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365 DAYS of AWESOME (GOPRO 2013) by FlippedSociety : goprojump to contentmy subredditsannouncementsArtAskRedditaskscienceawwblogbookscreepydataisbeautifulDIYDocumentariesEarthPornexplainlikeimfivefoodfunnyFuturologygadgetsgamingGetMotivatedgifshistoryIAmAInternetIsBeautifulJokesLifeProTipslistentothismildlyinterestingmoviesMusicnewsnosleepnottheonionOldSchoolCoolpersonalfinancephilosophyphotoshopbattlespicsscienceShowerthoughtsspacesportstelevisiontifutodayilearnedTwoXChromosomesUpliftingNewsvideosworldnewsWritingPromptsedit subscriptionsfront-all-random | AskReddit-funny-news-todayilearned-worldnews-pics-gifs-gaming-videos-aww-Showerthoughts-movies-mildlyinteresting-nottheonion-Jokes-science-television-OldSchoolCool-space-creepy-sports-explainlikeimfive-tifu-Futurology-IAmA-LifeProTips-TwoXChromosomes-books-photoshopbattles-EarthPorn-food-WritingPrompts-UpliftingNews-personalfinance-dataisbeautiful-Music-nosleep-Art-DIY-askscience-GetMotivated-Documentaries-history-gadgets-InternetIsBeautiful-listentothis-philosophy-announcements-blogmore » goprocommentsWant to join? Log in or sign up in seconds.|Englishlimit my search to /r/goprouse the following search parameters to narrow your results:subreddit:subredditfind submissions in "subreddit"author:usernamefind submissions by "username"site:example.comfind submissions from "example.com"url:textsearch for "text" in urlselftext:textsearch for "text" in self post contentsself:yes (or self:no)include (or exclude) self postsnsfw:yes (or nsfw:no)include (or exclude) results marked as NSFWe.g. subreddit:aww site:imgur.com dogsee the search faq for details.advanced search: by author, subreddit...this post was submitted on 06 Jan 201420 points (82% upvoted)shortlink: remember mereset passwordloginSubmit a new linkSubmit a new text postgoprosubscribeunsubscribe51,610 readers~59 users here nowWelcome to /r/GoPro!
created by riderszonea community for 6 yearsmessage the moderatorsMODERATORSpost_breakGoPro!XtremeskierbfsDesignNomadHero 5 BlackskeetorgandonorHero4 Blackap73Hero4 SessionAutoModeratorGoPro_Modabout moderation team »discussions in /r/gopro<>X160 points · 26 comments GoPro HERO5 Black - Linear FOV20 points · 2 comments Another GoPro HERO5 Black Shot. Linear FOV. Protune On - GoPro Color, WB Native, ISO400, Sharpness Low5 points · 8 comments I've got a shoot this morning, and suddenly I need a login to connect to my gopro (and I can't login OR create a new account in app or on the website). Is this happening to others?10 points · 5 comments Revolutionary GoPro Mounting System - 360 Quick Connect on KickstarterDodging Blaster Fire in my Jeep: Nightlapse23 points · 1 comment Best Mountain Bike Ride EVER! The Whole Enchilada in Moab UT115 points · 39 comments AER on kickstarter8 points · 11 comments Taking the Hero 5 for a spin!49 points · 12 comments Murca'6 points · 2 comments Star Lapse with Aurora ...sept 29th Seward, AK ... H4BThis is an archived post. You won't be able to vote or comment.
192021365 DAYS of AWESOME (GOPRO 2013) by FlippedSociety (youtube.com)submitted 2 years ago by bookname3055 commentsshareall 5 commentssorted by: besttopnewcontroversialoldrandomq&alive (beta)[–]MobleVHero3 Black 0 points1 point2 points 2 years ago (0 children)badass as always!
permalinkembedsavegive gold[–]FloridasFinest 0 points1 point2 points 2 years ago (0 children)Well, you win life. Sick video man!
permalinkembedsavegive gold[–]ImComcastic 0 points1 point2 points 2 years ago (0 children)Can I just come hang out with you guys? Seriously?
permalinkembedsavegive gold[–]Winston_MontagHero3 Black 0 points1 point2 points 2 years ago (0 children)Where were those lake scenes? Austin by any chance? permalinkembedsavegive gold[–]OpalHawk 0 points1 point2 points 2 years ago (0 children)I'm envious of the Russian Swing.
permalinkembedsavegive goldPosts are automatically archived after 6 months.Got Itaboutblogaboutsource codeadvertisejobshelpsite rulesFAQwikireddiquettetransparencycontact usapps & toolsReddit for iPhoneReddit for Androidmobile websitebuttons<3reddit goldredditgiftsUse of this site constitutes acceptance of our User Agreement and Privacy Policy (updated). © 2016 reddit inc. All rights reserved.REDDIT and the ALIEN Logo are registered trademarks of reddit inc.Advertise - technologycreate a new accountusername:password:verify password:email: (optional)remember meget the best of reddit emailed to you once a week. learn moresign uplog inusername:password:remember mereset passwordlog inBy signing up, you agree to our Terms and that you have read our Privacy Policy and Content Policy.English [en]العربية [ar]Беларуская мова [be]български език [bg]Bosanski [bs]català [ca]česky [cs]dansk [da]Deutsch [de]Ελληνικά [el]English (Australia) [en-au]English (Canadian) [en-ca]English (Great Britain) [en-gb]English [en-us]Esperanto [eo]español [es]español [es-ar]eesti keel [et]Euskara [eu]فارسی [fa]suomi [fi]français [fr]Gàidhlig [gd]עברית [he]मानक हिन्दी [hi]hrvatski [hr]Magyar [hu]Հայերեն լեզու [hy]Bahasa Indonesia [id]íslenska [is]italiano (Italy) [it]日本語 [ja]ಕನ್ನಡ [kn_IN]한국어 [ko]Latin [la]1337 [leet]LOL [lol]lietuvių kalba [lt]latviešu valoda [lv]Nederlands [nl]Nynorsk [nn]Norsk [no]Arrrrrrrr! [pir]polski [pl]português [pt] (*)português [pt-pt]português brasileiro [pt_BR]română [ro]русский [ru]slovenčina [sk]slovenščina [sl]српски језик [sr]Srpski [sr-la]Svenska [sv]தமிழ் [ta]ภาษาไทย [th]Türkçe [tr]українська мова [uk]Tiếng Việt [vi]中文 [zh] (*) incomplete volunteer to translateπ Rendered by PID 692 on app-537 at 2016-09-30 17:01:43.931373+00:00 running 9b22fbe country code: US.

