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Patent US6757988 - Control system for a clothes dryer heater - Google Patents
A control system for a clothes dryer includes a control circuit adapted to set the amount of power sent to a main heater of the dryer during various cycles of operation. The control circuit automatically controls the maximum temperature reached in a particular dryer cycle through the use of a thermostat...http://www.google.com/patents/US6757988?utm_source=gb-gplus-sharePatent US6757988 - Control system for a clothes dryer heater
Publication number US6757988 B2
Application number US 10/152,012
Also published as CA2422648A1, US20030217480
Publication number 10152012, 152012, US 6757988 B2, US 6757988B2, US-B2-6757988, US6757988 B2, US6757988B2
Inventors Jordan S. Bruntz, Joel L. Herr
Patent Citations (21), Referenced by (15), Classifications (6), Legal Events (5)
Control system for a clothes dryer heater
US 6757988 B2
A control system for a clothes dryer includes a control circuit adapted to set the amount of power sent to a main heater of the dryer during various cycles of operation. The control circuit automatically controls the maximum temperature reached in a particular dryer cycle through the use of a thermostat that switches the main heater from a full power setting to a low power setting when the temperature in the dryer reaches a certain maximum preset temperature. By providing low power, rather than no power as the thermostat trips at its preset high temperature, the total drying time required to dry articles of clothing within the dryer is reduced.
an outer cabinet shell;
a rotatable drum mounted within said outer cabinet shell, said drum being adapted to receive articles of clothing to be heated and dried during a drying operation;
a heater for heating the articles of clothing; and
a control circuit for cyclically switching the heater, at least twice during the drying operation, between a first condition, wherein the heater produces a first amount of heat, and a second condition, wherein the heater produces a second amount of heat, said second amount of heat being less than said first amount of heat, but greater than zero.
2. The clothes dryer according to claim 1, wherein said control circuit includes a thermostat for switching the heater from said first condition to said second condition at a first measured temperature and from said second condition to said first condition at a second measured temperature.
3. The clothes dryer according to claim 1, wherein said control circuit changes the condition of said heater by changing the amount of voltage applied to the heater.
4. The clothes dryer according to claim 3, wherein said amount of voltage applied to the heater is approximately 240 volts in a first condition and approximately 120 volts in a second condition.
5. The clothes dryer according to claim 2, wherein the control circuit further comprises:
a biasing heater arranged adjacent to said thermostat, and
a first bias switch movable between first and second positions wherein, when the first bias switch is in the first position, said biasing heater is powered to cause said thermostat to trip at a temperature which is lower than when the first bias switch is in the second position.
6. The clothes dryer according to claim 5, wherein said biasing heater is not powered through the first bias switch when the first bias switch is in the second position.
7. The clothes dryer according to claim 5, wherein the control circuit further comprises:
a second bias switch movable between first and second positions wherein, when the second bias switch is in the first position, said biasing heater is powered through the resistor to cause said thermostat to trip at a temperature which is lower than when the second bias switch is in the second position.
8. A clothes dryer comprising:
a drum rotatably mounted within said outer cabinet shell, said drum being adapted to receive articles of clothing to be heated and dried within said drum during a drying operation;
a main heater for heating the articles of clothing; and
a control circuit, including a thermostat, for cyclically changing the main heater between first and second operational states at first and second operational temperatures at least twice during the drying operation, wherein said main heater is powered in each of the first and second operational states.
9. The clothes dryer according to claim 8, wherein the control circuit further comprises:
10. The clothes dryer according to claim 9, wherein said biasing heater is not powered through the first bias switch when the first bias switch is in the second position.
11. The clothes dryer according to claim 9, wherein the control circuit further comprises:
12. The clothes dryer according to claim 9, wherein said control circuit automatically changes the main heater between the first and second operational states by changing the amount of voltage applied to the main heater.
13. The clothes dryer according to claim 12, wherein said amount of voltage applied to the main heater is approximately 240 volts in the first operational state and 120 volts in the second operational state.
14. A method of performing a drying operation on articles of clothing within a drum of a clothes dryer comprising:
setting a drying temperature for the drying operation; and
varying an amount of heat supplied by a heater of the clothes dryer in a cyclical manner, at least twice during the drying operation, from a first condition, wherein the heater produces a first amount of heat, to a second condition, wherein the heater produces a second amount of heat, said second amount of heat being less than said first amount of heat, but greater than zero.
15. The method of claim 14, further comprising: measuring a temperature within the clothes dryer and switching the heater between the first and second conditions based on said temperature.
16. The method of claim 14, further comprising: changing an amount of voltage applied to the heater by applying an approximately 240 volt differential during the first condition and applying an approximately 120 volt differential to the heater during the second condition.
activating a biasing heater arranged adjacent to a thermostat used to switch the heater between the first and second conditions; and
shifting a first bias switch between first and second positions wherein, when the first bias switch is in the first position, said biasing heater is powered to cause said thermostat to trip at a temperature which is lower than when the first bias switch is in the second position.
18. The method of claim 17, further comprising: deactivating said biasing heater through the first bias switch when the first bias switch is in the second position.
19. The method of claim 18, further comprising: shifting a second bias switch between first and second positions wherein, when the second bias switch is in the first position, said biasing heater causes said thermostat to trip at a temperature which is lower than when the second bias switch is in the second position.
The present invention relates to a control system for a clothes dryer and, more particularly, to a clothes dryer including a heater control system configured such that the power supplied to the heater is altered in an efficient manner by cycling the amount of heat supplied by the heater between a high power level and a low power level during a drying operation.
It is well known in the art to provide a clothes dryer with a mechanism to control the amount of heat supplied during a drying process. For example, a clothes dryer having a simple time-dry control allows a user to place wet articles inside the dryer and to select both a duration and a temperature setting for the drying process. In such a process, drying simply continues until the set time expires. Typically, in such an operation, the dryer will initially set its electrical heating element to a full power of approximately 5,000 watts. The temperature within the dryer will then rise until it reaches a preset maximum. Thereafter, the dryer will enter a no power mode during which the heating element will be set to zero power. In general, the no power mode has been employed to avoid overheating the articles of clothing. The dryer will then alternate between full power and no power modes until the set time has expired.
In such an operation, the user has no control over what preset maximum power will be provided to the heater of the dryer. Further the amount of heat provided in the no power mode, namely zero power, is also not affected by either the user or the control circuit in prior art devices. This is particularly problematic for delicate clothing which can be easily damaged by high temperatures. To address this potential problem regarding delicate clothing, dryers typically allow for a fluff cycle during which time the heating element is not activated at all. Of course, without any heating, drying times can be excessively long.
It is also well known in the art to provide a clothes dryer with a sensor that automatically controls the drying operation. Essentially, when a sensor dry mode is selected, the user places wet articles inside the dryer drum and selects a desired final dryness level. Instead of forcing the user to guess as to how long the process should take, the machine stops when the desired dryness level is reached. For this purpose, the machine includes at least one moisture sensor for detecting the level of moisture in the articles. The machine simply operates until the moisture sensor detects the final desired dryness level selected. By terminating the process upon achieving the desired final dryness level, there is no need to re-start the drying process to finish incomplete drying. In addition, extra energy is not expended to dry the articles beyond the desired dryness level.
Even with the sensor-dry mode, a typical prior art dryer will have its electrical heating element initially set to full power, again approximately 5,000W. Once again the temperature within the dryer will then rise until it reaches a preset maximum. The dryer will then enter a no power mode during which the heating element will be set to zero power. In a manner similar to the time-dry mode, the dryer will cycle between the heating mode and no power mode until the moisture sensor detects the final desired dryness level selected. Even with the use of a moisture sensor, articles of clothing placed within the drying machine are still subject to a temperature which varies from a high-temperature that may damage some types of clothing, to a low-temperature which is inefficient in that it will not properly dry the clothing in a reasonable amount of time.
Other known dryer arrangements work in a somewhat different manner. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 3,612,500 teaches controlling a first source of heat to establish a high output level for an initial portion of a drying cycle and a second source of heat to establish a lower output level during a subsequent portion of the drying cycle. Specifically, two heater elements are provided, rated at 3,100 and 2,500 watts respectively. During an initial portion of the drying cycle, both heaters are on. However, after the temperature in the drum reaches 160° F., both heaters are turned off and, for the rest of the cycle, only one of the heaters is turned on and off, with a thermostat being used to control the dryer temperature. Even with this modification, the lower power level for the heater equals zero and the upper power level can only be set by the controller to either 5,600 watts or 2,500 watts.
