text: Fried Chicken Restaurants in Lansing, Michigan with Reviews & Ratings - YP.comFind People•Advertise With UsBrowseFind PeopleFeatured CollectionsRestaurantsAutomotiveHome ImprovementHealth & WellnessAttorneysPeople Searched For...Landscape ContractorsSelf StorageAttorneysVeterinariansPest Control ServicesAuto Repair & ServiceOptometristsAuto InsuranceRoofing Contractors24 Hour LaundromatsTree ServiceDivorce AttorneysGarage Doors & OpenersMoversHouse CleaningInsulation ContractorsRestaurantsElectriciansBail BondsFloristsCaterersConcrete ContractorsMotelsAre you alocal business owner?Advertise with YPor call 888-367-2194What do you want to find?Search by business name, or keywordnearWhere? Address, ZIP Code, or NeighborhoodMy current locationSearchSign In•JoinWrite a ReviewAdd to mybookRemove from mybookAdded to your shopping collection!Error when adding to shopping collectionThis business was removed from the shopping collection1. East Side Fish FryProducts(1)2417 East Kalamazoolansing, MI 48906(517) 993-5988Fish & Seafood MarketsWebsiteOrder OnlineCleanest fish fry in lansing.The staff was so helpful and polite.20 wings for 10.99 can you believe that.They are so good.And they have at least 15 …Add to mybookRemove from mybookAdded to your food collection!Error when adding to food collectionThis business was removed from the food collection2. Northside Fresh Chicken(2)601 W Saginaw StLansing, MI 48933(517) 316-3831Chicken RestaurantsRestaurantsGood chicken and fish! owner is kool n they will give you good deals. If you like the chicken and fish from the edgewood location then u will like…Add to mybookRemove from mybookAdded to your food collection!Error when adding to food collectionThis business was removed from the food collection3. MunchiesMenu(2)4902 S Waverly RdLansing, MI 48911(517) 882-7777Seafood RestaurantsChicken RestaurantsWebsiteOrder OnlineSeasoned good but usually dry and overcooked. The customer service is the worst. You usually have to stand there for 10 minutes waiting for the gi…Add to mybookRemove from mybookAdded to your food collection!Error when adding to food collectionThis business was removed from the food collection4. Krispy Krunchy Chicken(1)View all 2 Locations300 W Grand River AveLansing, MI 48906(517) 482-7899Chicken RestaurantsConvenience StoresWebsitethis is the best party store in lansing. they pretty much have anything u need except liquer.Add to mybookRemove from mybookAdded to your food collection!Error when adding to food collectionThis business was removed from the food collection5. Jr RoosterMenu(1)4411 W Saginaw HwyLansing, MI 48917(517) 321-3200Chicken RestaurantsTake Out RestaurantsI am a bit disappointed. I haven't ordered from here for almost a month, and now that we picked up lunch on 8/20/2009, the coating doesn't seem to …Add to mybookRemove from mybookAdded to your food collection!Error when adding to food collectionThis business was removed from the food collection6. Ida's Rib & Chicken608 W Saginaw StLansing, MI 48933(517) 485-7997RestaurantsAdd to mybookRemove from mybookAdded to your food collection!Error when adding to food collectionThis business was removed from the food collection7. Hot Chicken Kitchen123 S Washington SqLansing, MI 48933(517) 220-4986Chicken RestaurantsRestaurantsAdd to mybookRemove from mybookAdded to your food collection!Error when adding to food collectionThis business was removed from the food collection8. KFCMenuView all 4 Locations4509 W Saginaw HwyLansing, MI 48917(517) 323-4073Fast Food RestaurantsWebsiteFrom Business: Stop into the KFC in Lansing, MI for an Original Recipe, Extra Crispy, or Kentucky Grilled Chicken meal or enjoy our delicious buffet today. KFC can also cater your…Add to mybookRemove from mybookAdded to your food collection!Error when adding to food collectionThis business was removed from the food collection9. Popeyes Louisiana KitchenMenu3010 S Martin Luther King Jr BlvdLansing, MI 48910(517) 887-9861Chicken RestaurantsRestaurantsWebsiteFrom Business: Founded in 1972, Popeyes Chicken & Biscuits is one of the largest chains of quick-service restaurants in the world. Its restaurants serve mashed potatoes, Cajun-bat…Add to mybookRemove from mybookAdded to your food collection!Error when adding to food collectionThis business was removed from the food collection10. Chick-Fil-A5617 W Saginaw HwyLansing, MI 48917(517) 321-7800Fast Food RestaurantsRestaurantsWebsiteAdd to mybookRemove from mybookAdded to your food collection!Error when adding to food collectionThis business was removed from the food collection11. Ya Ya's Flame Broiled ChickenMenu3011 E Saginaw StLansing, MI 48912(517) 337-0420Chicken RestaurantsTake Out RestaurantsWebsiteAdd to mybookRemove from mybookAdded to your food collection!Error when adding to food collectionThis business was removed from the food collection12. Buffalo Wild WingsView all 2 Locations718 Delta Commerce DrLansing, MI 48917(517) 886-9464Chicken RestaurantsBar & GrillsWebsiteAdd to mybookRemove from mybookAdded to your food collection!Error when adding to food collectionThis business was removed from the food collection13. Wing Zone340 Morgan LnLansing, MI 48912(517) 332-3020Chicken RestaurantsRestaurantsWebsiteAdd to mybookRemove from mybookAdded to your food collection!Error when adding to food collectionThis business was removed from the food collection14. Max & Erma'sMenu2515 Lake Lansing RdLansing, MI 48912(517) 316-7477American RestaurantsRestaurantsWebsiteOrder OnlineFrom Business: Max & Erma's Restaurants owns and operates more than 70 full-service restaurants at various locations throughout the United States. Its menu includes a variety of s…Add to mybookRemove from mybookAdded to your food collection!Error when adding to food collectionThis business was removed from the food collection15. Cracker Barrel Old Country StoreMenuView all 2 Locations608 Commercial DrLansing, MI 48917(517) 627-7755American RestaurantsWebsiteFrom Business: Cracker Barrel Old Country Store is a chain of family restaurants with one of its locations in Lansing, Mich. The restaurant offers home-style country food and serv…Add to mybookRemove from mybookAdded to your food collection!Error when adding to food collectionThis business was removed from the food collection16. Wingstreet6200 S Cedar StLansing, MI 48911(517) 393-1565Chicken RestaurantsRestaurantsWebsiteAdd to mybookRemove from mybookAdded to your food collection!Error when adding to food collectionThis business was removed from the food collection17. Church's ChickenMenu6541 S Cedar StLansing, MI 48911(800) 639-3495Fast Food RestaurantsWebsiteAdd to mybookRemove from mybookAdded to your food collection!Error when adding to food collectionThis business was removed from the food collection18. Harrison RoadhouseMenu720 Michigan AveEast Lansing, MI 48823(517) 337-0200American RestaurantsBarsNight ClubsWebsiteOrder OnlineFrom Business: Since 1981, Harrison Roadhouse has provided a fun, friendly atmosphere along with high quality meals made with only the freshest ingredients. Converted from a Gas S…Add to mybookRemove from mybookAdded to your food collection!Error when adding to food collectionThis business was removed from the food collection19. Five Guys Burgers & Fries623 E Grand River AveEast Lansing, MI 48823(517) 332-3483Hamburgers & Hot DogsRestaurantsWebsiteFrom Business: Hamburgers, Cheeseburgers, French Fries, Hot Dogs, Grilled Cheese, Veggie SandwichAdd to mybookRemove from mybookAdded to your food collection!Error when adding to food collectionThis business was removed from the food collection20. Wings Over East LansingMenu1391 E Grand River AveEast Lansing, MI 48823(517) 332-5555Chicken RestaurantsTake Out RestaurantsWebsiteOrder OnlineAdd to mybookRemove from mybookAdded to your food collection!Error when adding to food collectionThis business was removed from the food collection21. Joe's Gizzard CityMenu(3)120 W Main StPotterville, MI 48876(517) 645-2120Chicken RestaurantsWebsiteOrder OnlineJoe's chicken Gizzards are out of this world ! 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Anthony Munoz: Sports Mem, Cards & Fan Shop | eBay
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Patent US5849349 - Anti-cholesterolemic egg, vaccine and method for production, and use - Google PatentsSearch Images Maps Play YouTube News Gmail Drive More »Sign inAdvanced Patent SearchPatentsEggs that affect lipid and cholesterol levels obtained from avian species that are hyperimmunized against a variety of bacterial antigens are disclosed. These eggs are useful as a dietary supplement for humans and other animals....http://www.google.com/patents/US5849349?utm_source=gb-gplus-sharePatent US5849349 - Anti-cholesterolemic egg, vaccine and method for production, and useAdvanced Patent SearchPublication numberUS5849349 APublication typeGrantApplication numberUS 08/478,525Publication dateDec 15, 1998Filing dateJun 7, 1995Priority dateJun 3, 1982Fee statusLapsedPublication number08478525, 478525, US 5849349 A, US 5849349A, US-A-5849349, US5849349 A, US5849349AInventorsRalph J. Stolle, Lee R. BeckOriginal AssigneeDcv, Inc.Export CitationBiBTeX, EndNote, RefManPatent Citations (12), Non-Patent Citations (26), Referenced by (7), Classifications (17), Legal Events (8) External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, EspacenetAnti-cholesterolemic egg, vaccine and method for production, and useUS 5849349 AAbstract Eggs that affect lipid and cholesterol levels obtained from avian species that are hyperimmunized against a variety of bacterial antigens are disclosed. These eggs are useful as a dietary supplement for humans and other animals.
