text:
Patent US4950685 - Synergistic; quartenary ammonium compound and 3-iodo-2-propynyl butyl carbamate - Google PatentsSearch Images Maps Play YouTube News Gmail Drive More »Sign inAdvanced Patent SearchPatentsA synergistic wood preservative composition is provided comprising a quaternary ammonium compound and 3-iodo-2-propynyl butyl carbamate having the properties of providing stain resistance to wood. The quaternary ammonium compound is preferably selected from the group consisting of didecyldimethyl ammonium...http://www.google.com/patents/US4950685?utm_source=gb-gplus-sharePatent US4950685 - Synergistic; quartenary ammonium compound and 3-iodo-2-propynyl butyl carbamateAdvanced Patent SearchPublication numberUS4950685 APublication typeGrantApplication numberUS 07/397,692Publication dateAug 21, 1990Filing dateAug 23, 1989Priority dateDec 20, 1988Fee statusPaidAlso published asCA1336795CPublication number07397692, 397692, US 4950685 A, US 4950685A, US-A-4950685, US4950685 A, US4950685AInventorsHans A. WardOriginal AssigneeKop-Coat, Inc.Export CitationBiBTeX, EndNote, RefManPatent Citations (1), Non-Patent Citations (8), Referenced by (38), Classifications (8), Legal Events (6) External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, EspacenetSynergistic; quartenary ammonium compound and 3-iodo-2-propynyl butyl carbamateUS 4950685 AAbstract A synergistic wood preservative composition is provided comprising a quaternary ammonium compound and 3-iodo-2-propynyl butyl carbamate having the properties of providing stain resistance to wood. The quaternary ammonium compound is preferably selected from the group consisting of didecyldimethyl ammonium chloride, tri-methyl-coco-ammonium chloride and dimethyl-di-coco-ammonium chloride.
WHAT IS CLAIMED: 1. A synergistic wood preservative composition comprising quaternary ammonium compound and 3-iodo-2propynyl butyl carbamate and having the property of providing stain resistance to wood.
2. The composition of claim 1, including said quaternary ammonium compound being selected from the group consisting of didecyldimethyl ammonium chloride, tri-methyl-coco-ammonium chloride and dimethyl-di-coco-ammonium chloride.
3. The composition of claim 2, wherein a water solution of said quaternary ammonium compound is present with an organic solvent solution of 3-iodo-2-propynyl butyl carbamate to create an emulsion.
4. The composition of claim 2, wherein the composition contains from about 4-20 parts per weight of said quaternary ammonium compound per 1 part per weight of 3-iodo-2-propynyl butyl carbamate.
5. The composition of claim 2, wherein said quaternary ammonium compound is didecyldimethyl ammonium chloride.
6. The composition of claim 2, wherein said quaternary ammonium compound is tri-methyl-coco-ammonium chloride.
7. The composition of claim 2, wherein said quaternary ammonium compound is dimethyl-di-coco-ammonium chloride.
8. The composition of claim 1, wherein the composition contains from about 1-80 parts per weight of said quaternary ammonium compound per about 1-10 parts per weight of 3-iodo-2-propynyl butyl carbamate.
This application is a Continuation-In-Part of Ser. No. 07/286,971 filed Dec. 20, 1988, now abandoned, which was a continuation of Ser. No. 06/890,015 filed Jul. 28, 1986, abandoned, which in turn was a continuation in part of Ser. No. 06/700,031 filed Feb. 11, 1985, now abandoned.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Wood is one of the best structural materials for the construction of buildings because of its strength, ease of processing, and relatively low cost. Wood, however, has one serious drawback in that it is susceptible to decay by wood destroying fungi and attacked by wood-worms, borers and termites. Wood is also cosmetically damaged by molds, mildews and stain fungi. To eliminate structural damage caused by fungi, wood-worms, borers and termites, wood is traditionally treated with preservatives such as CCA (copper-chromium-arsenic solutions), pentachlorophenol, creosote oil and the like by pressure impregnation. To eliminate cosmetic damage, wood is traditionally immersed in solutions containing salts of chlorinated phenols. In recent years there has been a demand for wood preservatives which do not discolor wood like CCA or creosote and do not contain chlorinated phenols because of suspected human safety problems.
Wood preservative compositions comprising didecyldimethyl ammonium chloride as the active ingredient are known to be effective against wood damaging fungi and termites. See generally, Chemical Abstracts, Vol. 87, No.87:103500p, Butcher et al. (1987). Wood preservative compositions comprising 3-iodo-2-propynyl butyl carbamate as the active ingredient are known to be effective against fungi that cause structural and cosmetic damage to wood. See generally, Chemical Abstracts, Vol. 92, No. 92:75897f, Singer (1980). This invention is directed to synergistic combinations of these two preservatives.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION This invention relates to wood preservative compositions effective in treating fungi which cause stain, while providing effective protection against brown and white rot, mildew, soft rot and mold. More particularly, this invention relates to wood preservative compositions comprising a synergistic combination of didecyldimethyl ammonium chloride (alternatively referred to as DDAC) which has the structural formula: ##STR1## and 3-iodo-2-propynyl butyl carbamate (alternatively referred to as IPBC) which has the structural formula: ##STR2##
The invention also contemplates the use of tri-methyl-coco-ammonium chloride or dimethyl-di-cocoammonium chloride in lieu of DDAC.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION The preservative compositions of the invention can be prepared as solutions or emulsions by conventional means using water or organic solvents or simply mixed together as DDAC.
A preferred form is to combine a water solution of DDAC with an organic solvent solution of IPBC to create an emulsion. DDAC acts as a surfactant to emulsify the IPBC solution. The resulting emulsion is diluted with water and can be applied to wood by conventional treating methods such as immersion, brush, spray or pressure.
