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Patent US5853631 - Mold heater startup method - Google PatentsSearch Images Maps Play YouTube News Gmail Drive More »Sign inAdvanced Patent SearchPatentsA method for mold heater startup and sequencing detects the heater zones associated with greater mass and allows them to heat up before zones of lesser mass, thereby reducing wear of the associated mechanical components and minimizing degradation of plastic material. The zones of smaller mass are kept...http://www.google.com/patents/US5853631?utm_source=gb-gplus-sharePatent US5853631 - Mold heater startup methodAdvanced Patent SearchPublication numberUS5853631 APublication typeGrantApplication numberUS 08/986,347Publication dateDec 29, 1998Filing dateDec 8, 1997Priority dateDec 8, 1997Fee statusPaidAlso published asCA2313203A1, CA2313203C, DE69831597D1, DE69831597T2, EP1037735A1, EP1037735A4, EP1037735B1, WO1999033633A1Publication number08986347, 986347, US 5853631 A, US 5853631A, US-A-5853631, US5853631 A, US5853631AInventorsThomas P. LinehanOriginal AssigneeD-M-E CompanyExport CitationBiBTeX, EndNote, RefManPatent Citations (8), Referenced by (12), Classifications (18), Legal Events (24) External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, EspacenetMold heater startup method
US 5853631 AAbstract
A method for mold heater startup and sequencing detects the heater zones associated with greater mass and allows them to heat up before zones of lesser mass, thereby reducing wear of the associated mechanical components and minimizing degradation of plastic material. The zones of smaller mass are kept at minimal temperatures until the zones with greater mass reach a set point. The system is capable of detecting multiple levels of thermal load and provides appropriate sequential startup of the identified thermal loads. The operator may also manually program the system to override certain automated sequences in order to ensure an optimal startup sequence. The sequencing of power application to large heaters also minimizes the peak current draw of the system.
1. In an injection molding system including a mold with a heated runner system for supplying plastic melt to a cavity within the mold and a plurality of heating elements associated with the mold and runner system, a method for bringing the mold and runner system to a desired operating temperature comprising the steps of:(a) positioning the heaters within the mold and runner system to divide the mass of the mold and runner system into multiple zones, (b) positioning temperature sensors within each zone to provide feedback concerning the temperature within the associated zone at any point in time, (c) applying a controlled current to the heating elements within each zone for a defined period of time, (d) monitoring the temperature of each zone using the feedback from the temperature sensors; (e) determining the rate of temperature increase for each zone based on the temperature change produced by the controlled current and thereby identifying the relative thermal mass associated with each zone; (f) establishing a startup sequence for the zones based on the relative thermal mass determined in step (e) so that the heaters in the zones having greater thermal mass will be activated to heat the associated mass of the mold and runner system to a predetermined set point before the heaters in the zones having less thermal mass are actuated. 2. In an injection molding system including a mold with a heated runner system for supplying plastic melt to a cavity within the mold and a plurality of heating elements associated with the mold and runner system, a method for bringing the mold and runner system to a desired operating temperature comprising the steps of:(a) positioning the heaters within the mold and runner system to divide the mass of the mold and runner system into multiple zones, so that potential heater output is proportional to the mass of the associated zone, (b) positioning temperature sensors within each zone to provide feedback concerning the temperature within the associated zone at any point in time, (c) applying a controlled voltage to the heating elements within each zone for a defined period of time, (d) monitoring the resulting current supplied to the heaters in each zone; (e) determining the relative thermal mass associated with each zone based on the amount of current supplied to each zone, and (f) establishing a startup sequence for the zones based on the relative thermal mass determined in step (e) so that the heaters in the zones having greater thermal mass will be activated to heat the associated mass of the mold and runner system to a predetermined set point before the heaters in the zones having less thermal mass are actuated. 3. The method set forth in claim 1 or 2 further comprising the step of:(g) adjusting the startup sequence established in step (f) based on input from the operator to in order optimize the heater startup sequence. Description
The present invention relates generally to molds used in injection molding machines and, more particularly, to a method for sequencing the startup of electric heating elements used in such molds.
The molds used to form injection molded products often include heating elements to control the temperature of certain portions (zones) of the mold. In particular, heaters are used in "hot runner" systems to provide a temperature controlled flow path for the plastic melt that travels from the injection unit of the molding machine to the mold cavity. Such systems typically include a manifold that supplies a number of nozzles that each supply melt to a mold cavity. Multiple heaters are strategically positioned throughout the mold and/or hot runner system to maintain the proper temperature and thereby ensure that good quality melt is used to form each part. However, given the various constraints on the number and location of heating elements, as dictated by a particular mold's construction (e.g., gates, coolant passages, core mechanisms, ejector pins, etc.), the thermal mass associated with each heater can vary considerably. If the heater zones are not properly sequenced at startup, there can be excessive wear on associated mechanical elements of the system (due to differences in thermal expansion), degradation of plastic within the mold, lengthy mold prep time, and unsuitable total current draw by the system.
Various startup systems have been proposed in the prior art. The simplest method is simultaneous startup of all zones. The molding machine operator implements this method by activating all zones of heat at the same time. The result is that zones with less mass ("fast rising" zones) reach the desired temperature more quickly, resulting in degradation the material while the operator is waiting for the other zones to reach the appropriate temperature. In addition, the time differential in reaching temperature can result in excessive wear of the associated sealing elements because the nozzles (and possibly other manifold components) have expanded in size and apply pressure on the manifold in one direction while the manifold is still expanding in another direction.
An alternative to simultaneous startup is manual sequencing of the heaters. In this method, the operator begins heater startup by switching electrical power to the heaters associated with the largest thermal masses (as determined by the operator, the manifolds, for example), allowing them to approach the temperature setpoint before turning on the heaters in the smaller zones (the nozzles, for example). If there are multiple levels of manifolds, the operator may turn on one level, then the next level and, finally, the nozzles.
Although manual sequencing can be an improvement over simultaneous startup, there are still several drawbacks. The operator may simply forget to sequence, turning on all heater zones at about the same time, resulting in the disadvantages for simultaneous startup noted above. In particular, uneven thermal expansion causes the fit between assemblies to grow tight before the manifolds have fully expanded. This causes wear and binding between adjoining surfaces, which can mean premature failure of the sealing elements between system components. Furthermore, nozzles usually come up to heat within a few minutes but the manifolds may take between 15 and 30 minutes to reach the desired temperature. This causes the material in the nozzles to degrade, possibly to the point where material flow becomes blocked--if this happens, it is necessary to disassemble and clean the system.
Manual sequencing also allows the operator to extend the total startup time considerably beyond what is actually required by being overly conservative in how the sequence is implemented. Alternatively, the operator may turn on the manifold heaters and leave the machine to attend to other matters. The manifold may actually be up to heat for some time before the operator returns to turn on the next level of manifold or the nozzles. Since this will extend the time the first level is under heat, it will extend startup time. The danger of material degradation is also present under these circumstances. To minimize startup time and material degradation, the operator has to monitor the process closely in order to determine when each level in the sequencing is up to heat and when to activate the next level.
A more automatic method is "uniform" startup where a computerized system monitors the rate of temperature rise of each zone of heating in the system. This type of control identifies the zones where the temperature is rising quickly and controls the power to the heaters to slow the rate of temperature increase. Basically, the computer allows the fast rising zones to reach a certain temperature and then inhibits further heat input, allowing the slower rising zones to "catch up." This process is continued until the temperatures for the various zones reach their setpoint.
Despite the more "uniform" thermal expansion of the different zones in this method, material degradation can still occur. For example, even though the nozzles may not reach the setpoint temperature for an extended period of time (while "waiting" for the manifold to reach temperature), they will still be at elevated temperatures for this extended period, resulting in some material degradation. In addition, wear still occurs even though all system components are coming up to heat and expanding at roughly the same rate. While this method reduces some of the wear and degradation problems, it does not eliminate them. It treats all zones of heat the same by providing a uniform rise in heat of all zones. As such, it does not actually sequence the startup.
