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Patent US5833257 - Alternating drive for wheeled vehicles - Google PatentsSearch Images Maps Play YouTube News Gmail Drive More »Sign inPatentsAn alternating drive for wheeled vehicles comprises two opposite pedals which can move on a circular path about a pedal shaft secured on the cycle frame. The alternating drive is characterized in that it is equipped with two cranks (26, 27; 26a, 27a; 26b, 27b) which can be moved within a predetermined...http://www.google.com/patents/US5833257?utm_source=gb-gplus-sharePatent US5833257 - Alternating drive for wheeled vehiclesAdvanced Patent SearchTry the new Google Patents, with machine-classified Google Scholar results, and Japanese and South Korean patents.Publication numberUS5833257 APublication typeGrantApplication numberUS 08/714,135PCT numberPCT/HU1995/000006Publication dateNov 10, 1998Filing dateMar 17, 1995Priority dateMar 17, 1994Fee statusPaidPublication number08714135, 714135, PCT/1995/6, PCT/HU/1995/000006, PCT/HU/1995/00006, PCT/HU/95/000006, PCT/HU/95/00006, PCT/HU1995/000006, PCT/HU1995/00006, PCT/HU1995000006, PCT/HU199500006, PCT/HU95/000006, PCT/HU95/00006, PCT/HU95000006, PCT/HU9500006, US 5833257 A, US 5833257A, US-A-5833257, US5833257 A, US5833257AInventorsRobert Kohlheb, Gabor Racz, Oliver Vonhauser, Attila KaboldyOriginal AssigneeKohlheb; Robert, Racz; Gabor, Vonhauser; Oliver, Kaboldy; AttilaExport CitationBiBTeX, EndNote, RefManPatent Citations (9), Referenced by (26), Classifications (16), Legal Events (6) External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, EspacenetAlternating drive for wheeled vehicles
US 5833257 AAbstract
An alternating drive for wheeled vehicles comprises two opposite pedals which can move on a circular path about a pedal shaft secured on the cycle frame. The alternating drive is characterized in that it is equipped with two cranks (26, 27; 26a, 27a; 26b, 27b) which can be moved within a predetermined oscillating angle range about an auxiliary shaft (25) secured to the frame (10). Between the cranks (26, 27; 26a, 27a; 26b, 27b) and the pedals (21) is a driver connection which transforms the circular motion into an alternating oscillating motion with phases mutually offset by a half oscillation period. Disposed on each side of the axle (50) of the driven wheel (12) is a free-wheel mechanism (56, 57). The free-wheel mechanism (56, 57) lock in opposite direction and are connected to the individual cranks (26, 27; 26a, 27a; 26b, 27b) by mutually independent traction elements (29; 82, 83).
1. An alternating drive for wheeled vehicles, comprising:a pair of pedals movable along circular paths around a pedal shaft pivoted to the frame of the vehicle, the pedals being on opposite sides of the frame; a pair of swinging arms pivoted around an auxiliary shaft attached to the frame and having a swinging movement within a predetermined angular range closer to a vertical than to a horizontal direction; transmission means arranged between the swinging arms and the pedal for converting circular movement of the pedals into an alternating swinging movement of the swinging arms with a phase difference of a half swinging period; a pair of free-wheel mechanisms, having wire drums and opposite locking directions, arranged respectively on both sides of a driven axis of the vehicle; and flexible pulling elements respectively connecting the free-wheel mechanisms with the swinging arms and being wound around sections of respective wire drums. 2. The alternating drive as claimed in claim 1, further comprising a pair of shanks between the pedal shaft and the pedal, the shanks being interconnected rigidly by means of a short shaft, the shanks being fixed in a cranked position, the swinging arms defining respective elongated internal openings, and the short shaft being guided in the openings.
3. The alternating drive as claimed in claim 2, further comprising bearings on the shanks for guiding in the shanks in the openings.
4. The alternating drive as claimed in claim 1, further comprising eccentric discs connected to the pedals respectively having closed contour surfaces and being positioned in a mirror symmetrical arrangement, and the pedal shaft extending through the eccentric discs and being fixed thereto, and the swinging arms being forced into the swinging movement by the contour surfaces.
5. The alternating drive as claimed in claim 4 further comprising guiding elements fixed to the swinging arms, and slots in the eccentric discs, wherein the guiding elements move in the slots.
6. The alternating drive as claimed in claim 5, wherein the guiding elements are bearings fixed to a central section of the swinging arms.
7. The alternating drive as claimed in any of claims 4 to 6, wherein the closed contour surfaces have a shape defining a driving characteristic that corresponds to the characteristic of a conventional chain-drive effective between the pedal shaft and the rear shaft driven by means of a circular gear.
8. The alternating drive as claimed in any of claims 4 to 6, wherein the closed contour surfaces have a shape defining a driving characteristic that corresponds to the characteristic of a conventional chain-drive effective between the pedal shaft and the rear shaft driven by means of a rhombus gear with rounded profile.
9. The alternating drive as claimed in any of claims 1 to 6, wherein the swinging arms comprising respective connection points for the pulling elements, wherein the distance between the connection points and the auxiliary shaft can be adjusted between two extreme values.
10. The alternating drive as claimed in any of claims 1 to 6, wherein a sub-assembly comprising the pulling elements and the free-wheel mechanisms comprises biasing means for keeping the pulling elements biased.
11. The alternating drive as claimed in any of claims 1 to 6, wherein the swinging arms are coupled via respective pivoted connections with rigid rear pulling bars and respective parts of the pulling bars located during the reciprocating movement thereof forwards of and behind the rear shaft of the rear wheel are connected to pulling and biasing wires wound around the free-wheel mechanisms to rotate the mechanisms forward and backwards during the movement.
12. The alternating drive as claimed in claim 11, wherein outer sides of the free-wheel mechanisms are wire drums, the parts of the pulling bars located forwards of the rear shaft are coupled by respective biasing elements to first ends of respective pulling wires, other ends of the pulling wires are coupled to the wire drums, and the parts located behind the rear shaft are coupled through respective wire biasing mechanisms to first ends of the biasing wires having other ends coupled to the wire drums.
The invention relates to an alternating drive for wheeled vehicles comprising a pair of pedals moved along a circular path around a pedal shaft pivoted to the frame of the vehicle. In the following specification the term "bicycle" will be used to designate not only the conventional types of bicycles with two wheels but also all kinds of wheeled vehicles driven by a rider wherein the wheels thereof are driven by the transported person by means of pedals or rotating handles through a mechanical transmission. Such vehicles are e.g. the three-wheeled hand carts.
In the most commonly used types of bicycles with pedal drive the pedal rotates a gear engaging a chain which engages a further gear mounted on the shaft of the driven wheel being normally the rear wheel. The driven gear is coupled to the driven shaft by means of a free-wheel mechanism. The transmission between the pedal and the driven wheel can in several embodiments be changed in discrete steps by means of a transmission changer. The function of the transmission changer is based on the possibility that the chain can be coupled to several different gears. In case of such systems the transmission can be changed only when the chain is actually moving i.e. the bicycle is actually driven, although there can be a need to change transmission even when the bicycle is standing.
The term "alternating drive" refers to a drive differing from conventional chain drives in that the pulling force of a pair of pulling elements reciprocating in opposite directions acts on the driven wheel. Such an alternating drive is described e.g. in EP 0 210 336 A2, wherein the rider treads on a pair of pedals moving up and down. At both sides of the hub of the rear wheel respective free-wheels are provided comprising respective gears, and respective ends of a chain are connected to the central part of each pedal. The two branches of the chain are coupled to the gears of the free-wheels through a direction-reversal shaft, and the branches are united at a common roller. The transmission ratio between the pedal and the driven wheel can be adjusted by sliding the heights of the connection points of the chain along the pedals.
In such a drive the movement of the rider, his load and the characteristic curve of the displacement of the feet substantially differ from similar characteristics of conventional bicycles driven by pedals moved along circular paths which characteristics have become customary. Traditions are very strong in the field of riding bicycles, therefore only designs can expect wider public acceptance in which the leg movement of the rider, the forces acting on the legs and the movement of the bicycle are all similar to the sensations experienced at traditional bicycles.
Such a new design is e.g. the drive with "bio-pace" characteristic used mainly in mountain bikes, which is a chain drive but the driving gear has the shape of a rhombus with rounded corners.
The object of the invention is to provide an alternating drive for wheeled vehicles which can provide the sensation of riding conventional bicycles, which does not require the use of a chain, wherein the transmission ratio can be changed continuously even if the vehicle is standing, and in which the extent of the idle range of the pedal, characteristic to circular pedal movement, can be decreased.
For meeting the above objectives an alternating drive has been provided for wheeled vehicles, in which a pair of pedals are moved along a circular path around a pedal shaft pivoted to the frame of the vehicle. The drive according to the invention comprises a pair of swinging arms pivoted around an auxiliary shaft attached to the frame and allowing a swinging movement within a predetermined angular range, and respective transmission means are arranged between the swinging arms and the pedals for converting the circular movement of the pedals into an alternating swinging movement with a phase difference corresponding to a half swinging period, and wherein at both sides of the shaft of the driven wheel of the vehicle respective free-wheel mechanisms are arranged with opposite locking directions, and the free-wheel mechanisms are connected with the respective swinging arms by means of independent pulling elements.