In a similar manner, U.S. Pat. No. 3,508,340 discloses a dryer that provides heating at two power levels. During a first phase of heating, a high power of 4,400 watts is achieved by applying 240 volts to a heating element, while a low power of 1,100 watts is achieved later in the cycle by providing 120 volts to the heating element. Even with this teaching, the power supplied, while the thermostat is cycling, is zero and the upper power can only be set by the controller to either 4,400 watts or 1,100 watts.
Finally, U.S. Pat. No. 2,851,790 also discloses a temperature control system for a dryer. This patent teaches using a variable resistor in series with a bias heater so as to allow for variable adjustment of the output of the bias heater. The bias heater is used to heat a temperature control thermostat so that the thermostat will trip at a lower temperature. Regardless, the main heater still operates at either a high power level or at a no power level.
Based on the above, there exists a need in the art to provide a control system for a clothes dryer which allows for adjustment of the amount of power sent to a heating element of the dryer between various preset levels between full power and no power during a drying operation.
The present invention is particularly directed to a control system for a clothes dryer including a timer, a temperature sensor, and a circuit which is able to set the amount of power sent to a main heating element of the dryer during various cycles of operation. In accordance with the invention, the circuit automatically controls the maximum temperature reached in the dryer cycle. More specifically, a thermostat is employed to switch a main heater from a full power setting to a low power setting when the temperature in the dryer reaches a certain maximum preset temperature. Adding heat with a bias heater arranged near the thermostat during certain drying cycles changes the actual maximum temperature that the thermostat reacts to. The low power setting for the main heater is provided by switching one set of heating element contacts to neutral rather than turning the heating element completely off by disconnecting it from the power source. The switch returns the heating element to a full power setting by connecting the heating element contacts to different voltage sources when the sensed temperature within the dryer reaches a certain low temperature set point. This feature preferably only remains active during heat cycles, not during a cool down operation.
By providing low power, rather than no power, as the thermostat trips at its preset high temperature, the total drying time required to dry articles of clothing within the dryer is reduced. In any event, additional objects, features and advantages of the invention will become more readily apparent from the following detailed description of preferred embodiments thereof, when taken in conjunction with drawings wherein like reference numerals refer to corresponding parts in the several views.
FIG. 1 is a front view of a clothes dryer incorporating a power level control system according to the invention;
FIG. 2 is a plan view of a control panel provided on the clothes dryer of FIG. 1; and
FIG. 3 is a control circuit diagram according to the preferred embodiment of the invention.
A clothes dryer 1 of the present invention is shown in FIG. 1 and generally includes an outer cabinet 10 having a frontal opening leading to a rotatable drum 14 and a door 18 for closing the opening. Disposed on the upper surface of outer cabinet 10 is a control panel 22 for establishing a desired operational sequence for programming clothes dryer 1 of the invention.
In a manner generally known in the art, and best seen in the enlarged view of FIG. 2, control panel 22 includes a plurality of buttons and other control elements for setting parameters of a desired drying operation for clothes dryer 1. Although control panel 22 is described below in a specific arrangement, it should be understood that the particular arrangement is only exemplary, as a wide range of layouts would suffice. In any event, shown on the left side of control panel 22 is a temperature selector 40 which includes buttons for determining the maximum temperature achievable in drum 14 of clothes dryer 1. In the most preferred embodiment, temperature selector 40 includes an air fluff button 42, a delicate button 44, a medium button 46 and a regular button 48.
Next to temperature selector 40 is a moisture monitor 55 for displaying the current moisture state of articles contained within clothes dryer 1. Moisture monitor 55 is shown as including a set of LED's 58 for indicating specific moisture levels. LED's 58 are shown vertically arranged, whereby the individual LED's 58 a-f can be illuminated to indicate a current moisture level. For example, illuminating LED 58 a alone can signify a low moisture level.
Proximate to moisture monitor 55 is a signal controller 62. Signal controller 62 is provided to selectively regulate the operation of a buzzer (not shown), and includes an “off” button 64 and an “on” button 66. The selection of the “on” button 66 causes the buzzer to sound upon completion of the drying operation, while selection of the “off” button 64 prevents the buzzer from sounding upon completion of the drying operation. Additionally, control panel 22 includes a start button 70 for commencing operation of clothes dryer 1.
Finally, control panel 22 includes a control dial 100 for programming clothes dryer 1. Disposed at the center of dial 100 is a location pointer 101 that indicates an established setting for dial 100. Annularly disposed about the periphery of dial 100 are indicia 103 that illustrate the various settings. Specifically, indicia 103 includes a first sensor dry zone 105, a second sensor dry zone 110, and a time-dry zone 113, each defining a portion of indicia 103 and designed to indicate the mode of dryer operation, i.e., a sensor dry mode or a time dry mode. Each of sensor dry zones 105 and 110 includes a respective more dry setting 120 a, 120 b and a respective less dry setting 125 a, 125 b, with continuous levels there between. First sensor dry zone 105 also includes a press care setting 128. Although not specifically labeled, a cool down sequence is provided at the end of the desired cycle in each zone 105, 110 and 113. A plurality of time increments 130 are defined by indicia 103 in time-dry zone 113. Finally, disposed between each of zones 105, 110 and 113 are off positions 132 a-c. Depending on the operational state of clothes dryer 1, dial 100, and hence location pointer 101, will reference the appropriate indicia 103.
As indicated in FIG. 1, clothes dryer 1 also includes a control circuit generically indicated at 200. Specifically an ECU (electronic control unit) 210 is provided with a timer 215 and a dryness level determination circuit 220. A motor 225 is provided to drive timer 215 upon direction from ECU 210, or continuously within the time-dry zone 113. A moisture sensor 230 is provided as an additional input to ECU 210. Moisture sensor 230 may be any conventional construction known in the art, such as the moisture sensor described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,477,982 to Cotton, which is hereby incorporated in its entirety by reference. A series of drum and heater controls are collectively represented at 240 which, when directed by ECU 210, function to rotate drum 14 through drum motor 245 and regulate heating element 52 in response to a drying profile set through control panel 22 and the output from ECU 210.
Turning now to FIG. 3 which shows a general electrical circuit constructed in accordance with the most preferred embodiment of the invention, the details of the electric control structure and operation will now be discussed. For purposes of this discussion, dryer 1 is connected to a household power supply, i.e., a typical household, three wire 240 volt supply wherein two wires provide 120 volts of electricity with potentials that are opposite from one another and a third wire is neutral or, in other words, connected to ground. As can be seen in the left-hand side of FIG. 3, a terminal block having terminals L1, L2 and neutral is provided. A 240 volt potential is therefore provided across terminals L1 and L2, while a 120 volt potential may be provided between either L1 and neutral or L2 and neutral.
As shown, control circuit 200 comprises a door operated switch 303 generally connected in series with N. Door switch 303 is designed to prevent operation of dryer 1 when door 18 is in the open position. Additionally, when door 18 is in the open position, door switch 303 will provide power to lamp 305 which will illuminate the inside of drum 14, thereby making it easier to load and unload clothing. Control circuit 200 also includes push-to-start button or switch 70, drum drive motor 245, and timing device 215. A pair of fuses 307 and 308, dryness level control circuit 220, temperature selector 40, a high limit thermostat 310, main heater 52, and a cycling thermostat 320 complete the basic control circuit 200.
As stated above, when door switch 303 is in the open condition, power is delivered to interior lamp 305, but not to drive motor 245 or other portions of circuit 200. However, when door 18 is closed, switch 303 allows power to both drive motor 245 and push-to-start switch 70. When push-to-start switch 70 is pushed for a certain amount of time by an operator, power is then sent further along circuit 200 to dryness level determination circuit 220 and, in addition, to cycling thermostat 320. Dryness level determination circuit 220 and timer motor 225 generally operate as conventional in the art. Basically, the overall timer system includes timer motor 225 and a plurality of both movable and fixed contacts so that, as timer 215 cycles through various operations of dryer 1 according to a fixed schedule, different contacts are sequentially engaged or disengaged. As this is well known in the art, further details of timer motor 225 will not be described here. The two fuses 307 and 308 are placed between timer 215 and drive motor 245 as shown in the drawing. Fuses 307 and 308 are simply there for safety purposes and will, as well known in the art, disconnect power from drive motor 245 in overload conditions.
Turning now to temperature selector 40, as noted above, temperature selector 40 has four basic settings, i.e., regular, medium, delicate and air fluff. Basically, temperature selector 40 includes three internal switches, each having associated “on” and “off” positions. The first internal switch essentially constitutes a high bias switch 330 for cycling thermostat 320. When the high bias switch 330 is “on”, it provides power to a biasing heater 333. Biasing heater 333 causes cycling thermostat 320 to trip at a relatively low set point or at least trip when the clothes in dryer 1 are at a relatively low temperature compared to when high bias switch 330 is in the “off” position. In the “off” position, high bias switch 330 provides no current to biasing heater 333.
