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Patent US7333193 - Analysis apparatus irradiating detection light and reading state of analysis ... - Google PatentsSearch Images Maps Play YouTube News Gmail Drive More »Sign inAdvanced Patent SearchPatentsAn analysis apparatus capable of normally creating image data and an analysis disc used for this. Instead of using a signal which has been read in time series by pickup following a track so as to create an image by utilizing address information engraved on an optical disc, a mark (110) is recorded over...http://www.google.com/patents/US7333193?utm_source=gb-gplus-sharePatent US7333193 - Analysis apparatus irradiating detection light and reading state of analysis objectAdvanced Patent SearchPublication numberUS7333193 B2Publication typeGrantApplication numberUS 10/507,412PCT numberPCT/JP2003/002806Publication dateFeb 19, 2008Filing dateMar 10, 2003Priority dateMar 14, 2002Fee statusPaidAlso published asCN1643365A, CN1643365B, EP1491875A1, EP1491875A4, US7369218, US20050169611, US20080007721, WO2003076909A1Publication number10507412, 507412, PCT/2003/2806, PCT/JP/2003/002806, PCT/JP/2003/02806, PCT/JP/3/002806, PCT/JP/3/02806, PCT/JP2003/002806, PCT/JP2003/02806, PCT/JP2003002806, PCT/JP200302806, PCT/JP3/002806, PCT/JP3/02806, PCT/JP3002806, PCT/JP302806, US 7333193 B2, US 7333193B2, US-B2-7333193, US7333193 B2, US7333193B2InventorsTsugio Wakita, Mitsuteru Fujimoto, Satoshi MiyagawaOriginal AssigneeMatsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd.Export CitationBiBTeX, EndNote, RefManPatent Citations (10), Non-Patent Citations (1), Classifications (23), Legal Events (6) External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, EspacenetAnalysis apparatus irradiating detection light and reading state of analysis objectUS 7333193 B2Abstract An analysis apparatus capable of normally creating image data and an analysis disc used for this. Instead of using a signal which has been read in time series by pickup following a track so as to create an image by utilizing address information engraved on an optical disc, a mark (110) is recorded over the radius direction (A) of a read area (109) of the analysis disc (108) where an analysis object (B) is arranged, at least at a preceding position or a following position of the read area (109) in the rotation direction (C), so that video processing aligned according to this mark is executed, thereby executing video acquisition or a shape count with a high accuracy.
1. An analysis apparatus for irradiating detection light and reading a state of an analysis object, the analysis apparatus comprising:
an analysis disc including:
an analysis object located on a reading area (109) of the analysis disc; and
a mark (110) recorded in a radial direction in one of rotationally frontward and rearward positions from the reading area;
a pickup (103) for tracing a track and detecting the mark and detection light reflected from the analysis object; and
an image processor for acquiring video or counting shape of the analysis object through video processing by aligning the analysis object and a reading signal of the mark by a time axis relative to a position of the mark, and wherein the analysis object and the reading signal of the mark are read in time series by the pickup.
2. The analysis apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the image processor is for managing a result of the video processing based on a specific pattern in association with the reading area.
3. The analysis apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the image processor is for managing a result of the video processing based on a specific pattern in association with the analysis object in the reading area.
TECHNICAL FIELD The present invention relates to an analysis apparatus in which a sample like blood, for example, is set on an optical disc for analysis and such analysis object is traced and captured as an image.
BACKGROUND ART An analysis apparatus is disclosed in Published Japanese translation of PCT international publication for patent application No. 10-504397 (WO96/09548) and so on, in which an analysis object set on the tracks of an analysis disc is traced and an image is obtained by using a compact disc for recording audio or video (hereinafter referred to as an optical disc) and the reproducing function of an optical disc drive for reproducing the disc.
To be specific, a typical optical disc drive is configured as shown in FIG. 9.
An optical disc 101 is rotationally driven in the direction of arrow C by a disc motor 102. A screw shaft 105 is rotationally driven by a traverse motor 104 so that a pickup 103 for irradiating the optical disc 101 with detection light and detecting reflected light moves in the radial direction (the direction of arrow A) of the optical disc 101.
The traverse motor 104 and the disc motor 102 are operated by a servo control circuit 106 according to the reproduction output of the pickup 103 in the following manner:
According to the reproduction output of the pickup 103, the servo control circuit 106 drives the traverse motor 104 so as to trace tracks composed of pits or grooves, etc., detects address information recorded on the tracks of the optical disc 101, and drives the disc motor 102 with a constant linear velocity (CLV control).
Further, the reproduction output of the pickup 103 is processed by a reproducing device 107, so that a sound signal or a video signal that serve as data recorded on the tracks are reproduced and outputted.
On the other hand, the analysis apparatus is almost identical to the typical optical disc drive in block diagram form. In the case of the analysis apparatus, as shown in FIG. 10, a mixture of a sample and a reagent corresponding to a test item is set on the optical disc 101 as an analysis object B in addition to a track 101 a. In the case of the analysis apparatus, the servo control circuit 106 and the reproducing device 107 obtain an image of the analysis object B on the optical disc 101 as described below. The direction of an arrow on the track 101 a indicates the tracing direction of detection light from the pickup 103.
Also in the case of an analysis disc, time information or the like composed of pits, grooves, etc. on the optical disc is formed according to the standards of conventional optical discs for recording audio or video, and thus the specific explanation thereof is omitted. Specific examples are Compact Disc System Description (commonly called Red Book standard) and Compact Disc Readable System Description (commonly called Orange Book standard).
The laser irradiation point of the pickup 103 controlled by the servo control circuit 106 traces the spiral tracks 101 a of the optical disc 101. The tracks 101 a have a pitch of 1.6 μm on the optical disc according to Orange Book standard. The pickup 103 traces 1, 2, 3, . . . , 8, . . . , in turn for each rotation of the optical disc 101.
