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Patent US4367918 - Plastic clad optical fibers - Google PatentsSearch Images Maps Play YouTube News Gmail Drive More »Sign inPatentsPlastic clad optical fibers and their method of production are disclosed. The fibers are formed of a core of doped silica and a silicone resin cladding....http://www.google.com/patents/US4367918?utm_source=gb-gplus-sharePatent US4367918 - Plastic clad optical fibersAdvanced Patent SearchPublication numberUS4367918 APublication typeGrantApplication numberUS 06/114,196Publication dateJan 11, 1983Filing dateJan 22, 1980Priority dateJan 22, 1980Publication number06114196, 114196, US 4367918 A, US 4367918A, US-A-4367918, US4367918 A, US4367918AInventorsDouglas A. PinnowOriginal AssigneeTimes Fiber Communications, Inc.Export CitationBiBTeX, EndNote, RefManPatent Citations (9), Non-Patent Citations (8), Referenced by (16), Classifications (10), Legal Events (4) External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, EspacenetPlastic clad optical fibers
US 4367918 AAbstract
Plastic clad optical fibers and their method of production are disclosed. The fibers are formed of a core of doped silica and a silicone resin cladding.
1. A plastic clad optical fiber comprising:(i) a core of a given refractive index comprised of silica and at least one dopant in an amount which is sufficient to achieve a refractive index substantially throughout the core which is at least 0.5% greater than the refractive index of silica; and, (ii) a cladding surrounding said core comprised of a silicone resin having a refractive index less than the refractive index of silica; said fiber being capable of functioning in a temperature range of -40� C. to -50� C. without significant loss of waveguiding ability. 2. The optical fiber defined by claim 1, wherein said core is comprised of silica and at least one dopant selected from the group consisting of germanium oxide, phosphorus pentoxide, titanium oxide, tantalum oxide, tin oxide, niobium oxide, zirconium oxide, aluminum oxide, lanthanum oxide, gallium oxide and cerium oxide.
3. The optical fiber defined by claim 1, wherein said core is comprised of silica doped with germanium oxide or phosphorus pentoxide or mixtures thereof.
4. The optical fiber defined by claim 1, wherein the refractive index of the core is at least 1.0% greater than the refractive index of silica.
5. The optical fiber defined by claim 1, further comprising an elastomeric outer jacket surrounding said cladding.
6. The optical fiber defined by claim 1, wherein said core has a diameter of approximately 200 microns and said core plus cladding has a diameter of approximately 350 microns.
7. A method for preparing a plastic clad optical fiber comprising:(i) forming a thin, flexible glass fiber by drawing a cylindrical rod comprised of silica and at least one dopant in an amount which is sufficient to achieve a refractive index substantially throughout the rod which is at least 0.5% greater than the refractive index of silica; and, (ii) coating the glass fiber with a thin layer of silicone resin and heating said resin to produce a silicone cladding having a refractive index less than the refractive index of pure silica, to obtain a plastic clad optical fiber capable of functioning in a temperature range of -40� C. to -50� C. without significant loss of waveguiding ability. 8. The method defined by claim 7, wherein said cylindrical rod is comprised of silica and at least one dopant selected from the group consisting of germanium oxide, phosphorus pentoxide, titanium oxide, tantalum oxide, tin oxide, niobium oxide, zirconium oxide, aluminum oxide, lanthanum oxide, gallium oxide and cerium oxide.
9. The method defined by claim 7, wherein said cylindrical rod is comprised of silica doped with germanium oxide or phosphorus oxide or mixtures thereof.
10. The method defined by claim 7, further comprising extruding an elastomeric outer jacket over the silicone cladding.
11. The method defined by claim 7, wherein said cylindrical rod is formed by depositing glass particles on a cylindrical silica starting member, heating the resulting composite to sinter the particles and drawing the sintered composite to reduce its diameter.
12. The method defined by claim 11, wherein said glass particles are comprised of silica and at least one dopant selected from the group consisting of germanium oxide, phosphorus pentoxide, titanium oxide, tentalum oxide, tin oxide, niobium oxide, zirconium oxide, aluminum oxide, lanthanum oxide, gallium oxide and cerium oxide.
13. The method defined by claim 12, wherein said glass particles are formed by the vapor phase reaction of SiCl4 and either or both GeCl4 and POCl3 with oxygen at elevated temperature.
14. The method defined by claim 11, wherein said glass particles are comprised of silica and either or both germanium oxide or phosphorus pentoxide.
15. The method defined by claim 7, wherein said cylindrical rod is drawn until a fiber having a diameter of approximately 200 microns is obtained.