The second internal switch is constituted by a low bias switch 340 for cycling thermostat 320. When low bias switch 340 is “on”, it provides power to biasing heater 333 much like high bias switch 330. However low bias switch 340 sends current through a resistor 342 before the current reaches biasing heater 333. Therefore biasing heater 333 produces less heat through low bias switch 340 than when it is activated by high bias switch 330. When low bias switch 340 assumes an “on” position, biasing heater 333 causes cycling thermostat 320 to trip at a relatively low set point or at least trip when clothes in dryer 1 are at a relatively low temperature compared to when low bias switch 340 is in the “off” position. Of course thermostat 320 will trip at a relatively high set point through low bias switch 340 as compared to when it receives power from high bias switch 330. In the “off” position, low bias switch 340 provides no current to biasing heater 333.
The third internal switch is essentially a main heater switch 350. When main heater switch 350 is “on”, power may travel from timer 215 to cycling high limit thermostat 310 and then main heater 52. If main heater switch 350 is set to “off”, no power will be sent to main heater 52.
In a regular setting, high bias switch 330 and low bias switch 340 are “off”, and main heater switch 350 is “on”. As a result, cycling thermostat 320 is not biased and trips at a high clothing temperature. Furthermore, power is supplied to main heater 52. In a medium setting, high bias switch 330 is “off”, low bias switch 340 is “on”, and main heater switch 350 is “on”. As a result, power is supplied to main heater 52, while cycling thermostat 320 is biased slightly and trips at a medium clothes temperature. In a delicate setting, high bias switch 330 is “on”, low bias switch 340 is “off”, and main heater switch 350 is “on”. As a result, cycling thermostat 320 is highly biased and trips at a low clothes temperature to protect the delicate clothes. Finally, in an air fluff setting, high bias switch 330 and low bias switch 340 are “off”, and main heater switch 350 is “off”. No power is supplied to biasing heater 333, but it is of no consequence because no power is supplied to main heater 52 and the clothes are just rotated in the drum 14 as air is blown through them.
As noted above, when the third internal switch, i.e., main heater switch 350, is in the “on” position, power is sent through cycling thermostat 320, high limit thermostat 310, and main heater 52. Hi-limit thermostat 310 normally stays in the closed position. Only in unusual or emergency conditions will the temperature get so high as to trip hi-limit thermostat 310. In this way, hi-limit thermostat 310 acts as a safety device and shuts down power to main heater 52 when the temperature in dryer 1 reaches unusually high temperatures. In the most preferred embodiment, main heater 52 is an electric resistance heater which will change the amount of heat produced as a function of the square of the voltage applied, as is well known in the art. However, other heater arrangements could be employed.
As shown, thermostat 320 is connected to L1 through heater 52 at one terminal and to either L2, when in a normal mode, or to neutral, when in a tripped mode. It is important to note that the key concept is to have heater 52 subjected to a high voltage in regular mode and a low voltage in a tripped mode. More specifically, thermostat 320 is preferably connected to L2 through drum motor 245 directly in one mode, thereby providing 240 volts to main heater 52. Thermostat 320 is connected to neutral through drum motor 245 and door switch 303 in a second mode, thus providing 120 volts to main heater 52 when thermostat 320 trips into a second mode. In the most preferred form of the invention, heater 52 will normally produce about 5,150 watts when subjected to 240 volts and only produce about 1,280 watts when subjected to 120 volts.
The operation of dryer 1 will now be described. After wet articles are placed within drum 14, a user selects a desired drying operation wherein temperature selector 40 is used to choose a desired operating temperature for clothes dryer 1. While selecting regular button 48 establishes the highest temperature setting and results in the fastest drying time, the “regular” setting may be too hot for some articles. Therefore, as discussed above, additional temperature levels such as medium, delicate, and air fluff are provided. The choice of which button is pushed in temperature selector 40 causes the appropriate internal switches 330, 340 and 350 to be set as described above. Before pressing start button 70 and beginning operation of clothes dryer 1, the user rotates dial 100 from a respective off setting 132 a-c into time-dry zone 113, sensor dry zone 105, or second sensor dry zone 110.
If dial 100 is rotated such that location pointer 101 is in time-dry zone 113, clothes dryer 1 will operate until the time indicated by a time increment 130 expires. ECU 210 directs motor 225 to rotate dial 100 at a relatively slow speed through a reduced duty cycle coinciding to time increments 130, and operates heater 52 based in part upon the temperature chosen via temperature selector 40 as described above.
More specifically as heater 52 raises the temperature of the clothes, thermostat 320 reaches an upper temperature limit and trips to control heater 52. When the temperature has sufficiently cooled, thermostat 320 switches again and returns heater 52 back to full power. As thermostat 320 trips, heater 52 is switched from a high power setting to a low power setting, rather than from a conventional high power setting to a no power setting. The result is a lower amount of total drying time because heat is still added to the dryer during cycling thermostat trips. Therefore, in accordance with this embodiment, the rate at which the temperature decreases from shortly after a maximum temperature trip point to a low temperature trip point is reduced. The control unit cycles in this manner and rotation of drum 14 continues until location pointer 101 reaches “off” setting 132 c. If desired, moisture sensor 230 could be designed to operate during the time-dry mode to display to the user the current moisture level via moisture monitor 55, even though the sensor dry mode was not selected. In either sensor-dry mode, dryer 1 will run until the dryness level selected by rotating dial 100 is sensed by moisture sensor 230. The rest of the drying operation in either sensor-dry mode is the same as in the time dry mode.
Although described with reference to a preferred embodiment of the invention, it should be readily understood that various changes and/or modifications can be made to the invention without departing from the spirit thereof. For example, although the power level to heater 52 is automatically adjusted between upper and lower power levels in accordance with the most preferred form of the invention, additional levels could be established, such as by employing a user setting device in the form of control buttons or the like such as disclosed in U.S. Patent Application entitled “Heater Control System for a Clothes Dryer” filed on even date herewith and incorporated by reference. In general, the invention is only intended to be limited by the scope of the following claims.
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U.S. Classification 34/543, 219/492
Cooperative Classification D06F2058/289, D06F58/28
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:BRUNTZ, JORDAN S.;HERR, JOEL L.;REEL/FRAME:012927/0474;SIGNING DATES FROM 20020507 TO 20020509

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So who's a clever buoy then? Seal naps on top of an anchored mooring | Daily Mail Online
So who's a clever buoy then? Seal naps on top of an anchored mooring
Updated: 06:13 EST, 8 October 2009
He's rather flippant about his talents.
Instead of balancing a ball on his nose, like the average seal, this fellow nonchalantly balances his considerable weight on one for a nap.
The ball is more accurately a bright pink buoy, in the Fal Estuary in Cornwall, where the seal can often be seen resting his weary flippers at night.
Balancing act: The seal can often be found settling down for the night on this mooring buoy
One resident whose house overlooks the spot off Restronguet, said: 'The seal comes up the river at dusk and performs leaps around the buoy. It then pops up on to it, spins it round a bit before shooting off. Eventually it flips back up on to the buoy where it spends the night.
'That said, we have never before heard of one that chooses to sleep on a mooring buoy.'
EXCLUSIVE: Photos reveal Mohamed Hadid's 'illegal' mega mansion that 's been branded a 'gigantic monstrosity' and 'danger to the community'
Jennifer Aniston shines as an obsessed beauty pageant director uncomfortable with her plus-size daughter in first Dumplin' trailer
David Beckham maintains his suave fashion sense in a slick navy suit as he attends Tudor Watches event in Hong Kong

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Introducing...The Sky Blazers: The Adventures of a Special Band of Troops That Entertained the Allied Forces During World War II by Claire Gerus, Hardcover | Barnes & Noble®
by Claire GerusClaire Gerus
In New York City in 1939, neither eighteen-year-old Jack “Jake” Jacobson nor his comrade Murray “Duke” Davison had any intention of joining the military. Their sights were set on playing club dates in what Duke called the “upholstered sewers” of Manhattan. Jake, a comic, and Duke, a jazz trumpet player, were amateur entertainers
In New York City in 1939, neither eighteen-year-old Jack “Jake” Jacobson nor his comrade Murray “Duke” Davison had any intention of joining the military. Their sights were set on playing club dates in what Duke called the “upholstered sewers” of Manhattan. Jake, a comic, and Duke, a jazz trumpet player, were amateur entertainers looking for their big break, not men in uniform readying themselves for war.That all changed after Pearl Harbor. Newly inspired, Jake and Duke decided to act honorably and enlist in the U.S. Army Air Corps. En route to their first assignment in North Africa, Jake and Duke persuaded Gen. Lewis Brereton of the Ninth Air Force to allow them to perform for their fellow soldiers and boost morale. Spurred by Jake and Duke’s success, Brereton subsequently created the first Combat Special Services Entertainment Unit.The eventual formation of this fifteen-piece troupe of comics, singers, and musicians—dubbed the “Sky Blazers”—lightened the spirits of combat troops across the Middle East, England, and France during the war. In their two and a half years overseas, they would have many close calls with the enemy as they struggled to put on their shows for the weary Allied forces. The Sky Blazers would also be privy to the glitz of the entertainment business, even performing for Egyptian royalty and at the Royal Albert Hall in London. Rife with glamorous highs and lifethreatening lows, Jacobson’s wartime story continues to entertain.
