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Patent US4278855 - Snap action switch - Google PatentsSearch Images Maps Play YouTube News Gmail Drive More »Sign inPatentsA snap action switch has a Q-shaped blade having two spring arms terminating in outwardly projecting parallel end portions which are located in a slot in a contact element, these end portions being drawn together upon insertion into the slot, and thereby stressing the blade for snap action. The end portions...http://www.google.com/patents/US4278855?utm_source=gb-gplus-sharePatent US4278855 - Snap action switchAdvanced Patent SearchPublication numberUS4278855 APublication typeGrantApplication numberUS 06/129,715Publication dateJul 14, 1981Filing dateMar 12, 1980Priority dateMar 13, 1979Also published asDE3068845D1, EP0015782A1, EP0015782B1Publication number06129715, 129715, US 4278855 A, US 4278855A, US-A-4278855, US4278855 A, US4278855AInventorsGuglielmo RossiOriginal AssigneeRanco IncorporatedExport CitationBiBTeX, EndNote, RefManPatent Citations (9), Referenced by (23), Classifications (11), Legal Events (3) External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, EspacenetSnap action switch
US 4278855 AAbstract
A snap action switch has a Q-shaped blade having two spring arms terminating in outwardly projecting parallel end portions which are located in a slot in a contact element, these end portions being drawn together upon insertion into the slot, and thereby stressing the blade for snap action. The end portions are retained in the slot by the reaction forces due to the stressing of the blade, and made good electrical contact with the contact element. The blade end portions may be drawn together by a clip to which a contact is rivetted.
The contact element may alternatively be carried by a conductive arm separate from the blade and operable by the latter.
1. A snap action swith including a resilient blade having two cantilever arms with respective end portions and a contact element interconnecting the end portions of said arms and stressing the blade for snap movement of the contact element, wherein the contact element has at least an aperture in which both said end portions are engaged, the contact element being retained on said end portions by virtue of the stressing of the arms of the blade, said contact element aperture tapering in width from its center towards its opposite ends, allowing angular movement of each blade end portion about the edge thereof which engages the respective end of the aperture.
2. The switch defined in claim 1, wherein the aperture in the contact element comprises a slot bounded by flat surfaces which converge towards opposite ends of the slot from the center of the slot and which are engaged by said blade end portions in different stable positions of the arms.
3. A snap action switch comprising a resilient blade having two cantilever arms formed with respective limbs which project towards each other from the free ends of said arms, respective end portions formed at the free ends of said limbs and extending substantially parallel to each other, and a contact element, spaced from said limbs by a clearance gap, interconnecting the end portions of said arms and stressing the blade for snap movement of the contact element, wherein the contact element has an aperture and said end portions engage respective opposite ends of the aperture, the contact element being retained on said end portions by virtue of the stressing of the arms of the blade.
4. A snap action switch comprising:a resilient blade stressed for snap movement and having two cantilever arms, a connecting element interconnecting the free ends of said arms, said connecting element having an aperture in which said free ends of said cantilever arms extend and engaging laterally outer edges of said free ends of the blade arms and drawing the latter together to stress the blade, a contact member attached to or operatively connected to the connecting element, and an electrically conductive cantilever arm engaged by the resilient blade and carrying said contact member, said cantilever arm being movable upon snap movement of the resilient blade to effect snap movement of said contact member; the resilient blade and the conductive cantilever arm being anchored at one end to a common support. 5. The snap action switch defined in claim 4, wherein the connecting element is attached to the electrically conductive cantilever arm.
6. A snap action switch defined in claim 4, wherein the connecting element abuts the conductive cantilever arm.
7. The snap action switch defined in claim 4, wherein the blade is of resilient sheet metal and the conductive cantilever arm is of electrically conductive resilient sheet metal.
8. A snap action switch comprising a resilient blade which snap moves between first and second operative positions having two laterally spaced cantilever arms defining respective projecting end portions and a contact element interconnecting the end portions, said projecting end portions extending into said contact element with an edge of each said projecting end portion in resilient bearing engagement with said contact element, said blade being stressed and dished by the bearing engagement between said end portions and said contact element, said blade being concavely dished when in said first operative position and convexly dished when in said second operative position, said end portions each being movable angularly about the location of bearing engagement with said contact element so that said end portions are concavely and convexly dished with said blade when said switch is in said first and second operative positions, respectively.
9. The switch defined in claim 8 or claim 21, further including a fixed contact with which the contact element cooperates, and wherein the play between the end portions of the arms and said contact element enables a momentary increase in the contact pressure between the contact element and the fixed contact immediately before snap-separation of the contacts.
10. The switch defined in claim 8, wherein the contact element defines a slot with the width of the slot being such that the two end portions can be inserted in the slot and engage opposite ends of the slot.
11. A snap action switch comprising:a resilient blade having two cantilever arms, said blade further comprising limbs which project towards each other from respective ends of the arms, said limbs having respective end portions which extend substantially parallel to each other and transverse to the directions of extent of their respective associated limbs, a connecting element interconnecting said end portions, said connecting element engaging laterally outer ends of said end portions and drawing the latter together to stress the blade, and a contact member attached to the connecting element. 12. The snap action switch defined in claim 11 wherein the contact member is attached to the connecting element by a rivet passing through the connecting element and through the adjoining end portions.
This invention relates to snap action switches.
A known type of snap action switch, described, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 4,118,610 has a resilient blade formed with two cantilever arms which are interconnected at their free ends by a contact element welded to the two arms so as to draw the arms together and stress the blade for snap movement of the contact element relative to a fixed contact of the switch.
In order to fabricate such a snap action switch the contact element has to be welded to the cantilever arms while the latter are held in a stressed position. The welding of the contact element to the cantilever arms of such a switch blade necessitates a consistent quality of welding, resulting in a critical manufacturing operation. Moreover, since the contact can be welded to one side of the switch blade only, this technique is applicable to single-throw switches only.
An object of the present invention is to provide a snap action switch in which welding or other permanent fixing of the contact element of the switch blade is avoided, without adversely affecting the electrical characteristics of the switch. A further object of the invention is to provide a switch as aforesaid which can be employed as a changeover switch.
According to the invention there is provided a snap action switch including a resilient blade having two cantilever arms interconnected at their free ends by a contact element which stresses the blade for snap movement of the contact element, in which the contact element has an aperture or apertures in which the free ends of the arms are engaged and retained by virtue of the stressing of the arms of the blade.
It has been found that the contact element can be retained effectively on the arms of the switch blade solely through the stressing of the arms of the blade, which at the same time ensures good contact between the contact element and the switch blade.
In use of the switch the contact element cooperates with a fixed contact and preferably the play between the free ends of the arms and the or each aperture in the contact element is such as momentarily to cause an increase in the contact pressure between the contact element and the fixed contact immediately before separation of the contacts upon snap movement of the contact element.
