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Patent US5038025 - Method of receiving program down-loaded to IC card and IC card thereof - Google PatentsSearch Images Maps Play YouTube News Gmail Drive More »Sign in<nobr>Advanced Patent Search</nobr>PatentsThere is provided an IC card comprising a memory within the IC card for storing therein a program operating on a processor included in the IC card and a ROM storing therein a system program for down-leading the program onto the IC card. When a different program is present in the program storage area...http://www.google.com/patents/US5038025?utm_source=gb-gplus-sharePatent US5038025 - Method of receiving program down-loaded to IC card and IC card thereofAdvanced Patent SearchPublication numberUS5038025 APublication typeGrantApplication numberUS 07/478,402Publication dateAug 6, 1991Filing dateFeb 12, 1990Priority dateFeb 15, 1989Fee statusLapsedAlso published asDE69013026D1, DE69013026T2, EP0383518A1, EP0383518B1Publication number07478402, 478402, US 5038025 A, US 5038025A, US-A-5038025, US5038025 A, US5038025AInventorsYuji KoderaOriginal AssigneeHitachi Maxell, Ltd.Export CitationBiBTeX, EndNote, RefManPatent Citations (12), Referenced by (49), Classifications (21), Legal Events (6) External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, EspacenetMethod of receiving program down-loaded to IC card and IC card thereofUS 5038025 AAbstract There is provided an IC card comprising a memory within the IC card for storing therein a program operating on a processor included in the IC card and a ROM storing therein a system program for down-leading the program onto the IC card. When a different program is present in the program storage area and a program to be down-loaded into the IC card is to be relocated to a space area, the destination address field of a jump instruction included in the program is altered by a processor included in the IC card.
I claim: 1. An IC card, an operation program being stored into an internal memory of said IC card, predetermined processing being executed in an internal processor of said IC card, said IC card comprising:(a) means for storing an operation program received from the outside of the IC card by said internal processor into said internal memory at an address specified by said internal processor; (b) means for judging, when a storage destination address within said internal memory is specified in receiving the operation program, whether a program/data is present in a program storage region of the specified address and succeeding addresses or not; and (c) means for adding, upon presence of the program/data in said program storage region, difference between the leading address of a space area within said program storage region and said specified address to displacement of a jump instruction included in said operation program. 2. An IC card according to claim 1, further comprising means for discriminating, in receiving said operation program at said IC card, between a command specifying a storage destination address and a command which does not specify a storage destination address.
3. An IC card according to claim 2, wherein when a storage destiantion address of said internal memory is not specified from the outside in receiving said operation program at said IC card, said storage means stores said operation program into an address specified by said internal processor.
4. An IC card according to claim 1, comprising:means for receiving, in receiving said operation program, a command representing the data length of said operation program; and means for comparing the difference between the last address of said internal memory and the start address of the space area of said internal memory with said data length included in said command and for outputting, when said space area is smaller than said data length, a response command containing a code indicating that there is not enough space. 5. An IC card according to claim 1, further comprising:said adding means adding said difference between the leading address of said space area and said specified address to displacement of a conditional jump instruction and an unconditional jump instruction of said operation program; and means for relocating the program to a space area within said internal memory. 6. An IC card according to claim 1, further comprising means for, when said operation program is an object module of absolute address specification, detecting the fact that the destination address of a conditional/unconditional jump instruction within said operation program indicates inside of the range between the start address and the end address of said internal memory and for, otherwise, transmitting a response command indicating that the specified address is illegal.
7. An IC card according to claim 1, further comprising:means for detecting the fact that a program identifier appended to said operation program is the same as a program identifer within a directory used to administer programs included in said IC card; and means for overwriting, in response to the output of said detecting means, said operation program on the storage region of said program included in said internal memory according to said same identifier. 8. An IC card according to claim 1, wherein said internal processor comprises an internal ROM, in which a system program for down-loading said operation program onto said IC card is stored.
9. An IC card according to claim 3, wherein said internal memory stores therein an internal memory administration table.
10. An IC card according to claim 1, comprising means for converting the leading address of said operation program inputted to said IC card to a leading address of a space area of said internal memory and for storing said operation program into said internal memory.
11. An IC card according to claim 9, wherein said internal memory comprises means for storing an identifier for identifying a program and directory information including a start address and an end address of the program into said administration table.
12. A method for down-loading an operation program onto an internal memory included in an IC card, predetermined processing being executed in an internal processor on the basis of an operation program stored in said internal memory, said method comprising the steps of:receiving an operation program inputted to said IC card and storing said operation program into said internal memory at an address specified by said internal processor; and converting an absolute address written into an instruction included in said operation program so as to correspond to said address specified by said internal processor. Description
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to an IC card, and in particular to an IC card having such a structure that a program can be flexibly loaded from the outside onto a storage area.
Such IC cards that an operation program stored in an internal memory of each IC card is run on an internal processor and predetermined processing is executed can be classified into two kinds. In one of the two kinds, a nonrewritable memory such as a mask ROM (read only memory) is used as the internal memory. In the other of the two kinds, a writable memory such as a RAM (random access memory) backed up by a battery or an EEPROM (electrically erasable programmable read only memory) is used as the internal memory. The latter cards gradually tend to be widely used because the user can freely set contents of the operation program afterwards.
In accordance with the invention disclosed in JP-A-63-6690, information relating to a value of final address of a region of a memory, in which a program down-loaded into an IC card by using a program of a control section of the IC card is stored, is stored into a system region of a data memory of the card, and (a plurality of) programs are down-loaded to the card to be made executable on the basis of the above described information. An identifier for identifying programs is assigned to each of the down-loaded programs. Further down-loading of a program having the same identifier is not allowed. For realizing the down-load, it is necessary to specify a program identifier included in the IC card and execute a command for clearing a program. When this scheme is used and a program to be down-loaded has an absolute address form, i.e., an address of a memory region of an IC card is directly indicated, therefore, the program producing apparatus must store therein the leading address of a memory within the card in which the program is stored, resulting in complicated program development.
Further, when a program already down-loaded must be modified or expanded, it is necessary to delete that program or it is necessary to down-load a new program after an identifier has been deleted or address information has been rewritten.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION An object of the present invention is to provide an IC card having a system program for obtaining the need for a program producing apparatus (processor) or a compiler to store therein an absolute address on the memory of the IC card possessed by the product of the above described prior art, and to thereby facilitate developing, in the program producing apparatus, a program to be down-loaded.
Another object of the present invention is to eliminate the drawback that when a program already down-loaded must be modified or expanded, it is necessary to delete that program or to delete an identifier and rewrite address information and thereafter newly down-load a program, and to thereby provide an IC card facilitating partial modification of a program.