What is new and intended to be covered by Letters Patent of the United States is: 1. An avian egg containing at least one factor, wherein said factor, when present in said egg, produces, upon ingestion of said egg, a level of lipid deposits in the aorta of a mammal ingesting said egg that is lower than the level of lipid deposits found in the aorta of said mammal prior to ingesting said egg, and wherein the cholesterol level in said egg is within the normal physiological range of cholesterol levels, said factor being produced in the egg of an avian that has been hyperimmunized, during egg production, with at least one antigen from Aerobacter aerogenes.
2. An avian egg containing at least one factor, wherein said factor, when present in said egg, produces, upon ingestion of said egg, a level of lipid deposits in the aorta of a mammal ingesting said egg that is lower than the level of lipid deposits found in the aorta of said mammal prior to ingesting said egg, and wherein the cholesterol level in said egg is within the normal physiological range of cholesterol levels, said avian egg being produced by a process comprising:sensitizing a female avian with a mixture of one or more antigens, wherein said antigens are prepared from Aerobacter aerogenes; administering boosters of said one or more antigens at a dosage sufficient to induce and maintain and hyperimmune state in said female avian; and collecting said avian egg from said female avian. 3. An avian egg containing at least one factor, wherein said factor when present in said egg, produces, upon ingestion of said egg, serum cholesterol levels in a mammal ingesting said egg that are lower than the serum cholesterol levels found in said mammal ingesting a normal egg, and wherein the cholesterol level in said egg is within the normal physiological range of cholesterol levels in avian eggs, said factor being produced in the egg of an avian that has been hyperimmunized, during egg production, with at least one antigen from at least one bacterial strain, said strain being selected from the group consisting of Aerobacter aerogenes, Escherichia coli, Salmonella enteriditis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Salmonella typhimurium, Haemophilus influenzae, Proteus vulgaris and Streptococcus pyogenes, A.
4. An avian egg containing at least one factor, wherein said factor, when present in said egg, produces, upon ingestion of said egg, serum cholesterol levels in a mammal ingesting said egg that are lower than the serum cholesterol levels found in said mammal ingesting a normal egg, and wherein the cholesterol level in said egg is within the normal physiological range of cholesterol levels, said avian egg being produced by a process comprising:sensitizing a female avian with a mixture of one or more antigens, wherein said antigens are prepared from each of the following strains: Aerobacter aerogenes, Escherichia coli, Salmonella enteritidis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Salmonella typhimurium, Haemophilus influenzae, Proteus vulgaris, and Shigella dysenteriae; administering boosters of said one or more antigens at a dosage sufficient to induce and maintain and hyperimmune state in said female avian; and collecting said avian egg from said female avian. 5. An avian egg containing at least one factor, wherein said factor, when present in said egg, maintains the level of lipid deposits in the liver of a mammal ingesting said egg, and wherein the cholesterol level in said egg is within the normal physiological range of cholesterol levels in avian eggs, said factor being produced in the egg of an avian that has been hyperimmunized during egg production, with at least one antigen from at least one bacterial strain, said bacterial strain selected from the group consisting of Aerobacter aerogenes and Escherichia coli.
6. An avian egg containing at least one factor, wherein said factor, when present in said egg, maintains, the level of lipid deposits in the liver of a mammal ingesting said egg, and wherein the cholesterol level in said egg is within the normal physiological range of cholesterol levels, said avian egg being produced by a process comprising:sensitizing a female avian with a mixture of one or more antigens, wherein said antigens are prepared from a bacterial strain selected from the group consisting of Aerobacter aerogenes and Escherichia coli; administering boosters of said one or more antigens at a dosage sufficient to induce and maintain and hyperimmune state in said female avian; and collecting said avian egg from said female avian. 7. An avian egg containing at least one factor, wherein said factor, when present in said egg, produces serum cholesterol levels in a mammal ingesting said egg that are lower than the serum cholesterol levels found in said mammal ingesting a normal egg, and wherein the cholesterol level in said egg is within the normal physiological range of cholesterol levels, said avian egg being produced by a process comprising:sensitizing a female avian with a mixture of one or more antigens, wherein said antigens are prepared from a bacterial strain selected from the group consisting of Streptococcus pyrogenes A., Aerobacter aerogenes, Escherichia coli, Salmonella enteritidis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Salmonella typhimurium, Haemophilus influenzae, and Proteus vulgaris, administering boosters of said one or more antigens at a dosage sufficient to induce and maintain and hyperimmune state in said female avian; and collecting said avian egg from said female avian. 8. An avian egg containing at least one factor, wherein said factor, when present in said egg, produces, upon ingestion of said egg, a level of lipid deposits in the aorta of a mammal ingesting said egg that are lower than the level of lipid deposits found in the aorta of a mammal ingesting a normal egg, and wherein the cholesterol level in said egg is within the normal physiological range of cholesterol levels, said factor being produced in the egg of an avian that has been hyperimmunized, during egg production, with at least one antigen from at least one bacterial strain, said strain being selected from the group consisting of: Escherichia coli, Salmonella enteritidis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Shigella dysenteriae.
9. An avian egg containing at least one factor, wherein said factor, when present in said egg, does not increase the level of lipid deposits in the aorta of a mammal ingesting said egg to the level of lipid deposits in the aorta of a mammal ingesting a normal egg, and wherein the cholesterol level in said egg is within the normal physiological range of cholesterol levels, said avian egg being produced by a process comprising:sensitizing a female avian with a mixture of one or more antigens, wherein said antigens are prepared from a bacterial strain selected from the group consisting of Escherichia coli, Salmonella enteritidis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Shigella dysenteriae; administering boosters of said one or more antigens at a dosage sufficient to induce and maintain and hyperimmune state in said female avian; and collecting said avian egg from said female avian. 10. An avian egg containing at least one factor, wherein said factor, when present in said egg, produces, upon ingestion of said egg, a level of lipid deposits in the liver of a mammal that is lower than the level of lipid deposits found in the liver of a mammal ingesting a normal egg, and wherein the cholesterol level in said egg is within the normal physiological range of cholesterol levels, said factor being produced in the egg of an avian that has been hyperimmunized, during egg production, with at least one antigen from at least one bacterial strain, said strain being selected from the group consisting of Salmonella enteritidis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Klebsiella pneumoniae.
11. An avian egg containing at least one factor, wherein said factor, when present in said egg, a level of lipid deposits in the liver of a mammal ingesting said egg that is lower than the level of lipid deposits in the liver of mammal ingesting a normal egg, and wherein the cholesterol level in said egg is within the normal physiological range of cholesterol levels, said avian egg being produced by a process comprising:sensitizing a female avian with a mixture of one or more antigens, wherein said antigens are prepared from a bacterial strain selected from the group consisting of Salmonella eneritidis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Klebsiella pneumoniae; administering boosters of said one or more antigens at a dosage sufficient to induce and maintain and hyperimmune state in said female avian; and collecting said avian egg from said female avian. Description
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED DOCUMENTS This application is a continuation of application Ser. No. 08/252,393, filed Jun. 1, 1994, (now abandoned); which is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 07/658,088, filed Feb. 20, 1991, now abandoned; which is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 07/001,842, filed Jan. 9, 1987, now abandoned; which is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 06/546,162, filed Oct. 27, 1983 (now U.S. Pat. No. 4,636,384); which is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 06/384,625, filed Jun. 3, 1982 (abandoned); which is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 06/622,130, filed Jun. 19, 1984 (now U.S. Pat. No. 4,748,018); which is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 06/577,804, filed Feb. 7, 1984 now abandoned.
The present invention relates to avian eggs which do not increase the concentration of serum lipids in subjects consuming said eggs and to the use of said eggs for the treatment of disorders of the vascular systems, such as vascular aging and arteriosclerosis.
The normal vascular system of mammals, especially humans, includes all of the organs, such as the heart and the arteries, involved in blood transport and circulation. Two major disorders affect the vascular system in animals: arteriosclerosis and aging. Arteriosclerosis, a generic term for the thickening and hardening of the arterial wall, is responsible for the majority of deaths in the United States and most westernized societies. There are various types of arteriolosclerosis, such as atherosclerosis, focal calcification, and arteriolosclerosis. The changes associated with arteriosclerosis (of the various types) and aging are partly overlapping. (See, for example, Harrison's "Principles of Internal Medicine," 10th edition, pp. 1465-1475.)