16. The method defined by claim 7, wherein the diameter of said silicone clad glass fiber is approximately 350 microns.
17. In a method of transmitting information using a fiber optic system in environments subject to ionizing radiation and temperatures in the range of -40� C. to -50� C., the improvement comprising the use of a plastic clad optical fiber comprising:(i) a core of a given refractive index comprised of silica and at least one dopant in an amount which is sufficient to achieve a refractive index substantially throughout the core which is at least 0.5% greater than the refractive index of silica; and, (ii) a cladding surrounding said core comprised of a silicone resin having a refractive index less than the refractive index of silica; said fiber being capable of functioning in a temperature range of -40� C. to -50� C. without significant loss of waveguiding ability. Description
This invention is directed to plastic clad optical fibers and their method of production.
Efficient transmission of information through long optical waveguides is dependent on the exceptional optical clarity of existing optical fibers. Technological advances during the 1970's have reduced attenuation in optical fibers to approximately 3 dB/km at 0.8 μm wavelength. However, studies have shown that when these fibers are exposed to ionizing radiation, attenuation increases substantially. The loss is time dependent to the extent that a krad of radiation (3 nsec) increases the loss from 3 dB/km to several thousand dB/km for short time periods on the order of 1 msec or less. The loss rapidly decreases with increasing time after exposure to a residual loss of 30 to 200 dB/km, which may be permanent.
Although there is a relatively wide variation in radiation sensitivity of currently marketed optical fibers, the previously described attenuation behavior is typical of state-of-the-art fibers. This behavior poses a significant problem in designing optical fibers suitable for use in environments where there is a potential for exposure to radiation, particularly nuclear threat environments.
Recent work by Friebele et al, reported in Appl. Phys. Lett., 32, 95 (1978), demonstrates that high dose levels of radiation, in the range of 106 rads, on silicone resin causes only a doubling of the initial loss, i.e., a 3 dB increase. These findings suggest that a silicone clad-silica core optical fiber would exhibit high radiation resistance. The very recent paper by G. H. Sigel et al titled "Radiation Response of Large Core Polymer Clad Silica Optical Fibers" presented at the IEEE Nuclear and Space Radiation Effects Conference (Santa Cruz, CA July 17-20, 1979) presented experimental confimation that plastic clad silica fibers are indeed the most radiation resistant optical waveguides currently available.
Unfortunately, the use of a silicone cladding in such an optical fiber presents one serious negative factor. At low temperatures, especially in the range of -40� C. to -50� C., it has been observed that the transmission loss in silicone clad-silica core optical fiber dramatically increases. In Applied Optics, 17, 3703 (1978), Yeung et al report that as the temperature of the silicone clad-silica core fiber decreases, the silicone cladding increases in density and refractive index much more rapidly than the silica core. Eventually, the refractive indices of the silicone and silica become equal. This precludes any further waveguiding effects due to complete frustration of total internal reflection at the core-cladding interface.
Thus, while silicone clad-silica core optical fibers represent an improvement over conventional fibers in radiation resistance, they are not effective at low temperatures. As many specifications for optical fiber systems require that they function at low temperature, there remains a need in the art for a radiation resistant optical fiber which is not as temperature sensitive as the recently studied silicone clad-silica core fibers.
Accordingly, it is a primary object of the invention to provide plastic clad optical fibers which function more effectively over a wider range of temperatures, particularly low temperatures, than heretofore possible.
Another object of the invention is to provide a method for preparing plastic clad optical fibers.
Still other objects and advantages of the invention will become evident to those of skill in the art upon review of the detailed description presented hereinafter.
These objects and advantages are provided by a plastic clad optical fiber comprising:
(i) a core comprised of silica and at least one dopant in an amount which is sufficient to achieve a refractive index substantially throughout the core which is at least 0.5% greater than the refractive index of undoped silica; and,
(ii) a cladding surrounding said core comprised of a silicone resin having a refractive index less than the refractive index of silica.
It has been discovered that this combination of core and cladding will persist as a waveguide to temperatures of -55� C. and lower.
The clad fiber is preferably coated with an elastomeric outer jacket. The dopants contemplated for use in the core of the fiber may be any substances which increase the refractive index of silica without inhibiting its light transmitting capabilities. These include, but are not limited to, germanium oxide, phosphorus pentoxide, titanium oxide, tantalum oxide, tin oxide, niobium oxide, zirconium oxide, aluminum oxide, lanthanum oxide, gallium oxide and cerium oxide. These dopants may be included in the core alone or in combination. Particularly preferred dopants are germanium oxide (GeO2) and phosphorus pentoxide (P2 O5).