In a first embodiment used for the conversion of the circular movement into a swinging movement, the swinging arms are coupled to respective predetermined portions of the pedals by means of respective pulling bars pivoted at both ends.
Preferable geometrical conditions will be obtained if between the pedal shaft and the pedal a pair of shanks are provided which are attached rigidly to each other so that the shanks close an angle, and one end of the associated pulling bar is coupled to the interconnection zone of the two shanks.
In a further way of converting the circular movement into a swinging movement between the pedal shaft and the pedal a pair of shanks are provided which are attached rigidly to each other by means of a short connection shaft and the shanks close an angle, and in the swinging arms respective elongated openings are provided and the short shaft interconnecting the two shanks of the pedal are fitted directly or through a bearing in the opening. Such a design represents a link-motion transmission.
In a third embodiment for converting the circular movement into a single movement, the pedals comprise respective eccentric discs so that the pedal shafts extend therethrough, and each of the eccentric discs defines respective slots extending in a closed curved line, said slots face in the direction of the associated swinging arm, the slots have identical shape and they are arranged in mirror symmetrical position relative to the axis of the pedal shaft and surround the pedal shaft in an eccentric way, and the swinging arms engage in the associated slots by means of respective guiding elements fitted therein.
In this embodiment it is preferable if the guiding element is made by respective bearings fitted loosely in the associated slot, and the bearings are connected to a central part of the associated swinging arm.
The shape of the slots defines the driving characteristics, and it is preferable if such shape corresponds to the characteristics of conventional chain drives with a chain wheel having either a circular or rounded rhombus shape.
In each one of the above described embodiments the transmission ratio can be continuously changed if the connection points on the swinging arms for the pulling elements are designed in such a way that their position can be adjusted within a range between two end positions.
For adjusting the two connection points it is preferable if an adjusting mechanism is provided that uses an adjusting wire, in which the wire is connected to a transmission changer arranged at a convenient place of the frame of the bicycle.
The alternating movement of the swinging arms can be transmitted to the two rear free-wheels by means of respective wires exposed only to pulling forces.
In that case the free-wheel mechanisms comprise respective biasing assemblies which act in the free direction of the free-wheels, and these assemblies keep the wire stretched during the unloaded period of the associated swinging arm.
The free-wheel mechanisms comprise preferably respective wire drums and the interior of the drum comprises the spring required for the biasing assembly, and the end section of the wire is wound around the outer surface of the drum.
The connection between the swinging arms and the free-wheel mechanisms can be designed in such a way that respective rigid pulling bars are pivoted to each swinging arm, and respective parts of the pulling bars located during the reciprocating movement of the bars in front and behind the rear shaft of the rear wheel are connected to respective wires wound around the associated free-wheel mechanism.
In this embodiment it is preferable if the outer sides of the free-wheel mechanisms are designed as wire drums and the parts of the pulling bars which are located in front of the rear shaft are coupled by means of respective biasing elements to first ends of respective pulling wires and the other ends of said wires are coupled to the wire drums, and those parts located behind the rear shaft are coupled through respective wire biasing mechanisms to first ends of biasing wires having other ends coupled to the wire drums.
The solution according to the invention can be designed without using swinging arms at all, in such designs, however, it is difficult to change the transmission ratio. In such an embodiment the pedals comprise eccentric discs and the pedal shaft is extending through the discs, the eccentric discs define respective slots with closed contour line, the slots eccentrically surround the pedal shaft and the slots are arranged in mirror symmetrical position relative to the axis of the pedal shaft. Respective guiding elements are fitted in the slots, and on both sides of the driven wheel of the bicycle respective free-wheel mechanisms are arranged which have opposite locking directions, and the free-wheel mechanisms are coupled through independent pulling elements to the guiding elements.
The alternating drive according to the invention has a simple design and in spite of the visible differences compared to conventional drives of ordinary bicycles, owing to the movement of the pedals along respective circular paths the bicycle provides a similarly pleasant driving sensation. The transmission ratio of the drive can be adjusted both when the bicycle is driven and when it is standing.
The alternating drive will now be described in detail on the basis of exemplary embodiments, in which reference will be made to the accompanying drawings. In the drawings:
FIG. 1 shows the side view of a bicycle equipped with a drive according to the invention;
FIG. 2 shows an enlarged detail of FIG. 1;
FIG. 3 shows the side view of the design of the pedal assembly;
FIG. 4 shows the front view of the pedal assembly partly in section;
FIG. 5 shows the top view of a detail comprising the two swinging arms and the auxiliary shaft in half-section;
FIG. 6 shows the sectional view of an enlarged detail of FIG. 5;
FIG. 7 shows the half-sectional view of the hub of the driven wheel;
FIG. 8 shows the inside of the drum 59 partially in section;
FIG. 9 shows the variation of the displacement of the pulling element as a function of the displacement angle of the pedal shaft;
FIG. 10 illustrates two diagrams showing the change of the pedal force as a function of the angular displacement in case of a conventional drive and of a drive according to the invention;
FIG. 11 shows an alternative embodiment for moving the swinging arms;
FIG. 12 shows the side view of an alternative embodiment for driving the rear wheel;
FIG. 13 shows the top view of the embodiment according to FIG. 12;
FIG. 14 shows a diagram similar to that shown in FIG. 9 for the displacement versus angular displacement curve;
FIG. 15 shows the front view of a third embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 16 shows the side view of this third embodiment;
FIG. 17 shows schematically a drive without using swinging arms, in which the transmission is constant;
FIG. 18 shows a slot shape which has a characteristic curve similar to the curve of a circular chain-gear drive; and
FIG. 19 shows a slot shape which has a "bio-pace" characteristic curve.
The bicycle shown in FIG. 1, apart form the transmission system, has a conventional design. It has a rigid frame 10, a freely rotating front wheel 11, a driven rear wheel 12, a fork 13 coupled to the frame 10 with a pivotal connection, handlebars 14 and a saddle 15. The front wheel 11 is mounted in a conventional way to the lower end of the fork 13.
The transmission is driven by a pair of pedals arranged at respective sides of the frame 10 in a mirror symmetrical arrangement relative to pedal shaft 16. In an embodiment of the invention in each side the pedal arms are not made by linear shanks as in case of conventional designs but they are constituted by two shanks attached rigidly to each other by a connection to take a cranked form shaft, and a pulling bar is hinged to the connection shaft of the shanks. The circular rotation movement of the pedals around the pedal shaft 16 will be transformed into a reciprocating linear movement of the pulling bars. For the sake of better illustration FIG. 2 shows only the components which fall in the plane of the drawing. The connection between the pedal and the pulling bar is shown in the enlarged details of FIGS. 3 and 4.
FIG. 2 shows that the pedal shaft 16 is arranged in the connection zone of bars 17 and 18 of the frame 10 that join each other as the arms of the letter "V", and pedal 21 is rigidly connected to the shaft 16 by means of shanks 19 and 20. The inner shank 19 is coupled by means of a wedge shaped bolt to the pedal shaft 16 as shown by the dashed line in FIG. 3. In the other end of the shank 19 a bore is provided, in which a first end of a connection shaft 22 extending parallel to the pedal shaft 16 is pressed. The two shanks 19 and 20 extend in rectangular direction. The central zone of the connection shaft 22 between the two shanks 19 and 20 is surrounded by a bore made in an end region of pulling bar 23. There is a slight radial play between this bore and the connection shaft 22, therefore the pulling bar 23 can be freely turned around the shaft 22. The outer end of the shank 20 is coupled in conventional way to the pedal 21 provided with ball bearings.
The frame 10 has a rear fork 24 extending between the pedal shaft 16 and the rear wheel 12, and in the connection zone of the rear fork 24 and the frame 10 an auxiliary shaft 25 is provided as shown in FIG. 2, and respective swinging arms 26 and 27 are pivoted to the ends of the auxiliary shaft 25. FIG. 2 shows only the swinging arm 26. The rear end of the pulling bar 23 is coupled by means of a bearing to the upper region of the swinging bar 26.
When the pedals 21 are rotated, the pulling bar 23 forces the swinging arm 26 to an alternating swinging movement around the auxiliary shaft 25 within a predetermined angular range. On the rear side of the swinging arm 28 there is provided a lug 28 for engagement with a pulling element 29 e.g. a wire coupled to the hub of the rear wheel 12, and the distance between the auxiliary shaft 25 and the lug 28 is preferably adjustable. On both sides of the hub of the rear wheel 12 respective spring biased free-wheels are provided, and the rear ends of the pulling elements are connected to the free-wheels. The pulling force of the pulling bars drives the rear wheel by acting a torque on the free-wheels in their locking directions.
FIGS. 5 and 6 show an exemplary embodiment for the design of the auxiliary shaft 25 and of the swinging arms 26, 27.