The normal artery wall consists of three reasonably well-defined layers: the intima, the media, and the adventitia. The intima is a layer of endothelial cells lining the lumen of all arteries. The endothelial cells are attached to each other by a series of junctional complexes and also are attached to an underlying meshwork of loose connecting tissue, the basal lamina. The lining of endothelial cells forms a barrier that controls the entry of substances from the blood into the arterial wall. The media consists of smooth muscle cells arranged in either single layers or multiple layers. The outermost layer of the artery is the adventitia which is delimited by the external elastic lamina. This external coat consists of a loose interwoven mixture of thick bundles of collagen, elastic fibers of varying size, and a mixture of smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts.
Maintenance of the endothelial cell lining is critical. Endothelial cell turnover occurs at a slow rate but may accelerate in focal areas by changing patterns of flow along the vessel wall. Intact endothelial cells function to prevent clotting, partly by elaboration of prostacyclin that inhibits platelet function, thereby enhancing unimpeded flow of blood. When the lining is damaged, however, platelets adhere to it, in part as the result of production of a different class of prostaglandins, the thromboxanes, and form a clot. The ability of the arterial wall to maintain the integrity of its endothelium, prevent platelet aggregation, and ensure the nutrition of its middle portion may be the critical determinants of the arteriosclerotic process.
The major change that occurs with normal aging in the arterial wall is a slow symmetrical increase in the thickness of the intima. This results from an accumulation of small muscle cells. In the nondiseased artery wall, the lipid content, mainly cholesterol ester and phospholipid, also progressively increases with age. While most of the phospholipid in the normal artery wall appears to be derived from in situ synthesis, the cholesterol ester that accumulates with aging appears to be derived from plasma, as it contains principally linoleic acid, the major plasma cholesterol ester fatty acid. As the normal artery ages, smooth muscle cells and connective tissue accumulate in the intima, leading to progressive thickening of the layer, coupled with progressive accumulation of fatty acid, resulting in a gradual increase in the rigidity of the vessels. The larger arteries may become dilated, elongated, and porous, and aneurysms may form in areas of encroaching degenerating arteriosclerotic plaque.
By far, the leading cause of death in the United States, both above and below age 65, is atherosclerosis, the atheromatous form of arteriosclerosis. The lesions are commonly classified as fatty streaks, fibrous plaques, and complicated lesions. The fatty streaks are characterized by an accumulation of lipid-filled smooth muscle cells and fibrous tissue in focal areas of the intima, and are stained distinctively by fat-soluble dyes. The lipid is mainly cholesterol oleate. Fibrous plaques are elevated areas of intima thickening, and will present the most characteristic lesion of advancing arteriosclerosis. They appear in the abdominal aorta, coronary arteries, and carotid arteries in the third decade, and increase progressively with age. Complicated lesions are calcified fibrous plaques containing various degrees of necrosis, thrombosis, and ulceration.
A number of "risk factors" have been identified in individuals who develop atherosclerosis. The risk factor concept implies that a person with at least one risk factor is more likely to develop a clinical atherosclerotic event and to do so earlier than a person with no risk factors. The presence of multiple risk factors further accelerates atherosclerosis. Among the reversible or partially reversible risk factors are hyperlipidemia (hypercholesterolemia and/or hypertriglyceridemia), hyperglycemia and diabetes mellitus, low levels of high-density lipoproteins in the presence of high concentrations of low-density lipoproteins, hypertension, obesity, and cigarette smoking.
As stated in Harrison's, supra (p. 1470), although the emergence of clinical consequences of atherosclerosis can be lessened, no convincing instance of regression or interruption of regression of atherosclerosis by removal or reversal of any single or group of risk factors has yet been proved in humans. The trend toward reduced smoking, lower cholesterol and fat consumption, reduction of bodyweight, and exercise programs have been helpful. Prevention, rather than grammar treatment, however, is the goal of public health professionals. An effective program of prophylaxis has not yet been established, although enough is known to guide in both identification of high risk and development of measures to reduce the risk.
Among the risk factors referred to above that might be particularly well-suited to therapeutic treatment is hyperlipidemia. Although control of factors such as obesity and cigarette consumption depend, to a great degree, on the will and inclination of individual, if a reasonable method for lowering total serum cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglycerides in the circulation were provided, it would be suitable for treatment of a broad spectrum of individuals.
Because of the widespread distribution of vascular disorders such as arteriosclerotic disorders and the naturally occurring aging of the vascular system and its accompanying problems, a need exists for an effective method both for preventing and possibly treating these disorders. If a natural food product, such as milk or eggs, for example, could be obtained having anti-arteriosclerotic and anti-aging effects, it would be an easily administratible, readily available, safe therapeutic composition.
It has been known in the prior art to produce milks having a variety of therapeutic effects. Beck, for example, has disclosed a milk containing antibody to Streptococcus mutans which has dental caries-inhibiting effects (Beck, U.S. Pat. No. 4,324,782). The milk is obtained by immunizing a cow with S. mutans antigen in two stages, and obtaining the therapeutic milk therefrom. Beck has also described a milk having anti-arthritic properties (copending U.S. Ser. No. 875,140, filed Feb. 6, 1978), and has described and patented a milk having anti-inflammatory properties (U.S. Pat. No. 4,284,623). Heinbach, U.S. Pat. No. 3,128,230, has described milk containing globulins of alpha, beta, and gamma components by inoculating a cow with antigenic mixtures. Petersen (U.S. Pat. No. 3,376,198 Canadian Patent 587,849), Holm (U.S. application (published) Ser. No. 628,987), and Tunnak et al. (British Patent, 1,211,876) have also described antibody-containing milks. None of the aforementioned references, however, discloses or suggests milk having anti-arteriosclerotic, vascular anti-aging, or serum lipid-lowering properties.
It is well known to those skilled in the art of immunology that serum globulin fractions consisting of various antibody types such as IgA, IgM, and IgG can be used to counter the corresponding antigens, thereby neutralizing the effects of the antigens. The various antigens include carcinogenic, bacterial species, viral species, and bioregulatory factors of plant and animal origin, as well as toxins and poisons.
Normally, upon exposure to a foreign antigen, the immune system of an animal will neutralize the bioregulatory and/or harmful effects of the antigen. The exposure of the immune system of a given mammal to foreign antigens can occur either naturally, or the host may be exposed to the antigen by the intentional administration of antigen in the form of a vaccine. When an animal is vaccinated with an antigenic substance, an immune response results in which the subject produces antibodies. This process is generally referred to as active immunization of the host species exposed to antigen. The antibodies produced by any given species of animal by the process of active immunization are homologous antibodies to said given species of animal.
In a copending related patent application (U.S. Ser. No. 546,162, filed Oct. 27, 1983), there was disclosed a method for lowering blood lipid concentrations and thereby treating the aforementioned vascular disorders comprising feeding test animals and humans antibody-containing milk derived from cows maintained in a hyperimmune state by injections of polyvalent antigens derived from mixtures of bacteria.
It is known that various genera of the class Aves, such as chickens (Gallus domesticus), turkeys, and ducks, produce antibodies in their blood and in their eggs against factors which cause avian diseases, as well as against other antigens. For example, LeBacq-Verheyden et al., Immunology 27:683 (1974), and Leslie, G. A., et al., J. Med. 130:1337 (1969), have quantitatively analyzed immunoglobulins of the chicken. Polson, A., et al., Immunological Communications 9:495-514 (1980) immunized hens against several proteins and natural mixtures of proteins, and detected IgY antibodies in the yolks of the eggs. Fertel, R., et al., Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 102:1028-1033 (1981) immunized hens against prostaglandins and detected antibodies in the egg yolk. Jensenius et al., Journal of Immunological Methods 46:63-68 (1981), provide a method of isolating egg yolk IgG for use in immunodiagnostics. Polson et al., Immunological Communications 9:475-493 (1980), describe antibodies isolated from the yolk of hens that were immunized with a variety of plant viruses.
Poison, U.S. Pat. No. 4,357,272, discloses the isolation of antibodies from the yolks of eggs derived from hyperimmunized hens. The hyperimmunization was elicited by repetitive injections into the hens of antigens represented by plant viruses, human IgG, tetanus antitoxin, snake antivenines, and Serameba antigens. Polson, U.S. Pat. No. 4,550,019, discloses the isolation from egg yolks of anti-bodies raised in the hen by hyperimmunization with immunogens having a molecular or particle weight of at least 30,000. The antigens used to hyperimmunize the chickens were selected from among plant viruses, human immunoglobulins, tetanus toxin, and snake venoms.
The present invention is a further development over the invention disclosed and claimed in U.S. application Ser. No. 577,804, filed Feb. 4, 1984, by Beck and Stolle, for "Heterologous Protein Antibody Formulation for Passive Immunization," and in U.S. application Ser. No. 622,130, filed Jun. 19, 1984, by Stolle and Beck, for "Method of Passive Immunization of Mammals Using Avian Antibody." The entire disclosures of said applications are herein incorporated by reference.
