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Patent US20040041549 - Circuit arrangement for operating an electrical machine - Google PatentsSearch Images Maps Play YouTube News Gmail Drive More »Sign in<nobr>Advanced Patent Search</nobr>PatentsA circuit arrangement for operating an electrical machine having an inductive component. The circuit arrangement includes an electrical switch (TR1 through TR6) that applies a pulse-shaped signal (S1 through S4) to the electrical machine. The free-running circuit also includes an electrical switch (TR1...http://www.google.com/patents/US20040041549?utm_source=gb-gplus-sharePatent US20040041549 - Circuit arrangement for operating an electrical machineAdvanced Patent SearchPublication numberUS20040041549 A1Publication typeApplicationApplication numberUS 10/466,025PCT numberPCT/DE2002/002358Publication dateMar 4, 2004Filing dateJun 28, 2002Priority dateNov 20, 2001Also published asDE10156939A1, DE10156939B4, DE50213804D1, EP1459434A1, EP1459434B1, US7027315, WO2003047082A1Publication number10466025, 466025, PCT/2002/2358, PCT/DE/2/002358, PCT/DE/2/02358, PCT/DE/2002/002358, PCT/DE/2002/02358, PCT/DE2/002358, PCT/DE2/02358, PCT/DE2002/002358, PCT/DE2002/02358, PCT/DE2002002358, PCT/DE200202358, PCT/DE2002358, PCT/DE202358, US 2004/0041549 A1, US 2004/041549 A1, US 20040041549 A1, US 20040041549A1, US 2004041549 A1, US 2004041549A1, US-A1-20040041549, US-A1-2004041549, US2004/0041549A1, US2004/041549A1, US20040041549 A1, US20040041549A1, US2004041549 A1, US2004041549A1InventorsJuergen Halfman, Ingo ImmendoerferOriginal AssigneeJuergen Halfman, Ingo ImmendoerferExport CitationBiBTeX, EndNote, RefManReferenced by (4), Classifications (8), Legal Events (4) External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, EspacenetCircuit arrangement for operating an electrical machineUS 20040041549 A1Abstract A circuit arrangement for operating an electrical machine having an inductive component. The circuit arrangement includes an electrical switch (TR1 through TR6) that applies a pulse-shaped signal (S1 through S4) to the electrical machine. The free-running circuit also includes an electrical switch (TR1 through TR6). A comparator (15) is provided which compares the free-running current flowing in the free-running circuit with a predefined threshold value and, if the current drops below the threshold value, provides a switching signal (S3A) that is used to deactivate the switch (TR1 through TR6) in the free-running circuit. The circuit arrangement reduces both the electrical power loss in the circuit arrangement and the mechanical power loss in the electrical machine. Images(4) Claims(11)
What is claimed is: 1. A circuit arrangement for operating electrical machines which include an inductive component, comprising a switch (TR1 through TR6) which switches the electrical machine using a pulse-shaped signal (S1 through S4); a free-running circuit which includes a switch (TR1 through TR6); a comparator (15) which compares the free-running current flowing in the free-running circuit with a predefined threshold value and, in response to the current dropping below the threshold value, supplies a switching signal (S3A) for deactivating the switch (TR1 through TR6) in the free-running circuit. 2. The circuit arrangement as recited in claim 1, wherein the predefined threshold is set to the value zero to detect the zero passage of the free-running current. 3. The circuit arrangement as recited in one of the preceding claims, wherein the free-running current is detected indirectly via the voltage drop UDS across the switch (TR1 through TR6). 4. The circuit arrangement as recited in one of the preceding claims, wherein the electrical machine is positioned in the diagonal of an H-bridge (11) that has two high-side switches TR1, TR3 and two low-side switches TR2, TR4. 5. The circuit arrangement as recited in claim 4, wherein one high-side switch TR1, TR3 is continuously active; and one low-side switch TR4, TR2 is supplied with the pulse-shaped signal S2, S4; and the other high-side switch TR3, TR1 is assigned the free-running function. 6. The circuit arrangement as recited in claim 4, wherein one low-side switch TR2, TR4 is continuously active; one high-side switch TR3, TR1 is supplied with the pulse-shaped signal S1, S3; and the other low-side switch TR4, TR2 is assigned the free-running function 7. The circuit arrangement as recited in one of the preceding claims, wherein the pulse-shaped signal (S1 through S4) is pulse-width-modulated to set an average operating voltage of the electrical machine. 8. The circuit arrangement as recited in one of the preceding claims, wherein the switches TR1 through TR6 are implemented as MOS field-effect transistors. 9. The circuit arrangement as recited in one of the preceding claims, wherein a polyphase machine is provided as the electrical machine. 10. The circuit arrangement as recited in claim 9, wherein an electronically commutated DC motor (BLDC) is provided. 11. The circuit arrangement as recited in one of claims 1 through 9, wherein an asynchronous motor is provided as the electrical machine.
