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Positional bias of MHC class I restricted T-cell epitopes in viral antigens is likely due to a bias in conservation. - PubMed - NCBI
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See comment in PubMed Commons belowPLoS Comput Biol. 2013;9(1):e1002884. doi: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1002884. Epub 2013 Jan 24.Positional bias of MHC class I restricted T-cell epitopes in viral antigens is likely due to a bias in conservation.Kim Y1, Yewdell JW, Sette A, Peters B.Author information1La Jolla Institute for Allergy & Immunology, La Jolla, California, United States of America.AbstractThe immune system rapidly responds to intracellular infections by detecting MHC class I restricted T-cell epitopes presented on infected cells. It was originally thought that viral peptides are liberated during constitutive protein turnover, but this conflicts with the observation that viral epitopes are detected within minutes of their synthesis even when their source proteins exhibit half-lives of days. The DRiPs hypothesis proposes that epitopes derive from Defective Ribosomal Products (DRiPs), rather than degradation of mature protein products. One potential source of DRiPs is premature translation termination. If this is a major source of DRiPs, this should be reflected in positional bias towards the N-terminus. By contrast, if downstream initiation is a major source of DRiPs, there should be positional bias towards the C-terminus. Here, we systematically assessed positional bias of epitopes in viral antigens, exploiting the large set of data available in the Immune Epitope Database and Analysis Resource. We show a statistically significant degree of positional skewing among epitopes; epitopes from both ends of antigens tend to be under-represented. Centric-skewing correlates with a bias towards class I binding peptides being over-represented in the middle, in parallel with a higher degree of evolutionary conservation.PMID: 23357871 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] PMCID: PMC3554532 Free PMC ArticleShareImages from this publication.See all images (5)Free textFigure 1Distributions of normalized positions of MHC-I restricted T-cell epitopes for viruses.(A and B) For each category of peptides indicated (i.e. ‘Positive’ or ‘Negative’), peptides were mapped onto all proteins of the corresponding genome with peptide similarity cutoff of 100%. For each peptide:antigen mapping, a normalized position was calculated. The set of normalized positions was plotted as a histogram. (C) To show positional bias of epitopes, the box plot shows results of 1000 bootstrap sampling of Positive and Negative data sets of normalized positions and plotting ratios of their probabilities for each bin. Boxes cover the range from 25th to 75th percentiles. Whiskers extend out from boxes 1.0 times the interquartile range.Positional Bias of MHC Class I Restricted T-Cell Epitopes in Viral Antigens Is Likely due to a Bias in ConservationPLoS Comput Biol. 2013 January;9(1):e1002884.Figure 2Positional biases of predicted binders for 12 HLA supertypes.For each supertype, 9-mer peptide binding predictions were carried out and ratios of probability masses of predicted ‘binders’ and ‘non-binders’ were calculated. Peptide binding predictions were made for alleles belonging to each supertype, using SMMPMBEC method. All possible 9-mer peptides were generated from a set of viral proteins that contain at least one tested peptide from Table 1. Relationships between HLA molecules and supertypes are provided in [11].Positional Bias of MHC Class I Restricted T-Cell Epitopes in Viral Antigens Is Likely due to a Bias in ConservationPLoS Comput Biol. 2013 January;9(1):e1002884.Figure 3Positional bias of conservation for viral proteins.For each viral protein which also contained at least one tested peptide from Table 1, conservation scores at the residue-level were calculated using Rate4Site [26]. Residue positions were converted into normalized positions and corresponding conservation scores were binned (5 bins of equal size). Higher conservation score indicates higher degree of conservation. Conservation scores were normalized for each protein (i.e. mean = 0; sd = 1). One thousand bootstrapping over proteins was used to estimate confidence intervals for the means of conservation scores. Each box covers 25th and 75th percentiles. Whiskers extend out from each box 1.0 times the interquartile range.Positional Bias of MHC Class I Restricted T-Cell Epitopes in Viral Antigens Is Likely due to a Bias in ConservationPLoS Comput Biol. 2013 January;9(1):e1002884.Figure 4Estimating positional bias of epitopes from conservation data.(A) Bootstrap sampling of conservation scores for positive and negative peptides are shown as two boxplots placed next to each other. The bins used are of variable lengths to ensure a sufficient count in each bin. Each bin contains ∼20% of data points. Middle positions of bins are indicated on the x-axis. The difference between the means of the two conservation score distributions is statistically significant (Welch's t-test; one-sided; p-value = 5.9×10−6). (B) Estimating probability ratios from the conservation score distributions. This is simply taking a ratio of positive and negative peptide probabilities as a function of a conservation score. Confidence intervals are derived from bootstrap sampling. (C) Estimated probability ratios as a function of normalized position, using the mapping shown in the second panel. As input, distributions of means of conservation scores shown in Fig. 3 were used. (D) Positional bias curves derived from observed normalized positions (black) and conservation scores (gray).Positional Bias of MHC Class I Restricted T-Cell Epitopes in Viral Antigens Is Likely due to a Bias in ConservationPLoS Comput Biol. 2013 January;9(1):e1002884.Figure 5Distributions of conservation scores of peptides with positive and negative T-cell assay results for viruses in the context of immunization with peptides.The difference between the two distributions is not statistically significant (Welch's t-test; one-sided; p-value = 0.62).Positional Bias of MHC Class I Restricted T-Cell Epitopes in Viral Antigens Is Likely due to a Bias in ConservationPLoS Comput Biol. 2013 January;9(1):e1002884.Publication Types, MeSH Terms, Substances, Grant SupportPublication TypesResearch Support, N.I.H., ExtramuralMeSH TermsAntigens, Viral/immunology*Epitopes/immunology*Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/immunology*HumansT-Lymphocytes/immunology*SubstancesAntigens, ViralEpitopesHistocompatibility Antigens Class IGrant SupportHHSN272201200010C/PHS HHS/United StatesLinkOut - more resourcesFull Text SourcesPublic Library of ScienceEurope PubMed CentralPubMed CentralPubMed Central CanadaOther Literature SourcesAccess more work from the authors - ResearchGatePubMed Commons home

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text: DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS [0047] According to a first embodiment, a change of connection (i.e., a handover or a movement) of a mobile entity from a first network access entity to a second network access entity is performed such that the mobile entity sends a message including information for identifying the first network access entity to the second network which enables the second network entity to acquire a global address of the first network entity. That is, in case the global address of the first network access entity is necessary to accomplish the handover and the mobile entity (e.g., Mobile IPv6 Mobile Node MN) does not know the global address, the mobile entity sends known information associated with the first network access entity known to the second network entity. By using this information, the second network entity is capable of acquiring the global address of the first network access entity, such that the handover or movement procedure can be completed. [0048] It is noted that in the context of this application the term �global address� refers to an address that has significance in the TAR (Target Access Router as an example for the second network entity) network (i.e. an address that can be used to reach the PAR (Previous Access Router as an example for the first network entity) from the TAR). That is, a �global address� refers to an address, which is generally known (or available) in the network. In contrast thereto, the term �local address� refers to an address which is only available locally, i.e., only in a part of the network. For example, the link local address of the first network access entity (e.g., PAR) may be used only in the mobile entity which resides on the same link. [0049]FIG. 1, FIG. 2 and FIG. 3 show different