Respective sleeves 30, 31 are welded to the lower ends of the tubular swinging arms 26, 27 that extend normal thereto. The sleeves 30, 31 are coupled by means of respective ball bearings to the ends of the auxiliary shaft 25 of which FIG. 5 shows only the ball bearing 32. In the interior of the swinging arm 27 a spindle 33 is provided which is held by means of respective ball bearings 34 and 35 at the two ends. A section 36 of the spindle 33 is threaded engaging a threaded nut 37. An axial slot 38 is provided along the rear side of the swinging arm 27 facing the rear wheel 12, and the lug 28 which is connected to the nut 37, is projecting out of the slot 38. When the spindle 33 is rotated, the nut 37 cannot follow the rotation but, depending on the direction of rotation, it will move in upward or downward direction, whereby the height of the pulling element engaging in the lug 28 can be adjusted.
A hollow cylinder 39 is attached to the lower portion of the spindle 33 that can slide freely in axial direction but cannot be turned relative to the spindle 33, and a few turns of a wire 40 are wound around the cylinder 39. The movement of the wire 40 results in the turning of the spindle 33. A portion of the wire 40 extends in the interior of the other swinging arm 26 and it is wound around a second similar spindle, and the two free ends of the wire 40 are lead by means of appropriate rollers along the frame 10 till the handlebars 14 (FIG. 1) and they are fixed at a transmission control element 41. When the transmission control element 41 is moved, both ends of the wire 40 will move in opposite directions and this rotates both spindles and the associated mechanisms, whereby the height of both lugs, and the ratio of the transmission will be changed.
The swinging arms 26, 27 are driven by the pulling bars 23 moved by the pedals 21 because at the upper ends of the swinging arms 26, 27 respective sleeves 42, 43 are provided which are pivoted to the rear ends of the pulling rods 23 by means of bolts 44, 45.
The above described driving mechanism ensures that the rotation of the pedals results in a swinging movement of the swinging arms 26, 27 with opposing phases around the auxiliary shaft 25. The pulling bars 23 are pivoted at both ends and they can exert forces on the swinging arms 26, 27 only in their own bar directions. The rear wheel 12 is rotated by means of the opposingly swinging arms 26, 27 through the pulling element 29. The length of the movement of the pulling elements 29 during a full revolution of the pedal depends on the distance between the lug 28 and the auxiliary shaft 25, and this distance can be changed by the transmission control element 41 between two extreme values.
The assembly of the transmission elements at the rear wheel 12 is shown in FIGS. 7 and 8. The assembly shown in FIG. 7 is mounted symmetrically on the two sides of the hub of the rear wheel 12. In FIG. 7 the left side is shown in elevation view and the right side is shown in half sectional view. The two ends of the rear shaft 50 of the rear wheel 12 are connected to the rear fork of the frame 10 by means of nuts 51, 52 and washers. At both sides of the rear shaft 50 respective stationary sleeves 53 are provided and the outer face of each sleeve 53 abuts the inner surface of the rear fork. The inner ends of the sleeves are supported by respective nuts 54. The sleeve 53 kept between the nuts 52 and 54 supports a free-wheel mechanism 55, which has the same design as the free-wheel mechanism 56 on the other side of the rear shaft 52, however, the locking directions of the two mechanisms 55, 56 are opposing i.e. both mechanisms get locked when the rear wheel 12 is rotated forward thereby. The free-wheel mechanism 55 comprises a distance member 57 mounted on the sleeve 53, a bearing sleeve 58, a drum 59 having a wire guiding mantle 60 and a wire locking element 61, and finally a free-wheel assembly 62 which provides a connection between the drum 59 and an inner sleeve 63 that allows a free rotation in a first direction and gets locked in the other direction.
The inner sleeve 63 has a conventional design and it is provided with a pair of rims 64, 65 in which the spokes of the rear wheel 12 are fixed. The inner sleeve 63 is coupled by means of ball bearings, of which FIG. 7 shows the right hand side ball bearing 66.
A biased spiral spring 67 is arranged in the drum 59 associated with the free-wheel mechanism 55 connected between the stationary sleeve 53 and the outer wall of the drum 59 (FIG. 8) which tries to turn the drum 59 in the direction of the free rotation with respect to the sleeve 53. The pulling element 29 is constituted by a wire wound around the outer surface of the drum 59 and one end thereof is fixed by the wire locking element 61 and the other end engages the lug 28 provided in the swinging arm 26. The distance between the two extreme positions of the lug 28 will be maximum when the lug 28 is in its outermost position, and the wire should be wound around the mantle 60 of the drum 59 along a path being at least as long as this maximum distance. The spring 67 tries to wind up the wire on the mantle 60 of the drum 59.
When the pedal of the bicycle is rotated, the two swinging arms 26, 27 will swing forward and backward in an alternating way between their extreme positions, as already explained. The continuously biased pulling elements 29 provide connection between the swinging arms 26, 27 and the free-wheel mechanisms 55, 56. In the position shown in FIG. 2 a force designated by arrow 68 will act on the pedal 31. The shanks 19, 20 will rotate around the pedal shaft 16 in a clockwise direction as shown by arrow 69. The pulling bar 23 will be moved forward and the swinging arm 26 is turned thereby in the direction of arrow 70 around the auxiliary axis 25. The pulling element 29 moves forward in the direction of arrow 71 and loads the free-wheel mechanism 55 in locking direction, whereby the rear wheel 12 will be turned under the effect of the pulling force forward in the direction of arrow 72. At the same time the swinging arm 27 at the other side will move backwards, and the associated pulling element (wire) will be wound by the spring in the free-wheel mechanism 56 on the drum. During the forward rotation of the rear wheel 12 the free-wheel mechanism 56 allows the rotation of the drum by means of the effect of the spring in a direction opposite to the rotation of the wheel. The path length of the rotation of the drum under the effect of the spring is sufficient to wind up the wire even during the highest distance of the swinging movement. When the pedal 21 travels over the idle point, the swinging direction of the swinging arms 26, 27 will be reversed, and the free-wheel mechanism 56 gets locked and the previously locked free-wheel mechanism 57 gets released, and its biasing force winds up the pulling element 29 that moves now in reverse direction.
The full displacement range of the pulling element 29 can be changed by adjusting the height of the lug 28, whereby the transmission ratio of the drive will also be changed. In contrast to conventional bicycles the transmission ratio can be continuously varied at any time (even if the wheels are not rotating).
The diagram of FIG. 9 shows the displacement of the pulling element 29 as a function of the angular displacement of the pedal shaft 16. The drawing shows the diagrams of both pulling elements (which always move in opposite directions). In every moment only the one of the pulling elements is loaded which moves forward with the highest speed. In the diagram the heavy line shows the active sections of the displacements of the pulling elements, and the intersection points of the individual sections correspond to the reversals of the active sections of the pulling elements.
FIG. 10 shows the pedal force F of a bicycle driven under constant load as a function of the angular position of the pedal shaft 16. The term "pedal force F" designate the component of the force acting on the pedal 21 falling in the direction of the rear bar 18 of the frame 10, which component is substantially in the direction of a line interconnecting the center of the saddle 15 with the center of the pedal shaft 16. In FIG. 10 curve A relates to the drive according to the present invention, and curve B relates to a conventional (chain-driven) bicycle. In case of the drive according to the invention, the force is uniform in a wider angular range than at conventional drives, thus the angular range associated with the idle section is smaller. The uniform force required in a wider angular range will be less exhaustive for the rider, therefore cyclests will find the driving of the bicycle according to the invention less tiring.
A further embodiment of the alternating drive according to the invention is shown in FIG. 11. In this embodiment the auxiliary shaft 20a lies below the pedal shaft 16a and slightly behind thereto. Instead of the linear tubular swinging arms 26, 27 used at the previous embodiment, the swinging arms 26a, 27a shown in FIG. 11 are provided with respective openings 80 having elongated parallel side-walls. The pedal assembly also comprises two rigidly connected bars 19a, 20a closing an angle, preferably right angle. The two bars 19a and 20a are interconnected by a short shaft normal to the axis of the drawing, and this shaft is surrounded by a bearing 81. The outer ring of the bearing 81 fits loosely in the internal opening 80.
When the pedals 21a, 21b are rotated, the inner ring of the bearing 81 will force the shaft interconnecting the bars 19a, 20a to move along a circular path. Owing to the fact that the bearing 81 can freely move in the internal opening 80 along the direction of the bar, the swinging arms 26a, 27a will take a swinging movement. The presence of the bearing 81 minimizes the friction losses of such a link drive.
For moving the swinging arms 26a, 27a there is no need for the pulling bar 23 as shown in FIG. 2 because the bearing 81 at the knee region of the pedal arms is guided by the opening 80 and converts the rotating movement of the pedals into a swinging movement.
The embodiment shown in FIG. 11 differs additionally from that shown in FIGS. 2 and 7 regarding the driving of the rear wheel 12. Respective connection elements e.g. connection element 28a shown in FIG. 11 are coupled to the swinging arms 26a and 27a comprising a short hinge axis. The connection element 28a is coupled through a mechanism not shown in the drawing to the transmission control lever, and the distance between the connection element 28a and the auxiliary shaft 25a can be changed continuously within a predetermined range. The design of the transmission control mechanism has not been shown, however, such a control which moves the connection element 28a along the swinging arms 26a, 27a forms a routine task for the man skilled in the art.