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Car Rental Saint-Andre-de-Cubzac: Cheap Rental Car Deals |
Saint-Andre-de-Cubzac Car Rental
Car Rentals in Saint-Andre-de-Cubzac Car Rentals in Saint-Andre-de-Cubzac, current page
Top Car Deals in Saint-Andre-de-Cubzac
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Explore Saint-Andre-de-Cubzac
Flights to Saint-Andre-de-Cubzac
Vacation Rentals in Saint-Andre-de-Cubzac
Saint-Andre-de-Cubzac Car Rentals
Whether you’re road tripping through the state or venturing around the city, do yourself a favor and rent a car in Saint-Andre-de-Cubzac, Bordeaux. When you sit behind the wheel of your rental car, you can forget about hailing taxis and memorizing public transportation schedules. Because with access to a car rental in Saint-Andre-de-Cubzac, you’re free to travel where and when you want. Thanks to a set of wheels, experience the freedom of exploring the entire area on your own watch. Spend the morning browsing a museum on one side of town and then hit up an attraction on the opposite side of town in the afternoon without a care in the world.
If you’re in search of a cheap car rental in Saint-Andre-de-Cubzac, Bordeaux suiting all your needs, look no further than our selection of vehicles right here on Expedia. From large vans spacious enough to comfortably fit your whole family to sporty convertibles to cruise around in style, we offer it all. Browse our fleet to acquire a luxury rental with all the latest technology or a compact economy car with ideal gas mileage. Whatever kind of vehicle you picture yourself driving on the open road with, we’ll help you find it. You’ll come across numerous Saint-Andre-de-Cubzac car rentals matching not only your preferences, but your price range too. Book our cheap discounts, buckle up, and start your adventures with a rental car today.
VNO to Budapest
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text:
Land Rover Defender 2.2L Puma Air Flow Sensor with Air Filter Lid. New Take Off. | eBay
See more Land Rover (Genuine OE) PHC500070LR019830
Land Rover Defender 2.2 Puma Mass Air Flow Sensor
Fit with LAND ROVER DISCOVERY Bosch Air Mass Sensor 0280217532 4
Fit with LAND ROVER FREELANDER Bosch Air Mass Sensor 0281002182 2
Details about Land Rover Defender 2.2L Puma Air Flow Sensor with Air Filter Lid. New Take Off.
Land Rover Defender 2.2L Puma Air Flow Sensor with Air Filter Lid. New Take Off.
“Taken out a delivery milage 65 plate vehicle”
262774832763
Last updated on 30 Oct, 2017 12:40:39 GMT View all revisions
Air & Fuel Sensor Type: Air Flow Mass Meter Manufacturer Part Number: PHC500070 & LR019830
Back to home page | See more details about "Land Rover (Genuine OE) PHC500070LR019830" Return to top
Land Rover Defender 2.2L Puma Air Flow Sensor with Air ... Land Rover Defender 2.2L Puma Air Flow Sensor with Air ...
Land Rover Defender Cabrio Air Filters,

value: This website is an American multinational e-commerce corporation based in San Jose, California, that facilitates consumer-to-consumer and business-to-consumer sales through its website.


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Full Set of Eyelash Extensions - The Lash Studio Omaha | Groupon
$63 for $125 Worth of Services — The Lash Studio Omaha
The Lash Studio Omaha
From the merchant: We are the premiere Lash Studio in Omaha! We custom design lash extension sets to compliment your features…
A Chat with The Lash Studio Omaha
The Lash Studio Omaha offers custom designed lashes for the individual. Our stylists only offer eyelash extensions because that is our specialty. We are masters at our craft!
We were inspired to start the eyelash extensions business to be able to offer semi-permanent lashes to ladies who want to live mascara-free... The ability to offer women the ability to wake up with amazing looking eyes is a huge inspiration for us!
Our certified, master eyelash extensions stylist, May, loves watching beautiful lash sets come together. But, seeing the happy looks of her women client's when they look in the mirror, is a huge bonus!
One notable client, looked in the mirror and screamed in delight! It scared everyone in the salon, until they realized that is was a scream of delight! Another client, looked in the mirror and refused to step away... She said she felt that the extensions made her feel she had a mini eye lift!
Such a fantastic experience, Mei is so kind and great at her art. Definitely going to return!
Marina V. · July 15, 2016
Fantastic and beautiful work. Highly recommend.
Stephanie L. · June 15, 2016
I've tried 4 different lash specialists since moving to the Omaha area and were never really satisfied with the quality. May was the first one that when I left her studio I felt beautiful.
Kimberli D. · June 9, 2016

value: This website is an American global e-commerce marketplace connecting subscribers with local merchants by offering activities, travel, goods and services in 15 countries. Based in Chicago, Groupon was launched there in November 2008, launching soon after in Boston, New York City and Toronto.


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1 Room Expedia.com • Hotels • South America • Argentina • Buenos Aires Hotels • Palermitano, Buenos Aires
This hotel features a restaurant, an outdoor pool, and a bar/lounge. Free buffet breakfast and free WiFi in public areas are also provided. Other amenities include a coffee shop/café, a rooftop terrace, and coffee/tea in the lobby.
Palermitano features an outdoor pool and a seasonal outdoor pool. The hotel offers a restaurant and a coffee shop/café. A bar/lounge is on site where guests can unwind with a drink. A complimentary breakfast is offered each morning. High-speed wireless Internet access is complimentary. This Buenos Aires hotel also offers a rooftop terrace, tour/ticket assistance, and multilingual staff. 24-hour front desk Babysitting or childcare (surcharge) Bar/lounge Coffee shop or café Coffee/tea in common areas Concierge services Dry cleaning/laundry service Elevator/lift Express check-in Free breakfast Free WiFi Garden Laundry facilities Luggage storage Multilingual staff Number of buildings/towers - 1 Number of floors - 4 Outdoor pool Outdoor seasonal pool Pool sun loungers Porter/bellhop Restaurant Rooftop terrace Safe-deposit box at front desk Total number of rooms - 16 Tours/ticket assistance Wedding services Year Built 2011 Show all hotel amenities Family Friendly Amenities
Air conditioning Balcony Bidet Cable TV service Climate control Free toiletries Cribs/infant beds available Daily housekeeping Desk First-run movies Flat-panel TV Free WiFi Free wired high-speed Internet Hair dryer In-room safe Individually decorated Individually furnished iPod docking station Minibar Pillowtop mattress Premium bedding Premium TV channels Private bathroom Room service (24 hours) Shower/tub combination Slippers Soundproofed rooms Turndown service Show all room amenities Where to Eat
PalermitanoPalermitano Buenos AiresPalermitano HotelPalermitano Hotel Buenos Aires
Give your feedback to help us make improvements Enter your dates to see prices Palermitano
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Deli Green Bakery & Catering in Halifax, Nova Scotia | Groupon
Bakers craft confections such as cookies, carrot cakes & lemon loaves from local, farm-fresh eggs & Nova Scotian apples & blueberries
Promotional value expires Jan 26, 2012. Amount paid never expires. Limit 1 per person, may buy 1 additional as a gift. Limit 1 per visit. Valid only for option purchased. Carryout and delivery only. Extra fee for delivery. Must place order at least 24hr in advance. Merchant is solely responsible to purchasers for the care and quality of the advertised goods and services.
During the Victorian era, cookies were known as sweet biscuits and were eaten only by paupers, who were forced to substitute rich, hearty tallow with inexpensive sugar. Relish this sweet substitution with today’s Groupon to Deli Green Bakery & Catering. Choose between the following options:
For $7, you get $15 worth of cookies and sweets.
For $15, you get $30 worth of cakes, cupcakes, cookies, and sweets.<p>
Earning rave local reviews including “might be Halifax’s best muffin,” the bakers at Deli Green Bakery & Catering construct trans-fat-free confections from farm-fresh, local eggs and Nova Scotian blueberries and apples. The menu lists handhelds such as a variety of cookies including peanut butter, oatmeal raisin, and chocolate chip that sate sweet cravings better than pies stuffed with love letters ($1.50/large cookie; diabetic options available). Decadence ranges from cupcakes ($2.75) and 9”x13” carrot cakes ($18.95 for a half; $29.95 for a whole) to banana or lemon loaves ($12.95 for half; $17.95 for a whole). Orders require at least 24-hours notice via phone call or sending oneself a day back in time to place an order for now, and all comestibles come packed in disposable packaging.


