US-A-5178013, US5178013 A, US5178013AInventorsOtohiko Suzuki, Kouichi Kaneko, Youichi FujiyamaOriginal AssigneeTakata CorporationExport CitationBiBTeX, EndNote, RefManPatent Citations (19), Referenced by (1), Classifications (12), Legal Events (6) External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, EspacenetImpact sensorUS 5178013 AAbstract The present invention provides an impact sensor which has neither electrical contacts exposed to an atmosphere nor any movable components, which is durable and highly reliable, and which is able to safely sense a vehicle impact even if loaded in a vehicle for a considerable period of time. The impact sensor comprises a piezoelectric element (3, 13) for generating a voltage of a magnitude in accordance with a pressure, a pair of electrodes (1c, 1d, 11c, 14) disposed to sandwich the piezoelectric element, an inertial mass (6,16) adapted to apply a pressure to either one of the electrodes, and a biasing member (7, 17) for biasing the inertial mass (6, 16) toward the piezoelectric element (3, 13). When the inertial mass (6, 16) is subject to an impact, the inertial mass (6, 16) is biased to apply to the piezoelectric element (3, 13) a pressure of a level in accordance with the magnitude of the impact. The piezoelectric element (3, 13) then provides a voltage of a magnitude in accordance with the pressure applied thereto.
We claim: 1. An impact sensor for a vehicle, comprising,a casing attached to the vehicle, a piezoelectric element situated in the casing and adapted to provide a voltage varied in accordance with a pressure applied thereto, a pair of electrodes situated in the casing and sandwiching the piezoelectric element therebetween, a pressure receiving element situated on one of the electrodes, said pressure receiving element having a recess with side faces to converge gradually toward the piezoelectric element, said recess being arranged to extend vertically relative to the vehicle throughout an entire length of the pressure receiving element, an inertial mass disposed on the recess of the pressure receiving element for applying a pressure to the piezoelectric element through the pressure receiving element, said inertial mass having a semispherical end contacting the pressure receiving element, a biasing member situated behind the inertial mass to hold the inertial mass in a center of the recess of the pressure receiving element and to press the inertial mass toward the piezoelectric element at a predetermined pressure so that when the sensor is subject to vertical vibrations, the inertial mass slides vertically in the recess without substantial change of voltage at the piezoelectric element, and when the sensor receives force diagonally from a front direction, a component of the force in a forward direction is received by one of the side faces of the recess and is transmitted to the piezoelectric element, and an adjusting bolt attached to the casing for adjusting pressure of the biasing member relative to the piezoelectric element through the inertial mass. 2. An impact sensor for a vehicle, comprising,a casing attached to the vehicle, a piezoelectric element situated in the casing and adapted to provide a voltage varied in accordance with a pressure applied thereto, a pair of electrodes situated in the casing and sandwiching the piezoelectric element therebetween, one of the electrodes forming a pressure receiving element for the piezoelectric element, said pressure receiving element having a recess with side faces to converge gradually toward the piezoelectric element, said recess being arranged to extend vertically relative to the vehicle throughout an entire length of the pressure receiving element, an inertial mass disposed on the recess of the pressure receiving element for applying a pressure to the piezoelectric element through the pressure receiving element, said inertial mass having a semispherical end contacting the pressure receiving element, a biasing member situated behind the inertial mass to hold the inertial mass in a center of the recess of the pressure receiving element and to press the inertial mass toward the piezoelectric element at a predetermined pressure so that when the sensor is subject to vertical vibrations, the inertial mass slides vertically in the recess without substantial change of voltage at the piezoelectric element, and when the sensor receives force diagonally from a front direction, a component of the force in a forward direction is received by one of the side faces of the recess and is transmitted to the piezoelectric element, and an adjusting bolt attached to the casing for adjusting pressure of the biasing member relative to the piezoelectric element through the inertial mass. 3. An impact sensor according to claim 2, wherein said inertial mass includes a cylindrical portion at a side opposite to the semispherical end and a recess inside the cylindrical portion, said biasing member being situated inside the recess to bias the inertial mass.