The quantity and ratio of DDAC to IPBC will depend upon the specific application. Generally, however, the preservative composition will contain from about 1 to 80 parts by weight DDAC per about 1 to 10 parts by weight IPBC A preferred ratio of DDAC to IPBC is from 4:1 to 20:1 parts by weight, i.e., about 4 to 20 parts by weight DDAC to per parts by weight IPBC. The solvent will generally consist of from 90 to 99 percent by weight of the total wood preservative composition ready for use. Typical solvents include combinations of water, aromatic solvents, polar solvents and aliphatic solvents. It may be advantageous to supply the preservative composition in concentrated form with about 20 to 40 percent by weight solvent with the remaining solvent being added prior to use.
If desired, the wood preservative composition may incorporate other preservatives. Typical preservatives include pentachlorophenol, zinc naphthenate, copper naphthenate and the like.
The following examples will serve to illustrate the invention and preferred embodiments thereof All parts and percentages in said examples and elsewhere in the specification and claims are by weight unless otherwise indicated.
EXAMPLE 1 Ten red pine samples (10�10�100 mm) were immersed in each preservative composition, listed in Table 1, for five minutes. DDAC was obtained from Lonza, Inc. of Fair Lawn, New Jersey as a water solution under the trade name Bardac 2280. IPBC was obtained from Troy Chemical Corporation of Newark, New Jersey as a solvent solution under the trade name Troysan Polyphase AF-1. To prepare the solutions shown in Table 1, proportions of Bardac 2280 and Troysan Polyphase AF-1 were mixed together and diluted with ethanol to provide the concentration of active ingredient shown.
As an example, to prepare composition 1 in Table 1, the following formula was used:
______________________________________Ingredient        % by weight______________________________________Troysan Polyphase AF-1             .6250Bardac 2280       .3125Ethanol           99.0625             100.0000______________________________________
The components of Bardac 2280 as obtained from its manufacturer are as follows:
______________________________________Component        % by weight______________________________________Didecyldimethyl  80.0ammonium chlorideEthanol          10.0Water            10.0            100.0______________________________________
The components of Troysan Polyphase AF-1 as obtained from its manufacturer are as follows:
______________________________________Component         % by weight______________________________________3-Iodo-2-propynyl 40.0butyl carbamateHiflash aromatic naptha             25.0Dipropylene Glycol             15.0Dimethyl sulfoxide             15.0C-8, C-10 aliphatic             5.0glycidyl ethers   100.0______________________________________
Where Bardac 2280 or Troysan Polyphase AF-1 were used alone they were diluted with ethanol. The treated samples were mixed randomly and exposed in dishes to the following three groups of wood damaging fungi. The fungi used were:
______________________________________GROUP #1Molds           Mildew______________________________________Aspergillus niger           AureobasidiumPaecilomyces varioti           pullalariaTrichoderma viride           Hormiscium sp.Gliocladium sp. Torula sp.Stain______________________________________Chlorociboria aeruginascensCerotocystis vescusDiplodia gossypina______________________________________GROUP #2Brown Rot       White Rot______________________________________Gloephyllum trabeum           Trametes versicolorLentinus lepideus           Trametes sp.Poria placenta  Polyporus sp.Serpula lacrimans______________________________________GROUP #3Soft Rot______________________________________Acremonium strictumChaetomium globosumGraphium rubrum______________________________________
The exposed samples were incubated for thirty days under conditions of 90% relative humidity and 32� C. temperature to promote fungal growth. After incubation the degree of fungal attack and decay to each sample was measured in square millimeters. The measurements were converted to express the percentage of wood surface area protected. The results are shown in Table 1. The preservative effectiveness for each composition shown in Table 1 is an average of ten measurements.
As seen from the data presented in said table, the wood preservative compositions of the present invention exert an unexpectedly increased wood preservative effect. More specifically, the compositions provided substantially improved resistance to fungi producing stain, mold, mildew, and soft rot while providing effective resistance to brown rot and white rot. The use of combinations of DDAC and IPBC are more effective than the use of either compound alone at the same concentration of preservative.
TABLE 1__________________________________________________________________________                   Average Preservative Effectiveness AgainstWood Preservation Compositions                   Six Economic Classes of Wood Damaging FungiConcentration of Active Ingredients                   (Group #1)                           (Group #2)                                 (Group #3)Didecyldimethyl      3-Iodo-2-propynyl                   Molds, Mildews                           Soft Rot                                 Brown and WhiteAmmonium Chloride      Butyl Carbamate               Total                   and Stain fungi                           Fungi Rot Decay FungiPercent by Weight -Percent of Wood Surface Area Protected -__________________________________________________________________________0.2500     0.2500   0.5000                   99a     98a   100a0.1250     0.1250   0.2500                   61b     65b   100a0.0625     0.0625   0.1250                   45c     43c   100a0          0.5000   0.5000                   53bc    60b   100a0          0.2500   0.2500                   26d     32d   100a0          0.1250   0.1250                   20c     25e    90b0.5000     0        0.5000                    7f      0f    90b0.2500     0        0.2500                    4fg     0f    40c0.1250     0        0.1250                    0g      0f    3d0          0        0    0g      0f    0d__________________________________________________________________________ Within a column, means followed by the same letter are not significantly different at an 0.05 error rate of probability as determined by the Student ttest assuming unequal population variances.
EXAMPLE 2 Samples of pine wood (19�19�457 mm) were pressure treated with DDAC alone, IPBC alone, and a mixture of DDAC and IPBC. The samples were evaluated according to a standard wood preservative field test (ASTM D1758-74) with the fungi of Example 1 except Serpula lacrimans was not present. To obtain substantially equal wood preservative performance, which was measured after six months of exposure, the following concentrations of the respective preservatives were needed.