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MaK G 1203 BB - Wikipedia
Mittelweserbahn (MWB) G 1203 BB
1982-91[1]
60 m (197 ft)[1]
axle distance 2.400 m (94.49 in)[1]
MTU 8V 396 TC13 : 745 kW (999 hp)[1]
Cummins engine : 761 kW (1,021 hp)*[1]
33–70 km/h (21–43 mph)[1]
For export to Gabon
The MaK G 1203 BB is a type of four axle B'B' off-centre cab locomotive built by the Maschinenbau Kiel factory.
1.1 Gabon locomotives
The locomotive is an updated version of the MaK G 1201 BB with a MTU 396 engine replacing the MTU 333 engine. The hydrodynamic converter remained the same, a Voith L4r4zU2.
The locomotive design is similar to the MaK G 1202 BB and MaK G 1204 BB but with an eight-cylinder V engine instead of the twelve-cylinder engines on the higher-powered locomotives; the external dimensions of are identical, and the appearance very similar.
Nineteen locomotives were built for private railways of Germany (and Austria), including Seehafen Kiel (Port of Kiel), and the Klockner steel works (now ArcelorMittal Bremen).[1]
Gabon locomotives[edit]
Six locomotives were built in 1984 for the railways of Gabon (Office du chemin de fer transgabonais) or OCTRA, with Cummins engines instead of MTU engines. They received numbers "BB 531" to "BB 536"[1]
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p "MaK - G 1203 BB". www.loks-aus-kiel.de (in German). External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to MaK G 1203 BB.
"MaK G1203 BB". www.privat.bahn.de (in German). Images: "MAK G 1203 Fotos". www.bahnbilder.de (in German). v
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MaK_G_1203_BB&oldid=753100616"	Categories: MaK locomotivesStandard gauge locomotives of GabonRailway locomotives introduced in 1982Hidden categories: CS1 German-language sources (de)Articles needing additional references from December 2014All articles needing additional references	Navigation menu
Deutsch	Edit links	This page was last edited on 5 December 2016, at 05:06.

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text: Listen 30/05/2017 BBC Radio 4 Desert Island Discs Home Castaway archive Podcasts Collections Specials About FAQs Contact Us Find a castaway Sort by Find castaways & choices All Castaway names Musical choices Books and authors Luxury items Explore Castaways By audio Available to listen 772 By occupation Academia and Education 41 Art Fashion and Design 57 Business 53 Food and Drink 15 Medicine, Science and Engineering 56 Military and Law 9 Music 115 Nature and Conservation 17 Politics and Public Service 96 Religion and Philosophy 20 Royal, Aristocracy or Peer 4 Sport 20 Stage Screen and Radio 243 Travel and Exploration 11 Writing 157 By presenter Sue Lawley Close By gender Female 221 Male 551 Date A-Z Most Relevant Sort by Decade All 2010s 2000s 1990s 1980s 1970s 1960s 1950s 1940s Clear search We found 773 episodes with your selection. Sue Lawley 1 of 39 1 - 20 of 773 Pages 1 2 3 4 Next Castaways Dame Joan Plowright Broadcast | 27 Aug 2006 British actor A A Gill Broadcast | 20 Aug 2006 Critic, Columnist Simon Cowell Broadcast | 13 Aug 2006 Broadcaster, Entrepreneur, TV producer Michael Rosen Broadcast | 06 Aug 2006 Children's writer, Poet, Broadcaster David Edgar Broadcast | 30 Jul 2006 Playwright Dr Hanna Segal Broadcast | 23 Jul 2006 Psychoanalyst Ian Rankin Broadcast | 16 Jul 2006 Novelist Monty Don Broadcast | 09 Jul 2006 Horticulturalist, Broadcaster Lord Browne Broadcast | 02 Jul 2006 Chief Executive of BP, Businessman Peter Mansfield Broadcast | 18 Jun 2006 Physicist, Nobel Prize winner George Davies Broadcast | 11 Jun 2006 Clothing designer and retailer Armando Iannucci Broadcast | 04 Jun 2006 Comedian, Satirist, Writer Rt Hon David Cameron MP Broadcast | 28 May 2006 Leader of the Conservative Party (became Prime Minister in 2010), Politician - Conservative Sir Digby Jones Broadcast | 21 May 2006 Director-General of the CBI Darcey Bussell Broadcast | 14 May 2006 Ballerina Daniel Barenboim Broadcast | 07 May 2006 Conductor, Pianist Terence Stamp Broadcast | 12 Mar 2006 Award winning actor Jack Higgins Broadcast | 05 Mar 2006 Thriller writer Rachel Whiteread Broadcast | 26 Feb 2006 Artist Frederic Raphael Broadcast | 19 Feb 2006 Novelist 1 of 39 1 - 20 of 773 Pages 1 2 3 4 Next {{/each}}

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An opportunity to buy an operational seafront hotel and 3 residential 1 bedroom apartments

Modern country house providing well-proportioned rooms. Magnificent reception hall. Principal internal doors are all solid mahogany and windows and French style doors are all double glazed. Inspection of the property is strongly recommended. State of the art burglar/intruder systems with camera..
48 Kingsway, Harwich, Essex, CO12 3LN (Shop & Uppers)
LOT11 are proud to present this freehold shop (Barclays Bank) and uppers with potential for extension situated in the heart of Harwich. This property is located on the high street of Harwich and is surrounded by other businesses such as NatWes...
******* DETACHED 10 BED PROPERTY ARRANGED ON 3 FLOORS
(FORMER CARE HOME) WITH FULL PLANNING APPROVAL GRANTED FOR CONVERSION TO A LARGE FAMILY HOME (SINGLE DWELLING) AND PRE APPLICATION APPROVAL FOR MULTIPLE UNITS (FLATS) CLOSE PROXIMITY TO SEAFRONT OFFERING EXCEPTIONAL ACCOMODATION AND ROOM ...
A spacious five double bedroom executive style detached family home, situated in a popular location close to schools and shops. Presented in excellent decorative order, benefiting from a conservatory and a beautifully landscaped rear garden of approximately 90' (27.43m) No onward chain. EPC: D.
Ashley Road, Harwich, CO12 4AR
Located off of Dovercourts Main road and occupying a cul-de-sac position you will find this well presented and extended four bedroom detached bungalow. This deceptive bungalow has plenty of space on offer and the main well presented accommodation has a Lounge, Dining Room, two double bedrooms ...
More Estate Agents (Part of the Leaders Group) are delighted to bring to market this substantial bay fronted Detached House. In this prime location, the property provides ease of access to the A120 and the town centre.

This property boasts reception hall, a kitchen/diner, downstairs sho...
Added on 27/04/2009
A spacious five/six bedroom family home within a short distance of the seafront and town centre. Ground floor accommodation consists of two reception rooms and an open plan kitchen/dining room. There is a ground floor shower room/utility. (contd...)