A further object of the present invention is to provide an IC card system, which allows selecting one out of two kinds of schemes, i.e., the relative address specification and absolute address specification at the time of down-loading, which, in case of relative address scheme, obviates the necessity of storing the program storage address and performing address management at the time of producing a down-load program, which, in case of absolute addressing, automatically corrects surplus and deficiency of memory capacity caused between the modified down-load program and the down-load program already written into the internal memory, which thus obviates the fear of overwriting a program on the already existing program included in the IC card and thereby destroying the program, and which raises the memory utilization efficiency by using the memory so that undesired space areas may be filled.
In accordance with configuration of an IC card of the present invention for achieving the above described objects, an internal processor of an IC card, in which an operation program is stored in an internal memory and predetermined processing is executed by the internal processor of the IC card on the basis of the above described operation program, has function of receiving a program from the outside of the IC card and storing the program thus received into the internal memory and function of checking, when a command specifying the storage address within the internal memory has been received, whether the required program or data is already present in the storage area or not, and of altering and relocating, in case the required program or data is already present, that program so as to meet space areas. When a program or data is not present in a region having the leading address and succeeding addresses, the operation program is stored in the specified address and succeeding addresses. When a command which does not specify the storage address of the internal memory is transmitted to the IC card, this internal processor searches a space area and stores that program therein.
Further, in accordance with the configuration of an IC card of the present invention for achieving the above described objects, an internal processor of the IC card, in which an operation program is stored in the internal memory and predetermined processing is executed by the internal processor on the basis of the above described operation program, has the function of receiving an operation program from the outside of the IC card and of storing the program into the internal memory at an address which is not accompanied by a specified storage address and which is specified by the internal processor. The IC card has a feature that the internal processor converts the absolute address written into the program to an address corresponding to the address specified by the internal processor.
In this way, it is possible to place writing in the operation program from the outside under the control of the internal processor and handle an instruction written in the absolute address form as if the program is written in the relative address form by adding an offset address to the absolute address in the internal processor. In case of later adjustment of a part of a program already loaded, for example, it is possible to modify that program by supplying an address from the outside and by handling the program as if the program is written in the absolute address form as in the prior art. If the number of steps of the program increases as a result of the later adjustment, succeeding programs are moved backward by the amount of the increase to perform relocation, and the destination address field of an instruction written in the absolute address form is corrected by adding, in the internal processor, the offset of the movement to the address.
In this way, it is possible to handle an operation program, which is produced in the absolute address form, when down-loading the operation program from an external apparatus without being conscious of the absolute address of the IC card memory or without being shackled by it. Further, in case a program already loaded is to be partly modified, only the required portion of the program is rewritten by means of absolute addresses and, if necessary, succeeding programs are relocated by the internal processor. Therefore, the development efficiency of the program down-loaded from the outside onto the IC card is raised.
FIG. 1 is a block diagram showing an IC card and an external apparatus of an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a flow chart showing the processing of a system program for down-loading a program onto the IC card;
FIGS. 3A and 3B are memory map diagrams for describing in detail a scheme (step 5 of flow chart of FIG. 2) whereby a program is relocated and stored at the time of down-loading;
FIG. 4 is a diagram for describing instruction conversion performed within the relocated program;
FIG. 5 is a flow chart showing processing of a system program for down-loading a program onto an IC card according to another embodiment of the present invention;
FIGS. 6A to 6C are diagrams for describing examples of a command train including a loader start command and a down-load program;
FIGS. 7A to 7C are diagrams for describing in detail a scheme whereby programs are relocated and stored at the time of down-loading; and
FIGS. 8A and 8B are diagrams for describing an example of the memory map in case memory relocation is performed by address correction.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS Embodiments of the present invention will hereafter be described in detail by referring to the drawings.
FIG. 1 is a block diagram showing flow of a program and data transferred between an IC card of an embodiment according to the present invention and a work station. An IC card 1 is connected to a work station or an external apparatus 8 via a connector 2 and a card reader/writer 9. Input/output signals are transmitted from or received by a CPU 4 via an input/output interface 3. Basic function of the CPU 4 is controlled by a system program (loader) 5 written into an internal ROM. This system program implements I/O function with respect to the external apparatus 8, function of gaining access to an internal memory 6, and function of administering the arrangement of operation programs within the internal memory 6 by referring to an internal memory administration table 7.
Operation of this IC card will now be described. FIG. 2 is a flow chart showing the processing of the system program 5 for down-loading an object program, which is used for operation of the IC card. When the system program 5 is started, it first checks whether there is a space area for storing a program or not in the internal memory 6 included in the IC card 1. This check is performed by checking the internal memory administration table 7 stored in a part of the internal memory 6 (step 1). Divided storage of a relative address program makes address computation complicated. It is desirable that down-loading is performed only when a down-loaded program can be accommodated into a very large storage area, and otherwise a response that there is no space is transmitted to the work station or apparatus. When there is a space, a response indicating that there is a space is transmitted to the external apparatus 8, and reception of a program to be down-loaded is waited (step 2). The destination address field of a jump instruction included in the down-loaded program is converted into a value with an offset address added by the CPU 4 so that this program may become operable when it is stored into a space area of the internal memory 6 included in the IC card 1. The converted value is stored at the top of the space area (step 5). A response indicating that down-loading has been finished is transmitted from the IC card 1 to the external apparatus 8 (step 6). If there is not a space of required amount in the area at step 1, a response indicating that there is no space is transmitted to the external apparatus 8, and the processing is finished (step 3). A scheme for relocating and storing a program at the time of down-loading (step 5 in the flow chart of FIG. 2) will now be described in detail by referring to FIGS. 3 and 4.
FIG. 3B shows down-load processing whereby the system program 5, which is the resident program of the IC card 1, inputs an object program 13 from the outside and stores the object program into a storage memory 11. The leading address of a space area 12 within the memory 11 obtained before the object program 13 is down-loaded is ADR N as shown in FIG. 3A. Further, it is now assumed that the leading address of the program obtained when the program 13 is produced by the external apparatus 13 is ADR G.
When executing down-loading, the system program 5 adds an offset or difference (ADR N)-(ADR G) obtained between the leading address ADR G of the inputted program 13 and the leading address ADR N of the space area 12 of the memory 11 to each of the operand address or absolute address of conditional or unconditional JMP instructions, a GO TO instruction, a CALL instruction, and a BRANCH instruction included in the program 13 having a certain data length. The system program 5 thus generates a down-loaded program MM 14 and stores this into the space area 12 having the leading address ADR N and succeeding addresses. The value of a new leading address ADR Y stored in the system program is equal to (ADR N)+(data length).
This conversion processing may be performed after the program 13 has been stored into the space area 12. Alternatively, the result of conversion performed in a different space area of the internal memory 6 may be stored into the space area 12. In other words, order of conversion and storage is arbitrary.