In Ser. No. 577,804, there is disclosed a method of passive immunization of a mammal which comprises parenterally injecting a purified heterologous antibody obtained from the eggs of a domesticated fowl, which species has been immunized against an antigenic substance, and wherein the mammal has a history of consumption of eggs from such domesticated fowl. The invention disclosed in U.S. Ser. No. 622,130 expands on the concepts disclosed in U.S. Ser. No. 577,804, in that administration of the egg antibody can be by any appropriate route, not only parenteral.
All of these references, however, relate only to the isolation from hyperimmunized animals of immunoglobulins raised against various antigens and to the subsequent use of said immunoglobulins for either diagnostic procedures or homologous or heterologous passive immunization. No suggestion or speculation is made in these references either that the immunoglobulins produced against various antigens would have a beneficial effect on the lowering of serum lipid concentrations in animals or that said hyperimmunized eggs could be consumed by humans and other animals without elevating serum lipid concentrations.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION It is an object of the invention to produce avian eggs which, when consumed by humans and other warm-blooded animals, will not increase the concentrations of serum lipids in said subjects.
It is also an object of the invention to provide avian eggs having beneficial effects upon disorders of the vascular systems.
The invention provides materials and a process for producing such avian eggs, said materials comprising bacterial antigens in vaccine form, and said process comprising immunization and hyperimmunization of avians with said bacterial antigen vaccine.
A further object of the invention is to provide a method for treating vascular disorders in humans and other warm-blooded animals.
These and other objects of the invention, which will hereinafter become more readily apparent, have been obtained by providing a method of treating vascular disorders in humans and other warm-blooded animals which comprises administering to said animal eggs collected from avian genera maintained in a hyperimmune state against specific bacterial antigens, in an amount sufficient to produce anti-arteriosclerotic, anti-aging vascular, or serum lipid-lowering effects. Further, by the present invention, avian eggs are provided which, upon consumption by humans and other warm blood animal, do not produce an elevation of serum cholesterol concentrations but rather, result in a lowering of serum cholesterol concentrations, said eggs being produced by avians being maintained in a hyperimmune state against specific bacterial antigens.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS As used hereinafter, the term "anti-cholesterolemic egg(s)" refers to the avian eggs of the present invention, said eggs produced by maintaining the animal producing said eggs in a hyperimmune state against a specific class of bacterial antigens, i.e. Gram negative bacteria common to the human digestive tract. The term "anti-cholesterolemic antigen(s)", as used hereinafter, shall mean antigens derived from those Gram-negative bacteria found in the human digestive tract. As used hereinafter this term "vaccine" refers to a suspension of bacteria or some antigenic part thereof which, when administered to an avian, results in the production of antibodies against said bacteria. Davis, B. D. et al., Microbiology, 3 ed., 1980, at 294.
The invention comprises a natural food product (anti-cholesterolemic eggs) which has beneficial properties toward animal vascular systems, as well as a method for producing and using same. The anti-cholesterolemic eggs of the present invention, being a natural product, can be used to treat vascular disorders associated with any disease or injury or a natural condition such as vascular aging in animals and humans, without fear of side effects.
Examples of vascular disorders which may be treated with the anti-cholesterolemic eggs of the present invention include aging disorders such as an increase in the rigidity of vessels and an increase in the incidence wherein the large arteries become dilated and elongated, as well as a decrease in aneurysms which form in areas of encroaching arteriosclerotic plaques. Other aging-induced vascular damage which can be prevented or reversed with the anti-cholesterolemic eggs of the present invention is the increase in the thickness of the arterial intima, the reversal of gradual accumulation of smooth muscle cells, as well as a decrease in the accumulation of lipid content in the arterial wall.
Among the abnormal (i.e., non-aging induced) disorders of the vascular system which are preventable or reversible with the anti-cholesterolemic eggs of the present invention is arteriosclerosis, which includes both atheromatous and non-atheromatous forms. Among the non-atheromatous forms of arteriosclerosis treatable with the eggs of the present invention is focal calcification (also called Monckberg's sclerosis), which is common in the lower extremities, upper extremities, and the arterial supply of the genital tract in both sexes. Another disorder is focal calcification, which involves degeneration of the smooth muscle cells followed by calcium deposition. Another non-atheromatous form of arteriosclerosis is arteriosclerosis which involves hyaline and general changes affecting both the intima and media of small arteries and arterials, particularly in the spleen, pancreas, adrenal, and kidney.
Importantly, the anti-cholesterolemic eggs of the present invention can be utilized for the treatment of atherosclerosis. This involves both the prevention and regression of the formation of fatty streaks, fibrous plaques, and complicated lesions, as described previously. Although it is probable that irreversible risk factors for atherosclerosis, such as male gender or genetic traits, might not be reversed with the eggs of the invention, the so-called reversible factor, however, may.
Thus, the anti-cholesterolemic eggs of the invention are useful in reducing the accumulation of lipids and preventing or reversing hypercholesterolemia or hypertriglyceridemia. Various forms of atherosclerosis can be treated.
Further, the anti-cholesterolemic eggs of the present invention are extremely valuable as a food source for egg protein. While avian eggs are known to be high in protein, conventional eggs, including the prior art eggs produced from immunized animals, have the undesirable characteristic of producing elevation in serum cholesterols upon consumption, even in normal healthy animals. The anti-cholesterolemic eggs of the present invention do not.
In the process of this invention, the source animal includes any egg-producing member of the class Aves, preferably, but not limited to, domesticated chickens (genus Gallus domesticus). Alternatively, genera represented by turkeys, ducks, geese, and the like may be used as the source of the hyperimmunized eggs.
The invention is based on the discovery that when such avians are brought to a specific state of immunization by means of periodic booster administrations of a specific class of bacterial antigen, or a mixture of such antigens, the animal will produce eggs which, when consumed, do not elevate serum cholesterol and other lipid concentrations and will have beneficial properties in the treatment of vascular disorders. These are "anti-cholesterolemic" eggs. The beneficial egg properties are not produced by all avians that are simply immunized. That is to say, the induction of immune sensitivity alone is insufficient to cause the appearance of the aforementioned anti-cholesterolemic properties in eggs, as is shown by the fact that normal fowl eggs do not contain these properties, even though fowl have become sensitized against various antigens during normal immunization against fowl diseases.
Furthermore, the properties are not always present in eggs produced by fowl maintained in the immune state by booster injection. It is only in a specific hyperimmune state that the eggs produced have the desired effect. This special state is achieved only by administering periodic boosters with sufficiently high doses of specific bacterial antigens or mixtures of such antigens. The preferred dose range should be equal to or greater than 50% of the dosage necessary to cause primary sensitization of the avian. Having knowledge of the requirement for developing and maintaining a hyperimmune state, it is within the skill of the art to vary the amount of bacterial antigen administered, depending upon the avian genera and strain employed, in order to maintain the animal in the hyperimmune state.
In summary, the process comprises the following steps:
1. Selection of bacterial antigen or antigens.
2. Sensitization of avians by primary immunization.
3. Administering boosters of bacterial antigens of appropriate dosage to induce and maintain a hyperimmune state.
4. Collecting eggs from the animal during the hyperimmune state.
5. Testing anti-aging or anti-arteriosclerotic properties of eggs collected from said hyperimmune avian.
Step 1-The method of treatment is to immunize the avian with a specific bacterial vaccine. The avian responds by producing antibodies in the eggs against the bacterial species used for the immunization. Specific egg antibodies produced in response to the immunization result in the anti-cholesterolemic factors. It was not known prior to the present teaching that avian antibodies produced against certain bacterial species and found in the eggs of said avians have anti-cholesterolemic properties. Table 1, which gives the bacterial species composition of 14 different vaccines used to immunize chickens, demonstrates that polyvalent vaccine A comprises 26 different bacterial species or subtypes. The results in Table 2 demonstrate that the eggs obtained from chickens immunized against polyvalent vaccine A contain the anti-cholesterolemic factor(s).
TABLE 1__________________________________________________________________________Bacterial Species Composition of 14 DifferentVaccines (A-N) Used to Immunize Chickens           VaccineBacteria        A B C D E F G H I J K L N N__________________________________________________________________________Staph, aureus   +   +Staph, epidermidis           +   +Strep, pyogenes, A.      Type 1           + +Strep. pyogenes, A.      3    + +Strep. pyogenes, A.      5    + +Strep. pyogenes, A.      8    + +Strep. pyogenes, A.      12   + +Strep. pyogenes, A.      14   + +Strep. pyogenes, A.      18   + +Strep. Pyogenes, A.      22   + +Aerobacter aerogenes           +       + +Escherichia coli           +       +   +Salmonella enteritidis           +       +     +Pseudomonas aeruginosa           +       +       +Klebsiella pneumoniae           +       +         +Salmonella pneumoniae           +       +           +Haemophilis influenzae           +       +             +Strep, mitis    +     +Proteus vulgaris           +       +               +Shigella dysenteriae           +       +                 +Diplococcus pneumoniae           +   +Propionibacter acnes           +   +(anaerobe)Strep, sanguis  +     +Strep, salivarius           +     +Strep, mutans   +     +__________________________________________________________________________
TABLE 2__________________________________________________________________________Autopsy Scores and Cholesterol Concentrationsin Rabbits Fed Eggs Obtained from ChickensHyperimmunized Against 14 Different Bacterial Vaccines                      Cholesterol Levels  No. of Rabbits &          Autopsy Scorec                      Serum LiverVaccine  Rabbit Group          Aorta Liver (mg %)                            (mg/G)__________________________________________________________________________Neg. Cont.a  4; not given          0     0     283   7.0Pos. Cont.b  2; 38-8 5     5     764   9.3A      4; 38-16          0     0     796   12.4B      3; 38-12          5     5     560   12.9C      1; 38-13          5     5     1600  22.5D      2; 38-14          5     5     1210  28.5E      1; 38-15          0     0     428   8.9F      3; 38-19          -2    0     271   7.9G      3; 38-20          1     0     388   11.9H      2; 38-21          2     3     495   13.9I      2; 38-22          4     3     551   13.3J      3; 38-23          4     3     574   12.3K      2; 38-24          5     5     472   25.9L      2; 38-25          5     5     683   27.9M      3; 38-26          5     5     706   23.6N      3; 38-27          2     5     868   35.8__________________________________________________________________________ a Rabbits not fed eggs. b Rabbits fed eggs from nonhyperimmunized chickens. c 0 is equivalent to negative control; 5 is equivalent to positive control.
