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Patent US4186225 - Two-stage spraying with rotation - Google PatentsSearch Images Maps Play YouTube News Gmail Drive More »Sign inAdvanced Patent SearchPatentsTwo spray coatings are successively applied, without an intervening curing step, to coat the inside surface of a shell for a two-piece can. This "wet-on-wet" coating technique utilizes zone spraying, wherein only the sidewall is covered during the first application, with the second coat being applied...http://www.google.com/patents/US4186225?utm_source=gb-gplus-sharePatent US4186225 - Two-stage spraying with rotationAdvanced Patent SearchPublication numberUS4186225 APublication typeGrantApplication numberUS 05/888,924Publication dateJan 29, 1980Filing dateMar 22, 1978Priority dateAug 4, 1976Publication number05888924, 888924, US 4186225 A, US 4186225A, US-A-4186225, US4186225 A, US4186225AInventorsJack L. Smith, Leon W. MitchellOriginal AssigneeAmerican Can CompanyExport CitationBiBTeX, EndNote, RefManPatent Citations (4), Referenced by (11), Classifications (13), Legal Events (1) External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, EspacenetTwo-stage spraying with rotation
US 4186225 AAbstract
Two spray coatings are successively applied, without an intervening curing step, to coat the inside surface of a shell for a two-piece can. This "wet-on-wet" coating technique utilizes zone spraying, wherein only the sidewall is covered during the first application, with the second coat being applied to all inside surfaces.
1. A method of coating the interior surfaces of a hollow one-piece container comprised of a generally cylindrical sidewall having one end open, and an end wall closing the opposite end thereof, said sidewall and end wall being integrally formed from a thin steel blank, comprising the steps of; spraying liquid coating material into said article through said open end thereof to produce one deposit therewithin, said one deposit being confined substantially to the entire inside surface of said sidewall and subsequently to produce another deposit, said another deposit covering primarily the entire inside surface of said end wall and the inside surface of said sidewall to produce a final deposit of substantially uniform thickness extending completely over said sidewall and said end wall, said spraying to produce each said deposit being effected for a period of about 1 to 4 revolutions of said container with said container being rotated about its longitudinal axis and with said coating material at a temperature of about 20�to 85� Celsius; and subsequently effecting the initial and concurrent solidification of both deposits to produce a substantially uniform, void-free coating.
2. The method of claim 1 wherein said one deposit is applied just prior to said another deposit and both deposits are applied before effecting solidification of either.
3. The method of claim 1 wherein the configuration of the spraying pattern employed to produce each said deposit is sector-shaped.
4. The method of claim 2 wherein the rates of material delivery within said sector-shaped spraying patterns vary from minimum values at the margins to maximum values therebetween, the maximum value of material delivery occurring along a radius which lies at a point which is about 65 to 95 percent of the total arc distance between said margins.
5. The method of claim 1 wherein said coating material has a viscosity in the range of about 10 to 250 centipoises at the temperature of application.
6. The method of claim 1 wherein said coating material has a viscosity in the range of about 15 to 50 centipoises at the temperature of application.
7. The method of claim 1 wherein the total weight of the coating material applied to produce said one deposit and said another deposit is about 120 to 200 milligrams and 80 to 150 milligrams, respectively, and wherein no more than about 10 percent of the total weight of the material applied to produce said one deposit is deposited on said end wall of said body.
8. The method of claim 1 wherein said one deposit and said another deposit cooperatively produce a substantially uniform and void-free coating having an average weight distribution of about five to eight milligrams per square inch.
This is a continuation of application Ser. No. 741,580 filed Aug. 4, 1976, now abandoned.
Various techniques have in the past been employed to coat the interiors of hollow articles and, more particularly, the shell or body of two-piece metal cans. Typically, such coatings are applied from a spray nozzle, which is positioned adjacent the open end of the can shell for delivery of the coating material thereinto. However, the spray patterns of conventional spray nozzles are such that the resultant coatings tend to be nonuniform, thus requiring the over-spraying of certain areas of the can so as to provide a necessary minimum coating on other areas. The problem is particularly acute in the case of can bodies made by drawing and ironing either tinplated or tin-free steel and intended for use with carbonated beverages, since they require especially heavy, uniform, void-free coatings to prevent corrosion and product contamination.
