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Patent US7542741 - System and method for power mapping to compensate for power amplifier gain ... - Google Patents
A system for compensating gain control variations in a power amplifier comprises a power control element configured to receive a power control signal and an instantaneous envelope power reference signal, an adder configured to combine the power control signal and the instantaneous envelope power reference...http://www.google.com/patents/US7542741?utm_source=gb-gplus-sharePatent US7542741 - System and method for power mapping to compensate for power amplifier gain control variations
Publication number US7542741 B2
Application number US 11/343,442
Also published as US20070207749
Publication number 11343442, 343442, US 7542741 B2, US 7542741B2, US-B2-7542741, US7542741 B2, US7542741B2
Inventors Dmitriy Rozenblit, Tirdad Sowlati, Dongsoo Koh
System and method for power mapping to compensate for power amplifier gain control variations
US 7542741 B2
A system for compensating gain control variations in a power amplifier comprises a power control element configured to receive a power control signal and an instantaneous envelope power reference signal, an adder configured to combine the power control signal and the instantaneous envelope power reference signal to obtain a modified power level signal, and a mapping function configured to receive the modified power level signal and configured to alter a control input to a variable gain amplifier, the variable gain amplifier controlling an adjustable input to the power amplifier.
1. A method for compensating gain control variations in a power amplifier, comprising:
providing a power control signal to a power control element;
providing an instantaneous envelope power reference signal to the power control element;
combining in the power control element the power control signal and the instantaneous envelope power reference signal to obtain a modified power level signal;
applying the modified power level signal to a power mapping function, the power mapping function configured to linearize a response of the power control element, the power control element responsive to an output of the power amplifier and having variable gain, wherein a gain of the power control element remains constant over a range of power output from the power amplifier; and
using the modified power level signal to alter a control input to a variable gain amplifier, the variable gain amplifier controlling an adjustable input to the power amplifier.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the modified power level signal characterizes the desired output power of the power amplifier.
3. The method of claim 1, wherein the instantaneous envelope power reference signal includes an amplitude modulated signal component.
4. The method of claim 3, wherein the instantaneous envelope power reference signal impresses the amplitude modulated signal component on the output of the power amplifier.
5. The method of claim 1, wherein the adjustable input to the power amplifier is varied with respect to an output power of the power amplifier.
6. A system for compensating gain control variations in a power amplifier, comprising:
a power control element configured to receive an output of the power amplifier, a power control signal and an instantaneous envelope power reference signal, the power control element having variable gain, wherein a gain of the power control element remains constant over a range of power output from the power amplifier;
an adder configured to combine the power control signal and the instantaneous envelope power reference signal to obtain a modified power level signal; and
a mapping function configured to receive the modified power level signal and configured to alter a control input to a variable gain amplifier, the variable gain amplifier controlling an adjustable input to the power amplifier, wherein the mapping function linearizes a response of the power control element.
7. The system of claim 6, wherein the modified power level signal characterizes the desired output power of the power amplifier.
8. The system of claim 6, wherein the instantaneous envelope power reference signal includes an amplitude modulated signal component.
9. The system of claim 8, wherein the instantaneous envelope power reference signal impresses the amplitude modulated signal component on the output of the power amplifier.
10. The system of claim 6, wherein the adjustable input to the power amplifier is varied with respect to an output power of the power amplifier.
11. A portable transceiver having a system for compensating gain control variations in a power amplifier, comprising:
a power control element coupled to the transmit circuitry and configured to receive an output of the power amplifier, a power control signal and an instantaneous envelope power reference signal, the power control element having variable gain, wherein a gain of the power control element remains constant over a range of power output from the power amplifier;
12. The system of claim 11, wherein the modified power level signal characterizes the desired output power of the power amplifier.
13. The system of claim 11, wherein the instantaneous envelope power reference signal includes an amplitude modulated signal component.
14. The system of claim 13, wherein the instantaneous envelope power reference signal impresses the amplitude modulated signal component on the output of the power amplifier.
In such systems in which transmit signals contain both PM and AM components, the output power can be controlled by applying a pre-determined control voltage to the power amplifier. Unfortunately, this requires the use of a power amplifier with a highly linear control characteristic and wide dynamic control range. In general the highly efficient power amplifiers used in GSM transmitters do not normally exhibit these properties to a sufficient degree. In non-burst transmission systems the output power may be controlled by a feedback loop having a time-constant that is very low compared to the time-constant of the amplitude variations of the modulator. Another known method to control the output power is to “pre-distort” the modulated signal in such a way that the power control loop will cancel the effect of the pre-distortion. In such a method, the amplitude information is passed through a transfer function that is the inverse of the power control loop transfer function. Unfortunately, these methods are costly, inefficient and require significant calibration time, dedicated test equipment sensors and fine control over the input power to the power amplifier.
Further still, in transmission systems in which a combined AM and PM signal is used in a closed power control loop, it is difficult to obtain the full dynamic range in the AM signal to encompass all output power levels and to obtain sufficient dynamic range to smoothly control the ramp-up and ramp-down of the output power. In a closed power control loop system, it is important to maintain a constant, or nearly constant, loop parameters. In a system in which the AM is injected onto the transmit signal via the AM power control loop, the bandwidth requirements of the power control loop (both absolute value and consistency over the power range) are quite stringent. When a non-linear power amplifier is used to improve overall system efficiency, the gain control characteristics of the power amplifier tend to vary significantly over the range of operation and with temperature change of the power amplifier. This variation of the gain control characteristics impede system performance parameters, such as loop bandwidth, modulation accuracy, loop stability, variation in the power amplifier/system turn-on threshold (which can be thought of as a lowest reliable controlled output power), and other parameters. A significant portion of the variation of the gain control characteristics is due to the gain control function of the power amplifier (PA). Compensating the gain control characteristic of the PA by predistorting the transfer function of the PA gain control element is extremely difficult because the slope of the gain control signal could be as high as 150-250 dB/volt, especially at low power levels, thereby making predistortion of the transfer function of the gain control signal impractical.
FIG. 2 is a block diagram illustrating the system and method for power mapping of the invention.
FIG. 3 is a graphical representation of the power output of power amplifier of FIG. 2 versus the voltage VPC applied to the control input of the power amplifier.
FIG. 4 is a graphical representation of the power amplifier gain control characteristic and the characteristic of the power mapping function of FIG. 2.
FIG. 5 is a graphical representation of the power amplifier gain versus the output, POUT,dBm, of the power amplifier.
FIG. 6 is a flow chart illustrating the operation of an embodiment of the system and method for power mapping.
Although described with particular reference to a portable transceiver, the system and method for power mapping to compensate power amplifier gain control variations, referred to as the system and method for power mapping, can be implemented in any system where it is desirable to transmit a combined signal including a PM component and an AM component and maintain high dynamic range control over the AM signal.
The system and method for power mapping can be implemented in hardware, software, or a combination of hardware and software. When implemented in hardware, the system and method for power mapping can be implemented using specialized hardware elements and logic. When the system and method for power mapping is implemented partially in software, the software portion can be used to precisely control the mapping function in the power control loop. The software can be stored in a memory and executed by a suitable instruction execution system (microprocessor). The hardware implementation of the system and method for power mapping can include any or a combination of the following technologies, which are all well known in the art: discrete electronic components, a discrete logic circuit(s) having logic gates for implementing logic functions upon data signals, an application specific integrated circuit having appropriate logic gates, a programmable gate array(s) (PGA), a field programmable gate array (FPGA), etc.