“An outstanding survey suitable for military and music collections alike.” “A good book about a completely different side of the war—and a subject that would probably bring a smile to all those who remember watching the Sky Blazers perform.”“General readers and fans of military history will enjoy the episodic account of this troupe’s shows throughout Europe and the Middle East as well as their frequent encounters with enemy forces.”“…a key part of any serious military or music library.”“Gives readers one of the most enjoyable, light-hearted memoirs of life during World War II that can be imagined. There are few books about war that can make the reader feel true happiness and Introducing . . . The Sky Blazers does just that.”“Introducing . . . the Sky Blazers adds an interesting chapter to the story of the war, told in a slapstick style that authentically reflects one tenor of the times. If you like the radio programs, comedy, and culture of the 1940s, you’ll savor this spirited memoir.”"The most memorable time for all of us who lived it, brought back to vibrant presence by a born storyteller. Captures the music, laughter, and tears of a Hollywood classic of the forties—as well as the full horror and heroism of war. The brilliant final exit of a one-time Borscht Belt tummler become broadcasting legend, who never lost his penetrating eye or brimming heart.”“Jack Jacobson writes (and reports) with passion and humor. To read Introducing . . . The Sky Blazers is to be taken back to what now seems a better, more selfless time. Kudos for helping us to remember the ubiquity of everyday American heroism and hope in a time of terrible challenge. For me, Introducing . . . The Sky Blazers is personal, particularly the prologue set in North Africa in 1943—where my father, Captain Frank B. Coffey, was flying missions in a Martin B-25. Thanks for the memories, Mr. Jacobson, and the laughs.”“Jack Jacobson has written a thoroughly enjoyable, fast-paced, poignant, funny, and powerful account of an unlikely group of Ninth Air Force soldiers during World War II. Jacobson knows how to pace his story as he takes you from the Jewish streets of the Upper West Side via Dayton, Ohio, to the sands of North Africa, and, via England, to France a scant fifteen days after the Normandy invasion. Full of unexpected twists, Introducing . . . The Sky Blazers may be among the last of the war memoirs as a generation passes away.”
“Introducing . . . the Sky Blazers adds an interesting chapter to the story of the war, told in a slapstick style that authentically reflects one tenor of the times. If you like the radio programs, comedy, and culture of the 1940s, you’ll savor this spirited memoir.”—America in WWII
"The most memorable time for all of us who lived it, brought back to vibrant presence by a born storyteller. Captures the music, laughter, and tears of a Hollywood classic of the forties—as well as the full horror and heroism of war. The brilliant final exit of a one-time Borscht Belt tummler become broadcasting legend, who never lost his penetrating eye or brimming heart.”—Jerry Lewis, actor and comedian
“Jack Jacobson writes (and reports) with passion and humor. To read Introducing . . . The Sky Blazers is to be taken back to what now seems a better, more selfless time. Kudos for helping us to remember the ubiquity of everyday American heroism and hope in a time of terrible challenge. For me, Introducing . . . The Sky Blazers is personal, particularly the prologue set in North Africa in 1943—where my father, Captain Frank B. Coffey, was flying missions in a Martin B-25. Thanks for the memories, Mr. Jacobson, and the laughs.”—Frank Coffey, author of Always Home: 50 Years of the USO—The Official Photographic History
“Jack Jacobson has written a thoroughly enjoyable, fast-paced, poignant, funny, and powerful account of an unlikely group of Ninth Air Force soldiers during World War II. Jacobson knows how to pace his story as he takes you from the Jewish streets of the Upper West Side via Dayton, Ohio, to the sands of North Africa, and, via England, to France a scant fifteen days after the Normandy invasion. Full of unexpected twists, Introducing . . . The Sky Blazers may be among the last of the war memoirs as a generation passes away.”—Deborah Dash Moore, author of GI Jews: How World War II Changed a Generation
“Gives readers one of the most enjoyable, light-hearted memoirs of life during World War II that can be imagined. There are few books about war that can make the reader feel true happiness and Introducing . . . The Sky Blazers does just that.”—World War II Forums
"A key part of any serious military or music library."—California Bookwatch
Jack Jacobson began his broadcasting career in 1929 on WHAM radio at the age of eight in Rochester, New York. He was awarded the Bronze Star Medal and the Jubilee of Freedom Medal from the French government. After World War II, he entered a fifty-four-year career in radio and television broadcasting, which included serving on ABC television network’s first Promotion Advisory Board, and was inducted into the Arizona Broadcasters’ Hall of Fame. He passed away in 2009.
Introducing...The Sky Blazers: The Adventures of a Special Band of Troops That Entertained the Allied Forces During World War II 4 out of 5 based on 0 ratings.
It took a lot of different types of people to support an army of the size the United States had in World War II. I guess that I knew that there had to be people providing entertainment. After all, I've seen movies and news stories about entertainers performing before the troops. But a couple of things surprised me about this book. First was that a draftee could go propose to set up such a performance oriented organization and second that the brass would even be willing to accept that proposal. Then, once it was set up, what would the group do? How would they travel? Where would they go? This book covers the activities of a group of men who were not at the front line, not driving tanks or flying airplanes, but in a job that the Army considered important enough to support. It provides a story of a different kind than the normal Army story and I found it interesting and educational.

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text: . of senator john mccain and senator lindsey graham both said they want watergate style hearings on the attack in benghazi. they said if you nominate susan rice for secretary of state, they will do everything they can to block her nomination. i would like your reaction to that. would those threats deter you from making a nomination like that? >> i'm not going to comment at this point on -- various nominations that i will put forward to fill out my cabinet for the second term. those are things still being discussed. let me say about susan rice. she's done exemplary work. she's represented the united states and our interests in the -- united nations with skill and professionalism and toughness and grace. as i have said before, she made an appearance at the request of the white house in which she gave her best understanding of the intelligence that had been provided to her. if senator mccain and senator graham and others want to go after somebody, they should go after me. and i'm happy to have that discussion with them. but for them to go after the u.n. ambassador who had nothing to do with bengh Search Results 0 to 2 of about 3

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BBB Business Profile | Microspace Communications Corp
> Microspace Communications Corp
3100 Highwoods Blvd Ste 120
Business Incorporated: 02/26/1988 in NC
Principal: Mr. Joe Amor, Vice President/GM
Microspace is a privately held, wholly owned subsidiary of Capitol Broadcasting Company, Inc. Microspace Communications Corp provides broadcast video, data and audio satellite services for business applications. They are also a provider of Business Television Networks, using VELOCITYÃ?® technology for broadcasting video/data content to locations everywhere.