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Randstad Technologies Jobs, Employment in Conshohocken, PA
Randstad Technologies jobs in Conshohocken, PA
Information Technology, Finance, etc.). Get to know us and find out "What More Could You Do" at Randstad:....
Glen Mills, PA- Delaware County growing technology client has an immediate opening for a Inside Sales hunter. Whether you're looking for temporary, temporary-to...
Data entry into excel and review documents for compliance with a checklist. -Excel- basic excel skills -collecting raw data -must be able to work
View all Randstad Technologies jobs in Horsham, PA - Horsham jobsSalary Search: Technical Document Analyst salaries in Horsham, PALearn more about working at Randstad TechnologiesRelated forums: Horsham, Pennsylvania - Randstad - -
Duties/Responsibilities: • Extensive programming knowledge: php, html, html5, css, css3, bootstrap/responsive design, javascript, jquery, wordpress (and
View all Randstad Technologies jobs in Royersford, PA - Royersford jobsSalary Search: Web Developer salaries in Royersford, PALearn more about working at Randstad TechnologiesRelated forums: Royersford, Pennsylvania - Web Developer - Randstad
Responsibilities: The candidate will work as part of a dedicated IT operations support team. This team supports leading edge mission critical applications.
View all Randstad Technologies jobs in Horsham, PA - Horsham jobsSalary Search: Production Support salaries in Horsham, PALearn more about working at Randstad TechnologiesRelated forums: Horsham, Pennsylvania - Production Support - Randstad
Top-notch corporate environment, state-of-the-art technology, great benefits & additional perks! Our client, one of the country’s largest providers of financial...
View all Randstad Professionals jobs in Horsham, PA - Horsham jobsSalary Search: Director Accounting salaries in Horsham, PALearn more about working at Randstad ProfessionalsRelated forums: Director of Accounting - Horsham, Pennsylvania - Randstad Professionals
Provides hardware and software services to clients with basic technology problems. Briefly describe the duties and responsibilities....
View all Randstad Technologies jobs in Malvern, PA - Malvern jobsSalary Search: Desktop Support Specialist salaries in Malvern, PALearn more about working at Randstad TechnologiesRelated forums: Malvern, Pennsylvania - Desktop Support Specialist - Randstad
We have an excellent opportunity for an Application Developer with one of our Philadelphia clients. Qualifications: Ability to develop web applications
View all Randstad Technologies jobs in Philadelphia, PA - Philadelphia jobsSalary Search: Application Developer salaries in Philadelphia, PALearn more about working at Randstad TechnologiesRelated forums: Application Developer - Philadelphia, Pennsylvania - Randstad
The Automation Analyst position is part of Company’s automation operations and is responsible for supporting Content Ingestion efforts. The position is part
View all Randstad Technologies jobs in Wayne, PA - Wayne jobsSalary Search: Automation Analyst salaries in Wayne, PALearn more about working at Randstad TechnologiesRelated forums: Wayne, Pennsylvania - Randstad - -
Customer Support Associate- Philadelphia, PA
Client Server, mainframe, telecommunications, data center operations, etc) or a broad knowledge of multiple technologies and platforms....
View all Randstad Technologies jobs in Philadelphia, PA - Philadelphia jobsSalary Search: Customer Support Associate salaries in Philadelphia, PALearn more about working at Randstad TechnologiesRelated forums: Philadelphia, Pennsylvania - Randstad - -
Static / Dynamic Application Security Testing Specialist – secure application development / web and mobile applications security testing experience: 5+years
View all Randstad Technologies jobs in Collegeville, PA - Collegeville jobsSalary Search: System Analyst salaries in Collegeville, PALearn more about working at Randstad TechnologiesRelated forums: Systems Analyst - Randstad - Collegeville, Pennsylvania
SEM Digital Marketer
Growing digital and mobile advertising agency located in Royersford, PA is seeking the right candidate with a proven track record creating content and
View all Randstad Technologies jobs in Royersford, PA - Royersford jobsSalary Search: SEM Digital Marketer salaries in Royersford, PALearn more about working at Randstad TechnologiesRelated forums: Royersford, Pennsylvania - Randstad - -
Get email updates for the latest Randstad Technologies jobs in Conshohocken, PA

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text:
Yuanyuan Shi - Semantic Scholar
Geoff H. Werstuck34
Anthony G. Greenwald20
Mario Lanza18
Fei Hui16
Qi Zhou15
40Geoff H. Werstuck
15Fei Hui
15Mario Lanza
14Aric Huang
14Cameron S McAlpine
Xiaojie Li, Yizhou Cong, +11 authors Tongyong Wang
Direct cultivation of the first filial generation of gametophyte clones from different Laminaria species is a highly effective way of utilizing kelp heterozygous vigor (heterosis). A male gametophyte… (More)
Yuanyuan Shi, Jia Liu, Runsheng Liu
This paper describes a single-chip speech recognition system. It contains the speech functions of prompt, playback, speakerdependent speech recognition, suitable for the voice activated systems in… (More)
Emotionally Representative Image Discovery for Social Events
Yun Yang, Peng Cui, Wenwu Zhu, H. Vicky Zhao, Yuanyuan Shi, Shiqiang Yang
With the emerging social networks, images have become a major medium for emotion delivery in social events due to their infectious and vivid characteristics. Discovering the emotionally… (More)
7.6 V Threshold Voltage High-Performance Normally-Off Al2O3/GaN MOSFET Achieved by Interface Charge Engineering
Qi Zhou, Li Liu, +6 authors Bo Zhang
An efficient approach to engineering the Al2O3/GaN positive interface fixed charges by post-dielectric annealing in nitrogen is demonstrated. The remarkable reduction of… (More)
Energy storage in data centers has mainly been used as devices to backup generators during power outages. Recently there has been a growing interest in using energy storage devices to actively shape… (More)
Construction and Characterization of a Tentative Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism-simple Sequence Repeat Linkage Map of Laminaria (laminariales, Phaeophyta)(1).
Guanpin Yang, Ying Sun, +8 authors Wenquan Wang
A tentative amplified fragment length polymorphism-simple sequence repeat (AFLP-SSR) linkage map of Laminaria was constructed using a haploid population of 40 gametophyte clones isolated from an… (More)
Yuanyuan Shi, Yanfeng Ji, +8 authors Mario Lanza
In 2012 air pollutants were responsible of seven million human death worldwide, and among them particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of 2.5 micrometers or less (PM2.5) are the most… (More)
Prediction of the heterosis of Laminaria hybrids with the genetic distance between their parental gametophyte clones
Xiaojie Li, Guanpin Yang, +4 authors Zhiling Li
Eighteen microsatellite markers were used to determine the genetic distances between the parental gametophyte clones of 14 Laminaria hybrids, which were then used to establish a linear relationship… (More)

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text:
Days Inn by Wyndham Galleria-Birmingham: 2018 Room Prices from $37, Deals & Reviews | Expedia
Situated in the entertainment district, this motel is 0.6 mi (0.9 km) from Riverchase Galleria and within 3 mi (5 km) of Aldridge Gardens and Moss Rock Preserve. Regions Park and Verizon Wireless Music Center are also within 6 mi (10 km).