The software for the system and method for power mapping comprises an ordered listing of executable instructions for implementing logical functions, and can be embodied in any computer-readable medium for use by or in connection with an instruction execution system, apparatus, or device, such as a computer-based system, processor-containing system, or other system that can fetch the instructions from the instruction execution system, apparatus, or device and execute the instructions.
FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating a simplified portable transceiver 100. The portable transceiver 100 includes speaker 102, display 104, keyboard 106, and microphone 108, all connected to baseband subsystem 110. In a particular embodiment, the portable transceiver 100 can be, for example but not limited to, a portable telecommunication device such as a mobile cellular-type telephone. Speaker 102 and display 104 receive signals from the baseband subsystem 110 via connections 112 and 114, respectively, as known to those skilled in the art. Similarly, keyboard 106 and microphone 108 supply signals to the baseband subsystem 110 via connections 116 and 118, respectively. The baseband subsystem 110 includes microprocessor (μP) 120, memory 122, analog circuitry 124, and digital signal processor (DSP) 126 in communication via bus 128. The bus 128, though shown as a single bus, may be implemented using a number of busses connected as necessary among the subsystems within baseband subsystem 110. The microprocessor 120 and the memory 122 provide the signal timing, processing and storage functions for the portable transceiver 100. If portions of the system and method for power mapping are implemented in software, then the memory 122 also includes power mapping software 255 that can be executed by the microprocessor 120, DSP 126 or by another processor.
The baseband subsystem 110 also includes analog-to-digital converter (ADC) 134 and digital-to-analog converters (DACs) 136 and 142. The ADC 134 and DACs 136 and 142 also communicate with microprocessor 120, memory 122, analog circuitry 124 and DSP 126 via bus 128. While shown as two separate DACs 136 and 142, a single DAC may be implemented. The DAC 136 converts the digital communication information within baseband subsystem 110 into an analog signal for transmission to RF subsystem 130 via connection 140. Connection 140, while shown as two directed arrows, includes the information that is to be transmitted by RF subsystem 130 after conversion from the digital domain to the analog domain. The DAC 136 supplies baseband in-phase (I) and quadrature-phase (Q) components of the information signal to be transmitted via connection 140 to the modulator 146. In such an embodiment, modulator 146 is an I/Q modulator as known in the art. Other modulation methodologies may also be employed. The DAC 142 supplies control signals to various components with RF subsystem 130 via connection 132.
The modulator 146 modulates the I and Q information signals received from the DAC 136 onto an LO signal and provides a modulated signal via connection 152 to upconverter 154. The modulator 146 also supplies an intermediate frequency (F) signal containing only the desired amplitude modulated (AM) signal component on connection 138 for input to the power control element 300 via connection 138. In an embodiment, as will be described below, the AM signal supplied by the modulator via connection 138 can first be supplied to a reference variable gain element, and then supplied to a detector and a logarithmic amplifier associated with the RF subsystem 130,. The AM signal supplied by the modulator 146 is an intermediate frequency (IF) AM signal with a constant (average) power level that is supplied as a reference signal (VREF) to the reference variable gain element to be described below. The power control element 300 also supplies to the upconverter 154 via connection 144 a constant level IF signal containing the phase modulated (PM) component of the transmit signal. The operation of the power control element 300 will be described below with reference to FIG. 2.
A portion of the amplified transmit signal power on connection 162 is supplied via connection 170 to power control element 300. The power control element 300 forms a continuous closed power control feedback loop and supplies an information signal, referred to as VPC, on connection 172 instructing the power amplifier 160 as to the power to which the signal on connection 158 should be amplified. The power control element 300 also receives the LO signal from synthesizer 148 via connection 198. The operation of power control element 300 will be described in further detail with respect to FIG. 2.
FIG. 2 is a block diagram 200 illustrating an embodiment of the system and method for power mapping. Beginning with a description of the power control loop 300, a portion of the output power present at the output of power amplifier 160 on connection 162 is diverted by a coupler 222 via connection 170 and input to a mixer 226 in the feedback path. The mixer 226 also receives the local oscillator (LO) signal from synthesizer 148 via connection 198.
The mixer 226 downconverts the RF signal on connection 170 to an intermediate frequency (IF) signal on connection 228. For example, the mixer 226 translates a signal having a frequency of approximately 2 gigahertz (GHz) on connection 170 to a frequency of approximately 100 megahertz (MHz) on connection 228 for input to the variable gain element 232. The variable gain element 232 can be, for example but not limited to, a variable gain amplifier or an attenuator. In such an arrangement, the variable gain element 232 might have a total variable gain range of approximately 70 dB. The variable gain element 232 receives a control signal input from the inverting output of amplifier 236 via connection 234. The input to amplifier 236 is supplied via connection 132 from the DAC 142 of FIG. 1. The signal on connection 132 is the reference voltage automatic power control signal, VAPC, that determines the transmit power level and provides the power profile. The VAPC signal on connection 132 is supplied to a reconstruction filter, which includes resistor 240 and capacitor 242. In this manner, a power control signal for the transmit power level and power profile is supplied via connection 234 to the control input of the variable gain element 232.
The amplifier 268, capacitor 266 and capacitor 270 form a comparator 284, which provides the error signal used to control the power amplifier 160 via connection 272. The non-inverting input to the amplifier 268 is supplied via connection 138 from a reference power detector 276. The output of the modulator 146 on connection 252 is supplied to a reference variable gain element 250. The reference variable gain element 250 can be implemented as a variable gain amplifier (VGA), which is similar to the variable gain elements 232 and 274, but which has different gain characteristics. The signal supplied to the reference VGA on connection 252 comprises an IF signal containing the amplitude modulation (AM) portion of the modulated signal, which is an instantaneous envelope reference signal. The reference VGA 250 receives the VAPC signal via connection 132 to its control input. The reference VGA 250 extends the dynamic range of the AM control signal that is supplied through the reference power detector 276 to the non-inverting input of the amplifier 268 in the comparator 284. The signal on connection 138 supplied to the non-inverting input of amplifier 268 contains the demodulated amplitude information of the AM signal developed by the modulator 146 in the phase locked loop 220.
The gain of the power control loop 300 amplifies the signal on connection 272 such that the difference between the signals on connections 264 and 138 input to amplifier 268 provide an error signal on connection 272 that is used to control the output of the power amplifier 160. In accordance with an embodiment of the invention, the output of the power detector 276 is also supplied to a logarithmic (log) amplifier 290. The log amplifier 290 converts the instantaneous envelope reference signal, VREF, on connection 138 to the logarithmic domain on connection 291. The signal on connection 291 is referred to as a compensation signal, VCOMP. Alternatively, a logarithmic detector (not shown) can be used to take the signal on connection 258 and create the signal on connection 291. If a logarithmic detector is implemented, the power detector 276 will still be used to supply the reference signal to the power control element 300. The signal on connection 291 is supplied to an adder 298. The adder 298 combines the log reference signal, VCOMP, on connection 291 and the VAPC signal on connection 133. The output of the adder 298 is supplied to a mapping function 296. The mapping function 296 generates a control signal that is supplied to a variable gain amplifier 275. By combining the log reference signal, VCOMP, and the VAPC signal, gain control variations of the power amplifier 160 can be compensated by the variable gain amplifier 275 using both an average power level (the VAPC signal) and the instantaneous envelope (the VREF signal, corresponding to the AM signal acted upon by the log amplifier 290). In accordance with an embodiment of the invention, the mapping function 296 takes the output of the adder 298 and alters the gain of the variable gain element 275 to compensate for gain control variations of the power amplifier 160, independent of temperature variations of the power amplifier 160. By knowing the value of the power control signal VAPC and the logarithmic representation of the instantaneous envelope reference signal VREF, the transfer function of the power control loop 300 can be linearized, independent of temperature. Further, the bandwidth of the power control loop remains constant over the entire power control range.