4. An impact sensor according to claim 1, further including means for receiving an output voltage from said piezoelectric element and determining whether said output voltage is greater than a predetermined level, said means providing a signal to inflate an airbag when said output voltage exceeds said predetermined level.
5. An impact sensor according to claim 1, wherein said inertial mass is formed from a magnetic material, further including an electromagnetic unit adapted to apply a magnetic force to said inertial mass to move said inertial mass away from said piezoelectric element, whereby an electric is delivered to said electromagnetic unit to move said inertial mass away from said piezoelectric element, and then, the delivery of said electric current is stopped, said piezoelectric element being operable to provide a voltage when said electric current is delivered and stopped, and said voltage being used to test the operation of said impact sensor.
TECHNICAL FIELD The present invention relates to an impact sensor suitable for use with a vehicle airbag constructed to protect a vehicle occupant from impact in the event of a vehicle collision.
BACKGROUND ART In order to protect a vehicle occupant from impact, use of a vehicle airbag has recently been increased.
Such an airbag is inflated instantaneously when a vehicle collision is detected, and its operation depends mainly on the performance of an impact sensor.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,827,091 discloses an acceleration sensor designed to detect a substantial change in the speed of a motor vehicle in the event, for instance, of a vehicle collision and comprises a cylindrical body formed of an electrically conductive material, a magnetic inertial mass mounted for axial movement within the cylindrical body, an electrically conductive element attached to at least one axial end of the magnetic inertial mass, a pair of electrical terminals mounted to one axial end of the cylindrical body and electrically bridged upon contact with the electrically conductive element of the magnetic inertial mass, and a magnetic biasing body mounted to the other end of the cylindrical body and adapted to magnetically bias the magnetic inertial mass.
With this acceleration sensor, the magnetic inertial mass is magnetically biased toward the magnetic biasing body. When the acceleration sensor is subject to no or little accelerating force, the magnetic inertial mass is fixed in place at the other end of the cylindrical body.
When the acceleration of sufficient magnitude is applied, the magnetic inertial mass is displaced against the biasing force of the magnetic biasing body. At this time, an electric current is induced in the cylindrical body to provide a magnetic force to return the magnetic inertial mass or to retard the displacement of the magnetic inertial mass. This results in a descease in the speed of the magnetic inertial mass.
When the acceleration input is less than a predetermined (threshold) level, the magnetic inertial mass does not reach the one end of the cylindrical body and then returned to the other end of the cylindrical body from any other position short of the one end of the cylindrical body by a biasing force of the magnetic biasing body.
When the acceleration input is greater than a predetermined (threshold) level (for example, a vehicle incorporating this acceleration sensor is crashed), the magnetic inertial mass reaches the one end of the cylindrical body. The electrically conductive element or end surface of the magnetic inertial mass is then brought into contact with the both terminals to electrically bridge the two terminals. If a voltage has previously been applied between the two terminals, an electric current flows between the terminals when the two terminals are short-circuited. This electric current shows a vehicle collision.
In the sensor of U.S. Pat. No. 4,827,091, the magnetic inertial mass is advanced to a full extent so as to contact a pair of electrodes. This electrically bridges the two electrodes. In order for the sensor to properly operate for a prolonged period of time, the inner suface of the cylindrical body within which the magnetic inertial mass is slidably moved must be totally flat and free of friction and corrosion. Additionally, the ends of the electrodes and the magnetic inertial mass must be totally free of rust or corrosion. Therefore, the cylindrical body should be made of a material which provides high resistance to corrosion, and its inner surface should also be finely abraded. This results in a substantial increase in the production cost. Also, the electrodes should be plated with gold so as to fully prevent corrosion. This further increases manufacturing costs.
DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION According to the present invention, there is provided an impact sensor comprising: a piezoelectric element adapted to provide a specific amount of voltage in accordance with a pressure applied thereto; and an inertial mass for applying a pressure to the piezoelectric element, whereby when the inertial mass is subject to an impact, the inertial mass presses the piezoelectric element with a pressure of a level in accordance with the impact, and the piezoelectric element provides a voltage of a magnitude in accordance with the pressure applied therero.