In preparing an optical fiber according to the invention, a thin, flexible glass fiber is first prepared by drawing a cylindrical rod comprised of silica and the dopant, or dopants. This fiber becomes the core of the optical fiber. A silicone resin coating is applied over the fiber core and becomes the plastic cladding of the optical fiber. The optional elastomeric outer jacket may then be applied, preferably by extrusion, over the silicone cladding.
The cylindrical rod which is drawn to form the core of the optical fiber may be prepared according to any conventional method for preparing doped silica rods. According to a preferred embodiment of the invention, an external chemical vapor deposition (CVD) technique is used to deposit glass particles on a cylindrical starting member, such as a silica rod. In the chemical vapor deposition technique, submicron particles of silica and dopant are produced by the reaction of a gaseous mixture of silicon tetrachloride and the appropriate halide required to produce the dopant, at elevated temperatures. For example, to produce germaniasilicate particles, silicon tetrachloride and germanium tetrachloride are reacted with oxygen according to the following reaction mechanism:
SiCl4 +O2 →SiO2 +2Cl2 ↑
GeCl4 +O2 →GeO2 +2Cl2 ↑
To produce phosphosilicate particles, phosphorus oxychloride (POCl3) is substituted as the dopant source. Oxygen is provided by conducting the reaction in the ambient atmosphere or by providing an independent source of the gas. In a similar manner, silica particles containing a variety of dopants in various combinations can be produced.
The temperatures required to effect the reaction are achieved by conducting the deposition in a reaction furnace which heats the gaseous mixture of reactants to the appropriate temperature. Alternately, the requisite temperatures can be obtained by directing the reactants through a radio frequency induced plasma arc or a natural gas flame in the presence of oxygen. An inert gas such as argon or nitrogen may be used as a carrier for transporting the reactants to the reaction zone.
The glass particles produced by the chemical vapor deposition reaction are deposited on the cylindrical starting member to form a low density powder of doped silica. The density of this powder is approximately one-fifth the density of fully compacted glass. To insure that the particles are deposited uniformly over the starting member, it is placed in a lathe which rotates and translates at constant speeds. The powder is consolidated on the starting member by a subsequent high temperature heat treatment. Although it is possible to constantly heat the starting member to consolidate the particles as they are deposited, experience has taught that such heating is not easily controlled. Thus, it is preferred to consolidate to deposited particles by sintering after deposition is complete in a separate high temperature furnace. The use of a separate high temperature furnace is also helpful in maintaining close control of the OH concentration in the range of about 10 to 150 ppm. This is accomplished by adjusting the gas atmosphere in the furnace. For example, flowing chlorine gas through the furnace will scavange out hydrogen from the extremely large surface of the submicron glass particles according to the reaction:
20H+Cl2 →2HCl↑+O2 ↑
thereby reducing the OH concentration.
The resulting consolidated composite comprises the cylindrical starting member at its center covered by a uniform deposit of doped silica. While it is possible to remove the starting member prior to drawing the composite down to the dimensions of the core of an optical fiber, when the starting member is silica, this complication is not necessary, since the cross-sectional area of pure silica along the axis will be deminimus in comparison to the overall cross-section of the drawn composite. Hence, the drawn composite will be essentially completely comprised of doped silica.
The amount of dopant required in the core of the optical fiber of the invention is that which is sufficient to achieve a refractive index substantially throughout the core which is at least 0.5% greater than the refractive index of undoped silica. The term "substantially throughout" is used since when the silica starting member is not removed, the center of the core will include a small area of pure silica as previously described. A refractive index substantially throughout which is approximately 1% greater than that of silica is preferred for the core.
To achieve the minimum desirable refractive index, tests have shown that for germaniasilicate and phosphosilicate core fiber the core should contain a dopant level of at least 6 molar % germanium and 8 molar % phosphorus, respectively. The required amounts of other dopants as well as dopant combinations can be readily determined by those of skill in the art.
In conducting the chemical vapor deposition process to produce doped silica particles, the amount of dopant in the particles is controlled by adjusting the amount of dopant source, e.g., GeCl4 or POCl3, using standard stoichiometric principles, as is well known in the art. After the doped silica is fully consolidated by sintering, it is drawn in a heated drawing furnace to obtain a thin, flexible fiber having the diameter desired for the core of the optical fiber. This is preferably about 200 microns. To insure precise control of the diameter, it is advantageous to pass the fiber through a scanning laser beam system as it exits from the drawing furnace which senses the fiber diameter and automatically adjusts the fiber take-up speed to stabilize the diameter at the desired dimension. The fiber is then dip coated with a silicone resin by passing it vertically through a cup containing the resin. The exit of the cup is dimensioned to provide a uniform coating of silicone resin over the fiber of the desired diameter, preferably resulting in a plastic clad fiber having a diameter of about 350 microns. Immediately after dip coating, the silicone is rapidly cured by heat treatment. In a preferred embodiment, the coated fiber is then passed through an extrusion cross head where a durable elastomeric jacket is extruded over the fiber.