That is, in the operations of the analysis apparatus, a portion of the analysis object B and a portion of the track 101 a are alternately passed and traced. In the case of the analysis apparatus, the reproducing device 107 extracts only data of a portion of the analysis object B that is obtained by tracing, and reconfigures data, so that video or shape count is performed.
The analysis apparatus may detect and process light reflected from an optical disc in the same manner as a typical optical disc drive for reproducing an optical disc, and the analysis apparatus may detect and process light passing through an optical disc.
Absolute time is engraved as address information on a disc such as a CD and a DVD. The time information is composed of minutes, seconds, and frames. One second is constituted of 75 frames.
The recording system of the time information is broadly divided into the following two kinds: a system for recording data by changing a length of a pit such as EFM and a system for recording after a groove is snaked by FM modulation on a recording disc.
Even when the ordinary time information of the optical disc is used to construct a video signal or perform shape count in the analysis apparatus, analysis accuracy cannot be expected to improve for the following reasons:
In both of the optical disc drive and the analysis apparatus, existing address information recorded on an optical disc is used to search for a given position on the optical disc 101. However, when a minimum unit distance obtained from the address information is calculated based on the example of the typical optical disc having 75 frames per second, just 120 (cm)�75 (frames)=1.6 (cm/frame) is obtained at the minimum because the disc has a linear velocity of 1.2 to 1.5 m/S. That is, accuracy only to 16 mm can be specified even in one frame serving as the minimum unit.
An analysis apparatus for a blood test requires accuracy enabling the detection of an object of about 10 μm in a small area of 5 square millimeters on the optical disc 101. However, when video processing is performed on an image of the analysis object B, which is read in time series by the pickup 103 tracing the tracks, to obtain an accurately read image shown in FIG. 11( b), only a read image shown in FIG. 11( a) can be obtained in the present state where the reproducing device 107 performs video processing according to the address information.
To be specific, the reproduced image has a displacement in the rotation direction C of the optical disc 101 as shown in FIG. 11( a) and has a value far from accuracy required for analysis of blood and so on. Thus, it is understood that the image is too rough to be used.
An object of the present invention is to provide an analysis apparatus which can perform shape analysis satisfying accuracy required for analysis of blood and soon, and a special analysis disc used for the same.
DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION In the present invention, address information engraved on an optical disc is not used for constructing signals as an image, the signals being read in time series by a pickup which traces tracks. Video processing for alignment is performed relative to another instead of the address information, so that video acquisition or shape count is performed with high accuracy.
An analysis apparatus according to Embodiment 1 of the present invention irradiates detection light on an analysis disc having an analysis object disposed on a art thereof, and reads a state of the analysis object. The analysis disc having a mark is set in the apparatus, the mark being recorded over a radial direction of a reading area at least in one of frontward and rearward positions of the reading area in a rotation direction, and the reading area being disposed with the analysis object. The analysis apparatus comprises a pickup for detecting the mark and detection light from the analysis object disposed on the set analysis disc, and an image processor which performs video acquisition or shape count on the analysis object by performing video processing for aligning the analysis object and a reading signal of the mark by a time axis relative to a position of the mark, the analysis object and the reading signal of the mark being read in time series by the pickup that traces tracks.
The analysis disc of the present invention enables reproduction and tracing on a pit or a groove and has a data region for controlling the rotation of the disc and a reading area having an analysis object therein, wherein a mark is recorded over the radial direction of the reading area in which the analysis object is disposed, at least in one of frontward and rearward positions of the reading area in the rotation direction.
Further, according to the analysis disc of the present invention, the mark is formed as a pit, a groove, or a land, or by printing, removing a mirror surface, or forming an odd shape.
Moreover, according to the analysis disc of the present invention, the mark is formed as a pit, a groove, or a land with a specific pattern different from the data region.
Besides, according to the analysis disc of the present invention, the specific pattern of the mark is varied according to a plurality of reading areas each being disposed with the analysis object.
Further, according to the analysis disc of the present invention, the specific pattern of the mark is varied according to a kind of the analysis object disposed in the reading area.
An analysis apparatus according to Embodiment 2 of the present invention has an analysis disc having marks with different specific patterns according to a plurality of reading areas in at least one of frontward and rearward positions of the reading areas in the rotation direction, each reading area being disposed with an analysis object. The analysis apparatus comprises a pickup for detecting a mark and detection light from the analysis object disposed on the set analysis disc, and an image processor which performs video acquisition or shape count on the analysis object by performing video processing for aligning the analysis object and a reading signal of the mark by a time axis relative to the position of the mark, analysis object and the reading signal of the mark being read in time series by the pickup that traces a track. The image processor also manages video processing results according to the specific pattern in association with the reading area.
Further, an analysis apparatus according to Embodiment 3 of the present invention has marks of different specific patterns according to a kind of an analysis object, in at least one of frontward and rearward position of a reading area in the rotation direction, the reading area on a set analysis disc being disposed with the analysis object. The analysis apparatus comprises a pickup for detecting the mark and detection light from the analysis object, and an image processor which performs video acquisition or shape count on the analysis object by performing video processing for aligning the analysis object and a reading signal of the mark by a time axis relative to the position of the mark, the analysis object and the reading signals of the mark being read in time series by the pickup that traces a track. The image processor also manages video processing results according to the specific pattern in association with the kind of the analysis object disposed in the reading area.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is a structural diagram showing an analysis apparatus according to Embodiment 1 of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a plan view showing an analysis disc used for the embodiment;
FIG. 3 is an enlarged plan view showing a main part of the analysis disc according to the embodiment;
FIG. 4 is an explanatory drawing showing image processing of the analysis apparatus according to the embodiment;
FIG. 5 is an enlarged sectional view showing the formation of a mark, taken along the track of the analysis disc according to each embodiment;
FIG. 6 is a plan view showing an analysis disc according to Embodiment 2 of the present invention;
FIG. 7 is a plan view showing an analysis disc according to Embodiment 5 of the present invention;
FIG. 8 is an enlarged sectional view of the analysis disc that shows the formation of a mark according to Embodiment 5 of the present invention;
FIG. 9 is a structural diagram showing a conventional and typical optical disc drive;
FIG. 10 is an enlarged plan view showing a main part of a conventional analysis disc; and
FIG. 11 is an explanatory drawing showing image processing of a conventional analysis apparatus.
BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION Referring to FIGS. 1 to 8, embodiments of the present invention will be described below.
Embodiment 1 FIG. 1 shows an analysis apparatus of the present invention. The configuration of a reproducing device 107 constituted of a microcomputer and an analysis disc 108 used for analysis instead of the optical disc 101 are different from those of the conventional art.
As shown in FIG. 2, the analysis disc 108 is configured so that a mixture of a sample and a reagent corresponding to a test item is set as an analysis object B on the optical disc 101. Only on a position immediately in front of a reading area 109 in a rotation direction C, the reading area 109 having the analysis object B therein, a mark 110F is recorded over the radial direction (the direction of arrow A) of the reading area. In FIG. 2, two analysis objects B are provided on the analysis disc 108 and the marks 110F are formed immediately in front of the analysis objects B.
FIG. 5 shows specific examples of the position of the analysis object B in the analysis disc 108 and the mark 110F in the analysis disc 108.
As shown in FIG. 5( a), the analysis object B is provided between a surface 108 a and a track 101 a of the analysis disc 108. The mark 110F is formed by printing ink 111 like a belt on the back of the optical disc 101. In FIG. 5( a), reference numeral 112 a denotes a pit or a groove formed on the track 101 a which has been subjected to mirror-like finishing. Reference numeral 112 b denotes a land formed on the track 101 a which has been subjected to mirror-like finishing.
As indicated by a virtual line of FIG. 5( a), the analysis object B may be provided between the track 101 a and a back 108 b of the analysis disc 108.
A pickup 103 traces the spiral track 101 a of the analysis disc 108. A servo control circuit 106 drives a traverse motor 104 so that the track 101 a composed of pits or grooves and so on is traced according to the reproduction output of the pickup 103. Further, the servo control circuit 106 detects the address information recorded on the track 101 a and drives a disc motor 102 with a constant linear velocity (CLV control).
The reproducing device 107 serving as an image processor is configured as below.
The reproducing device 107 first accumulates image data, which has been read by the pickup 103 in time series, as trace data in a memory 113. In this case, similar processing is performed on the two analysis objects B. Thus, referring to FIG. 5, one of the analysis objects B will be discussed as an example to describe the contents of the processing.
FIG. 4( a) shows trace data. The pickup 103 traces first to ninth tracks in this order from above to below in FIG. 4( a) for each rotation of the optical disc 101, and accumulates the trace data in the memory 113. In this case, a part of the analysis object B is positioned on the second track to the eighth track. Reference numerals V2 to V8 represent the resolution image data of the analysis object B. Reference numerals S1 to S9 represent trigger signals on respective track positions where the mark 110F has been read.
A first processing section 116 is constituted of a trigger circuit 114 for detecting a trigger signal in trace data having been read from the memory 113 and a switch circuit 115 for correcting the time axis of trace data in each track based on the detection output of the trigger circuit 114. The first processing section 116 properly delays the timing to output the trace data, which has been read from the memory 113, to the subsequent stage, moves the time axis of trace data in each track so that the positions of the trigger signals S1 to S9 are aligned with one another as show in FIG. 4( b), and outputs image data D. To be specific, in FIG. 4, the outputs of the trigger signals S1 and S3 to S9 are delayed so as to be aligned with the position of the trigger signal S2.
The trace data in each track that has been subjected to time base correction relative to the mark 110F is accumulated in a second processing section 117. Then, the trace data is outputted as reproduction image output. Further, when shape count is necessary as well as video acquisition of the analysis object, counting is performed in each unit area.
In this way, the time axes are aligned relative to the position of the mark 110F, so that image data can be obtained with higher accuracy than the conventional art, in which time axes are aligned relative to address information.
Embodiment 2 FIG. 6 shows an analysis disc of Embodiment 2.
In Embodiment 1, the mark 110F is disposed only on a position immediately in front of the reading area 109 in the rotating direction C, the reading area 109 having the analysis object B therein. On an analysis disc 108 shown in FIG. 6, a mark 110B identical to the mark 110F is disposed just behind an analysis object B.
In the case of Embodiment 1 where the mark 110B is not provided, trace data of one track is recorded in the first memory 113 until the subsequent mark 110F is read. In the case where the analysis disc having the mark 110F just behind the analysis object B is used and a reproducing device 107 of the analysis apparatus accumulates trace data in the first memory 113 from when the mark 110F is read until the mark 110B is read, it is possible to prevent accumulation and processing from being performed on trace data in a part irrelevant to the analysis object B. Thus, efficient data processing can be expected.
Embodiment 3 In Embodiment 1, the reproducing device 107 of the analysis apparatus performs time base correction so that the trigger signals S1 to S9 having read the mark 110F are aligned with one another. The same effect as Embodiment 1 can be expected also by using an analysis disc 108 where the mark 110F is absent and the mark 110B is provided just behind the analysis object B, and a reproducing device 107 of the analysis apparatus performs time base correction so that trigger signals having read the mark 110B are aligned with one another.
Moreover, in Embodiments 1, 2, and 3, as shown in FIG. 2 or 6, the marks 110F and 110B are offset from the center of the disc and are disposed in parallel with the reading portion of the analysis target B. In this case, a distance between the mark and a sample is not so different between the inner edge and the outer edge of the disc. Thus, when a relatively large sample (several millimeters or more) is visualized, a distortion is small in the reproduction of an image.
Embodiment 4 In the analysis discs 108 of the foregoing embodiments, the mark 110F, the mark 110F and the mark 110B, and the mark 110B are all formed by printing as shown in FIG. 5( a). As shown in FIG. 5( b), the mark 110F, the mark 110F and the mark 110B, and the mark 110B can be similarly formed by providing a portion 118, which has lost a mirror surface, on a part of the track 101 a having been subjected to mirror-like finishing. To be specific, BCA is provided on a mirror surface of a DVD.