Preferably the cantilever arms have end portions which extend substantially parallel to each other and engage opposite ends of a slot in the contact element. By suitably dimensioning the slot allowance can be made for angular movement of the end portions of the cantilever arms so that the contact element can effect a more or less linear displacement upon snap movement of the switch blade. Thus the slot in the contact element may taper in width from its centre towards its opposite ends, to allow angular movement of each blade end portion about the edge thereof which engages the respective end of the slot.
In a preferred embodiment of the invention the slot in the contact element is bounded by flat surfaces which converge towards opposite ends of the slot from the centre of the slot and which are engaged by the blade end portions in different positions of the contact element. The end portions of the switch blade may be formed at the free ends of respective limbs which project towards each other from the free ends of the cantilever arms.
The contact element preferably comprises an elongate body of conductive material formed with at least one elongate contact surface which is convex in transverse cross section. An elongate massive contact body is preferred for the purpose of dissipating by conduction heat generated in the contact element in use of the switch.
The contact element may be adapted to engage respective fixed contacts at opposite extreme positions of its snap movement, in which case the contact element may have respective elongate transversely convex surfaces on opposite longitudinal edge faces.
For some practical applications it may be expedient to provide an electrical contact on the switch blade which is separate from the means for stressing the blade. A snap action switch in accordance with this aspect of the invention comprises a resilient blade stressed for snap movement and having two cantilever arms interconnected at their free ends by a connecting element which engages laterally outer edges of the free ends of the blade arms, drawing the latter together and stressing the blade, and a contact member attached to or operatively connected to the free ends of the cantilever arms or to the connecting element. The contact member may be attached to the free ends of the cantilever arms by a rivet passing through the connecting element.
The movable electrical contact of the switch may alternatively be carried on an arm which is arranged to be moved by the resilient blade. Thus in another embodiment of the invention the connecting element has an aperture in which the free ends of the cantilever arms are freely engaged and an electrically conductive cantilever arm is engaged by the resilient blade and is moved upon snap movement of the latter to effect snap movement of a contact member carried by the said conductive arm. The connecting element may be attached to or formed integrally with the electrically conductive cantilever arm. Alternatively, the connecting element may engage the conductive cantilever arm without being secured to the latter.
The invention will be further described, by way of example, with reference to the accompanying purely diagrammatic drawings, in which:
FIG. 1 is a perspective view illustrating components of a snap action switch according to a first embodiment of the invention, shown in a closed condition;
FIG. 2 is a perspective view of the switch components of FIG. 1, shown in an open condition;
FIG. 3 is an end view in the direction of arrow III in FIG. 1;
FIG. 4 is a plan view of a sheet metal blank used to form the switch blade of the switch shown in FIGS. 1 to 3;
FIG. 5 is a partial plan view of a switch blade according to a second embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 6 is an end view in the direction of arrow VI in FIG. 5;
FIG. 7 is a perspective view of components of a snap action switch according to a third embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 8 is a side elevational view of the switch of FIG. 7, shown in an open condition, and
FIG. 9 is a side elevational view of the switch of FIG. 7, shown in a closed condition.
The same reference numerals are used throughout the drawings to designate the same or corresponding components.
Referring first to FIGS. 1 to 3, essential components of a snap action switch according to the invention are shown diagrammatically. The switch has a resilient Q-shaped blade 1 which is formed with a base portion 2 having two cantilever arms 3, 4 projecting therefrom in a direction substantially parallel to each other. At their free ends the cantilever arms are formed with respective limbs 5,6 which project towards each other and which in turn terminate in respective end portions 7,8 which are substantially perpendicular to the limbs 5, 6 and which project outwardly therefrom in substantially parallel directions.
The blade 1 is formed with an integral internal tongue 9 which is disposed symmetrically between the arms 3, 4 and which projects towards the limbs 5, 6. Near its free end the tongue 9 is formed with an arcuate raised portion 10 for engagement by a switch operating member 11 (FIG. 2).
The blade 1 further has an external tongue 12 projecting outwardly from the base portion 2 in the opposite direction to the inner tongue 9 and terminating in a flat mounting lug 13 which is formed with two fixing holes 14.
The switch blade 1 is designed to be attached to a fixed support (not shown), normally a conductive terminal strip, by means of rivets (not shown) passing through the fixing holes 14, so that the blade 1 projects cantilever fashion from the support. One of the fixing holes 14 is elongate in a transverse direction to allow slight accommodation of the position of the blade when mounting it on its fixed support.
The switch blade 1 is formed in a single pressing operation from an initially flat piece of resilient conductive sheet metal, for example beryllium-copper. The stamped sheet metal blade 1 is shown in plan in FIG. 4. The raised portion 10 of the inner tongue 9 may be formed simultaneously in the pressing operation in which the blade 1 is cut from a sheet metal blank. Reference to FIG. 4 will show that the two end portions 7,8 although substantially perpendicular to the respective limbs 5,6 are in fact inclined to the strictly perpendicular direction at an angle of about 3�, the end portions 7,8 diverging towards their free ends. This divergence allows for the subsequent prestressing of the blade for snap action, which will normally be done before the blade is anchored to its fixed support, but which may be carried out after the anchoring of the blade.
In order to effect the blade pre-stressing the outer corners 15,16 of the blade at the junctions of the arms 3,4 and the respective limbs 5,6 are subjected to inwardly directed forces by, for example, respective tools (not shown) which urge the two limbs 5,6 towards each other. The outer corners 15,16 of the blade may be suitably rounded to facilitate the engagement of the blade deforming tools therewith, as shown in FIG. 4. The inward deformation of the limbs 5,6 towards each other results in a dished deformation of the blade 1 as a whole, for example to the state illustrated in an exaggerated form in FIG. 1, while the two end portions 7,8 are brought close to each other so as to lie substantially parallel to each other, while remaining separated by a small clearance.
Having stressed the initially flat blade 1 by deformation as described, a contact element 17 is attached to the projecting end portions 7, 8. The contact element 17 comprises an elongate bar formed centrally with a slot 18 extending through its entire thickness, the length of the slot 18 being such as to accommodate the two blade end portions 7, 8 with the clearance between them, as shown in FIG. 1. The contact element 17 is simply placed over the end portions 7, 8 and the pressure applied to the opposite corners 15, 16 of the blade is then released, whereupon the end portions 7, 8 are urged outwardly by the prestressing of the blade into engagement with the opposite ends of the slot 18. The resilient engagement of the opposite edges of the end portions 7, 8 with the opposite ends of the slot 18 is sufficient to retain the contact element 17 on the blade by friction alone. To further assist in retaining the contact element 17, however, the end portions 7, 8 may be sufficiently long to project through the slot 18 beyond the contact element 17, the projecting ends of the portions 7, 8 being upset or deformed to prevent subsequent removal of the contact element 17. Alternatively, the end portions 7, 8 may be undercut, forming respective heels 19, 20, as shown in broken outline in FIG. 4, which project away from each other and which extend beyond the opposite ends of the slot 18 after the contact element has been fitted to the end portions 7, 8, to retain the contact element 17 positively upon the end portions.
