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Unlock the Bible: Keys to Discovering the People & Places by F. F. Bruce | 9781418547240 | Paperback | Barnes & Noble
Unlock the Bible: Keys to Discovering the People & Places by
F. F. Bruce (Editor),
R. K. Harrison (Editor)
Overview Build your Bible study library with this essential book on the people and places of the Bible. Unlock the Bible: Keys to Discovering the People& Places includes the best articles on the most important people and places in Scripture. Each article is drawn from Nelson’s New Illustrated Bible Dictionary. Under the direction of Ronald F. Youngblood, the world’s leading evangelical scholars updated and revised ...
Unlock the Bible: Keys to Discovering the People & Places (eBook)
Unlock the Bible: Keys to Discovering the People & Places Pub. Date: 11/9/2011
Build your Bible study library with this essential book on the people and places of the Bible. Unlock the Bible: Keys to Discovering the People& Places includes the best articles on the most important people and places in Scripture. Each article is drawn from Nelson’s New Illustrated Bible Dictionary.
Under the direction of Ronald F. Youngblood, the world’s leading evangelical scholars updated and revised classic articles drawn from Herbert Lockyer, F. F. Bruce, and R. K. Harrison’s extensive Bible dictionary.
ISBN-13: 9781418547240
Pages: 448Product dimensions: 6.00 (w) x 8.90 (h) x 1.40 (d)
Ronald F. Youngblood is Professor of Old Testament and Hebrew Emeritus, Bethel Seminary San Diego.
Keys to Discovering the People and Places Thomas Nelson
Copyright © 2011 Thomas Nelson Publishers, Inc.
ISBN: 978-1-4185-4724-0 Chapter One
A AARON [EHR un] — brother of Moses and first high priest of the Hebrew nation. Very little is known about Aaron's early life, other than his marriage to Elisheba, daughter of Amminadab (Ex. 6:23).
When God called Moses to lead the Hebrew people out of slavery in Egypt, Moses protested that he would not be able to speak convincingly to the pharaoh. So Aaron was designated by God as Moses' official spokesman (Ex. 4:14–16). At Moses' instruction, Aaron also performed miracles as signs for the release of the Hebrews. Aaron's rod turned into a serpent that swallowed the rods of the Egyptian magicians (Ex. 7:8–20). Aaron also caused frogs to cover the land by stretching his rod over the lakes and streams of Egypt (Ex. 8:6).
Aaron held an important place of leadership because of his work with his brother, Moses. A central figure in the exodus from Egypt, he also received instructions from God for observing the first Passover (Ex. 12:1). In the wilderness he assisted Moses in keeping order and rendering judgments over the people (Num. 15:33). Both he and Moses were singled out when the people complained about the harsh conditions of these wilderness years (Num. 14:2).
When the priesthood was instituted in the wilderness, Moses consecrated Aaron as the first high priest of Israel (Exodus 28–29; Leviticus 8–9). The priesthood was set within the tribe of Levi, from which Aaron was descended. Aaron's sons (Nadab, Abihu, Eleazar, and Ithamar) inherited the position of high priest from their father (Num. 3:2–3). Aaron was given special robes to wear, signifying his status within the priesthood (Lev. 8:7–9). At his death the robes were transferred to his oldest living son, Eleazar (Num. 20:25–28). The tabernacle, the main sanctuary of worship, was placed under Aaron's supervision (Numbers 4). He received instructions from God on the functions of the priesthood and the tabernacle (Numbers 18). He alone, serving in the capacity of high priest, went into the Holy of Holies once a year to represent the people on the Day of Atonement.
In spite of his responsibility for the spiritual leadership of the nation, Aaron committed a serious sin in the wilderness surrounding Mount Sinai. While Moses was on the mountain praying to God and receiving His commandments, the people demanded that Aaron make one or more gods for them to worship. Aaron made no attempt to stop the people and made a golden calf for them (Ex. 32:1–10). Aaron was saved from God's wrath only because Moses interceded on his behalf (Deut. 9:20).
After all their years of leading the people, neither Moses nor Aaron was permitted to enter the promised land. Apparently this was because they did not make it clear that God would provide for the Hebrews' needs when they believed they would die for lack of water in the wilderness (Num. 20:12). Aaron died at Mount Hor, and Moses died later in Moab.
Upon arriving at Mount Hor from the wilderness of Kadesh, Aaron was accompanied by Moses and his son Eleazar to the top of the mountain. There he was stripped of his high priestly garments, which were transferred to Eleazar. After Aaron's death, the community mourned for 30 days (Num. 20:22–29).
The book of Hebrews contrasts the imperfect priesthood of Aaron with the perfect priesthood of Christ (Heb. 5:2–5; 7:11–12). Christ's priesthood is compared to the order of Melchizedek because it is an eternal office with no beginning and no end. Thus, it replaces the priesthood of Aaron.
ABED-NEGO [uh BED knee goe] (servant of Nebo) — the Chaldean name given to Azariah in King Nebuchadnezzar's court when he was chosen as one of the king's servants (Dan. 1:7; 2:49). With Shadrach and Meshach, Abed-Nego was thrown into the fiery furnace for refusing to bow down and worship a golden image. The three men were miraculously protected from the fire (Dan. 3:12–30). Like the three Hebrew men in the fiery furnace, the nation of Israel endured the captivity and were miraculously protected by God.
ABEL [A buhl] (breath, vapor) — the name of a person and two places in the Old Testament:
1. The second son of Adam and Eve (Gen. 4:2). His brother Cain, who was a farmer, brought an offering of his produce to the Lord. Abel, a shepherd, brought to the Lord an offering "of the firstlings [the best quality] of his flock." Genesis records: "And the Lord respected Abel and his offering, but he did not respect Cain and his offering" (Gen. 4:4–5). Envious of Abel, Cain killed his brother and was cursed by God for the murder.
In the New Testament, Abel is described as a man of faith, who "offered a more excellent sacrifice than Cain" (Heb. 11:4). Cain murdered his brother Abel, writes John, "because his [Cain's] works were evil and his brother's [Abel's] righteous" (1 John 3:12). Jesus spoke of "the blood of righteous Abel" (Matt. 23:35; Luke 11:51) and implied that Abel, the first righteous martyr, anticipated in symbol His own death on Calvary at the hands of evil men. The blood of the new covenant, however, "speaks better things than that of Abel" (Heb. 12:24). The blood of Abel cried out for vengeance; the blood of Christ speaks of salvation.
2. A large stone in the field of Joshua of Beth Shemesh on which the ark of the covenant was set by the Philistines (1 Sam. 6:18).
3. A fortified city in northern Israel, which Joab besieged after the rebellion of Sheba (2 Sam. 20:14–15, 18). This city, called Abel of Beth Maachah, is probably the same place as Abel Beth Maachah.
ABIATHAR [a BY uh thar] (father of abundance) — one of two chief priests in the court of David. Abiathar was the son of Ahimelech of the priestly clan of Eli from Shiloh (1 Sam. 22:20). When the residents of the priestly village of Nob were massacred by Saul for helping David, Abiathar was the only one to escape (1 Sam. 22:6–23). When David eventually became king, he appointed Abiathar, along with Zadok, as priests in the royal court (2 Sam. 8:17; 1 Chr. 18:16).
When David's son Absalom tried to take his throne by force, David was forced to leave Jerusalem. Zadok and Abiathar carried the ark of the covenant out of the capital city but later returned it at the command of David (2 Sam. 15:29). Both priests remained in Jerusalem to inform David of Absalom's plans (2 Sam. 15:34). After Absalom's death, Abiathar and Zadok carried the message of reconciliation to Amasa and the elders of Judah (2 Sam. 19:11–14).