Further, as shown in FIG. 5( c), the mark 110F, the mark 110F and the mark 110B, and the mark 110B can be similarly formed by providing an oddly shaped portion 119 such as a concave portion on a part of the outside of the analysis disc 108. To be specific, the disc is changed in shape to reflect light on a data track surface.
The specific positions and ranges of the portion 118, which has lost a mirror surface, and the oddly shaped portion 119 on the analysis disc 108 correspond to one of a position immediately in front of, a position in the front of or behind, and a position just behind the reading area 109 in the rotating direction, the reading area having the analysis object B therein. The positions and ranges are similar to those of the marks in the foregoing embodiments.
An analysis apparatus, which uses the analysis disc 108 having the portion 118 having lost a mirror surface or the oddly shaped portion 119, is different from the foregoing embodiments only in that the portion 118 having lost a mirror surface or the oddly shaped portion 119 are read and trigger signals having detected mark positions are generated.
In FIGS. 5( b) and 5(c), the position of the analysis is object B on the analysis disc 108 is the same as that of FIG. 5( a).
Embodiment 5 In the foregoing embodiments, the mark 110F, the mark 110F and the mark 110B, and the mark 110B are formed by printing, removing a mirror surface, or forming an odd shape. The mark may be provided on the pit, the groove 112 a, or the land 112 b of the analysis disc 108.
To be specific, by detecting the mark with a pickup 103, it is possible to make a distinction between a track data portion and a reading area 109 having an analysis object B therein. An example will be discussed below.
The mark is constituted of pits such as EFM and MFF. To be specific, the mark is constituted of prepits, LPP (land prepits) (recorded as address information on a DVD-R/RW and engraved as prepits on lands between tracks, and to be specific, CAPA (prepits for the address on a DVD-RAM)) and so on. Modulation of some kind including a wobble is superimposed on a groove or a land.
The specific position and range of the mark constituted of pits, grooves, or lands on the analysis disc 108 correspond to one of a position immediately in front of, a position in the front of or behind, or a position just behind the reading area 109 in the rotating direction, the reading area 109 having the analysis object B therein. The position and range are similar to those of the marks in the foregoing embodiments.
An analysis apparatus, which uses the analysis disc 108 having the mark constituted of pits, grooves, or lands, is different from the foregoing embodiments only in that the mark is read by the pickup 103 and trigger signals having detected mark positions are generated.
On the analysis disc 108 where the mark is constituted of pits, groove, or lands, the specific pattern of the mark is varied by modulating the mark so that the array position or analysis contents of the analysis object B can be identified on the analysis disc 108. In this case, the analysis apparatus using the analysis disc 108 is configured as below.
The reproducing device 107 of the analysis apparatus using the analysis disc 108 where the specific pattern of the mark is varied by performing modulation identifying the array position of the analysis object B, the reproducing device 107 being configured so as to output image data on which the pickup 103 reads the mark and time base correction is performed relative to trigger signals having detected mark positions, and data for identifying, based on the specific pattern of the read mark, the array position where the image data belongs to the analysis object B on the analysis disc 108.
For example, when the analysis disc shown in FIG. 7 is configured using such an analysis apparatus, it is possible to conduct blood tests on two or more persons at the same time and manage test results for each person.
The illustrated analysis disc 108 is divided broadly into four regions by marks 110L, and three analysis objects B can be disposed in respective regions with marks 110S. The marks 110L and 110S are formed so as to radially stretch from the center of the disc along the radial direction with different patterns, so that the analysis objects B can be managed.
With this configuration, blood from a different person is spotted in each region, and then, tests are conducted. Thus, it is possible to manage the test results of four persons at the same time. Further, on this disc, three analysis objects B can be disposed for each person, so that the same test can be repeated three times for each person.
In the reproducing device 107 of the analysis apparatus using the analysis disc 108 where the specific pattern of the mark is varied by performing modulation identifying the analysis contents of the analysis object B, the reproducing device 107 being configured so as to manage image data on which the pickup 103 reads the mark and time base correction is performed relative to trigger signals having detected mark positions, and manage the kind of desired analysis object in a coordinated manner based on the specific pattern of the read mark. Thereafter, the contents of image processing, the counting method, the decision method, and so on are automatically processed according to the kind of analysis object.
�The kind of analyst object� indicates analysis items such as cholesterol, erythrocyte, and leukocyte when a sample is blood. Further, the reproducing device 107 serving as an image processor is configured as follows: regarding reading signals of the mark, visualization is performed to align time axes relative to the position of the mark, an image of the analysis object is obtained or shape count is performed, and the visualization results are managed in association with the reading area based on the specific pattern.
A disc shown in FIG. 7 can be used as an analysis disc applicable to such an analysis apparatus. In this case, the kind of analysis object is changed in each region of the analysis disc, so that blood of one person can be tested and managed three times for four kinds of test items. Moreover, the kind of analysis object can be changed in a region of the analysis disc. In this case, blood of two or more persons can be tested and managed for two or more test items on a single disc.
The mark 110F, the mark 110F and the mark 110B, and the mark 110B may be provided as two or more marks in consideration of the occurrence of a reading error. For example, the order of marks from the closest to the analysis object B is modulated and recorded on a marker, and then the order is read, so that the function of the marker can be performed by interpolation even in the event of a reading error of the marker.
To be specific, as shown in FIG. 8, in the case where the mark 110F has marks 110F5, 110F4, . . . , and 110F1 at regular intervals of �5�, �4�, �3�, �2�, and �1� as the mark 110F comes closer to the analysis object B, for example, even when the mark 110F2 of �2� is not read and missed, previously read �5�, �4�, and �3� are counted and the rule of intervals is understood, so that �2� can be generated without any trouble. Also when �1� is missed, �0� position is similarly expected and thus the function of a video acquisition trigger can be performed.
With this interpolation, in CAV control where an optical disc has a constant rotation instead of CLV control having a constant linear velocity, the acquisition of the rule of mark intervals is used in synchronization with video processing, so that an image can be acquired.
