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Patent US5940799 - System and method for securing speech transactions - Google PatentsSearch Images Maps Play YouTube News Gmail Drive More »Sign in<nobr>Advanced Patent Search</nobr>PatentsA processing system that is accessible via a number of speech transmission media. Access to the processing system may be made via a mobile radiotelephone, land line telephone, acoustic link or datalink. Access to programs, files and data is based upon the security of the communication media and authentication...http://www.google.com/patents/US5940799?utm_source=gb-gplus-sharePatent US5940799 - System and method for securing speech transactionsAdvanced Patent SearchPublication numberUS5940799 APublication typeGrantApplication numberUS 08/929,608Publication dateAug 17, 1999Filing dateSep 15, 1997Priority dateSep 15, 1997Fee statusPaidAlso published asCA2303354A1, DE69839274D1, DE69839274T2, EP1012830A1, EP1012830A4, EP1012830B1, WO1999014745A1Publication number08929608, 929608, US 5940799 A, US 5940799A, US-A-5940799, US5940799 A, US5940799AInventorsEugene J. Bruckert, Louis D. Finkelstein, Daniel P. BrownOriginal AssigneeMotorola, Inc.Export CitationBiBTeX, EndNote, RefManPatent Citations (13), Referenced by (27), Classifications (24), Legal Events (7) External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, EspacenetSystem and method for securing speech transactionsUS 5940799 AAbstract A processing system that is accessible via a number of speech transmission media. Access to the processing system may be made via a mobile radiotelephone, land line telephone, acoustic link or datalink. Access to programs, files and data is based upon the security of the communication media and authentication of the user.
We claim: 1. A system for securing a processing system adapted for access by a user via spoken commands received from one of a plurality of communication media comprising:a media recognition processor coupled to the processing system and to receive the spoken commands; a speech recognition device for determining a communication media that is accessing the processing system; and an authorization command generated by the media recognition processor and communicated to the processing system, the authorization command defining a level of security for the current access to the processing system based on the speech recognition devices determination of the communication media used to access the system. 2. The system of claim 1 wherein the communication media comprises one of: an acoustic link, a land line telephone network, a radiotelephone network and a digital communication network.
5. The system of claim 1 wherein the system comprises communication media security.
6. The system of claim 5 wherein the communication media security comprises one of the group: encryption, scrambling, and authentication.
7. A method for securing a processing system adapted for access via spoken commands received from one of a plurality of communication media:determining a communication media type being used by a user to access the processing system; and establishing a security level for the user based on the communication media type being used by the user to access the processing system. 8. The method of claim 7 wherein the step of establishing a security level comprises restricting access to at least one file type.
9. The method of claim 7 wherein the step of establishing a security level comprises restricting access to the processing system.
10. The method of claim 7 further comprising the step of securing the communicationmedia.
11. The method of claim 10 wherein the step of securing the communication media comprises one of: encrypting the communication media, scrambling the communication media and authenticating accross the communication media.
12. The method of claim 10 wherein the step of establishing a security level comprises authenticating the user.
13. The method of claim 12 wherein the step of authenticating the user comprises one of: entering a password, exchanging secret data and verifying time varying data.
14. An apparatus for securing a processing system adapted for access via spoken commands received from one of a plurality of communication media:means for determining a communication media type being used to access the processing system; means for establishing an access level to the processing system based on the communication media type, wherein the access level defines a level of security given to a particular user, and determines the level of access to particular data existing within the processing system. 15. The apparatus of claim 14 wherein the means for establishing an access level comprises means for restricting access to at least one file type.
16. The apparatus of claim 14 wherein the means for establishing an access level comprises means for restricting access to the processing system.
17. The apparatus of claim 14 further comprising means for securing the communicationmedia.
18. The apparatus of claim 14 wherein the means for securing the communication media comprises one of: means for encrypting the communication, means for scrambling the communication media, and means for authenticating the communication media using passwords.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION "Computer...." This simple voice command long the exclusive domain of science fiction for initiating an exchange between a person and a computer is fast becoming the preferred method of accessing a computer. Speech recognition software is now readily available to run on personal computers (PCs) in real time. These software programs allow the PC user to manipulate the PC, open software programs, perform functions, dictate letters and other documents and perform any number of tasks without keyboards, mice or other pointing/selecting devices. Instead, the software literally responds to the user's beck and call to perform tasks by recognizing spoken words.
These software programs have seen and will see continued application on PCs. Already users have the ability to call into their computer from remote locations and access documents, files and data. Soon the remote user will be able to manipulate documents, files and data or cause the computer to communicate them to other locations via electronic transfer or facsimile transmission through oral commands given over a telephone, data link or other type of connection.
Speech recognition is also fast entering the commercial domain. In phonetics, speech is what is spoken by people. It is composed of "voiced" and "unvoiced" sounds (voiced sounds using at least in part the vocal cords). Many computerized telephone answering systems recognize spoken words for answering and transferring incoming calls. Soon a bank depositor will have the ability to call into his bank and access his account through spoken commands. In other applications, consumers may manage investments, make purchases, and perform any number of transactions, which once required a keyboard and/or numeric pad for data entry using speech recognition.
The notion of recognizing and authorizing a transaction is known for hardware applications. For example, in a mobile radiotelephone communication system, the communication system queries and authenticates the hardware, i.e., the mobile station, as it attempts to access the network. Similarly, a peripheral device, such as a printer, terminal, modem or the like, is recognized by a device name and potentially a password when connected to a computer network.
Speech recognition, however, and particularly as its capabilities are enhanced and adapted for facilitating financial transactions raises serious security concerns. The user will access the system using only spoken commands, frequently from unsecure connections. The system must not only be capable of recognizing the user by his speech, but it must also be capable of authenticating the user from the received speech sample before transactions can be approved. In addition, the system must assess the capability of the connection and its security potential for enhanced security. The recognition and authentication problem is exacerbated because the source of the communication may be bandwidth limited, noisy or otherwise unsuitable for proper speech recognition. That is, the speaker may not be in a quiet environment speaking into a calibrated microphone securely linked to the system being accessed. Instead, a user may be calling from remote locations via radio, unsecure telephone networks or over the Internet.