BACKGROUND INFORMATION [0001] The present invention relates to a circuit arrangement for operating an electrical machine. [0002] A circuit arrangement for activating and deactivating an electrical machine, having an inductive component in which a free-running circuit that is connected in parallel to the electric machine reduces the magnetic energy stored in the inductive component after deactivation, is known from German Patent Application A 42 29 440. The free-running circuit includes a switch, for example a MOSFET, that is activated immediately after deactivation of the output stage. The advantage of using a switch in free-running mode instead of a diode is that less power is lost while current is flowing in the free-running circuit. The active state of the switch positioned in the free-running circuit ends when an activation signal is generated for the electrical machine. [0003] A step-down constant-current transformer, which is equipped with switches operating as synchronous rectifiers to reduce power loss, is known from German Patent Application A 198 41 341. In pulsating mode, a reverse current that flows through the choke from the output in the direction of the input may temporarily occur. To avoid the reverse current flowing through the synchronous rectifier, a device for detecting the current direction is provided to evaluate the voltage drop across the synchronous rectifier. [0004] The object of the present invention is to provide a circuit arrangement for operating electrical machines having an inductive component that makes it possible to optimize efficiency. [0005] The object is achieved by the features specified in the independent claim. ADVANTAGES OF THE INVENTION [0006] In the circuit arrangement according to the present invention for operating an electrical machine having an inductive component, a switch is initially provided that applies a pulse-shaped control signal to the electrical machine. A free-running circuit that also includes a switch is present. A comparator compares the current flowing in the free-running circuit with a predefined threshold value and, if the current drops below the threshold value is undershot, provides a switching signal that is used to deactivate the switch in the free-running circuit. [0007] The circuit arrangement according to the present invention makes it possible to activate a free-running mode. [0008] An important advantage of the circuit arrangement according to the present invention is that it reduces power loss. This reduction in power loss applies to the electrical losses in the free-running circuit that result in heating as well as to the mechanical losses in the electrical machine. [0009] The electrical losses in the free-running circuit are reduced by the switch used according to the related art described in German Patent Application A 42 29 440 instead of by a diode. The mechanical losses in the electrical machine are reduced by detecting the free-running current flowing in the free-running circuit, this current being compared to a predefined threshold value by the comparator. The switching signal generated by the comparator deactivates the switch in the free-running circuit if the current drops below the threshold value. Due to the mechanical energy stored in the electrical machine, the electrical machine continues to rotate during interpulse pauses in the pulse-shaped control signal. If the switch in the free-running circuit were not deactivated, the induced voltage present across the inductive component of the electrical machine would cause, upon the decay of the free-running current initially flowing in the positive direction, a rapid rise in free-running current in the negative direction, which is associated with an unwanted braking of the electrical machine. The features according to the present invention effectively prevent this braking action from occurring by deactivating the electronic switch in the free-running circuit. [0010] The circuit arrangement according to the present invention is particularly suitable for operating the electrical machine using a pulse-width-modulated signal that is used to set the average operating voltage of the electrical machine. [0011] Advantageous embodiments and refinements of the circuit arrangement according to the present invention are derived from the dependent claims. [0012] According to an advantageous embodiment, the threshold value of the comparator is set to a value of at least approximately zero. This makes it possible to detect a zero current that results in the provision, by the comparator, of the switching signal that deactivates the switch in the free-running circuit at the optimum point in time. [0013] According to an advantageous embodiment, the current flowing in the free-running circuit is detected on the basis of the voltage drop across the switch in the free-running circuit. A separate current sensor is unnecessary. [0014] According to an advantageous embodiment of the circuit arrangement according to the present invention, the windings of the electrical machine are positioned in an H-bridge circuit that includes two high-side switches and two low-side switches. The bridge circuit enables the electrical machine to reverse its direction of rotation. [0015] According to an advantageous embodiment of the H-bridge, one high-side switch is continuously active, one low-side switch is supplied with a pulse width modulated control signal, and the other high-side switch is assigned the free-running function. [0016] According to an advantageous alternative embodiment of the H-bridge circuit, one low-side switch is continuously active, one high-side switch is supplied with the pulse-width-modulated control signal, and the other low-side switch is assigned the free-running function. [0017] According to an advantageous embodiment, MOSFET transistors are used as switches. Due to their low forward resistance in the active state, transistors of this type are especially suitable for applications that have low operating voltages and high operating currents. [0018] The circuit arrangement according to the present invention is preferably used in polyphase machines such as BLDC (brushless DC) motors and multiple-phase synchronous motors. [0019] Additional advantageous embodiments and refinements of the circuit arrangement according to the present invention are derived from the additional dependent claims and the following description.
DRAWING [0020]FIG. 1 shows a block diagram of a bridge inverter circuit having a three-phase BLDC motor; [0021]FIG. 2 shows an H-bridge as a detail of the bridge inverter illustrated in FIG. 1; and [0022] FIGS. 3A-3E show signal curves as a function of time in the bridge inverter according to FIG. 1 and the H-bridge according to FIG. 2.
[0023] The bridge inverter illustrated in FIG. 1 includes three series circuits, located between a supply voltage UB and ground 10, each of which includes two switches TR1, TR2; TR3, TR4; TR5, TR6. Switches TR1, TR3, TR5 connected to supply voltage UB are referred to as high-side switches, while switches TR2, TR4, TR6 connected to ground 10 are referred to as low-side switches. Switches TR1, TR2; TR3, TR4; TR5, TR6 are controlled by a first, second, third, fourth, fifth and sixth control signal S1, S2, S3, S4, S5, S6. [0024] An electrical machine, which is not illustrated in further detail, includes a first, second and third winding W1, W2, W3. Windings W1, W2, W3 are connected in a star configuration. The series circuit formed by first and second windings W1, W2 is located in the diagonal of an H-bridge 11 that includes switches TR1 and TR3 as high-side switches and switches TR2 and TR4 as low-side switches. The series circuit formed by second and third windings W1, W3 is located in the diagonal of an H-bridge that includes switches TR3 and TR5 as high-side switches and switches TR4 and TR6 as low-side switches. The series circuit formed by first and third windings W1, W3 is located in the diagonal of an H-bridge that includes switches TR1 and TR5 as high-side switches and switches TR2 and TR6 as low-side switches. [0025] The current flowing in switch TR3 is detected by a first current detector 12, and the current flowing in switch TR5 is detected by a second current detector 13. Current detectors 12, 13 are connected to a current analyzer system that emits a switching signal S. [0026]FIG. 2 shows a detailed view of H-bridge 11, which is identified by the broken line in FIG. 1. Structure-specific diodes D1 through D4, whose cathode-side ends each point in the direction of supply voltage UB, are shown near switches TR1 through TR4. The series circuit of first and second winding W1, W2 of the