scenarios for the Fast Handover procedure discussed above. [0050] In these scenarios, it is assumed that a Mobile node (MN) moves from a Previous Access Router (PAR) as an example for a first network access entity to a Target Access Router (TAR) as an example for a second network access entity. It is assumed that the PAR is located in a Subnet 1�Access Network 1, and the TAR is located in a Subnet 2�Access Network 2. [0051] It is noted that the figures do not show all the elements involved in the signaling process. For example, the APs are located in between the Access Routers and mobile nodes. [0052]FIG. 1 illustrates a scenario of a so-called scenario for an �Anticipated case�. That is, here, a Fast Handover procedure is initiated before the movement. [0053] The handover is initiated by the MN by sending a Router Solicitation message for the proxy (RtrSolPr) to the PAR in message 11. This is a message from the MN to the PAR requesting information for a potential handover. The PAR sends a Handover Initiate message (message 12) to the TAR. As a response to the HI message, the TAR sends a HACK (Handover Acknowledgement) message to the PAR (message 13). After receiving the HACK message from the TAR, the PAR sends a Proxy Router Advertisement message to the MN (message 14). The Proxy Router Advertisement (PrRtAdv) is a message from the PAR indicating a MN to undergo the handover. [0054] Thereafter, the MN sends a Fast Binding Update (F-BU) message 15 to the PAR. The Fast Binding Update (F-BU) message is a message from the MN instructing its PAR to redirect its traffic towards the NAR, i.e., TAR. Thus, this message is important to complete the handover. [0055] After the movement, the MN sends a Fast Neighbor Advertisement message to the TAR. The Fast Neighbor Advertisement (FNA) is a message from the MN to the NAR (here TAR) to confirm use of a NCoA (New Care of Address) when the MN has not received the Fast Binding Acknowledgement (FBACK). Namely, in this example the PAR has not sent a FBACK message to the MN because it has just moved to the TAR. In response to the FNA message 16, the TAR sends a FBACK message (message 17) to the MN. By this message, the Fast Handover procedure is completed. [0056] It is noted that a Care of Address (CoA) is a temporary address allocated for the MN while it is visiting foreign networks. Home Agent maintains a binding between the static Home address of the MN and the current CoA. [0057] Hence, in scenario 1 shown in FIG. 1 the MN sends the F-BU message 15 while it is still attached to the previous access network. The MN thus does not have any problem when sending the F-BU message to PAR since it is located in the same link as the PAR. The MN uses the PAR's link local IP address to address the F-BU to PAR. [0058] In FIG. 2, scenario 2 is illustrated where the messages 21 to 24 correspond to the messages 11 to 14 shown in scenario in FIG. 1. However, in FIG. 2 the MN sends the F-BU message (message 25) after it has moved to the TAR. This message, however, must be directed to the PAR, since the PAR has to be requested to redirect the traffic of the MN (packets addressed to the old CoA of the MN) to the TAR. Thus, the TAR has to forward the F-BU message to the PAR in message 25. In the case where the MN does not know the PAR's globally routable IP address, the MN cannot address the F-BU message properly to PAR unless the solution according to the this embodiment of the invention is used. [0059] Namely, as will be explained later in detail, the information which the MN additionally inserts into the F-BU message is used in order to determine the globally routable IP address of the PAR. [0060] After sending the F-BU message 25, the MN can send a FNA message (message 26) to the TAR, which can respond with a FBACK message (message 27) in order to complete the Fast Handover procedure. [0061] It is noted that the FNA is sent after the MN reaches the new access network. It is used to start the delivery of buffered packets from the TAR to the MN. FBU starts the forwarding of packets from the PAR to the TAR. At this point the TAR buffers the packets until the MN arrives to the new access network. When the MN reaches the TAR, the sending of the FNA starts the delivery of those buffered packets from the TAR to the MN. [0062]FIG. 3 illustrates scenario 3 for a so-called �Non-Anticipated case�, i.e., the Fast Handover procedure is initiated after the movement. [0063] That is, in this case the Fast Handover procedure starts by sending a F-BU message (message 31) from the MN to the TAR. This F-BU message has to be forwarded to the PAR, similar to the case shown in FIG. 2. After this, the PAR sends a HI message (message 32) to the TAR, and the TAR responds with a HACK message (message 33). Thereafter, the TAR sends a FBACK message (message 34) to the MN to complete the Fast Handover procedure. [0064] Thus, in scenario 3 the MN starts the Fast Handover procedure by sending a F-BU message after the movement. In the case the MN does not know the PAR's globally routable IP address the MN cannot address the F-BU message properly to the PAR unless the solution according to the present embodiment of the invention is used. [0065]FIGS. 4A and 4B illustrate the general procedure for the solution described in this invention. [0066] In general, in the �Anticipated case� of the Fast Handover procedure, the so-called MN_LLA (which carries the MN's link-layer identity, such as MAC address) option must be included in all the RtrSolPr, HI and F-BU messages of the Fast Handover procedure. This will enable the TAR to map the MN_LLA with the PAR's publicly routable global unicast address as described below. [0067] The MN-LLA is the Link-layer address of the MN, and is in particular the link-layer address of the MN that is undergoing handover to the destination. According to the above referenced Fast Handover Internet Draft (�draft-ietf-mobileip-fast-mipv6-06.txt�), this option should be included to help the destination recognize the MN when it connects to the destination. [0068]FIGS. 4A and 4B illustrate are embodiments of the method of the invention. Two possible scenarios, the �anticipated case� and �non-anticipated case� (as described in FIG. 2 and FIG. 3) are considered: [0069] �Anticipated Handover� case (FIG. 4A): when the TAR receives a HI message, the TAR maps the source IP address of the packet (PAR's publicly routable global unicast IP address, which is reachable from the TAR) with the MN_LLA included in that message. This is a feature according to this embodiment for an AR implementing the Fast Handover functionality. [0070] �Non-anticipated handover� case (FIG. 4B): as described above with respect to FIG. 3, in the case where the F-BU message was not sent before the movement, the MN sends the F-BU message to the PAR after the movement. This message is addressed to the PAR at the IP level but the Layer 2 (L2) frame is targeted to the TAR interface (next step in the routing path). The MN includes the following information in the message: [0071] Destination Address (D.A.): the link local address of the PAR (as specified in the above referenced Fast Handover Internet Draft) [0072] Source Address (S.A.): the MN_PCoA, i.e., the Previous Care of Address of the Mobile Node (as specified in the above referenced Fast Handover Internet Draft) [0073] At this point the NAR cannot forward the F-BU message to the PAR since the link local address is not globally routable and the NAR does not know the PAR's public IP address. [0074] Thus, according to the first embodiment of the invention, some parameters are included in the F-BU message whose goal is to enable the TAR to forward the F-BU message to the correct PAR: These parameters may be considered optional since they are only useful for the case where the MN sends the F-BU after the movement (�non-anticipated handover� case). According to this embodiment, the parameters are as follows: [0075] Old NET_ID: Network identity of the previous access network. [0076] Old APN_name|old AP_name: name of (GPRS) APN (Access Point Name) or (WLAN) AP (Access Point) which the MN was connected to in the previous access network. [0077] MN_LLA: link layer address of the MN. [0078] For example, the old network identity may be a PLMN ID (Public Land Mobile Network identity). [0079] After receiving the F-BU, the TAR checks the destination address (D.A.) of the packet. It realizes that the target IP address is a link local IP address (characterized by a prefix of FE80) which does not belong to itself. The TAR thus checks in a mapping table to determine whether there is an entry for the MN_LLA, which is included by the MN in the F-BU. The mapping table is created by mapping the PAR's publicly routable global IP address with the MN_LLA (information