The slot 18 in the contact element 17 tapers in width from its centre towards its opposite ends, the slot 18 being bounded by flat surfaces which converge towards the opposite ends of the slot from the centre of the slot and which are engaged by the flat end portions 7, 8 of the blade in different operative conditions of the latter, as described with reference to FIGS. 2 and 3.
The contact element 17 is formed on opposite longitudinal edges with respective contact surfaces 21, 22 which are convex in transverse cross section and which are adapted to engage respective fixed contacts in different operative positions of the blade. In the drawings, only one fixed contact, 23, is shown diagrammatically for the sake of simplicity. The fixed contact 23 has a convex contact surface which in one position of the blade (FIG. 1) makes electrical contact with the convex contact surface 21, midway between the ends of the latter.
The elongate contact element 17 can conveniently be fabricated from an extruded length of solid metal rod which may be extruded with the required cross sectional shape and then pierced at intervals to form through slots 18 before being cut to form the individual contact elements 17. Alternatively, the piercing and cutting of the extruded metal rod may be carried out in a single operation.
In the closed condition of the illustrated switch components the contact element 17 is held against the fixed contact 23 by a contact pressure derived from the resilience of the prestressed blade 1, which in this configuration has an upwardly convex dished shape such that the two arms 3, 4 are urged downwardly towards the fixed contact 23, and below the level of the inner tongue 9. The two limbs 5, 6 are inclined upwardly towards each other as viewed from the free end of the blade (FIG. 3) so that the end portions 7, 8 lie in contact with the upper flat surfaces of the slot 18 in the contact element 17. The contact pressure with which the contact element 17 is urged against the fixed contact 23 derives from the fact that in this position the switch blade is urged by its prestressing towards a stable position in which the contact element 17 would be carried beyond the fixed contact 23. In the illustrated configuration, therefore, the switch is a normally-closed switch in which the contact element 17 is held in contact with the fixed contact 23 by virtue of the prestressing of the blade 1.
When a force P is applied to the inner tongue 9 of the switch blade, in a downward direction as illustrated in FIGS. 1 and 2, by the switch operating member 11 engaging the raised portion 10, the tongue 9 is deflected so as to induce a snap-change in the dished configuration of the blade from the upwardly convex configuration of FIG. 1 to the upwardly concave configuration illustrated diagrammatically in FIG. 2. This snap-change is accompanied by a snap-movement of the two arms 3, 4 upwards relative to the fixed contact 23, so that the contact element 17 is lifted rapidly away from the fixed contact 23 into the open position of the switch (FIG. 2).
If the switch blade 1 is configured for monostable operation it will normally occupy the position shown in FIG. 1, but can be maintained in the position shown in FIG. 2 as long as the force P is applied to the tongue 9. The force P may, for example, be derived from a bellows or other temperature or pressure responsive actuator means.
In the position shown in FIG. 2, in which the contact surface 21 is separated from the fixed contact 23, the other contact surface 22 of the contact element 17 may come into contact with another fixed contact (not shown), adapting the switch for use as a changeover switch.
When the switch blade is in the upwardly concave dished configuration shown in FIG. 2 the two limbs 5, 6 of the blade, as viewed from the free end of the blade, are inclined downwardly towards the fixed contact 23, so that the end portions 7, 8 are in contact with the lower flat surfaces defining the slot 18, as shown in broken outline in FIG. 3. It will be noted that when the blade undergoes the snap transition from the configuration shown in FIG. 1 to that shown in FIG. 2 the end portions 7, 8 of the blade rotate about their outer edges, which remain in firm contact with the opposite ends of the slot 18. In undergoing this transition the end portions 7, 8 pass through a highly unstable position in which they are coplanar and spaced from the opposite bounding surfaces of the slot 18. The end portions 7, 8 therefore move rapidly from this unstable position and strike the lower surfaces of the slot 18, before the contact member 17 leaves the fixed contact 23. This results in a momentary increase in the contact pressure between the contact element 17 and the contact 23 immediately before the contacts open. Such a pre-snapping contact pressure is beneficial to the switching action and increases the speed with which the contacts eventually separate.
The contact element 17 is made from solid metal, preferably silver, and, being massive, acts as an effective heat sink for dissipating heat generated in the breaking of the contacts. Although the contact element 17 may be made in solid silver, a composite construction may alternatively be employed in which a massive contact element of, for example, brass provided with a silver or other conductive coating. Where the contact element 17 is intended to make and break a single contact only it may have a laminated construction with a silver contact strip applied to a brass or other thermally conductive backing member.
The construction of the switch according to the invention avoids the need for welding of a contact to the free ends of the cantilever arms 3, 4 of the switch blade 1. Furthermore, the "pivotal" connection between the projecting ends 7, 8 of the blade arms and the contact element 17 affords, in effect, a floating connection between the contact element 17 and the switch blade, the stress loading of the projecting portions 7, 8 ensuring good electrical contact between the switch blade and the contact element 17.
To avoid any frictional rubbing between the contact element 17 and the switch blade a clearance gap should always exist between the contact element 17 and the outlet edges of the limbs 5,6 of the switch blade. As stated earlier, positive retention of the contact element 17 on the projecting end portions 7, 8 may be ensured by under-cutting the laterally outer edges of the end portions 7, 8 about which these portions "pivot" within the slot 18.
A construction according to a second embodiment of the invention which also avoids the necessity of welding a contact to the switch blade is illustrated diagrammatically in FIGS. 5 and 6. In this alternative, the end portions 7, 8 are drawn together to prestress the switch blade by a connecting element 25 having upstanding end flanges 26 which embrace the laterally outer edges of the blade arm end portions 7,8. The connecting element 25 need not necessarily be a good electrical conductor and may, for example, comprise a steel brace or clip. A separate contact member 27 is attached to the free end of the blade by an integral rivet 28, the contact member 27 making good electrical contact with the flat end portions 7,8 of the blade, and the shank of the rivet 28 passing through the connecting element 25.
The contact member 27 may be of bi-metal construction comprising a body of copper or other suitable conductive material and a contact head of silver or silver alloy. Alternatively, the entire contact member 27 may comprise solid silver or silver alloy, affording two contact surfaces where the switch is intended for use as a changeover switch, with a shank of the same material making good electrical contact with the switch blade itself.
In the third illustrated embodiment of the invention the switch blade 1 does not itself carry a switch contact, but operates a contact-carrying arm. Referring to FIGS. 7 to 9 a cantilever arm 30 of electrically conductive material for example, beryllium copper, is anchored to a fixed support by the same rivets which fix the blade 1 to the support. The cantilever arm 30 has an upstanding tongue 31 near its free end, formed by upsetting from the arm 30, the tongue 31 acting as a connecting element and having a transverse slot 18 in which the end portions 7,8 of the blade 1 are engaged. At its free end the arm 30 carries a switch contact 27 attached to the arm by welding or rivetting.