An exemplary method for preparing silicone resins is taught by Kookootsedes (Modern Plastics Encyclopedia, Vol. 50, No. 10A, October 1973). In this method, silicone resins are prepared by cohydrolysis of organochlorosilanes to form resin intermediates containing many silanol groups. The resin intermediate is subsequently partially condensed to produce a polysiloxane resin prepolymer which still contains a few silanol groups. This is the form in which the resin is stored and used as a coating. Upon heating, the remaining silanol groups of the resin prepolymer condense, forming new polysiloxane linkages in a three-dimensional crosslinked network.
While any silcone resin which effectively resists radiation, has a refractive index less than silica and is capable of withstanding temperatures as low as -75� C., is contemplated for use in the present invention, resins produced by Dow Corning under the trademark Sylgard have been found to be particularly effective. These resins have been used in flexible transmission lines for laser transmission systems as described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,434,776.
The elastomeric outer jacket may be formed of any of the well known jacketing materials for optical fibers. Particularly preferred are nylons and fluoropolymers, e.g., Teflon�. The jacket is applied to the optical fiber by any conventional technique, most preferably extrusion.
The optical fiber prepared according to the invention is capable of withstanding extremely low temperatures without significant loss of waveguiding ability. It, therefore, is a significant advancement over the plastic clad-silica core fibers which have been heretofore suggested. The fibers of the invention are particularly useful in environments where ionizing radiation is prevalent or potentially prevalent due to the high radiation resistance of the plastic cladding.
While the invention has now been described in terms of certain preferred embodiments, the skilled artisan will readily appreciate that various modifications, changes, omissions and substitutions may be made without departing from the spirit thereof. It is intended, therefore, that the present invention be limited solely by the scope of the following claims.
Patent CitationsCited PatentFiling datePublication dateApplicantTitleUS3434776 *Jul 29, 1965Mar 25, 1969Dow CorpLaser communication system using flexible silicone transmission lineUS3480458 *Jun 24, 1966Nov 25, 1969Jenaer Glaswerk Schott & GenMethod of producing light-conducting systemsUS3623903 *May 12, 1970Nov 30, 1971Jenaer Glaswerk Schott & GenMethod for producing light-conducting systems particularly for ultraviolet lightUS3869194 *Jul 3, 1973Mar 4, 1975Sumitomo Electric IndustriesFiber for optical communicationUS3980390 *Mar 20, 1975Sep 14, 1976Sumitomo Electric Industries, Ltd.Optical transmission fiberUS4147407 *Jan 9, 1978Apr 3, 1979Bell Telephone Laboratories, IncorporatedCoatings for fiber waveguidesUS4188089 *Oct 27, 1977Feb 12, 1980Jenaer Glaswerk Schott & Gen.Optical fibers having high infrared transmittancyUS4243299 *Sep 12, 1978Jan 6, 1981Jenaer Glaswerk Schott & Gen.Optical fibers for communication transmission having high stability to nuclear radiationGB1441163A * Title not available* Cited by examinerNon-Patent CitationsReference1 *"Fiber Communications Found Vulnerable to Degradation from Ionizing Radiation", Laser Focus, Oct. 1975, p. 40.2 *Black, "Fabrication of Optical Fiber Waveguides", Electrical Commun., vol. 51, No. 1, Nov. 1976, pp. 4-11.3 *Friebele et al., "Effect of Ionizing Radiation on the Optical Attenuation in . . . ", Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 32, No. 10, May 1978, pp. 619-621.4 *Friebele et al., "Effect of Ionizing Radiation on the Optical Attenuation in . . . ", Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 32, No. 2, Jan. 1978, pp. 95-97.5 *Kaiser et al., "Low-Loss FEP-Clad Silica Fibers", Applied Optics, vol. 14, No. 1, Jan. 1975, pp. 156-162.6 *Naruse et al., "Nylon-Jacketed Optical Fibre with Silicone Buffer Layer", Electr. Lett., Mar. 1977.7 *Shah, "Effects of Environmental Nuclear Radiation on Optical Fibers", Bell Syst. Tech. Journal, vol. 54, No. 7, Sep. 1975, pp. 1207-1213.8 *Yeung et al., "Effect of Temperature on Optical Fiber Transmission", Applied Optics, vol. 17, No. 23, Dec. 1978, pp. 3703-3705.