With reference to FIG. 1, a computer system 10 is adapted to be accessed through a variety of access media. As seen in FIG. 1, computer system 10 may be accessed with a non-secure telephone such as a mobile radiotelephone station (MS, generally shown as 11-13, analog MS link shown as 11, digital MS link shown as 12) coupled via mobile network 14 and public switched telephone network (PSTN) 16. Computer system 10 may also be accessed with a land line based telephone 18 or a private branch exchange (PBX) 20 coupled via PSTN 16. Computer system 10 may also be accessed through an acoustic link 22. The user might also access the system using a MS 12 equipped with a data link 24 and a front end feature extractor (FFE) built into MS 12 (e.g. MS 13), a laptop computer 28 with its own data link connected to the MS 12 data port, or another type of device having similar functionality to FFE. (note that FFE 40 logic 44 could also be part of a mobile station or a modem terminal). The data link 24 is preferably a 9.6 kilobits per second (kbits/s) asynchronous link which should be sufficient for transmitting the FFE information.
The FFE transforms speech into periodically updated, limited-length parameters as described in "Robust Speech Recognition" by Richard J. Mammone, et al. IEEE Signal Processing Magazine, pp 58-71, Sep. 1996. Other subprograms of the speech recognizer, commonly called the background speech recognizer, turn the time varying sequence of parameters into readable text.
With further reference to FIG. 1, computer system 10 includes a modem 30 for coupling to PSTN 16, a speech recognition (SR) device 32 includes a front end feature extractor (FFE) and back-end speech recognizer (BSR) coupled to a memory and processor (generally shown as logic 34) a speech synthesizer 36 and a coder 38. Similarly, laptop 28 includes a front end feature extractor 40 and decoder 42 coupled to a memory and processor (generally shown as logic 44).
Table 1 below provides a listing of various access media (media), the modulation type (modulation), the communication bandwidth (bandwidth), the encryption capability of the access media (encryption), and confidence level that authentication can be accomplished (authentication). The data link access method, such as a laptop coupled to either land line telephone 18 or MS 12 may provide a maximum level of security. This is because the dialing terminal may first be authenticated via a challenge/response mechanism and the link itself may be encrypted. It should be understood that any encryption technique may be employed such as the Data Encryption Standard (DES) or proprietary methods. It will be further appreciated that the equipment can, and should be, secured using equipment authentication techniques such as sending secret numbers, e.g. electronic serial numbers (ESNs), by challenge/response mechanisms or time/varying data.
TABLE 1______________________________________Media    Modulation              Bandwidth                       Authentication                                Encryption______________________________________Acoustic link    Analog    Hi-fi    Low      NoTelephone and    Analog    300-3000 Medium   NoPSTNLaptop   Modem     8 kbit/s High     Yescomputerand PSTNMS, PLMN, &    Analog    300-2700 Medium   NoPSTN     300-2700MS, PLMN, &    Vocoder   300-2700 Medium   **PSTNLaptop (or MS)    Modem     8 kbits/s                       High     Yescomputer, MS,PLMN, andPSTN______________________________________ **MS may or may not be capable of traffic channel encryption; the network may or may not have encryption enabled.
Where securing the communication media is not possible, such as when system 10 is accessed via an analog telephone link 11 or land line telephone18, additional equipment authentication procedures may be employed. For example, the dialing terminal 11 or 18 may be authenticated by identifying the calling party number via a supplementary service of PSTN 16 with a list of numbers stored in the system memory 34. Where system 10 is accessed using a terminal not contained on the system list, access to system 10 may be denied or limited as discussed more fully below.
User authentication is preferably made via voice print identification. In this case, SR: FFE/BSR 32 within system 10 receives a user voice command and identifies the user via voice print analysis by comparing the voice print with voice prints of authorized users retained in memory 34. The system may then respond, using speech synthesis 36 and coder 38, by reporting to the user that access is granted, restricted or denied.
In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, SR:FFE/BSR 32 is adapted to identify, via a communication characteristic, the communication media such as digital radiotelephone, data link, analog telephone or acoustic link. Where the media provides sufficient communication quality to allow speech recognition, speech recognition user authentication is required. If the communication media is insufficient to provide user speech recognition authentication, alternate user authentication may be provided in the form of PIN entry, password, time varying data entry, etc. With time varying data recognition, the user may input a number via the touch-tone key pad that is a non-linear function of the time of day. System 10, and logic 34 perform the same nonlinear function and where a match occurs the user is authenticated. The user would thus carry a special device that provides the time-varying number or have a hand held calculator program which is programmed to provide the appropriate data.
Operation of system 10 will now be described by way of example and with reference to FIG. 1 and with reference to method 100 shown in FIG. 2. System 10 is set up by the user with security levels and by assigning security levels to programs, files and data. In addition, the user will have calibrated SR/FFE/BSR 32 to recognize his speech as well as the speech of other authorized users, for example co-workers, family members, friends, who are permitted access to system 10.
The user accesses system 10 via any of a plurality of communication media 12-22. System 10 detects the phone ring, the calling party's number and answers the call, step 102. System 10 answers by generating an answer via speech synthesizer 36 and coder 38 (depending on the calling party number) and communicates an answer and waits for modem tones, step 104. At step 106, system 10 determines if it is a speech user or modem access.
If the user is accessing by speech, the method branches to step 108 where SR/FFE/BSR 32 and logic 34 assess the channel quality, step 108, and determine the speech recognition capabilities, step 110. Next, appropriate channel authentication procedures such as speech recognition, equipment authentication as described above are invoked, step 118.
If the user is accessing system 10 by a data link or other modulated communication, as signified by modem tones, the communication channel is set up with remote unit 12 or 28 (step 112). Next, the speech recognition, speech synthesis (SR/SS) capabilities of the remote unit are determined, step 114, and data channel security procedures are invoked, step 116.