received into the HI message, as described above). [0080] In case there is an entry in the mapping table for the MN_LLA (i.e. HI message was already received by TAR) and the PAR has revealed its IP address, then the TAR obtains the PAR's IP address associated and forwards the F-BU message directly to the PAR (IP encapsulation can be used for the forwarding). This embodiment would apply for scenario 2 (anticipated case). [0081] In case there is not any entry in the mapping table for the MN_LLA, then the TAR forwards the F-BU message to the PAR, whose publicly routable global unicast address is determined with the help of the �old NET_ID� and �APN_name|old AP_name� options included by the MN in the F-BU message. The NAR may need the assistance of a node acting as a proxy in order to be able to perform this mapping which is described later by referring to a second embodiment of the invention. After the publicly routable global unicast IP address of the PAR is determined, the F-BU message can be forwarded to the PAR (e.g. Via IP-in-IP encapsulation). This embodiment would apply for scenario 3 (non-anticipated case). [0082] As a modification of the first embodiment, a situation can be handled in which the globally routable address of the TAR is not know to the MN. That is, in this modification, the roles of the PAR and the TAR with respect to determining a globally routable address are exchanged. [0083] The address of the TAR can be determined basically in the same way as according to the first embodiment. [0084] When, the mapping according to the first embodiment is applied, the PAR holds a mapping table in which the information for identifying the TAR received from the MN is mapped to a global address of the TAR. [0085] In the following, a second embodiment of the invention is described. The second embodiment is directed to TAR identification. [0086] As mentioned above, the TAR identification mechanism requires that the current AR determines the IP address of the TAR for the MN's handover. This is illustrated in FIG. 5, for example. FIG. 5 depicts the basic interaction at the IP layer between the current AR and the TAR. That is, the IP handover signaling between the current AR and the TAR requires that the current AR knows the target AR globally routable (public) IP address. It is noted that also the TAR needs the address of the PAR. [0087]FIG. 6 shows an example of a high level schematic of the TAR IP address discovery. In particular, a situation is illustrated in which the globally routable (public) IP address of the TAR is not known to the MN. A mobile node MN is attached to a current AR and wishes to perform a handover to a TAR (target AR). In FIG. 6 it is illustrated that the corresponding access points are Layer 2 Access Points (e.g. WLAN AP's). According to this example, a similar procedure as according to the first embodiment is adopted. Namely, the MN delivers information to the corresponding AR in order to identify the other AR (in this case, the TAR). In particular, in step S61, the MN monitors attributes (e.g., target WLAN AP MAC address) from the target network point of attachment which will help to identify the TAR IP address. In step S62, the attributes are reported to the current AR. In step S63, the current AR determines the IP address of the TAR based on the attributes passed by the MN. Thus, in step S64, the current AR can send the IP handover signaling to the correct TAR. [0088] It is noted that step S63 requires that the AR has access to a mapping table which maps Layer 2 IDs (e.g. WLAN AP MAC addresses) to the corresponding AR IP address. However, this will not work for the GPRS, since a given cell ID will not always map to the same GGSN�depending on what Access Point Name (APN) the MN is going to access. In the GPRS, the APN is a logical name describing the actual connected access point to the external packet data network according to DNS naming conventions. It refers to the GGSN to be used. [0089] As mentioned above, this requires that the current AR knows the globally routable IP address of the TAR. In some situations, however, this may not be possible/desired for any the following reasons. [0090] A first reason is that the TAR resides in a different administrative domain which wants to keep its internal addressing information confidential from other administrative domains. For example when a MN is moving from the WLAN to the GPRS, the TAR will be a GGSN in the GPRS network. If the WLAN is not administered by the GPRS operator (for example WLAN is administered by a University and the GPRS is administered by an Operator X), the GPRS operator (Operator X) is most likely unwilling to reveal its internal addressing (GGSN IP address) to the WLAN operator (University). Such information could be used, for example, to mount Denial of Service (DoS) attacks on the GGSN. In addition, the GGSN addressing information may be considered as confidential information by the GPRS operator. [0091] A second reason is that the TAR resides in a private IP addressing domain (i.e. the TAR does not have a publicly routable IP address). Another possibility is that the TAR does not have a globally routable IP address. This IP address, thus, cannot be used by the current AR for addressing the TAR (unless the current AR and TAR reside in the same private IP addressing space). [0092] A third reason is that the determination of the TAR requires some access-technology specific procedures. [0093] In addition to the above, there exist additional problems which are solved according to the second embodiment. The following problems may be addressed by the second embodiment: [0094] One problem is that in the Inter system handover WLAN to GPRS, the MN's target GGSN (TAR) will depend on the APN which the MN will access. As a result, the Layer 2 Access Point Identifier to TAR IP address mapping mechanism, will not work. Since in GPRS, the target GGSN depends on APN, the WLAN AR would need to be aware of APN-to-GGSN mappings which are typically maintained in a Domain Name Server (DNS) server in the GPRS operator's network. [0095] Another problem is that in some Access Networks, the determination of the TAR IP address requires some access-network specific functions. It is highly undesirable to expose these functions to other access networks. For example, determining the TAR in the GPRS means identifying the IP address of the target GGSN. In the GPRS, the target GGSN depends on the APN that the MN wants to access. The GPRS to APN mapping is determined by the Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN) by performing a DNS query. Once again, if the WLAN is not administered by the GPRS operator, the GPRS operator is highly unlikely to be willing to allow the WLAN operator to perform DNS query on its internal nodes. In addition, it would be desirable to maintain the GPRS specific details transparent from the WLAN network. It would be, thus, beneficial if the WLAN operator could avoid having to perform any GPRS specific operations in order to determine the target GGSN IP address. [0096] According to the second embodiment of the invention, a proxy function between administrative domains is introduced in order to allow the current AR to perform the required IP signaling towards the TAR (e.g. Fast Handover or Context Transfer signaling) without revealing the IP address of the TAR to the current AR (FIG. 6). In addition to this, the proxy function hides whatever access-network specific procedures are required in order to determine the TAR IP address. As a result, all target access networks will look the same from the current Access Router point of view. All the access specific functions are performed by the proxy residing in the specific access network. This is shown in FIG. 7. [0097] The MN delivers an information container containing access specific attributes about the target access network (step S72). For this, the MN monitors the attributes from the target network point of attachment which will help to identify the TAR IP address (e.g., target network PLMN ID) in step S71. [0098] The current Access Router uses some of these attributes to identify the target access network and corresponding proxy, and passes the rest of the attributes transparently to the identified proxy. In detail, in step S73 the current AR determines the IP address of the target network proxy corresponding to the attribute parameters passed by the MN (e.g., PLMN ID), and, in step S74, the IP handover signaling takes place between the current AR and the proxy. [0099] The proxy then performs all the target access network specific procedures required for determining the target Access Router IP address. The same node may also additionally proxy all the IP signaling between the current and target Access