electrical machine, which is not illustrated in further detail, is supplemented by an induced voltage UP, which, in synchronous machines, is referred to as the synchronous electromotive force. [0027] Voltage drop UDS across switch TR3 is supplied to a comparator 14, which sends a switching signal S3A to a switching logic 15. Switching logic 15 sends third control signal S3 to third switch TR3 as a function of switching signal S3A and as a function of a further switching signal S3B. [0028]FIGS. 3A through 3E show first, third and fourth control signals S1, S3, S4 as well as switching signals S3A and S3B as a function of time t in each case. [0029] Fourth control signal S4 changes from an inactive level zero to an active level one at a first point in time T1 and from active level one to inactive level zero at a second point in time T2. The difference between second and first points in time T1, T2 is equal to a activation, time PD. Fourth control signal S4 changes back from inactive level zero to active level one at a third point in time T3. The difference between third point in time and first point in time T3, T1 is equal to a period PRT. [0030] According to FIG. 3B, first control signal S1 is continuously set to active level one during the illustrated time segment. [0031] According to FIG. 3C, switching signal S3B changes from inactive level zero to active level one at second point in time T2 and from active level one to inactive level zero at third point in time T3. [0032] Switching signal S3A occurs at a fourth point in time T4, which lies between second and third points in time T2, T3. Switching signal S3A changes in a pulsating manner from inactive level zero to active level one and back to inactive level zero. [0033] Third control signal S3 illustrated in FIG. 3E changes from inactive level zero to active level one at second point in time T2 and returns to inactive level zero at fourth point in time T4. [0034] To avoid bridge short-circuits, differential times, which are not discussed in further detail here, are added in practice. The circuit arrangement according to the present invention is explained in greater detail on the basis of FIG. 2: [0035] Based on the bridge inverter illustrated in FIG. 1, FIG. 2 shows a detailed view of H-bridge 11 that is highlighted in FIG. 1. Switching functions, which are not discussed in further detail, occur in the additional H-bridges as a function of the predefined flow schemes of windings W1, W2, W3 of the electrical machine, which is not illustrated in further detail. Current detectors 12, 13, current evaluation system 14 and switching signal S illustrated in FIG. 1 correspond to voltage drop UDS, comparator 15 and switching signal S3A in FIG. 2. Accordingly, the current is detected only by evaluating voltage drop UDS across third switch TR3 and supplied to comparator 15, without using an additional sensor. In the illustrated exemplary embodiment, the threshold value needed for comparator 15 is identical to a reference value of voltage drop UDS, which should be equal to the potential present at the connection between third and fourth switches TR3, TR4. If voltage drop UDS exceeds the threshold value, switching signal S3A assumes the zero level, and if voltage drop UDS drops below the threshold value, switching signal S3A assumes active level one. [0036] Switching signal S3A is supplied to switching logic 16, which provides third control signal S3, which is intended for third switch TR3 and is generated from switching signal S3B. Switching signal S3B and additional control signals S1, S2, S3 are provided by a control circuit that is not illustrated in further detail. [0037] By way of example, H-bridge 11 illustrated in FIG. 2 is equivalent to the energizing of first and second windings W1, W2 of star-connected windings W1, W2, W3. Activation time PD of fourth switch TR4 corresponds to the energizing phase, and the time difference between third and second points in time T3, T2 corresponds to the free-running phase of first and second winding W1, W2. The process repeats periodically within period PRT shown in FIG. 3A. This results in a pulsating operation. Pulse-width modulation is preferably provided, the modulation being carried out, in particular, by varying activation time TD. If necessary, period PRT may be exclusively or additionally varied. For example, period PRT may lie within a microsecond range according to a clock frequency in the kilohertz range. [0038] The procedure illustrated in greater detail in FIG. 2 may be used in the same manner for all other winding combinations W1, W3; W2, W3. The remarks below are equally valid for delta-connected windings W1, W2, W3. Instead of sets of two windings W1, W2; W1, W3; W2, W3, windings W1, W2, W3 in this embodiment are each located individually in the diagonal of the H-bridge circuits. [0039] In the exemplary embodiment illustrated in FIG. 2, only voltage drop UDS across third switch TR3 is shown. In general, voltage drops UDS across all high-side switches TR1, TR3, TR5 or even across all switches TR1-TR6 of the inverter are provided. [0040] Upon energizing windings W1, W2 during activation time TD, a current builds up which flows through first switch TR1, through both windings W1, W2 and through fourth switch TR4. The current flow results in a positive power conversion in first and second winding W1, W2, which is represented by product UP*I and drives the electrical machine, which is not illustrated in further detail. At the end of activation time TD, the free-running phase of the current flowing through first and second winding W1, W2 begins between second and third points in time T2, T3. The free-running phase begins upon deactivation of fourth switch TR4 at second point in time T2. [0041] In an alternative embodiment that is not illustrated, first switch TR1 may also be closed. If, according to the illustrated exemplary embodiment, fourth switch TR4 is blocked at second point in time T2, this produces a free-running current that flows through first switch TR1, first and second windings W1, W2 and third switch TR3. [0042] Switches TR1 through TR6 conducting the free-running current must be suitably designed to conduct the free-running current. The illustrated exemplary embodiment preferably uses field-effect transistors, in particular MOS field-effect transistors that include structure-specific diodes D1 through D4. If a suitable free-running current path is not prepared in switches TR1 through TR6, discrete structural components that are able to conduct the free-running current must be provided. The free-running current in third switch TR3 generates a voltage drop corresponding to the diode conducting voltage across third diode D3. [0043] The power loss is significantly reduced, according to the present invention, when switches TR1 through TR6�or switch TR3 in the exemplary embodiment�are activated during free-running operation. In free-running mode, third switch TR3 is operated inversely. Switching signal S3B supplied by the control circuit, which is not illustrated in further detail, for third switch TR3 is maintained at the active level during the free-running phase between second and third times T2, T3, as shown in FIG. 3C. Because the conducting voltage of third diode D3 has been eliminated, only low voltage drop UDS occurs, which corresponds to the conducting voltage of third switch TR3 in the conducting state. [0044] The free-running current also produces positive potential in first and second windings W1, W2, according to positive product UP*I. The inductive energy stored in the inductive component of both windings W1, W2 is consumed. [0045] Because the electrical machine continues to rotate, the free-running current still flows after the decay of the inductively stored energy, since it is maintained by induced voltage UP of the electrical machine. However, the free-running current that is still maintained by induced voltage UP now has the opposite sign. In this mode, an unwanted negative potential occurs across first and second windings W1, W2, corresponding to a braking of the electrical machine. [0046] The free-running current is detected, and is determined indirectly in the illustrated exemplary embodiment via voltage drop UDS. The free-running current is compared to a predefined threshold value of comparator 15. In the illustrated exemplary embodiment, the threshold value is formed by the reference potential of voltage drop UDS. Comparator 15 emits switching signal S3A at fourth point in time T4 if voltage drop UDS at least approximately changes its sign. Depending on the sign change of voltage drop UDS, free-running current passes through zero