* Cited by examinerReferenced byCiting PatentFiling datePublication dateApplicantTitleUS4472021 *Dec 10, 1982Sep 18, 1984Desoto, Inc.Strippable radiation-cured coatings for optical fiber and methodUS4496210 *Jul 19, 1982Jan 29, 1985Desoto, Inc.Low temperature-flexible radiation-curable unsaturated polysiloxane coated fiber opticUS4655545 *Jan 6, 1984Apr 7, 1987Sumitomo Electric Industries, Ltd.Glass fiber for optical transmissionUS4804247 *Apr 4, 1985Feb 14, 1989Sumitomo Electric Industries, Ltd.Quartz glass optical fiberUS4822123 *Oct 17, 1984Apr 18, 1989Kei MoriOptical radiatorUS4863501 *Jun 30, 1988Sep 5, 1989Polaroid Corporation, Patent DepartmentMethod of employing plasma for finishing start rodsUS5212762 *Sep 29, 1992May 18, 1993Mitsubishi Rayon Co., Ltd.Plastic-clad silica (PCS) fibers and methods and apparatuses for producing the sameUS5237638 *Mar 14, 1991Aug 17, 1993Pdt SystemsSilicone optical waveguideUS5267343 *Sep 3, 1992Nov 30, 1993The United States Of America As Represented By The United States Department Of EnergyEnhanced radiation resistant fiber opticsUS5298291 *Mar 19, 1993Mar 29, 1994The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The NavyEpoxy-functional fluoropolyol polyacrylate coating of optical fibersUS5952035 *May 28, 1997Sep 14, 1999Ia, Inc.Surface treatment and light injection method and apparatusUS6530243 *Sep 11, 2000Mar 11, 2003Sumitomo Electric Industries, Ltd.Method of making an optical fiber with an improved UV-curable resinEP0169751A2 *Jun 12, 1985Jan 29, 1986Alcatel N.V.Optical fiber with single ultraviolet cured coatingEP0190657A2 *Jan 29, 1986Aug 13, 1986Doryokuro Kakunenryo Kaihatsu JigyodanSilica glass optical conductorEP0254275A2 *Jul 21, 1987Jan 27, 1988Siemens AktiengesellschaftPlastic-sheathed light wave guideWO1984000424A1 *Jul 19, 1983Feb 2, 1984Desoto IncLow temperature-flexible radiation-curable unsaturated polysiloxane coatings for fiber optic application* Cited by examinerClassifications U.S. Classification385/123, 65/432, 385/141, 427/163.2, 385/142International ClassificationC03C25/10, G02B6/02Cooperative ClassificationG02B6/02033, C03C25/105European ClassificationC03C25/10P2BLegal EventsDateCodeEventDescriptionMay 24, 1990ASAssignmentOwner name: BANKERS TRUST COMPANY, NEW YORKFree format text: SECURITY INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:TIMES FIBER COMMUNICATIONS, INC.;REEL/FRAME:005308/0602Effective date: 19900508Dec 24, 1992ASAssignmentOwner name: TIMES FIBER COMMUNICATIONS, INC., CONNECTICUTFree format text: RELEASED BY SECURED PARTY;ASSIGNOR:BANKERS TRUST COMPANY;REEL/FRAME:006376/0615Effective date: 19921222Dec 28, 1992ASAssignmentOwner name: BANKERS TRUST COMPANY, NEW YORKFree format text: SECURITY INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:TIMES FIBER COMMUNICATIONS, INC.;REEL/FRAME:006375/0719Effective date: 19921222Jan 6, 1995ASAssignmentOwner name: TIMES FIBER COMMUNICATIONS, INC., CONNECTICUTFree format text: RELEASE BY SECURED PARTY;ASSIGNOR:BANKERS TRUST COMPANY;REEL/FRAME:007319/0272Effective date: 19950104RotateOriginal ImageGoogle Home - Sitemap - USPTO Bulk Downloads - Privacy Policy - Terms of Service - About Google Patents - Send FeedbackData provided by IFI CLAIMS Patent Services

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Giovanni Annuzzi - Semantic Scholar
BackgroundThe endocannabinoids, anandamide and 2-AG, are produced by adipocytes, where they stimulate lipogenesis via cannabinoid CB1 receptors and are under the negative control of leptin and… (More)
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rwdsharples (462) in Heating/ Cooling/ Air: rwdsharples (462) rwdsharples (462) About eBayCommunityAnnouncementsBuy HubSafety CentrePartner CentreVeRO: Protecting Intellectual PropertyPoliciesSite MapCustomer SupporteBay official timeTell us what you thinkCopyright © 1995-2013 eBay Inc. All Rights Reserved. User Agreement and Privacy Policy.