FIG. 4 shows a state 15 of a program to be down-loaded before down-loading and a state 16 of the program after down-loading by using a jump (JMP) instruction. With regard to the offset value with respect to the space area, absolute addresses ADDXX and ADDYY of jump destination or address operand of a JMP instruction selected in accordance with the predetermined bit pattern of the operation code out of the instruction sequence before down-loading are respectively converted into addresses (ADDXX+offset) and (ADDYY+offset) and stored.
Another embodiment of the present invention will now be described by referring to FIGS. 5 and 6A to 6C.
The hardware configuration for implementing this embodiment will not be described here, because it is the same as the hardware configuration of the first embodiment. In this embodiment, the system program 5 is started by a load start command which is supplied from the external apparatus 8 to make the system program of the IC card start down-loading and which is shown in FIG. 6A or 6B (step 10). The loader start command has a command class 101 and a data length 102 put between a master code 31 having a predetermined bit pattern and a step code 32. When the command class 101 of the loader start command has the format of FIG. 6B in which the relative address form is specified, the system program proceeds to step 12 (FIG. 5). When the absolute address form is specified, the system program proceeds to step 19 (step 11). If relative address specification is found at step 11, it is judged whether data can be stored into the program storage memory or not by comparing the data length 102 with the capacity of the space area (steps 12 and 13). In this judgment, the end address (YYYY) included in the directory as shown in FIG. 7A is subtracted from the last memory address held in the internal memory administration table. When the capacity of the space area thus found is equal to or larger than the data length, the program proceeds to step 14. When there is a space as a result of judgement, the program proceeds to step 14. When there is not a required amount of space, a response indicating that there is not a space is transmitted, and the program is finished (step 18). When there is a space, a response indicating that there is a space is transmitted (step 14). At step 15, a program is received by using a command train as shown in FIG. 6C. Programs are discriminated from each other by using an appended peculiar number (104). At step 16, a received program is stored closely at the top of a space area of an area 106. With respect to the program after storage, a directory is produced within the administration table on the basis of the data length 102, a start address 103, the identifier 104 and information of the space area within the IC card system program as shown in FIGS. 6A to 6C. As shown in FIG. 7B, the produced directory comprises an indentifier 129, a start address 130 and an end address 131. At step 17, a response indicating that down-loading has been finished is transmitted. When the command class 101 indicates absolute address specification at step 11, it is possible to further insert a step for checking whether the specified address is legal or not on the basis of the data length 102 and the start address 103 of FIG. 6A (step 19). When the destination address of the jump instruction is within a range from the start address to the sum of the data length and the start address and is legal, the program proceeds to step 12. When the destination address is not legal, the program proceeds to step 25 (step 20). At step 25, a response indicating that the destiantion address is not legal is transmitted as shown in FIG. 7C.
A third embodiment of the present invention will now be described by referring to FIGS. 8A and 8B. This embodiment also has the hardware configuration as shown in FIG. 1. When a program PN down-loaded onto a memory 201 is updated in the work station 8 and a program PN ' having the number of steps changed is down-loaded onto the same memory area, the following problem occurs.
That is to say, in case the PN ' is larger than the program PN, the program PN ' cannot be stored into the area of the previous program PN. Further, in case the program PN ' is smaller than the program PN, a space is incurred in the area of the previous program PN, resulting in a degraded memory efficiency. Although identifier PN =PN ', the program before alteration and that after alteration are represented by the absence and presence of a dash, respectively. Therefore, a difference (offset) α between the end address (YYYY+α) of the program PN ' and the end address YYYY of the program PN is derived. This α is added to all of operand addresses of JMP instructions of the program PN+1 following the program PN and succeeding programs, and the results are stored again (203). At the same time, a directory 202 for administering the area of the internal memory 6, in which the program PN is stored, is changed to a directory 204 so as to conform to the program PN '. When programs are altered, it is thus possible to prevent other down-loaded programs from being destroyed and prevent the memory efficiency from being lowered.
The invention being thus described, it will be obvious that the same may be varied in many ways. Such variations are not to be regarded as a departure from the spirit and scope of the invention, and all such modifications as would be obvious to those skilled in the art are intended to be included within the scope of the following claims.
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YUJI;REEL/FRAME:005231/0772Effective date: 19900205RotateOriginal ImageGoogle Home - Sitemap - USPTO Bulk Downloads - Privacy Policy - Terms of Service - About Google Patents - Send FeedbackData provided by IFI CLAIMS Patent Services©2012 Google


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Mild Sahara Winds Deepen Cocoa Bear Market as Glut Returns - Bloomberg
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Mild Sahara Winds Deepen Cocoa Bear Market as Glut Returns
December 22, 2016, 1:39 PM EST
December 23, 2016, 6:18 AM EST
Weather forecasters point to mild Harmattan this season
Dusty winds that damage crops to arrive next week: MDA, Marex
Cocoa traders shouldn’t count on West Africa’s seasonal desert winds to temper forecasts for abundant supplies and offer them relief from the first bear market in five years.The Harmattan, winds from the Sahara desert that bring dry weather and coolness to the largest producing countries from December to February, will probably be weak this season, according to forecasters Commodity Weather Group, World Weather Inc. and the Ghana Meteorological Agency. Strong dusty winds can dry out pods and damage crops in West Africa.While the worst Harmattan in three decades decimated last year’s crop, mild winds this season may help deepen a slump in prices as global supplies are set to beat demand by the largest margin since 201-2011. The commodity has gone from 2015’s best to this year’s worst performer in the Standard & Poor’s GSCI index of 24 raw materials as output rebounds in Ivory Coast and Ghana.
“Last year, Harmattan conditions started in the first couple of days of December and lasted uninterruptedly until the second week of January,” Jonathan Parkman, co-head of agriculture at broker Marex Spectron Group, said by phone. “This year so far we’ve had nothing. I don’t see anything in the weather models for West Africa that we look at that would be bullish.”Exceed ConsumptionCocoa futures declined 20 percent in London this year, heading for the first annual loss since 2011 as global production is forecast to exceed consumption by 261,000 metric tons, according to KnowledgeCharts, a unit of researcher Commodities Risk Analysis. That reverses a shortage of 128,000 tons a year earlier. Cocoa for March delivery rose 0.2 percent to 1,805 pounds ($2,214) a ton by 10:10 a.m. in London, rebounding from Thursday’s drop of 2.7 percent.Cocoa purchases in Ghana, the second-biggest grower, increased 22 percent from the start of the season on Oct. 1 through Dec. 1, KnowledgeCharts data showed. While Ivory Coast’s government sees deliveries lagging behind by 13 percent at 650,500 tons for the season through Dec. 18, most traders are assuming a figure of 700,000 tons, Parkman said.
