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Patent US6566683 - Laser heat treatment method, laser heat treatment apparatus, and ... - Google PatentsSearch Images Maps Play YouTube News Gmail Drive More »Sign inPatentsThe laser heat treatment of an amorphous or polycrystalline silicon film material is conducted by forming a laser beam generated from a pulse laser source having a wavelength of 350 nm to 800 nm into a linear beam having a width and a length, and directing the linear beam onto a film material formed...http://www.google.com/patents/US6566683?utm_source=gb-gplus-sharePatent US6566683 - Laser heat treatment method, laser heat treatment apparatus, and semiconductor deviceAdvanced Patent SearchTry the new Google Patents, with machine-classified Google Scholar results, and Japanese and South Korean patents.Publication numberUS6566683 B1Publication typeGrantApplication numberUS 09/708,608Publication dateMay 20, 2003Filing dateNov 9, 2000Priority dateMar 10, 1999Fee statusPaidAlso published asCN1179401C, CN1304548A, DE60030517D1, DE60030517T2, DE60030517T8, EP1087429A1, EP1087429A4, EP1087429B1, EP1748471A1, EP1748471B1, US6753548, US20030201466, WO2000054314A1Publication number09708608, 708608, US 6566683 B1, US 6566683B1, US-B1-6566683, US6566683 B1, US6566683B1InventorsTetsuya Ogawa, Hidetada Tokioka, Yukio Sato, Mitsuo Inoue, Tomohiro Sasagawa, Mitsutoshi MiyasakaOriginal AssigneeMitsubishi Denki Kabushiki Kaisha, Seiko Epson CorporationExport CitationBiBTeX, EndNote, RefManPatent Citations (18), Non-Patent Citations (4), Referenced by (110), Classifications (22), Legal Events (5) External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, EspacenetLaser heat treatment method, laser heat treatment apparatus, and semiconductor device
US 6566683 B1Abstract
The laser heat treatment of an amorphous or polycrystalline silicon film material is conducted by forming a laser beam generated from a pulse laser source having a wavelength of 350 nm to 800 nm into a linear beam having a width and a length, and directing the linear beam onto a film material formed on a substrate.
This application is a continuation of International Application No. PCT/JP00/01375, whose international filing date is Mar. 8, 2000, which in turn claims the benefit of Japanese Patent Application No. 11-63107, filed Mar. 10, 1999 and Japanese Patent Application No. 11-90439, filed Mar. 31, 1999, the disclosures of which Applications are incorporated by reference herein. The benefit of the filing and priority dates of the International and Japanese Applications is respectfully requested.
FIG. 13 shows dependence of the mobility (n-channel) of a MOS transistor on the irradiation energy density of laser light, wherein the MOS transistor has its active layer formed from the polycrystalline silicon film thus obtained. FIG. 13 shows a result with the use of a KrF excimer laser source as pulse laser source 501 (FIG. 11), and pulse duration is about 15 nsec (FWHN). In addition, silicon oxide film 506 and amorphous silicon film 505 have a thickness of 200 nm and 50 nm, respectively. Herein, a laser-irradiation area is defined as an area having an irradiation intensity that is 1/e2 times or more of the peak value, and the irradiation energy density was calculated from the radiant laser energy. As can be seen from FIG. 13, under the laser-heat-treatment conditions as described above, the maximum mobility of 80 cm2/Vs was obtained by setting the excimer-laser irradiation energy density to 230 mJ/cm2, and about 80 percent or more of the maximum mobility was obtained in the range of ±5 mJ/cm2 therefrom. However, such mobility is still insufficient to make a high-speed, high-functionality integrated circuit. Moreover, as shown in FIG. 13, the mobility is highly dependent on the irradiation energy density. Therefore, in introducing such a method in the production line, the produced transistors will have variation in their characteristics unless laser output and focusing capability of the optical system are highly strictly controlled. The reason for this can be considered as follows: since silicon has a high absorptance of the excimer laser light, a melting state thereof is varied with a slight change in the irradiation energy density, so that a recrystallization process is changed.
A laser heat treatment method according to one aspect of the present invention comprises the steps of: forming a laser beam generated from a pulse laser source having a wavelength of 350 nm to 800 nm into a linear beam having a width and length; and directing the linear beam onto a film material formed on a substrate. According to this laser heat treatment method, a high-quality thin film having a large crystal grain size can be stably obtained.
FIG. 1 is a diagram showing a conceptual structure of a laser heat treatment apparatus as an embodiment of the present invention.
Hereinafter, actual data of the present invention is described. The second harmonic of Nd:YAG laser used as a pulse laser source had pulse energy of 20 mJ/pulse, and pulse duration of 60 nsec (FWHM). Moreover, the irradiated area of the silicon film surface was 50 μm×10 mm. Experimentation was conducted with the laser-light energy being adjusted by variable attenuator 103 of FIG. 1 to the irradiation energy density of 300 to 1,500 mJ/cm2. The laser was directed onto the same portion of the silicon film twenty times. Note that the atmosphere was in the air, and the substrate temperature was a room temperature.
So far, no thin film transistor has been reported which has its active layer formed from a polycrystalline silicon film on a glass substrate by the laser heat treatment using the second harmonic of Nd:YAG laser. The present invention is the first to make such a thin film transistor. As shown in FIG. 6, the MOS transistor has n-channel mobility close to 200 cm2/Vs at the irradiation intensity of 600 mJ/cm2 or more, achieving the capability twice that obtained by excimer laser. The mobility of the transistor has extremely low dependence on the irradiation energy density, so that an acceptable range of the irradiation energy density for obtaining 80% or more of the maximum mobility is extremely wide, i.e., ±200 mJ/cm2 or more.
In contrast, as shown previously in FIG. 13, the MOS transistor having its active layer formed from the polycrystalline silicon film formed by the excimer-laser heat treatment has the maximum n-channel mobility of only about 80 cm2/Vs at the irradiation energy density of 230 mJ/cm2. The mobility is highly dependent on the irradiation energy density, so that an acceptable range of the irradiation energy density for obtaining 80% or more of the maximum mobility is extremely narrow, i.e., ±5 mJ/cm2. This causes a significant disadvantage in actual production. In addition, since the polycrystalline silicon film has been grown in the vertical direction, the grain size thereof is as small as about several hundreds of nanometers at the irradiation energy density of the maximum mobility, i.e., at 230 mJ/cm2.
In Embodiment 2, a semiconductor device is described which is made on the heat-treated substrate material as described in Embodiment 1. As shown in FIG. 7, a MOS transistor element is formed which has its active layer formed from at polycrystalline silicon film formed by the heat treatment using the second harmonic of Nd:YAG laser as described in Embodiment 1. A source 401, a drain 402 and a channel 404 interposed between the source 401 and the drain 402 are formed in the active layer. A gate 403 is formed over the channel 404. By forming the transistor such that the width direction W of the linear beam, i.e., the crystal-growth direction, corresponds to the drain-current flowing direction C, the variation in crystal orientation at the boundary planes of individual crystal grains 306 is eliminated, whereby the carriers are not scattered at the boundary planes. Moreover, the crystal-defect density at the grain boundaries is reduced due to the extremely small grain boundaries, whereby the mobility of the transistor is significantly improved. Accordingly, a transistor operated at a higher frequency among the transistors to be formed on the substrate is made such that the width direction W of the linear beam, i.e., the crystal growth direction, corresponds to the drain-current flowing direction C, a device capable of operating at up to a high frequency can be obtained. Moreover, in the method of present invention, not only the grain size and thus the mobility of the transistor are increased, but also the conditions for obtaining the maximum mobility of the transistor are not critical in terms of the laser irradiation energy density. Accordingly, the transistors having a constant characteristic can be advantageously obtained even if the laser intensity is slightly varied.
In Embodiment 3, the shape of the linear beam is described. Regarding the line-shaped irradiated region, the experimentation of Embodiment 1 was conducted so that the region of 50 μm×10 mm was irradiated. As described above, however, the length of the irradiated region need only be about 10 times or more of the width in order for the laser irradiation to produce the lateral temperature distribution within the silicon film only in the direction orthogonal to the length direction of the linear beam, and to cause the crystal growth mainly in a one-dimensional direction. In other words, the laser light need only have a width of 50 to 100 μm and a length of 1 mm or more.