By inward deformation of the limbs 5,6 towards each other, as described previously, a dished deformation is imparted to the blade 1. The two end portions 7,8 are brought close to each other so as to lie substantially parallel to each other while remaining separated by a small clearance. The end portions 7,8 of the stressed blade 1 are introduced into the slot 18 in the tongue 31 attached to the cantilever conductive arm 30. After the introduction of the end portions 7,8 into the slot 18 the pressure applied to the outer corners 15,16 of the blade 1 is then released, whereupon the end portions 7,8 are urged outwardly by the resilience of the stressed blade, bringing the laterally outer edges of the portions 7, 8 into engagement with the opposite ends of the slot 18. The resilient engagement of the opposite edges of the end portions 7,8 with the opposite ends of the slot 18 is sufficient to retain the end portions 7,8 in engagement with the tongue 31.
The flat mounting lug 13 of the blade is then anchored to the fixed support along with the adjacent end of the conductive arm 15 by rivets passing through the holes 14.
The slot 18 in the tongue 31 may taper in width from its centre towards its opposite ends, similarly to the slot 18 in the embodiment of FIGS. 1 to 3.
The contact 27 co-operates with a fixed contct 23. The switch shown in FIGS. 7 to 9 is a normally open switch in which the contacts 27,23, are separated in the normal condition of the switch, as illustrated in FIGS. 7 and 8. In this condition the prestressed blade 1 has an upwardly convex dished shape such that the two arms 3,4 are urged downwardly, below the level of the inner tongue 9. The two limbs 5,6 are inclined upwardly towards each other as viewed from the free end of the blade so that the end portions 7,8 lie in contact with the upper surfaces of the slot 18 in the tongue 31.
When a force is applied to the inner tongue 9 of the switch blade, in a downward direction as illustrated in FIG. 8, by the switch operating member 11 engaging the raised portion 10, the tongue 9 is deflected so as to induce a snap-change in the dished configuration of the blade 1 from the upwardly convex configuration of FIG. 8 to an upwardly concave configuration illustrated diagrammatically in FIG. 9. This snap-change is accompanied by a snap-movement of the two arms 3,4 upwards so that the arm 30 and the contact 27 carried thereby is lifted into engagement with the fixed contact 23 into the closed position of the switch (FIG. 9).
The pressure with which the contact 27 is urged against the fixed contact 23 in the closed position derives from the prestressing of the blade 1, which is urged towards a stable position in which the contact 27 would be carried beyond the fixed contact 23. If the switch blade 1 is configured for monostable operation it will normally occupy the position shown in FIG. 8, but can be maintained in the position shown in FIG. 9 as long as an operating force is applied by the operating member 11. The force may, for example, be derived from a bellows or other temperature or pressure-responsive actuator means.
If the switch is to be used as a changeover switch a further contact 27A may be provided on the opposite face of the cantilever arm 30 from the contact 27 (FIGS. 8 and 9), the contact 27A coming into contact with another fixed contact 23A when the contacts 27, 23 are separated. The contacts 27A,23A are shown in broken outline in FIGS. 8 and 9.
When the switch blade is in the upwardly concave dished configuration (FIG. 9) the two limbs 5,6 of the blade, as viewed from the free end of the blade, are inclined downwardly towards the fixed contact 23A, so that the end portions 7,8 are in contact with the lower surfaces defining the slot 18. In undergoing a snap movement the end portions 7,8 pass through a highly unstable position in which they are coplanar.
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RabbitRobotica comments on I have some great friends...jump to contentmy subredditsannouncementsArtAskRedditaskscienceawwblogbookscreepydataisbeautifulDIYDocumentariesEarthPornexplainlikeimfiveFitnessfoodfunnyFuturologygadgetsgamingGetMotivatedgifshistoryIAmAInternetIsBeautifulJokesLifeProTipslistentothismildlyinterestingmoviesMusicnewsnosleepnottheonionOldSchoolCoolpersonalfinancephilosophyphotoshopbattlespicsscienceShowerthoughtsspacesportstelevisiontifutodayilearnedTwoXChromosomesUpliftingNewsvideosworldnewsWritingPromptsedit subscriptionsfront-all-random | gadgets-sports-gaming-pics-worldnews-videos-AskReddit-aww-Music-funny-news-movies-books-history-food-philosophy-television-Jokes-Art-DIY-space-Documentaries-Fitness-askscience-nottheonion-todayilearned-personalfinance-gifs-listentothis-IAmA-TwoXChromosomes-creepy-nosleep-GetMotivated-WritingPrompts-LifeProTips-EarthPorn-explainlikeimfive-Showerthoughts-Futurology-photoshopbattles-mildlyinteresting-dataisbeautiful-tifu-OldSchoolCool-UpliftingNews-InternetIsBeautiful-sciencemore » AdviceAnimalscommentsrelatedwant to join? sign in or create an account in seconds|Englishlimit my search to /r/AdviceAnimalsuse the following search parameters to narrow your results:subreddit:subredditfind submissions in "subreddit"author:usernamefind submissions by "username"site:example.comfind submissions from "example.com"url:textsearch for "text" in urlselftext:textsearch for "text" in self post contentsself:yes (or self:no)include (or exclude) self postsnsfw:yes (or nsfw:no)include (or exclude) results marked as NSFWe.g. subreddit:aww site:imgur.com dogsee the search faq for details.advanced search: by author, subreddit...this post was submitted on 14 Feb 20131,644 points (93% upvoted)shortlink: remember mereset passwordloginSubmit a memeAdviceAnimalssubscribeunsubscribe4,259,397 readers12,470 users here now
created by mesutima community for 4 yearsmessage the moderatorsMODERATORS24601Gtestnoonchesmattm4473legweedAutoModeratorDoesn't Proofread TemplatesstinkylibraryWhyNotZoidbotIKingJeremyMrTyphoon...and 8 more »164316441645I have some great friends... (qkme.me)submitted 2 years ago by KatAttk72 commentssharecancelsorry, this has been archived and can no longer be voted onloading...sorted by: besttopnewhotcontroversialoldrandomq&ayou are viewing a single comment's thread.view the rest of the comments →[–]RabbitRobotica 1 point2 points3 points 2 years ago (0 children)sorry, this has been archived and can no longer be voted onYou just crushed your friend's heart and hopes; she was planning on making a move when you just laid the new boyfriend thing on her.