Harmattan conditions are likely to pick up in Ivory Coast and Ghana next week, according to Kyle Tapely, a forecaster at MDA Weather Services. The event will probably last three days at most, according to Marex Spectron, which employs its own meteorologist. Winds will increase in intensity in January even though they won’t be excessively strong, Drew Lerner, president of Overland Park, Kansas-based World Weather, said by phone.Ivory Coast’s southwestern and coastal areas continued to received rainfall until Dec. 20, even though central regions had turn drier, the nation’s National Meteorological Service said in e-mailed reports. The dry season started about a month later than usual, Lerner said.Sufficient Moisture
Dry weather has only recently started to intensify, unlike in the beginning of December, said Robert Zan, a 47 year-old farmer who owns 13 hectares (32 acres) of cocoa plantations near the town of Mahapleu, in central western Ivory Coast.“We are hoping for some rain soon otherwise it may complicate the harvest,” he said. “We continue to watch weather developments.”In Ghana, growing regions “recorded some rainfall in November and December, which gives the soil sufficient moisture,” Charles York, a meteorologist at the Ghana Meteorological Agency, said in an interview in the capital, Accra.“I have harvested about 18 percent more at the end of November than I did last season,” said Samuel Quainoo, who heads a group of 17,000 farmers near the southwestern town of Enchi, about 466 kilometers (290 miles) from Accra. “It is the prayer of all farmers that the good weather conditions continue.”(Updates with farmer comment in 10th paragraph. An earlier version of this story corrected cocoa prices in fifth paragraph.)

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Access 2007 response time - Stack Overflow
This database is linked to SQL tables. I used multiple queries to open duplicate forms because the different criteria. Then I tried creating the search criteria with macros in the where condition. Both ways are extremely slow. Should this be handled through the "on Load" Even Procedure? With an If statement? to get the results of each query currently used. ms-access share|improve this question edited Aug 25 '11 at 20:14
Show us the code, SQL, trace output, anything! There's not enough information for anyone to provide a meaningful response. What does the data look like? How many records? Have you traced the calls to the SQL Server? How do they perform outside Access?
calm down, read you question slowly, and...rewrite it clearly :-)
From your question the key part that stood out as a potential problem area was the part about using macros in the WHERE clause. The problem with that is you will have to bring lots of records down the wire to your local computer to do the processing. Its like ringing a car dealer and saying “I would like to by a red car and it has to fit in my garage” The dealer knows what red cars he has (index) but does not know anything about your garage so has to drive each car (record) to your house (computer) and try to fit it in your garage!
If you can move all the processing to the server it would help , so expanding on the car example you ring up and say “I want a red car that is no wider than 4’” The dealer can now just send the cars (records) that match that criteria to your house (computer).
That’s all the help I can be for now until more information is provided
My appoligies for being so vague, but Kevin's reply is what I needed to hear, it will help me restructure what is already built. Which is what I was looking for. Kenin, I completly understand using SQL as the work horse, but you can't run queries then read them in Access "that I know of".. Is there a way to read "Views" form SQL into Access 2007? Or what other alternative to have SQL do the queries that are normally performed in Access when not linked to SQL db.
Criteria passed via a macro are not going to be processed on the local machine if Jet/ACE can hand it off to the server, so I think the concern here is completely overblown.
@David-W-Fenton The way I read the question (which is rather vague to be fair) was that he had user/access functions in the where clause. If however it was just simple criteria being made up by the macro then you are of course right and the server would do the processing.
@user745778 You can have a view as a linked table in the same way that you would link a normal table

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Public Outrage Over AIG
Professor of Corporate Law, Corporate Finance and Securities Law, Yale Law School
Jonathan Macey, professor of Corporate Law, Finance and Securities Law at Yale Law School, was online Tuesday, March 17, at 1 p.m. ET to discuss the dilemma of the government caught between public outrage and the need to keep insurance giant AIG going so the company can restructure and the government can recoup some of its money.
Jonathan Macey: Hi, this is Jonathan Macey. I'm looking forward to discussing the AIG situation with you and to seeing your questions.
Rockville, Md.: Dear Mr. Macey, I may well be a minority of one, but I feel strongly that outrage and venomous pronouncements issuing from the mouths and keyboards of our media and political leadership may not be healthy and may have unforeseeable negative consequences. Yes, I am against the bonus/retention payments to AIG executives and managers. Alas, I am also against a laser-like focus on one rather small aspect of a tenuous and fragile economic situation that requires logic rather than emotion. No less importantly, the incivility of the discourse is discouraging and saddening: yesterday a United States SENATOR suggested that the executives of AIG might do well to resign or commit suicide. Perhaps he was being facetious, but suggesting that violent death -- whether inflicted by self or another -- is an appropriate end for these people suggests that something is deeply amiss here -- and not ONLY with the economic system. Thank you for your thoughts.
washingtonpost.com: Senator suggests AIG execs should kill themselves (AP, March 17)
Jonathan Macey: You are absolutely right that it is important to remain civil. Of course this is not easy to do, particularly for people who have lost their jobs and who know that, if they are able to find another job, 1/2 of their income will be paid in taxes to be used for the bailout/bonus program. This is pretty annoying, in my view. I have noticed a certain U.S.Senator (Dodd) from Connecticut trying to deflect attention from his own Countrywide-subsidized mortgage problem by excoriating the folks at AIG. This is even more annoying to me!!!
Haymarket, Va.: Jon: There has been a lot of discussion about the sacredness of contracts and that's why the bonus had to be paid to AIG people. At the time AIG took $70 billion of taxpayer money they were in effect bankrupt. If they had gone to bankruptcy court those contracts would have been made null and void. Would judges and/or courts agree with that logic?
Jonathan Macey: Probably... depending on the timing of the payments they might well have been void in bankruptcy. I do believe that the government should have forced AIG into bankruptcy and made the contract payments contingent on all of the bonuses being voided by the bankruptcy judge. I don't understand why the government didn't pursue this option. The government could have protected AIG's counterparties as well or better than they are doing now by offering so-called "debtor-in-possession" financing.
Detroit/D.C.: As Visteon and every other auto supplier circles the drain, autoworkers are throwing themselves under the bus for the sake of the country, AIG gets bonuses because W and Paulson wanted TARP to have no-strings, and now half our money went to European banks.
My real criticism is that Obama is simply following the outrage, not leading (17 Treasury positions unfilled)...this federal employee (and Obama supporter) and former congressional staffer has plenty of ideas, hire me over to Treasury...I'd be glad to help.
Jonathan Macey: You have a point. Strangely, this is the one and only policy area (unlike stem cell research, Guantanamo, taxes, Iraq, etc. etc) in which President Obama expresses the view that we need continuity. I frankly don't understand this. Treasury Secretary Geithner is pursuing the same failed policies as his Bush administration predecessors, and with the same degree of success (approximately zero).