In Embodiment 8, the laser-light energy in the laser heat treatment of Embodiment 1 is described. In the experimentation of Embodiment 1, an optimal property was obtained with the energy intensity of 800 mJ/cm2 per pulse at the irradiated position. At this time, the total irradiation energy was 4 mJ/pulse. The laser light emitted from the oscillator is lost by 10 to 20% in the intermediate optical system. In other words, the laser light emitted from the oscillator need only have the energy of 5 mJ/pulse or more. As the laser light has higher energy per pulse, it can be directed onto a wider area. In the case of the present invention, the length of the linear beam can be increased, whereby the production capability can be improved Note that, for the lower limit of the linear beam as described above, i.e., in order for a region of 1 mm long to be irradiated with the irradiation laser light having a width of 50 μm, a laser oscillator of at least 0.5 mJ/pulse is required. Moreover, in view of the production capability, it would be extremely advantageous if a region of 25 mm (1 inch) long can be irradiated with a single pulse. For example, this is because a region of a thin film transistor (TFT) that is about 1.3 inches in diagonal can be scanned by a single beam as a semiconductor device to be made. In this case, the laser oscillator of 15 mJ/pulse is required. As described above, the effect of the linear beam according to the present invention is obtained by the laser oscillator of 0.5 mJ/pulse or more, and the laser oscillator of 15 mJ/pulse or more is preferable in view of the production capability.
In Embodiment 9, the laser for use in the laser heat treatment of Embodiment 1 is described. The laser irradiation using the second harmonic of Nd:YAG has been described in Embodiment 1. In the case of the second harmonic of Nd:YAG, high output can be obtained due to its efficiency, whereby productive heat treatment can be achieved. According to the principle of the present invention, irradiation laser is basically determined by an absorptance of the laser light in amorphous silicon. Therefore, a film having a large grain size can be made as long as the pulse laser light has an absorptance of the same order and wavelength of 350 nm to 800 nm. Accordingly, in addition to the second harmonic of Nd:YAG laser, the heat treatment may be conducted using: a harmonic of other Nd ion-doped solid-state lasers such as a third harmonic of Nd:YAG laser, a second or third harmonic of Nd:glass laser, and a second or third harmonic of Nd:YLF laser; a second or third harmonic of Yb ion-doped solid-state lasers such as Yb YAG and Yb:glass; or a fundamental or second harmonic of Ti:Sapphire laser. These solid-state lasers are capable of efficient, stable oscillation. Particularly in a solid-state laser using the crystal such as YAG or YLF as a medium, a pulse repetition frequency of the pulse oscillation can be increased, whereby excellent production capability can be achieved.
Hereinafter, actual data of the present invention is described Laser heat treatment was conducted in a manner similar to that of Embodiment 1 as described above with reference to FIGS. 1 to 5. The second harmonic of Nd:YAG laser used as a pulse laser source had pulse energy of 20 mJ/pulse, and pulse duration of 60 nsec (FWHM). Moreover, the beam-irradiated area of the silicon film surface was 50 μm×10 mm or 250 μm×10 mm. Experimentation was conducted with the laser-light energy being adjusted by variable attenuator 103 of FIG. 1 to the irradiation energy density of 300 to 1,000 mJ/cm2 (which is the total irradiation energy divided by the beam-irradiated area). The maximum gradient of the irradiation-energy-density distribution in the width direction of the linear beam was 4 mJ/cm2/μm (irradiated area of 250 μm×10 mm, and irradiation energy density of 800 mJ/cm2) and 30 mJ/cm2/μm (irradiated area of 50 μm×10 mm, and irradiation energy density of 800 mJ/cm2). The laser was directed onto the same portion of the silicon film twenty times. Note that the atmosphere was in the air, and the substrate temperature was a room temperature.
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Structures Of Such Film RegionsCN103021826A *Sep 26, 2012Apr 3, 2013住友重机械工业株式会社激光退火装置及激光退火方法CN103021826B *Sep 26, 2012Jun 29, 2016住友重机械工业株式会社激光退火装置及激光退火方法* Cited by examinerClassifications U.S. Classification257/53, 257/E21.347, 257/E21.134International ClassificationH01L21/268, H01L21/20, B23K26/073, H01L21/77Cooperative ClassificationH01L21/02678, H01L21/02532, H01L27/1285, B23K26/0732, H01L27/1296, H01L21/02686, H01L21/268European ClassificationH01L27/12T30J, H01L21/02K4T8C5B, H01L21/02K4T8C5P, H01L21/02K4C1A3, H01L27/12T30B2C, H01L21/20D2, B23K26/073B, H01L21/268Legal EventsDateCodeEventDescriptionMar 5, 2001ASAssignmentOwner name: MITSUBISHI DENKI KABUSHIKI KAISHA, JAPANFree format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:OGAWA, TETSUYA;TOKIOKA, HIDETADA;SATO, YUKIO;AND OTHERS;REEL/FRAME:011605/0266;SIGNING DATES FROM 20001213 TO 20001221Owner name: SEIKO EPSON CORPORATION, JAPANFree format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:OGAWA, TETSUYA;TOKIOKA, 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O2Cool 10'' Floor Fan - Walmart.com
O2Cool 10'' Floor Fan
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List $128.99
Features: -Smart power technology - Fan automatically selects lowest cost power option. -Power sources: Plug-in with the AC or DC adapters (included), use 8 D-Cell batteries (not included), or use built-in rechargeable batteries. -Powerful 2 speed, USB power port for charging your cell phone or other mobile devices. -Convenient flip-up handle, stable base with stabilizing feet. -Tilts for directional air flow, compact design makes it great for travel; east to carry and store. -Color: Gray. Product Type: -Table. Primary Material: -Plastic. Color/Finish: -Gray. Recommended Use: -Home. Number of Fan Speeds: -2. Outdoor Use: -Yes. Style: -Contemporary. Dimensions: Overall Height - Top to Bottom: -13.4". Overall Width - Side to Side: -12". Overall Depth - Front to Back: -4.5". Overall Product Weight: -3.5 lbs. Blade Diameter - Side to Side: -10".
Features: -Smart power technology - Fan automatically selects lowest cost power option. -Power sources: Plug-in with the AC or DC adapters (included), use 8 D-Cell batteries (not included), or use built-in rechargeable batteries. -Powerful 2 speed, USB power port for charging your cell phone or other mobile devices. -Convenient flip-up handle, stable base with stabilizing feet. -Tilts for directional air flow, compact design makes it great for travel; east to carry and store. -Color: Gray. Product Type: -Table. Primary Material: -Plastic. Color/Finish: -Gray. Recommended Use: -Home. Number of Fan Speeds: -2. Outdoor Use: -Yes. Style: -Contemporary. Dimensions: Overall Height - Top to Bottom: -13.4". Overall Width - Side to Side: -12". Overall Depth - Front to Back: -4.5". Overall Product Weight: -3.5 lbs. Blade Diameter - Side to Side: -10".

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text: Things To Do RUN BY THE BBC AND PARTNERS TUE 21 MAY Community Practical Sessions Calderdale Countryside Service… TUE 21 MAY Soft Kung Fu and Tai Chi for… Lishi International See Leeds & West Yorks Activities > Find activities near you BBC Radio Leeds Live

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AAA Europe travelbook : the guide to premier destinations (Book, 2015) [WorldCat.org]
I thought you might be interested in this item at http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/884299875 Title: AAA Europe travelbook : the guide to premier destinations Author: Des Hannigan; Sally Roy; Nia Williams; American Automobile Association Publisher: Heathrow, Florida : AAA Publishing, [2015] ©2015 ISBN/ISSN: 9781595085559 1595085556 OCLC:884299875
Des Hannigan; Sally Roy; Nia Williams; American Automobile Association.