The next step was to determine which specific bacterial species or combination of species contained in polyvalent vaccine A produced the anti-cholesterolemic antibody. This was done systematically by the process of elimination. Polyvalent vaccine A was first divided into four subgroups, B through E. The identification of the bacterial species in each of the subgroups is shown in Table 1. As summarized in the data in Table 2, the anti-cholesterolemic effect was absent in test animals (rabbits) fed eggs derived from fowl given from vaccine groups B, C, and D. The anti-cholesterolemic effect was present in the chickens immunized against bacterial vaccine group E.
When the component bacteria in vaccine group E were individually evaluated, the results, which are summarized in Table 2, demonstrate that there was no anti-cholesterolemic effects in rabbits fed eggs from chickens immunized against four of the individual bacterial species included in vaccine E (vaccines K, L, M, and N). There was, however, an anti-cholesterolemic effect observed in test animals fed eggs from chickens immunized against five of the bacterial species of vaccine E (vaccines F, G, H, I, and J). The anti-cholesterolemic effect varied from complete protection to slight protection, as indicated by the different scores ranging between 0 and 5. The eggs obtained from chickens immunized against Aerobacter aerogenes gave the greatest level of protection, followed next by Escherichia coli. Moderate protection was provided by Salmonella enteritidis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Shigella dysenteriae gave only slight protection. The bacterial species that produce anti-cholesterolemic antibodies in the chicken have three things in common. They are all Gram-negative staining bacteria, all reside in the lower intestinal tract of man, and all are pathogenic. Thus the anti-cholerolemic antigens of the present invention comprise that class of bacterial antigens which are (1) Gram-negative, (2) found in the human gut, and (3) pathogenic.
Step 2-Antigens can be administered by any method which causes sensitization. The preferred method of immunization is by intramuscular injection. The preferred method of administration of the antigens to chickens was in the breast muscle. The dosage is preferably 1-5 mg of the mixed bacterial vaccine. Repeated immunizations are given at intervals, preferably two-week, over a suitable period of time, preferably six months.
It can be determined whether or not the avian has become sensitive to the antigen. There are a number of methods known to those of skill in the art of immunology to test for sensitivity. Methods in Immunology and Immunochemistry, Williams, C. A., Chase, W. N., Academic Press, N.Y., London (Vols. 1-5) (1977). The appearance of egg antibodies after immunization with the vaccine is indicative of sensitivity. The minimum dose of antigen necessary to induce hypersensitivity depends on the type of antigen used.
Step 3 involves the induction and maintenance of the hyperimmune state. This state is induced by repeated booster administration of an appropriate dosage at fixed-time intervals, preferably two-week intervals over a six-month period of time where polyvalent bacterial agents are employed. Moreover, the booster administration must not induce a state of immune tolerance. This will cause the animal to pass from a hyperimmune state to a state of immune tolerance to the antigen, in which case the animal will cease to produce eggs with the beneficial properties.
It might also be possible, for example, to use a combination of different immunization procedures, i.e., intramuscular injection for primary immunization and intravenous injection for booster injections, etc. Many different combinations of immunization might be employed by those skilled in the arts to: (1) sensitize and (2) induce the hyperimmune state.
Step 4 involves collection and processing of the eggs. If the eggs are to be processed into dried egg powders, freeze-drying (lyophilization) is the preferred method. Whole eggs can also be used, as well as eggs that have been separated into egg yolks and egg white. It should be remembered that the beneficial antibodies are present in the egg yolk.
Step 5 is to test the serum lipid lowering and vascular disorder treatment properties of the eggs. A battery of research techniques can be used to test the effects of the hyperimmune eggs on the vascular system of animals. Preferably, suitable strains of rabbits are used as the test animal. Such animals, being susceptible to hypercholesterolemia, hyperlipidemia and atherosclerosis, are a well-established animal model for these disease entities in man. Duff, G. L., et al., J. Exper. Med. 89:611-630 (1949), at 612. These tests include in all cases feeding said test rabbit a diet which comprises hyperimmune eggs (with a control comprising animals with a diet containing normal eggs and another control comprising animals with an egg-free diet). After a predetermined period of time, preferably feeding rabbits one egg a day for 90 days with the egg being mixed with the drinking water of the rabbit, the rabbits are sacrificed and autopsies performed. The livers and aortas of the rabbits are dissected and examined for fatty deposits. Samples of these tissues are examined by standard histological methods to evaluate the level of lipid deposits in both the liver and aorta. A scoring system can be used to compare the degree of lipid deposits observed in the livers and aortas among the treatment and control groups. The following scoring system was preferred. The liver and aortas of each rabbit are dissected and given a score of 0-5, depending upon the amount of lipid deposits that were observed. A score of 0 is equivalent to a control that was not fed eggs, and a score of 5 is equivalent to controls fed normal chicken eggs. Histological sections are evaluated by the same criteria. The average score of each group of animals is then calculated. According to this scoring system, a mean score of 0 would indicate complete prevention of lipid deposits in the liver and aorta due to egg cholesterol in the diet, whereas a score of 5 would indicate no protection. Scores between 0 and 5 would indicate intermediate levels of protection, 1 being greater than 2, etc. In addition to this, the quantity of lipid in the blood and in liver and heart tissues can be measured using standard biochemical methods.
The results shown in Table 2 demonstrate that the eggs obtained from chickens beginning one month after the first immunization against the mixed bacterial vaccine (vaccine A) contain the anti-cholesterolemic factor. Having once developed a suitable protocol for immunization and hyperimmunization, anti-cholesterolemic eggs may be readily produced on a commercial scale, with only a minimum of spot-checking required.
The histological examination of blood vessels and liver can include any of the following techniques: scanning electron microscopy of the endocardial surfaces of the heart searching for endothelial damage; transmission electron microscopy of vessels searching for lipid droplets, endothelial degeneration, lipid presence in thome cells, or a tendency of fibrin or platelets to adhere to the lumenal surface of endothelial cells; histological analyses of hearts searching for lipid, e.g., cholesterol; demonstration of lipids with oil-soluble dyes such as oil red or Sudan black in sections of frozen tissues, or the presence of enzymes, especially cytochrome oxidase.
The present invention is based in part on the discovery that anti-cholesterolemic eggs have beneficial properties on the cardiovascular system. For example, it has been discovered that in hearts of female rabbits which have been fed a steady diet of anti-cholesterolemic eggs, the endothelial cells of the heart are protected against extensive endothelial damage of varying extent and severity observed in rabbits fed normal eggs with their well known high cholesterol content. In the latter rabbits, craters or holes are present where one or more cells have degenerated and detached, whereas in anti-cholesterolemic hyperimmune egg-fed rabbits, these were not present. Transmission electron microscopy of both populations of rabbits show major differences in the blood vessels. Significant pathological features of blood vessels in control hearts include large lipid droplets, endothelial degeneration, multiple small lipid vacuoles, single or multiple large lipid droplets filling the cytoplasm of endothelial cells, foam cells latent with lipid, and a strong tendency of fibrin platelets to adhere to the lumenal surface of endothelial cells. All of the aforementioned derangement accompany the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. These derangements are not found in blood vessels from representative areas of rabbit populations that are on a steady diet of hyperimmune eggs. Histological sections of hearts from the rabbits fed the hyperimmune eggs or milk and of rabbits fed control eggs or milk show that lipid is present in the lumena of some blood vessels of control hearts, and cardiac muscle fibers of control hearts are filled with lipid. Coronary blood vessels from rabbits on hyperimmune eggs lack the atherosclerotic lipid deposits which are observed in control vessels. These results demonstrate that anti-cholesterolemic eggs slow and/or repress the pathogenesis of arteriosclerosis and aging of the heart. The same tests on rabbit populations demonstrate that diets incorporating the hyperimmune eggs of this invention, not only result in a reduction of the concentrations of serum cholesterol, triglycerides, and low-density lipoproteins, all of which are key factors associated with cardiovascular disease, but also fail to bring about the increase in said serum lipids generally observed in humans (and other warm-blooded animals) who consume eggs.