The hinge arranged in the connection element 28a is connected with a rear pulling bar 82 (on the other side 83). The drive constituted by the rear pulling bars 82, 83 is shown in FIGS. 12 and 13 in detail. On both sides of the shaft of the rear wheel 12 respective wire drums are provided of which FIG. 13 shows only the wire drum 84. The wire drums are connected to the rear wheel 12 by means of oppositely directed free-wheel systems arranged in the interior of the associated wire drums. The rear part 85 of the rear pulling bar 82 has a design similar to the bow of a violin i.e. it holds the wire at both ends and it is also provided with a wire biasing mechanism. The wire catch 86 is arranged at the front end of the rear part 85 and it catches a wire 87 loaded by the pulling force transmitted to the rear wheel 12, several windings of this wire 87 are turned on the wire drum 84, and the other end of the wire 87 is connected to the wire drum 84 at the catch 88. The rear end of the rear part 85 is connected through a wire biasing mechanism 89 with one end of a biasing wire 90. Similarly, several windings of the biasing wire 90 are turned on the wire drum 84 and the other end of the biasing wire is coupled to the wire drum 84 by means of catch 91.
The swinging movement of the swinging arm 26a results in a reciprocating forward and backward movement of the pulling bar 82. In FIGS. 12 and 13 the elements are shown at their rearmost position, in which the rear pulling bar 82 moves forward along the arrow 92. The loaded wire 87 is pulled forward via the wire catch 86 and this movement turns the wire drum 84 in the direction of the arrow 93. The free-wheel mechanism inside the wire drum 84 locks when being turned in the direction of the arrow 93, whereby the pulling force acting on the loaded wire 87 turns the rear wheel 12 forward. During rotation of the wire drum 84 the biasing on the wire drum 84, and at the same time the loaded wire will be wound down from the drum. This kind of movement lasts as long as the swinging arm 26 reaches the end position of its forward movement. At this moment the rear pulling bar 82 takes the extreme position in forward direction and the pulling bar 83 at the other side of the bicycle takes the extreme position in backward direction. When the direction of the movement is reversed, the other rear pulling bar 83 will be pulled forward and the free-wheel mechanism associated therewith will get locked and exerts a torque on the rear wheel 12. The rear pulling bar 82 will pull the biasing wire 90 backwards through the wire biasing mechanism 89, this biasing force is, however, much smaller than the pulling force in the other direction, because the free-wheel mechanism in the wire drum 84 is now in a free-running state. The previously wound biasing wire 90 will now be wound down from the wire drum 84, while the pulling wire 87 will be wound on, and the elements will move again to the rear extreme position illustrated in FIG. 12. The biasing wire is preferably thinner and dimensioned for a smaller load than the pulling wire 87.
This drive is substantially better than the one shown in FIGS. 7 and 8 for several reasons. In the respective swinging periods there is no need for biasing any spring to obtain the bias required for winding up the wire in the next unloaded period. The idle work required for biasing the springs can be spared. Another advantage lies in the use of a much simpler assembly at the hub of the rear wheel 12.
The movement of the rear wheel 12 by means of the pulling bars 82, 83 as described in connection with FIGS. 12 and 13 can be used also in case of the embodiment shown in FIGS. 1 to 6.
The diagram of FIG. 14 shows the change of the displacement of the rear pulling bar 82 as a function of the angular displacement of the pedal shaft 16a in case of a drive according to the embodiment shown in FIGS. 11 to 13. The curve is similar to the one shown in FIG. 9, however, it is slightly more flat i.e. the driving conditions are more preferable.
FIGS. 15 to 19 show a further embodiment of the alternating drive according to the invention. Respective pedals 21a, 21b are attached to both sides of the pedal shaft 16 each of which comprises a linear arm 100 or 101 and an eccentric disc 102 or 103 forming the inner end of the arm 100 or 101. The eccentric discs 102 and 103 are not circular but they have the shape as shown in FIG. 16 and FIGS. 18 and 19, which follows the form of a slot defined therein.
It can be seen in FIG. 16 that an auxiliary shaft 25b is provided behind and below the pedal shaft 16 and respective swinging arms 26b, 27b are pivoted to the auxiliary shaft 25b. In about the third length of the swinging arms 26b, 27b i.e. closer to the auxiliary shaft 25b respective studs project out from the swinging arms 26b, 27b in the direction of the eccentric discs 102, 103 and respective bearings 104, 105 are mounted on the studs. In FIG. 16 the bearings are covered by the disc 103, therefore they are shown by a dashed line. In the inner surface of the eccentric discs 102, 103 respective slots 106, 107 are provided which follow a closed shape and the width thereof corresponds to the outer diameter of the bearings 104, 105. The bearings 104, 105 are loosely fitted in the associated ones of the slots 106, 107 which have the main task of providing respective guiding channels for the bearings 104, 105.
In FIG. 15 at the partially sectional view the cross-section of the slot 107 can be seen, and FIG. 16 shows a major part of the slot 106 in front view. The shape of the slots 106 and 107 is identical, however, they are located in mirror symmetrical arrangement relative to the axis of the pedal shaft 16.
When the pedals 21a and 21b are rotated, the two eccentric discs 102, 103 will rotate therewith, and the slots 106 and 107 will guide and move the bearings 104, 105 fitted therein. The swinging arms 26b, 27b will be forced to an alternating swinging movement around the auxiliary shaft 25b under the effect of the bearings 104, 105 guided in the slots 106, 107. Owing to the use of bearings for the guided movement, the friction losses will be reduced and the two swinging arms 26b, 27b will be moved just as in the two previously described embodiments.
FIGS. 15 and 16 do not show the pulling elements that drive the rear wheel 12 which elements are mounted on the swinging arms 26b, 27b, however, for this purpose any of the previously described embodiment can be used. When the position of the pulling elements on the swinging arms is adjusted, the transmission ratio of the drive will also be changed, and the actual transmission ratio can be defined e.g. by the angular displacements of the rear wheel during a swinging period. The dashed lines in FIG. 16 that connect the ends of the swinging arms 26b, 27b with the rear shaft 50 of the rear wheel 12 illustrate the position that corresponds to the highest transmission ratio; while the other two dashed lines correspond to the smallest transmission ratio, wherein the pulling elements shown schematically by the dashed lines are coupled to the lowest possible position of the swinging arms 26b, 27b.
The characteristics of the drive depend on the shape of the slots 106, 107 that define a closed curved line and on the eccentric position of the pedal shaft in the interior of this closed curve. The characteristic properties of the drive can be calculated by computer-aided design. In case of using a slot shape illustrated in FIG. 18, the characteristic of the drive will correspond to that of conventional chain-driven bicycles using a circular gear. When the shape of the slot will correspond to the one shown in FIG. 19 by reference number 109, the characteristic of the drive will correspond to a so-called "bio-pace" characteristic preferred by mountain-bikers when using a rhombus-shaped driving gear with rounded comers. The term "driving characteristic" refers to the functional connection between the angular displacement of the pedal shaft and the angular displacement of the rear wheel. The driving characteristic of the first embodiment shown in FIGS. 1 to 8 is illustrated in FIG. 9. In this curve the actual working sections are always constituted by the upper curves, since simultaneously there are always two swinging arm displacements from which only the upper one is loaded, therefore from the two superimposed curves always the upper one should be considered. If the slot shape 108 shown in FIG. 18 is used, a resulting characteristic curve is obtained which in contrast to the upper curve of FIG. 9 will be a line parallel to the horizontal axis. This means that in any angular position a unity angular displacement of the pedal will result in a uniform constant angular displacement of the rear wheel. A completely linear driving curve can be obtained if the respective driving curves of the two sides of the bike are exactly superimposed on each other, i.e. when the speed of say the left swinging arm in a direction has reached the speed of the right swinging arm and this latter arm moves thereafter for a short time in the same direction before reversing the direction. In case of the slot shape 109 shown in FIG. 19 the driving curve is not linear but consists of slightly curved sections.
Each previously shown embodiments of the alternating drive according to the invention comprises two swinging arms driving respective ones of the two free-wheels in the rear wheel. The swinging arms operate as single armed levers and the continuous control of the transmission ratio can be carried out by changing the distance between the connection points of the drives and the center of rotation of the swinging arms. In a great portion of commercially available bicycles, the transmission ratio cannot be adjusted at all. Such bicycles are popular due to their low price. In the present alternating drive a non-adjustable transmission ratio can be realized if the pulling elements are attached to a point of the swinging arms at a predetermined height. In case of the embodiment shown in FIGS. 15 and 16, there can be no need for the swinging arms. If the bearings 104, 105 fitted in the eccentric disc 102, 103 are not positioned on swinging arms but as shown in FIG. 17 they are arranged at the front end of a pulling bar 82a designed similarly to the rear pulling bar of the previous embodiment, and this rear pulling bar 82a is guided in a sleeve 110, then upon rotation of the associated eccentric disc the pulling bar 82 will reciprocate in forward-to-backward direction so that this movement is guided by the sleeve 110. The sleeve 110 is clamped to the rear fork of the frame of the bicycle. This is an example how the drive can operate without swinging arms. This embodiment is, however, inappropriate for adjusting the transmission ratio.
An important advantage of the drive according to the invention compared to other kinds of alternating drives lies in that the driving characteristic and in case of certain embodiments also the transmission ratio can be changed.