TABLE 2______________________________________Kilograms of Preservative per Cubic Meterof Wood Required for Protection    IPBC    DDAC    DDAC and IPBC______________________________________Molds, Stain      12.80     12.80   5.73     .67______________________________________
As seen from the data presented in Table 2, the use of DDAC in admixture with IPBC is generally more effective against molds and stain at much lower concentrations than either compound used alone.
EXAMPLE 3 In order to obtain additional confirmation of the effectiveness of the compositions of the present invention in resisting wood staining additional tests were performed. More specifically, bioassay testing was carried out to demonstrate the synergistic effect of the use of the combination of DDAC and IPBC as contrasted with the use of other compounds individually.
EXAMPLE 4 In order to verify the effectiveness of other quaternary ammonium compounds the tests of Example 1 were repeated employing different quaternary ammonium compounds. In one series of tests the quaternary ammonium compound in the NP-1 (DDAC) was replaced by comparable concentrations of tri-methyl-coco-ammonium chloride and this formulation was designated "NP-50". The specific material employed was Arquad C-50,which contains 50% by weight tri-methyl-coco-ammonium chloride. In another series of tests dimethyl-di-coco-ammonium chloride was employed in comparable concentrations to the DDAC in NP-1. The specific material employed was Arquad 2C-75 which is 75% dimethyl-di-coco-ammonium chloride This composition was designated NP-50. In these tests the wood wafers were exposed to Diplodia gossypina, a common sapstain organism, as well as Aspergillus sp., Aureobasidium pullulans and Trichoderma viride all blended in equal parts. The NP-1 and untreated wafers were employed as controls. Unsterile conditions were followed in preparing the glass incubation plates. The results of this test are shown in Table 4.
These tests show that the NP-50 and NP-75 formulations provide effective resistance to staining and the other organisms tested.
In conducting the tests a recognized bioassay screening procedure known as the Green Wood K-200 Screening Test was employed to evaluate antisapstain properties. The test procedure employed was as follows:
Candidate preservatives for antisapstain control can be tested using this test method. Samples are prepared as follows:
1. Samples are from Red Pine branches approximately 10 mm in diameter after bark has been removed, cut into 2-4 mm thickness. Several branches can be collected at one time and frozen to ensure freshness at time of test.
2. Samples are treated (30 second dip) in the candidate preservative formulation and then allowed to air dry for one hour. 3. Samples are then put in test. Samples are not sterilized.
In general, from ten to twenty replicates (samples should be used for each treatment (candidate preservative). Also, an untreated control should be used in each test (and dish) to evaluate the viability of each inoculum.
1. Preparation of Cultures
a. Pure or group cultures are propagated at least four days in advance on a 7 cm filter paper soaked with 3 ml nutrient solution in a test tube.
b. After growth covers the filter paper, 15 ml of sterile distilled water is added to the tube. Macerate until sample is homogenized. If group cultures are being used all samples should be mixed together in a sterile container with lid.
b 2. Preparation Of Test Chamber
a. The chamber is a petri dish (glass or polycarbonate) with a connecting duct to a water reservoir and a lid with an 0.2 mm micropore vapor port.
b. Tape the reservoir to the petri dish with heat resistant tape. Then fill the reservoir with distilled water and insert a piece of cellulose sponge into the reservoir duct.
c. Sterilize these dishes in autoclave for 45 minutes at 121� C.
d. Place adequate number of ashless 7 cm filter papers in container of nutrient solution. Sterilize in autoclave for 45 minutes at 121� C.
e. Add to the dish three pieces of ashless 7 cm filter paper soaked in nutrient solution. Make sure that the filter paper and sponge make contact and that the filter paper is centered in the dish.
3. Test Completion
a. Add the samples to the test chamber. The samples should be placed out of contact with each other and may be arranged in a circular pattern within the chamber. The samples do not sit on the filter paper, but they do overlap the paper by a few millimeters.
b Culture inoculum, 1.0 ml deuteromycete fungi blend, is added to the center of the filter paper.
c. Incubate the dishes at 26� -32� C. and 70%-90% relative humidity.
a. At five and fifteen days evaluate the samples. Evaluations are made visually using a scale from -10 to 10. Minus ten
(-10) indicates an inhibitory zone of 10 mm around the sample. Zero (0) indicates no inhibitory zone, but the sample is not infected. Ten (10) indicates a sample covered with mycellium.
Analysis of Results Evaluations are converted from the scale (-10 to 10)to express percentage of wood surface area protected using the following equation: [(Visual Evaluation)-10]�(-10)=Percentage of Wood Surface Area Protected
[(0)-10]�(-10)=100% of wood surface area protected
After conversion, one way analyses of variance and Student's t-Tests are used to test for treatment differences at a determined error rate of probability (i.e., 0.05).
In these tests (a) 81% by weight of Bardac 2280, a germicidally active quaternary ammonium compound marketed by Lonza, Inc. and (b) 19% by weight of Troysan Polyphase AF-1, a fungicide marketed by Troy Chemical Corporation were employed. Bardac 2280 is 80% by weight didecyldimethyl ammonium chloride (DDAC) and Troysan Polyphase contains 40% by weight 3-iodo-2-propynyl butyl carbamate (IPBC) as its active material.