While attempts have been made to improve upon the aforementioned spray pattern deficiencies (see, for example, the spray nozzle described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,737,108), so far as is known no presently available nozzle provides a spray pattern which is capable of uniformly covering, in a single operation, the interior surfaces of a can body having one open and one closed end. Consequently, it has been found necessary to apply the spray coating in two applications, with the initial coating being cured prior to the second spray application; without such curing, the combined weights of the two coatings, as heretofore applied, would cause them to run and sag, and to accumulate in the corners of the can.
While entirely satisfactory from the standpoint of producing good quality coatings within the can shell, such a "double coat" technique is rather inefficient, in requiring either two passes of the can shell through the spraying and curing apparatus, or a single pass through two spraying and curing stations. Thus, the technique is disadvantageous in that it entails high capital expenditures for equipment, excessive plant space, energy, manpower and materials; moreover, the can shells are subjected to possible abuse as a result of the amount of handling which the double-coat process may involve.
Accordingly, it is an object of this invention to provide a novel method for producing a relatively heavy, uniform and continuous coating on the interior surfaces of hollow articles.
It is also an object of the invention to provide such a method wherein the efficiency of the coating operation is maximized.
Another object of the invention is to provide such a method wherein capital expenditures, and requirements of space, energy, manpower and materials are minimized, without sacrifice to the quality of the coating produced.
A more specific object of the invention is to provide a novel method having the foregoing features and advantages, which method is particularly beneficial for the coating of can shells fabricated by drawing and ironing steel blanks.
It has now been found that the foregoing and related objects of the invention are readily attained in a method of coating the interior surfaces of a hollow article, comprised of a sidewall having one end open and an end wall closing the opposite end thereof, which method includes two spraying steps. In accordance therewith, a liquid coating material is sprayed into the article through the open end thereof to produce one deposit therewithin, which is confined substantially to the entire inside surface of the sidewall. Another deposit is produced within the article by spraying a liquid coating material thereinto through the open end thereof, so as to cover substantially the entire inside surface of both the sidewall and also the end wall. Finally, the initial solidification of both of the deposits is simultaneously effected.
Preferably, the "one" deposit is applied prior to the "another" deposit, and the spraying steps are effected while the article is rotated about its longitudinal axis, most desirably at a rate of rotation of about 1000 to 3000 revolutions per minute. It is highly advantageous that the spraying steps be of a duration of about 1 to 4 revolutions of the article, and that the temperature of the coating material, as applied, be between about 20� and 85� Celsius. Generally, each of the sprays will have a sector-shaped configuration, wherein the rates of material delivery will preferably vary from minimum values at the margins of the sector to a maximum value therebetween, with the maximum value of material delivery occurring along a radius which lies at a point which is about 65 to 95 percent of the total arc distance between the margins.
In the particularly preferred embodiments, the article employed is the body or shell for a two-piece drawn and ironed metal can, fabricated from steel and having a cylindrical sidewall. In such a method, the total weights of the coating material applied to produce the "one" deposit and the "another" deposit are desirably within the ranges of about 120 to 200 milligrams and 80 to 150 milligrams, respectively with no more than about 10 percent of the total weight of the material applied to produce the "one" deposit being applied to the end wall of the body. Most advantageously, the combination of the "one" deposit and the "another" deposit will produce a substantially uniform and void-free coating having an average distribution of from about 5 to 8 milligrams of coating material per square inch. Finally, the coating materials applied should have a viscosity of about 10 to 250 centipoises, and preferably about 15 to 50 centipoises, at the temperature of application.
FIG. 1 is a diagrammatical representation of the first spraying step of the method of the present invention, showing a spray nozzle and a can shell, the shell being in cross section and disposed to receive coating material from the nozzle; and
FIG. 2 is a view similar to that of FIG. 1, showing the second spraying step of the method.