With the user authenticated and the communication media secured, the appropriate speech recognition engine is selected based upon the remote unit and the communication media. If remote unit 12 or 28 can transmit FFE data the receive FFE in computer system 10 is bypassed and a dialog between remote unit 12 or 28 and computer system 10 to optimize remote unit's 12 or 28 FFE. (e.g., remote unit 12 or 28 may be used to transmit vocoded speech and FFE speech or remote unit 12 or 28 may have a plurality of FFEs). Computer system 10 configures the back end speech recognizer 32 to optimize intelligibility (to later circuits that operate with speech (e.g., logic 34). For example, if the media is noisy and/or the remote unit FFE does not exactly match system 10 BSR menu, then system 10 can request via speech synthesizer 36 for the speaker to pause between words or to request the speaker to limit his vocabulary to a minimum possible vocabulary. A dialog is entered with the user, step 120. The user then instructs system 10 to perform tasks and to access files and data. Given authentication and communication media security, system 10 controls the user's access in accordance with the established security levels. If the speech recognition deteriorates, as evidenced by the number and frequency of errors, the speech recognition capability may be reduced, and hence, the user's access to system 10 adjusted appropriately, step 122. When the call is concluded, the process ends at step 124.
Overall performance may be enhanced where the user accesses system 10 via laptop 28 using FFE 40 and datalink 24. Moreover, where laptop 28 is capable of speech recognition, performance may be further enhanced and simplified. It should be understood that a mobile radiotelephone with speech recognition capability may also be used. Upon initial contact with system 10 a residue of a public key exchange computation can be utilized as a permanent "secret" key for future authentication. The residue is retained in laptop 28 and system 10. In future sessions with system 10, the user need only authenticate himself to laptop 28, which because of environmental considerations may have better speech recognition capability, and laptop 28 simply authenticates itself with system 10 using a simple challenge/response mechanism that utilizes the public-key residue.
It will be appreciated that system 10 may be configured for more than one user. In this case, user data would be retained in memory 34 for each user and in order to perform authentication. Each additional user would have assigned access levels and would only be permitted access to programs, files and data consistent with his authorized access level. For example, in a hierarchical security arrangement the user may be assigned an upper bound of access.
The invention disclosed herein has been described in terms of several preferred implementations including, without limitation, in terms of a processing system capable of being accessed by voice commands received over a mobile radiotelephone system. The invention has been further described in terms of a method of securing a processing system having voice access capabilities. It will be readily appreciated that other implementations, adaptations and embodiments are possible without departing from the fair scope of the invention.
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and machinesUS8504365 *Apr 11, 2008Aug 6, 2013At&T Intellectual Property I, L.P.System and method for detecting synthetic speaker verificationUS8744850Jan 14, 2013Jun 3, 2014John Nicholas and Kristin GrossSystem and method for generating challenge items for CAPTCHAsUS8752141Jun 29, 2009Jun 10, 2014John NicholasMethods for presenting and determining the efficacy of progressive pictorial and motion-based CAPTCHAsUS8805685 *Aug 5, 2013Aug 12, 2014At&T Intellectual Property I, L.P.System and method for detecting synthetic speaker verificationUS8812318Feb 6, 2012Aug 19, 2014Iii Holdings 1, LlcSpeaker recognition in a multi-speaker environment and comparison of several voice prints to manyUS20090259468 *Apr 11, 2008Oct 15, 2009At&T LabsSystem and method for detecting synthetic speaker verificationUS20110320200 *Sep 7, 2011Dec 29, 2011American Express Travel Related Services Company, Inc.Speaker recognition in a multi-speaker environment and comparison of several voice prints to manyEP1267242A2 *May 2, 2002Dec 18, 2002Alcatel S.A.User verification service in a multimedia-capable networkWO1998034216A2 *Jan 29, 1998Aug 6, 1998Netix Inc TSystem and method for detecting a recorded voiceWO2001023982A1 *Sep 7, 2000Apr 5, 2001Conexant Systems IncUser configurable levels of security for a speaker verification systemWO2002099784A1 *Jun 5, 2002Dec 12, 2002Koninkl Philips Electronics NvMethod of processing a text, gesture, facial expression, and/or behavior description comprising a test of the authorization for using corresponding profiles for synthesisWO2007105098A2 *Mar 12, 2007Sep 20, 2007Axalto SaSystem and method for providing hiearchical role-based access control* Cited by examinerClassifications U.S. Classification704/273, 704/243, 379/93.08, 704/251, 704/275, 704/270, 379/88.01, 704/E17.003International ClassificationG10L17/00, G06F1/00, G06F12/14, G06F21/24, G06F21/00, G06F21/20, H04L9/32Cooperative ClassificationG06F2221/2141, G06F21/32, G06F2221/2113, G06F21/83, G10L17/005, G06F2221/2145European ClassificationG06F21/83, G06F21/32, G10L17/00ULegal EventsDateCodeEventDescriptionOct 2, 2012ASAssignmentOwner name: MOTOROLA MOBILITY LLC, ILLINOISFree format text: CHANGE OF NAME;ASSIGNOR:MOTOROLA MOBILITY, INC.;REEL/FRAME:029216/0282Effective date: 20120622Jan 3, 2011FPAYFee paymentYear of fee payment: 12Dec 13, 2010ASAssignmentOwner name: MOTOROLA MOBILITY, INC, ILLINOISFree format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:MOTOROLA, INC;REEL/FRAME:025673/0558Effective date: 20100731Dec 18, 2006FPAYFee paymentYear of fee payment: 8Dec 30, 2002FPAYFee paymentYear of fee payment: 4Feb 13, 1998ASAssignmentOwner name: MOTOROLA, INC., ILLINOISFree format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:BRUCKERT, EUGENE J.;FINKELSTEIN, LOUIS D.;BROWN, DANIEL P.;REEL/FRAME:009034/0541;SIGNING DATES FROM 19980128 TO 19980129Jan 30, 1998ASAssignmentOwner name: MOTOROLA, INC., ILLINOISFree format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:BRUCKERT, EUGENE J.;FINKELSTEIN, LOUIS D.;BROWN, DANIEL P.;REEL/FRAME:009137/0721;SIGNING DATES FROM 19980128 TO 19980129RotateOriginal ImageGoogle Home - Sitemap - USPTO Bulk Downloads - Privacy Policy - Terms of Service - About Google Patents - Send FeedbackData provided by IFI CLAIMS Patent Services©2012 Google


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Decorating Python class methods - how do I pass the instance to the decorator? - Stack Overflow
This is Python 2.5, and it's GAE too, not that it matters.
I have the following code. I'm decorating the foo() method in bar, using the dec_check class as a decorator.