Heathrow, Florida : AAA Publishing, [2015] ©2015
Explore the best of 41 cities across 19 countries with the AAA Europe TravelBook. Detailed descriptions, colorful photos and easy-to-use maps make planning easy and enjoyable: .Must-see attractions .Walking and driving trips. Lodgings, restaurants and shops .Event dates, times and websites.Essential country-specific information.
Find more information about: Des Hannigan Sally Roy Nia Williams
9781595085559 1595085556
884299875
576 pages : color illustrations, color maps ; 22 cm
Map of Europe --
Introduction to Europe --
Returning to the United States --
Premier destinations --
F inland --
European distance chart.
written by Des Hannigan, Sally Roy, Nia Williams.
Add tags for "AAA Europe travelbook : the guide to premier destinations". Be the first.
<http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/884299875> # AAA Europe travelbook : the guide to premier destinations
library:oclcnum "884299875" ;
schema:about <http://experiment.worldcat.org/entity/work/data/3360592185#Place/europe> ; # Europe.
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schema:author <http://experiment.worldcat.org/entity/work/data/3360592185#Person/hannigan_des_1943> ; # Des Hannigan
schema:author <http://experiment.worldcat.org/entity/work/data/3360592185#Person/roy_sally> ; # Sally Roy
schema:author <http://experiment.worldcat.org/entity/work/data/3360592185#Person/williams_nia_nia_wyn> ; # Nia Wyn Williams
schema:contributor <http://experiment.worldcat.org/entity/work/data/3360592185#Organization/american_automobile_association> ; # American Automobile Association.
schema:description "Explore the best of 41 cities across 19 countries with the AAA Europe TravelBook. Detailed descriptions, colorful photos and easy-to-use maps make planning easy and enjoyable: .Must-see attractions .Walking and driving trips. Lodgings, restaurants and shops .Event dates, times and websites.Essential country-specific information."@en ;
schema:description "Map of Europe -- Introduction to Europe -- Before you go -- while you are there -- Getting around -- Driving in Europe -- Returning to the United States -- Premier destinations -- Austria -- Belgium -- Britain -- Czech Republic -- Denmark -- F inland -- France -- Germany -- Greece -- Hungary -- Ireland -- Italy -- Luxembourg -- The Netherlands -- Norway -- Portugal -- Spain -- Sweden -- Switzerland -- Hotels and restaurants -- Essential information -- European distance chart."@en ;
schema:exampleOfWork <http://worldcat.org/entity/work/id/3360592185> ;
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<http://experiment.worldcat.org/entity/work/data/3360592185#Organization/american_automobile_association> # American Automobile Association.
<http://experiment.worldcat.org/entity/work/data/3360592185#Person/hannigan_des_1943> # Des Hannigan
<http://experiment.worldcat.org/entity/work/data/3360592185#Person/roy_sally> # Sally Roy
<http://experiment.worldcat.org/entity/work/data/3360592185#Person/williams_nia_nia_wyn> # Nia Wyn Williams
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<http://experiment.worldcat.org/entity/work/data/3360592185#Place/europe> # Europe.
<http://worldcat.org/isbn/9781595085559>
schema:isbn "1595085556" ;
schema:isbn "9781595085559" ;
<http://www.worldcat.org/title/-/oclc/884299875>
schema:about <http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/884299875> ; # AAA Europe travelbook : the guide to premier destinations
AAA Europe travelbook : the guide to premier destinations/Des Hannigan; Sally Roy; Nia Williams; American Automobile Association.; Heathrow, Florida : AAA Publishing, [2015] ©2015

value: This website is a union catalog that itemizes the collections of 15,637 libraries in 107 countries that participate in the OCLC global cooperative. It is operated by OCLC, Inc.


text:
Patent US7029534 - Apparatus for spreading liquid liner in rocket tube - Google PatentsSearch Images Maps Play YouTube News Gmail Drive More »Sign inAdvanced Patent SearchPatentsAn apparatus for spreading liquid liner in the interior of a rocket motor tube, the rocket motor tube having masks attached at both ends of the rocket motor tube, the apparatus including a generally vertical support plate with an opening there through; a flange with a center opening attached to the support...http://www.google.com/patents/US7029534?utm_source=gb-gplus-sharePatent US7029534 - Apparatus for spreading liquid liner in rocket tubeAdvanced Patent SearchPublication numberUS7029534 B1Publication typeGrantApplication numberUS 10/985,064Publication dateApr 18, 2006Filing dateNov 10, 2004Priority dateNov 10, 2004Fee statusLapsedPublication number10985064, 985064, US 7029534 B1, US 7029534B1, US-B1-7029534, US7029534 B1, US7029534B1InventorsHarry L. Archer, Jr.Original AssigneeThe United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The NavyExport CitationBiBTeX, EndNote, RefManPatent Citations (8), Classifications (15), Legal Events (7) External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, EspacenetApparatus for spreading liquid liner in rocket tubeUS 7029534 B1Abstract An apparatus for spreading liquid liner in the interior of a rocket motor tube, the rocket motor tube having masks attached at both ends of the rocket motor tube, the apparatus including a generally vertical support plate with an opening there through; a flange with a center opening attached to the support plate; a support tube inserted into the center opening of the flange; a stop disposed in the support tube, the stop abutting the support plate and engaging a mask on one end of the rocket motor tube; a retaining funnel that engages a mask on the other end of the rocket motor tube; a retaining ring that threadingly engages the retaining funnel; and at least two clamps attached to the support tube and engaging the retaining ring.
1. An apparatus for spreading a liner in a rocket motor tube, comprising:
a support plate comprising an opening there through;
a flange comprising a center opening attached to the support plate;
a support tube inserting into the center opening of the flange;
a stop being disposed in the support tube, the stop abutting the support plate and engaging a first mask on one end of the rocket motor tube;
a retaining funnel engaging a second mask on an other end of the rocket motor tube;
a retaining ring threadingly engaging the retaining funnel;
at least two clamps attached to the support tube and engaging the retaining ring; and
a spreading element for spreading a liner in the rocket motor tube,
wherein the support plate is mounted to a table.
2. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein said spreading element comprises a brush disposed in the rocket motor tube, the brush includes a rod attached to a power tool.
3. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the stop includes a cylindrical portion, which extends through the opening in the support plate, and
wherein the apparatus further comprises a flashlight holder attached to the cylindrical portion of the stop and a flashlight disposed in the flashlight holder.
4. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the stop includes an angled portion and the first mask on the one end of the rocket motor tube includes an angled portion, the angled portion of the stop and the angled portion of the first mask include a same angle.
5. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the retaining funnel includes an angled portion and the second mask on the other end of the rocket motor tube includes an angled portion, the angled portion of the retaining funnel and the angled portion of the second mask include a same angle.
6. The apparatus of claim 4, wherein the same angle is about 15 degrees.
7. The apparatus of claim 5, wherein the same angle is about 15 degrees.
8. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the support plate is a substantially vertical support plate relative to the support tube.
9. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the spreading element comprises a brush.
10. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the liner is a liquid liner.
11. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the rocket motor tube comprises an interior portion to receive said liner.
12. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein said spreading element comprises a brush, the spreading element imparts an axial movement on the brush to spread the liner in the rocket motor tube.
13. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the retaining funnel includes a funnel shaped interior portion.
14. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein an exterior surface of the retaining funnel is threadingly engaged to an interior surface of the retaining ring.
15. An apparatus for spreading a liner in a rocket motor tube, comprising:
a flange comprising a center opening for attachment to the support plate;
a stop being disposed in the support tube, the stop abutting the support plate and engaging a first mask on a first end of the rocket motor tube;
a retaining funnel engaging a second mask on a second end of the rocket motor tube;
wherein the support plate is attached to a floor surface.
STATEMENT OF GOVERNMENT INTEREST The invention described herein may be manufactured and used by or for the Government of the United States of America for government purposes without the payment of any royalties thereof.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION The invention relates in general to devices for spreading liquid liner on the interior of rocket tubes and in particular to a device for spreading liquid liner in a rocket tube that has deposited therein a continuous bead of liner. After the liner is spread, another apparatus, such as a spinner, further distributes the liner in the rocket tube.