Raleigh, N.C.: Thanks for being here.
Well, when faced with the dilemma of what to do with a company that is too big to fail, we know what we, as a nation, will do. We'll bail it out. Going forward, what form might laws take that would shrink the dinosaurs? I'd rather the response to the concept of "too big to fail" be that if it's too big to fail, it's too big to exist.
Jonathan Macey: Wow, I'm impressed. I completely agree with your point and I think you put it very well. The problem we have at the moment is that none of our regulators noticed (or cared) that these institutions had become too big to fail. As a consequence many large financial institutions played "heads we win big, tails the American public loses big" without anybody in authority noticing. Your point is that we should not permit this to happen again. You are absolutely right in my view. This would be a very sensible and effective use of the antitrust laws.
Bitburg, Germany: I've seen an article that said that Senate Democrats would seek to craft a narrowly focused tax to recoup 98 percent of these bonuses. Is that really possible?
Jonathan Macey: Probably not, but the U.S. Senator proposing this (Chris Dodd of Connecticut) wants to deflect attention from his own corruption issues, which involved getting subsidized home loans from Countrywide.
Washington, D.C.: There are so many ways to compensate employees. I understand that to attract and retain talented employees a firm needs an attractive compensation package. Currently, society is questioning the wisdom of bonuses in their current form. Why is AIG insisting on bonuses when there are so many other options? It makes them seem like pretty untalented thinkers to me. How else could AIG structure employee compensation?
Jonathan Macey: You're right: there are a lot of ways to compensate employees. AIG's claim is that these are "retention bonuses" which means that they are bonuses being paid to these people for having agreed to stick around and not go to work for any other financial institution. It is interesting to ponder why so many institutions want to hire these folks!
New York: What I don't understand is why would AIG rather outrage the president and the entire country instead of upsetting a handful of overpaid underachievers?
So they'll sue AIG to reclaim their bonuses? OK, let them sue. I have a feeling public shame might prevent them from suing (everything becomes public in a law suit)
But even so, let them start ball rolling and we'll see how long a lawsuit takes. We'll see if a jury feels sorry for these ruiners of the economy.
Jonathan Macey: This would work for the bonuses that have yet to be paid; it wouldn't work for the money that is already out the door.
Washington, D.C. -- Work for a living: Publish their names. If these irreplaceable geniuses want to proudly defend bonuses that surpass many years' income by the average American family, they will not be afraid of the public's knowing their names and faces. There's a lot of hoopla about many other lottery winners; why not these?
Jonathan Macey: The problem is that lottery winners agree when they buy their lottery tickets that if they win their names will be published. I don't think that AIG has even disclosed the bonus recipients' names to the government. NY Attorney General Andrew Cuomo is trying to get the names of the people at Bank of America/Merrill who were paid big bonuses prior to the firms' merger and is being stone-walled.
Chicago, Ill.: I will admit to not knowing much about AIG's contracts or their obligations. I am trying to learn more. But what I'd like to see is one (or more!) of these individuals who are supposed to receive these bonuses come out publicly and say, "Given the state of our economy and our company, taking this bonus is morally wrong. I am giving it back to AIG and ask my fellow bonus-receivers to do the same." That, in my opinion, would go a long way in tempering some of the public outrage.
Jonathan Macey: You're right; the fact that not one of the thousands of bonus recipients has even agreed to give back a little shows the big gap between the way they view the world and the way most of the rest of us see it!
Annandale, Va.: I think AIG is in big trouble. It should be broken up into smaller companies so that none are ever too big to fail.
We don't need any MaBells in the finance and insurance industries.
Jonathan Macey: I think that any institution that is "too big to fail" is too big to exist: that's what the antitrust laws are for.. to break up companies that pose a danger to the overall economy. So I agree with you about AIG.. I just wouldn't stop there!
Too big to fail?: It should be noted that under Greenspan, the Fed was encouraging bank holding companies to become as large as legally possible under the Bank Holding Company Act and to acquire new financial services arms. The idea was that any economies of scale (which in my opinion, vanish well before you are as large as BoA) would accrue to depositors in the from of better interest rates and services.
I know, restrain your laughter. Even after it became apparent in the mid 1990s that this was a ridiculous joke, the Fed still plunged ahead. As we entered the new millennium, many should have been horrified to learn about how many banks and other financial institutions were in effect bigger than the Fed itself. Yikes!
And that leads me to my common sense definition -- if you are bigger than the supposed lender of last resort (on a good day, not now), then by definition you are too big. Period.
Jonathan Macey: Very good point. The reason that Alan Greenspan and others wanted U.S. financial institutions like B of A and Citigroup to grow through merger is because they wanted U.S. companies in finance to be big enough to compete with their non-U.S. rivals, especially in Germany and Japan. Nobody thought that maybe being huge was not the only way -- or even a good way -- to be competitive
New Haven, Conn.: Do we have any idea how much of that bonus $ went towards contractual agreements vs. those for lower paid employees who receive discretionary bonuses? It would be a shame to take away $ from the lower ladder while those at the top strutted away with the big $$$.
Jonathan Macey: Hi to my home town of New Haven! Of course we have no idea, but I think it is clear that the people at the top got very big money and the people at the bottom got little.
Vermont: I am missing the logic here... isn't the purpose of retention bonuses to retain workers in a competitive marketplace? Haven't thousands of financial workers been laid off recently? Working at AIG is better than competing with thousands of others for a diminishing supply of jobs. If AIG did not pay the bonuses, workers would likely stay anyway since they don't have other options.
Jonathan Macey: You raise a very important point.... think of it this way: AIG, like dozens of other financial institutions around the globe has billions in toxic assets. AIG is paying bonuses to people who are talented at selling these assets, that is at moving them off of AIG's balance sheet and onto somebody else's. The problem is that once AIG is off the hook (and has paid employees huge bonuses to get them off the hook), then the U.S. government will have to bail out the poor suckers who took the assets from AIG. Oddly nobody at Treasury seems to fathom this.
Arlington, Va.: Has there been any psychological research done on the people who are accepting these bonuses? I don't mean to insinuate that they are mentally unstable, but I'm curious as to their thought process as to why it's okay to accept this money, given the public outrage.
Separate question, could they simply give the money back? If legally AIG is required to pay them, wouldn't returning the bonus be a solution?
Jonathan Macey: Of course these people could give the money back. They don't want to because they think they deserve it. They live in a world very different than that of most folks and they tend to be surrounded by people with very similar compensation arrangements and very similar values.
Reston, Va.: I understand the need for bailouts to prevent otherwise healthy companies from being severely damaged. However why is there such hesitation with wiping out the stockholders in these situations? Many of these companies are not likely to recover to positive value in the near future.