So how do I pass an instance of bar to the decorator class?
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edited Sep 5 at 19:54
answered Mar 2 '10 at 18:47
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Change the f(self) line to return f(self) to pass the return of foo back to the caller. – j6m8 Jul 29 '17 at 15:32
Broken link to the descriptor page. – Apteryx Aug 11 '17 at 15:56
@Apteryx: I linked the Python docs on descriptors; dry, but covers them well enough. – ShadowRanger Sep 5 at 19:55
Alex's answer suffices when a function is sufficient. However, when you need a class you can make it work by adding the following method to the decorator class.
To understand this you need to understand the descriptor protocol. The descriptor protocol is the mechanism for binding a thing to an instance. It consists of __ get __, __ set __ and __ delete __, which are called when the thing is got, set or deleted from the instances dictionary.
In this case when the thing is got from the instance we are binding the first argument of its __ call __ method to the instance, using partial. This is done automatically for member functions when the class is constructed, but for a synthetic member function like this we need to do it explicitly.
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This seems to work.Would you mind explaining how this works? – Gilbert Feb 1 '11 at 20:10
@Gilbert The descriptor protocol is the mechanism for binding a thing to an instance. It consists of __ get __, __ set __ and __ delete __, which are called when the thing is got, set or deleted from the instances dictionary. In this case when the thing is got from the instance we are binding the first argument of it's __ call __ method to the instance, using partial. This is done automatically for member functions when the class is constructed, but for a synthetic member function like this we need to do it explicitly. – Gordon Wrigley Feb 3 '11 at 23:35
So what about if the decorator takes arguments? – Adam Parkin Feb 23 '12 at 0:44
python docs have a Descriptor HowTo Guide section – n611x007 Apr 16 '14 at 19:10
A better way to implement __get__ is to use types.MethodType to make an actual bound (or in some cases on Py2, unbound) method object. On Py2, you'd make the __get__ body return types.MethodType(self, instance, instancetype); on Py3, you'd first test for None on instance to avoid binding (if instance is None: return self), and otherwise, you'd return types.MethodType(self, instance). Full example here. Put the import outside the __get__ though; import (even cached) is relatively expensive for simple attribute lookup. – ShadowRanger Sep 5 at 19:53
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If you want to write the decorator as a class you can do:
def __call__(self, obj, *args, **kwargs):
print('Logic here')
return self.func(obj, *args, **kwargs)
my_decorator = MyDecorator
answered Jul 27 '17 at 21:57
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Passing 'self' parameter during methods decorating in Python
Decorate a @property.setter decorator inside a class
How to write a decorator class in Python?
The usage of classmethod and other decorator together?
Using class as decorator for another class's method
Python: Using API Event Handlers with OOP

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text: Patent US7772068 - Method of manufacturing non-volatile memory - Google PatentsSearch Images Maps Play YouTube News Gmail Drive More »Sign inPatentsA method of manufacturing a non-volatile memory including the following steps is provided. First, a dielectric layer, a first conductive layer and a patterned mask layer are sequentially formed on a substrate. A portion of the first conductive layer is removed using the patterned mask layer as a mask...http://www.google.com/patents/US7772068?utm_source=gb-gplus-sharePatent US7772068 - Method of manufacturing non-volatile memoryAdvanced Patent SearchTry the new Google Patents, with machine-classified Google Scholar results, and Japanese and South Korean patents.Publication numberUS7772068 B2Publication typeGrantApplication numberUS 11/468,575Publication dateAug 10, 2010Priority dateAug 30, 2006Fee statusPaidAlso published asUS20080057651Publication number11468575, 468575, US 7772068 B2, US 7772068B2, US-B2-7772068, US7772068 B2, US7772068B2InventorsMing-Hsiang HsuehOriginal AssigneeMacronix International Co., Ltd.Export CitationBiBTeX, EndNote, RefManPatent Citations (71), Non-Patent Citations (30), Referenced by (1), Classifications (7), Legal Events (2) External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, EspacenetMethod of manufacturing non-volatile memory

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Demographic Variations in Tinnitus Subjects with and without Hearing Loss: A Study of 175 Subjects. - PubMed - NCBI
1 selected item: 29993222
Int Tinnitus J. 2018 Jun 1;22(1):77-83. doi: 10.5935/0946-5448.20180013.
Demographic Variations in Tinnitus Subjects with and without Hearing Loss: A Study of 175 Subjects.
Sharma A1, Munjal S1, Panda N2, Mohanty M3.
Department of Otolaryngology, Speech and Hearing Unit, New OPD, PGIMER, Sector 12, Chandigarh, India.
Department of Otolaryngology, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India.
This research was conducted to investigate the presenting features of tinnitus in subjects with normal hearing thresholds as compared to the ones with hearing loss.
Sample population comprised of 175 subjects with tinnitus, in the age range of 18 to 55 years, segregated into two groups: G1 (75 subjects) having normal hearing with tinnitus and G2 (100 subjects) having hearing loss with tinnitus. All the subjects underwent conventional audiometric testing along with a thorough evaluation of all the parameters of tinnitus.
Significantly large number of males reported with tinnitus as compared to females. Tinnitus was most prevailing in left ear and these subjects sought intervention earlier than right tinnitus subjects. G1 subjects reported earlier as compared to G2 subjects. Males looked out for specialist's advice earlier than females in both the groups. Large number of subjects in both groups reported with sudden onset and continuous tinnitus.
demographics; personal perception; pure tone thresholds; sensorineural hearing loss; tinnitus; tinnitus symptoms
29993222
10.5935/0946-5448.20180013

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text:
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The Tax Reform America Needs (and Probably Won’t Get) - The New York Times
A Walmart store in Bentonville, Ark. A value-added tax on consumption of goods and services could make up the shortfall from cutting corporate tax rates in the United States, but don’t expect it to be enacted anytime soon.CreditGunnar Rathbun/Associated Press
Canada’s tax rate on corporate profits has fallen by more than 14 percentage points since the turn of the century, to just 15 percent this year. In Denmark it has shrunk to 22 percent from 32 percent over the period; Britain’s has declined to 19 percent, from 30 percent; Ireland’s to barely 12.5 percent, from 24 percent. Hungary’s is even lower.