The error signal on connection 272 is supplied to a low pass filter 292. The output of the low pass filter 292 on connection 294 is supplied to the variable gain element 275. The output of the variable gain element 275, which is a signal that compensates for the gain control variations of the power amplifier 160, is supplied to the variable gain amplifier 274, which can be similar in structure to the variable gain element 232. However, the variable gain element 274 has a gain function that is the inverse of the gain function of the variable gain element 232, since the control input to the variable gain element 274 is supplied from the non-inverting output of amplifier 236 and the control input to the variable gain element 232 is supplied from the inverting output of amplifier 236. The control input to the variable gain element 275 is controlled by the power mapping function 296 to compensate for gain variations in the control input to the power amplifier 160. In an alternative embodiment, the functions of the variable gain elements 274 and 275 can be combined into a single variable gain element. In this manner, the power amplifier control signal on connection 172 supplied to the control port of power amplifier 160 drives the power amplifier 160 to provide the proper output on connection 162, while compensating for gain control variations of the power amplifier 160.
The reference VGA 250 extends the amplitude control range of the power control element 300. The reference VGA 250, which is located outside of the amplitude control loop, controls the level of the reference signal supplied to the power control element 300. The gain characteristic of the reference VGA 250 differs from the gain characteristic of the variable gain elements 232, 274 and 275. In one embodiment, the reference VGA 250 maintains a constant gain over the majority of the amplitude range of the power control element 300, including the highest output amplitude levels. However, when the output amplitude is at the low end of the range (the range of the analog power control signal VAPC), i.e., when the value of VAPC is low, the gain of the reference VGA 250 is reduced. In this manner, the reference VGA 250 maintains closed loop amplitude control down to the lowest output power levels, and particularly, during transmit power ramp-up and transmit power ramp-down, when VAPC is at a predetermined minimum value. The gain range of the reference VGA 250 is realized as what is referred to as a “soft step” function, and is not linear. The gain of the reference VGA 250 is shifted down by an appropriate amount (for example 15 or 18 dB) when the power control voltage VAPC is a level sufficiently low to indicate that the transmitter (e.g., the upconverter 154 and the power amplifier 160) is in either ramp-up or ramp-down and not at a constant output power level. The dynamic range of the power detectors 262 and 276 limits the amplitude control provided by the variable gain element 232 and the variable gain element 274. The reference VGA 250 provides amplitude control at power output levels lower than the minimum power output associated with a minimum VAPC signal level. For example, this “soft step” function can be implemented for a VAPC signal level of approximately 0.6V when it is known that the power control characteristic of the power amplifier 160 will always generate output power levels below 0 dBm for this value of VAPC voltage.
The power amplifier control signal on connection 172 is driven by the variable gain element 274, which corrects for the effect that variable gain element 232 and the control input to the power amplifier 160 have on the transfer function of the power control loop 300. The variable gains of variable gain element 232 and variable gain element 274 are complimentary, while the variable gain element 275 compensates for gain variations in the power amplifier 160. Because the feedback power measurement signal is present on connection 264 and the amplitude reference signal is present on connection 138, the amplifier 268 provides a dual function; (1) it amplifies the AM error signal (the difference between the signal on connection 138 and the signal on connection 264) so as to modulate the power output of power amplifier 160 via connection 172 to have the correct amount of AM; and (2) it performs the average power comparison and amplifies the result, thus providing a control signal also via connection 172 that drives the power amplifier 160 to the correct average power output. Therefore, at connection 172 both the AM error signal and the power control error signal are amplified to a level sufficient to drive the power amplifier 160 to the desired average power with the desired AM signal. In this manner, the desired AM portion of the signal is supplied to the control input 172 of power amplifier 160 and made present on the power amplifier output on connection 162. The mixer 226, variable gain element 232, power detector 262, amplifier 268 and variable gain elements 274 and 275 provide a continuous closed-loop power control feedback system to control the power output of power amplifier 160, while allowing for the introduction of the AM portion of the transmit signal via connection 138.
In order to remove the AM from the output of variable gain element 232, the variable gain element 232 is connected via connection 246 and connection 144 to the input of limiter 248. The limiter 248 develops a feedback signal containing only a PM component on connection 206. The baseband I and Q information signals are supplied to the modulator 146 via connections 278 and 282, respectively. The I and Q baseband information signal interface is understood by those skilled in the art. As a result of the operation of the modulator 146, the output on connection 252 is an intermediate frequency signal including an AM component providing an AM reference signal and a PM component providing a PM reference signal. The output of modulator 146 is supplied via connection 252 to the reference VGA 250. The output of the reference VGA 250 is supplied to the reference power detector 276 to ensure that the reference power detector 276 receives a signal having constant average power, thus reducing the dynamic range requirement of the reference power detector 276 to only what is needed to cover the modulation range, which is typically less than 20 dB. The output of the reference power detector 276 is a voltage signal representing the amplitude of the desired transmit signal. In this manner, the signal provided on connection 138 is a reference signal that allows amplitude control of the power control loop 300 at power output levels over the full output power range, thus expanding the closed loop power control range of the power control loop 300 to over 65 dB.
FIG. 3A is a graphical representation 350 of the power amplifier gain control as a function of the power amplifier control voltage VPC. The horizontal axis 352 of the graph 350 represents the voltage VPC applied to the control input of the power amplifier 160 and the vertical axis 354 represents the control gain of the power amplifier 160. When the control gain of the power amplifier is G=Δ VRFOUT/Δ VPC, with respect to control voltage of the power amplifier, the power amplifier control gain varies substantially over temperature as illustrated using gain trace 356 at temperature t1 and gain trace 357 at temperature t2. For a given control voltage, VPC, the slope of the power amplifier gain control can vary from several dB/V to approximately 150-200 dB/V over a relatively narrow voltage range, as illustrated using reference numeral 358. This variation over a relatively narrow voltage range makes it very difficult to accurately compensate the gain variation over a number of different parts and over a temperature range without the need for extensive and complicated calibration procedures.
FIG. 3B is a graphical representation 370 of the power amplifier gain control as a function of the power output of the power amplifier. The horizontal axis 372 of the graph 350 represents the power output, POUT,dBm, of the power amplifier 160 and the vertical axis 374 represents the control gain of the power amplifier 160, G=(ΔVRFOUT/ΔVPC). When the control gain of the power amplifier (G=Δ VRFOUT/Δ VPC) is varied with respect to output power of the power amplifier, the power amplifier control gain varies substantially less over temperature than when the gain control of the power amplifier is varied as a function of the power amplifier control voltage. Furthermore, the power amplifier gain control is relatively stable over temperature and from part to part. As shown in FIG. 3B, the gain trace 376 at temperature t1 and the gain trace 377 at temperature t2 vary little over temperature when the gain control of the power amplifier is drawn as a function of the output power of the power amplifier, and as shown using reference numeral 378. Therefore, if the gain variation of the power amplifier is compensated as a function of the output power (POUT,dBm), variation from part to part and variation over temperature are significantly reduced when compared to the case when power amplifier gain compensation is performed as a function of its control input voltage (VPC).