In case of three of the described embodiments of the alternating drive according to the invention the circular movement of the pedals 21 driven by the rider around the pedal shaft 16 will be converted into an alternating swinging movement of the swinging arms 26, 27. In the first embodiment this conversion was made possible by the pulling bar 23 pivoted at both ends. In the second embodiment the swinging arms were designed as guiding elements, and the bearing at the connection zone of the two parts of the pedal arms at the knee region was moved by the swinging arms, and in the third embodiment the closed shaped slots made in the eccentric discs guided the bearings coupled to the swinging arms.
The characteristic curve defined between the rotation of the pedal and of the rear wheel can be changed most easily in case of the third embodiment, it is sufficient to change the shape of the slot and/or the location of the center of rotation.
Although the drive according to the invention has been described in connection with the drive of a bicycle, it is obvious that such a drive can be used to convert the circular movement of any shaft to the circular movement of a remotely located other shaft with an appropriate transmission ratio and transmission characteristic. Thus, the invention cannot be limited to bicycles only.
Patent CitationsCited PatentFiling datePublication dateApplicantTitleUS433172 *Oct 27, 1888Jul 29, 1890 BicycleUS609498 *Nov 15, 1897Aug 23, 1898 Half to william iiUS2185698 *Oct 27, 1938Jan 2, 1940Wright James MonroeBicycleUS4133550 *Feb 3, 1978Jan 9, 1979Brown Lawrence GBicycle and power transmission systemUS5121654 *Sep 4, 1990Jun 16, 1992Hector G. FascePropulsion and transmission mechanism for bicycles, similar vehicles and exercise apparatusDE83772C * Title not availableDE374070C *Mar 27, 1921Apr 19, 1923Graenicher Werke Max GraenicheFahrradantrieb mit TrethebelnDE2758795A1 *Dec 29, 1977Jul 12, 1979Lawrence G BrownCycle with pedal crank device producing constant force - has rollers mounted on cranks to engage slots in L-shaped cam plates mounting transmission ratio control linksFR46969E * Title not available* Cited by examinerReferenced byCiting PatentFiling datePublication dateApplicantTitleUS5984335 *Oct 14, 1997Nov 16, 1999Merida Industry Co., LtdCrank assembly for an electrical bicycleUS6298740Mar 19, 1999Oct 9, 2001Justin C. BridgesAdjustable rotational transmission assemblyUS6640662 *May 9, 2002Nov 4, 2003Craig BaxterVariable length crank arm assemblyUS6964424 *Jan 16, 2002Nov 15, 2005Thomas William WielkopolskiDrive systemUS7811189Jan 3, 2007Oct 12, 2010Tibion CorporationDeflector assemblyUS8052629Feb 6, 2009Nov 8, 2011Tibion CorporationMulti-fit orthotic and mobility assistance apparatusUS8058823Aug 14, 2008Nov 15, 2011Tibion CorporationActuator system with a multi-motor assembly for extending and flexing a jointUS8274244Jan 30, 2009Sep 25, 2012Tibion CorporationActuator system and method for extending a jointUS8353854Oct 31, 2007Jan 15, 2013Tibion CorporationMethod and devices for moving a body jointUS8465038 *Aug 9, 2011Jun 18, 2013Rashad Na'im ScarboroughLever enhanced pedaling system with wrap around chain propulsion systemUS8602433Jan 21, 2010Dec 10, 2013Stringdrive Technologies Kft.Alternating drive, primarily for bicycles and similar driven vehiclesUS8639455Feb 9, 2010Jan 28, 2014Alterg, Inc.Foot pad device and method of obtaining weight dataUS8679040Nov 7, 2011Mar 25, 2014Alterg, Inc.Intention-based therapy device and methodUS8771210Oct 14, 2011Jul 8, 2014Alterg, Inc.Multi-fit orthotic and mobility assistance apparatusUS9131873Jan 23, 2014Sep 15, 2015Alterg, Inc.Foot pad device and method of obtaining weight dataUS9162525 *Jun 28, 2011Oct 20, 2015Stringdrive Technologies Kft.Wheel hub arrangement for a wheel drive by an alternating symmetric drive system using a flexible pulling element, that can be used in vehicles particularly in bicyclesUS9474673Nov 21, 2012Oct 25, 2016Alterg, Inc.Methods and devices for deep vein thrombosis preventionUS20020074767 *Jan 16, 2002Jun 20, 2002Wielkopolski Thomas WilliamDrive systemUS20080146390 *Dec 19, 2006Jun 19, 2008Alejandro LacreuConstant torque variable speed drive trainUS20110011192 *Mar 23, 2009Jan 20, 2011Nagel Edmund FTransmission having continuously variable gear ratios between an input shaft and an output shaftUS20120086182 *Aug 9, 2011Apr 12, 2012Scarborough Rashad Na ImLever enhanced pedaling system with wrap around chain propulsion systemUS20130200684 *Jun 28, 2011Aug 8, 2013Mihaly LantosWheel hub arrangement for a wheel drive by an alternating symmetric drive system using a flexible pulling element, that can be used in vehicles particularly in bicyclesCN102361789BJan 21, 2010Mar 26, 2014绳带驱动技术有限公司Alternating drive, primarily for bicycles and similar driven vehiclesWO2007056837A1 *Nov 21, 2005May 24, 2007Rudolf SuskoPower pedal for a bicycleWO2010084363A1 *Jan 21, 2010Jul 29, 2010Kohlheb RobertAlternating drive, primarily for bicycles and similar driven vehiclesWO2012001436A1Jun 28, 2011Jan 5, 2012Stringdrive Technologies Kft.Wheel hub arrangement for a wheel driven by an alternating symmetric drive system using a flexible pulling element, that can be used in vehicles, particularly in bicycles* Cited by examinerClassifications U.S. Classification280/251, 280/259, 280/255International ClassificationB62M1/36, B62M1/32, B62M1/28, B62M1/26Cooperative ClassificationB62M1/26, B62M1/36, B62M1/28, B62M2003/006, B62M1/32European ClassificationB62M1/26, B62M1/36, B62M1/28, B62M1/32Legal EventsDateCodeEventDescriptionDec 1, 1998ASAssignmentOwner name: LANTOS, MIHALY, HUNGARYFree format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:KABOLDY, ATTILA;REEL/FRAME:009605/0819Effective date: 19960806May 13, 2002SULPSurcharge for late paymentMay 13, 2002FPAYFee paymentYear of fee payment: 4May 28, 2002REMIMaintenance fee reminder mailedMay 10, 2006FPAYFee paymentYear of fee payment: 8May 10, 2010FPAYFee paymentYear of fee payment: 12RotateOriginal ImageGoogle Home - Sitemap - USPTO Bulk Downloads - Privacy Policy - Terms of Service - About Google Patents - Send FeedbackData provided by IFI CLAIMS Patent Services

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Marion County, South Carolina Cemeteries | Learn | FamilySearch.org
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Headline News : RT : July 23, 2014 4:00pm-4:30pm EDT : Free Borrow & Streaming : Internet Archive
tv Headline News RT July 23, 2014 4:00pm-4:30pm EDT
coming up on our t.v.'s a somber day in the netherlands as the nation receives some of the remains from the malaysia jet crash takes you to the emotional ceremony attended by family members of the victims just ahead. and investigators remain in eastern ukraine where flight seventeen went down despite more fighting in the region we'll have an update from the crash site coming up. and the violence in the gaza strip rages on as the death toll climbs with israel's ground invasion talks are underway for a potential cease fire more on the battle ground in gaza later in the show.