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establishing a communication session between two terminalsWO2006020031A2Jul 14, 2005Feb 23, 2006Qualcomm IncMethod and apparatus for performing call setup for a video call in 3g-324mNon-Patent CitationsReference1European Search Report of PCT Application EP 07 00 6646, dated Aug. 3, 2007, 2 pages total.2Han, et al., Dept. of Computer Engineering and Information Technology, Design and Implementation of 3G-324M-An Event-Driven Approach, Vehicular Technology Conference, 2004, Sep. 26-29, 2004, pp. 2108-2112.3ITU Study Group 16, Series H: Audiovisual and Multimedia Systems: Infrastructure of Audiovisual services-Systems and terminal equipment for audiovisual services, H.324 Terminal for low bit-rate multimedia communication, Feb. 1998, pp. 1-50.4ITU Study Group 16, Series H: Audiovisual and Multimedia Systems: Infrastructure of Audiovisual services-Sytems and terminal equipment for audiovisual services, H.460.6 Extended Fast Connect Feature, Oct. 2002, pp. 1-17, Retrieved from the Internet <<http//:ftp3.itu.Int/av-arch/avc-site/2001-2004/0210<SUB>-</SUB>Gen/h460-6plan.zip>> on Dec. 9, 2005.5ITU-T Recommendation H.245, Series H: Audiovisual and Multimedia Systems: Infrastructure of Audiovisual Services Procedures, Control Protocol for Multimedia Communication, International Telecommunication Union, Sep. 1998, pp. 1-273.6JABRI, The 3G-324M Protocol for Conversational Video Telephony, IEEE Computer Society, 2004, pp. 102-105.7Lee et al., An Implementation of Control Protocol for Multipoint Audio-Video Teleconferencing Systems, Distributed Multimedia Section, ETRI, Taejon, Korea, 4 pages, no update.8Lindbergh, Picture Tel Corporation, The H.324 multimedia communication standard, Communications Magazine, IEEE, vol. 34, Issue 12, Publication Date: Dec. 1996, pp. 46-51.9Wen et al., Implement of System Control Part in a Multimedia Communication Terminal, State Key Laboratory on Microwave & Digital Communications, pp. 1372-1375, no update.Referenced byCiting PatentFiling datePublication dateApplicantTitleUS7680143Apr 11, 2007Mar 16, 2010Rpx CorporationMethods and apparatus for combining session acceleration techniques for media oriented negotiation accelerationUS8374171 *Mar 5, 2009Feb 12, 2013Pantech Co., Ltd.Method for reducing the risk of call connection failure and system to perform the methodUS20090225684 *Mar 5, 2009Sep 10, 2009Pantech Co., Ltd.Method for reducing the risk of call connection failure and system to perform the method* Cited by examinerClassifications U.S. Classification370/410, 370/392International ClassificationH04M3/56, H04L12/28, H04L29/06, H04M7/00, H04L12/56Cooperative ClassificationH04L65/80, H04L65/1009, H04M7/126, H04M2207/20, H04M7/006, H04M2203/2066, H04M3/567, H04M3/563, H04L65/1069, H04L29/06027European ClassificationH04M3/56M, H04M3/56G, H04L29/06M8, H04L29/06C2, H04M7/00M, H04L29/06M2H4, H04L29/06M2S1Legal EventsDateCodeEventDescriptionDec 19, 2011FPAYFee paymentYear of fee payment: 4Jun 4, 2010ASAssignmentOwner name: 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The Making of the Atomic Bomb: 25th Anniversary Edition: Richard Rhodes: 9781451677614: Amazon.com: Books
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This item:The Making of the Atomic Bomb: 25th Anniversary Edition by Richard Rhodes Paperback $9.49
Energy: A Human History by Richard Rhodes Hardcover $22.50
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Publisher: Simon & Schuster; Anniversary, Reprint edition (June 12, 2012)
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A quick note for anyone deciding which edition to buy: The "25th Anniversary Edition" removes the book's final chapter completely, which feels utterly disingenuous and revisionist to me. While Rhodes' "Dark Sun" covers the same ground as the omitted epilogue, this edition ends so abruptly I'm amazed there wasn't an advertisement for the other books in his "nuclear anthology" on the final page. The Kindle version is somewhat flawed; there are quite a few typos and dropped punctuation, and it's not always obvious when direct quotations begin and end. I'd recommend buying one of the older physical editions if you want to read this book as it was meant to be read.
I first read this book back in 2001, and I was totally enthralled by it, devouring it from cover to cover in four days. Having read it four times since then, some cracks have formed in its facade. Namely, it feels like two books grafted together - a decent one on the early history of nuclear physics, and an enthralling one on the actual making of the atomic bomb. The first 250 pages, while perhaps essential, tend to get bogged down by Rhodes' occasionally self-indulgent scene-setting (do we really need to know what shape the windows were?) and somewhat heavy philosophizing. Things pick up immensely with the actual discovery that the Uranium atom can be split, but I can see why some people give up early on. The "making of" is told with a remarkable lack of sensationalizing and sermonizing, and as horrific as the accounts of the actual bombings are, Rhodes is remarkably nonjudgmental about the bomb's use. People looking for pointed criticisms or historical revisionism will probably be disappointed; although Rhodes clearly abhors war, he seems to view Hiroshima and Nagasaki as the inevitable climax of an increasingly savage conflict against an enemy which refused to surrender. Considering how emotionally charged most books on nuclear weapons are, I actually admired Rhodes' somewhat pragmatic approach. Then again, it might leave others cold and confused.
5.0 out of 5 starsThe definitive tale of the most important single piece of science and history of the 20th century -- not to be missed.
The story of the building of the atomic bomb is probably the single most important piece of science and history of the 20th century and perhaps all of human history. The atomic bomb gave humanity a weapon by which it could achieve its own destruction, something unparalleled in history. Since the test at Trinity in 1945, the entire world has lived in the shadow of annihilation by mass suicide.
Now, as nuclear proliferation becomes a greater reality than ever, the threat of superpowers destroying each other in a geopolitical contest has been replaced by the idea of ideological dictators (like North Korea) or terrorist organizations (like ISIS) destroying cities and nations, and in so doing, becoming the cause of such a world-ending world war.
But how the atomic bomb was created is a story that many people do not know, and in itself, is a rich and fascinating tale. It combines basic scientific curiosity with the terrible geopolitics of the 1930s, the horrifying tableaux of the world's ghastliest war in the 1940s, the backdrop of Nazi racism, the incredible engineering power of the United States' economy and its military establishment, the growing paranoia and fears of the burgeoning Cold War, and some of the most interesting and intriguing characters in scientific, political, and military history...familiar names like Einstein and Fermi, somewhat less familiar names like Oppenheimer, Groves, and Bohr, and people who should be better remembered, like Kistiakowsky, Feynman, and Alvarez.
The scientific and engineering struggle to create the world's first "atomic device" is told with immense writing ability, great research, and rich detail -- an entire chapter focuses on anti-Semitism and how it worked in Europe, hindering Hitler's plans to build an atomic bomb and aiding America's. Later chapters depict in detail the engineering and scientific processes to create atomic piles, nuclear reactors, and finally, "The Gadget," to its first test on July 16, 1945.
After that, the pace continues to quicken, as "Little Boy" and "Fat Man" make well-documented voyages to Hiroshima and Nagasaki, respectively, and the atomic attacks are rendered from both points of view: American and Japanese -- victory and the shortening of the war for the Americans, an unbelievable horror for the Japanese. At the end, one feels cognizant of Albert Einstein's warnings about how nuclear weaponry would lead to "general annihilation."
This is a book that will fascinate, educate, and make you aware of the ghastly reality we face: we must live together as a species or die by mutual suicide.
Gets a bit heavy on the science but still good read on the history of nuclear science and the world during the early years of development.
The Making of the Atomic Bomb is one of the best books that I have ever read. This historical journey starts around 1890 and works its way through World War I and many...Read more
NYC? Yep, NYC
5.0 out of 5 starsNever more topical
This is a modestly science-heavy but moving history of the development of and use of the first atomic weapons.Read more
5.0 out of 5 starsAccessible physics for anyone
The first half of this book brings together the history of quantum physics in the 20th century. It is a must-read for any science geek.Read more
5.0 out of 5 starsA very in-depth and complete narrative of the making of the Atom bomb. With 1 exception.
Rhodes does a fantastic job with his narrative. Many have written about his thorough writing, I want to focus on the one area where he is silent.Read more
Brings you right into the actions of all principles
Regina M Longo
I am still reading it, but it is an invaluable resource on the subject.
3.0 out of 5 starsIf you skip to Chapter 7, you won't miss a thing. Maybe even Chapter 8 or 9.
Well, I am still reading it (Actually, listening to the Audible version). I am 7 chapters in and have yet to begin to "Make" the Atomic bomb, or anything close to it.Read more
nick hurle
Great detail and history.Really outstanding.
A great historical scientific piece of writing.
This item: The Making of the Atomic Bomb: 25th Anniversary Edition
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CNN 13 Feb 2018
Cyclone #Gita is now moving away from #Tonga ... In a press statement, Air Commodore Kevin McEvoy, the Acting Commander of Joint Forces New Zealand, said the the military was working with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade to get "aid supplies to Tonga as soon as possible and stand ready to provide further assistance as required."....