Muzak DBS Div

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Ramada Limited Lake City (Lake City, USA) | Expedia
1-800-238-0767 Ramada Limited Lake City
W US HWY 90 Exit 427 I-75
Veterans Affairs Medical Center - 3 miles
Situated in Lake City, this hotel is 0.9 mi (1.5 km) from Lake City Mall and 2.3 mi (3.7 km) from Southside Recreation Complex. Epiphany Catholic Church and Lake City Columbia County Historical Museum are also within 6 mi (10 km). Hotel Features
A restaurant, an outdoor pool, and a coffee shop/café are available at this hotel. Free continental breakfast, free WiFi in public areas, and free self parking are also provided. Other amenities include a rooftop terrace, a 24-hour business center, and coffee/tea in a common area. Room Amenities
All 64 rooms boast deep soaking tubs and offer free WiFi and TVs. Guests will also find refrigerators, microwaves, and premium bedding. Information missing or incorrect? Tell us!Opens in a new window Select to view moreAbout the Hotel Tab 1 of 2 selectedSelect to viewGuest Reviews Tab 2 of 2 Ramada Limited Lake City
3340 W US HWY 90 Exit 427 I-75
The hotel offers a restaurant and a coffee shop/café. A complimentary breakfast is offered each morning. High-speed wireless Internet access is complimentary. This hotel offers access to a 24-hour business center and a meeting room. Event facilities measure 150 square feet (14 square meters). This business-friendly hotel also offers an outdoor pool, a rooftop terrace, and coffee/tea in a common area. Complimentary self parking is available on site. Free WiFi Free RV, bus, truck parking Total number of rooms - 64 Number of floors - 2 Number of buildings/towers - 2 24-hour front desk Coffee shop or café Coffee/tea in common areas Dry cleaning/laundry service Free newspapers in lobby Free breakfast Outdoor pool Elevator/lift Laundry facilities Rooftop terrace One meeting room RV, bus, truck parking Restaurant Free self parking 24-hour business center Conference space size (feet) - 150 Conference space size (meters) - 14 Show all hotel amenities
Free cribs/infant beds Connecting/adjoining rooms available Premium TV channels Premium bedding Access via exterior corridors Air conditioning Free local calls Refrigerator Coffee/tea maker Microwave Daily housekeeping Private bathroom Free toiletries Shower/tub combination Deep soaking bathtub Satellite TV service Television Desk Iron/ironing board Free WiFi In-room climate control (air conditioning) Free newspaper Rollaway/extra beds (surcharge) Show all room amenities
Guests are offered a complimentary continental breakfast each morning. Ramada Limited Lake City has a restaurant serving breakfast only. Show dining options
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http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-20509662
The figures suggest most NHS patients are being treated within 18 weeks of being referred by their GP
The Scottish government is claiming to have met a target to treat 90% of NHS patients within 18 weeks.However, the figure does not include more than 9,000 people whose total waiting time was not recorded properly by September 2012. It means 19,000 people were either not treated on time, or did not have their total wait recorded.All health boards except Lothian and Forth Valley are meeting the 90% target over three months.The 18-week referral-to-treatment target came into force on 31 December 2011, and from October 2012 patients requiring inpatient or day case treatment are covered by a 12 week Treatment Time Guarantee enshrined in law.
In September 2012, for Scotland as a whole, 90.8% of patients whose entire journey could be measured were seen and treated within 18 weeks from initial GP referral to start of treatment.NHS Ayrshire and Arran narrowly missed the target during September with 89.6%, Lothian saw 87.1% and Forth Valley achieved 83.1%.
We are continuing to work closely with those health boards who are not meeting the target to address any issues and to ensure future complianceAlex Neil MSP, Health Secretary
The figures also showed that more than 97% of patients across Scotland had an outpatient appointment within 12 weeks of referral, while more than 97% of inpatients and day cases received treatment within 12 weeks.Health Secretary Alex Neil said: "Quick access to treatment, delivered as locally as possible is what patients want.""I am proud to say that NHS Scotland is continuing to deliver on the target to ensure that patients are treated in 18 weeks or less."We are continuing to work closely with those health boards who are not meeting the target to address any issues and to ensure future compliance.He added: "It is important to remember just how much progress has been made. In 2007 over 29,000 people were stuck on 'hidden waiting lists' not getting the treatment they needed and the maximum wait to get an appointment was six months. "Now, rather than having individual waits for consultations and tests, this target focuses on the patient's whole journey from GP referral to treatment. This is the best way to ensure patients get the very best quality of care."A report published last week by the chief executive of NHS Scotland claimed the health service has "delivered its best ever performance" in key areas over the past 12 months.
More on this story NHS in Scotland 'in good health' 24 November 2012 Extra NHS Lothian staff to reduce waiting times 5 November 2012 NHS Lothian waiting list figures 'have risen' 25 July 2012 Scottish NHS boards planning '£226.7m in cuts' 22 April 2012 NHS patients rights bill passed 24 February 2011 Related Internet links Scottish Government NHS Scotland The BBC is not responsible for the content of external Internet sites

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Howes Radio Set | eBay
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Map Middle Creek Road Cosby TN 1-866-599-6674
Dollywood - 21.1 miles
Old Mill - 22.1 miles
Situated in the mountains, this bed & breakfast is 10.2 mi (16.5 km) from Forbidden Caverns and within 20 mi (32 km) of Outdoor Adventures, Inc. and Mills Park. Dollywood and Ripley's Aquarium of the Smokies are also within 25 mi (40 km).
Along with a spa tub, this bed & breakfast has a business center and laundry facilities. Free continental breakfast and free self parking are also provided. Other amenities include wedding services and barbecue grills.
All 7 rooms boast fireplaces and offer WiFi and TVs. Ceiling fans, hair dryers, and showers are among the other amenities that guests will find.
164 Middle Creek Road Cosby TN 37722
Wired Internet access is available for a surcharge. This 3-star property offers access to a business center. A complimentary breakfast is offered. This Cosby bed & breakfast also offers a spa tub, barbecue grills, and laundry facilities. Onsite self parking is complimentary.


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Afraid of a major conflict? The German military is currently unavailable. - The Washington Post
By Rick Noack By Rick Noack Email the author January 24 Email the author Follow @rick_n
A German army soldier rests during a patrol with the Afghan army in northern Afghanistan on Dec. 8, 2012. (Reuters/Fabrizio Bensch)
BERLIN — Three years ago, Germany's military made headlines when it used broomsticks instead of machine guns during a NATO exercise because of a shortage of equipment. The lack of real weapons in the European Union’s most populous nation was seen as symptomatic of how underfunded its military has long been.
German infantry fighting vehicles Marder and other military equipment arrive in Sestokai, Lithuania, on Feb. 24. (Valda Kalnina/European Pressphoto Agency)
Defense experts caution that Germany has much higher standards than other countries and may declare a tank nonoperational over minor defects such as a broken blinker. In case of war, they believe, Germany would still be able to mobilize much of its equipment within a short time frame. But Germany's parliamentary military commissioner, who acts as a political advocate for the armed forces, said that measurements of defense capability should not be based on wishful thinking.
“The hard currency, which should be used to measure the success of the minister, is the Bundeswehr’s readiness for action,” said Bartels, a Social Democrat. “And this readiness has not improved over the last four years but has only gotten worse.”
Bartels was referring to the performance of German Defense Minister Ursula von der Leyen, a Christian Democrat. Even though von der Leyen has backed increases in military spending and expansion during her term, the repercussions of decades of funding shortages are only fully becoming apparent now as much-needed repairs are mounting, and the purchase of additional equipment is proving difficult.
In 2011, Germany decided to reduce its equipment to save costs and focus on vehicles and weapons needed for the asymmetrical warfare it has encountered in countries like Afghanistan, rather than on more Cold War-reminiscent submarines and tanks. But within four years, German officials had to revise their decision amid concerns over Russian military operations in Ukraine and elsewhere and new fears of a more conventional war in Europe. "By that time, however, a lot of the equipment was already sold. Now, it has to be bought back,” said Gustav Gressel, a senior policy fellow at the European Council on Foreign Relations.
Germany is also still in the process of transitioning from a conscription-based model to a more professional military that relies exclusively on volunteers. Conscription was only abolished here about seven years ago, at a time when other E.U. countries were considering reintroducing it. But the Bundeswehr has so far been unable to fully fill its ranks with volunteers, and critics fear that equipment shortages could deter even more from joining.
It took Anastasia Biefang, Germany's first transgender military commander, more than 20 years to come out to her bosses. Biefang tells The Post's Rick Noack what she thinks of President Trump's attempt to reverse the U.S. military's transgender policy. (Rick Noack,Joyce Lee/The Washington Post)
In a history-burdened nation that has been among the most war-weary since reunification in 1990, the military is still viewed with more skepticism than elsewhere. Britain and France have filled the void as Europe's strongest military forces, even though cost-cutting has led to consolidation and layoffs in both countries, as well.
Elsewhere, however, there is a rising awareness that decades of cost-cutting and relying on the U.S. military have damaged Europe’s own defense mechanisms. Sweden, for instance, has reversed its passive military approach and redeployed soldiers to strategically important bases.
“What we want is a fair burden-sharing, and in order to achieve that, we need a modern understanding of security,” von der Leyen said in March. But her critics fear that such calculations mostly hide the extent to which Germany’s military is, literally, out of service.