Routers. Namely, the target Access Router IP address is neither revealed to the current Access Router, which may be administered by a different operator, nor to the MN. From the current Access Router's point of view, the node will appear as if it was communicating directly with the target Access Router, or more specifically, with a target Access Router which resides in the same access technology. [0100] In detail, in step S75, the proxy performs access network specific function required for mapping the TAR IP address. In the GPRS case this means a DNS (Domain Name Server) query based on APN. Then, in step S76, the proxy proxies the IP HO (Handover) signaling between the current AR and the TAR (which is, in the GPRS case, a GGSN). [0101] Thus, as illustrated in the example shown in FIG. 7, the proxy entity performs all the access specific functions required for determining the TAR IP address. The proxy also hides the GPRS internal addressing from the WLAN network entities. [0102] The procedure according to the present embodiment of the invention will be described in more detail with reference to a specific scenario of WLAN to GPRS handover as illustrated in FIG. 8. FIG. 8 shows signaling flow of the TAR IP address discovery based on the proxy function in target network. It is noted that the messages �RtrSolPr� (Router Solicitation for Proxy), �HI� (Handover Initiate) and �HACK� (Handover Acknowledgement) are also described in the first embodiment, and are also described in Fast Handovers for Mobile IPv6 �draft-ietf-mobileip-fast-mipv6-06.txt�, for example. [0103] As a pre-requisite to the following steps, the current AR needs to have access to a table �T� which maps the identities of potential target networks (e.g. PLMN IDs) to the IP address of the corresponding proxy (e.g. for signaling to Operator Y use proxy IP address Z). [0104] In step S1, the MN gathers attributes �A� useful in identifying target network point of attachment (e.g., PLMN ID+APN). That is, the MN determines information about its target network point of attachment, by monitoring broadcast channels (also known as beacon in cellular systems) for example. The level of information that the MN can determine depends on the terminal capabilities and the type of target access network. [0105] In step S2, the MN sends the identified parameters about target GGSN to the current AR (i.e. the WLAN AR). These can be embedded in the RtrSolPr message in Fast Handovers, for example. The MN may need to include additional parameters required for identifying the TAR. In the GPRS case the MN may need to report the Access Point Name (APN) that the MN's applications will require when using the GPRS access, for example. In particular in the RtrSolPr message, an additional RtrSolPr Option or a new Destination Option containing the attributes �A� gathered in step S1 could be added. [0106] In step S3, the current AR (in this example, the WLAN AR) determines the target GPRS network (from the parameters passed by the MN) and identifies the address of the corresponding proxy from a list of available proxies (the WLAN network operator maintains a list of potential target networks and corresponding proxies in a table �T�, as described above). That is, the WLAN AR uses some of the attributes �A� (e.g., PLMN ID) to determine target network and corresponding proxy. [0107] In step S4, the MN sends the message intended for the GGSN (e.g., HI message in fast handovers) to the IP address of the identified proxy in step 3. This message contains a destination option including the parameters which can be used to identify the target GGSN (these parameters are the same ones passed by the MN in step S2). That is, the MN sends a HI message plus new Destination Option containing attributes �A� copied from the RtrSolPr message in step S2. [0108] In step S5, the proxy extracts the information from the destination option and determines the GGSN IP address corresponding to the parameters passed by the WLAN AR. For the specific case of the WLAN to GPRS handover, this may be implemented by performing a DNS query in the GPRS network, based on the APN contained in the message received by the proxy. This is illustrated in FIG. 7 by step S75. [0109] In addition, this feature is also illustrated in FIG. 9, which provides further details of step S5 in FIG. 8 which illustrates the case in which the target network is using the DNS for solving the address of the Target Access Router. Namely, in step S5 a, the proxy sends a DNS query for the APN to a DNS. In the case where the DNS successfully determines the IP address, it sends a DNS response containing the TAR IP address in step S5 b to the proxy. [0110] In step S6 the proxy forwards the message received from the WLAN AR (excluding the destination option) to the identified GGSN. This message needs to include a new ID option which helps the proxy identify to which WLAN AR it should send the corresponding response. In order to allow this, the AR also needs to maintain a temporary state which maps the WLAN AR IP address (read from the source address of the incoming packet) to the message ID used in the message forwarded to the GGSN. Alternatively, the message ID could be equal to the WLAN AR IP address. In this case, the proxy does not need to maintain any state. Hence, in step S6, the proxy sends a HI message (without the Destination Option containing the attributes) plus a new Destination option containing the IP address of the current AR, which was extracted from the IP header of the message sent in step S4. [0111] In step S7, the TAR (in this case, the GGSN) receives the message, and performs the necessary actions. The GGSN sends the reply message to the proxy. The message must include a copy of the message ID option, in order to help the proxy identify to which WLAN AR to forward the message. That is, the GGSN sends a HACK message plus a Destination option containing the IP address of the current AR, which was copied from the message sent in step S6. [0112] In step S8, the proxy receives the response message, strips off the message ID option and uses it to determine the target WLAN AR which the response should be forwarded to. The proxy then forwards the response message to the intended WLAN AR which sent the request message. That is, in step S8, the proxy sends a HACK message (without the Destination Option), and the proxy determines the destination IP address from the Destination Option in the message sent in step S7. [0113] In the following, the effects of the second embodiment with respect to the security associations required are described. [0114]FIG. 10 shows security associations required for the �standard solution�, in case no proxy as according to the second embodiment is used. [0115] In general, IP mobility signaling between Access Routers requires a Security Association between the Access Routers so that the IP mobility signaling can be protected. FIG. 10 illustrates that for the �standard solutions� n2 Security Associations are required for n geographically adjacent Access Routers. In the example shown in FIG. 10, three WLAN Access Routers (indicated in FIG. 10 by WLAN AR #1 to WLAN AR # 3) bordering a region covered by three GGSNs (indicated in FIG. 10 by GGSN #1 to GGSN #3) leads to a requirement of 32=9 Security Associations (indicated in FIG. 10 by SA #1 to SA #9). This leads to an exponential complexity. [0116]FIG. 11 illustrates security associations required for the solution according to the second embodiment. [0117] According to the second embodiment, a Security Association is only required between the proxy and each Access Router. This leads n Security Associations required for n geographically adjacent Access Routers, which corresponds to a linear complexity. In the example of FIG. 11, again three WLAN Access Routers and three GGSN are shown. Here, only six Security Associations are required. [0118] As a modification of the second embodiment, also here the reversed case can be applied, similar to the modification of the first embodiment. [0119] The invention is not limited to the embodiments described above but can vary within the scope of the claims. [0120] For example, the above embodiments can be freely combined. [0121] In particular, the proxy function described in the second embodiment can be used for the procedure according to the first embodiment and according to the modification of the first embodiment. [0122] Namely, in case there is not any entry for the MN_LLA in the procedure according to the first embodiment as illustrated in FIG. 3, for example, the TAR forwards the F-BU message to the PAR, whose publicly routable global unicast address is determined with the help of the �old NET_ID� and �APN_name|old AP_name� options included by the MN in the F-BU message. In