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Patent US6891792 - Method for estimating time and frequency offset in an OFDM system - Google PatentsSearch Images Maps Play YouTube News Gmail Drive More »Sign in<nobr>Advanced Patent Search</nobr>PatentsThe synchronization technique invention uses inherent characteristics of the frequency domain representation of the data symbols. By computing a differential-in-frequency function across a large number of OFDM tones, robust estimates of time and frequency offset can be easily obtained. The technique...http://www.google.com/patents/US6891792?utm_source=gb-gplus-sharePatent US6891792 - Method for estimating time and frequency offset in an OFDM systemAdvanced Patent SearchPublication numberUS6891792 B1Publication typeGrantApplication numberUS 09/311,562Publication dateMay 10, 2005Filing dateMay 14, 1999Priority dateMay 14, 1999Fee statusPaidAlso published asUS7310302, US7990839, US20050169165, US20080063101Publication number09311562, 311562, US 6891792 B1, US 6891792B1, US-B1-6891792, US6891792 B1, US6891792B1InventorsLeonard Joseph Cimini, Jr., Bruce Edwin McNairOriginal AssigneeAt&T Corp.Export CitationBiBTeX, EndNote, RefManPatent Citations (7), Non-Patent Citations (22), Referenced by (31), Classifications (15), Legal Events (5) External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, EspacenetMethod for estimating time and frequency offset in an OFDM systemUS 6891792 B1Abstract The synchronization technique invention uses inherent characteristics of the frequency domain representation of the data symbols. By computing a differential-in-frequency function across a large number of OFDM tones, robust estimates of time and frequency offset can be easily obtained. The technique also allows the system designer to directly trade performance in the presence of channel impairments against signal processing complexity. Analysis and simulation have shown good performance in the presence of noise and channel delay dispersion, impairments that are the harshest in a wireless environment.
Prior techniques for OFDM synchronization have focussed on the time domain representation of the signal. Those that have recognized the translation of time and frequency offset to the frequency domain have not considered the systematic modification of the signal by the offsets.
1. A receiver system including a front-end stage that develops a plurality of individually modulated carriers, and a following stage, characterized in that:
said front-end stage receives an incoming signal, develops an offset measure-by developing signals related to said incoming signals and employing a plurality of modulated carriers created from a transformation into frequency domain of said signals related to said incoming signals, which offset measure participates in creating said signals related to said incoming signals. 2. The system of claim 1, where said offset measure is a timing offset, and said processing operates on a plurality of pairs of said modulated carriers from said plurality of modulated carriers, taking account of frequency separation between carriers within each of said pairs.
3. The system of claim 2, where the individually modulated transmission carriers are Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexed carriers.
4. The system of claim 2 where said processing on said plurality of pairs develops a set of results, and develops said timing offset from the set of results.
5. The system of claim 4, where carriers of a pair in said pairs are adjacent to each other in the frequency.
6. The system of claim 4, where carriers of a pair in said pairs are equally spaced in the frequency domain, but not adjacent to each other.
7. The system of claim 6 where the processor, in computing the timing offset, computes differences in phase between said received carriers.
8. The system of claim 4, where carriers of a pair in said pairs are not equally spaced in the frequency domain.
9. The system of claim 4 where said timing offset between any pair of modulated carriers is developed by raising the complex representation of the modulated carriers to an integer power.
10. The system of claim 9 where the carriers are modulated by an N-level phase modulation scheme, and the carriers are raised to the Nth power.
11. The system of claim 10 where the modulation is Quadrature Phase Shift Keying and the carriers are raised to the fourth power.
12. The system of claim 1 where said offset measure is a frequency offset that is developed by computing phases of said plurality of modulated carriers.
13. The system of claim 1 where the plurality of modulated carries are used in combination to determine said offset measure with the contribution of each carrier weighted according to its accuracy.
14. The system of claim 13 where the accuracy of each carrier's contribution is determined based on the carrier's amplitude.
15. The system of claim 14 where, for each carrier, the carrier's amplitude and phase, represented by a complex number in a Cartesian coordinate system, is summed with the other carriers' complex representation to yield a composite vector, representing the composite amplitude and phase; said processor further employing the phase of this composite vector to create a frequency synchronization signal.
16. The system of claim 15 where the carriers' modulating data signals are known by the receivers and can be used to determine the precise transmitter carriers' phases.
17. The system of claim 15 where the carriers' modulating data signals are not known by the receivers but can be estimated by attempting to demodulate the carriers and then used to estimate the transmit carriers' phases.
18. The system of claim 15 where the carriers' modulating data signals are not known by the receivers but where the effect of the modulation can be removed from the carriers without demodulating the carriers.
19. The system of claim 18 where the means to remove the carriers' data modulation is by raising the complex representation of the carrier amplitude and phase to an integer power.
20. The system of claim 19 where the modulation of the carriers is by N level phase modulation and the data modulation is removed by raising the complex representation of the carrier amplitude and phase to the Nth power.
21. The system of claim 20 where the modulation is a Quadrature Phase Shift Keying and the data modulation is removed by raising the complex representation of the carrier amplitude and phase to the fourth power.
This patent application is related to U.S. Ser. No. 09/128,738 filed Aug. 5, 1998 by Alamouti, Stolarz, & Becker entitled �Vertical Antenna Adaptive Array�, and U.S. Ser. No. 08/796,584 by Alamouti et al., entitled �Method for Frequency Division Duplex Communications,� assigned to AT&T Wireless Services and incorporated herein by reference.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION The invention relates to a method to synchronize a multicarrier transmission system.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Synchronization techniques for OFDM have been extensively studied: obtaining good performance under a variety of channel conditions with minimal signal processing is challenging. A good OFDM synchronization technique will be applicable to more than the wireless high speed data communications system currently being studied�OFDM is being used or being considered in a variety of LEC networks in the form of ADSL, in Digital Audio Broadcast systems, in cable modems, and in digital television systems. OFDM is a special case of multicarrier transmission systems. The techniques described herein are generally applicable to other forms of multicarrier systems, e.g., discrete multitone (DMT) systems.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The invention uses inherent characteristics of the frequency domain representation of the data symbols. By computing a differential-in-frequency function across a large number of OFDM tones, robust estimates of time and frequency offset can be easily obtained. The technique also allows the system designer to directly trade performance in the presence of channel impairments against signal processing complexity. Analysis and simulation have shown good performance in the presence of noise and channel delay dispersion, impairments that are the harshest in a wireless environment.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES FIG. 1 is a block diagram of OFDM transmitter.
FIG. 8 shows the phase vs. tone number with {fraction (1/10)}th tone frequency offset.
DISCUSSION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT I. Introduction