at this point in time and changes from a positive to a negative value at point in time T4. [0047] Switching signal S3A emitted by comparator 15 is supplied to switching logic 16, which suppresses switching signal S3B from fourth point in time T4 onward. Third control signal S3 is therefore supplied to the third switch only during a period of time corresponding to the difference between fourth and second points in time T4, T2, as shown in FIG. 3E. Third switch TR3 is thus deactivated at fourth point in time T4. Third diode D3 is automatically blocked after the free-running current passes through zero. This means that the free-running current is no longer able to continue flowing through third switch TR3 from fourth point in time T4 onward. [0048] Second switch TR2 may be used instead of third switch TR3 to conduct the free-running current. In this embodiment, a control signal S1 corresponding to fourth control signal S4 shown in FIG. 3A is applied to first switch TR1, and a control signal S4 corresponding to first control signal S1 of first switch TR1 shown in FIG. 3B is applied to fourth switch TR4. [0049] In this embodiment, voltage drop UDS must be analyzed at second switch TR2. [0050] By activating a free-running mode, the circuit arrangement according to the present invention provides a low-loss mode of operation that requires less cooling effort for the inverter. The circuit arrangement according to the present invention is therefore especially suitable for operating high-amperage electrical machines. BLDC motors or asynchronous motors are preferably used as electrical machines. At comparatively low operating voltages in a range of less than 100 volts, which are available, for example, in motor vehicles, switches TR1 through TR6 may be implemented in the form of field-effect transistors, in particular MOS field-effect transistors, that include diodes D1 through D4 for structural reasons. Referenced byCiting PatentFiling datePublication dateApplicantTitleUS7319300 *May 24, 2006Jan 15, 2008Ebm-Papst St. Georgen Gmbh & Co KgMethod of operating an electronically commutated motor, and method for carrying out such a methodUS7405652Sep 21, 2005Jul 29, 2008Abet Technologies, LlcCommunication and AC power systemUS7629761 *Jul 13, 2007Dec 8, 2009Xerox CorporationSystem for measuring current in multiple motor coils using a single sensing elementUS8064227 *Sep 3, 2009Nov 22, 2011GM Global Technology Operations LLCRectifying circuit for a multiphase electric machine* Cited by examinerClassifications U.S. Classification323/282International ClassificationH02M1/08, H02P6/00, H02P6/08Cooperative ClassificationH02P6/085, H02P6/002European ClassificationH02P6/08B, H02P6/00CLegal EventsDateCodeEventDescriptionOct 7, 2013FPAYFee paymentYear of fee payment: 8Sep 29, 2009FPAYFee paymentYear of fee payment: 4Oct 30, 2007CCCertificate of correctionJul 10, 2003ASAssignmentOwner name: ROBERT BOSCH GMBH, GERMANYFree format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:HALFMANN, JUERGEN;IMMENDOERFER, INGO;REEL/FRAME:014606/0117Effective date: 20030519RotateOriginal ImageGoogle Home - Sitemap - USPTO Bulk Downloads - Privacy Policy - Terms of Service - About Google Patents - Send FeedbackData provided by IFI CLAIMS Patent Services©2012 Google

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Patent US20010027478 - Messaging system - Google PatentsSearch Images Maps Play YouTube News Gmail Drive More »Sign inAdvanced Patent SearchPatentsThe system allows for the allocation of email addresses to almost every possible person within a country, and allows for easy lookup and/or addressing of messages whether by email, telephone, mail or fax to those subscribers. It makes use of a combination of the subscriber's telephone number and an alphabetical...http://www.google.com/patents/US20010027478?utm_source=gb-gplus-sharePatent US20010027478 - Messaging systemAdvanced Patent SearchPublication numberUS20010027478 A1Publication typeApplicationApplication numberUS 09/754,073Publication dateOct 4, 2001Filing dateJan 3, 2001Priority dateJan 5, 2000Also published asWO2001050693A1Publication number09754073, 754073, US 2001/0027478 A1, US 2001/027478 A1, US 20010027478 A1, US 20010027478A1, US 2001027478 A1, US 2001027478A1, US-A1-20010027478, US-A1-2001027478, US2001/0027478A1, US2001/027478A1, US20010027478 A1, US20010027478A1, US2001027478 A1, US2001027478A1InventorsAlan Meier, Paul MeierOriginal AssigneeMeier Alan James, Meier Paul ErnestExport CitationBiBTeX, EndNote, RefManReferenced by (27), Classifications (13), Legal Events (1) External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, EspacenetMessaging systemUS 20010027478 A1Abstract The system allows for the allocation of email addresses to almost every possible person within a country, and allows for easy lookup and/or addressing of messages whether by email, telephone, mail or fax to those subscribers. It makes use of a combination of the subscriber's telephone number and an alphabetical component chosen from their name, for individuals, or an alphabetical description of a department within a business, together with a database server that stores information about each subscriber, and their preferred mode of delivery. The system requires users to create or modify their primary account by a telephone interface, as the system allows for delivery of email messages to subscribers by telephone, mail or fax, to those subscribers who do not have access to a computer and thus access to software to read their emails. Images(4) Claims(22)
[1703] b) �Press one to confirm that this user and all associated aliases are to be deleted, this will stop all change of address forwarding for this user�. [1704] i) If the user chooses this option they receive the following prompt and are then taken back to the Maintain Account Settings Menu. The system will also send an email to Bill Meier informing them that Address Change Forwarding has ceased. [1705] (1) �User Bill Meier and associated aliases have now been deleted, now returning to the Account Settings Menu�. [1706] c) �Press star to return to the Account Settings Menu�. [1707] d) �Press the hash or pound key twice for help on this menu�. [1708] 5) �Press two to delete John Meier, user id J O H M�. [1709] 6) �Press star to return to the Account Settings Menu. [1710] 7) �Press the hash or pound key twice for help on this menu�. Example 6.62 [1711] Web Interface [1712] For power users the system will be far easier to maintain and modify via the Web. The web interface will allow users to do the following: [1713] 1) Read/Listen to Emails and Voice-Emails via a web based mail gateway. [1714] 2) Send Emails and Voice-Emails via the web based mail gateway. [1715] 3) Provide a mechanism for uploading/synchronizing an email address book from the most popular organizer packages: [1716] a) Microsoft Outlook [1717] b) Microsoft Outlook Express [1718] c) Lotus Organizer [1719] 4) Operating Mode Settings. [1720] a) Work, Out of Work, Home, Away from Home, Vacation. [1721] b) Allows for grouping a series of settings together and changing all the settings by selecting the desired Operating Mode. Below are the settings that can be modified, [1722] (1) Redirection Settings [1723] (2) Notification Settings [1724] (3) Confirmation of Delivery Settings [1725] (4) Permanent CC'ing of Email Account [1726] 5) Individual Redirection Settings. [1727] 6) Individual Notification Settings. [1728] 7) Individual Confirmation of Delivery Settings. [1729] 8) Additional email accounts. [1730] a) Allows the user to add alternate email accounts to the system including: [1731] i) Username [1732] ii) Password [1733] iii) Mail Server addresses [1734] 9) Changing Password. [1735] 10) Maintain Physical Addresses. [1736] 11) Maintain the barred addresses list. [1737] 12) Maintain the valid addresses list. [1738] 13) Add new sources to the account (Mobiles, Pagers etc). [1739] 14) Add/Modify User Id and aliases. [1740] 15) The super user also has the ability to do the following: [1741] a) Add new user Ids to the account. [1742] b) Delete users from the account. [1743] c) Change a users password. [1744] d) Relinquish a phone number. [1745] e) Delete or add items to the �Change of Address forwarding�. [1746] f) Set forward all mail for a user Id. [1747] g) Stop forward all mail for a user Id. [1748] h) Change the number to be a silent number. [1749] i) Handling of incorrectly addressed mail. [1750] Note that there will be two separate web interfaces that will be built, the first for standard computers and the second for WAP devices. ADVANTAGES [1751] By using the address system of the type described in Example 1, or as set out more