That is, by using the mark intervals as in the CAV reading of an ordinary CD and DVD, CAV control reading is performed on an image of a sample. In the case of CAV control, control is performed so that a disc has a constant rotation. Therefore, a travel distance is different between the inner edge and the outer edge for each hour. When an image of a sample is acquired, acquisition at regular intervals results in an image different from actual one. In order to eliminate this problem, it is necessary to have different intervals of video acquisition between the inner edge and the outer edge. It is strictly necessary to have the same conditions as the video acquisition of CLV control. In this method, the mark intervals of the marker are provided regularly on the disc regardless of whether on the inner edge or the outer edge. A reading device synchronizes a reading cycle of an image with the mark intervals and acquires an image of a sample while keeping the synchronization. In this case, the method is used for a unit which changes the reading cycle according to a change in linear velocity of the disc.
Although the foregoing embodiments discussed a blood sample, the present invention is applicable to other kinds of analysis. To be specific, the present invention is applicable to analysis on drinking water such as tap water and analysis on water quality of a reservoir and so on.
In each of the foregoing embodiments, as shown in FIG. 5, the track 101 a is provided above or below the analysis object B. The present invention can be implemented without providing the track 101 a in the region of the analysis object B.
As described in Embodiments 1 to 5, according to the analysis apparatus of the present invention and the analysis disc used for the same, an analysis disc is used where a mark is recorded over the radial direction of a reading area, in which an analysis object is disposed, at least in front of or behind the reading area in the rotation direction, a pickup is provided which detects the mark and detection light from the analysis object disposed on the set analysis disc, and an image processor which performs video acquisition or shape count on the analysis object by performing video processing for aligning time axes relative to the position of the mark, on the analysis object and the reading signals of the mark, the analysis object being read in time series by the pickup which traces tracks. Thus, analysis accuracy can be expected to improve from the conventional art.
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Daly 1 Tim Daly Cynthia Mazzant English 137H 28 October 2013 The Marlboro Who? We live in a changing world.
We have a changeable constitution, changing media role models, and changing global economy. TV shows and superstars come and go. Diseases devastate our populations but then are cured. We suffer, then learn, and then adapt. That is what makes us great. But one thing that weve suffered from, learned about, and still not adapted to is smoking. Years ago we smoked without knowledge of the dangers it presented us. We now know how bad smoking is for us, yet many Americans still engage in the dangerous activity. The perception of smoking has changed greatly in the past 50 years. Before its dangers were accepted, it was common to see in the workplace and in public. It was seen, and perceived in the media, as cool. Thirty years ago, almost 45% of American adults smoked. That number is stunning for someone growing up in a culture nowadays where far fewer make this bad decision. However, we all know people in our lives that have been affected by smoking or may die from it, and want to understand how they could make such a bad decision in their lives. The truth is, perception is key. The media portrayal of smoking over the years has changed with Americans change in smoking habits. When smoking was more popular and its dangers unknown, the ads for smoking were all over. One particular ad that is recognizable to almost all baby boomers and generation Xers is the Marlboro Man. I had heard of him and could
Daly 2 guess which company he was with, but had no idea what he looked like until I looked him up fro this paper. When I asked some random students walking around campus, they didnt know either. Lone Ranger? Was he from Cowboys vs. Aliens? Who was this figure that was known by all of our parents? Upon explanation, one student remarked, the Marlboro who? All of this just shows us how advertising has changed in the past few decades. The Marlboro Man is considered by some to be the most brilliant advertising campaign ever. CNBC has it 3rd in a ranking of advertising campaigns of the 20th century. Other ads from a few decades ago portray images of doctors smoking cigarettes, saying that doctors trust their health with them, so you should too. Another common theme is beautiful skinny women smoking in ads, so if you want to be like that you should too. Smoking was portrayed to the adolescents of America as cool, safe, and even something that can aid your appearance by helping you lose weight. One ad I came across shows Santa Claus smoking. This is an image I doubt youd ever encounter in todays world, but one that was shown in the past and affected the previous generation. These ads undoubtedly encouraged smoking for adolescents and lured them into the trap that is smoking. The event that triggered the change from 45% of Americans smoking to the 19% we see today was the Surgeon Generals Report of 1964. This report was the stimulus that provided the initial push to start changing the perception of smoking from being cool, to actually being seen as a stupid, worthless, and uncool activity. Along with this report came much more negative publicity and advertisements showing the negative consequences of smoking to the public.