permalinkembedaboutblogaboutteamsource codeadvertisejobshelpsite rulesFAQwikireddiquettetransparencycontact usapps & toolsAlien Blue iOS appreddit AMA appmobile betabuttons<3reddit goldreddit storeredditgiftsreddit.tvradio redditUse of this site constitutes acceptance of our User Agreement and Privacy Policy. © 2015 reddit inc. All rights reserved.REDDIT and the ALIEN Logo are registered trademarks of reddit inc.create a new accountusername:password:verify password:email: (optional)remember meget the best of reddit emailed to you once a week. learn morecreate accountsign inusername:password:remember mereset passwordsign inWe care about your privacy, and we never spam. By creating an account, you agree to reddit's User Agreement and Privacy Policy. We're proud of them, and you should read them.English [en]العربية [ar]Беларуская мова [be]български език [bg]Bosanski [bs]català [ca]česky [cs]dansk [da]Deutsch [de]Ελληνικά [el]English (Australia) [en-au]English (Canadian) [en-ca]English (Great Britain) [en-gb]English [en-us]Esperanto [eo]español [es]español [es-ar]eesti keel [et]Euskara [eu]فارسی [fa]suomi [fi]français [fr]Gàidhlig [gd]עברית [he]मानक हिन्दी [hi]hrvatski [hr]Magyar [hu]Հայերեն լեզու [hy]Bahasa Indonesia [id]íslenska [is] (*)italiano (Italy) [it]日本語 [ja]ಕನ್ನಡ [kn_IN]한국어 [ko]Latin [la]1337 [leet]LOL [lol]lietuvių kalba [lt]latviešu valoda [lv]Nederlands [nl]Nynorsk [nn]Norsk [no]Arrrrrrrr! [pir]polski [pl]português [pt] (*)português [pt-pt]português brasileiro [pt_BR]română [ro]русский [ru]slovenčina [sk]slovenščina [sl]српски језик [sr]Srpski [sr-la]Svenska [sv]தமிழ் [ta]ภาษาไทย [th]Türkçe [tr]українська мова [uk]Tiếng Việt [vi]中文 [zh] (*) incomplete volunteer to translateπ Rendered by PID 5313 on app-64 at 2015-05-03 14:37:23.727998+00:00 running f2e002a country code: US.

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HONDA ACCORD 2.2 I-CTDI MK7 ESTATE 2006 ALLOY WHEEL AND TYRE 16 INCH NO3 | eBay
See more Honda Accord 2.2 I-ctdi Mk7 Estate 2006 Alloy ...
HONDA CIVIC 2.2 I-CTDI MK8 2006-2011 POWER STEERING MODULE ECU 39980-SMJ-E0
Details about HONDA ACCORD 2.2 I-CTDI MK7 ESTATE 2006 ALLOY WHEEL AND TYRE 16 INCH NO3
HONDA ACCORD 2.2 I-CTDI MK7 ESTATE 2006 ALLOY WHEEL AND TYRE 16 INCH NO3
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Jungle and Desert Emergencies by U.S. Army Air Forces, Directorate of Air Traffic and Safety, and Directorate of Safety Education: U.S. Army Air Forces c. 1943, Washington, DC - Ground Zero Books, Ltd.
Items related to Jungle and Desert Emergencies
Home U.S. Army Air Forces, Directorate of Air Traffic and Safety, and... Jungle and Desert Emergencies
Jungle and Desert Emergencies
U.S. Army Air Forces, Directorate of Air Traffic and Safety, and Directorate of Safety Education
Published by U.S. Army Air Forces c. 1943, Washington, DC, 1943
4.5" x 5.5", 88, pocket-sized manual with snap closure, illus., some soiling and foxing to text, some pencil underlining, boards soiled. How to survive crash landings in the jungle or the desert, and how to signal for help. Bookseller Inventory # 43678
Title: Jungle and Desert Emergencies
Publisher: U.S. Army Air Forces c. 1943, Washington, DC

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Richard B. Evans - Semantic Scholar
2,498Citation Velocity
23,309Citations
Michael G Conzemius33
Mark R Ackermann13
Scott R McClure13
A J Archer13
Volker Kaese10
33Michael G Conzemius
24Patrick G. Halbur
22Tanja Opriessnig
20Mark R. Ackermann
15Jack M. Gallup
T Opriessnig, S Yu, +9 authors P G Halbur
The objective of this study was to determine whether vaccination with bacterins commonly used in the USA, when administered at a time typical of US protocol, enhances porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) replication and the incidence and severity of clinical signs and lesions characteristic of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) in conventional… (More)
Andrew S Waxman, Duane A Robinson, Richard B Evans, Donald A Hulse, John F Innes, Michael G Conzemius
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the relationship between previously used subjective and objective measures of limb function in normal dogs that had an induced lameness. STUDY DESIGN Prospective, blinded, and induced animal model trial. ANIMALS Normal, adult, and mixed-breed dogs (n=24) weighing 25-35 kg. METHODS Force platform gait analysis was collected in all… (More)
Gold lung: recent developments in pathogenesis, diagnosis, and therapy.
R B Evans, D B Ettensohn, F Fawaz-Estrup, E V Lally, S R Kaplan
Gold lung is a hypersensitivity pneumonitis to gold-containing compounds. It can be distinguished from rheumatoid lung by its subacute or acute onset, diffuse interstitial and/or alveolar filling pattern on chest roentgenogram, presence of lymphocytes on BAL with an inverse helper/suppressor ratio, and response to withdrawal of gold and/or corticosteroid… (More)
T Opriessnig, M Fenaux, +8 authors P G Halbur
The objectives of this study were to determine if coinfection of segregated early weaned (SEW) pigs with porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) and porcine parvovirus (PPV) induces an increase in the incidence of post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) compared to singular PCV2 infection, and to determine if vaccination against PPV protects pigs… (More)
J G Allen, J Huntoon, J Fultz, H Stein, P Fonagy, R B Evans
We adapted self-report measures of attachment style to the psychological assessment of women in specialized inpatient treatment for trauma-related disorders. The study employed 2 measures of adult attachment style, the Relationship Questionnaire (Bartholomew & Horowitz, 1991) and the Adult Attachment Scale (Collins & Read, 1990) as well as our Current… (More)
M E Nesbit, E A Gehan, +7 authors J M Kissane
A total of 342 previously untreated eligible children were entered into the first Intergroup Ewing's Sarcoma Study (IESS) between May 1973 and November 1978. In group I institutions, patients were randomized between treatment 1 (radiotherapy to primary lesion plus cyclophosphamide, vincristine, dactinomycin, and Adriamycin [doxorubicin; Adria Laboratories,… (More)
E O Burgert, M E Nesbit, +7 authors P Thomas
Two hundred fourteen eligible patients with previously untreated, localized Ewing's sarcoma of bone were randomized on IESS-II to receive Adriamycin (ADR; doxorubicin; Adria Laboratories, Columbus, OH), cyclophosphamide, vincristine, and dactinomycin by either a high-dose intermittent method (treatment [trt] 1) or a moderate-dose continuous method (trt 2)… (More)
Comparison of molecular and biological characteristics of a modified live porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) vaccine (ingelvac PRRS MLV), the parent strain of the vaccine…
T Opriessnig, P G Halbur, +7 authors X J Meng
The objectives of this study were to compare the molecular and biological characteristics of recent porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) field isolates to those of a modified live virus (MLV) PRRS vaccine and its parent strain. One hundred seventeen, 4-week-old pigs were randomly assigned to six groups. Group 1 (n = 20) served as… (More)
Monoclonal antibody analysis of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus epitopes associated with antibody-dependent enhancement and neutralization of virus infection.