Rocket motor tubes are lined with a fire retardant liner to prevent the propellant from burning through the tube wall. The rocket tubes are, for example, about three feet long and two to three inches in diameter. U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/927,647, filed on Aug. 25, 2004, entitled �Apparatus For Applying Liquid Liner To Rocket Tube,� having the same inventor as the present application, discloses an apparatus for dispensing a continuous bead of liner into a rocket motor tube. The contents of the above noted previous application are hereby expressly incorporated by reference.
After depositing the continuous bead of liner in the rocket tube, the liner must be spread around to cover the interior of the rocket tube. The present invention uses a powered brush and a rocket tube support or holder to accomplish the spreading operation. After the brushing operation, another apparatus (not part of the present invention) is used to spin the tubes to further uniformly apply the liner to the interior of the tube.
FIG. 1 is a front perspective view of an apparatus according to the invention.
FIG. 3 is a sectional view of a rocket tube in the apparatus of FIG. 1.
FIG. 4 is an enlarged view of the left end of FIG. 3.
FIG. 5 is an enlarged view of the right end of FIG. 3.
FIG. 6 is a perspective view of a retaining ring.
FIG. 7 is a sectional view of the retaining ring of FIG. 6.
FIG. 8 is a perspective view of a support tube.
FIG. 9 is a perspective view of a stop.
FIG. 10 is a sectional view of a stop.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS FIGS. 1 and 2 show an apparatus for spreading liquid liner in the interior of a rocket motor tube. The rocket motor tube (not shown in FIGS. 1 and 2) has masks attached at both ends of the rocket motor tube and a bead of liner deposited in its interior. FIG. 1 is a front perspective view of one embodiment 10 of an apparatus according to the invention. FIG. 2 is a rear perspective view of the embodiment 10 of FIG. 1. As shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, the apparatus 10 comprises a generally vertical support plate 12 with an opening 13 there through. The support plate 12 may be mounted to a table 14 (partially shown in FIGS. 1 and 2) using brackets 24. The top of table 14 may be fitted with rails 16 for temporarily storing rocket motor tubes. While FIGS. 1 and 2 show the support plate 12 attached to a table 14, the support plate 12 may be attached directly to, for example, a floor surface.
By way of example, FIGS. 1 and 2 show two support tubes 22, however, the apparatus may use a single support tube or multiple support tubes. The structure associated with each support tube is identical, therefore, only a single support tube will be described. See FIG. 8 for an enlarged view of a single support tube 22. Apparatus 10 further includes a flange 18 attached to the support plate 12 using fasteners 20. Flange 18 has a center opening 19. A support tube 22 threadingly engages the center opening 19 of the flange 18. Retaining ring 28 is disposed on support tube 22 on an end opposite flange 18. At least two clamps 30 are attached to the support tube 22 and engage the retaining ring 28. Additional clamps 30 may be used, if desired.
FIG. 3 is a side sectional view of a rocket tube 36 mounted in the apparatus 10 of FIG. 1. Mounted in the ends of rocket tube 36 are masks 38 (left end) and 40 (right end). A stop 46 is disposed in the support tube 22. The stop 46 abuts the support plate 12 and engages the mask 40 on the right end of the rocket tube 36. A retaining funnel 50 engages the mask 38 on the left end of the rocket tube 36. For spreading the bead of liner in the rocket tube 36, a brush 42 is provided. Brush 42 is connected to rod 44, which is connected to a power tool 48. Power tool 48 may be air or electrically operated. Brush 42 is moved axially back and forth in rocket tube 36 to spread the liquid liner therein.
FIG. 4 is an enlarged view of the left end of FIG. 3. Mask 38 fits in the end of rocket tube 36 and is sealed there by O-ring 56. Mask 38 includes an angled portion 58. Retaining funnel 50 includes an angled portion 60 that engages angled portion 58 of mask 38. The angles of the angled portions 60 and 58 are the same. Preferably, the angles are about fifteen degrees to secure motor tube from rotation during brushing. Retaining funnel 50 defines a funnel shaped interior 52 for ease in inserting brush 42 into rocket tube 36. The exterior surface of retaining funnel 50 threadingly engages the interior surface of retaining ring 28 at areas 27 and 29. Clamps 30 are attached to support tube 22 at areas 31, 33 by, for example, threaded fasteners in tapped holes 61 (FIG. 8) or welding. Clamps 30 engage groove 70 in retaining ring 28. See FIGS. 6 and 7 for enlarged views of retaining ring 28. Grooves in area 63 in retaining funnel 50 facilitate gripping and screwing in retaining funnel firmly against mask 40 further preventing motor tube rotation during brushing. Slot openings 26 (FIGS. 5 and 8) provide handling access to rocket motor tube while inserting and extracting rocket motor tube to and from the apparatus.
FIG. 5 is an enlarged view of the right end of FIG. 3. Mask 40 fits in the end of rocket tube 36 and is sealed there by O-ring 62. Mask 40 includes an angled portion 66. Stop 46 includes an angled portion 68 that engages angled portion 66 of mask 40. The angles of the angled portions 68 and 66 are the same. Preferably, the angles are about fifteen degrees to prevent rotation during brushing. The stop 46 includes a cylindrical portion 64 that extends through the opening 13 in the support plate 12. FIGS. 9 and 10 are enlarged views of stop 46. A flashlight holder 32 is attached to the cylindrical portion 64 of the stop 46 by, for example, threads or welding. A flashlight 34 is disposed in the flashlight holder 32. Stop 46 is attached to the interior surface of support tube 22 by, for example, threads or welding.
In operation, a rocket tube 36 has previously had a substantially continuous bead of liner deposited therein. The bead of liner must now be spread as evenly as possible on the interior of the rocket motor tube. Rocket motor tube 36 with masks 38, 40 is inserted in support tube 22. Angled portion 66 of mask 40 will engage angled portion 68 of stop 46. Retaining funnel 50 is inserted in rocket tube 36 so that angled portion 60 of retaining funnel 50 engages angled portion 58 of mask 38. Retaining funnel 50 threadingly engages retainer ring 28. Clamps 30 are inserted in groove 70 of retaining ring 28. Retaining funnel 50 threadingly engages retainer ring 28 to tighten funnel and secure the rocket motor tube 36 in the support tube 22 by pressing against mask 38. Brush 42 is primed with liquid liner and inserted into funnel 52 and thence into rocket tube 36. Brush 42 is rotated by power tool 48 and manually moved axially back and forth inside tube 36 to evenly spread the previously deposited liner.
To inspect the coverage of the tube interior by the liner, the brush 42 is removed and the flashlight 34 is turned on. Light from flashlight 34 shines through stop 46 inspection hole 65 and illuminates the interior of rocket motor tube 36. One may then visually inspect the interior of the tube by looking into the end of the tube opposite the flashlight. If additional spreading is required, the operation is repeated. When used in conjunction with U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/927,647, filed on Aug. 25, 2004, entitled �Apparatus For Applying Liquid Liner To Rocket Tube,� mask 40 and mask 38 have equal outside diameters so that liner may be added or removed as and where required. After any such correction, the present invention is again used to spread the liner as previously described until the desired liner weight is achieved.