Daly 3 Before the Surgeon Generals Report, we somewhat knew of the negative effects of smoking, but the Tobacco companies paid a lot of money to dispel these proofs. In 2007, a University of California study finally proved the second hand smoking link to cardiovascular disease that the tobacco companies tried so hard to cover up for years and years. This publication has proven to be the nail in the coffin for the tobacco companies. They could not argue that smoking has no ill health effects. Now they cannot argue that second hand smoking has no ill health effects. It only took many years and $20,000 of funding to dispel the claims of the tobacco companies. In this long process, millions of American adolescents fell into the trap of smoking and millions more lost their lives because of it. So if we now know how dangerous smoking is, then why do 60 million Americans still smoke daily? Well, it turns out that 44.2% of those smokers are under the age of 18. So why adolescents? Studies have shown that they value the perceived shortterm gain and little short-term consequence over the undeniable long-term negatives and little possible long-term benefits. Just as in a study where most Americans chose to have $50 now over $60 in a month, these teens are overvaluing the short-term benefit despite the choice being quite a silly one if you looked at it from the perspective where you got $50 in 12 months and $60 in 13 months. The problem is, once the teens start smoking, the nicotine addiction makes it very hard for them to stop. The current advertisements floating around portray the negative long-term benefits to adolescents. If you smoke, youll end up dying from it. Or, if you smoke, youll get wrinkly and smell bad. There are many graphic ads, some portraying former smokers who had their voice boxes removed because of the damage smoking did to
Daly 4 them. These messages do work, only adolescents need those short-term benefits proven wrong and short-term consequences highlighted to keep them from falling into the trap of smoking. The role models previously given to adolescent smokers are no longer there, yet they still smoke. To combat this, fierce anti-smoking ad campaigns have recently overtaken the smoking ads, but they mainly focus on the long term negative effects of smoking. Im not saying that this wont work, but rather that there should be a larger portion of ads and education to teens about the short-term effects. I talked to a few smokers on campus, and what I learned was interesting. They certainly were not a representative sample size for Americas adolescent population, but still gave me some insight on their thought process. Some reasons for smoking despite knowledge of its many negative long-term risks include: relieve stress, someone in their family smokes, and it helped them fit in with a group. The first two answers make sense to me. Its the third one that is really concerning. One smoker admitted that he should probably stop, but its just so hard. Adolescents overestimate their ability to stop whenever they want to. They might think that if all of the consequences are long term, what damage does one time do? Or five? Or ten? Its after those ten and a buildup of the nicotine addiction in their system that they try to stop but cant. At that point its too late for many. What we can learn from these encounters is that adolescents know what theyre potentially getting into when they smoke. I doubt youll find a smoker who doesnt believe what all of the scientific world can agree upon regarding the damage of smoking. I do believe, however, that youll encounter young men and women who think that they can cheat the system and smoke for a short period of time to fit in, then stop when it
Daly 5 doesnt suit them anymore, and before they die of lung cancer. Youll also run into adolescents who try out smoking just like some college kids try out the party life or drugs, only to find out that its much harder for them to stop smoking than it was to stop going to parties. An overestimation of value plus an underestimation of the risk has resulted in the poor rationale used by many adolescent smokers. This topic upsets many people, including me, because the medical information that is available today about the dangers of smoking could have lengthened our relatives lives, yet adolescents nowadays who know how dangerous and dumb smoking is still do it. We are affected by the costs smoking has on our neighbors bodies and in our wallets. Billions of dollars are spent a year on the costs of smoking. Millions of lives are affected in some way. Our perception of smoking can decrease these numbers and make walking around outside Willard Building or the Library on campus more enjoyable by being less polluted by smoke. Advertisements have changed over the years along with the changing smoking market, and to prevent further tragedy, the advertisements and message to current and potential adolescent smokers must again change to fit the times. We must also support those who are battling to stop their addiction and advise others not to start. With a comprehensive effort, smoking in the United States can be lessened even more than it is today, and our world will be safer.
"Adult Smoking in the US." Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Ed. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 06 Sept. 2011. Web. 01 Nov. 2013. This government website allowed me to gain insight on the impact smoking has on America and how deadly it is to those who engage in it. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. "Annual Smoking-attributable Mortality, Years of Potential Life Lost, and Productivity Losses--United States, 1997-2001."NCBI. U.S. National Library of Medicine, 1 July 2005. Web. 06 Nov. 2013. This study showed me the negative effects smoking had on the lives of smokers and the consequences they and their surroundings (second hand smoking) had from smoking. Green, Matthew. "Who Smokes? The Stats on Lighting Up." KQED News. KQED Inc., 25 May 2012. Web. 01 Nov. 2013. I found information on this resource about the demographic of smokers in America today. Healthy Living Solutions, LLC. "Is Smoking Still "Cool?"" Quit Smoking, Start Now!N.p., 2011. Web. 01 Nov. 2013. I used this site to research the short and long-term effects of smoking and some reasons why people might still smoke despite these harsh realities. Song, Anna V., PhD, Holly E.R. Morrell, PhD, Jodi L. Cornell, MSW, MA, Malena E. Ramos, EdM, Michael Biehl, MA, Rhonda Y. Kropp, MPH, and Bonnie L. HalpernFelsher, PhD. "Perceptions of Smoking-Related Risks and Benefits as Predictors of Adolescent Smoking Initiation." NCBI. U.S. National Library of Medicine, n.d. Web. 01 Nov. 2013. I used this study to research the effect that the perceptions and knowledge of short and long-term consequences that adolescents have on smoking had on their likelihood of smoking. United States of America. Department of Health and Human Services. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Results from the 2006 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: National Findings. N.p.: n.p., n.d. Samhsa.gov. Department of Health and Human Services, 2007. Web. 1 Nov. 2013. This government document allowed me to see some data on the demographics of smokers in our country and the decrease in smokers in the recent decades.