In this embodiment, the reference information is the output power of the power amplifier, instead of the power control signal, VPC. Thus, the gain compensation (to maintain the same loop gain-bandwidth) is performed in the closed power control loop. In this manner, the power amplifier gain control is based on the actual power amplifier output power, and not on the power amplifier control voltage. Therefore, the power amplifier gain compensation mapping function is basically a complimentary curve of the power amplifier gain control as a function of the output power. The power amplifier output power is a combination of the detected envelope (instantaneous variations) and the operating power set by the power control signal, as shown below in FIG. 4.
FIG. 4 is a graphical representation 400 of the power amplifier gain control characteristic and the characteristic of the power mapping function of FIG. 2. The horizontal axis 402 represents the output, POUT,dBm, of the power amplifier and the vertical axis 404 represents the value of the gain in dB. The curve 406 represents 0 dB gain and the curve 408 represents the total gain of the power control loop, in this example, 20 dB. The curve 410 represents the gain applied to the variable gain amplifier 275, as controlled by the power mapping function 296, and the curve 412 represents the control gain of the power amplifier 160. The gain applied to the variable gain amplifier 275, as controlled by the power mapping function 296, is the reciprocal function of the gain applied to the control input of the power amplifier 160. In this manner, any gain variations in the control input to the power amplifier 160 are compensated by the power mapping function 296.
FIG. 5 is a graphical representation 500 of the power amplifier gain versus the output, POUT,dBm, of the power amplifier. The horizontal axis 502 represents the output, POUT,dBm, of the power amplifier and the vertical axis 404 represents the value of the gain in dB. The curve 505 illustrates the gain of the control input of the power amplifier 160. The power control signal, VAPC, is shown as a window 506, and the instantaneous envelope reference signal, VREF, is shown at the center of the window 506. The point 510 represents the point at which the transfer function of the power control loop exactly compensates for gain control variations in the power amplifier 160. The portion 515 of the curve 505 represents the range of compensation available for a given value of VAPC.
FIG. 6 is a flow chart 600 illustrating the operation of an embodiment of the system and method for power mapping. The blocks in the flow chart can be executed in the order shown, out of the order shown, or substantially in parallel. In block 602, the VAPC signal is supplied the power control element 300. In block 604, an instantaneous envelope reference level signal, VREF, is supplied to the power control element 300. In block 606, the instantaneous envelope reference level signal, VREF, is converted to the logarithmic domain as signal VCOMP. In an alternative embodiment, a logarithmic detector can be substituted for the power detector 276 and the log amplifier 290, so that a logarithmic signal representing the instantaneous envelope reference level signal, VREF, is available to be supplied to the power control element 300. In block 608, the logarithmic representation, VCOMP, of the instantaneous envelope reference level signal, VREF, and the power control signal, VAPC, are combined. In block 610, a power mapping function is applied to the resultant signal. In block 612, the power amplifier control signal, VPC, is supplied to the power amplifier 160. The signal VPC represents a linearized control signal provided by the power control loop 300.
US20040213335 * Apr 23, 2003 Oct 28, 2004 Francis Forest Apparatus and method for mobile communication device transmission
US9621111 Mar 24, 2016 Apr 11, 2017 Skyworks Solutions, Inc. Apparatus and methods for envelope shaping in power amplifier systems
US20130195219 * Jan 27, 2012 Aug 1, 2013 Research In Motion Limited Mobile wireless communications device with selective power amplifier control and related methods
U.S. Classification 455/127.2, 330/129, 375/297, 455/234.1, 455/522
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:ROZENBLIT, DMITRIY;SOWLATI, TIRDAD;KOH, DONGSOO;REEL/FRAME:017510/0291


text:
Overhills, Great Circus, East of Nursery Road, Overhills, Harnett County, NC skip navigation
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Overhills, Great Circus, East of Nursery Road, Overhills, Harnett County, NC
Title: Overhills, Great Circus, East of Nursery Road, Overhills, Harnett County, NC
Building No. 1Overhills Historic District
Department of the Army, Fort Bragg
Call Number: HAER NC-49-A
Significance: The Hunt Stable portion of the Overhills area at Fort Bragg is a contributing part of a National Register eligible Fort Bragg historic district. Constructed in the early 1920s; the Great Circus was the centerpiece of the Hunt Stable Complex and served the Rockefeller family and guests as the ceremonial gathering space for the horses and hounds, which were stabled on the north and south sides of the circus, prior to a fox hunt. The Great Circus was also utilized as an exercise and training area for the hunt horses. The Hunt Stable area is at the eastern edge of the Overhills Historic District.
Survey number: HAER NC-49-A
North Carolina -- Harnett County -- Overhills North carolina -- Hartnett County -- Fort Bragg Latitude/Longitude: 35.2180164, -79.0176914
http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/nc0565/
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Look For The Union Label At Ibm? - Bloomberg For more local news from India, visit Bloombergquint.com Bloomberg the Company & Its ProductsBloomberg Anywhere Remote LoginBloomberg Anywhere LoginBloomberg Terminal Demo Request Bloomberg
Bloomberg Anywhere Remote LoginDownload SoftwareService Center MENU Homepage Markets Stocks Currencies Commodities Rates + Bonds Economics Magazine Benchmark Watchlist Economic Calendar Tech Silicon Valley Global Tech Venture Capital Hacking Digital Media Bloomberg West Pursuits Cars & Bikes Style & Grooming Spend Watches & Gadgets Food & Drinks Travel Real Estate Art & Design Politics With All Due Respect Delegate Tracker Culture Caucus Podcast Masters In Politics Podcast What The Voters Are Streaming Editors' Picks Opinion View Gadfly Businessweek Subscribe Cover Stories Opening Remarks Etc Features 85th Anniversary Issue Behind The Cover More Industries Science + Energy Graphics Game Plan Small Business Personal Finance Inspire GO Board Directors Forum Sponsored Content Sign In Subscribe Look For The Union Label At Ibm? Organizers are rallying workers angry about pension cuts Ira Sager October 11, 1999 — 12:00 AM EDT Share on FacebookShare on TwitterShare on WhatsApp Share on LinkedInShare on RedditShare on Google+E-mailShare on TwitterShare on WhatsApp Share on FacebookShare on TwitterShare on WhatsApp Share on LinkedInShare on RedditShare on Google+E-mailShare on TwitterShare on WhatsApp For years, Lee F. Conrad was a lonely guy. Sometimes, the only employees he could lure to meetings about unionizing IBM's Endicott (N.Y.) plant were a few buddies. Even in the midst of massive layoffs and corporate downsizing during the early 1990s, Conrad and organizers at other IBM plants couldn't drum up enough supporters to call for a union vote. After a while, he gave up. "I was semiretired from all this," he says.