Turning now in detail to the appended drawing, therein shown are the two spraying steps of the novel method embodying the present invention. Referring to FIG. 1, which illustrates the spraying step which is preferably effected first, a horizontally disposed, open-ended can body or shell, generally designated by the numeral 10, comprised of a generally cylindrical sidewall 12 and an integral end wall 14, is rotated about its longitudinal axis (by means not shown). While the shell 10 is rotated at least once, and preferably between one and four revolutions, a spray nozzle 18, positioned adjacent the open end of the shell 10, directs a spray of a liquid coating material into the open end of the can shell 10 to form a deposit which is confined substantially to the entire interior surface of the sidewall 12 of the shell 10.
Following the application of the first deposit, and while the shell 10 is still rotating, a second spray (of similar duration to that of the first application) is applied over the still wet or uncured first deposit. As illustrated in FIG. 2, the spray is directed into the open end of the can shell 10 from a second spray nozzle 18' to produce a second deposit which encompasses the entire interior surface of the shell 10, including both the sidewall 12 and also the end wall 14 thereof.
Finally, following the two spraying operations, the co-mingled "wet" coatings are cured, such as by subjecting the shell to elevated temperatures in an oven. It should be pointed out that, while there may be some casual drying of the coatings following each of the spray applications, there is no appreciable curing thereof prior to their exposure to the oven. Accordingly, their initial solidification may be regarded to be simultaneously effected, as a practical matter.
For each of the spraying operations depicted in the figures, the fan- or sector-shaped spray patterns of two preferred conventional spray nozzle orifices are illustrated, that of the controlled-distribution nozzle, in full line AC, A'C', and of the drumhead nozzle, in phantom line AB, A'B'. The drumhead nozzle orifice is designed to provide a fan-shaped spray pattern which has a maximum flow rate of coating material at (ideally) or closely adjacent one margin of the fan which decreases generally linearly to a point of minimum output at the other end or margin of the fan; the point of maximum flow is generally along a radius of the fan which is located at a point approximately 95 percent of the fan width or arc distance from one of the margins thereof and 5 percent from the other margin thereof. In contrast, the controlled-distribution nozzle provides a fan-shaped pattern having a maximum rate of flow at a point approximately 75 percent of the distance from one end of the fan and 25 percent from its other end; again, the flow rate decreases generally linearly from the point of maximum flow to the points of minimum flow, at each margin of the spray fan. The orifice designs and distribution patterns of these nozzles are more fully described and illustrated in U.S. Pat. No. 3,737,108, which is incorporated by reference herein.
Regardless of whether the drumhead or controlled-distribution nozzle is employed in the first spraying step (FIG. 1), each nozzle is oriented, relative to the can shell 10, such that the radius of their spray fan defining the point of maximum flow output is directed at the corner 13 of the can shell; this generally compensates, although not perfectly, for the increased distance the spray must travel to reach the corner 13. As a result of these nozzle orientations (most notably that of the controlled-distribution nozzle), parts of their spray fan will be directed at the annular flat surface 15 of the end wall 14. However, in neither case is there any appreciable coating accumulation on the end wall 14; generally, no more than about 10 percent of the total weight of the coating material applied in the first step.
For the second spraying step (FIG. 2), if a drumhead nozzle is employed, it is disposed relative to the shell 10, so as to produce a spray defined by margins A'B', which spray extends from the rim 11 of the shell 10 along the entire length of the sidewall 12 and onto the end wall 14 to a point slightly beyond the center of the central dome or dimple 16 thereof (to insure its full coverage). Alternatively, if a controlled distribution nozzle is used, it is preferred that it be disposed relative to the can shell 10 such that its spray A'C' extends beyond that of the drumhead pattern A'B', encompassing the entire end wall 14 as well as a portion of the opposite side of the sidewall 12 adjacent the corner 13. As can be appreciated, this provides added coverage to the bottom portion of the sidewall, an area of the can shell 10 which, regardless of whether the spray is directed at only the sidewall (i.e., AB or AC), or at the entire can interior (i.e., A'B' or A'C'), typically receives the least amount of spray coverage. Accordingly, a more uniform coating distribution is achieved.
Usually, each of the spraying steps will be completed in a single pass through a spraying machine. This may appropriately be accomplished by feeding a multiplicity of uncoated can shells to successive can-receiving pockets of a rotatable turret, which intermittently indexes the shells to a first and then to a second spray station, whereat they are rotated (such as by belts) while they receive the sprays from separately mounted nozzles. Thereafter, the coated shells are removed from the turret at a discharge station, for transfer to an oven in which curing of the coatings is effected.