Sol M Cancel-Tirado, Richard B Evans, Kyoung-Jin Yoon
Enhanced infection and replication of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) virus in the presence of specific antibody has been demonstrated in vitro and in vivo, a phenomenon known as antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE). ADE is considered to be a significant obstacle to developing effective vaccines for many viruses for which ADE has been… (More)
A comparision of West Nile Virus transmission by Ochlerotatus trivittatus (COQ.), Culex pipiens (L.), and Aedes albopictus (Skuse).
Sonthaya Tiawsirisup, Kenneth B Platt, Richard B Evans, Wayne A Rowley
Transmission of West Nile virus (WNV) by Ochlerotatus trivittatus, Culex pipiens, and Aedes albopictus were compared 14 days after taking blood meals from viremic chickens with titers ranging from 10(2.5) to 10(9.5) cell infective dose (50)s (CID50s)/mL serum. Transmission occurred in one of four (25%) Oc. trivittatus and one of 25 (4%) Cx. pipiens that fed… (More)

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Party Central Party Bags & Favor Boxes - Walmart.com
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Electrode, Comp-405713761, DC-prod-dfw1, ENV-prod-e, PROF-PROD, VER-7.8.0, SHA-38c427fae12422e6a8078928135347875a3a935c, CID-

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Iowa Coaches On Freshman QB Nate Stanley - Iowa - Scout
Derek Young/SCOUT Iowa Coaches On Freshman QB Nate StanleyDerek Young08/15/2016Iowa coaches are encouraged from what they've seen from freshman quarterback Nate Stanley.One of the more impressive freshmen from Saturday's scrimmage in Kinnick Stadium was actually true freshman quarterback Nate Stanley. Not only did he seem unrattled and appeared to have total command of the offense but he also showed off his tremendous arm talent. Stanley was accurate for the most part and was not afraid to push the ball down field and challenge the defensive backs.
The freshman connected on a few, including one to fellow freshman Devonte Young and a pair to wideout Adrian Falconer. There was also a few other chances he had downfield that he just narrowly missed the target or the pass was just not hauled in.
That arm talent has definitely be seen by his position coach as well.
"I'm extremely satisfied with him," quarterbacks coach and offensive coordinator Greg Davis said about his young pupil. "Physically he's a big guy, he's probably 6-foot-5. He's a good athlete. He was a heck of a basketball player and baseball player. He can make all the throws. Just from that standpoint, we're encouraged."
The way he has carried himself and absorbed everything and has yet to be shook was picked up by both Greg Davis and head coach Kirk Ferentz. They hope that steadiness is here to stay.
"And then what I've seen through three practices he has a maturity you hope quarterbacks have and he doesn't act like a freshman," Davis shared at Iowa football media day. "He comes to work everyday. He's bright. He's learning the offense. So we're extremely encouraged by his future."
"I'm trying to figure out if that's the way he is or if he just doesn't know what the heck is going on right now," Ferentz joked about Stanley's maturity, confidence, and steadiness. "It's one of those two things. I hope it's the first. He's been really good that way. That's important for a quarterback. He's trying to stay steady out there. So far so good."
Despite the strong positive first impressions Stanley has had on everyone, there's still a ways to go before he hits the spot they'd like for him to be at. Freshmen have a lot to learn before they're truly comfortable.
"Everything is going 100 miles an hour for him," fellow quarterback C.J. Beathard noted about Stanley's progression. "This is a tough offense to learn quickly. He has a strong arm and can make all the throws. He just has to catch up in other areas like any freshman would."
"There's a learning curve," quarterbacks coach Greg Davis pointed out. "If you talk to him, one of the first things he'd say is, 'Wow, it's really fast'. The game slows down when you break the huddle and you're totally comfortable with what you have to do and what your responsibilities are. And you're not worried about your guys, you're worried about their guys. All freshmen quarterbacks initially are just worried about their own guys. It takes a while. Growing up a coach's kid will help him." Share on Facebook Share on TwitterTrending on ScoutAround the Pac-12: What we learned in Week 4Odell Beckham Jr. sideline tantrum backfiresColuzzi is B1G Special Teams Player of WeekPatrick Peterson lays out for one-handed INTCharlie Strong Previews Oklahoma StateShare & EmbedIowa Keeps CyHawk Trophy in Celebration Full StoryHawkeye Insider Top StoriesBreaking NewsColuzzi is B1G Special Teams Player of WeekIowa punter Ron Coluzzi named Big Ten Special Teams Player of the Week.by Derek YoungHawkeye Insider8:15 AMGame Balls: Iowa at RutgersHanding out game balls to the top performers of Iowa's 14-7 victory over Rutgers.by Derek YoungHawkeye InsiderSaturday at 3:33 PMIowa 14 Rutgers 7: Derek's TakeawaysIowa escapes Piscataway with a 14-7 win over Rutgers. Derek Young of Hawkeye Insider provides his takeaways.by Derek YoungHawkeye InsiderSaturday at 12:21 PMJaleel Johnson Focused on RutgersIowa defensive tackle Jaleel Johnson directing his focus to Rutgers.by Derek YoungHawkeye InsiderFriday at 7:32 AMBoettger on the O-Line StrugglesIowa tackle Ike Boettger addresses the offensive line issues.by Derek YoungHawkeye InsiderFriday at 4:56 AMJosey Jewell Looking to Bounce BackIowa linebacker Josey Jewell looking for the Hawkeyes to bounce back against Rutgers.by Derek YoungHawkeye InsiderThursday at 1:59 PMIowa Film Room: Rutgers Scarlet KnightsDylan Burn of Hawkeye Insider hits the film room to break down the Rutgers Scarlet Knights in advance of Iowa's contest with them on Saturday.by Dylan BurnHawkeye InsiderWednesday at 5:55 PMFact or Fiction: Iowa's Line Play ImprovesDylan and Derek of Hawkeye Insider explain whether or not they think Iowa will improve in the trenches this week against Rutgers.