The effectiveness of each of the two components, DDAC and IPBC, and their combination, NP-1, in providing protection to wood was evaluated by the Green Wood K-200 procedure. Red pine samples treated with one of three test solutions were exposed to the common fungal staining organism, Diplodia gossypina. Ten replicates were included in the study. The experiment was run under unsterile conditions. Neither the red pine wafers nor the glass incubation plates were sterilized prior to use. The surface protection each treatment provided to the red pine samples was evaluated after 15 days of exposure and the experiment was then terminated. When the three test solutions were prepared, the total number of moles of active ingredients was kept constant. The concentration of actives in a 100:1 dilution of the compound of this invention ("NP-1") was used as the standard when making the other two solutions. NP-1 at a 100:1 dilution contains 0.00413 moles of active ingredients. Therefore, the two other test solutions which represent the individual components of NP-1 contained either 0.00413 moles of DDAC or 0.00413 moles of IPBC.
When the test specimens were evaluated after 15 days of exposure in the Green Wood K-200 series, it was observed that the untreated wafers had been overtaken by the Diplodia organism. The DDAC treated wafers demonstrated similar results, showing substantial attack. Some protection was provided by the IPBC treatment, as the growth on these wafers was not as severe as that on the untreated samples. However, statistical analysis defined the protection provided by the IPBC alone to be equal to that provided by the DDAC alone. In this experiment composition of the present invention ("NP-1") demonstrated the greatest efficacy against the common sapstain organism, allowing little or no growth on the treated wafers.
The scale illustrated in Table 5 shows the degree of inhibition of staining of the wood samples with the lowest values indicating the best resistance to staining. Table 5 shows individual 95% confidence intervals for mean based on pooled standard deviation. It will be readily appreciated that the stain inhibition properties of NP-1 were markedly superior to those of the untreated sample, the DDAC alone, and the IPBC alone. Further, the DDAC and IPBC were much closer in performance to the untreated control than to the NP-1. These tests clearly demonstrate the synergistic effect produced by the NP-1. The combination of DDAC and IPBC provided significantly greater protection against a common sapstain organism than equimolar treatments of either of the two components taken alone.
The composition of the invention (NP-1) as employed in Example 3 may be prepared in the following manner.
An open vessel equipped with agitation is charged with 19 parts by weight of Troysan Polyphase AF-1, a liquid consisting of 40% by weight of 3-iodo-2-propynyl butyl carbamate (IPBC). To this is added under gentle agitation 81 parts by weight of Bardac 2280, a solution of 80% by weight of didecyldimethyl ammonium chloride (DDAC). The resulting mixture is a stable microemulsion of IPBC in DDAC, 100 parts by weight of NP-1.
The compositions of the present invention may be applied to the wood to be protected by means well known to those skilled in the art. The material may be applied to wood, for example, by dipping, brushing, spraying or pressure impregnation. The concentrate is generally diluted to working solution strength by addition of water. The concentrate is diluted from about 15 to 300 times with water depending on the severity of the environmental conditions and the length of protection desired. If desired, buffers, water repellents and other additives may be added to the treating solution. Historical buffers or anticorrosives, such as borax or soda ash may be added as well as iron chelating compounds such as phosphoric acid and phosphonic acid. Insecticides as well as dyes, pigments, resins and water repellents may be added, if desired.
In general, for control of sapstain in green lumber the preferred methods of application are by dipping or spraying.
For lumber which will be utilized in more severe environments, pressure treatment is a preferred method of application.
It will be appreciated that the present invention has provided an improved wood preservative composition for wood. The composition provides enhanced sapstain resistance while also providing effective resistance to mold, mildew, soft rot, brown rot and white rot. All of this is accomplished by employing a synergistic wood preservative composition comprising 3-iodo-2-propynyl butyl carbamate and a material selected from the group consisting of didecyldimethyl ammonium chloride, tri-methyl-coco-ammonium chloride and dimethyl-di-coco-ammonium chloride.
Whereas particular embodiments of the invention have been described herein, for purposes of illustration, it will be evident to those skilled in the art that numerous variations of the details may be made without departing from the invention as defined in the appended claims.