fully in our corresponding patent application No. 502190, entitled �Identification System� the messaging system can readily direct messages of any type to any nominated subscriber in any country. [1752] It is a particular advantage of this invention that by using a combination of a telephone number or a telephone number in combination with the representation of part or all of the subscribers name (or a combination of numbers and letters chosen by the subscriber perhaps a �vanity combination� or a combination based on the subscribers Business Name or Trade Mark), it is possible to distinguish between individuals at a particular address (where the address is represented by a telephone number), it makes it easier for the ISP to route the messages to a particular country and then to a particular individual. [1753] As telephone number portability takes on, it is expected that most individuals in the world will be given a telephone number for life. In that case the media independent address can remain the same throughout their lives. The telephone number will in essence become part of the original family name even though individuals move away from home. [1754] In those cases where telephone number portability has not been introduced to groups of subscribers, or indeed to countries, it is envisaged that the ISP using this invention will maintain a number of different addresses within its own database with appropriate forwarding systems, for individuals, allowing individuals to use either the originally allocated identification code, or if they wish the new code based on the new telephone number if they move house, or indeed to provide a forwarding service from one to the other, or to have a multiple of such identification codes pointing to the same individual. However it is expected that most individuals would prefer to use a single identification code and maintain that for life. [1755] It is expected that these individuals may wish to maintain the identification code, and to use it for other purposes perhaps to link to their bank accounts or indeed to identify their primary bank account, or other account information stored for them by other agencies. VARIATION [1756] In the Advantages mention has been made of Internet service providers (ISPs) as the central point for determining how mail is to be delivered to a particular subscriber. The term ISP is simply a convenient acronym for an Internet based system on the assumption that some or all of the users will wish to send information by way of email. [1757] However such a system could be used independently of the Internet, so it could combine for example delivering of physical mail, through a mail carrier or courier service or a fax service, or a telephone service, or a voice messaging service, without the need to involve the use of the Internet. However the Internet provides a very useful infrastructure for the delivery of messages, and it is believed in most system it will be desirable to combine the power of the Internet to deliver messages by email or �voice over the Internet�, or other means of electronically transmitting information to recipients in which case the service provider administering the system and in particular checking on the rules for delivery of messages to recipients will be an Internet service provider as well as being associated with some other system of storing or delivering messages. [1758] Finally, various other alterations and modifications may be made to the foregoing without departing from the scope of this invention. Referenced byCiting PatentFiling datePublication dateApplicantTitleUS7171190 *Oct 13, 2003Jan 30, 2007Oracle International CorporationIntelligent messagingUS7184160 *Aug 8, 2003Feb 27, 2007Venali, Inc.Spam fax filterUS7313617Sep 28, 2001Dec 25, 2007Dale MalikMethods and systems for a communications and information resource managerUS7441027Sep 28, 2005Oct 21, 2008At&T Intellectual Property I, L.P.Methods, systems, and products for creating message logsUS7472187Nov 24, 2004Dec 30, 2008At&T Intellectual Property I, L.P.Communications and information resource managerUS7493374 *Sep 7, 2006Feb 17, 2009Oyco Systems, Inc.System periodically retrieving and processing information from multiple network accounts and presenting to user through a common accountUS7620408Dec 22, 2006Nov 17, 2009Oracle International CorporationIntelligent messagingUS7644181 *Jun 13, 2003Jan 5, 2010Telefonaktiebolaget L M Ericsson (Publ)Method for routing a service request in a telecommunication systemUS7865817Mar 29, 2007Jan 4, 2011Amazon Technologies, Inc.Invariant referencing in digital worksUS7870228Oct 28, 2002Jan 11, 2011Research In Motion LimitedSystem and method for remotely controlling mobile communication devicesUS7903637Oct 28, 2004Mar 8, 2011Verizon Business Global LlcUniversal communications identifierUS7921309Jun 14, 2007Apr 5, 2011Amazon TechnologiesSystems and methods for determining and managing the power remaining in a handheld electronic deviceUS7974414 *Feb 27, 2004Jul 5, 2011Research In Motion LimitedMethods and apparatus for automatically grouping user-specific information in a mobile stationUS8082365 *Oct 25, 1999Dec 20, 2011Kenping XieMethod of using whole digital code to assign address for computerUS8108793Jun 14, 2007Jan 31, 2012Amazon Technologies, Inc,Zone-associated objectsUS8131647Jan 19, 2005Mar 6, 2012Amazon Technologies, Inc.Method and system for providing annotations of a digital workUS8161117Sep 3, 2004Apr 17, 2012Oracle International CorporationMulti-media messagingUS8341018 *Jun 28, 2002Dec 25, 2012At&T Intellectual Property I, L. P.Methods and systems for providing contextual information on communication devices and servicesUS8341210 *Jun 14, 2007Dec 25, 2012Amazon Technologies, Inc.Delivery of items for consumption by a user deviceUS8423889Dec 11, 2008Apr 16, 2013Amazon Technologies, Inc.Device specific presentation control for electronic book reader devicesUS8533311Jul 13, 2010Sep 10, 2013Research In Motion LimitedSystem and method for remotely controlling mobile communication devicesUS8554858Mar 12, 2012Oct 8, 2013Oracle International CorporationMulti-media messagingUS20090147937 *Oct 22, 2008Jun 11, 2009Infosys Technologies Ltd.System and method for personalized call treatment by using a combination of communication and data servicesUS20110213843 *Feb 26, 2010Sep 1, 2011Ferrazzini Axel DenisSystem and method for providing access to a service relating to an account for an electronic device in a networkUS20130138513 *Nov 28, 2012May 30, 2013At&T Intellectual Property I, L.P.Contextual InformationEP1558004A1 *Jan 21, 2005Jul 27, 2005MCI, Inc.Universal communications identifierWO2002065354A2 *Feb 6, 2002Aug 22, 2002Walter KellerMethod for automatically creating and updating e-mail information services* Cited by examinerClassifications U.S. Classification709/206, 379/93.24, 709/245, 707/999.107, 707/999.104International ClassificationH04L12/58, H04M3/53Cooperative ClassificationH04L51/28, H04L51/14, H04M3/5307European ClassificationH04L51/14, H04L12/58G, H04M3/53MLegal EventsDateCodeEventDescriptionJul 19, 2001ASAssignmentOwner name: WWW.INTERNET SOLUTIONS LIMITED, A CORPORATION ORGAFree format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:MEIER, ALAN JAMES;MEIER, PAUL ERNEST;REEL/FRAME:011995/0332;SIGNING DATES FROM 20010614 TO 20010618RotateOriginal ImageGoogle Home - Sitemap - USPTO Bulk Downloads - Privacy Policy - Terms of Service - About Google Patents - Send FeedbackData provided by IFI CLAIMS Patent Services©2012 Google


text:
Caprice sports face mask as she's 'left shaken' over near-miss with coronavirus | Daily Mail Online
EXCLUSIVE: Caprice sports face mask as she's 'left shaken' over near-miss with coronavirus from infected pal... after being 'rationed to one toilet roll'
Published: 13:21 EDT, 13 March 2020 | Updated: 15:04 EDT, 13 March 2020
Caprice Bourret was seen stepping out wearing a mask covering her nose and mouth, after narrowly avoiding catching coronavirus.
The model, 48, wore the medical equipment as she headed out in London on Friday to record for a podcast, with sources exclusively telling MailOnline that Caprice has been 'left shaken' over the COVID-19 pandemic.
A source revealed that Caprice had a near-miss with the virus, after a friend of hers caught coronavirus, and she is now 'following every precaution necessary' to avoid falling ill.
Taking precautions: Caprice Bourret was seen stepping out wearing a mask covering her nose and mouth, after narrowly avoiding catching coronavirus, in London on Friday
Stepping out in the capital, Caprice covered up with her skull-printed mask that completely covered the bottom half of her face.