It should be noted that the electrical heaters used in the described systems are often hygroscopic; i.e., they absorb moisture from the air and must be "dried out" before full voltage or power is applied. If not properly dried prior to applying full power, the heaters may be permanently damaged. Although manifold heaters are often constructed in such a way that moisture absorption is not a problem, nozzle heaters rarely are. This difference suggests that the manifold heaters may not require dry-out at the onset of the startup procedure, while the heaters for the nozzle zones must always be properly dried out before applying full voltage. According to the methods of the prior art, dry-out of the nozzle heaters does not commence until they are turned on, usually after the manifolds are nearly up to temperature; this further extends startup time. Only the "uniform" method allows for dry-out of all zones during the sequencing. Unfortunately, the "uniform" method also allows for significant rise in heat of the nozzles, resulting in thermal expansion and material degradation, as described above.
Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to provide a method of controlling the activation and sequencing of the heater zones that results in less wear of sealing elements and effectively prevents the degradation of plastic melt due to prolonged exposure to heat.
Consistent with the stated objective, the method of the present invention involves detecting the heater zone having the largest mass, applying heat to that zone, thus allowing that segment of the mold to grow (expand due temperature rise) unimpeded. The heater zones associated with smaller mass are kept at minimal temperatures until the larger zones come up to heat. The system is capable of detecting multiple levels of rates of temperature increase and can provide sequential startup of these differing types of thermal loads. The operator may also manually program the system to override certain automated sequences in order to guarantee a startup sequence that best minimizes mechanical wear and prevents the degradation of plastic material.
The mold heater startup sequencing method of the present invention monitors the rate of temperature increase in the various zones to determine the relative thermal mass; i.e., the larger the mass, the slower the temperature increase. The method then applies power to the zones of higher mass to control thermal expansion of the primary mold elements in a way that minimizes wear of the associated mechanical components and sealing elements. The heater startup method also minimizes or prevents the degradation of plastic material by reducing the amount of time that the material is subject to high temperatures. In addition, the disclosed method serves to minimize the amount of time it takes to prepare the molding system for operation while accomplishing the previously noted advantages for system startup. Lastly, the sequencing of power application to large heaters, as taught by the present invention, reduces the peak current draw of the system, helping to prevent electrical circuit overloads and peak demand charges from utility companies. The apparatus associated with the disclosed method includes suitable microprocessor(s), analog to digital converter(s) and triacs (or other suitable power switching devices) that are operatively coupled to the heaters and corresponding temperature sensors in each zone.
FIG. 1 is an elevational view, shown partially in section, of a hot runner system for an injection mold, including heating elements controlled according to the method of the present invention.
FIG. 2 is an enlarged view of a portion of the hot runner system for an injection mold illustrated in FIG. 1.
FIG. 3 is a top view of the level one manifold of the hot runner system for an injection mold illustrated in FIG. 1.
FIG. 4 is a top view of the level two manifold of the hot runner system for an injection mold illustrated in FIG. 1.
FIG. 5 is a diagrammatic representation of a single microprocessor control system that includes the mold heater startup method of the present invention.
FIG. 6 is a diagrammatic representation of a modular control system that includes the mold heater startup method of the present invention.
The method of the present invention is typically employed in association with electric heating elements that are used to provide supplemental heat to components associated with an injection mold. FIG. 1 illustrates a hot runner system 10 that is used to convey thermoplastic melt from the injection unit of an injection molding machine to multiple mold cavities. The is a "level one" manifold 12 that receives the flow of plastic melt from the injection unit though a nozzle adapter 14. The plastic melt is conveyed through conduits 16 in the level one manifold 12 to be received by two "level two" manifolds 18. The level two manifolds 18 also include flow passages 20 to convey the melt from the level one manifold 12 to multiple nozzles 22. Each of the nozzles 22 is in communication with a mold cavity in order to convey the plastic melt received from an associated flow passage 20 in the level two manifold 18, through a central passage 24 and into the mold cavity.
Since the plastic melt is in a fluid state during production operation of the injection molding machine, it is necessary for the connections between the manifolds and nozzles to be fluid tight. For this reason, seals 26 are provided at the junction of the passages 16 of the level one manifold 12 with the passages 20 of the level two manifold 18. Similarly, seal rings 28 are provided at the junction of the passages 20 of the level two manifold 18 with the central passages 24 of the nozzles 22.
The hot runner system 10 is provided with multiple heating elements in order to bring the components (manifolds 12,18 and nozzles 22) up to a suitable operating temperature (at initial start-up) and maintain the desired temperature of the plastic melt as it is conveyed to the mold. Typically, the desired operating temperatures are dictated by the type of plastic material used in a given application. As shown more clearly in FIGS. 2-4, the level one manifold 12 has two heating elements 30 encircling the flow passage 16. Similarly, the level two manifolds 18 have two sets of serpentine heating elements 32 to supply heat in close proximity to the flow passages 20. Alternatively, the manifolds 12, 18 could be fitted with standard cartridge type heaters, rather than the elongated, serpentine elements shown. The nozzles 22 are equipped with heating elements 34 that encircle the main body of the nozzles 22 to ensure proper flow through the central passage 24.
The effect that the heaters have on the components of the hot runner system 10 is monitored by multiple thermocouples positioned to indicate accurately the thermal gradients in the system. In particular, as shown in the drawings, the level one manifold 12 has thermocouples 36, the level two manifolds 18 have thermocouples 38 and the nozzles 22 are provided with thermocouples 40. The setpoints for the heaters are initially based on the type of plastic being processed and are adjusted, often by trial and error, to achieve a set of conditions that facilitate continuous operation of the injection molding machine without "hot spots" that can cause material degradation.
However, there are various circumstances that require the operation of the injection molding machine to be stopped; e.g., mold change, color change, mold maintenance, etc. Obviously, when the heaters are turned "off", the plastic contained in the flow passages 16, 20, 24 solidifies. When it is later desired to restart the molding process, the material in the flow passages 16, 20, 24 must be re-melted before the machine can be operated to produce parts. The heaters 30, 32, 34 must be controlled so that (a) the thermal expansion of the components is relatively uniform to avoid damaging the seals 26,28 and (b) the plastic material is not held at temperatures that will cause it to degrade. These are the principle objectives of the heater start-up method of the present invention.
As illustrated in FIG. 5, the method of the present invention can be implemented by a control system that uses a single microprocessor (CPU) to monitor and control the temperatures in all heater zones for a particular mold configuration; this is generally referred to as a multiplexed or multi-loop control system.
Alternatively, the heater startup method can be included in a modular heater system constructed from multiple single-loop control modules (see FIG. 6) where a communications interface between the modules allows the independent heater zones to communicate with each other so that the desired startup sequence can be implemented. More specifically, in the modular configuration, a neural network or other communication means is utilized to allow each zone to share information with other zones to determine the relative thermal characteristics of the zones. Generally speaking, it is likely that the heater zones of a hot runner system will be broken into two, three or more sets of thermal characteristics. Each set becomes a "level" to be included in the startup sequence. The set with the fastest rate of heat rise characteristics will typically be the zones including nozzle heaters 34. These "fast rising" zones will be the last to be sequenced in all cases.
In hot runner systems where there are multiple sets of "slow rising" heater zones (multiple manifold levels, for example), it may be necessary for the operator to determine the sequence; i.e., which set will be the first to be powered up, which is the next, etc. Furthermore, even when the method can automatically detect the different thermal sets, the system is designed to have sufficient flexibility to allow the operator to determine which set is to be sequenced first. In other words, the operator would be allowed to sequence the zones in such a way that might possibly override the automatically determined sets and sequence.