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Patent US4015033 - Laminates of acrylonitrile/styrene copolymers - Google Patents
A laminate for packaging formed from at least two different thermoplastic polymers, one of which comprises a homogeneous copolymer of acrylonitrile and at least one aromatic olefine (the molar concentration of units of acrylonitrile to units of aromatic olefine being within the range 86% to 93%....http://www.google.com/patents/US4015033?utm_source=gb-gplus-sharePatent US4015033 - Laminates of acrylonitrile/styrene copolymers
Publication number US4015033 A
Application number US 05/555,834
Publication number 05555834, 555834, US 4015033 A, US 4015033A, US-A-4015033, US4015033 A, US4015033A
Inventors Eric Nield
Patent Citations (4), Referenced by (27), Classifications (31)
US 4015033 A
A laminate for packaging formed from at least two different thermoplastic polymers, one of which comprises a homogeneous copolymer of acrylonitrile and at least one aromatic olefine (the molar concentration of units of acrylonitrile to units of aromatic olefine being within the range 86% to 93%.
1. A process for making a thick-walled laminated tube for blow-forming into a laminated moulded container which comprises the step of simultaneously melt extruding
i. a thermoplastic polymer comprising a homogeneous copolymer of acrylonitrile in a molar unit concentration of from 86% to 90% and styrene, with
ii. another thermoplastic polymer, so as to produce a laminated moulded container said polymers being melt-extruded into a tubular laminate suitable for blow-forming into a laminated moulded container.
2. A process according to claim 1 in which the homogeneous copolymer is used as a blend with a compatible graft copolymer having a diene rubber substrate, the rubber content of the blend being less than 50% by weight.
3. A process according to claim 2 in which the rubber content of the blend used is between 5 and 15% by weight.
4. A process according to claim 1 in which one of the polymers melt-extruded is polyethylene.
5. A package when formed from a laminate made by a process according to claim 1.
6. A simultaneous melt-extruded laminate for packaging comprising at least two different thermoplastic polymers, one of which comprises a homogeneous copolymer of acrylonitrile and styrene the molar concentration of units of acrylonitrile being within the range 86% to 93%.
This is a continuation of application Ser. No. 330,463 filed Feb. 7, 1973, now abandoned.
This invention relates to laminates and in particular to laminates for packaging.
Dutch patent application No. 71 15435 relates to a sealed package comprising contents partially or totally enclosed by a moulded container formed from a thermoplastic composition which comprises a homogeneous copolymer of acrylonitrile and at least one aromatic olefine, the molar concentration of units of acrylonitrile being within the range 86% to 93%, and optionally a compatible graft copolymer having a diene rubber substrate, the concentration of graft copolymer, if any, being such that the rubber content of the thermoplastic composition is not more than 50% by weight.
According to the present invention, a laminate for packaging is provided formed from at least two different thermoplastic polymers, one of which comprises a homogeneous copolymer of acrylonitrile and at least one aromatic olefine (the molar concentration of units of acrylonitrile being within the range 86% to 93% and preferably within the range of 86% to 90%).
The homogeneous copolymer may contain additives such as heat stabilisers (for example those described in Dutch patent application 70 17354), processing aids (for example those described in Dutch patent application 71 02033 and German Offenlegungsschrift 2108557), fillers and pigments. As described in Dutch patent application 71 15435 the homogeneous copolymer may, if desired, be blended with a compatible graft copolymer having diene rubber substrate, the rubber content of the resulting blend being less than 50% by weight, preferably between 5 and 15% by weight.
The laminate of the invention may be in the form of a film for tubular containers and may be made by simultaneous blow-extrusion of two or more polymers to form a tube having discrete layers of the different polymers. Alternatively the tube may be made by extrusion coating a preformed tube of another polymer followed by blowing of the so-formed laminated tube. The tube may then be cut into lengths and at least one end sealed before filling by heat seal or by ligature or by the method described in Dutch patent application 71 09161 the type of seal depending inter alia on the pressure exerted by the contents. Both ends may be sealed before filling if the tube is further provided with a filling aperture which can be sealed after filling. Alternatively the tube may be formed by sealing together the edges of two superimposed film laminates although this method is not preferred if the package is to contain material at superatmospheric pressure (e.g. gas containing liquids such as carbonated drinks) since the seals tend to fail under the peeling forces unless the package itself fails first by stretching or bursting. Where the laminate of the invention is a film in the form of a tubular container, a close fitting sleeve or casing or another material may be provided. The sleeve or casing may provide decoration, labelling, and/or reinforcing to increase the bursting strength of the tubular container. Tear tapes may be provided for opening the container, if desired. The tubular container may be placed in a free-standing support to be opened, or a free-standing sleeve, for example of cardboard, may be provided as a part of the tubular container package. Such a tubular container is also attractive in appearance and handling.
The laminate may also be prepared by lamination of preformed film for example that formed by calendering or blow-extrusion.
The laminate of the invention may be in the form of a thick-walled tube suitable for blowing moulded containers e.g. bottles by a cold or cooled parison process. The laminated thick-walled tube may be made by extrusion coating a polymer onto a preformed extruded tube of another polymer or it may be made by simultaneous extrusion of two or more polymers so as to form a tube having walls composed of discrete layers of the different polymers. Simultaneous extrusion is preferred because physical bonding between the discrete layers is generally better so reducing any tendency to delaminate although adhesion between layers might be improved by priming of a preformed inner tube. However simultaneous extrusion is usually only satisfactory when the polymers to be coextruded have broadly similar melt characteristics.
Because the laminates of the invention have discrete layers, there may be a tendency to delaminate. If the laminate is a thick-walled tube, coextrusion is a preferred method of manufacture because physical bonding between the layers is generally better than extruding onto a preformed inner tube. However simultaneous extrusion is usually only satisfactory when the polymers to be extruded have similar melt characteristics. Lamination may be improved by priming a preformed inner tube. An alternative method of improving interlayer adhesion is to apply adhesive to the contacting surfaces of the laminate or to modify the surfaces before mating the surfaces for example by treating the surfaces with a reactive gas e.g. ozone.
Moulded containers for packaging applications are generally fabricated from plastics materials by blow-moulding techniques. This process comprises three well-defined stages: firstly the production of a tubular parison; secondly, positioning of the parison in the mould; thirdly, introducing air or other fluid medium into the parison so as to blow the parison into the shape of the mould interior, with concurrent cooling of the mould and moulding. Further steps include forming a neck on the container and removal of the container from the mould. If the parison is a tube then a closed seal will be required to be formed at the end not used for introduction of blowing fluid. In the cold parison process the parison is preformed in tubular profile of required length in a normal extrusion process and allowed to cool before subsequently moulding (cold-parison process). A moulding having oriented walls is formed if moulding is carried out at a temperature below the softening point of either or both of the polymers of the laminate.
The thickness of the layer consisting of the homogeneous acrylonitrile-aromatic olefine copolymer should be between 1% and 50% of the total wall thickness (preferably between 5 and 15%) and the copolymer may be either the exterior or interior layer. In one aspect of the invention both layers of the laminate are formed from the homogeneous polymer, the layers containing different additives; for example different pigments so as to provide decoration or visual identification of the contents from appearance of the container or a weather resistant outer layer (filled with carbon black or containing extra high-cost stabiliser).