During the struggle over who would succeed as king, Abiathar supported Adonijah. When Solomon emerged as the new ruler, Zadok was appointed priest of the royal court, while Abiathar escaped execution only because of his earlier loyalty to David. He and his family were banished to Anathoth, and his rights and privileges as a Jerusalem priest were taken away (1 Kin. 1:7–25; 2:22–35).
Some scholars believe Abiathar may have written portions of 1 and 2 Samuel, especially the sections describing the royal court life under David.
ABIGAIL [AB ih gale] (father of joy) — one or two Old Testament women had this delightful name:
1. Wife of Nabal the Carmelite and, after his death, of David (1 Sam. 25:3, 14–42; 2 Sam. 2:2; 1 Chr. 3:1). Abigail's husband, Nabal, was an ill-tempered, drunken man. When David was hiding from the jealous King Saul, he asked Nabal for food for himself and his men. Nabal blatantly refused. Angered, David threatened to plunder Nabal's possessions and kill Nabal himself. Abigail, in her wisdom, gathered enough food for David's men, rode out to meet David, and bowed before him to show her respect. By agreeing with David that Nabal had acted with great disrespect, she stemmed David's anger. To Abigail's credit, she did not leave her godless husband. When Nabal died, apparently from shock at discovering his near brush with death, David married Abigail and she later bore him a son, Chileab.
2. A sister or half-sister of David and mother of Amasa, whom Absalom made captain of the army instead of Joab (2 Sam. 17:25; Abigal, NRSV, REB; 1 Chr. 2:16–17). She may be the same person as No. 1.
ABIMELECH [uh BIM eh leck] (my father is king) — the name of five men in the Old Testament:
1. The king of Gerar in the time of Abraham (Gen. 20:1–18; 21:22–34). Fearing for his own safety, Abraham introduced Sarah, his wife, as his sister when he entered Abimelech's territory. Abimelech claimed Sarah for his harem, only to be warned in a dream that he had taken the wife of another man. Then Abimelech returned Sarah to Abraham. The two men made a covenant with each other, and Abraham asked God to reward the king by giving him many children. Many scholars believe that the word Abimelech is not a proper name but a royal title of the Philistine kings, just as pharaoh was a title for Egyptian kings.
2. The king of Gerar in the time of Isaac (Gen. 26:1–31).
3. The ruler of the city of Shechem during the period of the judges (Judg. 8:30–10:1; 2 Sam. 11:21). Abimelech was a son of Gideon by a concubine from Shechem. Abimelech tried to become king, and he did reign over Israel for three years (Judg. 9:22). In order to eliminate all who might challenge his authority, he killed all the other sons of Gideon—his brothers and half-brothers—who were potential successors of his father (Judg. 9:5).
Abimelech was killed in a battle at Thebez, a city northeast of Shechem, which he surrounded with his army. When Abimelech ventured too close to the city tower, a woman dropped a millstone on his head, crushing his skull. Abimelech commanded his armorbearer to kill him so it could not be said that he died at the hands of a woman (Judg. 9:50–54; 2 Sam. 11:21).
4. A priest in the time of David (1 Chr. 18:16).
5. A Philistine king whom David met while fleeing from King Saul (Psalm 34, title). Abimelech is apparently the royal title of Achish the king of Gath (1 Sam. 21:10–15).
ABRAHAM [AY bruh ham] (father of a multitude); originally Abram (exalted father) — the first great Patriarch of ancient Israel and a primary model of faithfulness for Christianity. The accounts about Abraham are found in Genesis 11:26–25:11, with the biblical writer focusing on four important aspects of his life.
The Migration. Abraham's story begins with his migration with the rest of his family from Ur of the Chaldeans in ancient southern Babylonia (Gen. 11:31). He and his family moved north along the trade routes of the ancient world and settled in the flourishing trade center of Haran, several hundred miles to the northwest.
While living in Haran, at the age of 75 Abraham received a call from God to go to a strange, unknown land that God would show him. The Lord promised Abraham that He would make him and his descendants a great nation (Gen. 12:1–3). The promise must have seemed unbelievable to Abraham because his wife Sarah (called Sarai in the early part of the story) was childless (Gen. 11:30–31; 17:15). But Abraham obeyed God with no hint of doubt or disbelief. He took his wife and his nephew, Lot, and went to the land that God would show him.
Abraham moved south along the trade routes from Haran, through Shechem and Bethel in the land of Canaan. Canaan was a populated area at the time, inhabited by the warlike Canaanites; so Abraham's belief that God would ultimately give this land to him and his descendants was an act of faith. The circumstances seemed quite difficult, but Abraham's faith in God's promises allowed him to trust in the Lord.
The Famine and the Separation from Lot. Because of a severe famine in the land of Canaan, Abraham moved to Egypt for a short time (Gen. 12:10–20). During this trip, Abraham introduced Sarah to the Egyptians as his sister rather than as his wife in order to avoid trouble. Pharaoh, the Egyptian ruler, then took Sarah as his wife. It was only because "the Lord plagued Pharaoh and his house with great plagues because of Sarai, Abram's wife" (Gen. 12:17), that Sarah was returned to Abraham.
Upon his return from Egypt, Abraham and his nephew, Lot, quarreled over pasturelands and went separate ways (Gen. 13:8–9). Lot settled in the Jordan River valley, while Abraham moved into Canaan. After this split, God reaffirmed His promise to Abraham: "And I will make your descendants as the dust of the earth; so that if a man could number the dust of the earth, then your descendants also could be numbered" (Gen. 13:16).
Apparently Abraham headed a strong military force by this time as he is called "Abram the Hebrew" (Gen. 14:13). He succeeded in rescuing his nephew Lot from the kings who had captured him while raiding the cities of Sodom and Gomorrah (Gen. 14:14–17).
The Promise Reaffirmed. In Genesis 15 the Lord reaffirmed His promise to Abraham. The relationship between God and Abraham should be understood as a covenant relationship—the most solemn form of arrangement between individuals in the ancient world. According to such an arrangement, individuals or groups agreed to abide by certain conditions that governed their relationship to each other. In this case Abraham agreed to go to the land that God would show him (an act of faith on his part), and God agreed to make Abraham a great nation (Gen. 12:1–3). However, in Genesis 15 Abraham became anxious about the promise of a nation being found in his descendants because of his advanced age. The Lord thus reaffirmed the earlier covenant.
As we know from recent archaeological discoveries, a common practice of that time among heirless families was to adopt a slave who would inherit the master's goods. Therefore, because Abraham was childless, he proposed to make a slave, Eliezer of Damascus, his heir (Gen. 15:2). But God rejected this action and challenged Abraham's faith: "Then he [God] brought him [Abraham] outside and said, 'Look now toward heaven, and count the stars if you are able to number them.' And He said to him, 'So shall your descendants be' " (Gen. 15:5). Abraham's response is the model of believing faith. "And he [Abraham] believed in the Lord, and He [God] accounted it to him for righteousness" (Gen. 15:6).
The rest of chapter 15 consists of a ceremony between Abraham and God that was commonly used in the ancient world to formalize a covenant (Gen. 15:7–21).
According to Genesis 16, Sarah, because she had not borne a child, provided Abraham with a handmaiden. This also appears to be a familiar custom of the ancient world. According to this custom, if the wife had not had a child (preferably a male) by a certain time in the marriage, she was obligated to provide a substitute (usually a slavewoman) to bear a child to her husband and thereby ensure the leadership of the clan. Thus, Hagar, the Egyptian maidservant, had a son by Abraham. The boy was named Ishmael. Although Ishmael was not understood to be the child that would carry on the line promised to Abraham, he was given a favorable blessing (Gen. 16:10–13; 17:20).