Preferably, the impact sensor of the present invention further includes a pair of electrodes between which the piezoelectric element is sandwiched; the inertial mass being adapted to exert a pressure on either one of the electrodes; and a biasing member disposed to press the inertial mass toward the piezoelectric element.
According to the present invention, the inertial mass is in direct contact with the electrode, or a pressure receiving element is disposed between the electrode and the inertial mass to transmit the pressure from the inertial mass to the electrode.
According to the present invention, it is preferable that the inertial mass has a semispherical end in contact with the electrode or the pressure receiving element.
According to the present invention, it is preferable that the electrode or the pressure receiving element has a recess shaped to diverge gradually toward its top, and the inertial mass has an end surface in contact with the inner surface of the recess.
The recess is, for example, a groove of a V-shaped or cone-shaped section, or has a round surface.
According to another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a means for receiving an output voltage from the piezoelectric element and determining whether the output voltage is greater than a predetermined (threshold) level. A signal is provided to inflate an airbag when the output voltage exceeds the predetermined level.
The inertial mass is, for example, a ball. Also, the inertial mass has a semispherial end and a continuous cylindrical portion. The cylindrical portion includes a recess at its rear end to receive a spring as a biasing member.
According to a further aspect of the present invention, the inertial mass is formed from a magnetic material. An an electromagnetic unit is included to apply a magnetic force to the inertial mass to move the inertial mass away from the piezoelectric element. An electric current is delivered to the electromagnetic unit to move the inertial mass away from the piezoelectric element and then, stopped. The piezoelectric element is operable to provide a voltage upon the delivery and stoppage of the electric current so as to test the operation of the impact sensor.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is a sectional view, in plan, of an impact sensor according to a first embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 2 is a perspective view of major components used in the impact sensor;
FIG. 3 is a view showing a waveform of an output voltage in the event of a vehicle collision;
FIG. 4 is a view showing a waveform of an output voltage in the event of a rear-end collision;
FIG. 5 is a sectional view, in plan, of an impact sensor according to a second embodiment of the invetion;
FIG. 6 is a view showing a waveform of an output during testing;
FIG. 7 is a sectional view, in perspective, of an electrode plate or a pressure receiving plate 41;
FIG. 8 is a sectional view, in perspective, of an electrode plate or a pressure receiving plate 43; and
FIG. 9 is a diagram of an airbag system incorporating the impact sensor.
BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION FIG. 1 is a sectional view, in plan, of an impact sensor. FIG. 2 is an exploded view of the principal part of the impact sensor.
With reference to FIG. 1, 1 is a cylindrical housing. The housing 1 has an opening 1a through which one end of an output cable 2 extends into the housing 1.
Within the housing 1, a cylindrical electrode holder 1b, a doughnut-shaped cathode plate lc, a piezoelectric element 3, and an anode plate 1d are fit around the output cable 2 in that order.
The output cable 2 is connected to the cathode plate 1c and the anode 1d, respectively.
The piezoelectric element 3 is constructed to produce a voltage in proportion to an external compressive force and is preferably a known piezoelectric ceramic that provides a constant voltage output.
4 is a pressure receiving element. The pressure receiving element 4 has a large diameter portion 4a, a flat side of which is in contact with the anode plate 1d, and a small diameter portion 4b in which a vertical groove 4c extends in a continuous fashion. The vertical groove 4c has a V-shaped or U-shaped section.
It is particularly important for the vertical groove 4c to extend in a vertical direction and have opposite open ends.
The sensitivity of the impact sensor with respect to lateral impact depends on the angle at which both sides of the vertical groove 4c intersect.
5 is a cap threaded into the housing 1 to close an open end of the housing 1.
5a is a seal member, and 5b is an insulating ring.
The cap 5 is recessed to receive an inertial mass 6 in the form of a ball.
A spring 7 is disposed between the inertial mass 6 and the bottom of the cap 5 to normally urge the inertial mass 6 against the vertical groove 4a. This results in linear contact of the inertial mass 6 with the vertical groove 4c.
The force of the spring 7 can be adjusted by rotating an adjusting bolt 5c. The adjusting bolt 5c is threaded centrally into the cap 5.