Jonathan Macey: The failure to wipe-out shareholders is completely inexplicable... and inexcusable.
Maryland: These folks didn't ruin the economy! They are asking for bonuses related to prior work performed for which the terms outlined related to the bonus payment appear to have been met.
Jonathan Macey: your point assumes, erroneously in my view, that the underlying work for which these people were paid bonuses was beneficial. It may have been beneficial to AIG (in some, but not all or even most cases), but it definitely wasn't beneficial from a broader social perspective! Of course if AIG weren't getting taxpayer money the broader social perspective wouldn't matter, at least not so much!
Washington, D.C.: Why is it OK to demand contract concessions from auto workers unions as a condition of federal money, but it's not OK to demand the same of these guys?
Jonathan Macey: GREAT POINT!
Washington, D.C.: It seems that AIG could have let go all those employee, avoiding the bonuses and then offered the new contracts, perhaps higher base pay without the mega bonuses. You have to wonder how deep the market is for folks who wouldn't help their companies out in a time of crises? You'd be surprised how many companies let go hourly workers just before benefits vest, restructuring, and then when business picks up has a "new hiring round.
Jonathan Macey: The problem is that these debts, unlike wages to hourly workers for work not performed, had already accrued, so AIG would still owe these executives the money even if it fired them.
Bitburg, Germany: It seems to me that the biggest problem with these bonuses is that they're not tied to corporate performance, and they're made possible only because of bailout funds.
It seems like a big part of the problem is that financial sector salaries, like those of CEOs, have become disconnected from the rest of the economy. Is AIG really so out of touch that they don't understand how this appears from the outside?
Jonathan Macey: Yes, they do appear that out of touch. These problem is that much financial performance is compensated on the basis of profits that are booked today but not realized for years.. by the time it turns out that the profits will never be realized (and are actually losses) the bonuses have been paid and spent by the executives.
Washington, D.C.: What do you think of the coverage of this story by the media? And are there obvious questions journalists are missing?
Jonathan Macey: To me the most obvious question that the media is missing is this: "what services precisely were these executives performing that made AIG want to pay them so much to retain them?" Everybody assumes that the payments reflect some sort of cronyism.. this is not true. The payments are made to people who are talented at doing certain very sophisticated, complicated tasks that are highly undesirable from a societal point of view.
Glenmont, Md.:: In your opinion, how much did the repeal of Glass Steagall have to do with this crisis?
Jonathan Macey: Glass-Steagall was repealed only partially; and plenty of companies, like AIG, that were not covered by Glass-Steagall, failed big.. so I don't think that Glass Steagall repeal really is to blame.
Washington, D.C.: With the way the government is verbally attacking the banks and the general public outcry, it makes me wonder about the general mindset of the individuals who are collecting their bonuses; particularly, are they cognizant as to why people are so infuriated about these payouts? Do AIG employees (and others collecting bonuses) feel that they are simply entitled to the money that was promised to them before the whole bailout occurred, hence they plan on keeping it?
Jonathan Macey: In a word, "yes." these folks do believe that they are entitled to the money. Apparently they seem to be intent on keeping it. I haven't heard of one individual interested in "sharing" with taxpayers!
Madison, Wis.: Mr. Macey, What is the reason that Obama should be the target of everyone's ire? A story in the Post claims that his stock is falling rapidly because he wasn't able to stop the bonuses from going out. Do you think many people out there are putting Obama and the AIG execs in the same bin? Thanks.
Jonathan Macey: I think that people may be miffed at President Obama because he is following the same strategies towards the economy and Wall Street as did President Bush. This is odd because the contrast is so stark with respect to President Obama's policies in other areas. In other areas he is steering a completely different course from President Bush. In this area, he is in lockstep with Pres. Bush. I think that this is a mistake on Pres. Obama's part, a big mistake
Seattle, Zero Newspaper Town: Why can't they just imprison the AIG CEO and CFO who approved the bonus payments in GITMO until they agree to return the money they stole from the taxpayers?
Jonathan Macey: I think we're trying to reduce occupancy levels at GITMO!
New York, N.Y.: Haven't TARP funds been used by large financial institutions to acquire smaller failing financial institutions? As we complain about AIG being "too big to fail" hasn't the government/treasury encouraged others to do likewise?
Jonathan Macey: Yes, we seem to be creating new institutions that are too big to fail as fast as the older ones are failing! I think that this is a very flawed, short-term policy that President Obama should reconsider (hopefully with a new Treasury Secretary!!).
Princeton, N.J.: On Credit Default Swaps, I thought that most of these were "insurance" on instruments that the policy holder did not have a strong material interest in. The Insurance Commissioner of New York says 80 percent were of this type. It's like me taking a fire insurance policy out on your house. If this is the case, if AIG defaulted on the policy, it would not strongly affect me. It is hard to see why taxpayers dollars should be used to indemnify me. I took two gambles. Your house would burn down, and AIG would pay. If your house did burn down, you should get paid, but as for me, I just lost one of my gamble (on AIG), and I deserve nothing. Furthermore, since I am not really suffering any loss, I do not see why this would be so bad for the economy.
Jonathan Macey: Very interesting point.. I don't think that insurance contracts for what are known as uninsurable interests (such as the ones you identify) should be considered valid contracts. The government obviously has a different view. Both the Bush and the Obama administrations are of the view that all of these dreadful agreements must be honored in order to maintain "confidence in the financial system." There are many reasons why I disagree with this view, not the least of which is that there is no confidence in the financial system left now anyway!
Someplace, : Why doesn't the president simply announce that the IRS will audit the last three years and the next four years of tax returns of any AIG employee who accepts a bonus? I'll bet there is a stampede to return the bonuses.
Jonathan Macey: I think that Richard Nixon tried something along these lines without great success.
Alexandria, Va.: If I had a contract to get a bonus, I certainly wouldn't give a dime back. That is part of their salary. Why don't you ask employees at all the companies who accepted government money to give back their paychecks? That is the nature of the financial jobs in this country. I think it's getting dangerous to start a lynch mob after one group of employees.
Jonathan Macey: I agree that lynch mobs are bad. There is a difference, though between reasonable, incentive based compensation on the one hand and outrageous bonus payments on the other. Of course it is hard to draw the line between these two things, but at the extremes I think that it is possible to draw a distinction.
Detroit, Mich.: What about outrage over the Detroit school system? After dumping hundreds of millions dollars it is still a failure, why not ask the money back from them?