The most substantial account of the covenant between Abraham and God is given in Genesis 17—a covenant that extended the promise of the land and descendants to further generations. This covenant required Abraham and the male members of his household to be circumcised as the sign of the agreement (Gen. 17:10–14). In this chapter Abraham and Sarah receive their new names. (Their old names were Abram and Sarai.) The name of the son whom God promises that Sarah will bear is designated as Isaac (Gen. 17:19–21). The practice of circumcision instituted at this time is not unique to the ancient Hebrews, but its emphasis as a religious requirement is a unique feature of God's covenant people. It became a visible symbol of the covenant between Abraham and his descendants and their redeemer God.
After Isaac was born to Sarah (Gen. 21:1–7), Sarah was unhappy with the presence of Hagar and Ishmael. She asked Abraham to cast them out of the family, which he did after the Lord told him they would have His protection. Ishmael does not play an important role in the rest of Abraham's story; he does reenter the picture in Genesis 25:9, accompanying Isaac at Abraham's death.
Excerpted from Unlock the Bible Copyright © 2011 by Thomas Nelson Publishers, Inc.. Excerpted by permission of Thomas Nelson. All rights reserved. No part of this excerpt may be reproduced or reprinted without permission in writing from the publisher.

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Patent US20050288736 - System and method for providing communications between a physically secure ... - Google PatentsSearch Images Maps Play YouTube News Gmail Drive More »Sign inPatentsA system and method for providing communications between a physically secure programmer and an external device using a cellular network is described. A set of uniquely identifying credentials is securely maintained on a programmer configured to interface with an implantable medical device. A transient...http://www.google.com/patents/US20050288736?utm_source=gb-gplus-sharePatent US20050288736 - System and method for providing communications between a physically secure programmer and an external device using a cellular networkAdvanced Patent SearchTry the new Google Patents, with machine-classified Google Scholar results, and Japanese and South Korean patents.Publication numberUS20050288736 A1Publication typeApplicationApplication numberUS 10/859,649Publication dateDec 29, 2005Filing dateJun 3, 2004Priority dateJun 3, 2004Also published asDE602005019573D1, EP1773447A1, EP1773447B1, US7801611, WO2005120637A1Publication number10859649, 859649, US 2005/0288736 A1, US 2005/288736 A1, US 20050288736 A1, US 20050288736A1, US 2005288736 A1, US 2005288736A1, US-A1-20050288736, US-A1-2005288736, US2005/0288736A1, US2005/288736A1, US20050288736 A1, US20050288736A1, US2005288736 A1, US2005288736A1InventorsKenneth Persen, Vineel VallapureddyOriginal AssigneePersen Kenneth H, Vineel VallapureddyExport CitationBiBTeX, EndNote, RefManPatent Citations (38), Referenced by (45), Classifications (5), Legal Events (2) External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, EspacenetSystem and method for providing communications between a physically secure programmer and an external device using a cellular network
FIELD OF THE INVENTION [0001] The invention relates in general to cellular network communications and, specifically, to a system and method for providing communications between a physically secure programmer and an external device using a cellular network. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION [0002] In general, implantable medical devices (IMDs) provide in situ therapy delivery, such as cardiac pacing and defibrillation, neural stimulation, and drug dispensing, and physiological data collection. IMDs are controlled and monitored through external programmers, programmer recorder monitors, repeaters, and equivalent devices, hereafter simply “programmers.” Conventionally, programmers exchange parametric and physiological data through inductive telemetry with the IMDs. Although limited to a range of about six inches, inductive telemetry facilitates safe and non-invasive data exchange. Moreover, patient consent and confidentiality are assured through the use of a wand placed in physical contact with the patient's body. [0003] More recently, radio frequency (RF) telemetry has been adopted for IMD-programmer communication with longer ranges and higher bandwidth data exchange. The sweeping scope of recent medical information privacy laws, such as the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) and the European Privacy Directive, may affect patient privacy on IMDs with longer transmission ranges, such as provided through RF telemetry, and other unsecured data interfaces providing sensitive information exchange under conditions that could allow eavesdropping, interception or interference. As a result, RF telemetry requires additional safeguards to ensure that each programmer is properly authenticated prior to and during data exchange, such as described in commonly-assigned U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/800,806, filed Mar. 15, 2004, pending, and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/801,150, filed Mar. 15, 2004, pending, the disclosures of which are incorporated by reference. [0004] Until recently, programmers primarily functioned as stand-alone medical devices to store, view and process downloaded physiological data as patient histories and to reprogram IMDs with revised operational settings uploaded as parametric values. Limited data exchange with other programmers and external devices, such as personal computers, was historically provided through data diskettes storing the data in a proprietary format. Lately, though, programmers have increasingly included integrated external communication channels, including low speed serial modem connections and high speed network connections, which can provide interconnectivity to a centralized server respectively over standard telephone lines and wide area networks, such as the Internet. [0005] The ability to interface programmers to IMDs at longer ranges through RF telemetry and to connect programmers to external devices outside the control of the health care practitioner has created the need to ensure the physical security of programmers, in addition to providing transmission security. For instance, a rogue programmer, such as obtained through theft, could be used to maliciously reprogram an IMD using RF telemetry or to surreptitiously download a patient history. Similarly, a rogue programmer could also be used to upload corrupt parametric values or fabricated patient histories onto the centralized server, which could adversely affect those health care practitioners relying on the stored data for consideration in forming therapy decisions. [0006] Disabling the operation of a programmer from unauthorized use provides a highly effective physical security solution. However, safeguarding the physical security of programmers must be balanced against ease of use. Programmers are typically used in a clinical or hospital setting shared by numerous individuals, including physicians, nurses and technical staff, and physical safeguards, such as provided with a key switch, can prove inconvenient and unworkable. Similarly, soft safeguards, such as provided through user passwords, can be easily bypassed or compromised through user carelessness or inadvertence. On the other hand, external safeguards transfer the responsibility for physical security to a third party by requiring pre-authorization from a centralized server using a modem or network connection before enabling the programmer. External safeguards are transparent with negligible impact on ease of use, yet always cannot be assured unless the recipient of an unauthorized programmer chooses to use the modem or network connection to obtain pre-authorization and thereby risk detection. [0007] U.S. Pat. No. 6,648,823, issued Nov. 18, 2003 to Thompson and U.S. Pat. No. 6,442,433, issued Aug. 27, 2002 to Linberg both describe a programmer that is interfaced to a remote expert data center. The programmer provides a high speed communications scheme that includes a wireless Internet connection. The expert data center is Web-based and interacts with the IMDs through the programmer to remotely exchange clinically significant information and to effect real time parametric and operational changes. Thompson describes accessing a patient and device information database, identifying devices or components that are out of specification, and notifying a clinician or the patient of out of specification items. Linberg describes remotely diagnosing, maintaining, upgrading, performance tracking, tuning, and adjusting a programmer from a remote location. However, neither Thompson nor Linberg describe providing remote registration of a programmer over a cellular network coupled with the integrated disablement of a programmer if attempts at credentialing fail. [0008] Therefore, there is a need for an approach to providing cellular network-based communication between a programmer and an external system integrated with distributed safeguards to protect programmer physical security. Preferably, such an approach would be maintained on a central database of registered programmers that must be accessed and confirmed as legitimate before enabling the programmer for operations. Such an approach would further be capable of interfacing to a plurality of external systems for collaborative exchanging of data relative to the IMD and patient care. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION [0009] The physical security of a programmer is assured by integrating the registration of credentials that uniquely identify the programmer with a security server over a cellular network with a power up sequence. The security credentials are provided to the security server over a high speed cellular connection that is automatically established transparently to the user during programmer power up. The security server compares the credentials to a secure roster of programmer credentials, which can list legitimate programmers or untrusted programmers. If confirmed as legitimate, the security server signals the programmer to enable operational status. Otherwise, if untrusted, the security server signals the programmer to disable operational status, thereby preventing unauthorized usage. [0010] An embodiment provides a system and method for providing communications between a physically secure programmer and an external device using a cellular network. A set of uniquely identifying credentials are securely maintained on a programmer configured to interface with an implantable medical device. A transient connection is automatically established between the programmer and a security server over a cellular network. The credentials is registered with the security server and an operational status is assigned to the programmer following examination of the credentials against a security roster maintained on the security server. The operational status of the programmer is confirmed and a data exchange session is conducted over the cellular network between the programmer and at least one external system subsequent to the confirmation. [0011] Still other embodiments of the invention will become readily apparent to those skilled in the art from the following detailed description, wherein are described embodiments of the invention by way of illustrating the best mode contemplated for carrying out the invention. As will be realized, the invention is capable of other and different embodiments and its several details are capable of modifications in various obvious respects, all without departing from the spirit and the scope of the invention. Accordingly, the drawings and detailed description are to be regarded as illustrative in nature and not as restrictive. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS [0012] FIG. 1 is a block diagram showing, by way of example, an implantable medical device monitoring physiological parameters of a patient. [0013] FIG. 2 is a block diagram showing a prior art system for providing communications between a programmer and an external device. [0014] FIG. 3 is a block diagram showing a system for providing communications between a physically secure programmer and an external device using a cellular network, in accordance with an embodiment of the invention. [0015] FIG. 4 is a process flow diagram showing cellular network communications as performed by the system of FIG. 3. [0016] FIG. 5 is a functional schematic diagram showing, by way of example, a programmer configured to communicate using a cellular network, in accordance with an embodiment of the invention. [0017] FIG. 6 is a flow diagram showing a method for providing communications between a physically secure programmer and an external device using a cellular network, in accordance with an embodiment of the invention. [0018] FIG. 7 is a flow diagram showing a routine for powering up and registering credentials for use in the method of FIG. 6. [0019] FIG. 8 is a flow diagram showing a routine for registering credentials for use in the routine of FIG. 7. [0020] FIG. 9 is a flow diagram showing a routine for executing a session for use in the method of FIG. 6. [0021] FIG. 10 is a flow diagram showing a routine for powering down for use in the routine of FIG. 6.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION [0000] Implantable Medical Device [0022] FIG. 1 is a block diagram 100 showing, by way of example, an implantable medical device (IMD) 103 monitoring physiological parameters of a patient, in accordance with an embodiment of the invention. By way of example, an implantable cardiac device, such as an implantable pulse generator or implantable cardioverter defibrillator is described. Although presented with reference to implantable cardiac monitoring and therapy delivery, IMDs 103 also include neural stimulation, drug dispensing, and other implantable, as well as external, monitoring and therapy delivery devices. [0023] The IMD 103 is surgically implanted in the chest or abdomen of a patient and consists generally of a housing 104 and terminal block 105. The IMD 103 is coupled to a set of leads 106 a-b at the terminal block 105. During surgery, the leads 106 a-b are threaded through a vein and placed into the heart 102 with the distal tips of each lead 106 a-b positioned in direct contact with tissue inside the heart 102. [0024] The housing 104 contains a battery 107, control circuitry 108, memory 109, and telemetry circuitry 110. The battery 107 provides a finite power source for the IMD components. The control circuitry 108 samples and processes raw data signals and includes signal filters and amplifiers, memory and a microprocessor-based controller. The memory 109 includes a memory store in which raw physiological signals can be stored for later retrieval and analysis. The telemetry circuitry 110 provides an interface between the IMD 103 and external devices, such as an external programmer, programmer recorder monitor, repeater, and equivalent devices (not shown), hereafter simply “programmer.” The telemetry circuitry 110 enables operating parameters to be non-invasively programmed into the memory 109 through an external device in telemetric communication with the IMD 103. The telemetry circuitry 110 also allows patient history information collected by the IMD 103 and transiently stored in the memory 109 to be sent to the external device for processing and analysis. [0025] The IMD 103 is in direct electrical communication with the heart 102 through electrodes 111 a-b positioned on the distal tips of each lead 106 a-b. By way of example, the set of leads 106 a-b can include a right ventricular electrode 111 a and a right atrial electrode 111 b. The right ventricular electrode 111 a is preferably placed in the right ventricular apex 112 of the heart 102 and the right atrial electrodes 111 b is preferably placed in the right atrial chamber 113 of the heart 102. The electrodes 111 a-b enable the IMD 103 to directly collect raw physiological measures, preferably through millivolt measurements. Other configurations and arrangements of leads and electrodes, including the use of single and multiple leads arrays and single and multiple electrodes, can be used, as would be recognized by one skilled in the art. [0026] In the described embodiment, the IMD 103 can be implemented as part of cardiac pacemakers used for managing bradycardia, implantable cardioverter defibrillators used for treating tachycardia, and other types of implantable cardiovascular monitors and therapeutic devices used for monitoring and treating structural problems of the heart, such as congestive heart failure, as well as rhythm problems. Examples of cardiac pacemakers suitable for use in the described embodiment include the Pulsar Max II, Discovery, and Discovery II pacing systems, sold by Guidant Corporation, St. Paul, Minn. An example of an implantable cardioverter defibrillator suitable for use in the described embodiment includes the Contak Renewal cardiac resynchronization therapy defibrillator, also sold by Guidant Corporation, St. Paul, Minn. [0027] On a regular basis, the raw physiological signals stored in the memory 109 are retrieved as part of a patient history. In addition, operational settings are retrieved as parametric values. By way of example, a programmer can be used to retrieve the raw physiological signals. However, any form of programmer, repeater, interrogator, recorder, monitor, or transceiver suitable for communicating with IMD 103 could be used. As necessary, revised operational settings can also be stored by the programmer to reprogram the IMD 103. [0028] For short range data exchange, the IMD 103 communicates with the programmer or repeater through inductive telemetry signals exchanged through a wand placed over the location of the IMD 103. Programming or interrogating instructions are sent to the IMD 103 and the stored raw physiological signals are downloaded into the programmer. In a further embodiment, the IMD 103 communicates with an external device capable of long range telemetry, such as a radio frequency (RF) programmer, repeater or other wireless computing device. Other types of data interfaces are possible. Prior to initiating the long range data exchange session, patient/clinician authentication is performed through secure crypto key retrieval and long range telemetry is transacted through secure data exchange, such as described in commonly-assigned U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/800,806, filed Mar. 15, 2004, pending, and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/801,150, filed Mar. 15, 2004, pending, the disclosures of which are incorporated by reference. [0029] In a further embodiment, the IMD 103 includes a telemetry interlock that limits communication between the IMD 103 and an external device. Patient/clinician authentication is secured through release of the telemetry interlock, which can be used in conjunction with secure crypto key retrieval. The telemetry interlock is released when the external device transmits an ENABLE command to the IMD 103 via short range telemetry, such as described in commonly-assigned U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/601,763, filed Jun. 23, 2003, pending, the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference. [0030] An example of a programmer with inductive