The piezoelectric element 3 is subjected to a certain pressure under the influence of the spring 7 to thereby produce a certain voltage.
The impact sensor of the present invention is mounted in such a manner that the pressure receiving element 4 is positioned forwardly of the inertial mass 6 in the direction of advancement of a vehicle.
The pressure receiving element 4 is arranged such that the groove 4c extends in a vertical direction.
As shown in FIG. 9, the output cable 2 extends from the impact sensor 100 to an inflator actuating circuit 102 which is, in turn, operable to actuate a gas generator (inflator) 101. An electric current is applied to the inflator 101 to rapidly initiate chemical reaction. This results in the generation of a substantial amount of gas. The gas is introduced into an airbag 103 as folded to rapidly inflate the airbag 103.
The inflator actuating circuit 102 compares an output voltage from the piezoelectric element 2 with a predetermined voltage (threshold level) and provides a current to actuate the inflator 101 only when the output volate from the piezoelectric element 3 exceeds a predetermined (threshold) level.
Operation of the impact sensor thus constructed is as follows.
NO COLLISION In the event of no collision, the static force of the spring 7 is transmitted from the inertial mass 6 through the pressure receiving element 4 and the anode plate 1d to the piezoelectric element 3. No peak voltage is output from the piezoelectric element 3 as such.
The impact sensor is thus rendered irresponsive in the event of no collision.
VERTICAL VIBRATIONS When a vehicle is subject to vertical vibrations, the impact sensor is correspondingly vibrated in a vertical direction.
This results in sliding motion of the inertial mass 6 and the vertical groove 4c. The piezoelectric element 3 does not provide a voltage higher than a predetermined (threshold) level since the force of the spring 7 to urge the inertial mass 6 against the vertical groove 4c remains substantially unchanged.
The impact sensor is thus irresponsive to vertical vibrations.
HEAD-ON COLLISION AND FRONT-END COLLISION In the event of a head-on vehicle collision, there is a substantial increase in an acceleration force applied from the inertial mass 6 to the pressure receiving element 3.
The force thus applied to the pressure receiving element 4 is transmitted through the anode plate 1d to the piezoelectric element 3.
As a result, the piezoelectric element 3 provides a peak voltage, as at A in FIG. 3, which is greater than a predetermined (threshold) level. The inflator actuating circuit 102 is then operable to sense this peak voltage so as to actuate the inflator 101. This causes inflation of the airbag.
Also, when a vehicle is hit diagonally from ahead, a component of the acceleration input is applied to the opposite sides of the vertical groove 4c and then, transmitted to the piezoelectric element 3. Likewise, a peak voltage, greater than a predetermined (threshold) level, is output so that the inflator 101 may be actuated to inlfate the airbag 103.
SIDEWAYS COLLISION In the event of a sideways collision, the inertial mass 6 is caused to move either in an upward direction or a downward direction in FIG. 1. The resulting force creates a component force in the slant surfaces of the vertial groove 4c. This force presses the pressure receiving element 4. As a result, the pressure receiving element 4 is moved to the left in FIG. 1 so as to press the piezoelectric element 3 through the anode plate 1d, as in the case of a head-on collision. Now that this pressing force is small, the output voltage from the piezoelectric element 3 is less than a predetermined (threshold) level. Accordingly, the inflator is not rendered operative by the inflator actuating circuit, and no inflation of the airbag is initiated.
REAR-END COLLISION In the event of a rear-end collision, impact is applied to the left side of the impact sensor in FIG. 1. This causes the inertial mass, which is contacted with the pressure receiving element 4 under a certain pressure, to separate from the vertical groove 4c.
The piezoelectric element 3 is no longer subject to a force. This results in a substantial decrease in the output voltage from the piezoelectric element 3.
A waveform in FIG. 4 shows such a substantial decrease in the output voltage as at B.
Now that no positive peak voltage is supplied, the inflator actuating circuit 102 does not provide an electric current to actuate the inflator 101.
FIG. 5 illustrates another embodiment of the impact sensor which performs a self-testing function to confirm whether or not the impact sensor is properly operating.