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Bowl Practice: Dec. 16 - Arkansas - Scout
Bowl Practice: Dec. 16Clay Henry12/16/2001Heavy rains left the practice field under water, but that didn't stop the Hogs from getting in a good bowl practice Sunday afternoon.Arkansas worked for two hours, then finished the Sunday indoor workout with extensive conditioning as rains fell throughout the day in Fayetteville."Thank goodness for this building," Houston Nutt said. "I'm thank ful for the Walker family, and their gift to our university so we have this building to practice in these kinds of conditions."The grass practice fields were under water, and Nutt said it seems doubtful that the Hogs will practice again outside this week before breaking for Christmas."I think we'll be in here the rest of the week," Nutt said.The Hogs will take Monday off to concentrate on final exams, and allow the coaches to finish their film review of Oklahoma."We will have a lot of time for film study, and we are asking the guys who have time to do it on their own with their coaches," Nutt said. "First, we want them to finish up finals in a good way."Nutt said the Hogs concentrated on special teams, with an emphasis on field goals, extra points and their block teams on placements."We got a lot of work in on those areas," Nutt said. "I thought our kickers looked good."The defensive secondary had a strong day, Nutt said. He praised defensive backs Ken Hamlin, Eddie Jackson, Lawrence Richardson, Batman Carroll and Marvin Jackson for their play. Jackson's sore ankle has improved in dramatic fashion.Several players are battling colds. Center Kenny Sandlin was able to practice despite flu-like symptoms that slowed him Saturday. Share on Facebook Share on TwitterTrending on ScoutState of the JaguarsPentagon "Arsenal Plane" Could be B-52, C-130Essentials from Sunday: Young guns and oldLake Murray LargemouthWho Are the Top 10 Militaries in the World?Hawgs Daily Top StoriesTCU vs Iowa State primerAfter falling in double-overtime to Arkansas, TCU looks to get back to their winning ways against Iowa State.by Dean StrakaHorned Frog Insider09/15/2016The Ultimate Midlands TeamThere is a lot of talent in the Midlands region, with a vast majority of the highest rated recruits playing high school football in the Lone Star State. Which prospects made the…by Greg PowersScout Football09/01/2016These rival helmet color swaps are revoltingSwapping rival teams' helmet colors? It shouldn't have been done, but someone did it anyway.by Mike OlsonScout08/31/2016Post-July 2017 Top 100 Player RankingsWith the July evaluation periods, Nike Skills Academy, adidas Nations and Under Armour's Elite 24 over, Scout's basketball recruiting team has updated the 2017 top 100. DeAndre…by Evan DanielsScout Hoops08/23/20162017 South Region Top 150The stars are lined up in the 2017 South Top 150 and you can see the full pre-season list here...by Chad SimmonsScout Football08/22/20165 Most Hated FBS Head CoachesThese college football coaches are celebrated by their fan bases for their success, but disliked by the masses for reasons that Campus Insiders' Pete Fiutak will reveal as he…by Jonathan KahnScout CFB08/10/2016Louisiana CB 'Real Close' to a DecisionIt may not be too long before one of the top cornerbacks in Louisiana makes his decision. Four schools are high on his list and you can get the latest here...by Chad SimmonsScout Football6:15 AMJC defensive back talks ISU official visitOver the weekend, Iowa State played host to one of their top 2017 targets in the current recruiting cycle in Paramount, CA three-star JUCO CB Keisean Nixon. This visit for the…by Shane KinneeAllCyclonesYesterday at 6:34 PMNotebook: Vikings create tale of two halvesFor the second straight road game, the Minnesota Vikings offense struggled early and dug a double-digit deficit before storming back for their second road victory of the season…by John HollerViking UpdateYesterday at 3:33 PMJosh Paul Feeling Good about ArkansasJosh Paul is an athlete out of Louisiana who is headed to play for the Arkansas Razorbacks.by Chad SimmonsScout FootballYesterday at 2:51 PMWeek 3 live blog: Vikings 22, Panthers 10Notes on the Minnesota Vikings as they take on the Carolina Panthers, including starter changes and inactives before the game.by Tim YotterViking UpdateYesterday at 8:41 AM10 in 10: Iowa Takes Down RutgersPISCATAWAY, N.J. -- Looking beyond the obvious, Scarlet Report breaks down the little things that led to a 14-7 Iowa victory over Rutgers. We look at quarterback problems,…by Sam HellmanScarlet ReportSaturday at 2:06 PMLoad More

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THE MOUNTAIN WHITE TIGER WILD ANIMAL FACE T SHIRT XL | eBay Please enable JavaScript Our new search experience requires JavaScript to be enabled. Please enable JavaScript on your browser, then try again.
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Heather Beach & Jerry Keryl Engagement Announcement | Victor Harbor Times
Published in the Victor Harbor Times on December 15, 2003

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The novel intubating laryngeal tube (iLTS-D) is comparable to the intubating laryngeal mask (Fastrach) - a prospective randomised manikin study. - PubMed - NCBI
1 selected item: 26051498
Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med. 2015 Jun 8;23:44. doi: 10.1186/s13049-015-0126-y.
Ott T1, Fischer M2, Limbach T3, Schmidtmann I4, Piepho T5, Noppens RR6.
Department of Anaesthesiology, University Medical Centre of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Langenbeckstrasse 1, Mainz, 55131, Germany. ottth@uni-mainz.de.
Department of Anaesthesiology, University Medical Centre of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Langenbeckstrasse 1, Mainz, 55131, Germany. KEM.Fischer@googlemail.com.
Department of Anaesthesiology, University Medical Centre of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Langenbeckstrasse 1, Mainz, 55131, Germany. tobias.Limbach@uni-mainz.de.
Institute of Medical Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, University Medical Centre of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany. irene.schmidtmann@unimedizin-mainz.de.
Department of Anaesthesiology, University Medical Centre of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Langenbeckstrasse 1, Mainz, 55131, Germany. piepho@uni-mainz.de.
Department of Anaesthesiology, University Medical Centre of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Langenbeckstrasse 1, Mainz, 55131, Germany. noppens@uni-mainz.de.
Supraglottic devices are helpful for inexperienced providers who perform ventilation in emergency situations. Most supraglottic devices do not allow secondary tracheal intubation through the device. The novel intubating laryngeal tube (iLTS-D) and the intubating laryngeal mask (Fastrach) are devices that offer supraglottic ventilation and secondary tracheal intubation.
We evaluated the novel iLTS-D and compared it to the established Fastrach using a manikin-based study. Participants used both devices in a randomised order. The participants conducted four consecutive trials on a manikin. One trial was composed of the following procedures. First, participants ventilated the manikin using either iLTS-D or Fastrach. 'Time to ventilation', success rates and number of attempts were recorded for the supraglottic device. Second, participants intubated the manikin through the previously inserted supraglottic device. 'Time to tracheal ventilation', success rate and tube localisation were recorded. The primary endpoint was the results of the final fourth trial, which mirrored the standardised training of trials 1, 2 and 3.
A total of 64 participants were enrolled. All of the participants successfully inserted both devices on their first attempt in trial 4. Fastrach was applied 1 s faster in trial 4 than the iLTS-D (median 'time to ventilation' Fastrach: 13.5 s., iLTS-D: 14.5 s., p = 0.04). All participants successfully intubated through both devices in trial 4. There was no difference in 'time to tracheal ventilation' by tracheal intubation between either device (median 'time to tracheal ventilation': Fastrach: 14.0 s., iLTS-D: 14.0 s., p = 0.16).
The iLTS-D performed similarly to the ILMA in insertion and intubation times in a manikin setting.
26051498
PMC4459456
10.1186/s13049-015-0126-y
The intubating laryngeal tube suction “iLTS-D”
The novel intubating laryngeal tube (iLTS-D) is comparable to the intubating laryngeal mask (Fastrach) – a prospective randomised manikin study
Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med. 2015;23:44.
“Time to ventilation” in seconds using the Fastrach (FT) and iLTS-D

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text:
Patent US4401695 - Method of and apparatus for applying powder coating reactants - Google PatentsSearch Images Maps Play YouTube News Gmail Drive More »Sign inAdvanced Patent SearchPatentsA method is disclosed for depositing a coating from a gaseous stream of a powder coating reactant, wherein the carrier gas is supplied at a high volume rate (at least 100 cubic ft./min) and low pressure (not greater than one psi)....http://www.google.com/patents/US4401695?utm_source=gb-gplus-sharePatent US4401695 - Method of and apparatus for applying powder coating reactantsAdvanced Patent SearchPublication numberUS4401695 APublication typeGrantApplication numberUS 06/383,644Publication dateAug 30, 1983Filing dateJun 1, 1982Priority dateJun 1, 1982Fee statusPaidAlso published asCA1195557A1, EP0095765A2, EP0095765A3Publication number06383644, 383644, US 4401695 A, US 4401695A, US-A-4401695, US4401695 A, US4401695AInventorsJohn F. SopkoOriginal AssigneePpg Industries, Inc.Export CitationBiBTeX, EndNote, RefManPatent Citations (7), Referenced by (21), Classifications (21), Legal Events (5) External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, EspacenetMethod of and apparatus for applying powder coating reactantsUS 4401695 AAbstract A method is disclosed for depositing a coating from a gaseous stream of a powder coating reactant, wherein the carrier gas is supplied at a high volume rate (at least 100 cubic ft./min) and low pressure (not greater than one psi).