telemetry is the Model 2920 Programmer Recorder Monitor, manufactured by Guidant Corporation, Indianapolis, Ind., which includes the capability to store retrieved raw physiological signals on a removable floppy diskette, known as a patient data diskette. The raw physiological signals can later be electronically transferred using a personal computer or similar processing device. The stored raw physiological signals and operational settings can also be retrieved from the IMD 103 and electronically transferred to via cellular network, as further described below beginning with reference to FIG. 3. [0000] Implantable Medical Device [0031] FIG. 2 is a block diagram showing a prior art system 120 for providing communications between a programmer 122 and an external device. During use, the programmer 122 is initially powered up, completes any self-tests and initializes the programmer 122 for IMD interrogation. A wand 123 is placed over the location of an IMD 121, which sends parametric values and patient history data to the programmer 122 over the telemetric link 124. The programmer 122 can store, view and process the downloaded patient histories, such as by using a display screen 125 or printer 126, and can reprogram the IMD 121 with revised operational settings uploaded. The downloaded data can also be transferred one or more external devices, such as a data center 133. [0032] By way of example, the programmer 122 is operatively interfaced to a data center 133 operated on a server coupled to an external storage device 134. The programmer 122 can interface to the data center 133 through several means. First, data, such as parametric values that include operational settings and patient history data that includes physiological measures, can be stored on a patient data diskette 128 using a diskette drive 127 integral to the programmer 122. The patient data diskette 128 can be manually transferred to the data center 133 and read in, provided the data center 133 supports the format used to store the data on the patient data diskette 128. [0033] Alternatively, the data can be electronically transferred over a low speed serial modem connection 131 or via a high speed network connection 135. The low speed serial modem connection 131 allows the programmer 122 to utilize a standard POTS (Plain Old Telephone System) line 129 to access an Internet Service Provider (ISP) (not shown), which transacts a network data exchange session with the data center 133 on behalf of the programmer 122. The low speed serial modem connection 131 provides the convenience of flexibility, but requires a compatible telephone connection and a dialup telephone account with the ISP. Depending upon the hospital, clinic or similar physical environment, compatible telephone connections can be difficult to obtain, particularly where the telephone system is digital and incompatible with conventional analog modems. As well, setting up and configuring the dialup telephone account on the programmer 122 can be an involved and daunting task for technically-challenged users. Furthermore, the programmer 122 must contend with other users of the telephone system, including conventional telephone 130 and other modem users. [0034] The high speed network connection 135 bypasses the ISP and enables the programmer 122 to directly access the data center 133 over a data network 132, such as the Internet. The high speed network connection 135 provides the convenience of high bandwidth data transfer, but requires a compatible network connection, which must generally be provided by the information technology (IT) infrastructure of the hospital, clinic or similar physical environment. In addition, access to the available network may be subject to security controls pertaining to authorized access and to data transfer from within and into the network, such as due to firewalls or Internet filters. [0000] System Overview [0035] FIG. 3 is a block diagram showing a system 140 for providing communications between a physically secure programmer 141 and an external device using a cellular network 144, in accordance with an embodiment of the invention. As before, during use, the programmer 141 is initially powered up, completes any self-tests and initializes the programmer 141 for IMD interrogation. However, the power up procedure also transparently registers a credentials 156 uniquely assigned to the programmer 141 with a security server 148 before enabling the programmer 141 for further operation. Thus, following successful registration, a wand 123 is placed over the location of an IMD 121, which sends parametric values and patient history data to the programmer 141 over the telemetric link 124. The programmer 141 can similarly store, view and process the downloaded patient histories, such as by using a display screen 125 or printer 126, and can reprogram the IMD 121 with revised operational settings uploaded. The downloaded data can also be transferred one or more external devices, such as a data center 133. [0036] As part of the atomic power up procedure, the programmer 141 automatically establishes a connection with a security server 145 over a cellular network 144 to register the credentials 156 uniquely identifying the programmer 141. From a user's standpoint, the connection is transparent and does not require a physical connection to a phone or network jack, account set up and configuration or permissions to gain access and work within a controlled security framework. The programmer 141 includes an integral cellular transceiver 142, which allows the programmer 141 to automatically access the cellular network 144 via a high speed cellular connection 143, as further described below with reference to FIG. 5. Upon establishing the high speed cellular connection 143, the programmer 141 sends the credentials 156 to the security server 145 over a network interface for comparison to a roster of programmer credentials 147 securely maintained in a database 146. [0037] The credentials 156 are securely maintained on the programmer 141. In the described embodiment, the credentials 156 can include the serial number assigned to the programmer 141 at the factory, a security certificate, such as an RSA security certificate, an asymmetric crypto key, or any other form of uniquely assignable credential. The roster 147 lists those credentials 156 assigned to legitimate programmers 141 that are enabled for continued operation by the security server 145. In a further embodiment, the roster 147 lists those credentials 156 assigned to untrusted programmers 141 that are disabled for continued operation by the security server 145. An untrusted programmer 141 includes rogue programmers reported lost or missing or which fail repeatedly fail to complete a mandatory security procedure, such as a user logon sequence. Other types of rogue programmers are possible, wherein operational status is denied by the security server 145. [0038] Upon successful registration, the security server 145 assigns an operational status to the credentialing programmer 141, which confirms the continued operational status of the programmer 141. The data retrieved from the programmer 141 can then be electronically exchanged with a plurality of external devices via the cellular network 144. The programmer 141, cellular network 144 and external devices each implement standard network protocol stacks for exchanging structured packetized data. In the described embodiment, Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) compliant network protocol stacks are used, such as described in W. R. Stevens, “TCP/IP Illustrated,” Vol. 1, Chs. 1-3, Addison Wesley Longman, Inc., Reading, Mass., (1994), the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference, although other types of network protocol stacks could also be used. The cellular network 144 primarily provides point-to-point connectivity by implementing the link and network layers, while the programmer 141 and the external devices provide end-to-end connectivity by also implementing the link and network layers, plus the transport and application layers, if applicable. In the described embodiment, the cellular network 144 can be CDMA, GSM, GPRS, WCDMA compliant, although other types of cellular networks could also be used. [0039] The external devices non-exclusively include a further programmer 148, the security server 145, data server 149, personal computer 152, network printer 153, external antenna 154, and dedicated repeater 155. The further programmer 148 and dedicated repeater 155 also include an integral cellular transceiver, which allows the further programmer 148 and the dedicated repeater 155 to automatically access the cellular network 144 via a high speed cellular connection. Upon successful registration of both the programmer 141 and the further programmer 148, the data can be cooperatively exchanged and analyzed over the cellular network 144 and each programmer can perform equivalent operations on the data, except for reprogramming the IMD 121, which can only be performed by the immediately IMD-interfaceable programmer 141. The programmer 141 can also cause the further programmer 148 to download and store data on other external devices. The dedicated repeater 155 is assigned to single IMD 121 for a particular patient's exclusive use and only, upon successful registration, only allows data upload and reprogramming settings download on an IMD-specific basis. [0040] The data server 149 maintains a set of patient records 148 in a database 150 in which parametric values and patient history data can be stored. Alternatively, the set of patient records 148 could be maintained in the database 146 managed by the security server 145. Similarly, the data can be exchanged with the personal computer 152 