That was before IBM Chairman Louis V. Gerstner Jr. started mucking around with pension plans. Now, Big Blue is facing the first serious threat in years that the company's 140,000 U.S. workers could be unionized. The Communication Workers of America (CWA) are rallying angry veteran employees from Burlington, Vt., to Austin, Tex., to San Jose, Calif., who feel betrayed by IBM's recent efforts to overhaul the pension plan in ways that in effect would cut their benefits. Workers claim, in fact, that benefits for most midcareer workers would have been cut by as much as 40%.
Gerstner is trying to avoid a showdown with workers. On Sept. 17, IBM modified its controversial plan, doubling the number of workers eligible to stay in the old pension system to 65,000 out of 140,000. But some workers feel Big Blue didn't go far enough. "They need to offer the choice to everybody," says Conrad. "When they try to throw a bone out, it just doesn't work." IBM insists it must go forward with the overhaul if it is to stay competitive in an industry where three out of four rivals skip the expense of pensions or simply offer less costly plans such as 401(k)s. The changes, IBM says, would allow it to increase other types of compensation, such as stock options. But options, too, are a sore subject: In 1999, only 25,000 of IBM's 290,000 global workforce will be offered options. That's 9% of the workforce, vs. 15% at other high-tech companies.
"ONLY SOLUTION." Meanwhile, IBM is cutting back some health benefits and overtime pay. Employees also complain about the increasing number of temporary workers and how some full-timers are not getting raises, even after rave performance reviews. "I have always been against unions," says Calvin Aranson, a 25-year employee at IBM's Global Services unit in Portland, Ore. "Like a lot of IBM employees, I have come to the conclusion that, when dealing with IBM, a union is the only solution."
So the CWA is rolling out a nationwide organizing plan similar to intensive campaigns it has launched for blue-collar workers at AT&T and the Baby Bells. Whereas CWA organizers in the past have concentrated on only a few IBM facilities, CWA organizer Jeff Lacher says this time the union already has worker committees set up and running at 10 locations all over the country. The union also is claiming thousands of new recruits who have signed petitions calling for a union vote. They refuse, however, to disclose specific numbers. But given past difficulties of organizing IBM, Lacher says the CWA plans to wait for at least a 60% show of support at any facility before demanding an election, even though federal law requires a union to garner only 30%.
IBM insists the union activity is not widespread. The company, which did not make an executive available, claimed through a spokeswoman that most workers do not want a union and that its employees receive competitive salaries. Meanwhile, Gerstner is taking the heat. When the CEO visited Austin this summer, a plane flew overhead dragging a banner: "IBM Stole My Pension." Web sites and chat groups have popped up filled with vitriol against IBM and its managers. There are even a couple of union songs: "We gave him 10, 20 years of our lives and what have we got to show? Louie and his corporate hacks took off with all our dough." If Gerstner doesn't want that tune to catch on, he has to do a better job of convincing his workforce that he really is willing to share the wealth. Before it's here, it's on the Bloomberg Terminal. LEARN MORE Markets

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Making a World of Difference: Engineering Ideas Into Reality book by National Academy of Engineering | 1 available editions | Alibris Books
Fifty years ago, the National Academy of Engineering (NAE) was founded by the stroke of a pen when the National Academy of Sciences Council approved the NAE's articles of organization. "Making a World of Difference" commemorates the NAE anniversary with a collection of essays that highlight the prodigious changes in people's lives that have been created by engineering over the past half century and consider how the future will be similarly shaped. Over the past 50 years, engineering has transformed our lives literally every ... Read More
Fifty years ago, the National Academy of Engineering (NAE) was founded by the stroke of a pen when the National Academy of Sciences Council approved the NAE's articles of organization. "Making a World of Difference" commemorates the NAE anniversary with a collection of essays that highlight the prodigious changes in people's lives that have been created by engineering over the past half century and consider how the future will be similarly shaped. Over the past 50 years, engineering has transformed our lives literally every day, and it will continue to do so going forward, utilizing new capabilities, creating new applications, and providing ever-expanding services to people. The essays of "Making a World of Difference" discuss the seamless integration of engineering into both our society and our daily lives, and present a vision of what engineering may deliver in the next half century. Read Less
ISBN-13: 9780309312653
ISBN: 0309312655
Alibris ID: 13619499015
Alibris ID: 14408412298
Alibris ID: 14409388067
Alibris ID: 14236670058
Alibris ID: 14814107871
2014, National Academies Press, [S.l.]
Product Liability and Innovation:: Managing Risk in an Uncertain Environment

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#11 of 122 Restaurants in Granada}
“waffles” (131 reviews)
“pecan waffle” (11 reviews)
All reviews waffles home fries pecan waffle blueberries french toast huevos rancheros potatoes bread burger smoothie american breakfast free coffee great american style san francisco church great place for breakfast quick service sit outside
Best American Breakfast in Granada
Located in front of the San Francisco church Kathy's is the closest you will come to eating a great American breafast. From, of course, waffles to pancakes to a cholestoral filled eggs/bacon/toast/potatoes plate the food is just plain yummy. There is granola and oatmeal, fresh...More
treasurefinder2016
I heard a lot about this restaurant and decided to go try it. As I was told at my hotel breakfast at Kathy's would not disappoint, and it didn't. Food was great.
1 Thank treasurefinder2016
Breakfest & Churh
Where else can you smack your lips around some of the amazing pancakes you have ever eaten & take in an a wonderful viewing of the Cathedral San Francisco...Breakfast with the Gods, starts off every day in Old Town Granada.
2 Thank mofishmo
This is a lovely resteraunt. The food was pretty good. We had an omelette and blueberry waffles. I would recommend this place.
2 Thank CherylwithJim
Easy Enjoyable Lunch + bacon
We were a group of 8 and they were very accommodating. Nice spot to eat outside in the shade and enjoy the street traffic. Large portions and comfort food. We got a kick out of the mugs and I really enjoyed the fried plantains ......More
2 Thank sdawk2016
Best breakfast we had in Granada
Spent 5 days in Granada in May and loved the food. We ate breakfast at a few different places, all were quite good, but we loved the pancakes and huevos rancheros at Kathy's the best. Free refills on coffee. Nice view. Very welcoming and polite...More
Packed every morning
though I still can't understand why. Full of Norte Americanos eating American breakfasts of waffles, pancakes, omelets/eggs and french toast when they could be down the street eatling in a local restaurants having a traditional breakfast. Enough of my personal opinion. If this is what...More
3 Thank Lonnelda M
Staff and food were average. Gallo pinto was good, but it's your first time trying it prices are reasonable
For anyone who is fed up with central american breakfast, it is an OK place
Great for breakfast, american style. though now they serve central american food, tourist mainly go there and order american breakfast.,the French Toast is OK, I did not share their choice for bread and syrup
2 Thank Tarmasea
thesandyfeet
I went to Kathy's on a recommendation from a fellow traveller and reviews on Tripadviser but I really don't know what the fuss was all about. I had the pancakes and scrambled egg combo, which seemed way over-priced for what it was and not particularly...More
2 Thank thesandyfeet

value: This website is an American online travel company that operates a website and mobile app with user-generated content and a comparison shopping website.