Patent CitationsCited PatentFiling datePublication dateApplicantTitleGB1462043A * Title not available* Cited by examinerNon-Patent CitationsReference1 *Chemical Abstracts, vol. 87, No. 87:103500p Butcher et al (1977).2Chemical Abstracts, vol. 87, No. 87:103500p--Butcher et al (1977).3 *Chemical Abstracts, vol. 92, No. 92:75897f Singer (1980).4Chemical Abstracts, vol. 92, No. 92:75897f--Singer (1980).5Chemical Abstracts; vol. 82 (1975); #81688y; Bent et al.6 *Chemical Abstracts; vol. 82 (1975); 81688y; Bent et al.7Chemical Abstracts; vol. 93 (1980); #180811s; Hulme et al.8 *Chemical Abstracts; vol. 93 (1980); 180811s; Hulme et al.* Cited by examinerReferenced byCiting PatentFiling datePublication dateApplicantTitleUS5185214 *Jun 12, 1991Feb 9, 1993Levan Susan LOne step process for imparting decay resistance and fire retardancy to wood productsUS5416109 *Jan 19, 1994May 16, 1995Betz Laboratories, Inc.Synergistic combination of iodo propynyl butyl carbamate and a quaternary ammonium chloride; slimicides; water treatmentUS5464622 *Nov 4, 1992Nov 7, 1995Rohm And Haas CompanyAntimicrobial compositions comprising iodopropargyl butylcarbamate and 2-mercaptopyridine n-oxide and method of controlling microbesUS5468284 *Jun 27, 1994Nov 21, 1995Kop-Coat, Inc.Applying a solution containing a quaternary ammonium compound, a hydrated starch, a slack wax emulsion and water to woodUS5538670 *Oct 30, 1992Jul 23, 1996Kymmene OyWood preservation method and wood preservativeUS5612372 *Sep 4, 1990Mar 18, 1997Ibc Manufacturing CompanyLiquid dispersants for pesticidesUS5730907 *Aug 27, 1996Mar 24, 1998Mississippi State UniversityEnhanced wood preservative compositionUS5855817 *Jul 9, 1997Jan 5, 1999Lonza, Inc.Waterproofing and preservative compositions and preparation thereofUS5944880 *Jan 26, 1998Aug 31, 1999Mississippi State UniversityMixture of quaternary ammonium microbiocide, isothiazolone or isophthalonitrile compound and antioxidantUS6231651Jun 18, 1999May 15, 2001Mississippi State UniversityMixture of a iodopropargyl compound, triazole compound and a hindered phenolUS6262097 *Nov 19, 1999Jul 17, 2001Snezana KovacevicMixture of 5-chloro-2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one and 2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one; quaternary ammonium compoundUS6340384May 24, 2000Jan 22, 2002Lonza Inc.Copper/amine oxide wood preservativesUS6372771Aug 6, 1999Apr 16, 2002Bayer AktiengesellschaftMixture for fungicide propiconazoleUS6375727May 24, 2000Apr 23, 2002Lonza Inc.Improved phase and color stability and corrosion resistance, able to form compositions containing phosphonic acid compounds as iron stain inhibitors at higher ph; particularly iodopropynyl butyl carbamateUS6416789Jan 5, 2001Jul 9, 2002Kop-Coat, Inc.Containing boron compound, organo iodine containing carbamate and an amine-oxide compoundUS6448279May 24, 2000Sep 10, 2002Lonza Inc.Preserving and/or waterproofing wood; improved leach resistance; single solution; low volatilityUS6485790Oct 5, 2001Nov 26, 2002Lonza Inc.Methods for enhancing penetration of wood preservativesUS6508869Jun 29, 2001Jan 21, 2003Lonza Inc.Wood protectant comprising a boron compound biocide and an amine oxide preservative/waterproofing agent and an article produced from said protected woodUS6527981May 24, 2000Mar 4, 2003Lonza Inc.A fungicide enhancing effective amount of one or more amine oxides and a fungiciadal effective amount of one or more 1,2,4- triazoles or benzimidazolesUS6572788May 24, 2001Jun 3, 2003Lonza, Inc.Amine oxide wood preservativesUS6720313Oct 17, 2000Apr 13, 2004Mattersmiths Holdings LimitedBiocidal composition containing phosphite ionsUS6897191Apr 30, 2003May 24, 2005Specialty Construction Brands, Inc.Stable fungicide in hydrophobic film forming polymerUS7056919Jan 24, 2003Jun 6, 2006Kopcoat, Inc.Synergistic combination of fungicides to protect wood and wood-based products and wood treated by such combination as well as methods of making the sameUS7655281May 24, 2005Feb 2, 2010Kop-Coat, Inc.Method of protecting wood through enhanced penetration of wood preservatives and related solutionUS7816343Mar 8, 2007Oct 19, 2010Hwd Acquisition, Inc.Fungicide; trihexylene glycol biborate boric acid ester in sterically hindered di-alcohol organic solvent; iodo-2-propynyl butyl carbamate organo-iodine compound; tebuconazole triazole, deltamethrin synthetic pyrethroid insecticide; protect cellulosic composites, particleboard, hardboardUS7896960Sep 23, 2008Mar 1, 2011Kop-Coat, Inc.Method of protecting wood through enhanced penetration of wood preservatives and a related solutionUS8664250May 17, 2005Mar 4, 2014Kop-Coat, Inc.Synergistic combination of fungicides to protect wood and wood-based products and wood treated by such combination as well as methods of making the sameUS8765159Apr 8, 2003Jul 1, 2014Arjowiggins SecurityData medium having biocidal properties and method for making sameCN1043292C *Nov 21, 1991May 12, 1999罗姆和哈斯公司Antimicrobial compositions comprising iodopropargyl butylcarbamate and 2-mercaptopyridine N-oxide and methods of controlling microbesEP0571846A1 *May 14, 1993Dec 1, 1993Bayer AgAgent for the protection of saw woodWO1992022405A1 *Jun 11, 1992Dec 23, 1992Us ArmyOne step process for imparting decay resistance and fire retardancy to wood productsWO1996000264A1 *Jun 20, 1995Jan 4, 1996Kop Coat IncMethod of waterproofing wood and associated compositionWO1997022246A1 *Dec 17, 1996Jun 26, 