and each of the security server 145, data server 149 and personal computer 152, as applicable, can store, view and process the downloaded patient histories and generate reprogramming parameters for the IMD 121. In addition, the data can be evaluated and matched as quantitative pathophysiological measures against one or more medical conditions, such as described in related, commonly-owned U.S. Pat. No. 6,336,903, to Bardy, issued Jan. 8, 2002; U.S. Pat. No. 6,368,284, to Bardy, issued Apr. 9, 2002; U.S. Pat. No. 6,398,728, to Bardy, issued Jun. 2, 2002; U.S. Pat. No. 6,411,840, to Bardy, issued Jun. 25, 2002; and U.S. Pat. No. 6,440,066, to Bardy, issued Aug. 27, 2002, the disclosures of which are incorporated by reference. In a further embodiment, the data can be supplemented with qualitative measures, such as quality of life measures or other semi-quantitative self-assessments of individual patient physical and emotional well being. Non-commercial, non-proprietary standardized quality of life scoring systems are readily available, such as provided by the Duke Activities Status Indicator. [0041] Finally, the network printer 153 and external antenna 154 perform ancillary functions. The network printer 153 allows the programmer 141 to printout the data on a high quality, high volume printer, whereas the external antenna 154 mitigates cellular signal strength dips that can potentially occur within buildings. In the described embodiment, the external antenna 154 is a Pico cell antenna or distributed antenna array, although other forms of supplemental cellular antennas are possible. [0000] Process Flow [0042] FIG. 4 is a process flow diagram showing cellular network communications 160 as performed by the system 140 of FIG. 3. For clarity, the ancillary operations performed by the programmer 141 and external devices, such as data storage, viewing and processing, are omitted. During power up, each programmer 141 registers credentials 156 (operation 161) with a security server 145. A data exchange session is started with the IMD 121 (operation 162) only after successfully confirming the credentials 156 against the roster of programmer credentials 147 maintained by the security server 145. During the data exchange session, parametric values and patient history data is uploaded from and downloaded to the IMD 121 (operations 163 and 164, respectively), after which the data exchange session can be closed (operation 165). [0000] Programmer Schematic [0043] FIG. 5 is a functional schematic diagram 170 showing, by way of example, a programmer 141 configured to communicate using a cellular network 144, in accordance with an embodiment of the invention. The programmer 141 contains a power supply 171, control circuitry 172, input/output circuitry 173, telemetry circuitry 174, memory 175, and cellular transceiver 176. The power supply 171 provides a power source for the programmer components. The control circuitry 172 processes downloaded parametric values and patient history data and includes signal filters and amplifiers, memory and a microprocessor-based controller. The control circuitry 172 also registers the credentials 156 with the security server 145 and enables the programmer 141 for continued operation following successful confirmation. The input/output circuitry 173 provides an external interface to the user through input/output devices, such as speaker 177, pointing device 178, keyboard 179, display 180, and diskette drive 181. Other types of input/output devices are possible. The telemetry circuitry 174 provides an interface between the programmer 141 and IMD 121 through a wand 183 and enables operating parameters to be non-invasively programmed into the IMD 103 through telemetric communication. The telemetry circuitry 174 also allows retrieval of patient history information collected and transiently stored by the IMD 121 for processing and analysis. The memory 175 includes a memory store in which downloaded parametric values and patient history data can be stored for later retrieval and analysis by the control circuitry 171 or for transferal to other external devices. Finally, the cellular transceiver 176 enables the programmer 141 to establish a connection over the cellular network 144. In the described embodiment, the cellular transceiver 176 is integrated at the circuit level into the programmer 141. In a further embodiment, the cellular transceiver 176 is provided as a removable PCMCIA-compliant expansion card, such as the Merlin C201 wireless CDMA cellular communications card. [0000] Method Overview [0044] FIG. 6 is a flow diagram showing a method 200 for providing communications between a physically secure programmer 141 and an external device using a cellular network 144, in accordance with an embodiment of the invention. The method 200 is described as a sequence of process operations or steps, which can be executed, for instance, by the programmer 121, further programmer 148, dedicated repeater 155, or other components. [0045] Initially, the programmer 141 undergoes a power up, during which the credentials 156 are registered (block 201), as further described below with reference to FIG. 7. Power up and credential registration are completed as an atomic procedure and the continued operation of the programmer 141 is disabled (block 202) if the programmer 141 cannot be confirmed as being legitimate. If confirmed and not disabled (block 202), the programmer 141 can proceed to execute a data exchange session (block 203), as further described below with reference to FIG. 9. Further data exchange sessions can also be executed with the same or other external devices (block 204), after which the programmer 141 undergoes a power down (block 205), as further described below with reference to FIG. 10. The method then terminates. [0000] Power Up and Credential Registration [0046] FIG. 7 is a flow diagram showing a routine 210 for powering up and registering credentials for use in the method 200 of FIG. 6. The purpose of this routine is integrate the power up sequence with the registration of credentials 156 to form an atomic procedure. [0047] The boot sequence of the programmer 141 is initiated (block 211) and the cellular transceiver 176 is accessed to detect cellular network access (block 212). If a cellular network 144 is not detected (block 213), the programmer 141 is disabled from further operation (block 219). Otherwise, a high speed cellular connection 143 is initiated (block 214). If the connection fails (block 215), the programmer 141 is disabled from further operation (block 219). Otherwise, if initiated (block 215), the credentials 156 are registered with the security server 145 (block 216), as further described below with reference to FIG. 8. If registration fails (block 217), the programmer 141 is disabled from further operation (block 219). Otherwise, if registered successfully (block 217), the boot sequence completes and the programmer 141 commences operations (block 218). The routine then returns. [0000] Credential Registration [0048] FIG. 8 is a flow diagram showing a function 230 for registering credentials for use in the routine 210 of FIG. 7. The purpose of this function is register credentials 156 received from an unconfirmed programmer 141 prior to enabling or disabling the programmer 141 from further operation. [0049] Following automatic connection via the cellular network 144, the security server 145 requests the credentials 156 from the unconfirmed programmer 141 (block 231), which are received and processed (block 232). Processing can include parsing a security certificate or decrypting an asymmetric crypto key. The credentials corresponding to the unconfirmed programmer 141 are looked up in the roster 147 (block 233) to determine whether the unconfirmed programmer 141 is legitimate or untrusted. In the described embodiment, the roster 147 lists those credentials 156 assigned to legitimate programmers 141 that are enabled for continued operation by the security server 145. In a further embodiment, the roster 147 lists those credentials 156 assigned to untrusted programmers 141 that are disabled for continued operation by the security server 145. If the unconfirmed programmer 141 is legitimate (block 234), the function returns TRUE flag to signal the programmer 141 as confirmed (block 235). If the unconfirmed programmer 141 is untrusted (block 234), an alert is generated (block 236) for the health care provider or patient and the function returns FALSE flag to signal the programmer 141 as unconfirmed (block 237). [0000] Session Execution [0050] FIG. 9 is a flow diagram showing a routine 240 for executing a session for use in the method 200 of FIG. 6. The purpose of this routine is generically transact a data exchange session between the programmer 141 and one or more external devices. [0051] An external device is first selected (block 241) and, if necessary, the programmer logs on to the external device (block 242). A data exchange is transacted with the external device (block 243). The type of data exchange is dependent upon the type of data being exchanged, the nature of the external device vis-à-vis the programmer 141, the operations performed on the data, and whether the data exchange is one-way, two-way or bi-directional, such as further described above with reference to FIG. 3. In particular, if the programmer 141 is interfacing to a further programmer 148 (block 244), an interface is opened to the IMD 121, such as through inductive telemetry (block 245) and a data exchange is transacted with the IMD 121 (block 246), which can include indirectly interfacing by the further programmer 148 with the IMD 121 through the programmer 141. When the further programmer interfacing is complete (block 247), the interface to the IMD 121 is closed (block 248). Similarly, when the external device interfacing in complete (block 249), if applicable, the programmer 141 logs off the external system (block 250). The routine then returns. [0000] Power Down [0052] FIG. 10 is a flow diagram showing a routine 260 for powering down for use in the routine 200 of FIG. 6. The purpose of this routine is cleanly power down the programmer 141 while ensuring orderly deregistration with the security server 145. [0053] The power down sequence of the programmer 141 is initiated (block 261). A high speed cellular connection 143 is initiated if necessary and the credentials 156 are deregistered with the security server 145 (block 262). The cellular connection 143 is then closed (block 263) and the power down sequence completes (block 264), after which the routine returns. [0054] While the invention has been particularly shown and described as referenced to the embodiments thereof, those skilled in the art will understand that the foregoing and other changes in form and detail may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. 