The eggs of the invention can be provided in any amount which effects or maintains the reversal of vascular disorders in warm-blooded animals.
The same amounts can be utilized in normal subjects when operating in a preventive mode. The whole eggs or egg yolks can be incorporated into any food product, as long as the food product is not treated at a temperature which is too elevated and which would thereby inactivate the beneficial properties of the product.
Further, it has been found that the yolk fractions contain the agent or agents responsible for the beneficial properties observed and referred to above. Those of ordinary skill in the art, knowing that the yolk fraction contains the factors of importance, would clearly recognize that further separation can be made to obtain more potent fractions.
Having now generally described this invention, the same will be further described by reference to certain specific examples which are provided herein for purposes of illustration only and are not intended to be limiting unless otherwise specified.
EXAMPLE 1 Five chickens were immunized against polyvalent bacterial vaccine A (cf., Table 1).
Bacterial cultures were obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC). They were reconstituted with media, and incubated overnight at 37� C. About half of each bacterial suspension was used to inoculate one liter of broth, which was cultured at 37� C. The remaining suspension was stored in sterile glycerol at -20� C. After good growth was apparent, bacteria were harvested by centrifugation of 14,000�g for 20 mins. The pellet of bacteria was washed by repeated (3�) suspension in saline and reisolation by centrifugation. Washed pellets were suspended in a small volume of distilled water, and bacteria were heat-killed by maintenance at 80� C. overnight. Heat-killed bacteria were lyophilized and stored in sterile vials at -20� C.
An amount of bacterial antigen sufficient to immunize up to 10 adult female chickens was prepared as follows. About 350 mg of mixed bacterial powder was suspended in 1 liter of sterile saline to a concentration of approximately 202�108 bacterial cells/ml. saline (A660 =1.0). One milliliter of this mixture was injected into each chicken.
Repeated immunizations were given at two-week intervals over a six-month period of time.
Eggs were collected from chickens beginning one month after the first immunization. Rabbits, which are known to be a valid model of human arteriosclerosis (Duff et al. supra), were fed one egg a day for 90 consecutive days. The eggs were mixed with the drinking water of the rabbit. Three rabbits were fed the eggs obtained from the chickens immunized against polyvalent vaccine A. Six additional rabbits were used as controls. One control group of three rabbits were fed eggs from non-immunized chickens, and the other control group of three rabbits was fed the same daily ration of rabbit food, but no eggs. After 90 days, the rabbits were sacrificed and autopsies were performed. The livers and aortas of the rabbits were dissected and examined for fatty deposits. Samples of these tissues were examined by standard histological methods to evaluate the level of lipid deposits in both the liver and aorta. Serum and liver lipid concentrations were estimated by standard chemical analysis.
The results shown in Table 2 show that the eggs obtained from chickens immunized against the polyvalent bacterial vaccine A contain the anti-cholesterolemic factor.
EXAMPLE 2 Five chickens were immunized with each of vaccine groups B through E listed in Table 1, according to the protocol described in Example 1 above. Eggs obtained from these chickens were evaluated in rabbits according to the same procedure described above in Example 1. Results from these rabbit experiments are summarized in Table 2. The anti-cholesterolemic effect is absent in rabbits fed eggs of vaccine groups B, C, and D, but the anti-cholesterolemic effect was present in rabbits immunized against bacterial vaccine group E.
EXAMPLE 3 Groups of five chickens each were immunized with each of the nine individual bacterial species included in vaccine E of Table 1, according to the protocol of Example 1. Eggs from these chickens were fed to rabbits according to the same experimental protocol described above in Example 1. The results from this series of experiments, which are summarized in Table 2, demonstrate that there was no anti-cholesterolemic effects in rabbits fed eggs from chickens immunized against four of the individual bacterial species included in vaccine group E. There was, however, an anti-cholesterolemic effect observed in rabbits fed eggs from chickens immunized against five of these bacterial species, namely, Aerobacter aerogenes, Escherichia coli, Salmonella enteridites, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Shigella dysenteriae. These five bacteria are all Gram-negative staining bacteria, all reside in the lower intestinal tract of humans, and all are pathogenic in man.
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ISBN 10: 0746076819 / ISBN 13: 9780746076811
1. Wands and Charms (Silverlake Fairy School)
ISBN 10: 0746076819 ISBN 13: 9780746076811
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3. Wands and Charms (Silverlake Fairy School)
Elizabeth Lindsay, Anna Currey
Book Description Usborne Publishing Ltd 24/04/2009, 2009. Book Condition: Good. Shipped within 24 hours from our UK warehouse. Clean, undamaged book with no damage to pages and minimal wear to the cover. Spine still tight, in good condition. Remember if you are not happy, you are covered by our 100% money back guarantee. Bookseller Inventory # 2341-9780746076811
4. Wands and Charms (Silverlake Fairy School),Elizabeth Lindsay
Book Description Bookseller Inventory # SKU-2952998
5. Wands and Charms (Silverlake Fairy School),Elizabeth Lindsay
6. Wands and Charms (Silverlake Fairy School),Elizabeth Lindsay
7. Wands and Charms (Silverlake Fairy School)
Book Description Usborne Publishing Ltd 24/04/2009, 2009. Book Condition: Good. Will be shipped promptly from UK warehouse. Book is in good condition with no missing pages, no damage or soiling and tight spine. There may be some dog-eared pages showing previous use but overall a great book. Bookseller Inventory # 9053-9780746076811
8. Wands and Charms (Silverlake Fairy School)
Book Description Usborne Publishing Ltd, 2009. Paperback. Book Condition: Used; Good. Bookseller Inventory # 1390228
9. Wands and Charms (Silverlake Fairy School)
Book Description Usborne Publishing Ltd, 2009. Paperback. Book Condition: Used; Very Good. Bookseller Inventory # 2385483
10. Wands and Charms (Silverlake Fairy School)
Book Description Usborne Publishing Ltd 24/04/2009, 2009. Book Condition: Good. This book is in good or better condition. It has no tears to the pages and no pages will be missing from the book. The spine of the book is still in great condition and the front cover is generally unmarked. It has signs of previous use but overall is in really nice, tight condition. Shipping is normally same day from our UK warehouse. We offer a money back guarantee if you are not satisfied. Bookseller Inventory # 9053-9780746076811

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Atklājiet galamērķi Kirchheim unter Teck | Booking.com
→ Kirchheim unter Teck
Izmēģiniet vietu Kirchheim unter Teck savam nākamajam ceļojumam! Tur jūs gaida vecpilsēta, pastaiga pa pilsētu un ēdieni.
777 viesnīcu atsauksmes
This 3-star hotel is located in Kirchheim unter Teck, just a 25-minute drive from Stuttgart. It offers modern rooms, a bistro-restaurant, and good links with the A8 motorway. „Room and Shower very nice
Shuttle to Hahnweide Airshow Oldtimers“
"Arthotel Billie Strauss“ is situated at the foot of the Swabian Alb, on the outskirts of Nabern by Kirchheim/Teck. Arthotel Billie Strauss
The Gasthaus Rössle is located in the Ötlingen district of Kirchheim unter Teck. It offers quiet rooms, a daily breakfast buffet, and good links with the A8 motorway. „Staff is very kind - hotel is clean - room is wide, clean and comfortable - bathroom is new - breakfast with regional meals - space for parking cars“
A regional restaurant, sauna facilities and a terrace are offered by this hotel. It enjoys a central location in Kirchheim unter Teck, just 700 metres from the Market Square. „Large bedroom (with a reading light by the bed which can sometimes be difficult to come by in Germany!), excellent restaurant, helpful staff, excellent breakfast“
Located in Kirchheim unter Teck, this historic hotel offers traditional Swabian food and easy access to Stuttgart Airport and the Messe Exhibition Centre via the A8 motorway. „Friendly staff, nice rooms and good food.“
Wohnen unter Teck is set in a quiet area in Kirchheim unter Teck, 5 km from Kirchheim S-Bahn Station. It offers free Wi-Fi and a sun terrace with scenic views of the Swabian Alps. „Late night check inn, very warm welcome. clean and tidy room, shared bathroom also very clean and spacious. recommended to take a breakfast for additional 6e great deal.“
Set in Kirchheim unter Teck, this apartment is 24 km from Stuttgart. The unit is 49 km from Ulm. Free WiFi is provided throughout the property. „* very friendly staff
* very quiet location on a walking distance from the village“
Located 24 km from Stuttgart, Apartment Schön II offers pet-friendly accommodation in Kirchheim unter Teck. Apartment Schön II features views of the garden and is 49 km from Ulm. „Good location, safe place, well arranged apartment.“
180808,173748,177770,171159,176707,174995,177258,180483,173978|1,174945,169251,173978,169255|3,174230,178394,178210,176822,177717,177358,169255,169255|6,178577,180140,176971

value: This website is a Dutch online travel agency for lodging reservations & other travel products, and a subsidiary of Booking Holdings. It is headquartered in Amsterdam.The website has over 28 million listings.