In an OFDM system, a single higher speed bit stream is separated into a multiplicity of slower speed bit streams, each of the slower bit streams used to modulate one of a set of carriers. The carriers are chosen within a single bandwidth and, for an OFDM system, with their inter-tone spacing chosen to insure orthogonality of the resulting combined waveforms. Generic multicarrier systems are not bound by the strict othogonality constraints but, for ease of implementation will often use very similar techniques to the OFDM system described herein. By designing the transmission in this way, the benefit of low symbol rates can be attained without the penalty of dense constellations�each individual carrier has a sparse constellation, often QPSK. The total capacity of the OFDM system is determined by the union of a large number of these individually sparse constellations. Typically, the OFDM transmitter would be implemented by generating a series of complex numbers, representing the phase of the individual tones, and using the Inverse Discrete Fourier Transform (IDFT) to convert the series of tones into a time domain waveform. For practical reasons, in order to make the analog reconstruction and antialiasing filters realizable, the size of the IDFT (or more often the Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT)) is usually larger than the number of tones. In addition, extra samples are prepended and appended to the transformed waveform. These �cyclic prefix� and �cyclic suffix� samples make the transmitted signal more robust against time dispersion and timing offset�as long as the received signal, plus its various delayed copies, are sampled within the cyclic extension, the constant amplitude of the received spectrum will be preserved. At the transmitter, the summation of a large number of sinusoids can generate a signal with a large peak-to-average waveform. A peak control function is used to minimize this effect, relaxing the requirements on RF amplifier stages. FIG. 1 shows a simplified block diagram of an OFDM transmitter.
Modulated tones occupy only the first group of input tones to the IFFT (about one third of the total number of tones for the OFDM system here). The rest of the IFFT inputs are set to zero, insuring that the output waveform has no signal energy at higher frequencies and thus oversampling the resulting waveform. As stated above, this simplifies the requirement for antialiasing filtering of the final waveform. Besides this oversampling, other redundant information is added to the OFDM waveform�the IFFT waveform samples are cyclically extended both before and after the desired set of samples. For an N point IFFT, the cyclically extended suffix samples are simply copied from the beginning of the waveform as (In the equations here, upper case letters indicate signal representations in the frequency domain. Lower case letters indicate the time domain):
x i+N =x i The cyclic prefix is computed similarly, copying the samples at the end of the waveform to the front of the extended waveform.
Two other segments that are added to the IFFT waveform are the windowed section and the guard interval. The guard interval is a period during which the transmitted samples are all zero. At the expense of a slightly reduced transmission efficiency, the presence of this guard interval helps to insure that the samples received during a given OFDM block are not contaminated with delayed samples from a previous block. Since the OFDM system described here will be used in packet mode, it is expected that the transmitter will be turned on and off during each OFDM burst. To prevent the radiated signal from �splattering� outside of its assigned channel, �windowing� of the OFDM samples is used. By shaping the transmitter ramp up and ramp down with a raised cosine pulse shape, the system bandwidth is confined to little more than the bandwidth occupied by the set of OFDM tones alone. Windowing also reduces the system's sensitivity to frequency offset and doppler by reducing the amplitude of the interference contribution from adjacent tones. FIG. 2 OFDM block structure illustrates these items and provides the particular parameters used for the system described here.
Frequency offset has a different effect on the received waveform. While the OFDM transmitter generated orthogonal tones by creating a specific linear harmonic relationship between all the tones, frequency offset shifts each tone by an equal amount, creating an affine relationship between tone frequencies, thus destroying the linear harmonic structure and creating inter-tone interference. Like inter-symbol interference in a single carrier system, frequency offset allows energy from adjacent tones to �bleed� into a desired tone, reducing system performance.
As an example of a practical system, the OFDM system here is intended to provide peak end user data rates of up to 384 kb/s. As shown in FIG. 2, this system transmits OFDM bursts with a duration of 288.462 μsec. The 512 FFT samples represent the transform of 189 discrete complex tones. These 189 tones are spaced every 4.232 kHz (skipping the three tones nearest the center frequency), so the total bandwidth is 812.5 kHz. With QPSK modulation on each complex tone, this means that the raw channel rate is 1.3104 Mb/s. With a rate � Reed-Solomon code plus framing and control overhead, the peak end user capacity of 384 kb/s is easily attained.
Schmidtl's and Cox's papers in the IEEE Transactions on Communications and in the Proceedings of the International Communications Conference define techniques for estimating time and frequency offset based on signal processing in the time domain, using �pilot� signals. While the pilot signals are useful for establishing a reference for calculating synchronization parameters, they require that transmit energy be expended and signal bandwidth be consumed that could have been used to transmit end user information.
Moose's technique similarly requires repetition of an OFDM block, essentially using one of the repetitions as a �pilot� signal. Frequency offset is computed by comparing samples of the first block to the second in the time domain. This technique is only used for frequency offset estimation. It does not address the need for time synchronization.
Finally, van der Beek, et. al., describe a timing synchronization technique that relies on inherent redundancy in the OFDM time domain waveform. Because the cyclic extension of the FFT samples are simply ordered copies of other samples in the waveform, this technique relies on computing the time correlation between the repeated samples to estimate the timing offset. [J.-J. van de Beek, M. Sandell, M. Isaksson, and P. Borjesson, �Low-complex frame synchronization in OFDM systems,� in Proc. ICUPC, November 1995, pp. 982-986.] There are relatively few cyclically extended samples in the OFDM block, so the robustness to noise may be somewhat limited, processing a single OFDM block.
To understand how timing offset has changed the received signal, first consider an OFDM waveform xn, generated from a series of OFDM tones, Xm: x n = 1 N � ∑ m = 0 N - 1  X m � ⅇ j � 2 � π � n � m N At the OFDM receiver, the waveform is assumed to have a timing offset, Δt. By the shifting property of the Fourier Transform, a time delayed signal in the time domain
r(t)=x(t−Δt) Has as its transform:
R(f)=X(f)�e −j�2�π�f�Δt So, as demonstrated in FIG. 5, it can be seen that the time delay has caused a phase rotation in the frequency domain that increases linearly with frequency. Consider how the Discrete Fourier Transform of the sampled receive signal is affected by timing offset: R n = X n � ⅇ j � 2 � π � n � Δ   t N For any adjacent pair of tones, Ri and Ri+1, Δ   t = N 2 � π � ( arg  ( R i ) - arg  ( R i + 1 ) ) This suggests an approach that could be used to estimate the amount of timing offset: measure the differential phase from one tone to the next and adjust the sampling point to compensate. It is instructive to note that as shown in FIG. 5 and in the equation above, timing offset has created the same phase difference between every pair of tones: Ri and Ri+1. This means that, while noise and other impairments may perturb the individual tone phases, there is a systematic change in phase from tone to tone due to timing offset. By estimating timing offset across many or all the adjacent tone pairs in a burst, it is feasible to accurately estimate the timing offset in the presence of a collection of other impairments: frequency offset, noise, fading, delay spread/frequency selective fading, etc. Particular performance results are presented in the next section. Of course, the same inherent characteristics that cause each adjacent pair of tones to exhibit the identical phase difference also cause each tone pair separated by N other tones to exhibit a phase difference that is different than that between adjacent tones, but also identical to all other N tone separated tone pairs. Further, if it is necessary for the receiver to avoid using certain tones for phase estimation, it is possible to account for the missing tones by appropriately scaling the phase differences. Note�for the purposes of this description, the terms �tone� and �carrier� are interchangeable, the latter term being preferred for generic multicarrier systems, the former used in the context of OFDM systems.
Having addressed timing offset, a technique to estimate frequency offset is needed. FIG. 8 shows the OFDM signal phase versus frequency, this time with a frequency offset of {fraction (1/10)}th the tone spacing. While the discrete QPSK phase levels are still evident, two effects can be seen: First, all the tones' phases are shifted uniformly on average. Second, there is a slow variation of phase across the OFDM spectrum, giving the appearance that the frequency offset is creating beat frequencies with the individual tones. By averaging across a number of tones, the second effect can be removed, leaving the phase offset on each tone as a predictor of frequency offset. As it was for timing offset, while noise and other impairments may affect individual tone phases, the systematic change in tone phase is present for all tone pairs and can be combined to obtain a robust estimate.