this case, the NAR may need the assistance of a node acting as a proxy in order to be able to perform this mapping. This node can be the proxy as described in the second embodiment. [0123]FIG. 12 illustrates this case. Here, a similar situation as in FIG. 3 is shown (Scenario 3), wherein, however, a proxy is used. In message 121 the F-BU message including the parameters described in the first embodiment is sent from the MN to the TAR. In contrast to the first embodiment, the TAR does not try to determine the globally routable IP address of the PAR but forwards the F-BU message to the proxy. Now, the proxy determines the globally routable IP address of the PAR, if necessary, with the help of a DNS query. After obtaining the address, the proxy forwards the F-BU message to the PAR. [0124] After this, also the HI message (message 122) is forwarded to the TAR via the proxy, and also the HACK message (message 123) is sent from the TAR to the PAR via the proxy. That is, it is not necessary that the globally routable IP address of the PAR is known to the TAR or the MN. In order to complete the handover procedure, the FBACK message is sent to the MN in message 124, similar to message 34 in FIG. 3, for example. [0125] Moreover, the invention and in particular the second embodiment focuses on the proxy implementation for WLAN to GPRS interworking. However, the invention is not limited thereon. The same principle could be used between other access technologies, or even inside the same access technology, when IP mobility signaling between different administrative domains is required without revealing any confidential addressing, and without requiring access specific procedures, from the target access network to the current access network. [0126] The details given in the description of the first and the second embodiment and the modifications thereof indicate that all the required options are �piggybacked� (i.e., carried) on already existing signaling messages (namely Fast Handover messages). The information contained in these options could be equally transmitted through other mechanisms such as the Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) options, for example. [0127] The details of the internal functions of the proxy, as described in the first and second embodiment and the modifications thereof were specific to GPRS. This does not limit the applicability of this invention to other applications such as a WLAN to GPRS handover. If the target network is WLAN, for example, the proxy may maintain a table which maps the relevant WLAN AP MAC addresses to the corresponding AR IP address. [0128] The mobile node (MN) described as an example for a mobile entity mentioned in the above discussed embodiments is only provided as an example of a general network element. That is, the invention is applicable to any entity which can perform a handover or change of connection between two network access entities. [0129] In particular, in this application the term �mobile entity� is used to refer to any entity which switches its IP connectivity from one network access entity to another network access entity. This changeover may be caused by, but not limited to, for example, mobility of the mobile entity, selection by the end user of the mobile entity, or a trigger coming from the network end. [0130] In detail, according to the invention a mechanism is introduced enabling a Mobile Node (MN) as an example for a mobile entity to engage in signaling (e.g., IP signaling) with its off-link previous Access Router (PAR) as an example for the first network access entity, when the publicly routable global unicast IP address of the PAR is not known by the MN. The Mobile Node functionality may be in any mobile station, lap-top computer, PDA equipment or the like. [0131] The delivery of the Fast Binding Update (F-BU) message from MN to PAR in the Fast Handover protocol, when the PAR is a GGSN, is an example when such a mechanism is required. The solution according to this invention applies in the scenarios when the MN has to send the F-BU to the PAR after moving to the target network. [0132] Hence, by using the mechanism proposed by this invention the MN will be able to use the Fast Handover procedure when it performs IP handovers from GPRS to any other target network. [0133] Moreover, the publicly routable global unicast IP address of the GGSN in the GPRS network does not need to be revealed to the MN. [0134] The second network access entity may identify whether the message received from the mobile entity is directed to the first network access entity by checking the address indicated in the message, and check whether the address is globally routable. [0135] On checking the address, it may be judged whether the address is globally routable or not based on a prefix of the address. [0136] The message may be a Fast Binding Update (F-BU) message. [0137] The message including information for identifying the first network access entity may be sent before de-establishing the connection between the mobile entity and the first network entity. Alternatively, the message including information for identifying the first network access entity may be sent after de-establishing the connection between the mobile entity and the first network entity. [0138] When the message including information for identifying the first network access entity is sent before de-establishing the connection between the mobile entity and the first network entity, the second network access entity may receive a message from the first network access entity including the global address of the first network access entity. [0139] The second network access entity may hold a mapping table in which the information for identifying the first network access entity received from the mobile entity is mapped to a global address of the first network access entity. [0140] The information for identifying the first network access entity may include a link layer address of the mobile entity. [0141] Furthermore, a message including all or part of the information for identifying the first network access entity may be sent from the second network access entity to a proxy, wherein the proxy determines the address of the first network access entity. [0142] The information for identifying the first network access entity may include at least one of the following parameters: [0143] old network identity (such as, e.g., PLMN ID, Public Land Mobile Network Identity), [0144] old access point name (e.g., GPRS Access Point Name (APN) if the first network access entity was a GGSN), [0145] identity associated with the access point through which the mobile entity was connected to the first network access entity, and/or [0146] a link layer address of the mobile entity. [0147] Hence, the globally routable address of the first network entity is determined by a proxy, so that the global address does not have to be revealed to the second network entity or the mobile entity. [0148] Thus, according to the invention a handover or another kind of change of connection of a mobile entity between two network access entities can be performed even in case the address of one of the participating network access entities is either not known or is not desired to be publicly known. [0149] The proxy may be also used to forward signalling (and other traffic) between the second network access entity and the first network access entity. [0150] The mobile entity may monitor attributes of the network of the first network access entity, in advance of the handover, in order to obtain information for identifying the first network access entity. [0151] The second network access entity may determine the address of the appropriate proxy based on information included in the information for identifying the first network access entity received from the mobile entity. [0152] Additionally, the above object, for the second scenario, is solved by a method for performing a handing over a connection of a mobile entity from a first network access entity to a second network access entity, wherein a global address of the second network access entity is not known to the mobile entity, the method comprising the step of sending a message including information for identifying the second network access entity from the mobile entity to the first network access entity, which enables the first network entity to direct traffic to the second network entity. [0153] In addition, the above object is solved by a network system including a mobile entity, a first network access entity and a second network access entity, wherein a global address of the second network access entity is not known to the mobile entity. The mobile entity is adapted to send a message including information for identifying the second network