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Free store pickupas soon as 5/31with •Free store pickupas soon as 5/31with Fights odor and stain-causing bacteria, mold and mildewAnti-clog rubber nozzlesWatersense compliant
Free store pickupas soon as 5/31with •Free store pickupas soon as 5/31with Zen Horizontal Luminate Table Lamp

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Book Avenue Plaza Resort, New Orleans, Louisiana - Hotels.comEnglish (United States)Book online or call 800-246-8357This call is free. 24 hours a day; 7 days a week.HotelsHotel DealsPackages & FlightsGroupsHotels.com® RewardsGift CardsCustomer ServiceYour bookingsHelpWebsite feedbackReview a hotelSign in & AccountSign inCreate an accountYour bookingsSaved hotelsHotelsUnited States HotelsLouisiana HotelsNew Orleans HotelsAvenue Plaza ResortAll hotels in New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America1 room, 2 adultsDestination, hotel, landmark or addressCheck inCheck out Rooms123456789+Room 1:Adults12345678Aged 18+Children01230-17Age at check in:Child 1:-?-<11234567891011121314151617SearchYou can collect Hotels.com® Rewards nights hereAvenue Plaza Resort, New Orleans3 stars2111 Saint Charles Ave, New Orleans, LA, 70130, United States of America, 800-491-6126Lowest price$117Best Price GuaranteeBest Price Guarantee on hotel bookings. If you find a better price on exactly the same stay elsewhere we’ll match itJump to:OverviewRoom choicesMapReviewsHotel informationLobbyReceptionReceptionGuestroomGuestroomGuestroomGuestroomGuestroomGuestroomIn-Room DiningIn-Room KitchenLiving AreaLiving AreaLiving RoomBathroomBathroomBathroomBathroomPoolPoolPoolOutdoor PoolOutdoor PoolOutdoor PoolOutdoor Spa TubOutdoor Spa TubFitness FacilityFitness FacilityFitness FacilityFitness FacilitySpaSpaSpaRestaurantRestaurantRestaurantRestaurantRestaurantRestaurantRestaurantBusiness CenterBusiness CenterHotel FrontHotel FrontHotel FrontHotel FrontHotel FrontOutdoor DiningOutdoor DiningOutdoor DiningTerrace/PatioTerrace/PatioTerrace/PatioFountainExterior detailExterior[1/57]Flag this imageFamily condo with kitchenette, near Mercedes-Benz Superdome Free WiFi Main amenities264 condosRestaurant and bar/loungeOutdoor poolSaunaValet parking24-hour front deskAir conditioningATM/banking servicesSelf-serve laundryConference spaceMultilingual staffConcierge servicesWhat’s aroundIn Garden DistrictMercedes-Benz Superdome (1.7 mi / 2.7 km)Jackson Square (2 mi / 3.2 km)French Market (2.2 mi / 3.5 km)New Orleans Jazz Park (2.3 mi / 3.7 km)Coliseum Square (0.5 mi / 0.8 km)See mapExcellent4.2 / 5I was very please with the stay the staff where very friendly and helpful.Aug 17, 2015The bathroom was soo tiny!!! With the large bedroom/living area, and the weird counter…Jul 29, 2015See all 196 Hotels.com reviewsTripAdvisor Traveller Rating: 4From 478 reviewsTripAdvisor Traveller RatingEmailSaveShareHotels.com® RewardsBook this hotel and collect nights after your stayEnter dates to check pricesHotel Info: 866-539-8117 from $117Destination, hotel, landmark or addressCheck inCheck out Rooms123456789+Room 1:Adults12345678Aged 18+Children01230-17Age at check in:Child 1:-?-<11234567891011121314151617Check availability Deluxe (Deluxe Single)Suite, 1 BedroomStudioDeluxe, One King BedDeluxe Double RoomCheck availability Jump to:OverviewRoom choicesMapReviewsHotel information↑ Back to topAlso popular with travelers from the USASee all hotels in New OrleansList viewMap viewSee all hotels in New OrleansAt a glanceKey factsHotel sizeThis hotel has 264 roomsThis hotel is arranged over 12 floorsArriving/leavingCheck-in time starts at 4 PMCheck-out time is 10 AMExpress check-outRequired at check inCredit card or cash deposit required
Free WiFi in roomsTransportationParkingValet parking *See mapAlso known asAvenue PlazaAvenue Plaza New OrleansAvenue Plaza ResortAvenue Plaza Resort New OrleansPlaza AvenueAvenue Plaza Hotel New OrleansMandatory feesDeposit: USD 100.00 per stay (for stays between 1 January - 31 December)Optional extrasValet parking costs USD 22.4 per dayNearby Three Star New Orleans hotelsHotel Indigo NEW ORLEANS GARDEN DISTRICT3.5 starsExcellent4.5 / 5From $110The Queen Anne Hotel3 starsExcellent4.3 / 5From $119Prytania Oaks Hotel3 starsExcellent4.4 / 5From $109$98Fairchild House3 starsNo guest ratings yetFrom $119See more Three Star New Orleans hotelsIn the hotelFood and drinkRestaurant Bar/lounge Things to doOutdoor poolSaunaBicycle rentals nearbyGolfing nearbyHiking/biking trails nearbySailing nearbyWorking awayConference spaceServices24-hour front deskConcierge servicesLaundry facilitiesFacilitiesATM/bankingIn the roomHome comfortsClimate controlAir conditioningCeiling fanCoffee/tea makerIron/ironing boardSleep wellHypo-allergenic bedding availableSoundproofed roomsFreshen upPrivate bathroomFree toiletriesHair dryerBe entertainedCable TV channels Stay connectedFree WiFiPhoneFood and drinkRefrigeratorMicrowaveKitchenetteCookware, dishware, and utensilsMoreIn-room safeTop New Orleans hotelsNew Orleans Jazz Quarters3 starsOutstanding5.0 / 5Audubon Cottages3.5 starsOutstanding5.0 / 5From $399Lion's Inn Bed and Breakfast3 starsOutstanding5.0 / 5From $60Site 61 Hostel New Orleans2 starsOutstanding5.0 / 5From $101Recently reviewed hotels in New OrleansOmni Royal Orleans Hotel4 starsExcellent4.5 / 5From $139$125"Great!"Aug 22, 2015Hotel St. Marie3 starsExcellent4.2 / 5From $100"stay was good. clean room and nice location. the internet was non existent. asked to be fixed and there was no improvement."Aug 22, 2015Prytania Park Hotel2.5 starsExcellent4.2 / 5From $89$80Hilton New Orleans Riverside3.5 starsExcellent4.3 / 5From $109"Always a great stay here! A+"Aug 22, 2015Nearby hotelsAvenue Plaza3.5 starsExcellent4.5 / 5From $244The Pontchartrain Hotel3.5 starsExcellent4.1 / 5From $186$149Clarion Hotel Grand Boutique3 starsExcellent4.2 / 5From $120Magnolia Mansion3 starsExcellent4.2 / 5From $159Jump to:OverviewRoom choicesMapReviewsHotel information↑ Back to topAvenue Plaza Resort, New Orleans’s small printAlso known asAvenue PlazaAvenue Plaza New OrleansAvenue Plaza ResortAvenue Plaza Resort New OrleansPlaza AvenueAvenue Plaza Hotel New OrleansMandatory feesDeposit: USD 100.00 per stay (for stays between 1 January - 31 December)Optional extrasValet parking costs USD 22.4 per dayWe have included all charges provided to us by this hotel. However, charges can vary, for example, based on length of stay or the room you book.Avenue Plaza Resort, New OrleansIs the description of this hotel not correct? Tell usJump to:OverviewRoom choicesMapReviewsHotel information↑ Back to topChoose one of the following to unlock Secret Prices and pay less on select hotels.EmailSign up for our latest offersHotels.com appDownload the app and book on the goHotels.com® RewardsJoin now to collect 10 nights, get 1 free*Top DestinationsHotels in New YorkHotels in Las VegasHotels in ChicagoHotels in San FranciscoHotels in WashingtonHotels in BostonHotels in San DiegoHotels in OrlandoHotels in LondonHotels in New OrleansHotels in Los AngelesHotels in San AntonioHotels in ParisHotels in SeattleHotels in AtlantaHotels in PhiladelphiaHotels in AustinHotels in Atlantic CityHotels in RomeHotels in Myrtle BeachHotels in DallasHotels in HoustonHotels in DenverHotels in MiamiCustomer ServiceYour bookingsFAQsContact usWebsite feedbackReview a hotelFor Suppliers, Affiliates and the MediaAdd HotelAffiliate with usPrivate LabelPromote with UsTravel AgentsPress OfficeUser Terms and Privacy PolicyTerms & ConditionsPrivacy PolicyCookie PolicyAbout our adsAbout UsTop 50 CitiesAll countriesAll hotelsSite index© 2002-2015 Hotels.com L.P. All rights reserved. – An Expedia Inc. brandHotels.com, Hotels.com logo, Smart character, Welcome Rewards™, and ’Smart. So Smart.’ are trademarks and/or service marks of Hotels.com L.P.* Learn more about Hotels.com® RewardsABOUT SSL CERTIFICATES

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Sold by: books8844
The Guild: The Official Companion Paperback – July 16, 2013
$6.05 31 Used from $2.49 21 New from $6.05 1 Collectible from $11.68
This item:The Guild: The Official Companion by Titan Books Paperback $6.05
The Guild: Complete Megaset DVD by Felicia Day DVD $35.99
Amazon Best Sellers Rank: #892,032 in Books (See Top 100 in Books)
#79 in Books > Computers & Technology > Internet & Social Media > Podcasts & Webcasts
#191 in Books > Humor & Entertainment > Television > Direction & Production
#296 in Books > Humor & Entertainment > Television > Genres
felicia behind cast pictures scenes web interviews crew fans actors geek page yes gamer photos shows
5.0 out of 5 starsLearn all the behind-the-scenes secrets behind hit web series The Guild in The Official Companion.