Implementation of the method of the present invention begins with all zones being activated in a dry-out mode; i.e., very low voltage (or power). Using feedback generated by appropriate sensors during the initial part of the dry-out mode, the "slow" and "fast" heater zones are identified. More specifically, a large current draw by a particular zone during dry-out would indicate there are high-power heaters in this zone that would be associated with a large thermal mass. Conversely, a low current draw by a particular zone indicates smaller heaters associated with less thermal mass. Alternatively, the determination of slow and fast heater zones can be made more directly by calculating the rate of temperature in the various zones during dry-out; the higher the rate, the "faster" the zone.
Once dry-out of the "slowest" zone has been completed, a predetermined voltage is applied to bring that zone to its programmed set point. Depending on the mold construction, voltage may be applied to multiple zones if no adverse expansion will occur. In any case, the application of the low (dry-out) voltage is maintained for the "fast" zones until the "slow" zones have all reached their set point temperatures. Application of low voltage means that there will only be minimal temperature rise in the "fast" zones to prevent undesirable thermal expansion and degradation of material.
If there are only two levels to be sequenced, the heater zones for the nozzles will be released from low voltage (dry-out) when the single set of manifolds reaches a predetermined temperature (often the lower end of the control's proportional or alarm band). With the multiple levels of manifolds, the second level manifold will be released from dry-out when the first level achieves the predetermined temperature; this process is continued until all manifold levels reach the desired set point. Finally, the heaters for the nozzles are activated to bring them up to temperature. Preferably, the system control would allow the operator to input the predetermined (set point) temperatures that trigger the startup of the next level or set of heater zones.
Although this sequence for heater start-up means that the manifolds will hold temperature for some amount of time before the nozzles come up to heat, material degradation in the manifolds is insignificant. The manifolds have large flow channels and more thermal mass that allow them to distribute the heat without adverse effects. In contrast, if material in the small orifices of the nozzles is held at an elevated temperature for a prolonged time, degradation is likely.
If desired, the method of the present invention could be used in conjunction with the "Mold Heater Moisture Detection and Dry Out Apparatus" disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,039,842 to (a) prevent the application of if a large amount of ground leakage current was detected and/or (b) shut-off power to a heater if the ground leakage current exceed a preset maximum and cannot be corrected with the application of low voltage.
In the preferred embodiment, microprocessors are used to determine the thermal properties of the zones quickly and automatically. Optionally, the operator could enter the thermal relationship of the zones, if known, into the control system manually via keyboard, touch-screen or other means as known in the art. However, in a modular control system (as generally shown in FIG. 6), the modules may be programmed using physical switches or jumpers to provide the desired thermal level identification.
With the preferred embodiment, the heater zone sets are displayed on a computer screen or other appropriate readout to provide visual feedback to the operator. The operator would then be able to modify the set assignment for each zone, if desired. The operator would also be able to enter this information prior to performing an initial startup of the control system.
Finally, in the preferred embodiment, the control system would allow the operator to save the learned and/or programmed thermal mass relationship of the heater to a storage device, such as hard/floppy disk, or solid state memory devices, such as battery backed RAM, EEPROM, EAROM, or flash ROM. The same storage device could also store the setpoint temperatures used to determine when to sequence startup of the subsequent levels.
While the invention has been illustrated and described in some detail according to the preferred embodiment, there is no intention to thus limit the invention to such detail. On contrary, it is intended to cover all modifications, alterations, and equivalents falling within the spirit and scope of the appended claims. For example, depending on mold construction, a single zone may include more than one heater or different heater configurations. In addition, other systems or mechanisms can be used to control the supply of electric power to the heaters.
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Riesselmann GmbhProcess and device for tempering molding tools for processing plastics* Cited by examinerReferenced byCiting PatentFiling datePublication dateApplicantTitleUS6447283 *Jun 8, 1999Sep 10, 2002Jobst Ulrich GellertInjection molding heater with melt bore therethroughUS6529796Jul 21, 1999Mar 4, 2003Caco Pacific CorporationClosed loop interactive controllerUS6712597 *Aug 24, 2000Mar 30, 2004Franciscus Antonius Jozef Van BoekelInjection-moulding deviceUS6861018 *Aug 20, 2002Mar 1, 2005Fanuc LtdTemperature control method and apparatus for injection molding structureUS6960072 *Jun 12, 2003Nov 1, 2005Polyshot Corporationfor conveying melted plastic from a nozzle to a mold cavity gate or runner system; injection moldingUS7020540 *May 14, 2004Mar 28, 2006D-M-E CompanyTemperature controlUS7824163Dec 21, 2007Nov 2, 2010Mold-Masters (2007) LimitedInjection molding system having a busUS20110084059 *Jan 22, 2010Apr 14, 2011Dragonjet CorporationAuxiliary system for plastic moldingEP1935609A1 *Dec 19, 2007Jun 25, 2008Mold-Masters (2007) LimitedInjection molding system having a busEP2106896A1 *Mar 5, 2009Oct 7, 2009Sumitomo (SHI) Demag Plastics Machinery GmbHMachine assembly with a number of production machines, in particular of plastic injection moulding machinesWO2005116791A1 *Nov 12, 2004Dec 8, 2005Dme CoImproved temperature controlWO2007090845A2 *Feb 7, 2007Aug 16, 2007Irca SpaHeating element temperature control system* Cited by examinerClassifications U.S. Classification264/40.6, 700/202, 425/548, 264/328.14, 425/144International ClassificationB29C45/27, B29C45/73, B29C45/78, B29C45/74Cooperative ClassificationB29C2945/76254, B29C2945/76525, B29C2945/76943, B29C45/2738, B29C2945/76816, B29C45/78, B29C2945/7604, B29C2045/274European ClassificationB29C45/78Legal EventsDateCodeEventDescriptionApr 12, 2013ASAssignmentOwner name: U.S. BANK NATIONAL ASSOCIATION, AS NOTES COLLATERAFree format text: SECURITY AGREEMENT;ASSIGNORS:MILACRON LLC;DME COMPANY 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"Palestinian territories" and "occupied Palestinian territories" (OPT or oPt) are descriptions often used to describe the West Bank (including East Jerusalem) and the Gaza Strip.[7][8][9] Israeli governments have maintained that the area involved is within territorial dispute.[10][11] The extent of the territories, while subject to future negotiations, have frequently been defined by the Green Line. The term "Palestinian Territory, Occupied" had been utilized by the UN and other international organizations between 1998 to 2013 in order to refer to the Palestinian National Authority; it was replaced by the UN in 2013 by the term State of Palestine.[12]
In 1980, Israel officially absorbed East Jerusalem and considers the whole of Jerusalem to be its capital. The inclusion, though never formally amounting to legal annexation, was condemned internationally[13] and declared "null and void" by the United Nations Security Council.[14][15] The Palestinian National Authority, the United Nations,[16] the international legal and humanitarian bodies[17][18] and the international community [19][20] regard East Jerusalem as part of the West Bank, and consequently a part of the Palestinian territories. The Palestinian National Authority never exercised sovereignty over the area, although it housed its offices in Orient House and several other buildings as an assertion of its sovereign interests,[21][22] until Israel shut them down in response to the Sbarro restaurant suicide bombing.[23] Israeli sovereignty, however, has not been recognized by any country, since the unilateral annexation of territory occupied during war contravenes the Fourth Geneva Convention.[24][25]
In 1988, with the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) intention to declare a Palestinian State, Jordan renounced all territorial claims to the West Bank, including East Jerusalem.[26] Since the Palestinian Declaration of Independence in 1988, approximately 130 UN Member Nations have recognized the State of Palestine, comprising the Palestinian territories. It has not been recognized by Israel and some Western nations, including the United States.