1997Nigel Paul MaynardSolubilizing biocides using anhydrous 'onium' compounds as solventWO2000071312A1 *May 24, 2000Nov 30, 2000Lonza AgAmine oxide/iodine containing blends for wood preservationWO2002052935A2 *Jan 3, 2002Jul 11, 2002Kop Coat IncSynergistic combination of fungicides to protect wood and wood-based products from fungal decay, mold and mildewWO2003084326A2 *Apr 8, 2003Oct 16, 2003Arjo Wiggins Security SasData medium having biocidal properties and method for making sameWO2004067507A2Jan 23, 2004Aug 12, 2004Kop Coat IncSynergistic combination of fungicides to protect wood and wood-based products and wood treated by such combination as well as methods of making the sameWO2005027635A1 *Sep 20, 2004Mar 31, 2005Arch Chem IncStabilized halopropynyl compositions as preservatives* Cited by examinerClassifications U.S. Classification514/479, 514/643, 514/642International ClassificationB27K3/50Cooperative ClassificationA01N47/12, B27K3/34, B27K3/50European ClassificationA01N47/12Legal EventsDateCodeEventDescriptionJun 7, 2010ASAssignmentOwner name: WACHOVIA CAPITAL FINANCE CORPORATION (NEW ENGLAND)Free format text: SECURITY INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:KOP-COAT, INC.;RPM WOOD FINISHES GROUP, INC.;CHEMICAL SPECIALTIES MANUFACTURING CORPORATION AND OTHERS;REEL/FRAME:24492/441Effective date: 20100604Free format text: SECURITY INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:KOP-COAT, INC.;RPM WOOD FINISHES GROUP, INC.;CHEMICAL SPECIALTIES MANUFACTURING CORPORATION;AND OTHERS;REEL/FRAME:024492/0441Nov 30, 2001FPAYFee paymentYear of fee payment: 12Dec 22, 1997FPAYFee paymentYear of fee payment: 8Nov 15, 1993FPAYFee paymentYear of fee payment: 4Feb 21, 1990ASAssignmentOwner name: KOP-COAT, INC., A CORP. OF DE, PENNSYLVANIAFree format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNORS:KOP-COAT, INC. (MERGED INTO);WCG, INC. (CHANGED TO);REEL/FRAME:005238/0944Effective date: 19890105Nov 24, 1989ASAssignmentOwner name: KOP-COAT, INC., 436 SEVENTH AVE., 1824 KOPPERS BLDFree format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNOR:WARD, HANS A.;REEL/FRAME:005182/0527Effective date: 19891120RotateOriginal ImageGoogle Home - Sitemap - USPTO Bulk Downloads - Privacy Policy - Terms of Service - About Google Patents - Send FeedbackData provided by IFI CLAIMS Patent Services©2012 Google


text:
Need your help on this fireplace
I would like to build a stone fireplace around the metal vent seen in picture. The ceiling is 10 feet high. The metal vent will stay. The floor will be light oak and the ceiling will be white. Any suggestions on what to do and what color stone to use? I was thinking of building a stone wall around the metal vent and then to lay natural stone on it.
silysyl's ideas · More Info
I would remove the brick and metal, and start over. I think stone will look odd next to the brick. You probably also need to know your local building codes for making it fire safe.
Alexandria 4-Light Island, Palladian Bronze, Clear Glass
'SEBASTIANO' 57" CoreAcryl Single Slipper Clawfoot Tub, Aged Chrome Exterior
Portland Pendant, White

type: global

value: This website is an American website, online community and software for architecture; interior design and decorating; landscape design and home improvement. It was founded in 2009 and is based in Palo Alto, California.


text:
Jennie Nissen (1890-1976) - Find A Grave Memorial
Jennie Nissen
1976 (aged 85-86)
Block 37, L22 NE4 Sp2
60875574 · View Source
Andrew Nissen*
Carl A Nissen*
NISSEN, Jennie /1890-1976/
Find A Grave Memorial 60875574
Find A Grave, database and images (https://www.findagrave.com : accessed ), memorial page for Jennie Nissen (1890–1976), Find A Grave Memorial no. 60875574, citing Mountain View Cemetery, Longmont, Boulder County, Colorado, USA ; Maintained by Longmont Genealogical Society (contributor 47368000) .
Add Photos for Jennie Nissen
Fulfill Photo Request for Jennie Nissen
your computer for Jennie Nissen memorial.
I thought you might like to see a memorial for Jennie Nissen I found on Findagrave.com.

value: This website is a website that allows the public to search and add to an online database of cemetery records. It is owned by Ancestry.com.


text:
The cognitive neuroscience of mind : a tribute to Michael S. Gazzaniga (eBook, 2010) [WorldCat.org]
I thought you might be interested in this item at http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/748923556 Title: The cognitive neuroscience of mind : a tribute to Michael S. Gazzaniga Author: Michael S Gazzaniga; Patricia Ann Reuter-Lorenz Publisher: Cambridge, MA : MIT Press, ©2010. ISBN/ISSN: 0262014017 9780262014014 OCLC:748923556
Michael S Gazzaniga; Patricia Ann Reuter-Lorenz; et al
Find more information about: Michael S Gazzaniga Patricia Ann Reuter-Lorenz
0262014017 9780262014014
748923556
edited by Patricia A. Reuter-Lorenz ... [et al.].
Offers plenty of science and science history, tracing the split-brain research from its inception to its heights, and providing a snapshot of the current status of cognitive neuroscience... fascinating to read and very informative.-Quarterly Review of Biology Read more...
Add tags for "The cognitive neuroscience of mind : a tribute to Michael S. Gazzaniga". Be the first.