Patent CitationsCited PatentFiling datePublication dateApplicantTitleUS4131051May 21, 1964Dec 26, 1978Olin CorporationProcess for preparing a rocket motorUS4185557Apr 28, 1972Jan 29, 1980The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The NavyFor solid rocket fuels comprising layers of curable polybutadiene and silicone rubberUS4564988 *Sep 17, 1984Jan 21, 1986Lutro NorrodApparatus for fitting a boot to a universal jointUS4736684Jan 16, 1986Apr 12, 1988Thiokol CorporationDelayed quick cure rocket motor linerUS4803019Feb 10, 1984Feb 7, 1989Morton Thiokol, Inc.Process for forming a liner and cast propellant charge in a rocket motor casingUS4821511Oct 31, 1986Apr 18, 1989United Technologies CorporationLiner for a solid propellant rocket motorUS5767221May 24, 1995Jun 16, 1998Thiokol CorporationRobust propellant liner and interfacial propellant burn rate controlUS20030017275 *Jul 19, 2001Jan 23, 2003Calvin SchickPipe coating apparatus and method* Cited by examinerClassifications U.S. Classification118/500, 118/504, 269/152, 118/503, 118/254, 269/287, 118/505International ClassificationB05C13/02, B05C7/00Cooperative ClassificationF05D2230/30, B05C17/10, F02K9/346, B05C7/08European ClassificationB05C7/08, F02K9/34LLegal EventsDateCodeEventDescriptionJun 10, 2014FPExpired due to failure to pay maintenance feeEffective date: 20140418Apr 18, 2014LAPSLapse for failure to pay maintenance feesNov 29, 2013REMIMaintenance fee reminder mailedDec 7, 2009SULPSurcharge for late paymentDec 7, 2009FPAYFee paymentYear of fee payment: 4Nov 23, 2009REMIMaintenance fee reminder mailedNov 26, 2004ASAssignmentOwner name: NAVY, THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AS REPRESENTEDFree format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:ARCHER JR., HARRY L.;REEL/FRAME:015411/0683Effective date: 20041110RotateOriginal ImageGoogle Home - Sitemap - USPTO Bulk Downloads - Privacy Policy - Terms of Service - About Google Patents - Send FeedbackData provided by IFI CLAIMS Patent Services©2012 Google


text:
Perfect location - Review of Historical Honfleur - Red House - Free WIFI, Honfleur, France - TripAdvisor
Hotels near Manoir d'Ethnographie
Perfect location - Historical Honfleur - Red House - Free WIFI
ZXdZXzE3X0ZUSg==
Review of Historical Honfleur - Red House - Free WIFI
It's not a big flat (we were on the 2nd floor but I don't think the lower floors can be bigger) but we probably wouldn't have noticed if we hadn't had our enormous (6 ft 3 - 190cm)16 year old son with us. He reported that the sofa bed was very comfortable, as was our bed in the bedroom. It's well equipped and Annette was friendly and helpful. The shower, though a bit tatty, was amazing with the option to spray water at yourself from several directions. The wifi after, Annette said, 4 visits from engineers, worked fine. The garage was about 100 yards away .
But that's not why you go to Honfleur - it's in the perfect location, moments walk from the Old Harbour and everywhere else you want to go in this beautiful town.
MsWeather...
“another great stay at this flat but get the wifi fixed”
We returned to the red timber flat for the 1st time in 2 years.
Again a great location and that is why we returned. The top floor is where we stayed last time and this we discovered is the biggest of the 3 flats you can access from the owner Steve.
We had problems with the wifi last time and a promise of a new router was great. Unfortunately this failed within 12 hours of our arrival it died and we had no access for the rest of our fortnights holiday. Obviously this didn't stop us totally enjoying our stay at this great flat.
We will come back to this flat as it has everything we would want but please please can you get the wifi fixed before we return.
Liked best: location on the doorstop of town
Liked least: no wifi access access
Reviewed July 14, 2013 for a stay in September 2012
Liked best: nearness to the town
Thank you for your kind feedback. We plugged a WIFI repeater on the 1st floor so that the connexion is now working permanently in all spots of the house. Regarding the bathroom, it has been upgraded according to your suggestion, plus it has been fitted with a larger and more convenient access door to the shower. We hope to see you again soon. Kind regards, Annette, Steve
“Great apartment and location but still adjusting to European room sizes”
Everything went off without a hitch! Annette greeted exactly as planned in fact she even waited an extra 15 minutes as we were running late. The apartment was very clean and well equipped and the location was perfect. At night it was nice and quiet. All in all a very good place to stay. A few recommendations - hike up the hill to the little church, visit chateau vendeuvre and eat at restaurant l'ecole buissonniere.
Liked best: Clean, well equipped and great location
1Havewine...
“Everything we needed - good value”
Well equipped flat on a quiet street within walking distance of harbour. We enjoyed our stay in Honfleur.
Liked least: Darknesss of the property for a summer day
In protected historic areas such as medieval towns drilling holes or modifying windows is forbidden by law.
Be it said, the sunroof topping the en-suite bathroom will has meanwhile be cleaned by a professional so that sun comes through when the weather allows. Kind regards, Annette, Steve
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View all 117 Honfleur rentals

value: This website is an American online travel company that operates a website and mobile app with user-generated content and a comparison shopping website.


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Oct 12, 2011, 06:40 ET
Creator of discredited "hockey stick" chart caused U.S., world much harm, says Minnesota Majority
MINNEAPOLIS, Oct. 12, 2011 /PRNewswire-USNewswire/ -- Dr. Michael Mann was welcomed to Minneapolis today by a group of demonstrators who blame Dr. Mann's research and publications for damage to the U.S. and world economies and fostering distrust in scientists. The demonstrators believe Mann's oft-referenced work to prove anthropogenic global warming theory is fraudulent and showed up at the Minneapolis convention center where he was speaking at the annual meeting of the Geological Society of America to tell him so.
Mann was made infamous by discredited tree ring research used to create the so-called "hockey stick chart" that purported to demonstrate recent, runaway man-caused global warming. His name came up in the "Climategate" email scandal that emerged out of the Climatic Research Unit at East Anglia University, in connection to a "trick" employed by Dr. Mann for a paper published in Nature Magazine. That trick involved obfuscating the results of proxy temperature data when it didn't match actual temperatures recorded by instrumentation. Discovery of that trick called into question the validity of the entire pre-instrumentation climate history constructed from Mann's work.
The hockey stick chart was the key element in Al Gore's "An Inconvenient Truth" and the United Nations' 1997 Intergovernmental Panel of Climate Change's 4th Assessment. The IPCC report has been the underpinning of United States and global warming policy for over a decade. Based upon it's conclusions, governments have implemented expensive carbon taxes and new overbearing regulations designed to reduce carbon dioxide emissions, cap and trade schemes, a phased-in ban on incandescent light bulbs, the forced relocation of whole populations of people to make room for carbon credit producing plantations and numerous other far reaching and expensive initiatives.
"There are several reasons for the current economic crisis we're facing in the United States and globally, but a major contributor has been the suppression of energy production and economic activity by overbearing new regulations, taxes and carbon trading resulting from the misguided belief that anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions are causing extraordinary warming of the planet," said Minnesota Majority president Jeff Davis. "We feel Dr. Mann's work has contributed to tremendous economic and societal harm," he said.
"Where did the medieval warming period go? What decline did he hide? What's the Nature trick?" are the questions Minnesota Free Market Institute president Kim Crockett wants answers to.
Mann wasn't available with answers.
Instead, Dr. Mann ironically spoke to the Geologic Society about how some climate scientists in the public arena are "attacked" by their opponents and about how climate scientists are "massively out-manned and out-funded in this battle."
"His 'poor me' routine would be laughable in the face of the trillions of public dollars being poured into the green global warming toilet, if it weren't for the part about trillions of public dollars being poured into the toilet," said Davis. "These demonstrators aren't being paid. In truth, they're paying people like Mann and they're turning our tax dollars against us, trying to get even more of our money."