it's wednesday july twenty third four pm in washington d.c. i'm manila chan you are watching r.t. america. somber homecoming in the netherlands for forty victims of the downed malaysian airlines flight m.h. seventeen they landed this morning at eindhoven airport just outside of amsterdam around one thousand family members and the dutch royal family were on hand to receive those lost as bells tolled marking wednesday as an official day of mourning artie's peter all over has more. transport planes arrived here it eindhoven air force base one from the dutch air force one from the australian air force they're operating in unison and what they're calling a air bridge mission where they're to make sure that enough to put meant and investigators get into ukraine and to make sure that all of the bodies of those who died on malaysian airlines flight seventy four here to the netherlands what we did
see though is just before the the coffin started to be unloaded the bugler played the last post on the bugle followed by a minute's silence that as you would imagine was impeccably observateur now it's understood from talking to airport officials here that around one thousand relatives of those who died that flights are in attendance also in attendance dignitaries from from the australian government the australian ambassador to the netherlands is here also king william alexander of the netherlands and queen and queen and also as well the dutch prime minister mark once these those bodies are unloaded they're going into funeral cars and being driven to a military base near to the city of. now that military base is the headquarters of the dutch medical training for the army now that's of seventy they can handle such a large amount of bodies and can they can try and go about initiating the
identification process we understand that will be a very long process it will be done with the help of the netherlands forensic institute the n f i one of the regarded as one of the finest forensic laboratory anywhere in the world they'll be helping with the id process which could take quite a long time but it's been a very solemn day here in the netherlands a day of national mourning flags across the country at half mast we did see a very solemn service take place here. that was our teens peter oliver in the netherlands and as the world mourns for their downs and the malaysia airlines crash the investigation continues into. what brought the plane down investigators in the u.k. are studying flight recorders that the anti can't separate is handed over tuesday they say the black boxes are damaged but have not been tampered with meanwhile fighting in the region rages on despite a truce around the crash site kiev says two ukrainian fighter jets were shot down
today by separatists using a shoulder fired missiles as the hostilities in sue international investigators remain at work piecing together what happened that fateful day r.t. correspondent rohan coast arrives at the crash site and brings us more on this report according to the monitors from the organization for security collaboration in europe there are still body fragments scattered here in the twenty a kilometer radius of the crash site not all of them have been recovered the always see had been here on the ground starting from the second day after the crash i believe general aviation experts have also arrived here five days after the crash and that's when the investigation commenced all the sides involved in this investigation including the monitors expressed satisfaction with the level of access that they you got here with a level of security and next next bird's expressed gratitude in that regard as well meanwhile malaysian prime minister said he is not about blame anybody for the crash
of this malaysian airlines flight seventeen until concrete evidence is there so he's waiting for the investigation to commence investigation had started but it's a long way from finished and meanwhile the black boxes that were recovered from this area are now in possession of for u.k. authorities and perhaps they will be able to shed some light as to what happened to and seventeen. that was artie's roman coast rep and in spite of initial assumptions u.s. intelligence officials released a report stating they could find no evidence of direct russian involvement in the downing a flight. that
was shot down just a week ago. satellite sensors and other intelligence gathering to determine that the missile originated in a separatist held territory officials reiterated that they believe the plane was likely shot down by separatists using an as a eleven surface to air missile they also made clear that they have no evidence at this point at the missile used to shoot down the passenger jet came from russia that being said the u.s. still believes russia was responsible for creating the conditions that led to the demise of the airliner now earlier today i attended a state department briefing where i asked for more information on this evidence they walked through an intelligence assessment case and they talked about some
additional pieces of declassified information that i can walk through today that bolsters our case that we know what happened here they also showed imagery of training facilities they should imageries at this site including a trajectory based on classified information that they were able to provide to show the trajectory of the essay eleven i also asked about the evidence offered to the u.s. by the ukrainian government take a look at that exchange some of the evidence u.s. is relying on earth or social media postings and videos made in public by the ukrainian government and there's all been authenticate again that's why i said the audio data which is part of social media has been created by the intelligence community analysts social media is obviously only one part of the of the puzzle here it's something we look at but obviously we back everything up to the extent that we can when we can with their intelligence as well this new information was released just before learning about to ukrainian fighter jets that were shot down by rebel fighters today i asked the spokeswoman whether there was concern that a break in ceasefire could in the investigation and here's what she had to say
obviously we would be concerned about the separatists not upholding a cease fire the ukrainians have repeatedly shown their willingness and ability to do so she also address recent questions by the. russian government regarding an as you fighter jet that was flying within three miles of the malaysian airliner they've argued that an su twenty five fighter might have shot down the aircraft with an air to air missile they have judged at that engagement would be implausible for the following reasons the su twenty five is a ground attack aircraft the only missiles it carries are short range me or short range infrared guided missiles ground photography from the crash site is consistent with the expected damage from a surface to air missile but it is does not correspond in fact is inconsistent with what we would expect to see for an air to air missile as russia claims still a lot of questions a lot of concerns a surrounding this conflict and what the international investigation will yield reporting in washington on the era david r.t. . and stay with r.t.
for more coverage of the malaysian jet crash and investigation get updates on our t.v. dot com you can also follow us on twitter and facebook for the latest and keep an eye on that ticker at the bottom of your screen for the newest developments and a british national and freelancer for r t is feared to have been taken hostage in an ambush near the donetsk airport in eastern ukraine graham phillips along with three other reporters from russia's and a t.v. were urged not to enter the region due to safety concerns artie's arena has more from moscow. we haven't heard anything from graham phillips since eleven pm on tuesday however there is strong suspicion coming from one of the journalists from a fellow journalist at the anna news channel that both journalists have been apprehended by ukraine's security services.
people including. we have information then being held captive by ukrainian security service that's according to. denies detaining the journalists or that they ever did however in may graham was all detained by security services of ukraine for allegedly links he was questioned for about thirty six hours and released on tuesday evening he has informed me that he was playing to go to the area of donetsk airport now we have warned him that it's extremely dangerous that was the scene of some of the most intense fighting over the past several days nevertheless graham said that he's going to go he sent a text message overnight saying that he has arrived there shortly and that was the last that anybody has ever heard from him at our team however we did speak to one person one journalist who has remained. who was with them when they were heading to
. move forward. to the airport there are some two hundred fifty meters away we turned back because we emerged from the trees. like a few of course we felt we could be easy targets so we decided to go back. and warn it could be dangerous. the reporters. cross that. i think they could shoot him where you. are. apparently the reporter he talked very quietly we were around was he said he was surrounded by ukrainian army and they've got ground. yes supposed to get your motive there mostly has been noted that old journalist released immediately the country's foreign minister in the statement saying that this is a. bit of this is the work of the international journalists who are
providing the kind of information that officials here on the zire report at the same time r.t. has also contacted zucchinis foreign office who are saying that they are keeping a close eye on the situation there standing by ready to provide consular assistance when needed that was artie's arena. and for the second day in a row there are no u.s. commercial flights into israel the f.a.a. has banned flights to israel's international airport in tel aviv after a rocket attack nearby sixteen days into the conflict nearly seven hundred palestinian lives lost and about thirty israelis u.s. secretary of state john kerry is in tel aviv today attempting to broker peace talks between palestinian president mahmoud abbas and israeli prime minister benjamin netanyahu meanwhile artie's harry fear has more from gaza on the dangers that emergency workers are facing while trying to help those injured.
with israel's navy to the west tanks and ground troops to the north east and south and it's modern air force all the while of ahead there is no shortage of extreme risks for gaza's paramedics not the first responders the palestinian red crescent ambulances haven't reached some affected areas leaving civilians distraught but entering such areas can be deadly for paramedics ambulances have come under fire in this recent escalation one medic has already died and it's happened before a paramedic died in the two thousand and twelve war more than a dozen others died in the two thousand and eight two thousand and nine conflict while in the last five minutes of being here at the hospital in middle middle we have seen three israeli on mind aerial vehicles fly over and we've seen just as many dead bodies right here. in order to paramedics do their job israel cooling unit natural cease fire in an area that seen heavy strikes
schools and even says fire engines and diggers rushed to help many injured through the public policy. of missiles struck the surgery department which is home to casualty in trauma patients causing many deaths and injuries. you know no first responders are internationally legally protected workers fearing that's not enough they've been joined by foreign activists volunteering as human shields but even with that protection foreign volunteers children in the civilian evacuation and even the death of one teenager apparently as a result of multiple i.d.f. gunshots exhausted and overwhelmed with people needing that didn't attention as paramedics have a seemingly impossible job to do all the while trying to avoid being part of the body count themselves. harry fear. the israel palestine