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Olga V. Borovkova - Semantic Scholar
Olga V. Borovkova
Yaroslav V. Kartashov10
Lluis Torner10
Boris A. Malomed7
Valery E. Lobanov7
8Lluis Torner
8Yaroslav V. Kartashov
6Valery E. Lobanov
Bright solitons from defocusing nonlinearities.
Olga V. Borovkova, Yaroslav V. Kartashov, Lluís Torner, Boris A. Malomed
We report that defocusing cubic media with spatially inhomogeneous nonlinearity, whose strength increases rapidly enough toward the periphery, can support stable bright localized modes. Such… (More)
Rotating vortex solitons supported by localized gain.
Olga V. Borovkova, Valery E. Lobanov, Yaroslav V. Kartashov, Lluís Torner
We show that ringlike localized gain landscapes imprinted in focusing cubic (Kerr) nonlinear media with strong two-photon absorption support new types of stable higher-order vortex solitons… (More)
General quasi-nonspreading linear three-dimensional wave packets.
Olga V. Borovkova, Yaroslav V. Kartashov, Valery E. Lobanov, Victor A. Vysloukh, Lluís Torner
We introduce a general approach for generation of sets of three-dimensional quasi-nonspreading wave packets propagating in linear media, also referred to as linear light bullets. The spectrum of… (More)
Dynamic versus Anderson wavepacket localization
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We address the interplay between two fundamentally different wavepacket localization mechanisms, namely resonant dynamic localization due to collapse of quasi-energy bands in periodic media and… (More)
Stable bright and vortex solitons in photonic crystal fibers with inhomogeneous defocusing nonlinearity.
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We predict that a photonic crystal fiber whose strands are filled with a defocusing nonlinear medium can support stable bright solitons and also vortex solitons if the strength of the defocusing… (More)
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Experimental study of homogeneous nucleation from the bismuth supersaturated vapor: evaluation of the surface tension of critical nucleus.
Andrei Aleksandrovich Onischuk, Sergey V. Vosel, Olga V. Borovkova, Aleksander Baklanov, V. V. Karasev, Sandro M Di Stasio
The homogeneous nucleation of bismuth supersaturated vapor is studied in a laminar flow quartz tube nucleation chamber. The concentration, size, and morphology of outcoming aerosol particles are… (More)
Excitonic enhancement of the transverse magneto-optical Kerr effect in semiconductor nanostructures
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It is demonstrated that the transverse magneto-optical Kerr effect experiences two-order enhancement in the spectral region of the excitonic resonance in the diluted magnetic semiconductor… (More)
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An amplification of the transverse magneto-optical Kerr effect in the magneto-plasmonic nanostructures with gain is reported. The ferromagnetic dielectric doped with the rear-earth ions plays the… (More)
[Study of sphingomyelinase activity and sphingomyelin and ceramide levels in comparison with other lipid fractions of the cell nucleus in regenerating rat liver].
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The changes in the activity of cell nuclear sphingomyelinase at different times of activation of RNA and DNA syntheses in regenerating rat liver were studied. A comparative analysis of the… (More)


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Save Best View in Chattanooga, 10 Minutes To Downtown, Next To Rockcity to your lists
0.6 mi from Rock City
"Absolutely beautifully appointed home and stunning view. The house was clean, private and comfortable. We had everything we needed in the house and the deck was our favorite place. The view was breath taking and the best views in the area. Lots of common area space and even our little pup enjoyed ..."…""Absolutely beautifully appointed home and stunning view. The house was clean, private and comfortable. We had everything we needed in the house and the deck was our favorite place. The view was breath taking and the best views in the area. Lots of common area space and even our little pup enjoyed ..."WWW…"
0.7 mi from Rock City
Save Minutes From Downtown,rock City,ruby Falls,incline & Chickamauga Battlefield to your lists
Wonderful Home near Lookout Mountain
"This was the perfect place to stay in the Chattanooga area. Close enough to everything, yet felt like we were out in the country with all the space and the beautiful backyard view of Lookout Mountain. The backyard was amazing with tons of room for relaxing and for the kids to play. The house was ..."…""This was the perfect place to stay in the Chattanooga area. Close enough to everything, yet felt like we were out in the country with all the space and the beautiful backyard view of Lookout Mountain. The backyard was amazing with tons of room for relaxing and for the kids to play. The house was ..."WWW…"
See Rock City From the Fire Pit!