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User:Anisha Satheesh/sandbox - Wikipedia
User:Anisha Satheesh/sandbox
< User:Anisha Satheesh
1 C Programming(Anisha)
4 :2.1.2.2 Hosted environment
5 c++ as preprocessor
6 "Hello, world!" program
C Programming(Anisha)[edit]
I am so confused. This page says that the at sign (@) is part of the C character set, but I can not find any information on what it is used for. Anybody who knows? 5.150.218.51 (talk) 10:13, 14 May 2013 (UTC)
An "@" would be legal in quoted strings, for instance. The point of the comment is that C source uses the POSIX character set (the same as US-ASCII) TEDickey (talk) 10:38, 14 May 2013 (UTC)
Then why does the list not include dollar sign and backtick? 5.150.218.51 (talk) 10:58, 14 May 2013 (UTC)
The ANSI committee purposely limited the character set to a small superset of ISO 646; specifically, starting with the "invariant" ISO 646 subset of ASCII and adding the few additional characters C already used (such as brackets). The backtick (`) and US dollar sign ($) are not part of either ISO 646, nor were they in use by existing C (as of 1988), so that's probably why they were not included. Later when the ANSI proposal became an ISO proposal, trigraphs and later digraphs were added in order to support compilers in environments having only the ISO 646 subset available. Some of this is discussed in section 5.2.1 in the Rationale document, but not these two characters specifically. While it's true that the at-sign (@) is also not part of ISO 646, it could be argued that it is a character required for network protocols (e.g. RFC 822[1]), so perhaps that's why it was included. — Loadmaster (talk) 17:09, 14 May 2013 (UTC)
Section 6.4.3 Universal character names in ISO/IEC 9899:1999 (E) mentions '$'. VAX C for one did allow dollar signs in identifiers (Apollo's C compiler did also, I recall - but I can cite VAX C more readily). TEDickey (talk) 20:32, 14 May 2013 (UTC)
Good answer, thanks. Also, GNU cpp apparently allows dollar signs in identifiers as an option. 5.150.218.51 (talk) 20:12, 15 May 2013 (UTC)
I don't think @ is part of the C character set. That it is "legal within quoted strings" seems not relevant, because there are many other characters that can included within quoted strings, but they are not listed as part of the C character set. And I don't think it matters that @ is a part of network protocols, because that would still relate to @ being in a quoted string, unless I am missing something. Bottom line: what is an example where @ is used as part of C syntax, is not in a quoted string, and compiles? 71.212.102.14 (talk) 03:05, 12 November 2013 (UTC)
I have to agree. Leave it out. Nasnema Chat 06:06, 12 November 2013 (UTC)
Yes, @ is simply not part of the C character set. The standard is quite explicit about what is. Rwessel (talk) 08:03, 12 November 2013 (UTC)
I feel that the hello word program should return 0 since this program could fail on some compilers. It's also worth noting that in C99 int main() can be left without a return value at which point it defaults to returning 0, see C99
— Preceding unsigned comment added by LawrencePJ (talk • contribs)
This comes up constantly. Everybody has a conflicting opinion as to the "correct" example. Best to just leave it alone. - Richfife (talk) 17:02, 29 July 2013 (UTC)
I'd also add that the return-less version should not fail on any C89/99/11 compliant compiler. While the value returned is specified only in C99 and later, the return-less form is valid in C89, but the actual value returned to the OS is indeterminate. From the C89 standard:
:2.1.2.2 Hosted environment[edit]
Rwessel (talk) 18:15, 29 July 2013 (UTC)
Why not just make the main return void? --174.106.183.23 (talk) 05:32, 19 December 2013 (UTC)
Because there are, per the standard, only two allowable forms of main() ("int main(void)" and "int main(int argc, char *argv[])" - or equivalents for the second form). IOW, the only standards conforming versions of main() return int. Section 5.1.2.2.1 of the standard is quoted in the second "Hello world" discussion below, if you're interested. While some implementation might provide/allow a void returning form as an (allowed) extension, support for that is not guaranteed to be universal. Rwessel (talk) 08:30, 19 December 2013 (UTC)
c++ as preprocessor[edit]
"C++ and Objective-C started as preprocessors for C"-sounds weird, and I cant understand what does it mean "as preprocessors". If its how c++ started, why there is no clue for it in c++ essay? Uziel302 (talk) 22:27, 17 August 2013 (UTC)
The wording is awkward: they were initially preprocessors which read C++/Objective-C source and produced C programs (this was by the way before C was standardized). The C++ topic lacks most of the technical information which would make it interesting, because that is (presumably) covered in the various sources referred to. TEDickey (talk) 22:41, 17 August 2013 (UTC)
The more correct wording is that C++ and Objective C started out as compilers that generated C code (instead of generating assembly code or binary code). While some people did refer to them as "preprocessors", this is misleading and technically incorrect. The first Bell Labs C++ compiler by Stroustrup was named cfront, alluding to the fact that it was a C++ compiler "front end" to the existing C compiler. The way compilers operate is very different from the way preprocessors operate. — Loadmaster (talk) 16:22, 30 September 2013 (UTC)
Eh. It's kind of between the two. C++ Precomprocessorilers don't necessarily change the input at all (except to mangle the function names) and in almost all cases leave most of the source alone. I'm perfectly fine with either term, though, as long as it doesn't thrash back and forth. - Richfife (talk) 19:40, 1 October 2013 (UTC)
Just to be clear, preprocessors do text token manipulations, which is purely lexical processing, but compilers use syntactical and semantic parsing, which includes recognizing data types and managing symbol tables (which add another two or three levels of processing on top of lexical scanning). While the output of both may be pure C, the internal operation of each to generate that output is vastly different. Also, the claim that most of the source code is left alone is simply not true, especially when compiling expressions containing virtual class member function calls, user-defined member operators, object allocations/deallocations, and class vtables, all of which generate fairly complicated intermediate C code. Even the earliest C++ front-end compilers did far more than just mangle names. — Loadmaster (talk) 18:14, 3 October 2013 (UTC)
I don't think the meanings of these terms -- preprocessor and compiler -- are as precise as you make them out to be. Certainly the early C++ engines (for lack of a better term) that generated C did significantly more than the C macro preprocessor, but that doesn't mean it is inappropriate to refer to the C++ engine as a preprocessor of sorts. But the potential confusion with the C preprocessor is concerning.
The term compiler traditionally refers to software that takes high level human-readable source and generates executable code, so these early C++ engines were arguably not compilers, at least not in the traditional sense. You'd have to expand the scope of the term's meaning to apply it to the early engines like cfront. I mean, if the output of a process is something that still requires compiling, the process that produced that output can hardly be called a compiler.
But there should be a way through this semantic minefield that will allow for a clear and unambiguous explanation.
Or this. Cue arguments as to whether C is lower level tier than C++ in 3, 2, 1... - Richfife (talk) 20:27, 3 October 2013 (UTC)
"Hello, world!" program[edit]
@Tedickey: Can you please provide a reason for reverting my sourced edit and putting that vandalism notice at my talk? Regards. —ШαмıQ✍ @ 11:51, 25 November 2013 (UTC)
Please allow me to advocate a bit... Function main() is supposed to be returning an int, and character # isn't what indicates an instruction to the compiler. The whole source code is just a bunch of instructions to the compiler, while character # denotes a preprocessor directive. — Dsimic (talk) 13:34, 25 November 2013 (UTC)
Oh yes, I knew about that #, but I used words as written in the book. You could have simply corrected that to preprocessor directive instead of removing the whole thing. And regarding the void: The function main is not supposed to return anything here; why specify the data type, int, then? —ШαмıQ✍ @ 14:05, 25 November 2013 (UTC)
┌────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘ Please note that it wasn't me reverting your edit. Regarding the main()'s return type, here's what the ISO C standard says in section 5.1.2.2.1:
or equivalent;[1] or in some other implementation-defined manner.