In 1993, following the Oslo Accords, parts of the territories politically came under the jurisdiction of the Palestinian National Authority (Areas A and B). Israel still exercises full military control and, civil control over 61% of the West Bank (Area C). The Oslo Accords established access to the sea for Gaza within 20 nautical miles from the shore. The Berlin Commitment of 2002 reduced this to 12 miles (19 km). In October 2006 Israel imposed a 6-mile limit, and at the conclusion of the Gaza War restricted access to a 3-nautical-mile limit, beyond which a no-go zone exists. As a result, over 3,000 fishermen are denied access to 85% of the maritime areas agreed to in 1995.[27] The majority of the Dead Sea area is off-limits to Palestinian use, and Palestinians are denied access to its coast line.[28]
Israel disengaged from the Gaza strip in 2005. However, the West Bank and the Gaza Strip are still considered to be occupied by Israel according to the international community.[9] The Hamas takeover of Gaza in 2007 divided the Palestinian territories politically, with Abbas’s Fatah left largely ruling the West Bank and recognized internationally as the official Palestinian Authority (see: Fatah-Hamas conflict).[29] In 2014, there was an agreement between the two political groups to hold elections and form a compromise unity government.[30] The 2014 Israel-Gaza conflict intervened, however the unity government survived.[31]
There are disagreements over what the Palestinian territories should be called. The United Nations, the European Union, International Committee of the Red Cross and the government of the United Kingdom all refer to the "Occupied Palestinian Territories".[32][33][34] The International Court of Justice refers to the West Bank, including East Jerusalem, as "the Occupied Palestinian Territory" and this term is used as the legal definition by the International Court of Justice in the ruling in July 2004.[35]
Other terms used to describe these areas collectively include "the disputed territories", and "Israeli-occupied territories". Further terms include "Palestine", "State of Palestine", "Yesha" (Judea-Samaria-Gaza), "Yosh" (Judea and Samaria), the "Katif Strip" (Gaza Strip), "Palestinian Autonomous Areas"[36] (although this term is also used to specifically refer to Area's A and B),[37] "Palestinian Administered Territories",[36] "administered territories", "territories of undetermined permanent status", "1967 territories", and simply "the territories".
Many Arab and Islamic leaders,[who?] including some Palestinians,[who?] use the designation "Palestine" and "occupied Palestine" to imply a Palestinian political or religious claim to sovereignty over the whole former territory of the British Mandate west of the Jordan River, including all of Israel.[38] Many[who?] of them view the land of Palestine as an Islamic Waqf (trust) for future Muslim generations. A parallel exists in the aspirations of David Ben-Gurion,[39] Menachem Begin,[40] and other Zionists and Jewish religious leaders[who?] to establish Jewish sovereignty over all of Greater Israel in trust for the Jewish people.[41][42] However, this dispute is not related to religion for many Arabs, but simply an issue of rights, as the land was inhabited by Arabs (as well as a minority of Jews) before the Zionist movement began.[43]
Many Israelis[who?] object to the term "Occupied Palestinian Territories" and similar descriptions because they maintain such designations disregard Israeli claims to the West Bank and Gaza, or prejudice negotiations involving possible border changes, arguing that the armistice line agreed to after the 1948 Arab-Israeli War was not intended as a permanent border. Dore Gold wrote, "It would be far more accurate to describe the West Bank and Gaza Strip as "disputed territories" to which both Israelis and Palestinians have claims."[44]
The Palestinian Territories consist of two distinct areas: the West Bank (including East Jerusalem) and the Gaza Strip. The boundaries are defined by the "1967 borders", which correspond with the Green Line. The Green Line represents the armistice lines under the 1949 Armistice Agreements, which brought an end to the 1948 Arab-Israeli War and expressly declared armistice lines, not international borders. Some Palestinian negotiators have claimed a return to those lines as the boundary for a future Palestinian state, while Hamas does not recognize the State of Israel at all.[45] The Arab League has supported these boundaries as the borders of the future State of Palestine in the 2002 Arab Peace Initiative.
The eastern limit of the West Bank is the border with Jordan. The Israel–Jordan peace treaty defined that border as the international border, and Jordan renounced all claims to territory west of it. The border segment between Jordan and the West Bank was left undefined pending a definitive agreement on the status of the territory.[46]
The Palestinian territories are part of the area intended by the United Nations to become the territory of the future State of Palestine.[47] Originally, a larger area was allotted to the planned Palestinian state in Resolution 181 of 29 November 1947, but the Arabs rejected it and in the 1948 Palestine war, the Israeli army conquered major parts of it. While in the Partition Plan about 45% of historic Palestine was destined for the Arabic state, the Palestinian territories constitute only some 23%.[48] The last figure is including all space occupied by Israeli settlements, walls and roads.
In the UN, nearly all countries voted in favour of Resolution 58/292 of 17 May 2004; namely, that the boundaries of a future Palestinian state should be based on the pre-1967 borders, which correspond with the Green Line. The Resolution affirmed, in connection with the Palestinian right to self-determination and to sovereignty, that the independent State of Palestine should be based on the pre-1967 borders.[47] In Resolution 43/177 of 15 December 1988, the declaration of independence of the State of Palestine was acknowledged by the UN General Assembly,[49] but it was not admitted as a member state. In the same resolution, their sovereignty over the Occupied Palestinian Territories was recognized.
On 29 November 2012, the UN General Assembly passed United Nations General Assembly resolution 67/19 changing Palestine's observer status at the UN from "entity" to "non-member state" by a vote of 138 to 9, with 41 abstentions.[50][51]
In 1980, Israel annexed East Jerusalem. The annexation lacks international recognition. Seven UNSC resolutions, including United Nations Security Council Resolution 478 declared it "null and void" and required that it be rescinded, stating that it was a violation of international law (the Fourth Geneva Convention). The United Nations never explicitly recognized Jerusalem as part of either Israel or Palestine, as Resolution 181 (1947) was never revoked. In Resolution 181, Jerusalem was intended to become a corpus separatum under international regime. Nevertheless, most countries, including the United States, implicitly recognize West Jerusalem as part of Israel, but do not recognize Jerusalem as Israel's capital.[52][53][not in citation given]
Palestinians regard East Jerusalem as the capital of the future Palestinian state. East Jerusalem is generally recognized as part of the Palestinian Territories. In UN resolutions concerning Israel, East Jerusalem is routinely referred to as part of the West Bank or as part of the Palestinian Territories.[47]
In 2005, Israel pulled all its remaining forces out of the Gaza Strip and dismantled its settlements. Nevertheless, according to the international community, the Gaza Strip is still considered to be occupied by Israel.[9] Israel has denied that it occupies the Gaza Strip, but three of the borders of the Gaza Strip, the coast and airspace, are controlled by Israel.[54][55] The UN Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in the Palestinian territories occupied since 1967 stated in 2007:
Israel remains an occupying Power in respect of Gaza. Arguments that Israel ceased its occupation of Gaza in 2005 following the evacuation of its settlements and the withdrawal of its troops take no account of the fact that Israel retains effective control over Gaza by means of its control over Gaza’s external borders, airspace, territorial waters, population registry, tax revenues and governmental functions. The effectiveness of this control is emphasized by regular military incursions and rocket attacks.[56]

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Dinic's algorithm or Dinitz's algorithm is a strongly polynomial algorithm for computing the maximum flow in a flow network, conceived in 1970 by Israeli (formerly Soviet) computer scientist Yefim (Chaim) A. Dinitz.[1] The algorithm runs in time and is similar to the Edmonds–Karp algorithm, which runs in time, in that it uses shortest augmenting paths. The introduction of the concepts of the level graph and blocking flow enable Dinic's algorithm to achieve its performance.