I claim: 1. In a method for coating a substrate with a film by contacting a surface of the substrate with a powder coating reactant comprising the steps of dispersing said powder coating reactant in a carrier gas stream; creating turbulence in said stream; and delivering the powder coating reactant/carrier gas mixture to the surface to be coated, the improvement which comprises dispersing said powder coating reactant in a carrier gas which is supplied at a rate of at least about 100 cubic feet per minute and at a pressure not greater than one pound per square inch.
2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the average particle size of the reactant is reduced to less than about 10 microns.
3. The method according to claim 2, wherein the particle size is reduced by jet milling.
4. The method according to claim 1, wherein the powder coating reactant is dispersed in a carrier gas at ambient temperatures.
5. The method according to claim 1, wherein the carrier gas is air
6. The method according to claim 1, wherein the powder coating reactant/carrier gas mixture is delivered to the surface to be coated through a slot-shaped nozzle.
7. The method according to claim 6, wherein the slot-shaped nozzle is not more than 1/8 inch (1.6 millimeters) wide and is substantially as long as the parallel dimension of the surface to be coated.
8. The method according to claim 1, wherein the substrate is contacted with the coating reactant/carrier gas mixture at a temperature sufficient to pyrolyze the coating reactant.
Various methods of coating glass with metal or metal oxide films are well-known in the art. A technique for depositing a variety of metal oxide films onto a hot glass surface in a continuous float glass ribbon environment is described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,660,061 to Donley et al. A mixture of organometallic compounds in organic solution is sprayed onto a glass surface at a temperature high enough for thermal reaction of the organometals to form a metal oxide film. This technique produces durable metal oxide films having desirable aesthetic and solar energy control properties. Significant disadvantages are the health, safety and environmental effects of using large volumes of organic solvents.
These disadvantages may be abated by elimination of the organic solvent. A method for solventless chemical vapor deposition of coatings from vaporized powder coating reactants is described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,852,098 to Bloss et al. A powder coating reactant is dispersed into a hot stream of gas, vaporized, and conveyed to the surface to be coated, which is maintained at or above the temperature at which the coating reactant pyrolyzes to deposit a film. Although the disadvantages of a solvent system are avoided, vaporization of the coating reactant requires high temperatures, with the possibility of premature thermal reaction or decomposition of some coating reactants.
Another method of vapor deposition is described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,182,783 to Henery, wherein a solid particulate coating reactant is fluidized by introducing a volume of fluidizing gas through a mass of reactant. The fluidized mixture of coating reactant and gas is diluted with an additional volume of gas prior to delivery to the surface of the substrate to be coated. An apparatus for carrying out the technique of fluidizing a bed of solid particulate coating reactant is illustrated in U.S. Pat. No. 4,297,971 to the same inventor.
A method which avoids the health, safety and environmental problems of a solvent-based coating method, the high-temperature vaporization risks of a vapor deposition method, and the complexity of a fluidized bed powder coating method is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,325,988 to Wagner, which teaches a method and apparatus for dispersing powder coating reactants in a carrier gas stream and delivering the powder coating composition uniformly to the surface of a substrate to be coated. A powder coating reactant is obtained in very fine particle size, for example by microjet milling, and mixed with a carrier gas stream. Turbulence of the mixture is obtained by means of a baffle to maintain uniform distribution of the powder coating reactant in the carrier gas en route to the substrate to be coated. The powder coating reactant is delivered to the substrate through a nozzle positioned a short distance from the surface to be coated. The length of the nozzle is typically greater than its width, preferably substantially equal to the parallel dimension of the substrate, and is generally disposed perpendicular to the direction of relative motion between the slot and the substrate. The carrier gas is typically air supplied at a rate of 50 cubic feet per minute at a pressure of 75 pounds per square inch.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present invention provides an improvement in powder coating uniformity and economy, achieved by supplying high volumes of carrier gas at low pressures to deliver a powder coating reactant to the surface of the substrate to be coated.
DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING FIG. 1 illustrates the blower coating apparatus of the present invention. Powder coating reactant from a hopper 10 is metered by a screwfeeder 12 into a vaccum ejector 14 which delivers the powder, mixed with air supplied through pipe 15, into a jet mill 16. The fine milled powder coating reactant is transferred from the jet mill 16 through a delivery pipe 17 to the main transport duct 18 which is supplied with high volume, low pressure transport air by the blower 20. The powder coating reactant is conveyed in a turbulent stream of high volume, low pressure air to the surface of substrate 22 through a slot-shaped nozzle exit of a tapered chamber powder coater 24.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS A substrate to be coated, preferably a sheet of glass, is maintained in a preferably horizontal position in a coating environment. In a particularly preferred embodiment, the substrate is maintained in an oxidizing atmosphere at a temperature sufficient to pyrolyze a coating reactant to deposit a metal oxide film on the surface of the substrate.
A coating reactant is obtained in the form of a powder, preferably of fairly uniform size distribution of about 500 to 600 microns or less. Coating reactants useful in accordance with the present invention include metal beta diketonates and other organic metal salts such as acetates, formates and so on. Organometallic compounds such as alkyl and aryl tin halides, particularly alkyltin fluorides, may also be used. Halogenated acetones and acetylacetonates, preferably mixtures of metal acetylacetonates, are preferred.
Preferably, acetylacetonate coating reactants are milled and/or sifted to obtain a relatively uniform size distribution. A powder comprising particles having an average diameter of about 500 to 600 microns or less is especially desirable. The powder coating reactant is mixed with a carrier gas, preferably air, and preferably at ambient temperature. The powder coating reactant may be injected, blown or aspirated into the carrier gas stream. While any means for mixing the powder coating reactant and the carrier gas may be employed, a screwfeeder is particularly suitable for metering the powder coating reactant into a vacuum ejector which delivers the powder coating reactant at a uniform controlled rate to a jet mill which effectively reduces the average particle size of the powder coating reactant to a smoke-like 0.5 to 1 micron by means of impingement of the particles and centrifugal air forces created within the jet mill. The fine milled powder is then transferred in air from the jet mill to the main transport air duct for turbulent mixing with high volume, low pressure carrier gas.
The carrier gas may be maintained at any temperature below the decomposition temperature of the coating reactant, preferably below its vaporization temperature, and most preferably ambient temperature, thereby minimizing the risks of coating reactant decomposition which can decrease the efficiency of vapor deposition methods. High volumes of carrier gas, preferably air, are delivered by means of a blower typically of the type used for tempering glass. Such blowers are capable of delivering air at volumes of several hundred cubic feet per minute and low pressures, preferably less than 1 pound per square inch, creating high velocity turbulent air flow through delivery ducts. The distribution of powder coating reactant in the carrier gas is kept substantially homogeneous enroute to the substrate by turbulent flow of the carrier gas/coating reactant mixture. In addition, little or no particulate coating reactant accumulates on the duct walls.
The uniform mixture of powder coating reactant and carrier gas is delivered at low pressure to the surface to be coated through a slot-type nozzle, defined for purposes of the present invention as having a length substantially greater than its width. The large volume air flow assures uniform distribution of high velocities across the length of the nozzle. The slot opening is preferably no more than 1/8 inch wide, and preferably is as long as the parallel dimension of the surface to be coated to enhance the uniformity of the coating. The slot is preferably disposed perpendicular to the direction of relative motion between the nozzle and the surface to be coated. A large stationary substrate may be coated by using one or more moving nozzles, or the substrate may travel past one or more stationary nozzles. The nozzle is preferably positioned less than 2 inches (about 5.1 centimeters) from the surface to be coated, preferably 0.5 to 1.5 inch (1.2 to 3.8 centimeters), thereby creating a slight back pressure that promotes uniform flow of the carrier gas/coating reactant mixture along the length of the slot to further enhance the uniformity of the coating. The high velocities, preferably greater than 2500 feet (762 meters) per minute, created as the large volume of powder/air mixture exits the nozzle maintains turbulent flow and, therefore, uniform distribution of coating reactant.
The carrier gas/coating reactant mixture contacts the surface to be coated to deposit a film. Preferably, the carrier gas/coating reactant mixture contacts a glass surface at a temperature sufficient to pyrolyze the coating reactant to form a metal oxide film, typically 950 1200 environment, the coating reactant/carrier gas mixture may resemble a fog or smoke as it contacts the hot glass surface. Exhaust hoods draw unreacted powder away from the surface. Recovery of unreacted powder, together with the use of high volume, low pressure carrier gas which eliminates the need for a compressor, optimizes the efficiency of this method.