In such a machine, the cans are preferably coated at the rate of 150 to 325 per minute, and are rotated at relatively high speeds, typically on the order of about 1000 to 3000 revolutions per minute, with the duration of each of the spraying steps being in the range of about 50 to 120 milliseconds and the duration between each of the spraying steps being in the range of about 75 to 250 milliseconds. Generally, the spray nozzles used will have a flow rate of about 0.09 to 0.16 gallons of water per minute at a pressure of 500 pounds per square inch, and the coating materials will normally be applied under a hydraulic pressure in the range of about 500 to 1200 pounds per square inch. Preferably, the first gun will apply a total weight of 120 to 200 milligrams of coating material, with the second gun applying a total weight of about 80 to 150 milligrams, so as to achieve an average distribution of between about five and eight milligrams per square inch over the entire interior surface of the shell.
Suitable coating materials for drawn and ironed container can shells fabricated from steel and intended for carbonated beverage use include, among other types of resins, epoxies, acrylics, and polyesters. These materials are preferably applied at a temperature within the range of about 20� to 85� Celsius, and they will normally have a viscosity in the range of about 10 to 250 centipoises at the temperature of application; preferably, they will exhibit viscosities of about 15 to 50 centipoises under that condition.
As a specific example, a shell for a two-piece drawn and ironed can, fabricated from tinplate and having an outside diameter of about two and eleven-sixteenths inches and a height of about four and thirteen-sixteenths inches, was coated in accordance with the instant method using two controlled-distribution nozzles employed in apparatus of the sort previously described. The first gun, used to apply the "sidewall" coat, was oriented downwardly at an angle of about thirty-five degrees relative to the horizontally disposed can shell, and was positioned at a distance of about one and one-quarter inches from the opening of the can shell with its orifice about one-half inch radically inward from the uppermost point of the can sidewall; its spray pattern was about seven inches wide, i.e., from margin to margin, measured at a point ten inches from the nozzle. The second gun, used to apply the "full" coat, was oriented downwardly at an angle of about twenty-five degrees from the horizontal and positioned at a distance of about one inch from the opening of the can shell with its orifice about three-quarters of an inch radially inward from the uppermost point of the can sidewall; its spray pattern was about ten inches wide, measured as described above. Each of the nozzles' flow rate was rated at 0.12 gallons per minute of water at 500 pounds per square inch and operated at a pressure of 800 pounds per square inch.
An epoxy-urea formaldehyde resin having a viscosity of about 20 centipoises was applied by each spray gun at a temperature of about 52� C. As the cans were rotated at about 1800 revolutions per minute, each coating was applied for about 100 milliseconds, or for about two and one-half revolutions of the can shell and the time between sprays was about 100 milliseconds. The first gun applied a total of about 180 milligrams, which provided an average distribution of about 5 milligrams per square inch on the interior surface of the side wall and about 0.5 milligrams per square inch on the annular flat interior surface 15 of the end wall 14. The second gun applied a total weight of about 120 milligrams, which provided an average distribution of about 2.5 milligrams per square inch on the sidewall, and about 7 milligrams per square inch and 7.5 milligrams per square inch respectively, on the annular flat surface 15 and the central dome 16 of the end wall 14; this resulted in a combined total weight for the two spray coatings of about 7.5 milligrams per square inch for the entire interior surface of both the sidewall 12 and the end wall 14. The can shell was then baked at about 216� C. for about two minutes.
While the instant method has been described in relation to the illustrated and preferred embodiment, it should be understood that modification may be made, as will be apparent to those skilled in the art. For example, while most advantageously the "sidewall" coat is applied prior to the "full" coat, their order may be reversed. It should also be mentioned that, although the fan-shaped spray patterns of nozzles having either a 75:25 or 95:5 flow distribution, are preferred, the maximum rate of material delivery may occur along a radius which lies at a point which is about 65 to 95 percent of the total arc distance between the fan margins.