Yefim Dinitz invented this algorithm in response to a pre-class exercise in Adel'son-Vel'sky's (co-inventor of AVL trees) Algorithm class. At the time he was not aware of the basic facts regarding Ford-Fulkerson algorithm.[2]
Dinitz mentions inventing his algorithm in January 1969, which was published in 1970 in journal Doklady Akademii nauk SSSR. In 1974, Shimon Even and (his then Ph.D. student) Alon Itai at the Technion in Haifa were very curious and intrigued by the Dinitz's algorithm as well as Alexander Karzanov's idea of blocking flow. However it was hard to decipher these two papers for them, each being limited to four pages to meet the restrictions of journal Doklady Akademii nauk SSSR. However Even did not give up and after three days of effort managed to understand both papers except for the layered network maintenance issue. Over the next couple of years, Even gave lectures on "Dinic's algorithm" mispronouncing the name of the author while popularizing it. Even and Itai also contributed to this algorithm by combining BFS and DFS, which is the current version of algorithm[3]
For about 10 years of time after Ford–Fulkerson algorithm was invented, it was unknown if it can be made to terminate in polynomial time in the generic case of irrational edge capacities. This caused lack of any known polynomial time algorithm that solved max flow problem in generic case. Dinitz algorithm and the Edmonds–Karp algorithm, which was published in 1972, independently showed that in the Ford–Fulkerson algorithm, if each augmenting path is the shortest one, the length of the augmenting paths is non-decreasing and it always terminated.
It can be shown that the number of edges in each blocking flow increases by at least 1 each time and thus there are at most blocking flows in the algorithm, where is the number of vertices in the network. The level graph can be constructed by Breadth-first search in time and a blocking flow in each level graph can be found in time. Hence, the running time of Dinic's algorithm is .
Using a data structure called dynamic trees, the running time of finding a blocking flow in each phase can be reduced to and therefore the running time of Dinic's algorithm can be improved to .
In networks arising during the solution of bipartite matching problem, the number of phases is bounded by , therefore leading to the time bound. The resulting algorithm is also known as Hopcroft–Karp algorithm. More generally, this bound holds for any unit network — a network in which each vertex, except for source and sink, either has a single entering edge of capacity one, or a single outgoing edge of capacity one, and all other capacities are arbitrary integers.[4]
The following is a simulation of Dinic's algorithm. In the level graph , the vertices with labels in red are the values . The paths in blue form a blocking flow.
^ Yefim Dinitz (1970). "Algorithm for solution of a problem of maximum flow in a network with power estimation" (PDF). Doklady Akademii nauk SSSR 11: 1277–1280. ^ Ilan Kadar, Sivan Albagli (2009-11-27). "Dinitz's algorithm for finding a maximum flow in a network". ^ Yefim Dinitz. "Dinitz's Algorithm: The Original Version and Even's Version" (PDF). ^ Tarjan 1983, p. 102.
Yefim Dinitz (2006). "Dinitz' Algorithm: The Original Version and Even's Version" (PDF). In Oded Goldreich, Arnold L. Rosenberg, and Alan L. Selman. Theoretical Computer Science: Essays in Memory of Shimon Even. Springer. pp. 218–240. ISBN 978-3-540-32880-3. Tarjan, R. E. (1983). Data structures and network algorithms. B. H. Korte, Jens Vygen (2008). "8.4 Blocking Flows and Fujishige's Algorithm". Combinatorial Optimization: Theory and Algorithms (Algorithms and Combinatorics, 21). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. pp. 174–176. ISBN 978-3-540-71844-4. Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dinic%27s_algorithm&oldid=685117177"	Categories: Network flowGraph algorithms	Navigation menu
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Patent US5264218 - Modifiable, semi-permeable, wound dressing - Google PatentsSearch Images Maps Play YouTube News Gmail Drive More »Sign inAdvanced Patent SearchPatentsA dressing for wounds or dermal ulcers. The dressing includes a semi-permeable, transparent polyurethane film and a plurality of concentric polyethylene foam rings or disks. Application of foam rings to a semi-permeable thin film permits modification of the moisture/vapor transmission characteristic...http://www.google.com/patents/US5264218?utm_source=gb-gplus-sharePatent US5264218 - Modifiable, semi-permeable, wound dressingAdvanced Patent SearchPublication numberUS5264218 APublication typeGrantApplication numberUS 07/692,539Publication dateNov 23, 1993Filing dateApr 29, 1991Priority dateOct 25, 1989Fee statusPaidPublication number07692539, 692539, US 5264218 A, US 5264218A, US-A-5264218, US5264218 A, US5264218AInventorsWallace J. RogozinskiOriginal AssigneeC. R. Bard, Inc.Export CitationBiBTeX, EndNote, RefManPatent Citations (4), Referenced by (47), Classifications (20), Legal Events (5) External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, EspacenetModifiable, semi-permeable, wound dressingUS 5264218 AAbstract A dressing for wounds or dermal ulcers. The dressing includes a semi-permeable, transparent polyurethane film and a plurality of concentric polyethylene foam rings or disks. Application of foam rings to a semi-permeable thin film permits modification of the moisture/vapor transmission characteristic of the wound dressing which can be adjusted to suit the wound environment.
Patent CitationsCited PatentFiling datePublication dateApplicantTitleUS4561435 *Apr 4, 1984Dec 31, 1985Chesebrough-Ponds, Inc.Wound dressingUS4649909 *Dec 11, 1981Mar 17, 1987Johnson & Johnson Products, Inc.Composite surgical dressingUS4959251 *Oct 26, 1988Sep 25, 1990Owens R LarryElastic patch for holes in wallsUSRE33353 *May 31, 1989Sep 25, 1990Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing CompanyThin film surgical dressing with delivery system* Cited by examinerReferenced byCiting PatentFiling datePublication dateApplicantTitleUS5522794 *Jun 16, 1994Jun 4, 1996Hercules IncorporatedMethod of treating human woundsUS5554106 *Oct 13, 1994Sep 10, 1996Quinton Instrument CompanyHydrocolloid exit site dressingUS5556375 *Jun 16, 1994Sep 17, 1996Hercules IncorporatedWound dressing having a fenestrated base layerUS5569207 *Oct 13, 1994Oct 29, 1996Quinton Instrument CompanyHydrocolloid dressingUS5578317 *Mar 31, 1995Nov 26, 1996Mulder; Gerit D.Wound filler and method of manufactureUS5607388 *Jun 16, 1994Mar 4, 1997Hercules IncorporatedMulti-purpose wound dressingUS5695777 *May 10, 1994Dec 9, 1997Medtronic, Inc.Absorptive wound dressing for wound healing promotionUS5820578 *Feb 5, 1996Oct 13, 1998Johansen; ChristenBandageUS5868778 *May 5, 1997Feb 9, 1999Vascular Solutions, Inc.Vascular sealing apparatus and methodUS5885237 *Mar 27, 1996Mar 23, 1999Bristol-Myers Squibb CompanyTrimmable wound dressingUS5897516 *Sep 27, 1996Apr 27, 1999Bristol-Myers Squibb CompanyMethod of treating a wound by monitoring the swelling of a hydrocolloid layer in a wound dressingUS5947998 *Sep 30, 1997Sep 7, 1999Technical Alternatives, Ltd.Wound closure strips and packages thereofUS6221997Apr 27, 1998Apr 24, 2001Kimberly Ann WoodhouseBiodegradable polyurethanesUS6235964Feb 24, 1999May 22, 2001Bristol-Myers Squibb CompanyWound dressingUS6277401May 7, 1999Aug 21, 2001U.S. Dermatologics, Inc.Drug delivery deviceUS6460273 *Sep 8, 1997Oct 8, 2002Concin SaCovering soleUS7115276 *Jun 23, 2000Oct 3, 2006Novosis AgPatch with reduced cold flowUS7320801 *Sep 26, 2005Jan 22, 2008Jack Perez KellyPatch for treating symptoms of a skin abscessUS7622629 *Apr 20, 2006Nov 24, 2009Aalnex, Inc.Wound shield for exudate managementUS7745683Apr 16, 2005Jun 29, 2010Aalnex, Inc.Deformable and conformable wound