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2010Jun 17, 2010Medtronic, Inc.Remote Scheduling for Management of an Implantable Medical DeviceUS20110098788 *Jan 7, 2011Apr 28, 2011Sylvia QuilesSecure remote access for an implantable medical deviceUS20110118809 *Jun 10, 2009May 19, 2011Lorenzo RossiApparatus for the controlled prescription and administration of transcranial direct current stimulation treatments in humans* Cited by examinerClassifications U.S. Classification607/60, 607/32International ClassificationA61N1/372Cooperative ClassificationA61N1/37282European ClassificationA61N1/372D8RLegal EventsDateCodeEventDescriptionAug 5, 2004ASAssignmentOwner name: CARDIAC PACEMAKERS, INC., MINNESOTAFree format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:PERSEN, KENNETH H.;VALLAPUREDDY, VINEEL;REEL/FRAME:015649/0992;SIGNING DATES FROM 20040714 TO 20040715Owner name: CARDIAC PACEMAKERS, INC., MINNESOTAFree format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:PERSEN, KENNETH H.;VALLAPUREDDY, VINEEL;SIGNING DATES FROM 20040714 TO 20040715;REEL/FRAME:015649/0992Feb 19, 2014FPAYFee paymentYear of fee payment: 4RotateOriginal ImageGoogle Home - Sitemap - USPTO Bulk Downloads - Privacy Policy - Terms of Service - About Google Patents - Send FeedbackData provided by IFI CLAIMS Patent Services

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text: The charge storage elements of current flash EEPROM arrays are most commonly electrically conductive floating gates, typically formed from doped polysilicon material. Another type of memory cell useful in flash EEPROM systems utilizes a non-conductive dielectric material in place of a conductive floating gate to store charge in a non-volatile manner. Such a cell is described in an article by Chan et al., “A True Single-Transistor Oxide-Nitride-Oxide EEPROM Device,” IEEE Electron Device Letters, Vol. EDL-8, No. 3, March 1987, pp. 93-95. A triple layer dielectric formed of silicon oxide, silicon nitride and silicon oxide (“ONO”) is sandwiched between a conductive control gate and a surface of a semi-conductive substrate above the memory cell channel. The cell is programmed by injecting electrons from the cell chann


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Patent US7358170 - Methods of forming conductive interconnects, and methods of depositing nickel - Google PatentsSearch Images Maps Play YouTube News Gmail Drive More »Sign in<nobr>Advanced Patent Search</nobr>PatentsThe invention includes methods of electroless plating of nickel selectively on exposed conductive surfaces relative to exposed insulative surfaces. The electroless plating can utilize a bath which contains triethanolamine, maleic anhydride and at least one nickel salt....http://www.google.com/patents/US7358170?utm_source=gb-gplus-sharePatent US7358170 - Methods of forming conductive interconnects, and methods of depositing nickelAdvanced Patent SearchPublication numberUS7358170 B2Publication typeGrantApplication numberUS 11/149,578Publication dateApr 15, 2008Filing dateJun 9, 2005Priority dateJun 28, 2004Fee statusPaidAlso published asUS6933231, US7820545, US8062969, US20050287305, US20080146022, US20110008958Publication number11149578, 149578, US 7358170 B2, US 7358170B2, US-B2-7358170, US7358170 B2, US7358170B2InventorsChandra TiwariOriginal AssigneeMicron Technology, Inc.Export CitationBiBTeX, EndNote, RefManPatent Citations (10), Non-Patent Citations (2), Classifications (48), Legal Events (1) External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, EspacenetMethods of forming conductive interconnects, and methods of depositing nickelUS 7358170 B2Abstract The invention includes methods of electroless plating of nickel selectively on exposed conductive surfaces relative to exposed insulative surfaces. The electroless plating can utilize a bath which contains triethanolamine, maleic anhydride and at least one nickel salt.
1. A method of forming a conductive interconnect, comprising:
providing a semiconductor substrate having an electrically conductive node, an electrically insulative material adjacent the node, and an opening extending through the insulative material to a surface of the node, a sidewall periphery of the opening comprising an exposed surface of the electrically insulative material; and
electroless plating nickel within the opening to form the conductive interconnect within the opening, the electroless plating selectively depositing the nickel on the surface of the node relative to the exposed surface of the electrically insulative material and comprising providing a plating bath within the opening, the plating bath containing a nickel salt, a metal chelator, triethanolamine, a reducing agent and maleic anhydride.
2. The method of claim 1 wherein the surface of the electrically conductive node comprises copper.
3. The method of claim 1 wherein the surface of the electrically conductive node consists essentially of copper.
4. The method of claim 1 wherein the surface of the electrically conductive node consists of copper.
5. The method of claim 1 wherein the surface of the electrically conductive node consists essentially of tungsten.
6. The method of claim 1 wherein the surface of the electrically conductive node consists of tungsten.
7. The method of claim 1 wherein the surface of the electrically conductive node consists essentially of nickel.
8. The method of claim 1 wherein the surface of the electrically conductive node consists of nickel.
9. The method of claim 1 wherein the exposed surface of the electrically insulative material comprises one or both of silicon nitride and silicon dioxide.
10. The method of claim 1 wherein the triethanolamine is present in the plating bath to a concentration of from about 35 grams per liter to about 80 grams per liter.
11. The method of claim 1 wherein the maleic anhydride is present in the plating bath to a concentration of from about 0.5 grams per liter to about 2.5 grams per liter.
12. The method of claim 1 wherein the nickel salt is nickel chloride.
13. The method of claim 1 wherein the nickel salt is nickel sulfate.
14. The method of claim 13 wherein the nickel sulfate is present in the plating bath to a concentration of from about 20 grams per liter to about 50 grams per liter.
15. The method of claim 1 wherein the reducing agent is dimethyl aminoborane.
16. The method of claim 15 wherein the dimethyl aminoborane is present in the plating bath to a concentration of from about 6 grams per liter to about 15 grams per liter.
17. The method of claim 1 wherein the reducing agent is sodium hydroborate.
18. The method of claim 1 wherein the metal chelator is a salt of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid.
19. The method of claim 1 wherein the metal chelator is a potassium salt of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid.
20. The method of claim 19 wherein the potassium salt of the ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid is present in the plating bath to a concentration of from about 10 grams per liter to about 25 grams per liter.
21. The method of claim 1 wherein the electroless plating occurs while the bath is maintained at a temperature of from about 20� C. to about 85� C.
22. The method of claim 1 wherein the electroless plating occurs while a pH of the bath is from about 7 to about 9.5.
23. The method of claim 1 wherein the electroless plating is conducted for a time of from about 1 minute to about 0.5 hours.
24. A method of forming a conductive interconnect, comprising:
providing a semiconductor substrate having an electrically conductive node, an electrically insulative material adjacent the node, and an opening extending through the insulative material to a surface of the node, a sidewall periphery of the opening comprising an exposed surface of the electrically insulative material;
electroless plating nickel within the opening to form the conductive interconnect within the opening, the electroless plating selectively depositing the nickel on the surface of the node relative to the exposed surface of the electrically insulative material and comprising providing a plating bath within the opening, the plating bath containing a nickel salt, a metal chelator, triethanolamine, a reducing agent and maleic anhydride; and
wherein the electroless plating is conducted without prior activation of the surface of the electrically conductive node.
25. A method of forming a conductive interconnect, comprising:
wherein the surface of the electrically conductive node comprises tungsten.
26. A method of forming a conductive interconnect, comprising:
wherein the surface of the electrically conductive node comprises nickel.