It should be pointed out that, although it is preferred that the time between sprays be relatively brief, i.e., 75 to 250 milliseconds, considerably longer periods of time may be tolerated and, in fact, may be advantageous for certain applications. In addition, the coating materials applied in each spray need not necessarily be the same. Finally, it should be noted that, although the instant method is especially valuable for coating the inside surface of one-piece cylindrical shells or bodies for two-piece cans, and particularly for such shells fabricated from either tinplated or tin-free steel and intended to be filled with carbonated beverages, it may advantageously be employed for coating virtually any hollow article having a closed end.
Thus, it can be seen that the present invention provides a novel method for producing a uniform and continuous coating on the interior surfaces of hollow articles. In the method, the efficiency of the coating operation is maximized, and capital expenditures and requirements of space, energy, manpower and materials are minimized, without sacrifice to the quality of the coating produced. In particular, a novel method is provided having the foregoing features and advantages, which method is particularly beneficial for the coating of can shells fabricated by drawing and ironing steel blanks.
Patent CitationsCited PatentFiling datePublication dateApplicantTitleUS3640758 *Mar 5, 1970Feb 8, 1972Nordson CorpMethod for coating the interiors of hollow bodiesUS3697313 *Feb 24, 1970Oct 10, 1972Nordson CorpMethod of spraying closed end cansUS3726711 *Sep 28, 1970Apr 10, 1973Nordson CorpMethod and apparatus for coating metal can bodiesUS3797456 *Nov 26, 1971Mar 19, 1974Nordson CorpApparatus for coating the interiors of hollow bodies* Cited by examinerReferenced byCiting PatentFiling datePublication dateApplicantTitleUS4278709 *Oct 25, 1979Jul 14, 1981Ball CorporationMethod of applying water soluble internal coating to hot cansUS4378386 *Nov 9, 1981Mar 29, 1983Nordson CorporationMethod of spraying closed end cansUS4512947 *May 5, 1983Apr 23, 1985Charles Wyle Engineering CorporationCyclohexanone, high speed productionUS5281446 *Aug 7, 1991Jan 25, 1994Sweetheart Cup Company Inc.Forming spray band of molten atomized wax, orienting band parallel to surface of container to be coated, sprayingUS5456754 *Aug 17, 1993Oct 10, 1995Sweetheart Cup Company Inc.Apparatus for coating paperboard containersUS6645552 *Nov 27, 2000Nov 11, 2003Rohm And Haas CompanyContaining a quick-setting binder by applying the coating as at least two separate layers; applications as road-marking paints to permit traffic to pass over the freshly-painted markingUS8545937Aug 31, 2009Oct 1, 2013Nordson CorporationSpray coating with uniform flow distributionEP0079240A2 *Nov 9, 1982May 18, 1983Nordson CorporationMethod of spraying closed end cansEP0466147A1 *Jul 11, 1991Jan 15, 1992Sweetheart Cup Company, Inc.Method and apparatus for coating paperboard containersWO1994027735A1 *May 28, 1994Dec 8, 1994Schlinsog Hans JuergenWaste-free spray painting process for cylindrical bodiesWO2011025653A1 *Aug 10, 2010Mar 3, 2011Nordson CorporationSpray coating with uniform flow distribution* Cited by examinerClassifications U.S. Classification427/233, 427/239, 118/313, 118/314, 118/DIG.3, 118/318International ClassificationB05B13/06, B05D7/22Cooperative ClassificationB05B13/0627, Y10S118/03, B05D7/22European ClassificationB05D7/22, B05B13/06CLegal EventsDateCodeEventDescriptionAug 14, 1987ASAssignmentOwner name: AMERICAN CAN PACKAGING INC., AMERICAN LANE, GREENWFree format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNOR:AMERICAN CAN COMPANY, A NJ CORP.;REEL/FRAME:004835/0338Effective date: 19861107Owner name: AMERICAN NATIONAL CAN COMPANYFree format text: MERGER;ASSIGNORS:AMERICAN CAN PACKAGING INC.;TRAFALGAR INDUSTRIES, INC. (MERGED INTO);NATIONAL CAN CORPORATION (CHANGED TO);REEL/FRAME:004835/0354Effective date: 19870430Owner name: AMERICAN CAN PACKAGING INC.,CONNECTICUTFree format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:AMERICAN CAN COMPANY, A NJ CORP.;REEL/FRAME:4835/338Free format text: MERGER;ASSIGNORS:AMERICAN CAN PACKAGING INC.;TRAFALGAR INDUSTRIES, INC. (MERGED INTO);NATIONAL CAN CORPORATION (CHANGED TO);REEL/FRAME:4835/354Owner name: AMERICAN NATIONAL CAN COMPANY,STATELESSFree format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:AMERICAN CAN COMPANY, A NJ CORP.;REEL/FRAME:004835/0338Owner name: AMERICAN CAN PACKAGING INC., CONNECTICUTOwner name: AMERICAN NATIONAL CAN COMPANY, STATELESSRotateOriginal ImageGoogle Home - Sitemap - USPTO Bulk Downloads - Privacy Policy - Terms of Service - About Google Patents - Send FeedbackData provided by IFI CLAIMS Patent Services


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Somatic retrotransposition in human cancer revealed by whole-genome and exome sequencing. - PubMed - NCBI
1 selected item: 24823667
Genome Res. 2014 Jul;24(7):1053-63. doi: 10.1101/gr.163659.113. Epub 2014 May 13.