protecting apparatus and its method of applicationUS7776028Mar 31, 2005Aug 17, 2010Bluesky Medical Group IncorporatedAdjustable overlay reduced pressure wound treatment systemUS7816577Feb 12, 2007Oct 19, 2010Aalnex, Inc.Wound shieldUS7825289May 16, 2008Nov 2, 2010Tyco Healthcare Group LpWound dressing adhesive compression deviceUS7863495May 26, 2006Jan 4, 2011Aalnex, Inc.Dressing substrateUS7922678Nov 7, 2008Apr 12, 2011Aoti, Inc.Wound treatment deviceUS7928281Oct 9, 2007Apr 19, 2011Arizant Technologies LlcWound coveringUS8034008Nov 7, 2008Oct 11, 2011Aoti, Inc.Access port for flexible wound treatment devicesUS8067662Apr 1, 2009Nov 29, 2011Aalnex, Inc.Systems and methods for wound protection and exudate managementUS8227657Oct 15, 2010Jul 24, 2012Aalnex, Inc.Wound shieldUS8252971Jul 16, 2009Aug 28, 2012Aalnex, Inc.Systems and methods for protecting incisionsUS8257327Oct 28, 2004Sep 4, 2012Smith & Nephew PlcWound cleansing apparatus with activesUS8362315May 26, 2010Jan 29, 2013Aalnex, Inc.Dressing substrateUS8415523Jun 25, 2010Apr 9, 2013Aalnex, Inc.Secondary wound dressings for securing primary dressings and managing fluid from wounds, and methods of using sameUS8529527May 30, 2008Sep 10, 2013Aoti, Inc.Controller for an extremity hyperbaric deviceUS8535296Dec 29, 2010Sep 17, 2013Smith & Nephew PlcApparatus for aspirating, irrigating and cleansing woundsUS8540699 *Aug 13, 2010Sep 24, 2013Bluesky Medical Group IncorporatedReduced pressure wound treatment systemUS8558050Sep 10, 2009Oct 15, 2013Aalnex, Inc.Wound shield with enclosed vacuum spaceUS8586818Dec 15, 2005Nov 19, 2013Aalnex, Inc.Wound shieldUS20100305549 *Aug 13, 2010Dec 2, 2010Bluesky Medical Group IncorporatedReduced pressure wound treatment systemUS20110213287 *Sep 20, 2010Sep 1, 2011Smith & Nephew, Inc.Systems and methods for using negative pressure wound therapy to manage open abdominal woundsCN101453969BJan 11, 2007Apr 24, 2013奥耐克斯公司Wound shield for exudate managementDE10047673A1 *Sep 22, 2000Apr 11, 2002Beiersdorf AgVerbandDE10047884A1 *Sep 22, 2000Apr 11, 2002Beiersdorf AgSelbsthaftende Wundverb�nde mit haftf�higem WundversorgungsbereichDE10310631A1 *Mar 10, 2003Sep 23, 2004Nagy, Gabor M.Wound dressing, comprises ring for securing around wound using conventional plaster sectionEP1976473A2 *Jan 11, 2007Oct 8, 2008Adel AaliWound shield for exudate managementWO2007038329A2 *Sep 22, 2006Apr 5, 2007Kelly JackA patch for treating symptoms of a skin abscessWO2009061444A1 *Nov 6, 2008May 14, 2009Aoti IncAdaptable topical hyperbaric device* Cited by examinerClassifications U.S. Classification424/445, 424/443, 428/43, 428/41.3, 602/41, 602/52, 424/78.2, 602/42International ClassificationA61F13/02, A61L15/24, A61L15/26, A61L15/42Cooperative ClassificationA61L15/24, A61F13/023, A61L15/26, A61L15/425European ClassificationA61L15/26, A61L15/24, A61F13/02C, A61L15/42ELegal EventsDateCodeEventDescriptionApr 28, 2005FPAYFee paymentYear of fee payment: 12May 3, 2001FPAYFee paymentYear of fee payment: 8May 12, 1997FPAYFee paymentYear of fee payment: 4Jul 30, 1993ASAssignmentOwner name: C.R. BARD, INC.Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:ROGOZINSKI, WALLACE J.;REEL/FRAME:006631/0708Effective date: 19930722Jun 1, 1992ASAssignmentOwner name: C. R. BARD, INC., NEW JERSEYFree format text: ASSIGNS THE ENTIRE INTEREST AS OF FEBRUARY 1,1992.;ASSIGNOR:CATALINA BIOMEDICAL CORPORATION;REEL/FRAME:006137/0478Effective date: 19920131RotateOriginal ImageGoogle Home - Sitemap - USPTO Bulk Downloads - Privacy Policy - Terms of Service - About Google Patents - Send FeedbackData provided by IFI CLAIMS Patent Services©2012 Google

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Scandrick excited for Welker challenge940dTodd ArcherCowboys show two modes: win now (Ezekiel Elliott), win later (Jaylon Smith)9mTodd ArcherCowboys turn to basketball and Rico Gathers for their final pick1hTodd ArcherTen takeaways from the NFL draft: Which rookie QBs will start Week 1?1hKevin SeifertCowboys draft a second runner in Darius Jackson2hTodd ArcherCowboys fill another defensive hole with safety Kavon Frazier3hTodd ArcherAfter early pass, Cowboys land corner in sixth with Anthony Brown4hTodd ArcherDak Prescott on Tony Romo similarities: 'Romo wins and I win'5hTodd ArcherGiants add to muddled RB inventory, take Paul Perkins in fifth round6hDan GrazianoCowboys grab Prescott, making delayed QB pickDallas Cowboys2hDak Prescott is Cowboys' first QB draft pick since 20094hTodd ArcherMcShay's top 10 undrafted prospects53mTodd McShayCowboys finally address defensive end with Charles Tapper in Round 47hTodd ArcherCowboys don't view Jaylon Smith as luxury, though he'll likely miss season9hJean-Jacques TaylorScandrick excited for Welker challengeEmailcommentOct 2, 2013Todd ArcherESPN Staff Writer CloseCovered NFL since 1997, Cowboys since 2003
Lives in Dallas area with his wife and two childrenFollow on TwitterEmailprintcommentIRVING, Texas -- Orlando Scandrick had a Post-it note on the cover of his iPad, asking the Dallas Cowboys video department to put the Oct. 16, 2011 game against the New England Patriots on there.That’s the last time Scandrick went against Wes Welker. He will see Welker again Sunday at AT&T Stadium but this time in a Denver Broncos' uniform.“It’s going to be a great challenge for me,” Scandrick said. “I think I competed and battled the whole way that game. I look forward to these kinds of games and these kinds of challenges.”Welker entered the 2011 game with 45 catches for 740 yards and five touchdowns. He caught a touchdown in the Patriots 20-16 win, but was held to six catches for 45 yards. He had only three games that season with fewer yards.“I think what you want on your football team are competitive guys,” coach Jason Garret said. “You want guys to embrace challenges. Covering Wes Welker is one of the great challenges for a DB or inside nickel back in the NFL. There are no ifs, ands or buts about it. He is an unbelievable target for a quarterback who consistently gets himself open. He is quarterback-friendly. A guy like Scandrick, who comes where he comes from and has a little of that chip on his shoulder that we like, you embrace this kind of opportunity.”Welker has 26 catches for 266 yards and six touchdowns in Denver’s 4-0 start.Scandrick is not the type to back down.“You’ve got to trust yourself,” Scandrick said. “You have to have an aura about yourself, you now? I just feel like I carry an aura about myself. I’m harder on myself than anybody else and you’ve just to take something and whatever motivates you and continue to ride it.”

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Cloud Services - ACS (Formerly Cocoafish) & Lightning Talks - Atlanta Titanium Developers (Atlanta, GA)
Cloud Services - ACS (Formerly Cocoafish) & Lightning Talks
Less Meeting HQ
* I'll talk about Appcelerator Cloud Services * Lightning talks (please think of something you'd like to see * BEER - at 8PM we'll head over to the Bookstore pub (short walking distance) for a beer and a chat
Bob F. Good introduction 0 · May 23, 2012 Mike Y. Monday's are good, but longer term I vote to avoid the 1st and 3rd Monday of each month so as to not conflict with the Javascript Meetups (Toby's class on the 1st Mon. and the monthly meetings on 3rd Mon.) Short term, the 5/21 date sounds good. Thanks Pratik! 0 · May 1, 2012 A former member I have a clash this time, but Mondays are good! See you at the next one :) 0 · May 1, 2012 pratik p. Poll here: http://www.meetup.com/Atlanta-Titanium-Developers/polls/537052/ 0 · May 1, 2012 23 went

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Cyclin-dependent kinase 4-mediated phosphorylation inhibits Smad3 activity in cyclin D-overexpressing breast cancer cells. - PubMed - NCBI
1 selected item: 20736297
Mol Cancer Res. 2010 Oct;8(10):1375-87. doi: 10.1158/1541-7786.MCR-09-0537. Epub 2010 Aug 24.