What happened was globalization. As multinational corporations have hopscotched around the globe to find the most profitable base from which to run their affairs, they have set off furious competition among governments hoping to lure investment by slashing tax rates to the bone.
Smaller countries like Ireland or Hungary have been the most aggressive in this race. But big industrial powers have followed, too. Among the 35 members of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, the policy think tank of the world’s industrialized countries, almost every one has reduced its corporate tax rate over the last 17 years.
There are two exceptions: Chile and, alone among the world’s wealthy nations, the United States.
In the United States, the federal tax rate on corporate profits is stuck at 35 percent — the same as 17 years ago, and more. This inability to adapt to economic reality is a signal of the impossibility, in the United States, of pragmatic, sensible tax reform.
Once one of the lowest among economically advanced countries, the American tax rate on corporate profits is by now the highest. And still, corporate tax revenues amount to only 2.2 percent of the nation’s gross domestic product, half a percentage point less than the O.E.C.D. average. Even Ireland collects more as a share of its economy.
While this is probably the most blatant shortcoming of the American tax code, it is hardly the only one. By the standards of most economists, the United States has one of the most counterproductive tax regimes among advanced nations — one that raises little money yet vastly distorts decisions on investing and saving, and encourages all sorts of trickery to avoid the Internal Revenue Service. That shortcoming is keeping the American state from raising the money it needs.
According to a report by the O.E.C.D. on varieties of tax reform, “corporate taxes are the most harmful type of tax for economic growth, followed by personal income taxes and consumption taxes.”
Indirect taxes, such as a sales or consumption tax, or — even better — taxes on immovable property, don’t reduce people’s incentive to save or invest, as direct taxes on personal or corporate income do.
And yet when designing the tax code, Washington eschewed indirect taxes. Instead, the American political system chose the most economically counterproductive tax structure available. On average, indirect taxes amount to 38 percent of tax revenues across the O.E.C.D. In the United States they account for 27 percent. And that is only because of high property taxes, which are levied mostly at the municipal level.
(Here, too, Washington skews investment behavior by making property taxes, and mortgage interest, deductible from federal income taxes, pulling money into housing that would generate a bigger economic return elsewhere.)
So even as the United States raises almost the lowest tax revenues in the industrialized world as a share of the economy, in so doing it exacts the maximum possible economic pain. “We are hobbling ourselves because we finance government with taxes on wages and incomes,” said Michael J. Graetz, a professor of tax law at Columbia Law School.
That makes American tax revenues uniquely vulnerable. Corporate profits have soared, rising to 13 percent of the nation’s income in the years of the new millennium, from 9 percent. And yet the I.R.S. just hasn’t been able to touch the stash.
American multinationals, like Apple or General Electric, which must pay tax on their foreign profits but only if they bring them to the United States, employ small armies of tax advisers to help them park costs at home while moving profits abroad, legally dodging tens of billions of dollars in taxes every year.
The strategy doesn’t just make it more difficult to raise tax revenue. It also inhibits economic growth. Trillions of dollars parked overseas are trillions that won’t get invested in the American economy. But despite stabs at reform by the administrations of George W. Bush and Barack Obama, corporate taxes have not budged.
“It is something we need to confront,” said Alan J. Auerbach, a tax expert at the University of California, Berkeley. “I’m a little skeptical that we will be able to come up with something.”
Last week, the Trump administration and leaders in Congress issued a statement promising a head-to-toe revision of corporate taxes as part of an overarching tax reform.
They, too, will most likely fail, and for the same reason. Rewriting the tax code — cutting rates on corporate profits, say, and switching to a system in which only domestic profits are taxed — would cost money. Plugging the shortfall would require raising revenues somewhere else.
That is something the United States political system and its inefficient tax structure find extraordinarily difficult to do.
Shoppers lining up to buy the iPhone SE at the Apple store in the Ginza in Tokyo. American multinationals like Apple can legally dodge tens of billions of dollars in taxes each year by parking costs at home while moving profits abroad.CreditKazuhiro Nogi/Agence France-Presse — Getty Images
Consider how other industrialized nations managed the decline in corporate tax rates. For starters, they expanded the tax base — removing some incentives to investments, trimming exceptions, loopholes and the like. But they also had a big pot of money that the United States did not: revenues from a value-added tax, which is levied on the consumption of goods and services.
Taxes on consumption — raised mostly through a V.A.T. — add up to one-third of total taxes in O.E.C.D. economies, on average. In the United States, sales taxes — levied by states rather than the federal government — amount to just 17 percent of total taxes.
Congressional Republicans understand that tax reform requires money. They originally proposed raising $1 trillion with a “border adjustment” tax — a levy on sales that would confer tax-free status on exports but would bar businesses from taking imports as an expense.
But now the border adjustment is off the table, opposed by retailers whose businesses rely on imports. So the options for meaningful reform have fizzled, too.
“The revenue loss from the corporate rate reduction is about $100 billion per point over 10 years, so going from 35 percent to 20 percent will cost $1.5 trillion,” Professor Graetz told me. “Where are you going to find the money?”
Professor Auerbach suggests that without new revenues, President Trump’s tax overhaul may amount to nothing more than a big tax cut with nothing to pay for it, which would require some political legerdemain to become law with no Democratic votes. (That was the case with President George W. Bush’s tax cuts, designed to “sunset” after 10 years.)
But this is not what the country needs. What it needs, looking into the future, is to acknowledge both demographic change and globalization.
Virtually every economist contends that paying for current Social Security and Medicare benefits into the future will require not just higher taxes on the rich, but also more money from everyone. There are fewer workers paying taxes for every retiree collecting benefits. The choice is between slashing the retirement package and raising taxes on the young.
Globalization is unlikely to slow much. Governments’ efforts to lure investment with low taxes are unlikely to be over. “Corporate tax rates will probably continue to decrease in the near future,” the O.E.C.D. said. “Moreover, tax revenue is put under pressure at an increasing rate as corporations in a globalized world engage more and more in tax-minimizing strategies.”
Maybe this combination of pressures will ultimately push the American political system to embrace an efficient tax system — one that inflicts less damage on the economy. Then it might be able to raise the money that the American government needs.