conflict has been a divisive issue for decades and the news coverage of the situation is no exception now one commentator appearing on m s n b c claims the network is taking sides artie's honest going to has more. as violence and deaths continue in the gaza israeli conflict one us based journalist author and political analyst is holding news media feed to the fire bringing attention to a largely pro israeli coverage of the lead us to wave of violence that started in the conflict torn region on july eighth and the sunday see contributor rula jebreal who the network now says is actually a former contributor since her contract ended last month with dual palestinian and italian citizenship appeared on the cable news channel earlier this week to speak out against what she dove disgustingly biased media coverage of the events of reveling in the israeli palestinian conflict we are ridiculous we are discussing leave bias when it comes to this issue look at how many air time nothing yahoo and
his folks have on the air on a daily basis andrew mitchell and others i never see one public opinion being interviewed on very good journalist said that for every thirty seconds of the palestinian side of the story there is half an hour of air time for israel's officials she cited numbers that in twenty twelve on c.n.n. alone forty five israeli officials were interviewed compared to only eleven palestinians during the most recent wave of violence ongoing in the conflict jabril said seventeen israeli politicians were given air time verses only one palestinian relative real also referenced the recent temporary removal from gaza of n.b.c. journalist i'm on my d.m. after he brought more attention to the palestinian position the network's steps for its major outrage in social media after get real public criticism of media over gaza on monday she turned to twitter saying her upcoming t.v. appearances had been canceled and questioned whether there is a connection between her statements and the cancellation this wednesday the network released
a statement saying her appearance was bumped for another exclusive interview the night before tuesday just real reappeared on him as n.b.c. to explain why american viewers deserve better i think we are creating a disservice to our public opinion in the american audience let me just explain why not only because we're giving more air time to the israelis but actually we are. not covering the content in which the context in which the conflict is taking place the biased coverage according to roger real is not only preventing real facts from reaching the american people but also hurting the country because they are new york . and it was a grueling laborious job but tom kean and lee hamilton did it they led the nine eleven commission and put out the nearly thousand page nine eleven report ten years ago and commemoration of the report released kean and hamilton warn that the country to remain vigilant in spite of public weariness on the matter they released a statement that warns of unfinished business from terrorists among other things
are to use meghan lopez has more from capitol hill. the house committee on homeland security held a hearing today on capitol hill to discuss the continuing threats facing the american public after nine eleven this hearing is almost ten years to the day after the nine eleven commission released its report with recommendations for protecting the american public to a former members of that committee testify today former new jersey governor thomas kean and former deputy attorney general jamie gorelick call for major reforms to the department of homeland security there are ninety two committees with jurisdiction over the department of homeland security that is dysfunctional and you merging reporting to ninety different people you get nothing done. gets nothing done it's partly because of this congress is going to reform itself both the congress members and the witnesses pointed to this overabundance of oversight as a major threat to america's ability to identify and thwart potential terrorist
threats using a chart to display the dysfunction throughout the hearing however al qaeda and the ongoing war in afghanistan as well as isis threats in iraq were only briefly mentioned instead congress members highlighted a slew of other issues they believe are the number one security threat the threat of lone wolf border security why should congress rely on the end is a metadata collection program but the site. be working with the authorization and use of military force border security has been dominating media headlines and political debate over the past month in the wake of thousands of children illegally crossing into the u.s. from the mexico border a big part of this homeland security hearing turned into political theater with republican congress members demanding tighter controls on the borders and increased surveillance using drones congressman broun when so far as to call for the national
guard to get involved what the witnesses today were quick to. point out that the nineteen coconspirators who plotted the nine eleven terror attacks did not cross into the u.s. illegally instead they outstayed their visas another interesting topic that was brought to the forefront of conversation today was the edward snowden n.s.a. revelations both witnesses said that congress and the obama administration need to do a better job of informing the american public about exactly what is going on the snowden revelations. i think have made people more worried about what the government is doing about what the our enemies are doing the resources of our intelligence community or want to bore very best weapons it's incumbent upon the leadership of this country to explain to the american people what the threat is and what we need to do about it in generally american people are surprised. i know a lot because of logan nine eleven and since i was approached by maybe some of you
was approached but i don't know how deeply we were doing we should even even with this committee. it's not enough in my opinion to share it with the gang of eight. i think not everything how we do everything but the idea what we're trying to do and why we're trying to do it. lewdly we share that with the american people living there again people will support each cybersecurity also dominated the conversation along with the need for america's cyber security infrastructure to better prepare itself for outside attacks in the end congress members and witnesses were eager to point out that while the us is much safer than it was in two thousand and one the threats are still great and diversifying by the day reporting in washington megalo pounds r.t. . and today the air force is launching the delta for rocket into orbit carrying satellites which will act like an outer space neighborhood watch their program
allows the u.s. to monitor any potential security threats by other nations orbital activities in conjunction with this launch general william shelton the commander of the air force a space command said yesterday that the u.s. must move on from using the russian made r d one eighty rocket engine due to the rising tensions between the two nations the r d one eighty powers the atlas five rocket which is heavily used by the defense department nasa and the national reconnaissance office the air force as to mates that losing access to the rocket engine would cost the u.s. government anywhere between one point eight billion and five billion dollars and joining us today is marco castor is the director of space studies with the teal group thanks for joining us from our bureau today so let's get started let's dive right in give us a quick history of the u.s. relationship and the use of the russian made our d one eighty rocket engine well
the our do you want to be history with regard to the u.s. air force goes back to the early one nine hundred ninety s. . dissolution of the soviet union one of the reasons that the united states wanted to perhaps or buying this engine in other other technology was to keep the. from falling into the hands of third world countries for example at the time russia was needing some hard currency and they would have been tempted to perhaps sell technology such as this to countries that perhaps were unfriendly to united states so we looked at ways we could develop a neutrally beneficial relationship in this area with russia and one of the obvious places with us was in terms of engine technology because traditionally the russians just build more powerful liquid fueled engines interesting so well what are the reasons that you think maybe that the that air force general bill shelton believes that the u.s. needs to cut this dependency well i think over the past ten to fifteen years the
relationship has changed in several ways initially it was uncertain because we really didn't have much of a relationship with the russians then it became very stable the relationship was mutually beneficial we received numerous argue one eighty engines the atlas five vehicle has performed wonderfully the engine has performed wonderfully and the relationship was very stable but in recent months because of what's happened in ukraine the crimea and the sanctions that the u.s. has imposed on the russian response. has caused the russian government specifically minister by the name of dmitri were goes in to threaten to cut off the supply of these engines and initially it looked as if it was going to be a real threat recently it looks like the russians are less certain about cutting off the engines and so even though it is there's still uncertainty about that it is
created created this sense in the united states that we really can no longer trust the russians to supply this engine do you think general shelton are calling for for our disconnect on on these rockets do you think it's kind of political based or it is it an economic woe there are there are elements of of three right now it's really be. more of a national security issue it's become one of making sure that we have an independent industrial base one that is able to produce. an engine similar to the r d one eighty cost effectively if possible but no longer is cost the primary motivator here one of the reasons we wanted to continue buying the r d one eighty is because it's relatively cheap i believe each one costs anywhere between ten to twelve million dollars we just haven't been able to produce an engine that power for that that lower cost so at this point it's no longer about politics it's no longer about cost it's really about maintaining our independence how long do if if
if this technology is out there how long do you think before the u.s. can start building its own or something similar why can't we just make our own it's important to make sure to understand that we do have very good liquid fuel engines and since they're not as powerful as the already one eighty and so for example the delta for vehicle that would launch all the time now this frequency is the atlas five it has the are a sixty eight which is produced by rocket done not just powerful but used to use more of them which makes it more expensive so to develop something similar to the already one eighty it would probably take at least three to four to as many as eight years from what i'm seeing and the cost could be upwards of two to three billion dollars if the government the u.s. government decides to subsidize this development not a problem if it were to leave lockheed to do it on its own it probably wouldn't happen really ok so a lot heat is a vital component to it lockheed is the is the company that produces the atlas five rocket and one of the reasons it hasn't wanted to pursue the development of its own
engine with the help of subcontractors of course because it's costly and they don't want to invest that much money when they have a perfectly good option in the already one eighty as long as the relationship with the russians is stable that has changed ok so now real briefly we have about a minute left what are some maybe all. turning to that we could probably look into are there any welters in terms of the engine yes well you could you could build something similar to the already were made here in the united states the company us companies that are involved with what the russians do have the blueprints and have the rights to develop a r d one eighty copy we haven't done it because there hasn't been a need so that's one option the other option is to simply start from scratch look at the american companies that are out there like a t.k. like aerojet rock a dime to see if they could develop something brand new that's more costly but it can be done that that's good news and that was marco cassar us as
a rector of space studies at the teal group thank you so much for being with us today. and that doesn't for now i mean a lot chance stay tuned boom bust is next. a . very. well that. will make their.
state department claims. to lay blame on russia. but it won't disclose what is washington.