Zelivianski S1, Cooley A, Kall R, Jeruss JS.
Smad3, a component of the transforming growth factor β signaling cascade, contributes to G(1) arrest in breast cancer cells. Cyclin D1/cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (CDK4) promotes G(1)-S-phase transition, and CDK phosphorylation of Smad3 has been associated with inhibition of Smad3 activity. We hypothesized that overexpression of cyclin D1 exerts tumorigenic effects in breast cancer cells through CDK4-mediated phosphorylation and inhibition of Smad3 and release of G(1) arrest. Real-time quantitative reverse transcription-PCR and immunoblotting were used to evaluate expression of study proteins in cyclin D1-overexpressing breast cancer cells. Smad3 transcriptional activity and cell cycle control were examined in cells transfected with wild-type (WT) Smad3 or Smad3 with single or multiple CDK phosphorylation site mutations (M) in the presence or absence of the CDK4 inhibitor or cotransfection with cdk4 small interfering RNA (siRNA). Transfection of the Smad3 5M construct resulted in decreased c-myc and higher p15(INK4B) expression. Compared with WT Smad3, overexpression of the Smad3 T8, T178, 4M, or 5M mutant constructs resulted in higher Smad3 transcriptional activity. Compared with cells transfected with WT Smad3, Smad3 transcriptional activity was higher in cells overexpressing Smad3 mutant constructs and treated with the CDK4 inhibitor or transfected with cdk4 siRNA. Cells transfected with Smad3 T8 or T178 and treated with the CDK4 inhibitor showed an increase in the G(1) cell population. Inhibition of CDK-mediated Smad3 phosphorylation released cyclin D1-regulated blockade of Smad3 transcriptional activity and recovered cell cycle arrest in breast cancer cells. Targeted inhibition of CDK4 activity may have a role in the treatment of cyclin D-overexpressing breast cancers.
20736297
PMC3253857
10.1158/1541-7786.MCR-09-0537
Cyclin D expression and activity in MCF7 and T47D stably transfected cells. (A) Protein extracts from stably transfected MCF7 or T47D clones were separated (30 μg/lane) on SDS/PAGE and subjected to immunoblot analysis with the indicated antibodies. (B) CDK4 kinase assay radiographs and densitometric quantification in MCF7 and T47D study cell lines.
CDK4-Mediated Phosphorylation Inhibits Smad3 Activity in Cyclin D Overexpressing Breast Cancer Cells
Mol Cancer Res. ;8(10):1375-1387.
Smad3 and phospho-Smad3 localization in cyclin D-overexpressing MCF7 and T47D cells. Smad3 localized to the nucleus in MCF7 (A, B) and T47D (B, C) parental, vector control (V), and cyclin D-overexpressing (CD1) cell lines. Endogenous Smad3 and phospho-Smad3 were visualized by immunofluorescence microscopy with an anti-Smad3 polyclonal antibody and FITC-conjugated secondary antibody. Cell nuclei were counterstained with DAPI. Scale bar is 10 μm. Arrows denote nuclei. Arrowheads denote cytoplasmic Smad3.
Expression of Smad3-regulated genes in study cell lines. MCF7 (A) and T47D (B) cell lines were transfected with wild type Smad3 (WT) or the 5M Smad3 CDK phosphorylation site mutant, and transcript levels of c-myc, p15, and p21 were measured by real-time quantitative RT-PCR.
Relative transcriptional activity of various Smad3 constructs in cyclin D1 overexpressing MCF7 (A), T47D (B), and Hs578T (C) cell lines. Cells were co-transfected with the Smad-responsive CAGA-luc reporter construct and Renilla luciferase reporter, in addition to the indicated Smad3 expression constructs. Firefly and Renilla luciferase activities were determined. Data are shown as fold increase in normalized luciferase activity (firefly/Renilla) compared with empty vector-transfected MCF7, T47D, or Hs578T cells. Error bars indicate standard deviation from the mean of normalized luciferase activity for each study condition.
Dose-dependent increase in Smad3 transcriptional activity in MCF7 and T47D cells treated with increasing concentrations of CDK2 or CDK4 inhibitors. MCF7 (A) or T47D (B) study cell lines were transfected with the Smad-responsive CAGA-luc reporter construct, Renilla luciferase reporter, and wild type (WT) Smad3 expression vector, then treated with the indicated concentrations of CDK2 inhibitor (CDK2i) or CDK4 inhibitor (CDK4i). Firefly and Renilla luciferase activities were determined. Data are shown as fold increase in normalized luciferase activity (firefly/Renilla) compared with empty vector-transfected MCF7 or T47D cells. Error bars indicate standard deviation from the mean of normalized luciferase activity for each study condition.
Restoration of Smad3 transcriptional activity with inhibition of CDK4 activity. MCF7 (A), T47D (B), and Hs578T (C) study cell lines were transfected with the Smad-responsive CAGA-luc reporter construct, Renilla luciferase reporter, and either wild type (WT) Smad3, 5M Smad3, T178 Smad3 (MCF7 and Hs578T), or T8 Smad3 (T47D only) expression vectors. The cells were treated with vehicle or 800 nM CDK4 inhibitor (CDK4i). Firefly and Renilla luciferase activities were determined. Data are shown as fold increase in normalized luciferase activity (firefly/Renilla) compared with empty vector-transfected MCF7, T47D, or Hs578T cells. Error bars indicate standard deviation from the mean of normalized luciferase activity for each study condition. For Figure 6B * denotes value too low to graphically represent.
Restoration of Smad3 transcriptional activity with siRNA knockdown of CDK4. (A) MCF7 cells were transfected with scrambled (SC) or cdk4 siRNA (siRNA) for 48 hours, then the cells were lysed and the level of CDK4 protein was determined in untransfected cells (UC) and transfected cells by immunoblot analysis using anti-CDK4 antibody. GAPDH was used as loading control. (B) MCF7 study cell lines were co-transfected with the Smad-responsive CAGA-luc reporter construct and Renilla luciferase reporter; siRNA or cdk4 siRNA; and either empty vector, wild type (WT) Smad3, or T178 Smad3 mutant expression vectors. Firefly and Renilla luciferase activities were determined. Data are shown as fold increase in normalized luciferase activity (firefly/Renilla) compared with empty vector-transfected MCF7 or T47D cells. Error bars indicate standard deviation from the mean of normalized luciferase activity for each study condition.
Inhibition of CDK4-mediated phosphorylation of Smad3 leads to G1 arrest in MCF7 parental and cyclin D-overexpressing cell lines. (A) MCF7 and MCF7-CD1 cells were transfected with empty vector (V), wild type Smad3 (S), or the T178 Smad3 mutant expression vectors. (B) T47D and T47D-CD1 cells were transfected with empty vector (V), wild type Smad3 (S), or the T8 Smad3 mutant expression vectors. The cells were then treated with vehicle or CDK4 inhibitor (I). Cells were harvested and the cell cycle profile was assessed by FACS analysis. Figures show one representative experiment from 3 separate data sets.