The Economic Scene column on Wednesday, about tax reform, referred incorrectly to consumption taxes in the United States and for the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. Those taxes represent one-third of the total taxes — not of gross domestic product — in the O.E.C.D. economies, and 17 percent of the total taxes in the United States.
A version of this article appears in print on , on Page B1 of the New York edition with the headline: U.S. Needs Tax Reform (But Success Is Unlikely). Order Reprints | Today’s Paper | Subscribe
Moving Past Health Care, White House Looks to Tax Reform

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indaochan comments on Just realized we're going to be seeing a lot more of this guy in the new division. Thoughts?jump to contentmy subredditsannouncementsArtAskRedditaskscienceawwblogbookscreepydataisbeautifulDIYDocumentariesEarthPornexplainlikeimfiveFitnessfoodfunnyFuturologygadgetsgamingGetMotivatedgifshistoryIAmAInternetIsBeautifulJokesLifeProTipslistentothismildlyinterestingmoviesMusicnewsnosleepnottheonionOldSchoolCoolpersonalfinancephilosophyphotoshopbattlespicsscienceShowerthoughtsspacesportstelevisiontifutodayilearnedTwoXChromosomesUpliftingNewsvideosworldnewsWritingPromptsedit subscriptionsfront-all-random | news-OldSchoolCool-funny-Fitness-aww-videos-askscience-worldnews-nosleep-AskReddit-Music-UpliftingNews-creepy-television-food-Showerthoughts-explainlikeimfive-todayilearned-Documentaries-IAmA-dataisbeautiful-EarthPorn-TwoXChromosomes-philosophy-pics-personalfinance-gaming-mildlyinteresting-science-books-Art-DIY-sports-gifs-Futurology-GetMotivated-history-WritingPrompts-nottheonion-gadgets-LifeProTips-listentothis-tifu-Jokes-photoshopbattles-movies-space-InternetIsBeautifulmore » DetroitRedWingscommentsrelatedwant to join? login or register in seconds|Englishlimit my search to /r/DetroitRedWingsuse the following search parameters to narrow your results:subreddit:subredditfind submissions in "subreddit"author:usernamefind submissions by "username"site:example.comfind submissions from "example.com"url:textsearch for "text" in urlselftext:textsearch for "text" in self post contentsself:yes (or self:no)include (or exclude) self postsnsfw:yes (or nsfw:no)include (or exclude) results marked as NSFWe.g. subreddit:aww site:imgur.com dogsee the search faq for details.advanced search: by author, subreddit...this post was submitted on 15 Mar 201342 points (87% upvoted)shortlink: remember mereset passwordloginSubmit a new linkSubmit a new text postDetroitRedWingssubscribeunsubscribe10,823 readers~16 users here now
created by [deleted]a community for 4 yearsmessage the moderatorsMODERATORSlookalive07SimplySolaceFinnish_Jagerscoobydoo182BuffaloSoldier11414243Just realized we're going to be seeing a lot more of this guy in the new division. Thoughts? (i.imgur.com)submitted 1 year ago by bodavid13 commentssharecancelsorry, this has been archived and can no longer be voted onloading...sorted by: bestbesttopnewhotcontroversialoldrandomyou are viewing a single comment's thread.view the rest of the comments →[–]indaochan 1 point2 points3 points 1 year ago (0 children)sorry, this has been archived and can no longer be voted onIt's so beautiful and true. permalinkparentaboutblogaboutteamsource codeadvertisejobshelpwikiFAQreddiquetterulescontact ustoolsmobilefirefox extensionchrome extensionbuttonswidget<3reddit goldstoreredditgiftsreddit.tvradio redditUse of this site constitutes acceptance of our User Agreement {Genitive} and Privacy Policy {Genitive}. © 2014 reddit inc. All rights reserved.REDDIT and the ALIEN Logo are registered trademarks of reddit inc.close this windowyou'll need to login or register to do thatcreate a new accountall it takes is a username and passwordprivacy philosophy
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Methods for assessing impact for 9th Global Conference Final Report
The International Association for National Youth Service
Global Conference on National Youth Service Bibliotheca AlexandrinaAlexandria, Egypt 25-27 October 2010
Lifetime Achievement Award to Donald J. Eberly,IANYS Founder and Honorary President ................................................................... 4
Creating an enabling environment for youth civic participation
Considerations for the youth civic engagement field ....................................................... 15Supporting legal, institutional and social conditions foryouth civic engagement ................................................................................................................ 18Policy and youth service infrastructure as enabling factors.......................................... 20
Youth service and transitions to adulthood
Youth leadership ............................................................................................................................. 23Youth employability ....................................................................................................................... 25Youth social entrepreneurship .................................................................................................. 29
Youth service contributions to development and peace
Meeting community needs .......................................................................................................... 32Promoting social cohesion .......................................................................................................... 34Peace-building .................................................................................................................................. 37
Assessing the impact of youth service
How to measure impacts in NYS programs? ........................................................................ 39Methods for assessing impact .................................................................................................... 41How to measure the cost-effectiveness of NYS programs? ............................................ 43The need for shared tools and experience ............................................................................ 44
How IANYS Can Respond to the Needs of the Field
Strengthening the knowledge base for national youth service .................................... 45Improving program design and practice ............................................................................... 46Promoting strong policy for youth civic engagement ...................................................... 47Facilitating the exchange of information and resources ................................................. 48
APPENDIX 1: IANYS 9
GLOBAL CONFERENCE PARTICIPANT LIST
APPENDIX 2: CONFERNCE AGENDA WITH SESSIONS AND PRESENTERS