Helman E1, Lawrence MS2, Stewart C2, Sougnez C2, Getz G3, Meyerson M4.
Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences & Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Masachusetts 02142, USA;
Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Masachusetts 02142, USA;
Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Masachusetts 02142, USA; Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA;
Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences & Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Masachusetts 02142, USA; Center for Cancer Genome Discovery and Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA; Department of Pathology, Brigham & Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
Retrotransposons constitute a major source of genetic variation, and somatic retrotransposon insertions have been reported in cancer. Here, we applied TranspoSeq, a computational framework that identifies retrotransposon insertions from sequencing data, to whole genomes from 200 tumor/normal pairs across 11 tumor types as part of The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) Pan-Cancer Project. In addition to novel germline polymorphisms, we find 810 somatic retrotransposon insertions primarily in lung squamous, head and neck, colorectal, and endometrial carcinomas. Many somatic retrotransposon insertions occur in known cancer genes. We find that high somatic retrotransposition rates in tumors are associated with high rates of genomic rearrangement and somatic mutation. Finally, we developed TranspoSeq-Exome to interrogate an additional 767 tumor samples with hybrid-capture exome data and discovered 35 novel somatic retrotransposon insertions into exonic regions, including an insertion into an exon of the PTEN tumor suppressor gene. The results of this large-scale, comprehensive analysis of retrotransposon movement across tumor types suggest that somatic retrotransposon insertions may represent an important class of structural variation in cancer.
24823667
PMC4079962
10.1101/gr.163659.113
Landscape of retrotransposon insertions across cancer reveals a tumor-type specific pattern. (A) Distribution of duplication or deletion lengths at sites of somatic retrotransposon insertion. Target-site duplication (TSD) lengths are sequence duplications of positive length, while microdeletions at the breakpoint are plotted as negative values according to the length of the deletion. See Supplemental Figure 3A for an analogous plot of germline retrotransposon insertions. (B) A sequence logo of the consensus motif at the predicted breakpoints of somatic retrotransposon insertions. See Supplemental Figure 3B for germline insertion sequence motif. (C) Percentage of each retrotransposon family inserted in both tumor and matched normal (germline) and only in tumor (somatic) across all samples. (D) Length of somatically inserted L1 element (see Supplemental Fig. 3C for germline). (E) Distribution of somatic retrotransposon insertion events per individual across all tumor types. For each tumor type, the vertical axis displays the number of somatic retrotransposon events identified within each individual queried. These data are whole-genome sequences from 200 individuals collected and sequenced through The Cancer Genome Atlas, across 11 tumor types: lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD), lung squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC), ovarian carcinoma (OV), rectal adenocarcinoma (READ), colon adenocarcinoma (COAD), kidney clear cell carcinoma (KIRC), uterine corpus endometrioid carcinoma (UCEC), head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSC), breast carcinoma (BRCA), acute myeloid leukemia (LAML), and glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). See Supplemental Figure 4, A and B, for other representations of these data.
Somatic retrotransposition in human cancer revealed by whole-genome and exome sequencing
Genome Res. 2014 Jul;24(7):1053-1063.