Serena Williams will be 'spending the next 6 weeks in... Mariah Carey and 'Dem Babies', 8, perform rap from her... 'It's always the woman's fault!' Kevin Clifton hits back at... Love Island's Rebecca Gormley and Biggs Chris shield...
She was smartly dressed for the outing in jeans, a grey t-shirt and blazer and added a boost to her outfit with black platform heels.
Prioritising her health, Caprice added a pair of black gloves to her outfit.
Covering up: The model, 48, wore the mask as she headed out to record for a podcast, with sources exclusively telling MailOnline that Caprice has been 'left shaken' over COVID-19
Scary: A source revealed that Caprice had a near-miss with the virus, after a friend of hers caught coronavirus, and she is now 'following every precaution necessary' to avoid falling ill
Stylish: She still managed to cut a stylish figure, though, and looked smart in jeans, a grey tee and blazer, that she teamed with a pair of platform heels
Panic: Sources say the severity of the COVID-19 outbreak is starting to hit home for Caprice after she was 'rationed to one toilet roll and one kitchen roll in Costco'
Near-miss: A friend of Caprice had tested positive for coronavirus, a day before she was meant to meet up with her to take part in a now cancelled photo shoot for Global Woman magazine
'Tough few months': Caprice has been keeping a low-profile after quitting Dancing On Ice following a bullying row with her skating partner Hamish Gaman (pictured above on the ITV series)
Support: Hamish denied Caprice's bullying claims and said the ordeal took him to a 'dark place', but he praised his fiancee Amelia for supporting him through it and the pair are now planning to marry in December
Caprice sports face mask as she's 'left shaken' over near-miss with coronavirus
Illinois man, 54, shoots dead his wife then kills himself in murder-suicide because he feared they had...

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text:
22nd December 2008Rob da Bank & Friends - King Kong Re-Scored
Rob re-scores the classic 1933 film ‘King Kong’
At 11.30pm on Saturday 27th December watch King Kong on BBC Four
Press the Red Button and you can listen to Rob's alternative soundtrack02.00
Richard Wagner conducted by Sir George Solti, The Vienna Philharmonic - 'The Ride Of The Valkyries' (Elektra)
Seu George - 'Rebel Rebel' (Hollywood)Rob da Bank's King Kong Soundtrack
Hudson Mohawke - 'Star Crackout' (All-City)
Trentmoller - 'Vamp' (Poker Flat)
Sigur Ros - '(Intro) Svein G Englar' (Fat Cat)
Paul Witheman & His Orchestra - 'Rhapsody In Blue' (Hot Record Society)
Lucky Elephant - 'Lucky Elephant' (Sunday Best Records)
Ralfe Band - 'Attics' (Talitres)
Xiao Pang Jeng & The Chinese Orchestra of Shanghai Conservatory (Jingo)
The Flaming Lips - 'In Excelsior Vaginalistic' (Warner)
Rusko - 'Woo Boost' (Dubplate)
Metronomy - 'Nights Outro' (Because Music)
The Ho'opi'i Brothers - 'Hawaaian Cowboy' (Tropical Music)
Rusko - 'Woo Boost' (Dubplate)
Lazyboy Dubstep - 'Glass Window' (Sunday Best Recordings)
Himalaya Dawn - 'Himalaya Dawn' (Keda)
Metronomy - 'Night Out Intro' (Because Music)
Drums Of Death - 'Sleep In Fire' (Dubplate)
Bon Iver - 'For Emma' (4AD)
Lee Scratch Perry - 'Voodoo' (Island)
Reso - 'Otacon' (Civil Music)
Generation X - 'King Rocker' (Chrysalis)
Bakka Beyond - 'Call Of The Forest' (March Hare)
Kotchy - 'Let Loose' (Civil Music)
Black Sabbath - 'Voodoo' (Rhino)
Radiohead - 'Faust Arp' (EMI)
Dinosaur JR - 'Freak Scene' (SST)
Don Rimini - 'Let Me Back Up (Crookers Re-Edit)' (Mental Groove)
Laurie Anderson - 'O Superman' (Warner)
DJ C - 'Animal Attraction (ft Zulu)' (Community Library)
Bruce Springsteen - 'Born To Run' (Columbia)
Portishead - 'Machine Gun' (Island)
Tunng - 'Bullets' (Full Time Hobby)
Ian Brown - 'Fear' (Polydor)
Harry Connick Junior - 'It had To Be You' (Sony Music)
Goldfrapp - 'Train' (Mute)
Brian Eno - 'Here Come The Warm Jets' (Island)
Pixies - 'Monkey Gone To Heaven' (4AD)Tracklisting archive: 2009 2008 2007 2006 2005 More Rob da BankRob da Bank homeTracklistingsBloc WeekenderIntroducing PodcastDub Appreciation SocietyOneMusicLike this? Try theseHuw StephensGilles PetersonSonar FestivalGet a taster of the Barcelona festivalRob da Bank's linksBBC Introducingtwitter.com/robdabankmyspace.com/robdabankpitchfork.com

value: This website is the BBC's online service. It is a large network of websites including such high-profile sites as BBC News and Sport, the on-demand video and radio services co-branded BBC iPlayer, the children's sites CBBC and CBeebies, and learning services such as Bitesize.


text:
Kokka, Volume 25, Book 6, Number 295]: [Kokkasha] Soft cover, 1st Edition.. - Masalai Press
› › Kokka, Volume 25, Book 6, Number 295]
Kokka, Volume 25, Book 6, Number 295]
Title: Kokka, Volume 25, Book 6, Number 295]
30 pp. text + 7 pp. plates. One or two plates are is in color and produced by chromoxylograph. Other plates are in black-and-white and produced by collotype. Large format (15x10.5x1/8 inches) Bound with 2 pieces of silk string. In Japanese only. 0.0. Bookseller Inventory # AMA072214-4

value: This website is an e-commerce global online marketplace with seven websites that offer books, fine art, and collectables from sellers in over 50 countries. Launched in 1996, it specialises in used, rare and out-of-print books.