<http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/748923556> # The cognitive neuroscience of mind a tribute to Michael S. Gazzaniga
library:oclcnum "748923556" ;
library:placeOfPublication <http://experiment.worldcat.org/entity/work/data/1076485565#Place/cambridge_ma> ; # Cambridge, MA
schema:about <http://experiment.worldcat.org/entity/work/data/1076485565#Topic/cognition> ; # Cognition
schema:about <http://experiment.worldcat.org/entity/work/data/1076485565#Topic/cognitive_neuroscience> ; # Cognitive neuroscience
schema:about <http://experiment.worldcat.org/entity/work/data/1076485565#Topic/neurosciences_cognitives> ; # Neurosciences cognitives
schema:about <http://viaf.org/viaf/108455024> ; # Michael S. Gazzaniga
schema:about <http://experiment.worldcat.org/entity/work/data/1076485565#Topic/neurosciences> ; # Neurosciences
schema:about <http://experiment.worldcat.org/entity/work/data/1076485565#Person/gazzaniga_michael_s> ; # Michael S. Gazzaniga
schema:contributor <http://viaf.org/viaf/119284039> ; # Patricia Ann Reuter-Lorenz
schema:contributor <http://viaf.org/viaf/108455024> ; # Michael S. Gazzaniga
schema:exampleOfWork <http://worldcat.org/entity/work/id/1076485565> ;
schema:name "The cognitive neuroscience of mind a tribute to Michael S. Gazzaniga" ;
schema:productID "748923556" ;
schema:publication <http://www.worldcat.org/title/-/oclc/748923556#PublicationEvent/cambridge_ma_mit_press_c2010> ;
schema:publisher <http://experiment.worldcat.org/entity/work/data/1076485565#Agent/mit_press> ; # MIT Press
schema:url <http://proxy2.hec.ca/login?url=http://site.ebrary.com/lib/hecm/Doc?id=10386193> ;
schema:url <http://sbiproxy.uqac.ca/login?url=http://international.scholarvox.com/book/88800186> ;
schema:url <http://international.scholarvox.com/book/88800186> ;
schema:workExample <http://worldcat.org/isbn/9780262014014> ;
wdrs:describedby <http://www.worldcat.org/title/-/oclc/748923556> ;
<http://experiment.worldcat.org/entity/work/data/1076485565#Agent/mit_press> # MIT Press
<http://experiment.worldcat.org/entity/work/data/1076485565#Person/gazzaniga_michael_s> # Michael S. Gazzaniga
<http://experiment.worldcat.org/entity/work/data/1076485565#Place/cambridge_ma> # Cambridge, MA
<http://experiment.worldcat.org/entity/work/data/1076485565#Topic/cognition> # Cognition
<http://experiment.worldcat.org/entity/work/data/1076485565#Topic/cognitive_neuroscience> # Cognitive neuroscience
<http://experiment.worldcat.org/entity/work/data/1076485565#Topic/neurosciences> # Neurosciences
<http://experiment.worldcat.org/entity/work/data/1076485565#Topic/neurosciences_cognitives> # Neurosciences cognitives
<http://viaf.org/viaf/119284039> # Patricia Ann Reuter-Lorenz
schema:familyName "Reuter-Lorenz" ;
schema:name "Patricia Ann Reuter-Lorenz" ;
<http://worldcat.org/isbn/9780262014014>
schema:isbn "0262014017" ;
schema:isbn "9780262014014" ;
<http://www.worldcat.org/title/-/oclc/748923556>
schema:about <http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/748923556> ; # The cognitive neuroscience of mind a tribute to Michael S. Gazzaniga
<http://www.worldcat.org/title/-/oclc/748923556#PublicationEvent/cambridge_ma_mit_press_c2010>
schema:location <http://experiment.worldcat.org/entity/work/data/1076485565#Place/cambridge_ma> ; # Cambridge, MA
schema:organizer <http://experiment.worldcat.org/entity/work/data/1076485565#Agent/mit_press> ; # MIT Press

value: This website is a union catalog that itemizes the collections of 15,637 libraries in 107 countries that participate in the OCLC global cooperative. It is operated by OCLC, Inc.


text:
North Side Point Bridge, Spanning Allegheny River at Point of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Allegheny County, PA skip navigation
link: "//www.loc.gov/pictures/item/pa0064/",
url :"//memory.loc.gov/pp/notdig.gif?q=pa0064.photos.1&c=24&st=gallery",
link :"//cdn.loc.gov/service/pnp/habshaer/pa/pa0000/pa0064/photos/133056p_150px.jpg",
link :"//cdn.loc.gov/master/pnp/habshaer/pa/pa0000/pa0064/data/pa0064data.pdf",
link :"//cdn.loc.gov/master/pnp/habshaer/pa/pa0000/pa0064/data/pa0064cap.pdf",
Pennsylvania -- Allegheny County -- Pittsburgh Latitude/Longitude: 40.44332, -80.0133
Reproduction Number: --- Call Number: HAER PA,2-PITBU,59-
Make note of the Call Number listed above. Look at the Medium field above. If it lists more than one item: The entire group can be ordered as photocopies or high-quality copies. All the items in a particular medium (e.g., all drawings, all photographs) can be ordered as photocopies or high-quality copies. Call Number: HAER PA,2-PITBU,59-

value: This website is the research library that officially serves the United States Congress and is the de facto national library of the United States. It is the oldest federal cultural institution in the United States.


text:
Albert Murray Condolences | Sign the Guest Book | Washington County News
Several years ago I had the honor of interviewing Mr. Murray at his home. In the midst of our talk he glanced up and pointed across the room at a massive bookshelf lining one wall. "Get that book for me," he said, pointing. Mystified, I walked over and, following his directions, got the book in question and walked back. "Go to page" something, he said. When I got there, he began reciting the words I was reading. He recited the entire page. Mr. Murray later allowed me to meet him at the Strand Bookstore, where he told me several books I must read, including Andre Malraux's "Man's Fate," one of the most moving and evocative books I have ever digested. Meeting and spending even that little time with Mr. Murray - even now I can't imagine calling him anything else - was a seminal moment in my development as a writer and a human being. Our world is smaller with him gone.
~ Clem Richardson,
~ joe belagio johnson,
~ Alan Weitz,
~ Melvin Baber,
It was truly appreciated that Mr. Murray stood his ground for what HE thought was right and not just what the majority thought. It takes courage and strength to hold to what you feel is true and right. May the generations now and yet to come remember his legacy. The hope held out to see such men again is truly a joy. I look forward to meeting and conversing with him when he is resurrected to life on earth again.
Rest In Peace... My mother grew up with Mr. Murray in Plateau, AL and had several of his books.
~ Bettis Family Member,
My sympathies to the family. May God comfort you in your time of loss.
Mr. Murray left a mark in history that I hope African American children around the world will be educated about. Thank you Sir.
~ Annie Stephens,
A gifted and man who gave a great deal to the world...Rest In Peace...your work will live on...V.Coates Columbus OH
Thank You Mr. Murray
~ Cynthia Goins,
With sympathy to all the Family. "Absent from the body; present with Our Lord".