Jonathan Macey: Some though not all failed school systems in the U.S. do share something in common with AIG... At AIG U.S. taxpayers are paying executives who are not performing, and, in many public schools, taxpayers similarly are paying teachers who are not performing
St. Louis, Mo.: I'm a big Obama supporter, but I can't understand why we have to look to the Atty Gen of New York, rather than the Justice Department or Treasury Department to do something about the AIG atrocities. Obama and Treasury are being made to look like fools. Have the bright lawyers there never heard of TROs based on alleged fraud, or corporate malpractice actions. Also, how about a Special Prosecutor to really investigate the mess.
Jonathan Macey: I too am a big supporter of President Obama. Unfortunately his advisers on this particular issues are Wall Streeters who don't see things the way that you or I or the NY AG does. He's so right on so many issues, I hope he sees the light on this one before too long! I'm still hoping. The problem, in my view, is that he has only Wall Street insiders advising him on this. He needs somebody who thinks outside the box.
Jonathan Macey: Thank you all for your questions. I had fun and hope to do this again. Best, Jon Macey, Yale Law School, New Haven, Connecticut.

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Patent US4743259 - Use of demineralized bone matrix in the repair of segmental defects - Google PatentsSearch Images Maps Play YouTube News Gmail Drive More »Sign inAdvanced Patent SearchPatentsA process of grafting material from milled bone is disclosed which comprises augmenting the bone protein of a first quantity of milled bone by dialyzing from solution guanidine-extracted bone proteins from a second quantity of milled bone and adding the extracted proteins to the first quantity of milled...http://www.google.com/patents/US4743259?utm_source=gb-gplus-sharePatent US4743259 - Use of demineralized bone matrix in the repair of segmental defectsAdvanced Patent SearchPublication numberUS4743259 APublication typeGrantApplication numberUS 06/924,513Publication dateMay 10, 1988Filing dateOct 29, 1986Priority dateOct 29, 1986Fee statusLapsedPublication number06924513, 924513, US 4743259 A, US 4743259A, US-A-4743259, US4743259 A, US4743259AInventorsMark E. Bolander, Gary BalianOriginal AssigneeThe University Of Virginia Alumni Patents FoundationExport CitationBiBTeX, EndNote, RefManPatent Citations (11), Non-Patent Citations (4), Referenced by (101), Classifications (18), Legal Events (5) External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, EspacenetUse of demineralized bone matrix in the repair of segmental defects
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producing biomaterials from bone tissue and material used for osteoplasty and tissue engineeringUS8268008Jul 19, 2006Sep 18, 2012Warsaw Orthopedic, Inc.Osteoimplants and methods for their manufactureUS8328876Dec 31, 2004Dec 11, 2012Warsaw Orthopedic, Inc.Bone matrix compositions and methodsUS8333985Jan 27, 2005Dec 18, 2012Warsaw Orthopedic, Inc.Non-glycerol stabilized bone graftUS8357384Jun 16, 2008Jan 22, 2013Warsaw Orthopedic, Inc.Bone matrix compositions and methodsUS8372157Feb 11, 2008Feb 12, 2013Warsaw Orthopedic, Inc.Joint revision implantUS8435295Sep 25, 2006May 7, 2013Infinity Orthopaedics CompanySystem and method for intervertebral implant delivery and removalUS8435566Jun 19, 2012May 7, 2013Warsaw Orthopedic, Inc.Demineralized bone matrix compositions and methodsUS8529962Jan 20, 2011Sep 10, 2013Warsaw Orthopedic, Inc.Method of making demineralized bone particlesUS8545864Jul 5, 2007Oct 1, 2013Warsaw Orthopedic, Inc.Hemostatic bone graftUS8632594Aug 1, 2006Jan 21, 2014Infinity Orthopaedics Company, LtdIntervertebral device and method of useUS8642061Jun 16, 2008Feb 4, 2014Warsaw Orthopedic, Inc.Method of treating bone tissueUS8663672Sep 21, 2005Mar 4, 2014Warsaw Orthopedic, Inc.Osteoimplant and method of making sameUS8672980Aug 24, 2010Mar 18, 2014Warsaw Orthopedic, Inc.Implant retaining deviceUS8685092Aug 13, 2012Apr 1, 2014Andrey Fedorovich PanasyukMaterial for osteoplasty and tissue engineeringUS8722075Oct 26, 2009May 13, 2014Warsaw Orthopedic, Inc.Compositions and methods for promoting bone formationUS8734525Jun 16, 2008May 27, 2014Warsaw Orthopedic, Inc.Osteoinductive demineralized cancellous boneUS8747439Jul 10, 2006Jun 10, 2014P Tech, LlcMethod of using ultrasonic vibration to secure body tissue with fastening elementUS8753689Sep 9, 2013Jun 17, 2014Warsaw Orthopedic, Inc.Method of making demineralized bone particlesUS8829166Oct 20, 2009Sep 9, 2014Zimmer Orthobiologics, Inc.Rapid isolation of osteoinductive protein mixtures from mammalian bone tissueUS8911759Nov 1, 2006Dec 16, 2014Warsaw Orthopedic, Inc.Bone matrix compositions and methodsUS8992965Nov 1, 2006Mar 31, 2015Warsaw Orthopedic, Inc.Bone matrix compositions and methodsUS9011537Feb 12, 2010Apr 21, 2015Warsaw Orthopedic, Inc.Delivery system cartridgeUS9034356Jan 19, 2007May 19, 2015Warsaw Orthopedic, Inc.Porous osteoimplantUS9034358Jan 18, 2011May 19, 2015Warsaw Orthopedic, Inc.Bone matrix compositions and methodsUS20010049560 *Apr 9, 2001Dec 6, 2001Paul David C.Intervertebral allograft spacerUS20020055755 *Nov 15, 2001May 9, 2002Bonutti Peter M.Apparatus and method for tissue removalUS20040072322 *Jun 25, 2003Apr 15, 2004Kevin ThorneRapid isolation of osteoinductive protein mixtures from mammalian bone tissueUS20040097928 *Aug 20, 2003May 20, 2004Thomas ZdeblickInterbody fusion device and method for restoration of normal spinal anatomyUS20040153089 *Jan 22, 2004Aug 5, 2004Thomas ZdeblickMethods and instruments for interbody fusionUS20040169311 *Mar 4, 2004Sep 2, 2004Bonutti Peter M.Tissue graft material and method of makingUS20040172033 *Mar 4, 2004Sep 2, 2004Bonutti Peter M.Tissue stabilization device and methodUS20040172140 *Mar 4, 2004Sep 2, 2004Bonutti Peter M.Tissue stabilizing implantUS20050002909 *Mar 29, 2004Jan 6, 2005Centerpulse Biologics IncMethods and compositions for treating intervertebral disc degenerationUS20050027362 *Jul 19, 2004Feb 3, 2005Williams Lytton A.Method and apparatus for intervertebral implant anchorageUSRE41286Jan 28, 2005Apr 27, 2010Zimmer Orthobiologics, Inc.Compositions for regeneration and