In the embodiment, as shown in FIG. 5, an electromagnetic unit 8 surrounds the inertial mass 6. An electric current is applied from a test circuit to a coil 8A.
In this embodiment, a housing 11 has an opening 10 in which a cathode plate or ring 11c is fit. A conductor or bolt 20 is threaded into the cathode plate 11c. A cathode lead terminal 21 is connected to the head of the bolt 20.
A cap 15 is secured to one end of the housing 11 by screws 22. The electromagnetic unit 8 extends along the inner peripheray of the cap 15 and includes a coil 8A, and a cylindrical core 8B formed of a ferromagnetic material.
The core 8B is disposed in coaxial relation to the opening 10. A pressure receiving element 14 and an inertial mass 16 are disposed in coaxial relation to the core 8B and the opening 10. A piezoelectric element 13 is sandwiched between the pressure receiving element 14 and the cathode plate 11c. An insulating sleeve 15b is fit around the pressure receiving element 14 and the piezoelectric element 13.
The pressure receiving element 14 serves as an anode. A rod 24 is secured to the pressure receiving element 14 and extends, at right angles to the side of the pressure receiving element 14. A nut 25 is threaded onto one end of the rod 24 while an anode lead terminal 27 is held on the cathode plate 11c through an insulating plate 26. The pressure receiving element 14, like the receiving element 4 shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, has a vertically extending groove 14a.
The inertial mass 16 has a semispherical end slidably engageable with the vertical groove 14a of the pressure receiving element 14. The inertial mass 16 is recessed as 28 at the other, rear end to receive a spring 17. An adjusting bolt 15c is threaded into the cap 15. The spring 17 is compressed between the adjusting bolt 15c and the bottom of the recess 28. The semispherical end of the inertial mass 16 is urged against the vertical groove 14a under the action of the spring 17. The piezoelectric element 13 disposed between the pressure receiving element 14 and the cathode plate 11c is subject to a certain compressive force under the influence of the spring 17.
The impact sensor thus constructed is mounted in the same manner as the one shown in FIGS. 1 and 2 and is operable in the same manner to sense impact so as to inflate the airbag.
Additionally, the impact sensor shown in FIG. 5 is able to test its operability itself.
To do this, an electric current is applied from the test circuit to the coil 8A for a short period of time.
Specifically, an electric current is applied to the coil 8A for a short period of time to generate a magnetic flux. This causes the inertial mass 19 to instantaneously retreat or move to the right in FIG. 5. The piezoelectric element 13 is then operable to provide a voltage of the form shown in FIG. 6.
When the inertial mass 16 is moved in a rearward direction instantaneously upon the delivery of an electric current, a lesser amount of force is applied from the spring 17 to the pressure receiving element 14. As a result, output voltage is drastically dropped as at C in the waveform shown in FIG. 6.
When the delivery of the electric current to the electromagnet 8 is stopped, a substantial amount of force is instantaneously applied to the piezoelectric element 13. As a result, a positive peak voltage is generated as at D in FIG. 6.
It will now be understood that the test circuit is operable to confirm, under the same condition as in the event of a rear-end collision (none collision) as well as a collision, whether a predetermined voltage is output from the piezoelectric element 13.
Based on a signal sent from the test circuit, a lamp or other means may be used to show whether the impact sensor is properly operating.
In the foregoing embodiments, the inertial masses 6 and 16 are both engageable with the grooves 4c and 14c of a V-shaped section. Alternatively, an electrode plate or pressure receiving element 41 may be used to have a cone-shaped recess 40 as shown in FIG. 7. Additionally, an electrode plate or pressure receiving element 43 has a round recess 42 as shown in FIG. 8. The recess 42 may have a spherical surface or a ellipsoidal surface.
INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY With the sensor of the present invention, impact is rapidly transmitted since the inertial mass is normally pressed against the piezoelectric element.
The impact sensor is responsive in a quick manner.
The piezoelectric element provides a high voltage in response only to a pressure. This prevents erroneous operation of the sensor when no collision occurs (or in the event of a rear-end collision).
The impact sensor can readily be tested itself simply by incorporating the electromagnet so as to electrically move the inertial mass, and connecting the output cable with the test circuit.