The thickness of the film may be controlled by varying the rate of relative motion between the nozzle and substrate, adjusting the flow rate of the carrier gas/coating reactant mixture, by increasing or decreasing the concentration of coating reactant in the carrier gas, adjusting the distance between the nozzle and the glass surface or raising or lowering the substrate temperature. The substrate may be coated in either a horizontal or vertical orientation. The use of high volume, low pressure carrier gas provides a homogeneous mixture of powder and air in the coating chamber, a higher velocity and more uniform distribution of material from the nozzles, and improved resistance to build up of coating material within the coating apparatus, resulting in longer runs of more uniform coated product.
EXAMPLE I A freshly formed float glass ribbon travels at a line speed of about 270 inches per minute (about 6.9 meters per minute) past a stationary coating apparatus. Powder dibutylin difluoride coating reactant having an average particle size of about 500 microns is reduced to about 0.5 to 1 micron in a jet mill and fed at a rate of about 200 grams per minute into a stream of air delivered at a rate of about 410 cubic feet (11.3 cubic meters) per minute and a pressure of about 0.4 pounds per square inch. The powder/air mixture is delivered through a slot-shaped nozzle 1/16 inch (about 1.6 millimeters ) wide and 6 feet (about 1.8 meters) long at a velocity of about 6000 to 6500 feet (about 1800 to 2000 meters) per minute. The nozzle is positioned 1.5 inches (about 3.8 centimeters) from the glass surface to provide a back pressure which helps to maintain uniform distribution of the powder coating reactant. The glass surface is at a temperature of about 1050 is deposited on the glass surface.
EXAMPLE II A mixture of cobalt, iron and chromium actylacetonates having an average particle size of 500 to 600 microns is prepared by ball mixing of the solid, particulate coating reactants for about one hour. The coarse powder mixture is fed into a jet mill which reduces the reactants to an average particle size of about one micron or less. The fine powder is conveyed to a coating chamber at a rate of about 222 grams per minute in air supplied at a rate of about 276 cubic feet per minute and a pressure of about 0.4 pounds per square inch. The coating reactant dust is delivered through a slot-shaped nozzle 6 feet (about 1.8 meters) long and 1/8 inch (0.32 centimeters) wide. The gas/powder mixtures exit the nozzle at a velocity of about 4500 feet per minute, and contacts a glass surface at a temperature of about 1500 stationary at about 3/4 inch (1.9 centimeters) above the glass surface while the glass ribbon is traveling by at a rate of 370 inches (9.4 meters) per minute. A metal oxide coating is formed having durability and spectral properties comparable to the properties of a coating formed from a solution of the same coating reactants.
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Palace has a silent night at Christmas | Daily Mail Online
Last updated at 20:57 09 December 2007
For 55 years it has been the highlight of the social calendar at Buckingham Palace - the one night of the year when it is not the royals, but the staff who serve them who are the centre of attention.
But for the first time, this year there will be no riotous Christmas party when traditionally servants are permitted to let their hair down at the free bar and dance to the big-band sounds of the Joe Loss Orchestra.
Instead, when staff gather in the Palace ballroom tonight, it will be for a modest drinks party following the annual address by the Lord Chamberlain, Earl Peel.
Royal servants fear the change is part of another round of financial cutbacks and further proof that Palace bean counters are determined to put the squeeze on the few remaining perks open to below-stairs staff.
One says: "You virtually have to have a private income to work here, but we accept the low pay for the glamorous side of life that goes with it.
"The parties are vital for keeping up morale. Everyone dresses up to the nines and looks forward to bringing their other half. Cost-cutting does the opposite."
Buckingham Palace says that under new plans the big Christmas party will become a biennial event and denies it has been cut to save money.
But this does not reassure some staff, who fear that the sheer exuberance of the occasion may also have contributed to its axing as an annual event.
Two years ago, two servants ended up in hospital after consuming too much alcohol - a footman collapsed in the picture gallery and a dining room assistant fell down the grand staircase.
Others believe that stuffier courtiers may have played a part. Over the decades tradition has had to accommodate the changing mores of the times, with gay and lesbian servants being allowed to bring their partners - although overt shows of affection are banned.
One year a housemaid and her partner turned up in matching sailor suits, provoking some frosty stares from some of the crustier types who still run the Palace.
A Palace spokesman tells me: "The traditional Christmas party will take place next year."
Don't raise a glass to the jungle king
One prays nothing goes wrong when king of the jungle Christopher Biggins stars and directs a one-night-only West End play next May which will reunite him with his pal, Sting's wife Trudie Styler.
The play, Addictions, is written by Tricia Walsh-Smith, the actress-playwright wife of Broadway impresario Phil Smith. Tricia is putting on the play at the Duchess Theatre in memory of her brother Kevin, a long-term alcoholic who killed himself seven years ago.
"Trudie was in the play last year and we raised £90,000 for my anti-alcoholism charity," says Tricia.
But when Biggins was cast for a show in California earlier this year, it was cancelled at the last moment when Tricia learned Smirnoff was sponsoring the event.
"You couldn't have a vodka firm sponsoring an anti-alcohol charity," says Tricia. "I'm keeping my fingers crossed everything will be all right this time."
At least Billie's nuptials aren't a pipe dream
Not everyone finds it as easy as actress Billie Piper to marry at the idyllic St Mary's Church in Easebourne, West Sussex.
Billie, 25, and her actor boyfriend Laurence Fox, who live nearby, have chosen the church for their nuptials on New Year's Eve.
It was also the venue for the wedding of Gretel Packer, daughter of media tycoon Kerry who at the time owned the Fyning Hill estate, now the Sussex home of billionaire Roman Abramovich.
But other locals have not been so lucky. Despite being baptised and confirmed at St Mary's, Jane Vening's daughter Aimee, 28, was refused permission to wed there by its vicar, Rev Derek Welsman. Instead Aimee, whose composer father J Peter Robinson wrote the score for Tom Cruise's film Cocktail, chose another local church.
"Welsman was adamant she couldn't marry in his church because even though we lived in the village, she had moved to London," says Jane. "We were heartbroken."
Rev Welsman was unavailable for comment.
Moore the merrier for Polly
The guests were as stylish as the clothes when Savile Row tailor-tothestars Doug Hayward saw his daughter Polly marry Parisian composer Nicolas Francois at the Church of the Immaculate Conception in Farm Street, Mayfair.
Hayward, who has not been well, made a heroic effort to be there, sitting in front of his old chum Sir Roger Moore, who flew in from Switzerland with his fourth wife Kiki Tholstrup.
Other guests included Michael Parkinson and his wife Mary, Joan Collins's daughter Tara Newley, Natasha Caine, the newly married daughter of actor Sir Michael, and Les Miserables lyricist Herbert Kretzmer.
Saturday's wedding came four months to the day after the coup de foudre that followed when Polly met Nicolas while on a boating holiday in Corsica. Their kiss after Father William Pearsall pronounced them man and wife was one of the longest ever seen at Farm Street - a full 20 seconds.
Former Cabinet minister Lord Waldegrave's nephew, Viscount Chewton, has had an early lesson in the dark arts of politics.
His attempts to "modernise" Oxford University's Conservative Association - he wants it to be less frivolous and less of a social club - have been thwarted, I gather, by hedonists.
Old Etonian Ed Waldegrave, whose father Earl Waldegrave farms 1,000 acres in the Mendips, has been barred from seeking the presidency of the association because he had not clocked up enough "activist points".
Says history student Ed, 21: "These are the rules, but generally people are lax about applying them. In this instance they were rigorously applied and I suspect there are personal reasons involved - namely my wish to reform the association and make it more serious."
Let's hope he has better luck in his bid to run for president of the university union next term.
Amid luxury items such as a Maserati car, it was not the usual auction fare, but the "London package" fascinated bidders at a New York fundraiser for the Duchess of York's Sarah Ferguson Foundation.
The assortment - which eventually sold for just under £100,000 - included dinner with the Duchess, a visit to Windsor Castle, watching Sir Trevor McDonald present News At Ten and attending the recording of ITV's Britain's Got Talent, followed by drinks with host Piers Morgan. Quelle excitement!
PS Dragons' Den panellist James Caan had the uncomfortable role of reading about his own sacking from the hit TV show when he appeared on BBC Breakfast yesterday to review the newspapers.
The 46-year-old private equity boss was astonished to find he was apparently being replaced in the next series by mobile phone mogul John Caudwell.
Pakistan-born Caan, who himself replaced Australian tycoon Richard Farleigh this year, sought immediate assurances about his future.
Says a source close to Caan: "He has been told the story is untrue by senior figures from the BBC, who also said no approaches have been made to Caudwell."