For additional information, including viewing the video "Hide the Decline" visit www.GlobalClimateScam.com

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Patent US6959154 - Diversity receiver for mitigating the effects of fiber dispersion by ... - Google PatentsSearch Images Maps Play YouTube News Gmail Drive More »Sign inPatentsLink robustness, chromatic dispersion and polarization mode dispersion (PMD) immunity can be improved in fiber optical system by using a method for receiving an optical double sideband signal over an optical fiber system, comprising the steps of splitting the received optical double sideband signal into...http://www.google.com/patents/US6959154?utm_source=gb-gplus-sharePatent US6959154 - Diversity receiver for mitigating the effects of fiber dispersion by separate detection of the two transmitted sidebandsAdvanced Patent SearchTry the new Google Patents, with machine-classified Google Scholar results, and Japanese and South Korean patents.Publication numberUS6959154 B1Publication typeGrantApplication numberUS 09/722,646Publication dateOct 25, 2005Filing dateNov 28, 2000Priority dateNov 28, 2000Fee statusPaidAlso published asCA2359917A1, CA2359917C, DE60101252D1, DE60101252T2, EP1213858A2, EP1213858A3, EP1213858B1, US7127181, US20050271393Publication number09722646, 722646, US 6959154 B1, US 6959154B1, US-B1-6959154, US6959154 B1, US6959154B1InventorsAlan H. Gnauck, Cedric F. Lam, Sheryl L. WoodwardOriginal AssigneeAt&T Corp.Export CitationBiBTeX, EndNote, RefManPatent Citations (19), Non-Patent Citations (7), Referenced by (21), Classifications (10), Legal Events (3) External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, EspacenetDiversity receiver for mitigating the effects of fiber dispersion by separate detection of the two transmitted sidebands
US 6959154 B1Abstract
Link robustness, chromatic dispersion and polarization mode dispersion (PMD) immunity can be improved in fiber optical system by using a method for receiving an optical double sideband signal over an optical fiber system, comprising the steps of splitting the received optical double sideband signal into an upper sideband signal and a lower sideband signal, photodetecting the upper sideband and the lower sideband, equalizing the photodetected upper sideband signal and the lower sideband signal, and combining the equalized upper sideband signal with the equalized lower sideband signal. While PMD compensation is envisioned as a major application, one may also use the method and system for chromatic dispersion compesation or dispersion slope compensation in high bit rate systems, i.e. using dispersion compensation fiber (DCF) for coarse compensation and diversity receiver with electrical equalizer for fine tuning.
1. A method for receiving an optical double sideband signal over an optical fiber system, comprising the steps of:
splitting the received optical double sideband signal into an upper sideband signal and a lower sideband signal;
photodetecting and adaptively equalizing said upper sideband;
photodetecting and adaptively equalizing said lower sideband;
compensating said photodetected and adaptively equalized upper sideband signal for chromatic dispersion and polarization mode dispersion;
compensating said photodetected and adaptively equalized lower sideband signal for chromatic dispersion and polarization mode dispersion;
combining said dispersion compensated upper sideband signal with said dispersion compensated lower sideband signal;
detecting a bit error rate of the resulting combined signal; and
adjusting the adaptive equalizing according to the bit error rate.
2. The method according to claim 1, wherein said combining step is performed using a diversity combiner.
3. The method according to claim 1, wherein said optical double sideband signal is amplitude modulated.
4. The method according to claim 1, wherein said dispersion compensating step of said photodetected upper sideband and dispersion compensating step of said photodetected lower sideband is performed concurrently.
5. The method according to claim 1, wherein said photodetection step of said upper sideband and said photodetection step of said lower sideband is performed concurrently.
6. The method according to claim 1, wherein said equalization step of said photodetected upper sideband and said equalization step of said photodetected lower sideband is performed concurrently.
7. The method according to claim 1, wherein the steps of photodetecting and equalizing of said upper sideband and the steps of photodetecting and equalizing said lower sideband are performed serially.
8. The method according to claim 1, wherein a plurality of the photo detecting and equalizing steps of said upper sideband and a plurality of the photodetecting and equalizing steps of said lower sideband are performed serially.
9. The method according to claim 1, wherein a plurality of the photodetecting and equalizing steps of said upper sideband and a plurality of the photodetecting and equalizing steps of said lower sideband are performed concurrently.
10. The method according to claim 1, wherein the photodetecting, dispersion compensating and equalizing steps of said upper sideband and the photodetecting, dispersion compensating and equalizing steps of said lower sideband are performed concurrently.
11. The method according to claim 1, wherein said combining step is a summation.
12. The method according to claim 1, wherein said combining step is a weighted summation.
13. The method according to claim 1, wherein said combining step further comprises the steps of:
delaying one sideband signal relative to the other sideband signal; and
summing the two signals.
14. The method according to claim 1, wherein said combination step is selection of better output.
15. The method according to claim 1, wherein said combination step is based on link properties.
16. The method according to claim 1, further comprising the step of filtering the optical signal.
17. The method according to claim 16, wherein said filtering step is performed using a fiber Bragg grating (FBG).
18. The method according to claim 16, wherein said filtering step is performed using a thin-film filter.
19. A method for generating, transmitting, and receiving an optical double sideband signal, comprising the steps of:
generating an optical carrier;
sending said optical carrier to a modulator;
concurrently encoding an input data signal to produce an encoded data signal;
intensity modulating said fine encoded data signal to produce an optical double sideband signal;
transmitting said optical double sideband signal over a fiber link; splitting the received optical double sideband signal into an upper sideband signal and a lower sideband signal;
compensating said photodetected and adaptively equalized lower sideband signal for chromatic dispersion and polarization mode dispersion; and
20. A method of receiving an optical double sideband signal, comprising the steps of:
receiving an optical double sideband signal;
splitting said received optical double sideband signal using a splitter into two branches;
concurrently processing the resulting two branches by applying a filter to each branch to produce a filtered upper sideband signal and a filtered lower sideband signal;
concurrently applying a photodetector to said filtered upper sideband signal and to said filtered lower sideband signal to produce a photodetected upper sideband signal and a photodetected lower sideband signal;
adaptively equalizing said upper sideband signal;
adaptively equalizing said lower sideband signal;
combining said dispersion compensated upper sideband signal and said dispersion compensated lower sideband signal using a combiner to produce an output signal;
detecting a bit error rate of the resulting combined signal: and
21. The method according to claim 20, wherein said combining step is performed using a diversity combiner.
22. The method according to claim 20, wherein said splitting step transmits an equal optical power to each branch.
23. The method according to claim 22, wherein said splitting step is performed using a 3 dB splitter.
24. A method of generating, transmitting and receiving an optical double sideband signal comprising the steps of:
intensity modulating said line encoded data signal to produce an optical double sideband signal;
transmitting said optical double sideband signal over a fiber link;
receiving said optical double sideband signal;
25. The method according to claim 24, wherein said combining step is performed using a diversity combiner.
26. The method according to claim 24, wherein said splitting step is performed using a 3 dB splitter.
Optical single sideband (OSSB) transmission schemes have been previously proposed and demonstrated to mitigate the effects of PMD and improve optical spectral efficiency. This idea has been described in a previously filed patent application Ser. No. 09/625,791, filed Jul. 26, 2000, entitled METHOD AND SYSTEM FOR REDUCING POLARIZATION MODE DISPERSION USING SINGLE-SIDEBAND DATA GENERATION AND TRANSMISSION, commonly held and incorporated herein by reference. In the present invention, both sidebands in a double sideband transmitted signal are transmitted, but the two sidebands are detected separately and a diversity-combining receiver is used to improve the link robustness, especially for PMD immunity.