Retrotransposons can mobilize into genic regions. (A) Genes that contain somatic retrotransposon insertions in more than one sample. (B) Empirical cumulative distribution function (ecdf) of gene expression, quantified by RNA-seq by Expectation Maximization (RSEM) values, of genes that contain somatic retrotransposon insertions in a specific sample (red) versus the ecdf of gene expression in genes that do not contain retrotransposon insertions across all other samples (black). (C) Genes that contain somatic retrotransposon insertions in or within 200 bp of exons, 5′, and 3′ UTRs. (D) Gene expression of a selection of genes with somatic retrotransposon insertions; the red dot shows the RSEM value in the particular tumor sample that contained the retrotransposon insertion in that gene, while the gray represents the gene’s expression across all other samples within that tumor type that do not contain a retrotransposon insertion.
3′-transductions elucidate source retrotransposon element. (A) Select 3′-transduction events, including the sample, the source element location (i.e., genomic origin of the unique sequence), the transposition insertion location, and the length of the transduced sequence. See Supplemental Table 4 for a full list. (B) Schematic of the two models of somatic retrotransposition detected seen in this analysis: (i) one source L1HS element becoming active and inserting multiple times across the tumor sample, and (ii) several source elements becoming active in the tumor sample.
Retrotransposon load is correlated with genomic instability, late-replication, and closed chromatin. (A) Number of somatic rearrangements in LUSC, LUAD, and HNSC samples with high retrotransposon load (>10 somatic retrotransposon insertions, RTI-H) and with low retrotransposon load (≤10 somatic insertion, RTI-L). (B) Number of somatic mutations in RTI-H and RTI-L samples across all 11 tumor types. (C) HPV status of RTI-H and RTI-L HNSC samples. (D) Replication timing of genes that contain somatic retrotransposon insertions versus genes that contain germline insertions, and all RefSeq genes. Later replicating genes have higher values of replication time on the y-axis. (E) Chromatin conformation of genes that contain somatic retrotransposon insertions versus genes that contain germline insertions, and all RefSeq genes. The y-scale represents relative chromatin “openness,” the lower the y-value, the more closed the chromatin state. (F) Expression (RPKM) of consensus L1HS and AluYa5 sequences in RTI-H and RTI-L LUSC samples. All error bars represent standard error of the distribution.
Exome sequencing identifies novel retrotransposon insertions into exons. (A) Genes with somatic retrotransposon insertions into exons as detected by TranspoSeq-Exome. Somatic insertions in PPFIA2, PCNX, and CRB1 were identified in the whole-genome sequencing cohort as well as in separate samples in the exome sequencing set. (B) Diagram of a 90-bp 5′-truncated L1HS element inserted into exon 6 of PTEN. In dark blue are RNA-seq reads that span the reference–transposon junction, supporting its expression.

type: global

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text:
Kids Martial Arts Classes - Dance Palooza Studios | Groupon
One Month of Martial Arts Training for One Child Ages 3 and Up
One Month of Martial Arts Training for Two Children Ages 3 and Up
$55 for one month of martial arts training for one child ages 3 and up ($119 value)
$109 for one month of martial arts training for two children ages 3 and up ($238 value)
Promotional value expires 120 days after purchase. Amount paid never expires. May be repurchased every 90 days. Must sign waiver. Registration required. Limit 1 per person, may buy 1 additional as gift. Limit 1 per visit. Limit 1 per household. Limit 1 per child. Valid only for option purchased. All goods or services must be used by the same person. Cannot be combined with any other promotions or specials. Merchant is solely responsible to purchasers for the care and quality of the advertised goods and services.

value: This website is an American global e-commerce marketplace connecting subscribers with local merchants by offering activities, travel, goods and services in 15 countries. Based in Chicago, Groupon was launched there in November 2008, launching soon after in Boston, New York City and Toronto.