As before, assume that a series of samples, xn, are generated at the transmitter. With a frequency offset of Δf the received samples, rn, are: r n = x n � ⅇ j � 2 � π � n � Δ   f N or, combining this with the previous expression for the received tones, R n = 1 N � ∑ m = 0 N - 1  ( x m � ⅇ j � 2 � π � m � Δ   f N ) � ⅇ - j � 2 � π � n � m N As was used for estimating timing offset, frequency offset is similarly estimated by calculating the average phase of the ensemble of the received tones. Again, the 4th power signals may be used to remove the modulation. Alternatively, the other techniques described earlier may be employed to estimate the transmitter phase based on known or inferred transmit data. As was the case for timing offset, it is possible to calculate either the phase of the average signal or the average of the phases of the individual signals. For moderate amounts of frequency offset (less than 70% of the tone spacing), either technique works well. In fact, the lower complexity estimate (phase of the mean signal) tolerates larger frequency offsets well�more than 10% of the tone spacing. For typical OFDM systems, frequency offsets and Doppler shifts will generally be a fraction of the tone spacing.
r n =x n �e j�Δφ So the received tones are given by: R n = 1 N � ∑ m = 0 N - 1  ( x n � ⅇ j � Δ   ϕ ) � ⅇ - j � 2 � π � m � n N The constant rotation factor can be factored out of the summation, indicating that a constant phase rotation of the baseband waveform results in a uniform rotation of each of the transformed tones.
A constant phase offset in the channel gives the same appearance to the received signal constellation that frequency offset produces. By measuring the rotation of the constellation and driving that parameter to zero by modifying the baseband rotator's phase updates, both frequency offset as well as phase rotation of the channel will be compensated for. Actually, in terms of the final signal constellation, the phase rotation caused by frequency and phase offset will not be the limiting factors�a system which uses differential (in time) detection of the signal phase is immune to fixed or (moderate amounts of) changing rotation. The most significant degradation caused by frequency offset is the inter-tone interference caused by the loss of orthogonality, which only requires that the frequency offset be approximated�phase lock is not essential.
White Gaussian noise Frequency offset while making timing offset estimates delay spread/frequency selective fading. These impairments were simulated using Mathcad both individually and in various combinations. Results are presented below.
First, AWGN was simulated at varying signal to noise ratios. Even when the SNR was 6 dB, giving a 4th power differential in frequency constellation as shown in FIG. 9, the timing offset estimator was able to track the timing offset based on one OFDM block. Table I shows some representative timing offset estimates at various SNRs and different timing offsets for the two measures (phase of mean and mean of phase).
(fraction of tone
While these numbers show the overall performance of the timing offset estimator, it is instructive to examine the signal constellation that the estimator is working with. FIG. 10 shows the effect on the differential in frequency constellation due to a large amount of simultaneous timing and frequency offset. It can be seen that, while the timing offset causes the constellation to �twist,� the frequency offset creates a variation in amplitude (due to inter-tone interference) that causes the constellation points to create loci of points originating at (−1,0). In spite of this amplitude variation, the centroids of the twisted constellation points are essentially unchanged.
Finally, simulations of the timing offset estimator were run with delay spread. In one representative experiment, two equal rays with a spacing of 20.8 μsec (46 samples) were generated. With 10 samples of timing offset, it would be expected that the estimator would indicate that 18 samples of correction was needed1. With a 10 dB SNR and 0.1 tone frequency offset, the timing offset estimator indicated 15.7 samples for the mean of the phase estimate and 19.8 samples for the phase of the mean estimate. As shown by the real-time DSP results, delay spread has minimal effect on the timing recovery algorithm.
1 With 10 samples of timing offset in the opposite direction to the 46 samples delay spread, the centroid of the channel response would be (46−10)/2=18 samples from the initial sampling point. The frequency offset estimator was next tried under simulated channel conditions. It is first worth noting, however, that it is not possible to estimate the frequency offset in the presence of timing offset. Timing offset creates an ever-increasing rotation of the tone signal constellation, making phase measurements meaningless. So, for the remaining simulations, it is assumed that either the timing offset has been adjusted to zero by adjusting the sample clock or the individual tones have been rotated by the proper amount to compensate for the timing offset.
First consider the effect of noise. In FIG. 11, observe an arbitrary set of tone phases. It is assumed that tone and tonei+2 provide good estimates of the timing phase, but tonei+1 is a noisier signal, giving a poorer estimate of timing phase. Since the tone phases are being differentially compared to determine the overall timing phase estimate, it can be seen that the positive bias in comparing tonei to tonei+1 will tend to cancel the negative bias in comparing tonei+1 to tonei+2. Thus, as the simulations revealed, good timing estimates can be expected in rather poor SNR conditions. Further, since all of the tone phases have the same systematic bias due to timing offset, the overall timing estimate will magnify this. Meanwhile, although analysis suggests that there is correlation between adjacent noise samples, in combination, the noise correlation across the entire band of frequencies is small and does not seem to disrupt the timing estimate.
The wireless delay dispersive channel that this OFDM system must endure creates frequency selective fading. From this, one might suspect that tones which are in the middle of a frequency null will have poor SNR and cannot be relied on to provide accurate phase estimates to drive the timing algorithm. Worse, the attenuation of one tone generally alters two phase estimates�if tonei+1 is near an amplitude null, the phase estimate derived from comparing tones to tonei+1 as well as the phase estimate obtained from tonei+1 and tonei+2 may both be corrupted. Experimental results have shown remarkable performance in the presence of this frequency selective fading. Even when large clusters of tones are suppressed, the timing recovery algorithm performs well. Understanding why this was so provided additional insight into the power of this algorithm.
As shown, each tone is used to estimate the phase of its neighbor. This is done by multiplying the complex conjugate of the first tone with the second tone. This process preserves amplitude information. By collecting the sums of the real and imaginary parts separately, each differential tone pair adds to the phase estimate with an imaginary component proportional to the phase difference and to the amplitude. Further, each differential tone pair contributes to the real component proportionally to the amplitudes of the two tones. Thus, low amplitude, faded, and, probably noisy tones make a much smaller contribution to the overall timing estimate than do high amplitude, most likely clean tones do. The result is that frequency selective fading (i.e., a time dispersive channel) has little effect on the timing estimate. Further, since this algorithm raises the differential signal to the 4 power to remove QPSK modulation, any amplitude differences between tone pairs will be further accentuated.
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ClassificationH04L27/2679, H04L27/2657, H04L27/2662, H04L27/2655European ClassificationH04L27/26M5C, H04L27/26M5C5, H04L27/26M5C3Legal EventsDateCodeEventDescriptionOct 4, 2012FPAYFee paymentYear of fee payment: 8Jul 6, 2009ASAssignmentOwner name: AT&T INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY II, L.P., NEVADAFree format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:AT&T PROPERTIES, LLC;REEL/FRAME:022928/0276Effective date: 20090522May 29, 2009ASAssignmentOwner name: AT&T PROPERTIES, LLC, NEVADAFree format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:AT&T CORP.;REEL/FRAME:022856/0780Effective date: 20090522Owner name: AT&T PROPERTIES, LLC,NEVADAFree format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:AT&T CORP.;US-ASSIGNMENT DATABASE UPDATED:20100329;REEL/FRAME:22856/780Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:AT&T CORP.;REEL/FRAME:22856/780Sep 18, 2008FPAYFee paymentYear of fee payment: 4Apr 18, 2001ASAssignmentOwner name: AT&T CORP, NEW YORKFree format text: ASSIGNMENT OF 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