Cyclin D/biosynthesis*
Smad3 Protein/antagonists & inhibitors*
K22 CA138776/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States
K22 CA138776-01A1/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States
K22 CA138776-02/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States

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Words containing cretac | Words that contain cretac
Words containing cretac | Words that contain cretac http://www.thefreedictionary.com/words-containing-cretacPrinter Friendly
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UploadSign inJoinBooksAudiobooksComicsSheet MusicScribd Selects BooksHand-picked favorites from our editorsScribd Selects AudiobooksHand-picked favorites from our editorsScribd Selects ComicsHand-picked favorites from our editorsScribd Selects Sheet MusicHand-picked favorites from our editorsTop BooksWhat's trending, bestsellers, award-winners & moreTop AudiobooksWhat's trending, bestsellers, award-winners & moreTop ComicsWhat's trending, bestsellers, award-winners & moreTop Sheet MusicWhat's trending, bestsellers, award-winners & moreCategoriesArts & IdeasBiography & MemoirBusiness & LeadershipChildren'sComputers & TechnologyCooking & FoodCrafts & HobbiesFantasyFiction & LiteratureHappiness & Self-HelpHealth & WellnessHistoryHome & GardenHumorLGBTMystery, Thriller & CrimePolitics & EconomyReferenceReligionRomanceScience & NatureScience FictionSociety & CultureSports & AdventureTravelYoung AdultCategoriesArts & IdeasBiography & MemoirBusiness & LeadershipChildren'sComputers & TechnologyCooking & FoodFantasyFiction & LiteratureHappiness & Self-HelpHealth & WellnessHistoryHome & GardenHumorLGBTMystery, Thriller & CrimePolitics & EconomyReferenceReligionRomanceScience & NatureScience FictionSociety & CultureSports & AdventureTravelYoung AdultCategoriesAdaptationsChildren’sCrime & MysteryFictionHumorMangaNonfictionRomanceSciFi, Fantasy & HorrorSuperheroesYoung AdultPublishersArcanaArchie ComicsBOOM! StudiosDynamiteIDW PublishingKingstone ComicsMarvel ComicsSpace Goat ProductionsTop Cow ComicsTop Shelf ProductionsValiant Comics ZenescopeDifficultyBeginnerIntermediateAdvancedMixedInstrumentBrassDrums & PercussionGuitar, Bass, and FrettedPianoStringsVocalWoodwindsGenreClassicalCountryFolkJazz & BluesMovies & MusicalsPop & RockReligious & HolidayStandardsP. 1OB Apple- Steve JobsOB Apple- Steve Jobs|Views: 980|Likes: 24Published by nelle_7More info:Categories:Types, School WorkPublished by: nelle_7 on Aug 11, 2010Copyright:Attribution Non-commercialAvailability:Read on Scribd mobile: iPhone, iPad and Android.download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from ScribdFlag for inappropriate content|Add to collectionSee moreSee lesshttps://www.scribd.com/doc/35715005/OB-Apple-Steve-Jobs04/26/2013pdftextoriginalInnovation distinguishesbetween a leader and a follower. Steve Jobs
 Expertise: ² once Microsoft·s biggest competitor; solved compatibility issues of own OS-iMac superior to windows in certain areas,( innovation in software rather than hardware ), developed video editing program, developed iTunes in association in just 3 months-
² Jobs vision of focusing on the future of computer technology helps innovate.  Creativity skills:
² Talent to see the familiar in different light; ² Used risky moves when innovating, like with software technology. ² Mixed OS, seized opportunity of organised
digital online music at right time with CD ROMS and iTunes. ² Analogy- from iTunes to the iPod; convenient.  Steve jobs possesses this component in the highest degree.
 Task motivation
² Jobs is charismatic leader- vision inspired employees. ² Apple has sufficient expertise and a work culture that demands creativity combined with freedom of ideas. ² Jobs· insistence on managers· innovation was a personal challenge that worked as a motivator. charismatic
 Vision; articulation
² developing best customer experience; defined areas requiring innovation.  Personal risks
² Partnered with the enemy ( Microsoft)
 Unconventional behavior; sensitivity
² Proved to be worthy by bouncing back; took up a challenge that already had legal issues.  Influential 1) Appealing vision ² user friendliness. 2) Vision statement- committed to bringing best computing experience to students, professionals through innovative hardware & software offerings. ( one of Top vision statements )
3) Example to follow- demonstrate courage & conviction.
4) Self belief.
 Contingency theory- Path Goal- leader behaviour
 Takes input of others into account; assumes final decision-making authority
 For software advancement-
² Jobs used input of Next, partnered with Microsoft, was open to outsourcing video editing to Adobe, teamed up with Soundstep.  Pushed company employees for innovative thinking.  Big Five personality model: ² Extravert: High spirited:: High ² Agreeable: Cooperation: Average
² Conscientious: High standards:: High
² Emotional Stability: Confident:: High
² Openness to experience: Creative:: High
 Self- monitoring  Risk-taking
 Pro-active personality
 MBTI model. ² Extraverted vs. introvert: Extravert ² Sensing vs. intuitive: Intuitive
² Thinking vs. feeling: Thinking
² Judging vs. perceiving: Perceiving  Apple already had innovative work culture and,  Jobs was an established leader,  Jobs· and Apple·s talent ´emergedµ from when the iPod was born.  Situational factor played more important role.
² Crisis- primary source of motivation, creativity. ² Adobe·s rejection quickened Apple·s pace of software development. ² Goal of developing ´best customer experienceµ achieved through the iPod. unfreezing
 Apple·s status quo initially- nothing new on offer, non innovative, lackluster.  Unfreezing involved thinking out of the box, right direction.  On Jobs· return, proceeded to assume responsibility by taking risks (partnering with Microsoft)-gaining from them, thus building up on confidence. movement
 Jobs· firstly improved Apple·s own OS Mac through collaborations and upgradations.
 Acted democratically, pushed managers to think innovation.  Kept the market for Apple buzzing by developing video editing.  Wrapped ´great ideas inside great ideasµ ²
improved hardware alongside.  Tested the online music market by introducing CD ROMs; also optimally utilising Apple's expertise.
 This first step in marketing digital music fostered innovation further.  Apple then developed iTunes, superior to Windows· and so, a boost to spirits.  The running success led to the most innovative idea of all, the iPod. refreezing
 After creating the iPod, Apple further cemented its position in the market.  It followed its ¶best customer experience· vision and supplemented the iPod with the iTunes store.  It collaborated further, developed a Windows version of iTunes and broadened its market.  Thus the vision and innovative culture keeps Apple going strong.  Apple *is* a learning organisation.  Follows Double-loop learning.  Shared vision
² best customer experience.  Discard old ways of thinking
² innovative in nature, requires freedom to modify policies as per the situation.
 All processes are interrelated
² participative management.  Open communication
² Jobs encourages sharing of ideas.
 Company interest over self ² Jobs prepared to take any risks for interest of Apple·s advancement.  Diversify product lines and within existing products. ² Extend OS to mobile phones.  Open door policy for lowest levels of Apple.
² Extend 20 or so current creative team to beyond the high levels.  Apple does not do market research., as said by Jobs himself. ² This would be continued, as it greatly helps innovate.  Learn from past experiences by improving compatibility.  Integrate advanced technologies with user-
friendliness. It is piracy, not overt online music stores, which is our main competitor.
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James Harvey Oxford (1921-1973) - Find A Grave Memorial
James Harvey Oxford
9 Dec 1973 (aged 52)
Drive 8, Section 1, Lot 2323
100375962 · View Source
Billie Jo Oxford
Find A Grave Memorial 100375962
Find A Grave, database and images (https://www.findagrave.com : accessed ), memorial page for James Harvey Oxford (13 Jan 1921–9 Dec 1973), Find A Grave Memorial no. 100375962, citing Highland Cemetery, Durant, Bryan County, Oklahoma, USA ; Maintained by TimelessSpirits (contributor 47310549) .
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Fulfill Photo Request for James Harvey Oxford
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I thought you might like to see a memorial for James Harvey Oxford I found on Findagrave.com.

value: This website is a website that allows the public to search and add to an online database of cemetery records. It is owned by Ancestry.com.