text:
Design and Implementation of Educational Games: Theoretical and Practical Perspectives by Pavel Zemliansky | 9781615207817 | Hardcover | Barnes & Noble
Pavel ZemlianskyPavel Zemliansky
ISBN-10: 1615207813
ISBN-13: 9781615207817
The new global, fast-paced, interconnected world demands that educators consider new educational methods and media in order to meet the needs of a mobile, shifting society. Design and Implementation of Educational Games: Theoretical and Practical Perspectives researches how to meet this need by effectively engaging the learner while keeping learning integral

value: This website is an American bookseller. It is a Fortune 1000 company and the bookseller with the largest number of retail outlets in the United States.


text: 1 on my website I sell unique items. I have programmed it so that on the selling page, users can select any amount of these items, and it calculates the cost. The key is that I only have 1 of each of these items. So I need the shopping cart system to not allow the payment to go through unless it is available.

value: This website is a question and answer website for professional and enthusiast programmers. It is the flagship site of the Stack Exchange Network, created in 2008 by Jeff Atwood and Joel Spolsky.


text:
College for Women of Western Reserve University skip navigation
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link :"http://cdn.loc.gov/master/pnp/cph/3c20000/3c28000/3c28900/3c28975u.tif",
http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/pan.6a26930
http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/cph.3c28975
College for Women of Western Reserve University
Title: College for Women of Western Reserve University
Miller-Sparrow Co.
Reproduction Number: LC-USZ62-128975 (b&w film copy neg.)
Call Number: PAN SUBJECT - Groups no. 213 (E size) [P&P]
J181650 U.S. Copyright Office
Copyright claimant's address: 414 Prospect Ave., S.E., Cleveland, Ohio.
Copyright deposit; Miller-Sparrow Co.; May 21, 1913; DLC/PP-1913:44598.
Flora Stone Mather College--People.
http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/2007662115/

value: This website is the research library that officially serves the United States Congress and is the de facto national library of the United States. It is the oldest federal cultural institution in the United States.


text:
Engraving By Angela in Frankston, Texas with Reviews & Ratings - YP.comFind People•Advertise With UsBrowseFind PeopleFeatured CollectionsRestaurantsAutomotiveHome ImprovementHealth & WellnessAttorneysPeople Searched For...Houses For RentTiresVfwRestaurantsVeterinary ClinicsLake Palestine ResortLiquor StoresNursing HomesMotelsGrocery StoresFloristsBarber ShopValeroHair SalonTrash PickupRv ParksPizza DeliveryBrendas Country KettleFeed StoreApartmentsNursing Homes Skilled Nursing FacilityAuto PartsGas StationsAdvertise with usWe have plenty of solutions to help you grow your businessWhat do you want to find?Search by business name, or keywordnearWhere? 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of 21resultsIf we're missing a business and you'd like to make a suggestion, please do! Add a business.Add a New CollectionOops! There was a problem saving the new custom collection.Please try again.Collection Name cannot be emptyUpload a Photo(optional)Remaining Characters: 100Remaining Characters: 500CancelSaveMap ViewFeatured Engravingin Frankston, TexasAdd to mybookRemove from mybookAdded to your shopping collection!Error when adding to shopping collectionThis business was removed from the shopping collectionInaccurate Result?Murphey The Jeweler(2)5201 S Broadway AveTyler, TX 75703(903) 617-5208WebsiteDirectionsMore InfoAdd to mybookRemove from mybookAdded to your services collection!Error when adding to services collectionThis business was removed from the services collectionInaccurate Result?L.F. GRAPHICS LLCServing the Frankston Area.(973) 240-7033Your One Stop Printing Source!WebsiteContact UsMore InfoSponsored Frankston Engraving by angelaPhoneWebsiteMoreAboutAbout UsSite FeedbackContact UsAdvertise with UsCareers - We're HiringEngineering BlogLegal

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Sundance Catalog Pure Poetry Lace Blouse L Ruched 3/4 Sleeves Eyelash Nice! | eBay
SUNDANCE pure poetry lace blouse burgundy eyelash 3/4 sleeve Sz. Medium
Jun 08, 2019, 09:07:55 AM PDT
retrolectual (2615 )
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Last updated on Jul 20, 2018 07:35:25 PDT View all revisions
Accents: Ruched Features: Buttons
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value: This website is an American multinational e-commerce corporation based in San Jose, California, that facilitates consumer-to-consumer and business-to-consumer sales through its website.