"From booking to check out, the entire transaction with the owner was very smooth and they were always quick to respond with my pre-check in questions. The house was fully stocked with most things you would hope for at rental house and then some. Plenty of towels, mini combo shampoo/condition combo ..."…""From booking to check out, the entire transaction with the owner was very smooth and they were always quick to respond with my pre-check in questions. The house was fully stocked with most things you would hope for at rental house and then some. Plenty of towels, mini combo shampoo/condition combo ..."WWW…"
Save Covenant Cottage, Lookout Mountain Near Rock City. 50% Down To Reserve to your lists
1.1 mi from Rock City
"With a wedding on the mountain it was a great place to stay, so our family could be together and be close to the events."…""With a wedding on the mountain it was a great place to stay, so our family could be together and be close to the events."WWW…"
Save 20% Off ! 6/7 Bdrm 23ppl?lookout Mtn- 6 Miles Downtown Chatt 4 Acre to your lists
1.5 mi from Rock City
Good time in lookout mtn
"We had a really good time and used the house as a base when doing activities in the surrounding area. Good, central location to a lot of things to do. House was nice but a few things weren’t working (garage door and jacuzzi jets). The kids Loved the swings and the size was great for our big ..."…""We had a really good time and used the house as a base when doing activities in the surrounding area. Good, central location to a lot of things to do. House was nice but a few things weren’t working (garage door and jacuzzi jets). The kids Loved the swings and the size was great for our big ..."WWW…"
Save Weve Adopted CDC & World Health Organizations Standards in Light of Covid-19 to your lists
1.9 mi from Rock City
Great home, location, and hosts
"We had a great time in this St. Elmo home. The neighborhood was very cute, the house was cozy, and the hosts were fantastic."…""We had a great time in this St. Elmo home. The neighborhood was very cute, the house was cozy, and the hosts were fantastic."WWW…"
"Everything was good. There wasnt any propane but the the owners came over right away and changed out the tank. My son enjoyed the bunk beds."…""Everything was good. There wasnt any propane but the the owners came over right away and changed out the tank. My son enjoyed the bunk beds."WWW…"
See all available properties in Rock City
Rock City is located in a welcoming area of Lookout Mountain known for its magnificent mountain views and must-see aquarium. Lookout Mountain is home to 22 hotels and other accommodations, so you can find something that's perfect for your stay.
Staying Near Rock City
You can choose from 7 hotels and accommodations within a mile of Rock City, including these options:
Chanticleer Inn: Amenities at this bed & breakfast include an outdoor pool and a spa tub.
Minutes From Downtown,rock City,ruby Falls,incline & Chickamauga Battlefield: This 3.5-star bed & breakfast features free breakfast, an outdoor pool, and free WiFi. Our customers like its breakfast and helpful staff.
Best View in Chattanooga, 10 Minutes To Downtown, Next To Rockcity: Amenities in this vacation home include a kitchen and a washer/dryer. Our customers love its first-rate property condition.
Things to See and Do Near Rock City
While you're in town visiting Rock City, you can discover the sights within a few miles of the area.
Battles for Chattanooga Museum, Cravens House, and International Towing and Recovery Hall of Fame and Museum feature a variety of fascinating exhibits to see while you're in town. Reflection Riding Arboretum and Nature Center, Lookout Mountain Incline Railway, and John Ross House are some of the local landmarks to explore. Spend some time wandering around Ruby Falls, Point Park, and Lula Lake Land Trust.
Moccasin Bend Brewing Company and Southside Historic District are both worth a visit while you're checking out the area. Chattanooga Riverfront is also located 5.8 mi (9.3 km) from Rock City, and Tennessee Aquarium is 6 mi (9.7 km) away.