The impact sensor is simple in structure, and is economical to manufacture.
The impact sensor is less subject to fatigue due to vibrations since no movable components are included and thus can have a high natural frequency as a sensor. The impact sensor is free of friction and corrosion and never malfunctions. Additionally, the present invention has no electrical terminals exposed to an atomosphere and in no way suffers from inadequate electrical bridge due to corrosion of such electrical terminals. Under the circumstances, the impact sensor of the present invention never loses its characteristics even if it is loaded on a vehicle for a considerable period of time and is thus durable and is highly reliable.
In the present invention, impact is converted into electrical energy as an output.
Accordingly, record or impact data can be taken in a continuous manner.
The operation of the impact sensor can readily be finely adjusted. The impact sensor is advantageously used for experimental and commercial purposes.
Patent CitationsCited PatentFiling datePublication dateApplicantTitleUS2411401 *Jul 28, 1942Nov 19, 1946Westinghouse Electric CorpAccelerometerUS3071975 *Feb 27, 1961Jan 8, 1963Hurt Percy FAccelerometerUS3096656 *Apr 23, 1959Jul 9, 1963Bendix CorpTransducerUS3120622 *Mar 29, 1960Feb 4, 1964Gulton Ind IncSelf-calibrating accelerometerUS3233466 *Jun 24, 1963Feb 8, 1966Bendix CorpPiezoelectric accelerometerUS3349629 *Sep 8, 1964Oct 31, 1967Cons Electrodynamics CorpFrequency damped transucerUS3701903 *Oct 29, 1970Oct 31, 1972Honeywell IncPiezoelectric vehicle impact sensorUS4104921 *Dec 6, 1976Aug 8, 1978Messerschmitt-Boelkow-Blohm GmbhPiezoelectric acceleration transducerUS4950914 *Mar 29, 1988Aug 21, 1990Honda Giken Kogyo Kabushiki KaishaCollision detection system for a vehicleAU7583281A * Title not availableEP0014656A1 *Feb 4, 1980Aug 20, 1980Jean CartierPiezoelectric accelerometerEP0021898A1 *May 30, 1980Jan 7, 1981Thomson-CsfPiezoelectric acceleration sensor with transducer element of polymeric materialEP0059793A1 *Oct 29, 1981Sep 15, 1982Siemens AktiengesellschaftAcceleration sensorEP0116810A1 *Feb 21, 1983Aug 29, 1984Vibro-Meter SaDual accelerometer, method of manufacturing it and its applicationEP0171848A1 *Jul 17, 1985Feb 19, 1986Universite Catholique De LouvainMovements detecting device and device for recording the detected movementsEP0210715A2 *Mar 19, 1986Feb 4, 1987Tapeimp LimitedInertia-Sensitive DeviceEP0316498A1 *Nov 9, 1987May 24, 1989Vibro-Meter SaAccelerometerSU737838A1 * Title not availableWO1982002602A1 *Jan 18, 1982Aug 5, 1982Florin Constantin V GhiureaPiezoelectric sensor* Cited by examinerReferenced byCiting PatentFiling datePublication dateApplicantTitleWO2013113297A1 *Jan 30, 2013Aug 8, 2013Univerzita Karlova V PrazeElectrode for percutaneous neurostimulation therapy and reflex movement detector* Cited by examinerClassifications U.S. Classification73/12.04, 310/329, 73/514.34, 73/514.17, 280/735International ClassificationH01H35/14, G01P15/09, G01P15/00, G01P21/00Cooperative ClassificationH01H35/14, G01P15/0907European ClassificationG01P15/09BLegal EventsDateCodeEventDescriptionMar 8, 2005FPExpired due to failure to pay maintenance feeEffective date: 20050112Jan 12, 2005LAPSLapse for failure to pay maintenance feesJul 28, 2004REMIMaintenance fee reminder mailedJun 13, 2000FPAYFee paymentYear of fee payment: 8Jun 7, 1996FPAYFee paymentYear of fee payment: 4Apr 8, 1991ASAssignmentOwner name: TAKATA CORPORATION, A CORP. OF JAPANFree format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNORS:SUZUKI, OTOHIKO;KANEKO, KOUICHI;FUJIYAMA, YOUICHI;REEL/FRAME:005898/0930Effective date: 19910315RotateOriginal ImageGoogle Home - Sitemap - USPTO Bulk Downloads - Privacy Policy - Terms of Service - About Google Patents - Send FeedbackData provided by IFI CLAIMS Patent Services©2012 Google

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text:
php - What's the difference between $_SERVER['PHP_SELF'] and $_SERVER['SCRIPT_NAME']? - Stack Overflow
I have a php framework and I used $_SERVER['SCRIPT_NAME'] to optimize portability. That way I don't need to manually configure the path anymore.