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Bülow, et al., "Adaptive PMD Mitigation at 10 Gbit/s using an Electronic SiGe Equaliser IC," ECOC '99, Sep. 26-30, 1999, pp. 138-139.4 *Japanese Patent No. 405153052-machine translation from http://www.ipdl.jpo.go.jp/homepg<SUB>-</SUB>e.ipdl.5L.M. Lunardi, et al., "Performance Monitoring for Transparent Optical Networks," AT&T Labs-Research.6M. Fregolent, et al., "Adaptive Optical Receiver for Performance Monitoring and Electronic Mitigation of Transmission Impairments," ECOC 2000 Paper 2.1.2., Sep. 4, 2000.7S.L. Woodward, et al., "PMD Mitigation via Single-Sideband Modulation and Principal-State Launch," AT&T Labs-Research.* Cited by examinerReferenced byCiting PatentFiling datePublication dateApplicantTitleUS7123845Feb 6, 2003Oct 17, 2006Fujitsu LimitedReceiving apparatus with waveform degradation compensating functionUS7127181 *Aug 4, 2005Oct 24, 2006At&T Corp.System for mitigating the effects of fiber dispersion by separate detection of two transmitted sidebandsUS7957652Aug 23, 2006Jun 7, 2011National Institute Of Information And Communications TechnologyOptical FSK/SSB modulator having intensity balance functionUS7990977Apr 23, 2010Aug 2, 2011At&T Intellectual Property I, L.P.Method, system, and device for sending data in a cable data serviceUS8000331Apr 23, 2010Aug 16, 2011At&T Intellectual Property Ii, L.P.Receive device for a cable data serviceUS8107827 *Feb 20, 2009Jan 31, 2012Ofidium Pty, Ltd.Method and apparatus for reception of optical signalsUS8170422 *Jul 19, 2005May 1, 2012National Institute Of Information And Communications Technology, Incorporated Administrative AgencyFrequency shift keying demodulatorUS8233799Oct 15, 2008Jul 31, 2012Ofidium Pty, Ltd.Method and apparatus for improving reception of optical signalsUS8855147Jul 6, 2011Oct 7, 2014At&T Intellectual Property Ii, L.P.Devices and methods to communicate data streamsUS9287962 *Dec 17, 2012Mar 15, 2016National University Corporation Hokkaido UniversitySignal reproduction apparatus and signal reproduction methodUS20040037572 *Feb 6, 2003Feb 26, 2004Fujitsu LimitedReceiving apparatus with waveform degradation compensating functionUS20050271393 *Aug 4, 2005Dec 8, 2005Gnauck Alan HSystem for mitigating the effects of fiber dispersion by separate detection of two transmitted sidbandsUS20050271394 *Jun 2, 2004Dec 8, 2005James WhiteawayFilter to improve dispersion tolerance for optical transmissionUS20070086788 *Oct 13, 2006Apr 19, 2007Siemens AktiengesellschaftOptical single sideband modulatorUS20080304827 *Jul 19, 2005Dec 11, 2008National Institute Of Information And Communications Technology, IncorporatedFrequency Shift Keying DemodulatorUS20090279825 *Aug 23, 2006Nov 12, 2009Tetsuya KawanishiOptical fsk/ssb modulator having intensity balance functionUS20100265942 *Apr 23, 2010Oct 21, 2010At&T Intellectual Property I, L.P.Receive Device for a Cable Data ServiceUS20100316393 *Feb 20, 2009Dec 16, 2010Ofidium Pty. Ltd.Method and apparatus for reception of optical signalsUS20110013914 *Oct 15, 2008Jan 20, 2011Ofidium Pty LtdMethod and apparatus for improving reception of optical signalsUS20150207557 *Dec 17, 2012Jul 23, 2015National University Corporation Hokkaido UniversitySignal reproduction apparatus and signal reproduction methodWO2009049364A1 *Oct 15, 2008Apr 23, 2009Ofidium Pty LtdMethod and apparatus for improving reception of optical signals* Cited by examinerClassifications U.S. Classification398/159, 398/202, 398/209, 398/208, 398/27International ClassificationG02B6/00, H04B10/18, H04B10/02Cooperative ClassificationH04B10/2507European ClassificationH04B10/2507Legal EventsDateCodeEventDescriptionJun 18, 2001ASAssignmentOwner name: AT&T CORP., NEW YORKFree format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:GNAUCK, ALAN H.;LAM, CEDRIC F.;WOODWARD, SHERYL LEIGH;REEL/FRAME:011915/0681;SIGNING DATES FROM 20010529 TO 20010531Mar 20, 2009FPAYFee paymentYear of fee payment: 4Mar 18, 2013FPAYFee paymentYear of fee payment: 8RotateOriginal ImageGoogle Home - Sitemap - USPTO Bulk Downloads - Privacy Policy - Terms of Service - About Google Patents - Send FeedbackData provided by IFI CLAIMS Patent Services


text:
Justin007isback comments on What is the closest you've ever been to death?jump to contentmy subredditsannouncementsArtAskRedditaskscienceawwblogbookscreepydataisbeautifulDIYDocumentariesEarthPornexplainlikeimfiveFitnessfoodfunnyFuturologygadgetsgamingGetMotivatedgifshistoryIAmAInternetIsBeautifulJokesLifeProTipslistentothismildlyinterestingmoviesMusicnewsnosleepnottheonionOldSchoolCoolpersonalfinancephilosophyphotoshopbattlespicsscienceShowerthoughtsspacesportstelevisiontifutodayilearnedTwoXChromosomesUpliftingNewsvideosworldnewsWritingPromptsedit subscriptionsfront-all-random | pics-Documentaries-IAmA-LifeProTips-science-food-todayilearned-explainlikeimfive-Fitness-photoshopbattles-DIY-nosleep-aww-listentothis-UpliftingNews-TwoXChromosomes-AskReddit-television-philosophy-WritingPrompts-books-creepy-dataisbeautiful-gifs-InternetIsBeautiful-sports-Showerthoughts-news-movies-videos-nottheonion-funny-history-Futurology-gaming-Music-Jokes-OldSchoolCool-mildlyinteresting-Art-GetMotivated-EarthPorn-askscience-space-gadgets-personalfinance-worldnews-tifumore » AskRedditcommentsrelatedwant to join? login or register in seconds|Englishlimit my search to /r/AskReddituse the following search parameters to narrow your results:subreddit:subredditfind submissions in "subreddit"author:usernamefind submissions by "username"site:example.comfind submissions from "example.com"url:textsearch for "text" in urlselftext:textsearch for "text" in self post contentsself:yes (or self:no)include (or exclude) self postsnsfw:yes (or nsfw:no)include (or exclude) results marked as NSFWe.g. subreddit:aww site:imgur.com dogsee the search faq for details.advanced search: by author, subreddit...this post was submitted on 29 Dec 201256 points (80% upvoted)shortlink: remember mereset passwordloginSubmit a new text postAskRedditunsubscribesubscribe6,545,274 readers31,789 users here now
a community for 6 yearsmessage the moderatorsMODERATORSkrispykrackersBritishEnglishPolicejedbergjamt9000flyryanll_shadesDEADB33FkarmanautOoerImNotJesus...and 23 more »555657What is the closest you've ever been to death? (self.AskReddit)submitted 1 year ago by AFRUITPIE194 commentssharecancelsorry, this has been archived and can no longer be voted onloading...sorted by: bestbesttopnewhotcontroversialoldrandomyou are viewing a single comment's thread.view the rest of the comments →[–]Justin007isback 2 points3 points4 points 1 year ago (0 children)sorry, this has been archived and can no longer be voted onChopping wood with my uncle in his back yard when I was about 16. I would slam my axe into the wood and get it lodged and he would slam down a sledge hammer to knock the axe head even further in, using it as a wedge we would split the logs.
One one swing, as he through the sledge hammer completely over his head to come down on the axe, the head of the sledge hammer came off from the handle and flew right by my head. I felt it graze my ear. It hit the fence behind me, went through it, went through some bushes, flew across the neighbors yard and rolled and rolled for about 40 feet. We both busted up laughing.
username:try anotheravailable!account recovery email: (optional)we only send email at your requestpassword:verify password:remember mecreate accountis it really that easy? only one way to find out...loginalready have an account and just want to login?username:password:remember merecover passwordloginclose this windowinterface languageEnglish [en]العربية [ar]Беларуская мова [be]български език [bg]Bosanski [bs]català [ca]česky [cs]dansk [da]Deutsch [de]Ελληνικά [el]English (Australia) [en-au]English (Canadian) [en-ca]English (Great Britain) [en-gb]English [en-us]Esperanto [eo]español [es]español [es-ar]eesti keel [et]Euskara [eu]فارسی [fa]suomi [fi]français [fr]Gàidhlig [gd]עברית [he]मानक हिन्दी [hi]hrvatski [hr]Magyar [hu]Հայերեն լեզու [hy]Bahasa Indonesia [id]íslenska [is] (*)italiano (Italy) [it]日本語 [ja]ಕನ್ನಡ [kn_IN]한국어 [ko]Latin [la]1337 [leet]LOL [lol]lietuvių kalba [lt]latviešu valoda [lv]Nederlands [nl]Nynorsk [nn]Norsk [no]Arrrrrrrr! [pir]polski [pl]português [pt] (*)português [pt-pt]português brasileiro [pt_BR]română [ro]русский [ru]slovenčina [sk]slovenščina [sl]српски језик [sr]Srpski [sr-la]Svenska [sv]தமிழ் [ta]ภาษาไทย [th]Türkçe [tr]українська мова [uk]Tiếng Việt [vi]中文 [zh] (*) incomplete volunteer to translateπ Rendered by PID 23322 on app-79 at 2014-09-03 00:44:08.451101+00:00 running 313e301 country code: US.