The International Association for National Youth Service (IANYS) is a unique global net-work of practitioners, policymakers, researchers, and other professionals actively workingto encourage countries worldwide to implement policies and programs that support youthcivic engagement. Innovations in Civic Participation (ICP) is the permanent secretariat of IANYS. The Association was formed in 1996 at the third Global Conference on NationalYouth Service, and has grown to include participants from 48 different countries on sixcontinents. Its steering committee, the Global Council, consists of 14 experts on youth ser-vice from 13 countries around the world.In 2007, Innovations in Civic Participation (ICP) was selected as the permanent secretariat for IANYS on the basis of its experience and expertise as a leader in the global movement topromote sustainable development and social change through youth community engage-ment. Since then ICP has expanded the IANYS network and is working to strengthen thecapacity of IANYS to support youth service professionals in increasing and improving op-portunities for young people to participate in addressing critical national and communityneeds while building essential skills for future success.As youth civic engagement becomes increasingly recognized worldwide as a strategy foraddressing critical social and development issues, IANYS has witnessed growing demandfor technical assistance and expertise in designing, implementing, evaluating, and refiningyouth programs and policies. IANYS meets this demand by:Building the professional capacity of practitioners and policymakers;Facilitating the exchange of information, resources and program models;Promoting strong youth policy that supports youth civic engagement; andConnecting programs to experts and consultants worldwide.These activities have cultivated a global community of well-informed and resourceful prac-titioners, policymakers, and researchers dedicated to creating high-quality and effectiveopportunities for young people to pursue economic, social, and academic success whilecontributing to positive change in their communities.The IANYS Global Conference is held every two years in a different region of the world andprovides a unique and stimulating forum for professionals to share information and cur-rent developments with other policymakers, practitioners, and researchers. It nurturesconnections for developing future projects and explores the potential impact of youth civicparticipation on community and youth development. Past conferences have been held inFrance, Ghana, Argentina, Israel, the UK, Papua New Guinea, Nigeria and the US.This report summarizes the outcomes of the IANYS 9th Global Conference. For more infor-mation about IANYS, visit www.icicp.org/ianys. Susan Stroud, Director, IANYS and Jean Manney, Lead Conference Organizer, IANYS
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Published byICICPFollowSearchTIP Press Ctrl-F⌘F to search anywhere in the document.Read without ads and support Scribd by becoming a Scribd Premium Reader.See Premium PlansSectionsEXECUTIVE SUMMARYIntroduction1 Creating an enabling environment for youth civic
participationConsiderations for the youth civic engagement fieldPolicy and youth service infrastructure as enabling factors2 Youth service and transitions to adulthood3 Youth service contributions to development and peace4 Assessing the impact of youth serviceMethods for assessing impactHow to measure the cost-effectiveness of NYS programs?5 How IANYS Can Respond to the Needs of the FieldInfo and RatingCategory:Uncategorized.Rating:Upload Date:07/28/2011Copyright:Attribution Non-commercialTags:No tagsFree download or readfalse online for free.Flag for inappropriate contenthttp://www.scribd.com/doc/61152740/9th-Global-Conference-Final-Report07/28/2011pdftextoriginal
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Patent US5895426 - Fusion implant device and method of use - Google PatentsSearch Images Maps Play YouTube News Gmail Drive More »Sign in<nobr>Advanced Patent Search</nobr>PatentsAn intervertebral prosthesis includes a bone graft implant member dimensioned for insertion within an intervertebral space defined between adjacent vertebrae and having at least first and second longitudinal sections with respective first and second cross-sectional dimensions. The first cross-sectional...http://www.google.com/patents/US5895426?utm_source=gb-gplus-sharePatent US5895426 - Fusion implant device and method of useAdvanced Patent SearchPublication numberUS5895426 APublication typeGrantApplication numberUS 08/709,266Publication dateApr 20, 1999Filing dateSep 6, 1996Priority dateSep 6, 1996Fee statusPaidAlso published asUS6045580, US6315795Publication number08709266, 709266, US 5895426 A, US 5895426A, US-A-5895426, US5895426 A, US5895426AInventorsNelson Scarborough, John W. MorrisOriginal AssigneeOsteotech, Inc.Export CitationBiBTeX, EndNote, RefManPatent Citations (30), Referenced by (83), Classifications (39), Legal Events (7) External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, EspacenetFusion implant device and method of useUS 5895426 AAbstract An intervertebral prosthesis includes a bone graft implant member dimensioned for insertion within an intervertebral space defined between adjacent vertebrae and having at least first and second longitudinal sections with respective first and second cross-sectional dimensions. The first cross-sectional dimension of the first implant section is greater than the second cross-section dimension of the second implant section to define a stepped region having a retaining surface. Consequently, upon insertion of the implant member within a generally correspondingly dimensioned receiving bed formed within the adjacent vertebrae, the retaining surface facilitates securement therewithin by corresponding engagement with surfaces of the receiving bed. A method for fusion of adjacent vertebrae utilizing the prosthesis is also disclosed.
What is claimed is: 1. An intervertebral prosthesis comprising an implant member dimensioned for insertion within a receiving bed formed in opposed faces of adjacent vertebrae, said implant member defining a longitudinal axis and having a non-threaded outer surface and at least first and second longitudinal sections with respective first and second cross-sectional dimensions, said first cross-sectional dimension being greater than said second cross-sectional dimension to define a retaining surface of said implant member, said retaining surface being positioned, dimensioned and configured such that upon insertion of said implant member into the receiving bed between the vertebrae, said retaining surface facilitates securement therewithin by corresponding engagement with surfaces of the adjacent vertebrae.
SPINAL FUSION PROCEDURE The insertion of fusion implant in conjunction with a posterior approach for lumbar discectomy and spinal fusion will be discussed. It is to be appreciated that other surgical approaches, e.g., anterior, postero-lateral, etc. . . may be utilized to perform the discectomy and insert implant 100 as well.