The choice of polymer will depend on the particular property or compromise of properties required for the laminate. For example, the homogeneous acrylonitrile aromatic olefine copolymer has very low permeability to carbon dioxide and oxygen and the permeability of water vapour may be decreased by laminating with polyethylene especially high density. The cost of the laminate may be reduced by laminating with PVC or a polyolefin.
Suitable polymers for coextruding with the homogeneous acrylonitrile-styrene copolymers include thermoplastic polyolefines and olefine copolymers such as for example polyethylene, polypropylene, poly(4-methyl pentene-1), polyvinyl chloride and copolymers with for example vinyl acetate, polyacrylates and polyalkylacrylates, styrene-acrylonitrile copolymers and acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymers and polystyrenes.
Also suitable are thermoplastic condensation polymers such as aliphatic polyamides (generally known as "nylons"), polyacetals, polyesters, aromatic polycarbonates, aromatic polyethers, aromatic polyketones and aromatic polysulphones, and also cellulosics. Preferred polymers are polyethylene, polypropylene and poly(vinyl chloride) [PVC].
The laminates of the invention are useful for protecting material such as foodstuffs and medicines from oxygen, and from loss of carbon dioxide and if laminated with for example polyethylene from loss of water or attack by water. Films, and vacuum formed and moulded containers from the laminates are therefore useful for packaging beverages such as wine and carbonated drinks, processed and fresh meat including bacon and ham, cream products such as for example yoghurt, cream cheese, cream, butter, margarine, and also for packaging fresh fruit and fresh fruit juices and preserves such as for example jam and marmalade. They may be used for packaging other oxygen sensitive materials such as for example paint and putty. Containers moulded from the laminates may also be used for packaging the above goods as appropriate.
An inherent problem associated with fabricating laminates is that of utility of scrap material formed for example as a sprue or flashing. In the present invention such scrap material (for example PVC/homogeneous copolymer) may be used either alone or blended with further polymer (for example, PVC) for the layer of tube onto which homogeneous copolymer is laminated. We have found for example that the physical and permeability properties of a PVC/homogeneous copolymer blend vary approximately linearly with the relative with the relative concentration of the polymers in the blend. Also if the refractive indices of the polymer and homogeneous copolymer differ by less than 0.005, then the blend will usually be transparent. The scrap material may also be used for other purposes such as for example, those associated with the laminate e.g. caps, cap liners, crates, boxes and sleeves.
A graft copolymer was prepared by a method similar to that described in Example 4 of British Specification 1 185 306 by copolymerising acrylonitrile and styrene in the presence of a preformed diene rubber latex. The diene rubber latex contained 20.5% solids and the diene rubber made from butadiene (88% molar) and styrene (12% molar). A graft copolymer, having a superstrate containing randomly copolymerised acrylonitrile (87.5% molar) and styrene (12.5% molar) was made from an initial charge consisting of the above diene rubber latex (12.65 kg), styrene (33.5 g), acrylonitrile (2.61 kg). The procedure of Example 4 of British Specification 1 185 306 was followed, but using dextrose (77 g); cumene hydroperoxide (56 g); ferrous sulphate (3.8 g); sodium pyrophosphate (19 g). The rate of polymerisation was followed by calorimetry and styrene was fed to the reaction mixture so that the ratio of acrylonitrile to styrene in the mixture maintained its initial value. A solution of "Nansa" HS 85/S (Marchon Ltd Trade Mark, a high active biodegradable sodium alkyl benzene sulphonate containing 85% ± 3% of active matter) (25 g in 200 cm3 of water) was fed to the reaction mixture during the reaction. The reaction was terminated by adding 2,6-ditertiary-butyl-4-methyl phenol (259 g as 30% dispersion in water). The latex of the resulting graft copolymer contained 25.5% solids representing a conversion on solids of 91%; the rubber content of the graft was 48%.
The above graft copolymer was latex blended with an acrylonitrile-styrene resin made by the method described in British Specification 1 185 305 but containing 87.5% molar acrylonitrile (blend reduced viscosity of 0.6 as measured at 25° C on a solution of the polymer in dimethyl formamide containing 0.5 g of polymer in 100 cm3 of solution) to give a blend containing 12% by weight of rubber. The latices were coagulated using aqueous magnesium sulphate (1% w/v), the coagulate being filtered, washed with water and dried in a vacuum oven at 70° C.
Tubular film was made by simultaneous blow-coextrusion of the above acrylonitrile polymer blend with polyethylene ("Alkathene" XDG33, Imperial Chemical Industries Limited, a solid polymer of ethylene prepared by subjecting ethylene to extremely high pressures under carefully controlled conditions of temperature) having a melt flow index of 0.3 g/10 minutes (as measured according to British Standard 2782: Part 1/105C/1956) using a die temperature of 190° C. The films were laminated by chemically activating mating surfaces using ozone. Polyethylene formed the inner layer of the laminated tubular film. The acrylonitrile polymer layer had thickness 70 to 90 gauge (18 to 23 μm) and the polyethylene layer had thickness 108 to 154 gauge (27 to 40 μm).
The laminated film had the following properties:
______________________________________          Machine   Transverse          Direction Direction______________________________________Yield stress      (psi)     4.2 × 103                            3.5 × 103      (MN/m2)                29.1        24.1Break stress      (psi)     5.1 × 103                            3.3 × 103      (MN/m2                35.1        22.7Elongation (%)       122         1071% secant modulus      (psi)     1.3 × 105                            1.5 × 105      (MN/m2)                895         1030Elmendorff tear strength            19          21(g.cm cm- 1 × 10- 3)______________________________________
The open-ends of samples of the tubular film were capable of being heat-sealed to form a package. Bacon was vacuum packaged in the tubular films.
Yield stress, break stress and elongation were measured on specimens of the film which were 2 cm long, 1 cm wide and 60 μm thick using an "Instron" tensometer having a grip separation rate of 2 cm/minute. The 1% secant modulus was measured on film specimens which were 10 cm long, 1 cm wide and 60 μm thick using an "Instron" tensometer having a grip separation rate of 1 cm/minute. Elmendorff tear strength was measured according to ASTM D1922-67.
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U.S. Classification 428/35.7, 264/564, 526/297, 264/516, 428/522, 264/241, 428/523, 264/515, 264/171.28, 264/540, 264/171.26, 428/520, 428/516, 215/12.2
International Classification B65D1/02, B65D65/40, B29C49/22, B32B27/00
Cooperative Classification Y10T428/31928, Y10T428/31938, Y10T428/31935, Y10T428/31913, Y10T428/1352, B32B2272/00, B29C49/22, B65D1/0215, B29B2911/14646, B32B27/00
European Classification B32B27/00, B65D1/02B1, B29C49/22

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