$this->base_url = str_replace('index.php', '', 'http://'.$_SERVER['SERVER_NAME'].$_SERVER['SCRIPT_NAME']);
But I noticed that $_SERVER['SCRIPT_NAME'] and $_SERVER['PHP_SELF'] returns the exact same string. So, what's the difference? How should I choose between them?
php apache share|improve this question asked Jul 16 '11 at 17:57
The manual is more than self explanatory, in2.php.net/manual/en/reserved.variables.server.php, however your script may be limited by number of factors, a web host may have set up your environment in such a way that you may not be able to see the actual filesystem path for scriptname index, btw, I would rather do RTFM, followed by googling, you learn more by doing it yourself :-)
I read this many times before asking here. I wouldn't have asked here otherwise.
please don't feel offended by my comment, I was just adding to what manual says, glad to see you got your answer, I am more of a do it myself guy, mostly find my answer in said fashion
i understand. but this is kind of a specific question, not easily found on google. but what were you saying about problems with webhosting? what differences the $_SERVER variables can present based on server configurations?
not the PHP_SELF but may be SCRIPT_NAME, as of now I am myself stuck in a situation, I will check this later with chroot-ed environment
Jul 16 '11 at 19:15
http://sandbox.phpcode.eu/g/3e38d.php/test
Script name is absolute path to file. PHP_SELF is script you're currently in (along with "path" after .php)
It's like $_SERVER['SERVER_NAME'] and $_SERVER['HTTP_HOST']
http://sandbox.phpcode.eu./g/f5093.php
http://sandbox.phpcode.eu/g/f5093.php
share|improve this answer edited Jul 7 at 7:27
this was actually very helpful (:
and your question, too ! :)
"Script name is absolute path to file." - SCRIPT_NAME is root-relative, not _absolute. SCRIPT_FILENAME contains an absolute path (although this is not necessarily the same file as SCRIPT_NAME).
Jun 8 at 15:02
Contains the current script's path. This is useful for pages which need to point to themselves. The __FILE__ constant contains the full path and filename of the current (i.e. included) file. PHP_SELF
The filename of the currently executing script, relative to the document root. For instance, $_SERVER['PHP_SELF'] in a script at the address http://example.com/test.php/foo.bar would be /test.php/foo.bar. The __FILE__ constant contains the full path and filename of the current (i.e. included) file. If PHP is running as a command-line processor this variable contains the script name since PHP 4.3.0. Previously it was not available. source php.net
Check out http://www.yoursite.com/example/index.php/dir/test
in $_SERVER['PHP_SELF'] == '/example/index.php/dir/test';
in $_SERVER['SCRIPT_NAME'] == '/example/index.php';
Tried this on localhost
http://127.0.0.1:8887/index.php/dir/test
echo $_SERVER['PHP_SELF'] . "<br />";
Output is: /index.php/dir/test
share|improve this answer edited Jun 8 at 15:09
4,39711642
answered Jul 16 '11 at 18:01
this example that returns /dir/test is apparently wrong...
no it isn't wrong. Look here: sandbox.phpcode.eu/g/3e38d.php/test
note that the example here excludes the file name index.php and what goes between it and the server name. in @genesis link it correctly returns /g/3e38d.php/test instead of returning only /test
Agreed, it has all directory stuff + script itself.
aww, he edited it 4 mins ago
having issues with php_self
php $_SERVER['PHP_SELF'] to include query string

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