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BryanSpinal vertebral implantUS6458144Jan 2, 2001Oct 1, 2002Osteotech, Inc.Methods for manufacturing skeletal implantsUS6500206Sep 15, 2000Dec 31, 2002Donald W. BryanInstruments for inserting spinal vertebral implantUS6554863Jul 6, 2001Apr 29, 2003SynthesIntervertebral allograft spacerUS6575982May 5, 2000Jun 10, 2003Bonutti 2003 Trust-AMethod and apparatus for use in operating on a boneUS6632247Mar 22, 2001Oct 14, 2003Synthes (Usa)Implants formed of coupled boneUS6635087Aug 29, 2001Oct 21, 2003Christopher M. AngelucciLaminoplasty implants and methods of useUS6660038Mar 22, 2001Dec 9, 2003Synthes (Usa)Skeletal reconstruction cagesUS6767369Mar 22, 2001Jul 27, 2004Synthes (Usa)Plugs for filling bony defectsUS6843804Dec 10, 2002Jan 18, 2005Donald W. 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bone pieces and flexible planar member forming alternating layersUS7314468 *Mar 25, 2004Jan 1, 2008Warsaw Orthopedic, Inc.Method for using arcuate dynamic lordotic guard with movable extensions for creating an implantation space posteriorly in the lumbar spineUS7351262Jun 5, 2003Apr 1, 2008Warsaw Orthopedic, Inc.Load bearing; pieces of bone and a flexible mechanism including one or more flexible, elongate, biocompatible connectors interconnecting the pieces of bone; facilitate fusion by maintaining the adjacent bony structures in a predetermined spaced relationship while bone grows between themUS7476252Jun 13, 2006Jan 13, 2009Warsaw Orthopedic, Inc.System and techniques for restoring and maintaining intervertebral anatomyUS7537617Jun 5, 2003May 26, 2009Warsaw Orthopedic, Inc.elongate bone pieces formed into a load bearing layer, further comprising holes formed therethrough; and a flexible, elongate, biocompatible connecter, being threaded through the holes to interconnect the pieces; compressive strength; 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text:
Marriott's Ko'Olina Beach Club: 2018 Room Prices, Deals & Reviews | Expedia
Marriott's Ko'Olina Beach Club, Kapolei Marriott's Ko'Olina Beach Club, Kapolei, current page
Map 92-161 Waipahe Place Kapolei HI 96707 United States 1-866-599-6674
Get an overview of this hotel4-star resort with pools and private beach
Offering direct access to the beach, this Ko Olina resort is next to a golf course, 0.2 mi (0.3 km) from Ko Olina Marina, and 3.1 mi (5 km) from Wet'n'Wild Hawaii. Ko Olina Golf Club is 0.5 mi (0.8 km) away.
All 560 rooms provide conveniences like sofa beds and sitting areas, plus free WiFi and LCD TVs with satellite channels. Guests will also find balconies or patios, DVD players, and refrigerators.
92-161 Waipahe Place Kapolei HI 96707
Smell the salt air and watch the ocean waves from the private sand beach. Spend the day at the beach and work on your tan with sun loungers (chaise longues) or relax in the shade with cabanas (surcharge). Bring your whole family to Marriott's Ko'Olina Beach Club for summer fun including 3 outdoor swimming pools, a children's club, and a children's pool.
The resort offers a restaurant, a coffee shop/café, and a snack bar/deli. Guests can unwind with a drink at one of the resort's bars, which include a poolside bar and a bar/lounge. A computer station is located on site and wireless Internet access is complimentary. This eco-friendly resort also offers a 24-hour fitness center and a steam room. Parking is available onsite for a surcharge.
Marriott's Ko'Olina Beach Club has designated areas for smoking.
3 outdoor swimming pools are on site along with a children's pool. Other recreational amenities include a waterslide, a sauna, and a 24-hour fitness center.
Self parking fee: USD 37.70 per day
Valet parking fee: USD 37.70 per day
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Amazon.co.uk: Customer Reviews: Future Hype: The Myths of Technology Change
4.0 out of 5 stars A necessary corrective to all sorts of hype-induced myths, 8 July 2014
By Seamus Sweeney "reader" (Dublin Ireland) - See all my reviews
This review is from: Future Hype: The Myths of Technology Change (Paperback)
This is a stimulating and entertaining debunking of some of the more rabid myths about the impact of technological change. It is accessible and not a polemical or debunking text as such.
Future Hype: The Myths of Technology Change by Bob Seidensticker (Paperback - 1 April 2006)

value: This website is an American multinational technology company which focuses on e-commerce, cloud computing, digital streaming, and artificial intelligence.


text:
Van Ellen Wayne Forbes Hansen (1926-1998) - Find A Grave Memorial
Van Ellen Wayne Forbes Hansen
Birth 29 Nov 1926 Timpson, Shelby County, Texas, USA
Death 13 May 1998 Tyler, Smith County, Texas, USA
Plot Section 26 Row 23 Grave 1
Memorial ID 51879638
Services for Van Ellen Hansen, 71, of Tyler, are scheduled for 10 a.m. Friday at Lloyd James Funeral Home chapel, Tyler, with the Rev. James E. Dill and Ronald Carroll officiating.
Burial is scheduled for 4 p.m. at Bellwood Memorial Park, Temple.
Mrs. Hansen died May 13 in a Tyler hospital.
She was born Nov. 29, 1926, in Timpson. She lived in Temple prior to moving to Tyler in 1971.She was a housewife, and was preceded in death by her husband, Bertram C. Hansen.
Bertram Christian Hansen
VAN ELLEN HANSEN
. . . NOV.29,1926
. . . MAY 13,1998
Find A Grave Memorial 51879638
Find A Grave, database and images (https://www.findagrave.com : accessed ), memorial page for Van Ellen Wayne Forbes Hansen (29 Nov 1926–13 May 1998), Find A Grave Memorial no. 51879638, citing Bellwood Memorial Park, Temple, Bell County, Texas, USA ; Maintained by Ken Spangler (contributor 46986218) .
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Neurorehabilitation book by Shereen D Farber | 1 available editions | Alibris Books
by Shereen D Farber
This comprehensive, practical, and easy-to-read guide presents a synthesized, generic model for patient neurorehabilitation. Coverage includes neonatology, stress management, adaptive equipment, and more. Outlines successful treatment approaches to use with patients representing a wide spectrum of ages and disabilities. Read More
This comprehensive, practical, and easy-to-read guide presents a synthesized, generic model for patient neurorehabilitation. Coverage includes neonatology, stress management, adaptive equipment, and more. Outlines successful treatment approaches to use with patients representing a wide spectrum of ages and disabilities. Read Less
$4.54 $54.95
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ISBN 0721635717
ISBN-13 9780721635712
Alibris ID 13913163026
Alibris ID 14216122390
Alibris ID 14228150756
Alibris ID 14183915657
Alibris ID 14166406693
Alibris ID 14132293055
Alibris ID 14137384566
Alibris ID 14212614623
Alibris ID 9026658837
ISBN 0721635717. Trade Paperback. Textbook. Very Good Condition. Tight sound unmarked copy, except for previous owner's name written on top edge of book, with minor rubs to edges and corners of covers. Later Printing.
Alibris ID 14189885241

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