repair of cartilage lesionsEP0474174A2 *Sep 3, 1991Mar 11, 1992Takeda Chemical Industries, Ltd.Process for preparing osteogenesis promoting substancesWO1993006872A1 *Oct 9, 1992Apr 15, 1993Genetics InstFormulations of blood clot-polymer matrix for delivery of osteogenic proteinsWO1999021515A1 *Oct 13, 1998May 6, 1999Kevin C CarterSegmentally demineralized bone implantWO2000050102A1Feb 22, 2000Aug 31, 2000Osteotech IncLoad-bearing osteoimplant, method for its manufacture and method of repairing bone using sameWO2002032348A1 *Oct 13, 2000Apr 25, 2002Sergio GadaletaVolume maintaining osteoinductive/oesteoconductive compositionsWO2005065396A2Dec 31, 2004Jul 21, 2005Osteotech IncImproved bone matrix compositions and methodsWO2011017284A2Aug 3, 2010Feb 10, 2011Osteotech, Inc.Bone matrix compositions and methods* Cited by examinerClassifications U.S. Classification128/898, 427/2.14, 623/901, 530/412, 427/2.26, 514/13.7International ClassificationA61L27/36, A61F2/28Cooperative ClassificationY10S623/901, A61F2002/2835, A61F2/28, A61L27/3616, A61L27/365, A61L27/3608European ClassificationA61L27/36F2B, A61L27/36B6, A61L27/36B2, A61F2/28Legal EventsDateCodeEventDescriptionOct 29, 1986ASAssignmentOwner name: UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA ALUMNI PATENTS FOUNDATION,Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNORS:BOLANDER, MARK E.;BALIAN, GARY;REEL/FRAME:004623/0532Effective date: 19860908Jun 7, 1991FPAYFee paymentYear of fee payment: 4Dec 19, 1995REMIMaintenance fee reminder mailedMay 12, 1996LAPSLapse for failure to pay maintenance feesJul 23, 1996FPExpired due to failure to pay maintenance feeEffective date: 19960515RotateOriginal ImageGoogle Home - Sitemap - USPTO Bulk Downloads - Privacy Policy - Terms of Service - About Google Patents - Send FeedbackData provided by IFI CLAIMS Patent Services

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Night shift - definition of night shift by The Free Dictionary
https://www.thefreedictionary.com/night+shift
Dictionary, Encyclopedia and Thesaurus - The Free Dictionary 12,287,718,220 visitors served
or night·shift (nīt′shĭft′)
1. A group of employees working during the night in a factory or business.
1. (Industrial Relations & HR Terms) a group of workers who work a shift during the night in an industry or occupation where a day shift or a back shift is also worked
night′ shift`
1. the work force, as of a factory, scheduled to work during the nighttime.
2. the scheduled period of labor for this work force.
Noun 1. night shift - the work shift during the night (as midnight to 8 a.m.)
2. night shift - workers who work during the night (as midnight to 8 a.m.)
عُمّال وَرْدِيَّة الليلنَوْبَةٌ لَيْلِيَةٌوَرْدِيَّة العَمَل الليلي
natholdnatskiftnattehold
équipe de nuitposte de nuit
nattskiftnattarbeidere
turno da noiteturno noturno
gece nöbetigece vardiyasıgece ekibi
夜班夜班工人
n → turno di notte
to be on night shift → fare il turno di notte, essere di notte
→ نَوْبَةٌ لَيْلِيَةٌ noční směna nattehold Nachtschicht νυχτερινή βάρδια turno de noche yövuoro équipe de nuit noćna smjena turno di notte 夜勤 야간근무 교대조 nachtploeg nattskift nocna zmiana turno da noite, turno noturno ночная смена nattskift กะกลางคืน gece nöbeti ca đêm 夜班
I took along a night shift of monks, and taught them the mystery of the pump, and set them to work, for it was plain that a good part of the people out there were going to sit up with the water all night, consequently it was but right that they should have all they wanted of it.
But definitely, I believe that ladies should not be made to work in the night shift." said Alena Sardanha.
"During night shift work, the day is flipped, and over time this is thought to trigger hormonal adaptations that may influence how the baby grows and the timing of delivery.
Working the night shift may negatively impact a woman's risk of a miscarriage, a new study finds.
Night shift raises miscarriage risk
Mums-to-be working night shifts 'are a third more likely to suffer miscarriages'; Pregnant women working two or more nights a week are 30 per cent more likely to lose their babies the following week, according to a study
"I have people on night shift and they work seven days on and seven days off so they don't get as many holidays.
Hard to swallow; WORKERS ON POOR PAY WITH NO CONTRACTS Amazon canteen staff fury
If no agreement is reached, the night shift could strike as soon as the first week in December, just as the festive shopping season kicks into gear.
The bills granting new night shift differential pay and hazard pay to civil servants have been endorsed for plenary approval in the Senate by the civil service committee chaired by Sen.
A wide variety of shift patterns are available, including night shift and weekends."
Job openings at haulage firm

value: This website is an American online dictionary and encyclopedia that aggregates information from various sources.


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Not again: Winter Storm Watch for Tues/Wed - Capital Weather Gang - The Washington Post
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Full Monthly Archive	Posted at 04:17 PM ET, 02/07/2010
Feb 07, 2010 09:17 PM EST
Not again: Winter Storm Watch for Tues/Wed
*** More snow Tues/Wed, are you kidding?: Full Forecast ***
* Federal government closed Monday: Federal Eye *
* Detailed look at next snow threat: SLCB | Watch out ice dams *
Capital Weather Gang will have a fresh, new analysis of this potential storm around 6 p.m., including our latest thoughts about accumulations
Full Statement from National Weather Service (map):
THE NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE IN STERLING VIRGINIA HAS ISSUED A WINTER STORM WATCH...IN EFFECT FROM TUESDAY AFTERNOON THROUGH WEDNESDAY AFTERNOON.
* ACCUMULATIONS...POTENTIAL FOR 5 OR MORE INCHES OF SNOW.
* TIMING...MID TO LATE TUESDAY AFTERNOON THROUGH WEDNESDAY AFTERNOON.
* TEMPERATURES...TEMPERATURES AT OR JUST ABOVE FREEZING AT THE ONSET TUESDAY AFTERNOON. TEMPERATURES WILL DROP INTO THE MID TO UPPER 20S TUESDAY NIGHT AND WEDNESDAY.
* WINDS...LIGHT SOUTHEASTERLY WINDS TUESDAY BECOMING NORTH-NORTHWESTERLY 15 TO 25 MPH WEDNESDAY.
| 04:17 PM ET, 02/07/2010
Next: Dodging Secret Service agents in a snowstorm while inspiring a classic Washington painting (PHOTOS)