Other Hotels near Rock City, Trenton
More Hotel Options in Rock City
St Elmo Getaway- 2br
Six Flags Over Georgia hotelsRiver Street hotelsLake Lanier hotelsAugusta National Golf Club hotelsPiedmont Park hotelsLakewood Amphitheatre hotelsWild Adventures hotelsPerimeter Mall hotelsGeorgia State Stadium hotelsCamp Creek Marketplace hotelsAtlantic Station hotelsTabernacle hotelsTruist Park hotelsBest Hotels in Lookout MountainFort Stewart hotelsRoad Atlanta hotelsCoca-Cola Roxy Theater hotelsMacon Coliseum hotelsSavannah Convention Center hotelsClark Atlanta University hotelsMorehouse College hotelsBuena Vista Lake hotelsSanford Stadium hotelsGeorgia National Fairgrounds & Agricenter hotelsNorthlake Mall hotelsAlbany State University hotelsSuwanee Sports Academy hotelsMargaritaville at Lanier Islands hotelsAmicalola Falls State Park hotelsNorth Point Mall hotels
Recent reviews of Rock City hotels
Nice duplex!…Nice duplex!WW…
I was very comfortable during my stay. It’s an older property, but seems well-maintained & is nicely furnished. I didn’t cook, (other than using the microwave for popcorn!) but it looked like there was enough kitchenware to prepare meals. I did make coffee every morning, & the owners very kindly provided Dunkin Donuts coffee! Also, since I was traveling alone, I must say that I felt very safe both in the duplex & out in the surrounding area. St Elmo is very close to Lookout Mtn & Ruby Falls, as well as some trails, & it doesn’t take long to drive to the downtown & river areas. The owners have a notebook with suggestions for eating & activities in the area. There’s a crosswalk in front of the property that goes over to the park across the street; nice for crossing, but also made it easier to know where to turn into the driveway!…I was very comfortable during my stay. It’s an older property, but seems well-maintained & is nicely furnished. I didn’t cook, (other than using the microwave for popcorn!) but it looked like there was enough kitchenware to prepare meals. I did make coffee every morning, & the owners very kindly provided Dunkin Donuts coffee! Also, since I was traveling alone, I must say that I felt very safe both in the duplex & out in the surrounding area. St Elmo is very close to Lookout Mtn & Ruby Falls, as well as some trails, & it doesn’t take long to drive to the downtown & river areas. The owners have a notebook with suggestions for eating & activities in the area. There’s a crosswalk in front of the property that goes over to the park across the street; nice for crossing, but also made it easier to know where to turn into the driveway!WW…
A verified traveler from Bradenton, FL stayed at St Elmo Getaway- 2br, 1B, dog and cat Friendly, Across From Park
Everything went perfect, we thought, very clean and in order,a little slice of heaven…Everything went perfect, we thought, very clean and in order,a little slice of heavenWW…
It was amazing, the treats were everywhere, very comfortable, amazing owners, so nice, I highly recommend this place, we loved it…It was amazing, the treats were everywhere, very comfortable, amazing owners, so nice, I highly recommend this place, we loved itWW…
A verified traveler stayed at Bear House 1890, Stinson Suite, Perfect Getaway, Walk to Cafes, Outdoor Activity
Great stay in Chattanooga…Great stay in ChattanoogaWW…
We LOVED staying at this cute cottage in Chattanooga! The house was nicely appointed with all the amenities we needed. The neighborhood was safe and lovely. We thoroughly enjoyed our stay!…We LOVED staying at this cute cottage in Chattanooga! The house was nicely appointed with all the amenities we needed. The neighborhood was safe and lovely. We thoroughly enjoyed our stay!WW…
A verified traveler stayed at St. Elmo Retreat- Enjoy Mtn View in Cozy 2BR Home
Great cottage for a stay on the mountain. It is close enough to everything you would want, while also feeling secluded. It was incredibly relaxing to spend some time away from the world with friends.…Great cottage for a stay on the mountain. It is close enough to everything you would want, while also feeling secluded. It was incredibly relaxing to spend some time away from the world with friends.WW…
A verified traveler stayed at Enjoy the Mountain and the City!
Beautiful home in a beautiful neighborhood…Beautiful home in a beautiful neighborhoodWW…
We had a lovely stay in this charming house. The neighborhood is fantastic and is at the foot of Lookout Mountain. It was very convenient for all we did. The house was stocked with everything we needed. We wouldn't hesitate to stay here again.…We had a lovely stay in this charming house. The neighborhood is fantastic and is at the foot of Lookout Mountain. It was very convenient for all we did. The house was stocked with everything we needed. We wouldn't hesitate to stay here again.WW…
A verified traveler stayed at Weve Adopted CDC & World Health Organizations Standards in Light of Covid-19
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text:
Adventivity, A Countdown to Christmas with 25 Holiday Activities: Gina Carpenter: 9781607109280 - Christianbook.com
By: Gina Carpenter
Thunder Bay Press / 2013 / Paperback
Make your own fun and creative countdown to Christmas with Adventivity! This book is an interesting Advent calendar and activity book, all rolled into one. Each calendar door reveals a surprise that relates to that day's mini-project. All of the push-out designs, stencils, and card components needed are supplied, while step-by-step instructions make assemblage easy. 24 pages. Projects include:
Dimensions: 10.6 X 11 (inches)
ISBN-13: 9781607109280
I'm the author/artist and I want to review Adventivity, A Countdown to Christmas with 25 Holiday Activities.