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1700012A03Rik RIKEN cDNA 1700012A03 gene [Mus musculus (house mouse)] - Gene - NCBI
1700012A03Rik RIKEN cDNA 1700012A03 gene [ Mus musculus (house mouse) ]
Gene ID: 76382, updated on 9-Feb-2019
1700012A03Rikprovided by MGI
RIKEN cDNA 1700012A03 geneprovided by MGI
MGI:MGI:1923632
Ensembl:ENSMUSG00000029766
Restricted expression toward testis adult (RPKM 64.1) See more
See 1700012A03Rik in Genome Data Viewer
106 current GRCm38.p4 (GCF_000001635.24) 6 NC_000072.6 (32050285..32058915)
Build 37.2 previous assembly MGSCv37 (GCF_000001635.18) 6 NC_000072.5 (32000285..32008915)
D6Mit51 (e-PCR), detects polymorphism
UniSTS:116599
AI429084 (e-PCR)
UniSTS:179356
MGC107242
uncharacterized protein LOC76382
NM_029587.3 → NP_083863.1 uncharacterized protein LOC76382
See identical proteins and their annotated locations for NP_083863.1
AC153796, AC155847
CCDS19984.1
Q9DAF1
ENSMUSP00000031778.4, ENSMUST00000031778.5
32050285..32058915
1700012A03Rik_1
Transcriptomine: regulation of the 1700012A03Rik gene by nuclear receptor signaling pathways
Order 1700012A03Rik cDNA clone/Protein/Antibody/RNAi
1700012A03Rik RIKEN cDNA 1700012A03 gene [Mus musculus]
Gene ID:76382

value: This website is part of the United States National Library of Medicine , a branch of the National Institutes of Health . It is approved and funded by the government of the United States.


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harry potter uno | eBay
Skip to main contenteBayShop by categoryEnter your search keywordAll CategoriesAntiquesArtBabyBooks, Comics & MagazinesBusiness, Office & IndustrialCameras & PhotographyCars, Motorcycles & VehiclesClothes, Shoes & AccessoriesCoinsCollectablesComputers/Tablets & NetworkingCraftsDolls & BearsDVDs, Films & TVEvents TicketsGarden & PatioHealth & BeautyHolidays & TravelHome, Furniture & DIYJewellery & WatchesMobile Phones & CommunicationMusicMusical InstrumentsPet SuppliesPottery, Porcelain & GlassPropertySound & VisionSporting GoodsSports MemorabiliaStampsToys & GamesVehicle Parts & AccessoriesVideo Games & ConsolesWholesale & Job LotsEverything ElseAdvanced or register':' style="margin-right:3px">Hello -User-.'.replace(/-User-/,escape(a)))+"")}catch(b){document.write("")}})();Hello (Sign in to bid or buy) Daily Deals Sell Help & Contact My eBayExpand My eBay Summary Bids/Offers Watch List Wish List All Lists Purchase History Selling My Collections Followed Searches MessagesCollect & Spend Learn moreNotification Related: indiana jones top trumps olympic footballer
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Sites and Collection: Civil War Maps Sites and Collection: American Memory Subject: Va Subject: Manassas Region 1 - 20 of 72
Scale ca. 1:105,000. LC Civil War Maps (2nd ed.), 571 From Century illustrated montly magazine, v. 30, May 1885. p. 103. Indicates troop positions, rivers, roads, railroads, towns, houses, and names of ...
Map of the battle fields of Manassas and the surrounding region : showing the various actions of the 21st July, 1861, between the armies of ...
Va Manassas Region Virginia


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SDLC Checklist for Globalized ASP.NET Web Applications - CodeProject ×
34.1K views32 bookmarked
josekonoor, 2 Jun 2006
The purpose of this document is to list out all these points in the form of checklists.	1. Introduction
Globalization and Localization are the two main aspects of developing an internationalized application. Globalization is the process of developing a program core for the input, display, and output of a defined set of Unicode-supported language scripts and data related to specific locales hose features and code design are not solely based on a single language or locale. Localization is the process of translating and customizing an application for a specific region/culture. Microsoft .NET has introduced a number of features which can simplify the task of preparing ‘world ready’ applications. However, for the successful completion of this task, a number of factors are to be considered in each stage of SDLC. The purpose of this document is to list out all these points in the form of checklists. 2. SDLC Checklists
There are three checklists in this document – Checklist for System Study Phase, Checklist for Design Phase and Checklist for Development Phase. As indicated by the name, each of these checklists stands for a distinct phase of SDLC. Since all these checklists can be used for testing purposes, there is no separate checklist for the same.
2.1 System Study Phase
exity Factor
Is there any need for displaying predefined data and objects for different languages? (eg: labels, button text, images, title etc..)
Are the resource files being provided by the customer?
Does the calendar controls display the Gregorian calendar always, irrespective of the language in which it is shown? (e.g.: Some customers would want an Arabic calendar for Arabic culture)
.NET Framework DateTime structure(members such as the DateTime.Day property, the DateTime.Month property, the DateTime.Year property, and the DateTime.AddDays method) is based on the Gregorian calendar. This is not changed by any change in culture settings.
To handle native calendar types, the .NET Framework provides the Calendar class as well as the following Calendar implementations: GregorianCalendar, HebrewCalendar, HijriCalendar, JapaneseCalendar, JulianCalendar, KoreanCalendar, TaiwanCalendar, and ThaiBuddhistCalendar. Other things you can use include are the CultureInfo class, which has a CultureInfo.Calendar property that specifies a culture's default calendar. The CultureInfo.OptionalCalendars property specifies the optional calendars supported by a culture.
Has the time format been identified?
It can be either a 12 hour or 24 hour clock. The characters used to separate hours, minutes and seconds a\may be different for different cultures.
Are date/time values captured as local time zone values? It may be a requirement to store the UTC equivalent of date-time values from entered from different cultures. Use the DateTime.ToUniversalTime method to convert a local DateTime to its UTC equivalent. To parse a date/time string and convert it to a UTC DateTime, use the DateTimeStyles enumeration AdjustToUniversal value with either the DateTime.Parse or DateTime.ParseExact method.
Is there any requirements for alternate sort orders?
Some cultures support more than one sort order. For example, the culture "zh-CN" (Chinese in China) supports a sort by pronunciation (default) and a sort by stroke count. To specify the alternate sort order, create a CultureInfo object using the LCID for the alternate sort order. Then, obtain a CompareInfo object to use in string comparisons from CultureInfo.CompareInfo. As an alternative, you can create a CompareInfo object directly by using the CompareInfo.GetCompareInfo method (Int32), specifying the LCID for the alternate sort order.
Has the paper size been identified for each culture?
The paper sizes in the United States and Canada (such as letter, legal, and so on) do not satisfy the needs of all users in the world market. For example, most countries in Europe and Asia use a slightly larger standard known as "A4" (297 x 210 mm) that is slightly longer and narrower than the U.S. letter size (279 x 216 mm). Thus if your application needs to print, you should allow the default paper size to be configurable.
Has the Unit of measurement been identified for each culture?
There are different units of measurement for things like Length, Weight, Area, Volume, Temperature, Paper size, Angle notation, etc. There can be different requirements where conversion from one unit to another is required. For example, in one scenario, the end users may be allowed to view/enter data in their local unit of measurement; but it will be stored in a common UOM.
How is the data entered and stored into the system? Is it in local language?
For storing multi-lingual data, use uni-code data types.
Are the numbers and figures entered into the system always in English digits? E.g.: Languages like Hindi have its own number system.