access entity to the first network access entity, which enables the first network entity to direct traffic to the second network entity. [0154] Furthermore, a message including all or part of the information for identifying the second network access entity may be sent to a proxy, wherein the proxy determines the address of the second network access entity. [0155] Hence, the globally routable address of the second network entity is determined by a proxy, so that the global address does not have to be revealed to the first network entity or the mobile entity. [0156] Thus, according to the invention a handover or another kind of change of connection of a mobile entity between two network access entities can be performed even in case the address of one of the participating network access entities is either not known or is not desired to be publicly known. [0157] The proxy may also be used to forward signalling (and other traffic) between the first network access entity and the second network access entity. [0158] The mobile entity may monitor attributes of the network of the second network access entity in order to obtain information for identifying the second network access entity. [0159] The first network access entity may determine the address of the proxy based on information included in the information for identifying the second network access entity received from the mobile entity. [0160] The first network access entity may identify whether the message received from the mobile entity is directed to the second network access entity by checking the address indicated in the message, and checking whether the address is globally routable. [0161] Furthermore, during checking the address, it may be judged whether the address is globally routable or not based on a prefix of the address. [0162] The message may be a Handover Initiate (HI) message. [0163] The first network access entity may hold a mapping table in which the information for identifying the second network access entity received from the mobile entity is mapped to a global address of the second network access entity. [0164] The information for identifying the second network access entity may comprise at least one of the following parameters: [0165] target network identity (such as, e.g., PLMN ID, Public Land Mobile Network Identity), [0166] target access point name (e.g., target GPRS Access Point Name (APN), if the new connection is a GPRS connection), and/or [0167] identity associated with the access point through which the mobile entity will be connected to the second network access entity. Referenced byCiting PatentFiling datePublication dateApplicantTitleUS7660584May 12, 2006Feb 9, 2010Nortel Networks LimitedUsing an access point name to select an access gateway nodeUS7787422 *Jul 5, 2006Aug 31, 2010Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd.Fast handover method for IPv6 over 802.16 networkUS8009629 *Mar 30, 2006Aug 30, 2011Panasonic CorporationCommunication handover method and communication message processing methodUS8169965 *Jun 14, 2005May 1, 2012Nokia CorporationInter-mode/inter-rat handoverUS8169971Jun 8, 2009May 1, 2012Fujitsu LimitedBase station apparatus, communication control system, communication control method, and inter-station control methodUS8238900 *Aug 30, 2007Aug 7, 2012Motorola Mobility LlcManagement of anticipated data outages in a Push-to-X communication systemUS8422433Mar 15, 2012Apr 16, 2013Fujitsu LimitedBase station apparatus, communication control system, communication control method, and inter-station control methodUS8422458 *Nov 18, 2010Apr 16, 2013Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd.Handoff method in FMIPv6 for seamless TCP packet transmissionsUS8488554Apr 24, 2009Jul 16, 2013Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd.Method and system for handover between different types of access systemsUS8588183 *Nov 6, 2007Nov 19, 2013Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd.Access router and method of processing handover by access routerUS8781480Feb 12, 2010Jul 15, 2014Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd.Handover method and apparatus in a wireless communication system including femto cellsUS8824352Dec 10, 2010Sep 2, 2014Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd.Mobile access gateway, mobile node and method for processing handover state informationUS8873510 *Aug 10, 2012Oct 28, 2014Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd.Gateway selection method, apparatus and system during heterogeneous network handoverUS8914032May 27, 2014Dec 16, 2014Samsung Electronics Co., LtdHandover method and apparatus in a wireless communication system including femto cellsUS20100296453 *Jan 28, 2008Nov 25, 2010Nokia Siemens Networks OyApparatus and method comprising at least one resource recordUS20110064055 *Nov 18, 2010Mar 17, 2011Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd.Handoff method in fmipv6 for seamless tcp packet transmissionsUS20110103340 *Dec 9, 2008May 5, 2011Zte CorporationMethod and System for Realizing Network Switching, and a Mobile NodeUS20110211559 *Oct 29, 2009Sep 1, 2011Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd.Data forwarding method and system for vertical handoverUS20120307797 *Aug 10, 2012Dec 6, 2012Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd.Gateway selection method, apparatus and system during heterogeneous network handoverEP1865671A1 *Mar 30, 2006Dec 12, 2007Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd.Communication handover method and communication message processing methodEP1978684A1 *Apr 5, 2007Oct 8, 2008Nokia Siemens Networks OyHandover method wireless packet transceiving equipment data exchange systemEP1993266A1 *May 16, 2007Nov 19, 2008Nokia Siemens Networks OyInternet protocol address discovery in cellular networksEP2166797A1 *Jun 18, 2009Mar 24, 2010Fujitsu LimitedBase station apparatus, communication control system, communication control method, and inter-station control methodWO2006124577A2May 12, 2006Nov 23, 2006Nortel Networks LtdUsing an access point name to select an access gateway nodeWO2006124577A3 *May 12, 2006Nov 8, 2007Nortel Networks LtdUsing an access point name to select an access gateway nodeWO2007013839A1 *Jul 25, 2005Feb 1, 2007Ericsson Telefon Ab L MMeans and methods for improving the handover characteristics of radio access networksWO2008122601A1 *Apr 4, 2008Oct 16, 2008Nokia Siemens Networks OyHandover method wireless packet transceiving equipment data exchange systemWO2008138965A2 *May 15, 2008Nov 20, 2008Nokia Siemens Networks OyInternet protocol address discovery in cellular networksWO2009114025A1 *Mar 27, 2008Sep 17, 2009Qualcomm IncorporatedSupporting communications in a wireless network using an ip addressWO2010093172A2 *Feb 11, 2010Aug 19, 2010Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd.Handover method and apparatus in a wireless communication system including femto cells* Cited by examinerClassifications U.S. Classification370/395.52International ClassificationH04L29/06, H04L12/28, H04W80/04, H04W8/08, H04W36/00, H04W36/14Cooperative ClassificationH04W80/04, H04W8/087, H04W36/0011, H04W36/14European ClassificationH04W8/08MLegal EventsDateCodeEventDescriptionSep 3, 2014FPAYFee paymentYear of fee payment: 4Sep 24, 2012ASAssignmentOwner name: VRINGO INFRASTRUCTURE INC., NEW YORKFree format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:NOKIA CORPORATION;REEL/FRAME:029010/0345Effective date: 20120910Feb 12, 2004ASAssignmentOwner name: NOKIA CORPORATION, FINLANDFree format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:ALARCON, LEOPOLDO;GRECH, SANDRO;REEL/FRAME:014983/0587;SIGNING DATES FROM 20040122 TO 20040126Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:ALARCON, LEOPOLDO;GRECH, SANDRO;SIGNING DATES FROM 20040122 TO 20040126;REEL/FRAME:014983/0587Owner name: NOKIA CORPORATION, FINLANDFree format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:ALARCON, LEOPOLDO;GRECH, SANDRO;SIGNING DATES FROM 20040122 TO 20040126;REEL/FRAME:014983/0587RotateOriginal ImageGoogle Home - Sitemap - USPTO Bulk Downloads - Privacy Policy - Terms of Service - About Google Patents - Send FeedbackData provided by IFI CLAIMS Patent Services

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Mtkvari River - definition of Mtkvari River by The Free Dictionary
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Gauri Khan does a Throwback Tuesday, shares old pic with Shah Rukh Khan | bollywood | Hindustan Times
Gauri Khan shared an ‘ancient’ photo of herself with husband Shah Rukh Khan on Twitter, and said that she was “struggling to refresh” it.
bollywood Updated: Sep 12, 2017 16:06 IST
Shah Rukh Khan and Gauri Khan have been for 25 years. They have three children, Aryan, Suhana and AbRam.