[1] Thus, int can be replaced by a typedef name defined as int, or the type of argv can be written as char ** argv, and so on.
With the specified example, it's all about being more close to the standard. — Dsimic (talk) 14:27, 25 November 2013 (UTC)
Ok, you weren't reverting me. But you advocated for Tedickey, and that was why I said so. Well, I get your point, but don't you think void main(void) will be easier for beginners to follow? Not specifying anything might be easier for beginners to understand than specifying the data type of the return value when the function doesn't return anything. —ШαмıQ✍ @ 15:37, 25 November 2013 (UTC)
No worries, I got your point. Let's see what Tedickey is also going to comment there. Also, please have a look at this discussion, in my opinion that would be a much better option — with return instead of exit, of course. — Dsimic (talk) 16:31, 25 November 2013 (UTC)
While "void main()" may be accepted by some compilers (perhaps even most), it is *not* a valid C program per the standard. A sample of an invalid program, which might not even compile on many systems, would make a poor example. Now whether Hello World is actually a good example is a different question, but given its very long history, and particular association with C, including it seems quite reasonable. But then that leads to the immediate issue of having an obsolete form (the original K&R version listed), which also will have problems on many systems, so supplying a modern version would seem necessary. I'm not sure where the second version came from, but as a general concept I would not be opposed to including an explicit "return 0", although that is certainly not required by the standard, and thus would make this not a "minimal" sample (which is what Hello World is supposed to be). If the second form was included, for example, in K&R2 (I'll check my copy of that later today), then that would be an argument for leaving it as-is. But in no case would "void main()" be acceptable as an example. Rwessel (talk) 17:29, 25 November 2013 (UTC)
K&R2 uses the first form. The second is using the C standard, which has been the form used by consensus for quite a while (changing the well-established example to a spurious one which contradicts the standard is an error). TEDickey (talk) 19:46, 25 November 2013 (UTC)
But for beginners, the program must be simple enough (without going into the details of return values). void would simply let the beginner know that there is no return value... Adhering to the standard, the int specification may seem obscure to a novice. I think sacrificing adherence to the standard for just this program, so that the beginner doesn't need to know the technicalities is not a bad deal.—ШαмıQ✍ @ 20:01, 25 November 2013 (UTC)
Again, an incorrect program seems less than helpful. Rwessel (talk) 22:22, 25 November 2013 (UTC)
Interestingly, Hello World did change in K&R2 - they added the include, but did not alter the definition of main. Of course not specifying a return type in this case means the function implicitly returns an int anyway. Rwessel (talk) 22:22, 25 November 2013 (UTC)
no - for beginners it is best to not confuse them with inaccurate information. If you choose to look into the history of this issue, you will note that there are far more reliable sources citing the standard. TEDickey (talk) 20:44, 25 November 2013 (UTC)
I'd sum it up saying that C is specific (and weird) enough that even beginners simply have to reach the point where understanding unobvious things becomes someone's second nature. Having that in mind, int main() explicitly returning nothing is the least weird thing. :) Also, the whole thing with the return value is already described at the end of "Hello, world" section, so it should be good. — Dsimic (talk) 22:48, 25 November 2013 (UTC)
Well, if that is all you want, let it be. But I found void used in quite a few books and figured out that there should be no problem to make it so here. —ШαмıQ✍ @ 05:26, 26 November 2013 (UTC)
sure - for instance Schildt. Be familiar with your topic before making improvements TEDickey (talk) 09:15, 26 November 2013 (UTC)
(edit conflict) Yes, many books do actually get that wrong. That's more a problem of a large number of bad books on C programming. It's an issue of portability - a specific implementation might accept "void main", and even do what you'd hope with it. An implementation *is* free to include an extension like that. But it won't work everywhere. And since this article is about C in general, and not a specific implementation, using that extension in a sample is a problem. Especially if the description of the sample includes the words "standard-conforming." And if we did use an extension in the sample, we'd then be stuck trying to explain where the sample is actually valid. Consider a similar situation with the character set - while the vast majority of C implementations use ASCII, there are certainly some that don't. Including a sample of code that didn't work on a non-ASCII implementation, especially if it was easily avoidable, would just be wrong. Rwessel (talk) 09:35, 26 November 2013 (UTC)
Very well said, second that. — Dsimic (talk) 16:59, 26 November 2013 (UTC)
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Sub: Economics The Gender Pay Gap
Topic: Gender Economy
Why do women, on average, earn less than men? In the United States in 2008, the typical woman earned about 80 percent as much as the typical man. A recent study explored several factors that contribute to the gender pay gap. The study observed a gap of about 20 percent among workers aged 26 to 34, and identified four factors that contribute to the gender gap:
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by ClassOf1.com10 viewsEmbedDownloadDescriptionWhy do women, on average, earn less than men? In the United States in 2008, the typical woman earned about 80 percent as much as the typical man. A recent study explored several factors that contri...Why do women, on average, earn less than men? In the United States in 2008, the typical woman earned about 80 percent as much as the typical man. A recent study explored several factors that contribute to the gender pay gap. Categories: Types, School WorkRead on Scribd mobile: iPhone, iPad and Android.Copyright: Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)Download as PDF, TXT or read online from ScribdFlag for inappropriate contentShow moreShow less
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OP ottonis • Contributing Member • Posts: 763
In reply to sidebyside • Aug 31, 2013
I agree that a little more speed on that new 16-70 would be nice, but don't forget the OSS will give you a couple of stops in low light. The fact that it only goes out to 70 on the long end and has OSS should make it fine for a walk-around lens - even in relatively low light.
It's true that OSS gives some advantages, but I have made the experience (when using the SEL18-55 kit lens) that OSS doesn't help with moving objects. It's great to have OSS but it doesn't solve all the problems related to low light.

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