text:
P. 1FOIA Request - CREW: DOJ: Regarding Records of Communications Concerning Ethics Violations By Rep. Don Young: 3/25/2013FOIA Request - CREW: DOJ: Regarding Records of Communications Concerning Ethics Violations By Rep. Don Young: 3/25/2013Ratings: (0)|Views: 9|Likes: 0Published by CREWOn March 25, 2013, CREW filed a FOIA request with the Criminal Division of the Department of Justice seeking records of communications between the Division and the U.S. House of Representatives Committee on Standards of Official Conduct concerning potential violations of ethics laws by Rep. Don Young (R-AK). CREW made this request in light of the Committee’s announcement last week it was opening an investigation into Rep. Young’s actions. This followed a referral from DOJ on August 17, 2010.On March 25, 2013, CREW filed a FOIA request with the Criminal Division of the Department of Justice seeking records of communications between the Division and the U.S. House of Representatives Committee on Standards of Official Conduct concerning potential violations of ethics laws by Rep. Don Young (R-AK). CREW made this request in light of the Committee’s announcement last week it was opening an investigation into Rep. Young’s actions. This followed a referral from DOJ on August 17, 2010.More info:Published by: CREW on Mar 25, 2013Copyright:Attribution Non-commercialAvailability:Read on Scribd mobile: iPhone, iPad and Android.This book can be read on up to 6 mobile devices.download as PDF, TXT or read online from ScribdFlag for inappropriate content|Add to collectionSee moreSee lesshttps://www.scribd.com/doc/132313158/FOIA-Request-CREW-DOJ-Regarding-Records-of-Communications-Concerning-Ethics-Violations-By-Rep-Don-Young-3-25-201303/25/2013pdftextoriginal Activity (1)FiltersAdd to collectionReview Add NoteLikeShowingAllMost RecentReviewsAll NotesLikesYou've already reviewed this. Edit your review.Rating 0/5Post notePost reviewPost replyPost note and like1 hundred readsLoad more
Similar to FOIA Request - CREW: DOJ: Regarding Records of Communications Conce...Responsive Documents - CREW: DOJ: Regarding Don Young Inv...CREWFOIA Request: CREW: FBI: Regarding Rep. Don Young: 1/24/11CREWResponsive Documents - CREW: FBI: Regarding Rep. Don Youn...CREWFOIA Appeal (Exhibits): CREW: EOUSA: Regarding Rep. Don Y...CREWResponsive Document - CREW: EOUSA: Regarding Rep. Don You...CREWFOIA Request (Exhibits): CREW: Regarding Rep. Don Young: ...CREWResponsive Document - CREW: EOUSA: Regarding Rep. Don You...CREWFOIA Request: CREW: EOUSA: Regarding Rep. Don Young: 1/24/11CREWCREW: EOUSA: Regarding Rep. Don Young: 4/20/2012 - EOUSAL...CREWFOIA Request: CREW: DOJ-Criminal Division: Regarding Rep....CREWResponsive Document - CREW: DOJ-Criminal Division: Regard...CREWResponsive Documents - CREW: FBI: Regarding Rep. Don Youn...CREWCREW: EOUSA: Regarding Rep. Don Young: 4/30/2012 - EOUSAR...CREWFOIA Appeal: CREW: EOUSA: Regarding Rep. Don Young: 2/7/11CREWResponsive Document - CREW: EOUSA: Regarding Rep. Don You...CREWCREW: FBI: Regarding Rep. Don Young Investigations: 4/19/...CREWResponsive Document - CREW: EOUSA: Regarding Rep. Don You...CREWCREW: EOUSA: Regarding Rep. Don Young: 2/1/11 - FOIA Requ...CREWFOIA Appeal (Exhibits): CREW: FBI: Regarding Rep. Don You...CREWCREW v. Department of Justice: Regarding Rep. Don Young: ...CREWResponsive Document - CREW: DOJ-Criminal Division: Regard...CREWResponsive Documents - CREW: FBI: Regarding Rep. Don Youn...CREWCREW: DOJ: Regarding Don Young Investigations:10/12/2012 ...CREWCREW: 4/23/2012 - Letter to CREW from John Dowd Regardin...CREWCREW: FBI: Regarding Rep. Don Young: 1/25/11 - FOIA Reque...CREW
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text:
Farah loves kidding around | entertainment | Hindustan Times
Farah loves kidding around
Farah didn’t take her three little musketeers for the music launch of Tees Maar Khan aboard a passenger train despite it being Children’s Day.
entertainment Updated: Nov 17, 2010 00:53 IST
Sher Lock Holmes, my
khaas jasoos,
is here. And, he wants to tell me something about Farah Khan, the choreographer who became a super director. What about her? He says that Farah didn’t take her three little musketeers for the music launch of
aboard a passenger train despite it being Children’s Day.
When he asked her why she did so, she told him that they are too young to know what Children’s Day is. She intends to tell them the relevance of the day when they turn 13. She giggles and says that by then, they will be too old to celebrate it anyway. But, the sweet momma that she is, Farah decided to take her little ones to the circus to spend the evening with them on the special day. Mummy
ho toh aisi!

value: This website is an Indian English-language daily newspaper introduced and founded in 1924 by Sunder Singh Lyallpuri, founder-father of the Akali movement and the Shiromani Akali Dal in the Punjab Province. It played integral roles in the Indian independence movement as a nationalist daily.


text:
Apophysomyces - Wikipedia
Class: Mucoromycotina
Family: Saksenaeaceae
Genus: Apophysomyces
P.C.Misra (1979)
P.C.Misra, K.J.Srivast. & Lata (1979)
A. ossiformis
A. trapeziformis
Apophysomyces is a genus of filamentous fungi that are commonly found in soil and decaying vegetation. Species normally grow in tropical to subtropical regions.[1]
The genus Apophysomyces historically was monospecific, containing only the type species Apophysomyces elegans. In 2010, three new species were described: A. variabilis, A. trapeziformis, and A. ossiformis.[2]
Among the other members of zygomycetes, Apophysomyces elegans mostly resembles those from genus Absidia. However, its bell-shaped (although not conical) apophyses (outgrowth), the existence of its foot-cell like hyphal segment, rhizoids produced opposite to the sporangiophores upon cultivation on plain agar, the darker and thicker subapical segment, and inability to sporulate on routine culture media help in distinguishing Apophysomyces elegans.[3]
Apophysomyces elegans is a thermotolerant fungus: it has been found to grow favourably at temperatures of 26 °C and 37 °C, and it grows rapidly at 42 °C. Its colonies are fluffy and cottony in appearance. The surface of the colony is white initially and turns to a brownish-grey or yellowish-cream as the culture ages, while the underside is white to pale yellow in colour.[3][4]
Normally, no special precautions are needed with regard to this fungus.
However, Apophysomyces elegans is one cause of a rare infection, known as mucormycosis, in humans, which is often fatal.[5][6]
Infection is usually acquired via traumatic implantations associated with soil or decaying vegetable matter (such as from accidental injuries or insect bites). Invasive soft tissue infections can develop on burns or wounds which are contaminated by soil. Unlike other zygomycosis, the affected host is usually otherwise immunocompetent. Apophysomyces elegans infections present most commonly as necrotizing fasciitis, osteomyelitis, and angioinvasion.[6][7][8] Systemic[9] and secondary renal and bladder infections[10] have also been reported.
Mucormycosis (specific term for infection caused by fungi of the order Mucorales)
Zygomycosis (a more generic term for infection caused by Mucoraceae and various other fungus varieties; the term Mucormycosis is preferred).