She shared the same picture on Instagram, and this one offered more details. She added “Cropped #beauty plus #filters #retouch,” to the caption, suggesting she’d put some photo editing work into the image.
The couple is posing with a small dog in the picture, looking happily married, as they have been for 25 years. They have three children, Aryan, Suhana and AbRam.
Both Aryan, 19 and Suhana, 17, are expected to make their film debuts soon, probably under the guidance of filmmaker Karan Johar, a close friend of Shah Rukh’s who has directed him in several projects.
He’s currently filming director Anand L Rai’s new film, in which he is rumoured to be playing a dwarf. Gauri, meanwhile, is an interior designer, and has designed the homes of several Bollywood stars.
This isn’t the first time Guari has shared old photos with Shah Rukh. She has routinely been posting old images since she joined Twitter in February. She has 1.6 million followers on Instagram.

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Resorts & Hotels with Spas in Vila Nova de Gaia : Find 813 Hotel Deals | Expedia
Resorts & Hotels with Spas in Vila Nova de Gaia
Featured Vila Nova de Gaia Resorts & Hotels with Spas
See all 813 Hotels in Vila Nova de Gaia
Comfy and cool hostel, amazing staff Gaia hostel is located in the beautiful Ries street of V.N. de Gaia. The place has a cool styling and a worm staff. Joao, the owner, will help you with everything before you even asked :) We stayed in the douro suite and enjoyed our stay very much. And the staff even cleans it every day - somthing ...
Incredible hotel with spectacular views! What an incredible location for a hotel with views across the river to the UNESCO portion of Porto and all the way down the river. The rooms, spa and pool facilities, food and staff were all top notch! I can't wait to go back!
Nice place to relax opposite shopping centre Happy withy the hotel and it's services but it was a little far away from Porto. We had to catch a bus or uber to get to the beach or centre of Porto. Too far to walk.
Delightful Hotel This hotel is only 4 years old and still in pristine condition. The decor is to die for. Modern, mixed with touches of french furniture. Stunning. The hotel staff were extremely friendly and helpful. Super bedroom. The hotel seems to be in the middle of nowhere about 20/30 mins drive from Porto but ...
Good experience. Easy access, safe neighborhood. Nice spa facility
Nice hotel, close to beach. Very pleasant experience. Staff were very friendly and hotel run to a high standard. Would happily return there.
Aguda, Vila Nova de Gaia
Recently booked Resorts & Hotels with Spas in Vila Nova de Gaia
Vila Nova de Gaia Resorts & Spa Travel Guide
Indulge Yourself with a Vila Nova de Gaia Spa Vacation
Grab your luggage and forget your concerns to jumpstart your tension-free holiday. If you are seeking for fashionable accommodations or budget-friendly options, we can help you find the best place to stay. You'll find in having you take it easy. There is no treatment like spa treatment. Take the opportunity for a vacation where you can have all your worries melt away in Vila Nova de Gaia.
Book a Vila Nova de Gaia Spa Vacation that Won't Break the Bank
There is no greater feeling than opening the door to your room and realizing all the little things will be taken care for you. Unwind and stretch out for a bit. After that you can schedule your first appointment to indulge yourself at a nearby spa. After you've indulged yourself by getting a therapeutic massage, rejuvenating within the steam room, or lounging poolside, you can put on your explorer's cap and uncover the hidden gems of Vila Nova de Gaia. Discovering incredible foods, eclectic boutiques, or a happening venue can be one of the many highlights of your vacation. If you're not sure where to begin, speak with your hotel's front-desk attendant to get an idea for what Vila Nova de Gaia has to offer. There is no better source than a local to point you to an exciting evening out or to a cafe to grab a few drinks at and relax. Wherever you end up, just make sure to take it easy. Your spa holiday should be nothing but highly relaxing.
With so many ways to wind you down, Vila Nova de Gaia consistently ranks as one of the best spots for a spa vacation.
Espinho Hotels (5.19 mi)
Vila Nova de Gaia Hotels (3.87 mi)
Guimaraes Hotels (29.96 mi)
Barcelos Hotels (31.94 mi)
Baiao Hotels (32.06 mi)
Porto Hotels (5.36 mi)
Maia Hotels (11.81 mi)
Matosinhos Hotels (10.73 mi)
Vila do Conde Hotels (18.74 mi)
Penafiel Hotels (16.59 mi)
Paredes Hotels (12.81 mi)
Torreira Hotels (23.1 mi)
Sao Joao da Madeira Hotels (13.5 mi)
Albergaria-a-Velha Hotels (26.33 mi)
Santo Tirso Hotels (18.81 mi)
Oliveira De Azemeis Hotels (17.38 mi)
Amarante Hotels (30.08 mi)
Castro Daire Hotels (36.36 mi)
Vila Nova de Famalicao Hotels (23.54 mi)
Valongo Hotels (10.6 mi)
Vila Nova de Gaia Resorts & Hotels with Spas & More
Resorts & Hotels with Spas Near Popular Vila Nova de Gaia Attractions
Sandeman Cellars Hotels (4.46 mi)
Serra do Pilar Monastery Hotels (4.45 mi)
Lavadores Beach Hotels (5.64 mi)
Clube de Golfe de Miramar Hotels (1.88 mi)
Emboscada Parque Aventura Hotels (2.48 mi)
Clube de Golf de Miramar Hotels (3.07 mi)
Senhor da Pedra Chapel Hotels (3.25 mi)
St. Ignatius Zoo Hotels (3.37 mi)
Igreja da Nossa Senhora da Nazare Hotels (3.41 mi)
Estacao Litoral da Aguda Aquarium Hotels (3.47 mi)
Granja Beach Hotels (3.7 mi)
Teixeira Lopes House Museum Hotels (3.83 mi)
Vila Nova de Gaia Resorts & Hotels with Spas by Star Rating

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Seokwon Bang - Semantic Scholar
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Development stress monitoring system based on personal digital assistant (PDA)
Mi-Hee Lee, Gary Yang, H.-K. Lee, Seokwon Bang
We have developed nonintrusive type stress monitoring system based on the PDA (Personal Digital Assistance). This system separated sensing part of the physiological signal and estimating part of the… (More)
In home environments, demands for a robot to serve a user are on the increase, such as cleaning rooms, bringing something to the user, and so on. To achieve these tasks, it is essential for… (More)
Kyo Chul Kang, Moonzoo Kim, +4 authors Seokwon Bang
Typical robot development requires that hardware be mostly functional before significant software development begins. Utilizing virtual prototype of hardware and its environment can reduce… (More)
Myung-Jin Jung, Hyun Myung, Hyoung-Ki Lee, Seokwon Bang
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Application of Electronic Compass for Mobile Robot in an Indoor Environment
Vladimir Y. Skvortzov, Hyoung-Ki Lee, Seokwon Bang, Yongbeom Lee
This paper presents a novel approach to electronic compassing for robot in an indoor environment. Operation of compass (magnetometer) is assumed on a mobile robot that is capable to traverse a… (More)
Hyun Myung, Hyoung-Ki Lee, Kiwan Choi, Seokwon Bang, Yongbeom Lee, Sang Ryoung Kim
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Back for more.... - Review of Hotel18, Miami Beach, FL - TripAdvisor
Hotels near Hotel18
Hotels near Sobe Is Love
Restaurants near Hotel18
Things to do near Hotel18
Back for more.... - Hotel18
The price you found is 22% lower than this hotel's average rate of $364/night.