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Virabongsa Says Thailand an ‘Attractive Place for Hot Money’ - Bloomberg For more local news from India, visit Bloombergquint.com Bloomberg the Company & Its ProductsBloomberg Anywhere Remote LoginBloomberg Anywhere LoginBloomberg Terminal Demo Request Bloomberg
Bloomberg Anywhere Remote LoginDownload SoftwareService Center MENU Homepage Markets Stocks Currencies Commodities Rates + Bonds Economics Magazine Benchmark Watchlist Economic Calendar Tech U.S. Global Startups Cybersecurity Digital Media Bloomberg Technology TV Hello World Studio 1.0 Pursuits Cars & Bikes Style & Grooming Spend Watches & Gadgets Food & Drinks Travel Real Estate Art & Design Politics With All Due Respect Poll Decoder Culture Caucus Podcast Masters In Politics Podcast Ad Tracker Battlegrounds 2016 Opinion View Gadfly Businessweek Subscribe Cover Stories Opening Remarks Etc Features 85th Anniversary Issue Behind The Cover More Science + Energy Graphics Game Plan Small Business Personal Finance Inspire GO The David Rubenstein Show Sponsored Content Bloomberg About The Company Sign In Sign In Subscribe Virabongsa Says Thailand an ‘Attractive Place for Hot Money’ Suttinee Yuvejwattana February 20, 2013 — 12:18 AM EST Share on FacebookShare on Twitter Share on LinkedInShare on RedditShare on Google+E-mailShare on TwitterShare on WhatsApp Share on FacebookShare on Twitter Share on LinkedInShare on RedditShare on Google+E-mailShare on TwitterShare on WhatsApp Virabongsa Ramangkura, chairman of Bank of Thailand, comments on efforts to stem capital inflows in Bangkok late yesterday. Thailand is “attractive place for hot money because our regulations are not that tight like China”: Virabongsa BOT is concerned, but not panic-stricken yet; economic growth at 4-5% not enough to cope with huge amounts of inflows Virabongsa says he can’t think what measures to use to slow it down; using Tobin tax isn’t easy; direct controls like reserve requirements or non-market measures have strong side-effects Before it's here, it's on the Bloomberg Terminal. LEARN MORE Virabongsa Ramangkura

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't think it's very manley. that is like an ellen degeneres signature move here. >> it's ellen. >> that was ellen. i'm doing it poorly. there you go. fascinating video. >> psychologists who did it. >>> well, this next story will make you say no way and might be a little disturbing. a 3-d image and called pavement patty and it's meant to slow drivers down. it looks like an actual little girl running after a ball but it's a decal on the pavement. the girl's appearance rises from the ground and as you approach in your car. drivers at 18 miles per hour would have enough time to stop before hitting the hologram little girl. safety advocates created the little girl as part of a safety program. isn't that something? >>> well, snooki from "jersey shore" will be in a jersey shore courtroom from an hour and a half from now trying to prove that she was not annoying people. snooki annoying? >> never. >> she was creating a public nuisance back in july. running there? dancing there? flying there? how about eating soup to get there? delicious campbell's soups fill you with good nutrition, ene Americas News HQ
. it's ellen. hey, mayor white. how you doing? great. come on in. would you like to see our new police department? yeah, all right. this way. and here it is. completely networked. so, anything happening, suz? she's all good. oh, my gosh. is that my car? [ whirring ] [ female announcer ] the new community. see it. live it. share it. on the human network. cisco. cafferty file". >> do you think your health care costs are going to rise under president obama's new health care law? they've already begun to in some places. chuck writes, it's sure looking that way. this is what happens when you only do a job halfway. republicans should have put their country ahead of themselves and allowed this bill to pass as intended. democrats forcing this bill through should have gone the full nine yards or not done it at all. thanks a lot, guy. your bickering comes back to hurt all of us. jorge writes i don't know if you're being disingenuous or not, but none of the health reform law takes effect until 2014, which was a mistake in its own right. all those rate hikes and the creased costs you mentioned are CNN Newsroom


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Spontaneous and reflex activit... [J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1998] - PubMed - NCBI
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See comment in PubMed Commons belowJ Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1998 Mar;64(3):320-4.Spontaneous and reflex activity of facial muscles in dystonia, Parkinson's disease, and in normal subjects.Deuschl G1, Goddemeier C.Author information 1Department of Neurology, University of Kiel, Germany. g.deuschl@neurologie.uni-kiel.deAbstractOBJECTIVE: The blink rate is an index which can be easily obtained during the clinical examination, but it has not yet been properly standardised. The present study was undertaken to collect data on the age dependent development of this index and on possible abnormalities in Parkinson's disease and dystonia.METHODS: The blink rate and the rate of perioral movements were measured in 156 normal controls, 51 patients with Parkinson's disease, 48 patients with spasmodic torticollis, 14 patients with generalised dystonia, and 12 patients with focal hand or leg dystonias and have been correlated with the results of testing the orbicularis oculi reflex, the palmomental reflex, and the perioral reflex.RESULTS: No age related effects were found for the blink rate and perioral movements but all the reflexes showed age dependent variations. It is sufficient to measure the blink rate for one minute, provided standardised conditions are applied. Blink rate and perioral movement rate were positively correlated in patients and controls. The blink rate was significantly increased in spasmodic torticollis and decreased in Parkinson's disease. In generalised dystonia the blink rate was increased but in hand and leg dystonia the blink rate was normal. The reflex tests did not significantly differ between the subject groups except for the orbicularis oculi reflex, which was hyperexcitable in Parkinson's disease.CONCLUSION: Measuring the blink rate can assist the diagnosis of extrapyramidal disorders as a soft sign, but is not very sensitive. The group differences found indicate a decrease of the blink rate and perioral movements in hypokinetic and an increase in hyperkinetic extrapyramidal disorders such as spasmodic torticollis and generalised dystonias. This may be of interest for future pathophysiological studies.PMID: 9527141 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] PMCID: PMC2169979 Free PMC ArticleShareMeSH TermsMeSH TermsAdultAge FactorsAgedAged, 80 and overBlinking/physiology*Case-Control StudiesDystonia/physiopathology*Facial Muscles/physiopathology*FemaleHumansLip/physiopathology*MaleMiddle AgedNeurologic Examination/methodsParkinson Disease/physiopathology*Reflex, Abnormal/physiology*Reproducibility of ResultsSensitivity and SpecificityTime FactorsTorticollis/physiopathology*LinkOut - more resourcesFull Text SourcesHighWireEBSCOEurope PubMed CentralOvid Technologies, Inc.ProQuestPubMed CentralPubMed Central CanadaOther Literature SourcesCOS Scholar UniverseLabome Researcher Resource - ExactAntigen/LabomeAccess more work from the authors - ResearchGateMedicalDystonia - Genetic AllianceDystonia - MedlinePlus Health InformationParkinson's Disease - MedlinePlus Health InformationPubMed Commons home

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text: _.xk=function(){this.R=[];this.H=[]};_.h=_.xk.prototype;_.h.Re=function(){return this.R.length+this.H.length};_.h.xe=function(){return _.Gb(this.R)&&_.Gb(this.H)};_.h.clear=function(){this.R=[];this.H=[]};_.h.contains=function(a){return _.Fb(this.R,a)||_.Fb(this.H,a)};_.h.remove=function(a){var b=this.R;var c=(0,_.vb)(b,a);0<=c?(_.Ib(b,c),b=!0):b=!1;return b||_.Jb(this.H,a)}; _.h.Ae=function(){for(var a=[],b=this.R.length-1;0<=b;--b)a.push(this.R[b]);for(var c=this.H.length,b=0;bMy Fitness Galaxy - Google+Press question mark to see available shortcut keysHomeCollectionsJoin Google+Send FeedbackHelpRegionPrivacy Policy - Terms of Service - Maps Terms©2017 GoogleSearchSign inAboutSearchSign inMy Fitness Galaxy300 followers - Your Trusted Exercise Equipment ReviewYour Trusted Exercise Equipment Review300 followersAboutMy Fitness Galaxy's posts Post has attachmentMy Fitness GalaxyPublicApr 12, 2015With self-discipline, most anything is possible. ~ Theodore Roosevelthttp://ow.ly/JDe0c one plus one 1 no comments no shares Post has attachmentMy Fitness GalaxyPublicApr 5, 2015Keep a strength training journal so you can keep track of what you've already done and keep building on that. http://ow.ly/JDe0c no plus ones no comments no shares Post has attachmentMy Fitness GalaxyPublicApr 2, 2015#fitness #homegym Why Pilates Can Make You More Supple? - Why does Pilates make a person suppler? To give you an answer, the found of the exercise program Joseph Pilates mentioned in his instructional book that it was designed to provide suppleness to the body, giving it natural grace and the skill that will be reflected in your normal actions such as the way you walk, play or work. The post Why Pilates Can Make You More Supple? appeared first on MyFitnessGalaxy.com. http://ow.ly/2WQZ0BWhy Pilates Can Make You More Supple?ow.ly no plus ones no comments no shares Post has attachmentMy Fitness GalaxyPublicApr 1, 2015#fitness #homegym How HIIT Could Help You Reach Your Fitness Goals? http://ow.ly/2WNZ12How HIIT Could Help You Reach Your Fitness Goals?ow.ly no plus ones no comments no shares Post has attachmentMy Fitness GalaxyPublicMar 31, 2015#fitness #homegym How Exercise Can Help You Look and Feel Younger? http://ow.ly/2WKA7nHow Exercise Can Help You Look and Feel Younger?ow.ly one plus one 1 no comments no shares Post has attachmentMy Fitness GalaxyPublicMar 30, 2015#fitness #homegym Why Pilates Is Good For Your Posture? - The main emphasis of Pilates is to strengthen the core muscles in the body. These are the muscles that give you good posture such as the back and abdominal stabilizers. Once they are balanced, you can stand erect again without difficulty. The post Why Pilates Is Good For Your Posture? appeared first on MyFitnessGalaxy.com. http://ow.ly/2WHn3sWhy Pilates Is Good For Your Posture?ow.ly no plus ones no comments no shares Post has attachmentMy Fitness GalaxyPublicMar 29, 2015#fitness #homegym How Do You Know If You’re Unfit? - How Do You Know If You’re Unfit? Based on the results of certain tests that can be taken, you can find out whether you are fit or unfit. These tests include • Cardiovascular Strength • Heart Recovery Rate • Body Mass Index • Resting Heart Rate The post How Do You Know If You’re Unfit? appeared first on MyFitnessGalaxy.com. http://ow.ly/2WDJCzHow Do You Know If You’re Unfit?ow.ly no plus ones no comments no shares Post has attachmentMy Fitness GalaxyPublicMar 28, 2015#fitness #homegym Hate Exercising? Here Are 5 Ideas to Change the Way You Think http://ow.ly/2WBPcyHate Exercising? Here Are 5 Ideas to Change the Way You Think.ow.ly no plus ones no comments no shares Post has attachmentMy Fitness GalaxyPublicMar 27, 2015#fitness #homegym Top 5 Pilates Reformers Comparison - Top 5 Pilates Reformers Comparison - The top 5 products in the Pilates Reformer Bestseller List are as listed in my honest review. The post Top 5 Pilates Reformers Comparison appeared first on MyFitnessGalaxy.com. http://ow.ly/2WzOptTop 5 Pilates Reformers Comparisonow.ly no plus ones no comments no shares Post has attachmentMy Fitness GalaxyPublicMar 26, 2015#fitness #homegym At What Age Do Women Reach Peak Physical Fitness? http://ow.ly/2WwTn2At What Age Do Women Reach Peak Physical Fitness?ow.ly no plus ones no comments no sharesLooks like you've reached the endLooks like you've reached the endUnable to load more. RetryWait while more posts are being loaded

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