^ L. Collier, A. Balows, and M. Sussman, "Topley & Wilson's Microbiology and Microbial Infections", 9th ed. (1998), vol. 4. (London, Sydney, Auckland, New York). ISBN 0-340-80912-4 (ISBN is for 10th ed.)[page needed]
^ Alvarez, Eduardo; Stchigel, Alberto M.; Cano, Josep; Sutton, Deanna A.; Fothergill, Annette W.; Chander, Jagdish; Salas, Valentina; Rinaldi, Michael G.; Guarro, Josep (2010). "Molecular phylogenetic diversity of the emerging mucoralean fungus Apophysomyces: Proposal of three new species". Revista Iberoamericana de Micología. 27 (2): 80–9. doi:10.1016/j.riam.2010.01.006. PMID 20199897.
^ a b Davise H. Larone, "Medically Important Fungi - A Guide to Identification", 3rd ed. (1995). (ASM Press, Washington, D.C.). ISBN 1-55581-172-8 (ISBN is for 4th ed.)[page needed]
^ L. Collier, A. Balows, and M. Sussman, "Topley & Wilson's Microbiology and Microbial Infections", 9th ed. (1998), vol. 4, p. 463. (London, Sydney, Auckland, New York). ISBN 0-340-80912-4 (ISBN is for 10th ed.)
^ Ribes, J. A.; Vanover-Sams, C. L.; Baker, D. J. (2000). "Zygomycetes in Human Disease". Clinical Microbiology Reviews. 13 (2): 236–301. doi:10.1128/CMR.13.2.236-301.2000. PMC 100153  . PMID 10756000.
^ a b Cooter, RD; Lim, IS; Ellis, DH; Leitch, IO (1990). "Burn wound zygomycosis caused by Apophysomyces elegans". Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 28 (9): 2151–3. PMC 268128  . PMID 2229400.
^ Lakshmi, V; Rani, TS; Sharma, S; Mohan, VS; Sundaram, C; Rao, RR; Satyanarayana, G (1993). "Zygomycotic necrotizing fasciitis caused by Apophysomyces elegans". Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 31 (5): 1368–9. PMC 262941  . PMID 8501244.
^ Wieden, MA; Steinbronn, KK; Padhye, AA; Ajello, L; Chandler, FW (1985). "Zygomycosis caused by Apophysomyces elegans". Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 22 (4): 522–6. PMC 268459  . PMID 4077963.
^ Lawrence, R.M.; Snodgrass, W.T.; Reichel, G.W.; Padhye, A.A.; Ajello, L.; Chandler, F.W. (1986). "Systemic zygomycosis caused byApophysomyces elegans". Medical Mycology. 24 (1): 57–65. doi:10.1080/02681218680000071. PMID 3701543.
^ Okhuysen, P. C.; Rex, J. H.; Kapusta, M.; Fife, C. (1994). "Successful Treatment of Extensive Posttraumatic Soft-Tissue and Renal Infections Due to Apophysomyces elegans". Clinical Infectious Diseases. 19 (2): 329–31. doi:10.1093/clinids/19.2.329. PMID 7986910.
Image of Apophysomyces sp.
doctorfungus.org entry on Apophysomyces sp.
Apophysomyces species from Index Fungorum
PubMed search page (using search term "apophysomyces")
Wikidata: Q4780512
Wikispecies: Apophysomyces
EoL: 38235
Fungorum: 20045
GBIF: 2558248
IRMNG: 1073093
MycoBank: 20045
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Apophysomyces&oldid=831936862"
This page was last edited on 22 March 2018, at 22:33 (UTC).

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Zinn Apartments - City Centre, Aberdeen, UK - Booking.com
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Bush Takes Hard Knocks at School - The New York Times
Archives|Bush Takes Hard Knocks at School
https://nyti.ms/29yZeIx
Bush Takes Hard Knocks at School
Vice President Bush, attempting to narrow the hefty Iowa lead of Senator Bob Dole, was pressed today by hostile student questioners who sought explanations for several changes in his past positions and on his role in the Iran-contra affair.
The setting was a high school in this bedrock Republican suburb where Mr. Bush had come for one of his ''Ask George Bush'' sessions. Instead of the innocuous interchanges that typify most such events, Mr. Bush was put on the defensive by aggressive questions and demands for answers. The Vice President showed no emotion in his responses and thanked the young audience for ''good questions.''
Mr. Bush has been seeking the youth vote by reminding high school audiences that anyone who will turn 18 by the Nov. 8 Presidential election can participate in the Feb. 8 caucuses.
But his effort here hit a snag when a student asked Mr. Bush to explain why he cast a ''decisive'' vote in May 1985 to ''reduce'' Social Security benefits. The Vice President responded by saying that his vote was a part of a bipartisan compromise that called for a six-month freeze in cost-of-living benefits. It never became law, the Vice President said. On Arms and Hostages
Questions on the Iran-contra issue have rarely come from such audiences. Today one student argued that Mr. Bush had a responsibility as a Presidential candidate to disclose what he knew about the sale of arms to Iran and what he had told the President.
''I supported it,'' Mr. Bush said, explaining that he had once served as Director of Central Intelligence and that the Beirut station chief, William Buckley, ''was being tortured over there and finally killed by the hostage holders.''
''I'm concerned about the Americans being held hostage, so when the President entered into a deal that he - it's all been in the testimony - did not feel was arms for hostages at the time, I supported that,'' he said.
Mr. Bush said that he did not approve of trading arms for hostages and had expressed reservations.
''I think, as I look back on it, the concern I felt for Americans being held against their will still held, the concern I felt about a man being tortured and eventually was killed, was the major reason I came down in support of the President,'' he said. ''Others differed with it.'' Liman Remarks Come Up
In the session, held at Valley High School, Mr. Bush was asked also to respond to comments Thursday in which Arthur Liman, the chief counsel of the Senate Iran-contra committee, said that he had no indication that the Vice President had expressed reservations.
''I thought it was a little peculiar after those hearings were over, all finished, for a liberal Democrat, the general counselor hired by the Congress that spent $10 million, to interject himself into this,'' Mr. Bush said. ''I was surprised to see this guy being wheeled out there, but he was just wrong about that.''
Another student questioner was applauded when he asked Mr. Bush ''to justify'' previous economic positions. He said he would be voting for the first time in the caucuses and was looking for a candidate who was consistent. ''That's why I question your candidacy,'' he said.
The student argued that Mr. Bush had supported a 1982 tax increase and was now vowing not to raise taxes. He also reminded Mr. Bush that, as an opponent of Mr. Reagan in 1980, he had called Mr. Reagan's economic policy ''voodoo economics.'' Student's Memory Is Challenged
In response, Mr. Bush said that the student's ''memory was wrong,'' and that he had supported a tax cut in 1980.
''What I said was that if you cut taxes and do nothing else, regulatory reform or control spending, that is voodoo economics, and that is today,'' he said.
The Vice President was also asked to ''explain your inconsistencies on abortion and what your present stance is now.''
''Inconsistency or evolution,'' he shot back. ''One good thing about intellectual honesty is, if that if you learn something, you don't mind changing your position.''
A version of this article appears in print on January 23, 1988, on Page 1001009 of the National edition with the headline: Bush Takes Hard Knocks at School. Order Reprints| Today's Paper|Subscribe

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