ZenHotels.com$330
Orbitz.com$284
CheapTickets$284
dtownp
Back for more....
Review of Hotel18
I definitely enjoyed my stay, at the hotel. I visited the area in june and received amazing customer service from a gentlemen named Jorge all weekend. The location, plus the cleanliness, plus how comfortable my room was and to top it off what I call him "super jorge" ...lol took care of us, during my late check in. So because of all that I came back aug 9-11 to the same hotel and again jorge was excellent. Also this time around I received great additional care from alexandre and a young lady who gave me some great info and help. I will be back!!!
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View all 18 deals from $321
The price you found is 21% lower than this hotel's average rate of $447/night.
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Mondrian South Beach Hotel(Miami Beach)
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The price you found is 17% lower than this hotel's average rate of $290/night.
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All reviews great location lincoln road private apartment south beach small kitchen convention center bus stop bigger room quiet at night walking distance an umbrella beach chairs fridge block collins passcode miami
131 - 136 of 481 reviews
This hotel was a very good choice for us, it was better than we expected! The quality-price are the best.
The rooms are new with a small kitchen and all the kitchenware, coffee and tea!
Everything was clean, the bed was very comfortable that made our stay much better! All the staff was friendly and ready to help with different questions.
The territory of the hotel is small but cosy with a cortyard where you can sit and drink coffee or just relax in the evening.
It is only 1,5 blocks from the beach, you can take beach towels in the hotel that is very convenient.
The hotel is situated close to all the night life of Miami Beach (bars, stores, restaurants etc.) but quite far not to hear this social life in the hotel.
I can highly recommend this place for your vacation in Miami..
Room tip: Room on the 2nd floor
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Nilda M
The best hotel service I have ever experienced
The service at hotel 18 was the best service I have ever received from a hotel staff. My husband and I have stayed in many top rated hotels but the service provided by hotel 18 was absolutely the best! Robert specifically treated us as if we were family. He did everything he could to make sure we had everything we needed. He went above and beyond! The rest of the staff was also very helpful. We will definitely stay at hotel 18 again. Good service goes a long way! Not to mention all the other amentities go the hotel
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Very close to Miami Beach
We have spent few night in Hotel 18. Overall, we would recommend it.
+ central location, 5 mins to the Beach
+ close to restaurants and other facilities,
+ safe
+ very nice and helpful staff
- internet works only in the main square
- price. However, in this central location you will always pay more.
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Quincebush
What a find! This small hotel in the centre of South Beach was the ideal location to explore and enjoy the beach. The room was spacious and a really comfortable standard with the staff very helpful. The only downside was the staff recommending a half price Everglades trip with very poor reviews? It is easy to find alternative operators.
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1 Thank Quincebush
Wexland
We stayed here for 1 nights stop in Miami. Hotel not right in the heart of it all but it's rally not far from shops and restaurants.
Staff so helpful and friendly. Rooms small but perfectly formed. Very clean! V handy having little kitchen area. Useful smellies etc in bathroom.
Recommended, would definitely stay again.
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2 Thank Wexland

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7U1A0231: Digital Photography Review
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Prijavi ovu recenziju Kiang K.
Prijavi ovu recenziju Remia R.
If you want a hotel right next to a beach,, some rooms actually on the water its a great hotel,,, the hotel is far to go if you want to go to shop,, walking up a dark road at night to the main road,,,the food menu quality is good but not much to chose from,, and the area is used alot by locals so gets very busy,, especially on a sunday,,as in 100's of people....there are water activities there but very expensive,, cebu's only submarine is based there and three diving centres so it is a busy area,,, but it is really close to the sea,, 10 metres.. No wifi in the rooms either,, hard to get taxi from as well ... Prijavi ovu recenziju Grace V.
Didn't enjoyed much our stay. It was very noisy at night due to guests next to our room are shouting and drinking. The beach is open to public so it was toooooo crowded. Only good point is the room we got is big and clean to stay. Prijavi ovu recenziju Palle H.
The hotel is located at the water... basically. If you are a diver, its a good place to stay, but its worth considering that it is a bit remote. Not a lot of activities and the restaurant close around 9-10PM. The staff will keep it open if you require, but as not much is going on, we just went to bed early. The hotel do not have its own dive shop, but there are plenty in the area. If you are a non-diver and want to stay on the beach, the hotel is not for you. Prijavi ovu recenziju Medelyn T.
The beach was ok but not that great. The place was clean and friendly staff. Prijavi ovu recenziju Grant G.
Prijavi ovu recenziju Oldrich T.

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Revision as of 05:42, 22 April 2012 (view source)Lotje (talk | contribs)← Older edit
− −open / closed/ state statues In early years, children were raised by relatives or interested families without a formal adoption taking place and no official adoption records being created. In later years, adoptions involved court proceedings whose records are closed to the public. In early years, children were raised by relatives or interested families without a formal adoption taking place and no official adoption records being created. In later years, adoptions involved court proceedings whose records are closed to the public. −For more information, see [[Adoption Research|Adoption Research]] for additional resources and strategies +For more information, see [[Adoption Research|Adoption Research]] for additional resources and strategies

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Added by Kim K. on Jan 22, 2012.
January 22, 2012 8:41 PM This was a hike in the rain!! 1900 foot climb in 3 1/2 miles, with rain and wind the whole way up! On the way down, the skies opened up and we could see what we had hiked up. A gorgeous adventure. Thanks for organizing, leading and sweeping (Lyn and Edd).
This was a hike in the rain!! 1900 foot climb in 3 1/2 miles, with rain and wind the whole way up! On the way down, the skies opened up and we could see what we had hiked up. A gorgeous adventure. Thanks for organizing, leading and sweeping (Lyn and Edd).
Ontario Peak 14mi 3700' gain
Strawberry Peak 12mi 4000' gain
Mendenhall Peak 12 mi, 2000'gain
1,867 ACTIVE - Adventurists
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