Being both a gamer and a geek, I am also an avid fan of hit web series The Guild. So when I was offered a review copy of new book The Guild: The Official Companion, my answer was an emphatic "yes!" I usually don't go for these sort of books, but I'm really glad I got my hands on this one.
To start off with, the book is filled with gorgeous artwork and photos, featuring our favorite guildies Felicia Day, Sandeep Parikh, Jeff Lewis, Robin Thorsen, Amy Okuda and Vince Caso. Each actor has their own section and we find out how they were cast and what their experience on the show and with fans has been like. We also get some great in-depth looks at their characters and in-game costumes. Wil Wheaton, along with a few other guest stars, get a little bit of coverage in the book, as well.
However, it is the section on the Fawkes-Codex painting that is my favorite. There's a photo of the original posing that Day and Wheaton did for that piece and there's the painting itself, so that the two can be compared.
I also really liked all of the discussion about writing each season of the series. As a writer, I'm always curious about others' techniques and where their ideas come from. We see how the writing becomes an actual episode and how all the details were put together to create the whole. The level of depth that the book goes into will make The Guild fans into even bigger fans.
Finally, The Guild: The Official Companion reads like a love letter to the fans. They are mentioned constantly and never seem to be far from the cast and crew's thoughts. And that's the main reason to pick up this book. If you're a fan of the show, it's a must have for your collection. And even better, if you're a cosplayer, there are some great photos of the in-game costumes for reference.
5.0 out of 5 starsThis is one of my favorite shows, hands down
This is one of my favorite shows, hands down, ever! Even if you aren't a gamer (I am) and your friends aren't (they are not), it is so hilarious to watch! I have made them watch on occasion, but after a few minutes, they stop me to ask me if this could really be real! After many years of the same drama, I say yes, although it is impossible to keep from busting out laughing remembering those times.
A truly great show for anyone who loves MMORPGs, or even is in a relationship with someone like that. It will help in the long run if you play this game, you might understand each even better. If now, even lawyers do some on-line gaming, and I should know because one is in my guild!! :)
5.0 out of 5 starsThe Guild compendium
Loved this. It was great to read all the snippets and interviews
A great Guild companion piece indeed!
This is a book. A book about The Guild. I will be buying it. If you are on this page I hazard a guess that you will be buying it too.
Meh. I love the Guild. Was hoping for a more in depth behind the scenes story about the show. Instead it's an entire book blowing smoke up Felicia Days keister. There are some nice photos, but they're almost entirely secondary angles of promotional shoots the cast was doing (i.e.you're looking at photos of them posing for a photographer). Just stick with rewatching the show.
5.0 out of 5 starsIf you loved The Guild webseries
If you loved The Guild webseries, and if you love Felicia Day and general gamer geek culture, get this book!
a must have for fans of the show!
3.0 out of 5 starsFor the super fans, but buy it cheap
Cool behind the screen stuff. Much of the origin story is discussed in Felicia's book, (which I highly recommend).Read more
I'll admit I was expecting a bit more information on some seasons and less on others, but this was an interesting look into the show.Read more
My son wanted and received this item for a little Christmas gift from Santa under the tree. Even as adults they still have their stocking filled & three gifts to open under the...Read more
5.0 out of 5 starsA nice souvenier of the web series.
What do you want to know about "The Guild?" Buy this and your answers will probably be found within it's pages.Read more
4.0 out of 5 starsA wonderful book for a wonderful series
A wonderful book for a wonderful series. I purchased the DVD sets for every season to show my support of this awesome show.Read more
As many other people have stated, this book is a must have for any true "The Guild" fan. Felicia Day is truly a talented and inspiring person to have created so many...Read more
This item: The Guild: The Official Companion

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Amazon.com: Don't Ask And I Won't Have To Lie (Boomer World) eBook: Beverly Mahone, Sandra Holcombe, Ginger Marks: Kindle Store
Buy a KindleKindle eBooksAdvanced SearchDaily DealsFree Reading AppsKindle SinglesNewsstandAccessoriesDiscussionsManage Your KindleKindle Support Start reading Don't Ask And I Won't Have To Lie (Boomer World) on your Kindle in under a minute. Don't have a Kindle? Get your Kindle here.
Don't Ask And I Won't Have To Lie (Boomer World) [Kindle Edition]
Beverly Mahone (Author), Sandra Holcombe (Editor), Ginger Marks (Illustrator)
"Don't Ask and I Won't Have to Lie" explores some of the subjects women lie about, why they do it, and the role aging plays in the process.This book is not for you if: You've never lied to your children; You've never lied to get out of a jam; You've never lied or had to stretch the truth to spare the feelings of a friend or loved one; You've never caught someone else in a lie; You've never lied to your boss or co-worker; You've never checked called ID before answering your phone; You've lived your entire life as a Miss Goody Two Shoes.The idea of aging in a society where youth and beauty are depicted as a thing to behold can result in a lie. That might explain why women over 40 years old account for nearly half of all cosmetic surgery routines in thr United States. Some women go to great lengths to conceal what they believe are physical flaws because, as an overzealous media always reminds us, image is everything.
B007TWCSHA,B00AQJ7NKA,B007XVWEIU
Publisher: Benoham Publishing (April 16, 2012)
ASIN: B007UXDPFW
Amazon Best Sellers Rank: #1,166,157 Paid in Kindle Store (See Top 100 Paid in Kindle Store)
Bev Mahone's book about lies gives an analysis of the "little" and not-so-little lies that we tell others and even ourselves. ”
Judy Schriener|
My wife isn't that big a reader and she actually read this book from beginning to end and enjoyed it as well. ”
T. T. Mitchell|
Thanks for being so honest. ”
Rhonda J.|
I won't lie -- I loved it!
Amazon Verified Purchase Bev Mahone's book about lies gives an analysis of the "little" and not-so-little lies that we tell others and even ourselves. It's down to earth and practical and it inspired me to pay more attention to the little things I do to worm out of what I don't want to do or want people to know. I read this book hoping no one would read it over my shoulder because she nailed me so well that I felt exposed. I'm sure most of us can relate to the points she made and the stories she tells, many of them about herself and her experiences. Bev's candor and willingness to reveal the stuff that we all think but won't talk about makes this book one to enjoy and wake us up at the same time.
Amazon Verified Purchase The intro alone made me want to read "Don't Tell and I Won't Have to Lie!!!! Then when I started reading, I couldn't put it down until I finished (and that's no lie)!!! I absolutely loved, loved, loved the book!!!!! Beverly wrote as one Baby Boomer to another--honestly, to the point, and from personal experience. Some of my secrets were revealed, as I'm sure many others were, as she shared what we have ALL thought, said, or have done. Thanks for being so honest.
Deadly serious hysterically funny Straight Talk
Amazon Verified Purchase Beverly Mahone has captured the irony of Erma Bombeck and truth telling of Maya Angelou. As someone who has faced her own truth, Beverly shares why it's sometimes necessary to lie. She helps us understand why we do what we do so we don't have to lie to ourselves. I totally enjoyed this read and highly recommend it.
Amazon Verified Purchase I enjoyed Beverly's straightforward writing style. She knows all the secret white lies women use. Watch out, you may see yourself in this book!
Amazon Verified Purchase I love Beverly's matter-of-fact, funny way of making her point. Interesting insights...things that make you go...hmmm! Great read! Highly recommended.
Good Short and Engaging Read Reading this book will keep you out of some troubling situations with your friends, family and at work. Read more
Published 19 months ago by F. Khan
Not Just For Women First, I'm not rating this book high because I was quoted in it. I rate the book high because it tells a lot of truths and makes you think about things, especially your health. Read more
Published 19 months ago by T. T. Mitchell
Talented Lady Beverly is a creative writer who doesn't mind sharing. She is open and honest about her life's experiences. I highly recommend that you read this book. Read more
Published 19 months ago by Cynthia Frazier
Don't Ask And I Won't Have To Lie. By Beverly Mahone This was the most interesting and well thought out book I have ever read. It gave interesting insights into something that we may have to do from time to time. Read more
Published 19 months ago by Shani Bush


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