Do the users need localized thousand separators and decimal separators for the numbers and figures displayed on the system? E.g.: In Polish, the thousand separator is a space and the decimal separator is a comma. The number “2,500.70” is written in Poland as “2 500,70”
For editable numeric fields, are the users allowed to enter thousand separators for the numbers and figures entered on the system? E.g.: In Polish, the thousand separator is a space and the decimal separator is a comma. The number “2,500.70” is written in Poland as “2 500,70”. If the user is allowed to enter the thousand separators, appropriate validations needs to be considered.
Are the dates displayed and entered in the system in local format?
Are the reports to be printed in local language?
Are all the regional cultures/languages identified which are to be supported by the application?
Is there any special culture where the layout/orientation of the resource is different from other cultures? (E.g.: Arabic language).
Is the system testing of all cultures/languages (except the base language) being done by the customer ?
(Have to consider the availability of human resources for all the required languages and the effort.)
Is there any need for custom cultures? (e.g.: English for India)
Is there integration with other applications where multilingual could be a challenge?
Do all the database columns for storing multilingual data support Unicode? (e.g.: nvarchar, ntext)
Does the application design ensure that proper culture name is supplied to the application thread? (e.g.: For India, only Hindi language is supported by the .NET, say, “hi-IN”. You cannot set the language English for India like en-IN.)
Are all the multilingual resources identified and its resource files designed?
Should the Multilingual resource files be one for each culture? (It can be one for each culture or a single one for all cultures.
Does the design ensure that the culture-specific resource data is properly fitting into the available display area for all languages? Size the UI to accommodate the largest localized version of the content.
Does the UI design take care of text alignment (eg:- RTL) as well as the alignment of controls on the page, where the screen layout/orientation is different from other cultures (eg: Arabic) ?
When the screen layout/orientation is different from other cultures, it could be useful to go for separate UI. When separate UI is used for a particular culture, additional code is required to switch the UI based on culture.
If there is any data transfer between layers using XML, is it ensured that the XML files support the Unicode to embed the multilingual data?
Do all the messages come from an external file (e.g.:- config file) ?
Has it been ensured that, in UI design, strings are not mingled with controls?
Do not mingle strings with controls, such as placing a text box in the middle of a sentence. Doing so would require the localization vendor to modify the UI to accommodate grammatical differences that cause sentence structures to change.
Has it been ensured that, in UI design, one control is not hidden behind another control?
Due to language expansion issues, hiding a control behind another may not work when you localize the application. For example, a button hidden behind another button in an English language application may extend beyond the covering button when you localize the application in German.
Has the UI design ensured that, the UI controls are not positioned/resized at run time?
Has flow layout been used wherever RTL is applied?
For greatest precision when laying out pages that will be displayed in right-to-left reading order, it is recommended that you use flow layout.
Have the multi lingual resource files got translated into various local languages?
The helper class for reading the resource files, formatting the data, etc. are developed?
Is all the resource text used, being read from the correct resource ID?
Are any labels overlapping with other controls while loading a different language with a longer translation?
Are the validations done appropriately for numeric inputs? (e.g.: the decimal separators and thousand separators may be different for different cultures)
Are the validations done appropriately for string inputs? (e.g.: English is a single byte character set, whereas Chinese is a double byte character set, so it will take double the memory space for the same number of characters as English)
Are the validations on dates done correctly? (Note: This will largely depend on how the user input the dates. If it is a manual entry, it would be very challenging to do the validations. Usage of calendar controls are recommended.)
If the data is being passed into the SP as XML, is the parameter in the SP for getting the XML declared as ntext?
Is proper format provider is used with .ToString() methods where the output of ToString() is used as a filter for DataTable object and Culture Info is set for the thread?
DataTable expects the numbers involved in filters, formatted in standard US format.
Is proper number format ensured in XML data passed to stored procedures? When the thread culture is set and the output of ToString() method is used to create an XML file, this XML may contain numeric data with a format which is not acceptable in SQL Server.
Are proper Culture values set for the 'Culture' and 'UICulture' properties of the page?
The Culture value determines or influences results of culture-dependent functions, such as displaying the date. The UICulture value determines how the resources are loaded for the form and is used for culture-specific lookup of resource data.
Are there any text messages created dynamically at run time ?
Do not create a text message dynamically at run time, either by concatenating multiple strings or by removing characters from static text. Word order varies by language, so dynamic composition of text in this manner requires code changes to localize to some languages.
Has it been ensured that parametered string messages are not used?
The use of parametered string messages may create problems for localization as the order of inserting parameters may differ from language to language.
Is there any text used in bit maps?
Are all the localizable resources separated from the source code?
Do not hard code strings in the source code.
Has it been ensured that the client side is configured with proper UI language and cultural preferences? Use window.navigator.browserLanguage to check the language of the browser (for the UI language) and use window.navigator.userLanguage to check the language of the user (for cultural preferences).
Globalization issues in ASP.NET 1.x
Good one Raghz20113-May-11 2:06
Raghz20113-May-11 2:06 Very useful. Thanks
Useful Ashok Kumar Sole15-Oct-07 21:16
Ashok Kumar Sole15-Oct-07 21:16 Good one. thank you. Ashok Kumar Sole
Last Updated 2 Jun 2006	Article Copyright 2006 by josekonoorEverything else

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The Theory of Moral Sentiments by Adam Smith | NOOK Book (eBook) | Barnes & Noble®
The Theory of Moral SentimentsAdam Smith, scottish moral philosopher and a pioneer of political economy (1723-1790)This ebook presents �The Theory of Moral Sentiments�, from Adam Smith. A dynamic table of contents enables to jump directly to the chapter selected.TABLE OF CONTENTS-01- ABOUT THIS BOOK-02- PART I.OF THE PROPRIETY OF
The Theory of Moral SentimentsAdam Smith, scottish moral philosopher and a pioneer of political economy (1723-1790)This ebook presents �The Theory of Moral Sentiments�, from Adam Smith. A dynamic table of contents enables to jump directly to the chapter selected.TABLE OF CONTENTS-01- ABOUT THIS BOOK-02- PART I.OF THE PROPRIETY OF ACTION-03- PART II.OF MERIT AND DEMERIT-04- PART III.OF THE FOUNDATION OF OUR JUDGMENTS-05- PART IV.OF THE EFFECT OF UTILITY UPON THE SENTIMENT OF APPROBATION-06- PART V.OF THE INFLUENCE OF CUSTOM AND FASHION-07- PART VI.OF THE CHARACTER OF VIRTUE-08- PART VII.OF SYSTEMS OF MORAL PHILOSOPHY
2940149180301

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4 Hotels in Trofaiach, Austria - Best Price Guarantee - Booking.com
Trofaiach, here I come
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Situated at the foot of the Eisenerz Alps, Gästehaus Albatros is 3 km from the centre of Trofaiach and 14 km from Leoben. It offers a garden, an infrared cabin, and free Wi-Fi. Aurelian75.
"Superb location. Easy to get to Red Bull race track - 20 mins by car. I could charge my electric car at the location ( with my charger ). Amazing host, helped us with everything."
Aurelian75.
Located in Trofaiach, Ferienwohnung Panoramablick offers an apartment with a terrace, and a garden with sun loungers and an outdoor pool. Judit.