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Books Drama English, Irish, Scottish, Welsh Hardcover Death and the King's Horseman
1975, W. W. Norton & Company Inc.
13311246762
13737477839
13595044942
13420289519
12229593329
Very Good+ hardcover in black boards. Stated FIRST EDITION with complete number line. Normal shelfwear to the exterior with fading to the spine. Edge worn with small areas of discoloration. Foxing the the page-ends, paste-downs and title page. Pages, and text are clean and bright. 77 pp.
13018380942
13785618455
New. Library binding. 77 p.
13791535338
11476732316
13145796112
Near Fine in Good jacket. Browning to DJ edges. Faint Pipe Aroma.

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+ £4.00 postage	READY TIED PINK & NAVY PASILEY FAUX SILK RIDING STOCK WITH SCRUNCHIE (SHOW TIE)
+ £4.00 postage	READY TIED BLACK WITH PINK PAISLEY FAUX SILK RIDING STOCK WITH SCRUNCHIE
+ £4.00 postage	Newly listedREADY TIED WHITE, HOT PINK+BABY PINK FAUX SILK RIDING STOCK WITH DIAMANTES
+ £4.00 postage	Newly listedREADY TIED WHITE, HOT PINK+BABY PINK FAUX SILK RIDING STOCK+SCRUNCHIE+DIAMANTES
+ £4.00 postage	Newly listedREADY TIED WHITE, HOT PINK+BABY PINK SILK RIDING STOCK WITH MATCHING SCRUNCHIE
+ £4.00 postage	Newly listedREADY TIED WHITE, HOT PINK+BABY PINK FAUX SILK RIDING STOCK+SCRUNCHIE (SHOW TIE)
+ £4.00 postage	Newly listedREADY TIED WHITE, HOT PINK+PURPLE FAUX SILK RIDING STOCK WITH DIAMANTES
+ £4.00 postage	Newly listedREADY TIED WHITE, HOT PINK+PURPLE FAUX SILK RIDING STOCK,SHOW TIE
+ £4.00 postage	Newly listedREADY TIED WHITE, HOT PINK+PURPLE FAUX SILK RIDING STOCK WITH SCRUNCHIE+DIAMANTE
+ £4.00 postage	Newly listedREADY TIED WHITE, HOT PINK+PURPLE FAUX SILK RIDING STOCK,SHOW TIE WITH SCRUNCHIE
+ £4.00 postage	Hunt stock, untied, white. Ideal showing, dressage etc
+ £4.70 postage	SELF TIE QUALITY IVORY PURE EMBROIDERED 100% SILK RIDING STOCK
+ £4.00 postage	SELF TIE TOP QUALITY IVORY EMBROIDERED HEARTS 100% SILK RIDING STOCK
+ £4.00 postage	SELF TIE TOP QUALITY IVORY PURE EMBROIDERED 100% SILK RIDING STOCK
+ £4.00 postage	SELF TIE QUALITY IVORY PURE EMBROIDERED 100% SILK RIDING STOCK/SCRUNCHIE
+ £4.00 postage	READY TIED RED & BLACK PASILEY FAUX SILK RIDING STOCK (SHOW TIE)
+ £4.00 postage	Newly listedREADY TIED GOLD & BLACK FAUX SILK RIDING STOCK & DIAMANTES (SHOW TIE)
+ £4.00 postage	READY TIED GOLD & BLACK PASILEY FAUX SILK RIDING STOCK (SHOW TIE)
+ £4.00 postage	Newly listedREADY TIED GOLD & BLACK FAUX SILK RIDING STOCK+SCRUNCHIE+DIAMANTES (SHOW TIE)
+ £4.00 postage	Equi Leather Comfort Tall Black Riding Hunting Showing Dressage Boots 42 WS 8
+ £25.50 postage	*NEW* - READY TIED TOP QUALITY IVORY PURE EMBROIDERED 100% SILK RIDING STOCK
+ £4.00 postage	READY TIED RED & BLACK PASILEY FAUX SILK RIDING STOCK WITH SCRUNCHIE (SHOW TIE)
+ £4.00 postage	READY TIED TOP QUALITY IVORY SILK WITH LILAC SEQUIN DETAIL RIDING STOCK
+ £4.00 postage	SELF TIE GOLD FAUX SILK RIDING STOCK & SCRUNCHIE (SHOW TIE)
+ £4.00 postage	READY TIED GOLD & BLACK PASILEY FAUX SILK RIDING STOCK WITH SCRUNCHIE (SHOW TIE)
+ £4.00 postage	*NEW* - READY TIED TOP QUALITY IVORY EMBROIDERED HEARTS 100% SILK RIDING STOCK
+ £4.00 postage	SELF TIE FAUX SILK SHINY CREAM RIDING STOCK (SHOW TIE)
+ £4.00 postage	SELF TIE 100% TOP QUALITY WHITE SILK DUPION RIDING STOCK & SCRUNCHIE
+ £4.00 postage	*NEW* - READY TIED QUALITY IVORY PURE EMBROIDERED 100% SILK RIDING STOCK/SCRUNCH
+ £4.00 postage	SELF TIE BABY PINK SHINY SATIN RIDING STOCK (SHOW TIE)
+ £4.00 postage	SELF TIE 100% TOP QUALITY PURE IVORY SILK RIDING STOCK (SHOW TIE)
+ £4.00 postage	READY TIED 100% TOP QUALITY PURE IVORY SILK RIDING STOCK & SCRUNCHIE
+ £4.00 postage	Pure Ivory Embroidered 100% Silk Ready Tied/Self Tied Riding Stock + Scrunchie
+ £4.00 postage	READY TIED 100% TOP QUALITY WHITE PURE SILK RIDING STOCK & SCRUNCHIE
+ £4.00 postage	READY TIED FAUX SILK SHINY WHITE, NAVY & CLEAR DIAMANTE RIDING STOCK
+ £4.00 postage	*NEW*- READY TIED CREAM FAUX SILK WITH RED, YELLOW & BLACK PIPPING RIDING STOCK £12.99to £15.99
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+ £4.00 postage	Ivory 100% Silk Ready Tied/Self Tied Riding Stock + Scrunchie
+ £4.00 postage	White hunting stock Dressage self tie
+ £12.23 postage	Newly listedREADY TIED FAUX SILK SHINY BURGUNDY AND GOLD RIDING STOCK (SHOW TIE)
+ £4.00 postage	Silk Dressage Show Jumping Pre-tied Show Stock Tie
+ £7.46 postage	READY TIED 100% TOP QUALITY WHITE PURE SILK RIDING STOCK (SHOW TIE)
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+ £4.00 postage	**NEW** READY TIED FAUX SILK SHINY CREAM AND TEALE RIDING STOCK & SCRUNCHIE
+ £4.00 postage	Hair Pin With Bow And Net - Jewellery Hunting Dressage Showing


text:
Karen Hougstad (1849-1900) - Find A Grave Memorial
Karen Hougstad
21 Jul 1900 (aged 50)
92768126 · View Source
Ole H Haugstad
Wife of Ole H Hougstad
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Find A Grave Memorial 92768126
Find A Grave, database and images (https://www.findagrave.com : accessed ), memorial page for Karen Hougstad (Dec 1849–21 Jul 1900), Find A Grave Memorial no. 92768126, citing Norwegian Ridge Cemetery, Spring Grove, Houston County, Minnesota, USA ; Maintained by Duane St. Mary (contributor 47600306) .
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