27. A method of forming a conductive interconnect, comprising:
wherein the reducing agent is selected from the group consisting of dimethyl aminoborane, hypophosphate, formaldehyde and one or more hydroborate salts.
RELATED PATENT DATA This patent resulted from a divisional application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/879,366, which was filed Jun. 28, 2004, and which issued as U.S. Pat. No. 6,933,231 on Aug. 23, 2005.
TECHNICAL FIELD The invention pertains to methods of forming conductive interconnects, and pertains to methods of depositing nickel.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Semiconductor fabrication frequently involves formation of conductive materials within openings, trenches or vias to form conductive interconnects. An exemplary prior art process for forming a conductive interconnect is described with reference to FIGS. 1 and 2.
Referring initially to FIG. 1, a semiconductor construction 10 is shown to comprise a semiconductor base 12 supporting an electrically conductive node 14 and an electrically insulative material 16. Base 12 can comprise, for example, a monocrystalline silicon wafer. Although base 12 is shown having a homogeneous composition, it is to be understood that base 12 can comprise numerous layers and integrated circuit devices (not shown). The combination of base 12 with structures 14 and 16 can be referred to as a semiconductor substrate. To aid in interpretation of the claims that follow, the terms �semiconductive substrate� and �semiconductor substrate� are defined to mean any construction comprising semiconductive material, including, but not limited to, bulk semiconductive materials such as a semiconductive wafer (either alone or in assemblies comprising other materials thereon), and semiconductive material layers (either alone or in assemblies comprising other materials). The term �substrate� refers to any supporting structure, including, but not limited to, the semiconductive substrates described above.
For purposes of interpreting this disclosure and the claims that follow, a deposition process is considered to be �selective� for a first surface relative to a second surface if deposition occurs more rapidly in the first surface than the second surface, which can include, but is not limited to, conditions in which the deposition occurs only on the first surface and not on the second surface (i.e., conditions in which the deposition is 100% selective for the first surface relative to the second surface).
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION In one aspect, the invention includes a method of depositing nickel. A semiconductor substrate is provided. The substrate has a surface of an electrically conductive node, and also has a surface of an electrically insulative material. The surfaces of the conductive node and the electrically insulative material are both exposed to an electroless plating bath. The bath is utilized for selectively electroless plating nickel on the surface of the node relative to the surface of the electrically insulative material. The plating bath contains triethanolamine, maleic anhydride and at least one nickel salt. The plating bath can further include a reducing agent, such as, for example, dimethyl aminoborane (DMAB).
In one aspect, the invention includes a method of forming a conductive interconnect. A semiconductor substrate is provided. The substrate has an electrically conductive node, an electrically insulative material adjacent the node, and an opening extending through the insulative material to a surface of the node. A sidewall periphery of the opening comprises an exposed surface of the electrically insulative material. Nickel is electroless plated within the opening to form the conductive interconnect within the opening. The electroless plating selectively deposits the nickel on the surface of the node relative to the exposed surface of the electrically insulative material. The electroless plating comprises provision of a bath within the opening, with such bath containing a nickel salt, a metal chelator, triethanolamine, a reducing agent and maleic anhydride.
An electroless plating solution of the present invention can be utilized under any suitable conditions. In particular aspects, the plating solution is utilized while maintaining a pH of the solution at from about 7 to about 9.5 (with from about 8 to about 8.5 being typical), and while maintaining a temperature of the solution at from about 20� C. to about 85� C. (with a temperature of about 60� C. being typical). Electroless plating can be conducted for any suitable time, with a time of from about 1 minute to about 0.5 hours being typical.
Patent CitationsCited PatentFiling datePublication dateApplicantTitleUS3898352 *Dec 26, 1973Aug 5, 1975Motorola IncPlastic plating process and solution thereforUS4066804Oct 1, 1974Jan 3, 1978Imperial Chemical Industries LimitedElectroless plating, polymeric substrate, data recordingUS5269838Mar 12, 1993Dec 14, 1993Dipsol Chemicals Co., Ltd.Electroless plating solution and plating method with itUS5795828 *Jul 3, 1996Aug 18, 1998Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd.Electroless plating bath used for forming a wiring of a semiconductor device, and method of forming a wiring of a semiconductor deviceUS6174353Sep 9, 1999Jan 16, 2001Ibiden Co., Ltd.Alkali solution, a reducing agent and a complexing agentUS6238749May 23, 1996May 29, 2001U.S. Philips CorporationMethod of providing a metal pattern on an electrically insulating substrate in an electroless processUS6624070 *Oct 24, 2001Sep 23, 2003Shipley Company, L.L.C.Plating catalystsUS6645557Oct 17, 2001Nov 11, 2003Atotech Deutschland GmbhTreating surface with silver compound before plating; preferably surface is sensitized with a stanous compound before silver treatmentUS6680273 *Oct 24, 2001Jan 20, 2004Shipley Company, L.L.C.Plating catalysts and electronic packaging substrates plated therewithSU519498A1 Title not available* Cited by examinerNon-Patent CitationsReference1ASM Handbook; vol. 5, Surface Engineering; "Electroless Nickel Plating", pp. 290-310; D. Baudrand.2Kondo et al., "Acceleration of Electroless Copper Deposition in the Presence of Excess Triethanolamine," The Electrochemical Society, Inc., (C) 1991, pp. 3629-3633.Classifications U.S. Classification438/584, 438/624, 438/623, 438/625, 438/672, 438/637, 438/675, 438/639, 438/713, 438/640, 438/700, 257/E21.586, 438/622, 257/760, 438/668, 438/618, 438/778, 438/678, 257/774, 257/759, 438/629, 438/648, 257/758, 257/766, 438/638, 257/E21.174International ClassificationH01L21/44, C23C18/32, H01L21/20, H01L23/48, H01L21/288, H01L21/311, B05D1/18, H01L21/4763, H01L21/31, H01L21/768, C23C18/16, H01L21/302Cooperative ClassificationC23C18/1608, C23C18/32, H01L21/288, C23C18/34, H01L21/76879European ClassificationC23C18/34, C23C18/32, H01L21/288, H01L21/768C4B, C23C18/16B2Legal EventsDateCodeEventDescriptionSep 14, 2011FPAYFee paymentYear of fee payment: 4RotateOriginal ImageGoogle Home - Sitemap - USPTO Bulk Downloads - Privacy Policy - Terms of Service - About Google Patents - Send FeedbackData provided by IFI CLAIMS Patent Services©2012 Google


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BBC Radio 2 - Steve Wright in the Afternoon, with Katie Derham, Petroc Trelawny and Barry From Watford We use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. We also use cookies to ensure we show you advertising that is relevant to you. If you continue without changing your settings, we'll assume that you are happy to receive all cookies on the BBC website. However, if you would like to, you can change your cookie settings at any time. Continue Find out more ]]> Accessibility links Skip to content Skip to local navigation Accessibility Help BBC iD BBC iD Settings Sign out BBC navigation News Sport Weather Capital Culture Shop TV Radio More… Search term: iPlayer Radio What's New? Stations On Air Now 10:00 - 13:00
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Re: Fisheye lens cap: Micro Four Thirds Talk Forum: Digital Photography Review
tt321 • Forum Pro • Posts: 11,596
The manufacturers seem to have now switched to a system of using rumour cites for true news, and using proper news cites for first impression reviews. I think the primary section on this website should have its name 'News' changed to 'Impressions'
Also, if you are into conspiracy theories, you could read something from the fact that Robin Wong has not personally reviewed the body cap lens... Therefore employee reviewers could be doubly useful

value: This website is a website about digital cameras and digital photography, established in November 1998. The website provides comprehensive reviews of digital cameras, lenses and accessories, buying guides, user reviews, and forums for individual cameras, as well as general photography forums.