"Location and panorama is perfect and wonderful. Very kind owners! Our dog was welcomed in a very friendly way as well. We will turn back :-)."
Offering a restaurant serving Styrian specialities, Freiensteinerhof is located in St. Peter - Freienstein. It offers rooms with satellite TV and free WiFi. $34
Featuring free WiFi throughout the property, Zimmervermietung Dietrich Trofaiach offers pet-friendly accommodations in Trofaiach. Free private parking is available on site. Near Trofaiach
This traditional, family-run hotel is located at the foot of the Reiting mountain in central Styria, close to Leoben. $65
Vordernberg located on the Styrian Eissen Road not far from the Erzberg. a familiar symbol of an active region experience. The region has much to offer which include hiking and cycling. $64
Landgasthof Gietl is located in Gai, a 15-minute drive from Leoben’s centre. The hotel offers a restaurant serving Austrian cuisine, and rooms with free WiFi and mountain views. adrian.
Located directly at the main square in Vordernberg, Rentcenter29 offers scenic mountain views. The Präbichl Ski Area is a 5-minute drive away. Free WiFi is available throughout the building. $101
Falkensteiner Hotel & Asia Spa Leoben is a modern 4-star hotel which features an Asian-style luxurious spa area with various pools, saunas and beauty treatments. martina.
"Set dinner excellent quality and value
easy access to Asia Spa
quiet location, yet very central
Pension Jahrbacher is located in Leoben, 109 yards from Kunsthalle Leoben and 547 yards from University of Leoben. All rooms have a TV with satellite channels. Jean.
"Kind attention from the staff. quite and clean place to get a rest. Perfect for short or long stay."
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text:
For even the most well-traveled pundits, traversing the Oscar trail can be a daunting excursion into the politics and predictions of awards season ... Gotham Awards nominations announced ... People’s Choice Awards ceremony ... Film Independent Spirit Awards nominations announced ... Oscars Governors Awards ceremony ... Gotham Awards ceremony ... Annie Awards nominations announced ... Golden Globes nominations announced ... Golden Globes ceremony....
Washington. Good news for all the ‘Downtown Abbey’ fans, as the movie has finally got a release date ... The production started in late August ... The show had six seasons and bagged 15 Primetime Emmy Awards with 69 Emmy nominations in total, making it the most nominated non-U.S. television show in the history of Emmy Awards. It also won three Golden Globes and a special BAFTA award. Source. ANI. ....
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value: This website is a news aggregator founded in March 1995 and launched online in 1998. In 2003, Search Engine Watch praised the service for its "Special Reports", and called it "an interesting alternative" to other news aggregation services.


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Patent US5394786 - Acoustic/shock wave attenuating assembly - Google Patents
An acoustic/shock wave attenuating assembly comprised of porous screens forms an enclosure filled with a suitable pressure wave attenuating medium or material having fluid characteristics. This basic configuration can be suspended or held in place by a rigid structure. When the pressure attenuating medium...http://www.google.com/patents/US5394786?utm_source=gb-gplus-sharePatent US5394786 - Acoustic/shock wave attenuating assembly
Publication number US5394786 A
Application number US 08/081,998
Also published as WO1995001484A1
Publication number 08081998, 081998, US 5394786 A, US 5394786A, US-A-5394786, US5394786 A, US5394786A
Inventors Guy L. Gettle, Vincent H. Homer, Jr.
Original Assignee Suppression Systems Engineering Corp.
Patent Citations (7), Non-Patent Citations (4), Referenced by (154), Classifications (23), Legal Events (9)
Acoustic/shock wave attenuating assembly
US 5394786 A
1. An assembly for attenuating acoustic level pressure conditions, comprising
a flowable attenuating medium exhibiting aqueous foam characteristics, namely the ability of acting in the nature of a liquid mass to resist relative displacement by surface tension and viscous forces and the ability to substantially scatter and disperse pressure conditions transmitting therethrough by virtue of multitudinous curved surfaces dividing different phases, and enabling the generation of turbulent flow fields by transmitting pressure conditions, and
confinement means for containing and Supporting the flowable attenuating medium, the combination of the confinement means and flowable attenuating medium being arranged for intercepting the pressure conditions to be attenuated, the confinement means being porous with respect to the pressure conditions for allowing the pressure conditions to penetrate the flowable attenuating medium, the porous confinement means also causing substantial pressure decrease of pressure conditions penetrating the porous confinement means, the confinement means comprising generally parallel side portions combining to form a panel with the flowable attenuating medium being supported therebetween for intercepting pressure conditions approaching one of the side portions.
2. The attenuating assembly of claim 1 wherein both side portions of the confinement means are porous with respect to the pressure conditions in order to achieve more effective attenuation thereof.
14. An assembly for attenuating acoustic level pressure conditions, comprising
confinement means for containing and supporting the flowable attenuating medium, the combination of the confinement means and flowable attenuating medium being arranged for intercepting the pressure conditions to be attenuated, the confinement means being porous with respect to the pressure conditions for allowing the pressure conditions to penetrate the flowable attenuating medium, the porous confinement means also causing substantial pressure decrease of pressure conditions penetrating the porous confinement means,
the attenuating medium being arranged in a honeycomb structure.
15. The attenuating assembly of claim 14 wherein the honeycomb is formed with cells having axes arranged for flow of the acoustic level pressure conditions through the cells of the honeycomb.
17. An attenuating panel for attenuating acoustic level pressure conditions, comprising
multitudinous solid particulates having a dimension of at least about 1 millimeter, and
filamentary material forming a matrix for the solid particulates,
the filamentary material having mechanical integrity for providing confinement of the solid particulates in the matrix of filamentary material while allowing the solid particulates to be relatively displaced by interaction with the pressure conditions whereby the panel is capable of scattering and dispersing pressure conditions passing therethrough and further enabling formation of turbulent flow fields within the attenuating panel from the pressure conditions.
18. The attenuating panel of claim 17 further comprising means interacting with the solid particulates and filamentary material to increase resistance of the solid particulates to relative displacement by the pressure conditions in addition to resistance attributable to inertia forces, the attenuating panel being porous throughout a dimension corresponding to passage of the pressure conditions therethrough.
Aqueous foams have been proven to be capable of providing more pressure wave attenuation than any other medium on a mass basis. As noted above, initial research into the use of aqueous foams for pressure wave damping was entirely devoted to noise abatement. Subsequent research revealed, that--unlike any material used in acoustic attenuation structures developed to date--aqueous foams provide shock wave attenuation, regardless of the origin of the shock.
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U.S. Classification 86/50, 181/.5, 367/191, 89/36.02, 102/303, 181/286
International Classification E04B1/82, E04B1/98, F42D5/045, E04B1/84
Cooperative Classification E04B1/8218, F42D5/045, E04B2001/8457, E04B2001/8428, E04B2001/8461, E04B1/98, E04B1/82, E04B1/8209
European Classification E04B1/82D, F42D5/045, E04B1/98, E04B1/82B, E04B1/82
Owner name: SUPPRESSION SYSTEMS ENGINEERING CORPORATION, CALIF
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:GETTLE, GUY L.;HOMER, VINCENT H., JR.;REEL/FRAME:006810/0683
Owner name: SOLOMON INVESTMENTS GROUP LTD., VIRGIN ISLANDS, BR
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:ARRAN CORPORATION;REEL/FRAME:008489/0481

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