Prayers and condolences to the ALBERT MURRAY FAMILY. May you find comfort and peace during your time of sorrow. GOD BLESS
My condolences to the MURRAY family during this time of grief.
My condolences to The Murray Family. May the God of all comfort be with you as you cope with such a loss. 2Cor1:4. Please let the fine memories you have of Albert bring you joy and help to ease your pain.
My deep sympathy to Mr. Murray's family and friends. May you please find solace in prayer. Psalms 65:2
What a talent and inspiring man, may his memories lives on in his work that Mr. Albert Murray leaves behind. May the God who gives peace be with all of YOU. Amen.- Roman 15:33-
GOD BLESS YOU AND HEAVEN SMILE UP ON YOU AND GRACE BE WITHYOU. FRIENDS OF FAMILY BATES L UP ON YOU EARLINE BATES
So sorry for your loss. All mighty God is a comfort when you are sad reach out to him for comfort.

value: This website is a United States-based website founded in 1998, the world's largest commercial provider of online memorials. The Web site hosts obituaries and memorials for more than 70 percent of all U.S. deaths.


text:
CBI unearths more dirt on former MCI chief Desai | india | Hindustan Times
CBI unearths more dirt on former MCI chief Desai
Updated: May 19, 2010 23:38 IST
Within a month of his arrest in a corruption case, the CBI has unearthed clinching evidence against former Medical Council of India (MCI) chief Ketan Desai and initiated the process to register half-a- dozen more cases against him.
Sources said Desai who was arrested by the CBI last month on charges of seeking a Rs 2-crore bribe to help Gyan Sagar Medical College in Patiala, has been found to be involved in showering favours on several other private medical institutions. Not only has the CBI unearthed his movable and immovable assets worth over Rs 50 crore so far, but it has received over 100 complaints from across India. The CBI, after a preliminary inquiry, has registered another FIR against a private institute in Chennai.
A revelation made by an MCI inspection team member Satish Shah before the CBI has added to Desai’s woes. Shah has reportedly confessed he helped eight private medical institutes to obtain MCI clearances based on Desai’s instructions. The CBI has launched a deeper probe into the functioning of these institutions and a spate of cases is likely soon. Shah is also said to have recorded a statement before a Delhi court, confessing his involvement in the scandal. He confessed before the court he favoured Patiala-based Gyan Sagar Medical College at the behest of Desai. A statement under 164 CrPC is admissible evidence in the court.
The CBI found documents showing Desai and his wife are joint partners in private firms in Gujarat and Mumbai. The agency has summoned records from the Registrar of Companies and is likely to involve the Income Tax department.	tags
Gyan Sagar Medical College in Patiala

value: This website is an Indian English-language daily newspaper introduced and founded in 1924 by Sunder Singh Lyallpuri, founder-father of the Akali movement and the Shiromani Akali Dal in the Punjab Province. It played integral roles in the Indian independence movement as a nationalist daily.


text:
Patent US20050085216 - Communication systems - Google PatentsSearch Images Maps Play YouTube News Gmail Drive More »Sign inAdvanced Patent SearchPatentsThe invention provides a method and system (10) for enabling use of a communication network by a subscriber. The system includes a database (12) including data on a plurality of subscribers and identification means for remotely identifying subscriber. The systems further includes a verification means...http://www.google.com/patents/US20050085216?utm_source=gb-gplus-sharePatent US20050085216 - Communication systemsAdvanced Patent SearchPublication numberUS20050085216 A1Publication typeApplicationApplication numberUS 10/984,458Publication dateApr 21, 2005Filing dateNov 8, 2004Priority dateMay 24, 2000Also published asCA2410434A1, EP1285333A1, EP1285333A4, US7523300, US20040125955, WO2001090880A1Publication number10984458, 984458, US 2005/0085216 A1, US 2005/085216 A1, US 20050085216 A1, US 20050085216A1, US 2005085216 A1, US 2005085216A1, US-A1-20050085216, US-A1-2005085216, US2005/0085216A1, US2005/085216A1, US20050085216 A1, US20050085216A1, US2005085216 A1, US2005085216A1InventorsRobert MurrayOriginal AssigneeMurray Robert G.Export CitationBiBTeX, EndNote, RefManReferenced by (1), Classifications (18), Legal Events (3) External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, EspacenetCommunication systems
US 20050085216 A1Abstract
The invention provides a method and system (10) for enabling use of a communication network by a subscriber. The system includes a database (12) including data on a plurality of subscribers and identification means for remotely identifying subscriber. The systems further includes a verification means for verifying subscriber details with reference to the database and a stock of enabling codes (20) which, when fed into the network allow commutation via the network to a predetermined extent. In use, the subscriber is identified remotely, his details are verified and he is then provided with an enabling code permitting communications via the network. Images(4) Claims(38)
1. A method of enabling use of a communication network by a subscriber, the method including remotely identifying the subscriber; verifying subscriber details with reference to subscriber details stored in a subscriber database; and selectively providing the subscriber with a value carrying enabling code which the subscriber can feed into the communication network to provide the subscriber with airtime credit which allows communication via the communication network to a predetermined extent corresponding to the value of the enabling code. 2. A method as claimed in claim 1, in which remotely identifying the subscriber includes receiving a telephone call from the subscriber on a receiving telephone. 3. A method as claimed in claim 2, which includes identifying the subscriber by means of a caller line identification facility. 4. A method as claimed in claim 2, which includes obtaining a password from the subscriber and verifying the password in the subscriber database. 5. A method as claimed in claim 4, which includes identifying the subscriber without answering the telephone call from the subscriber and calling the subscriber back to obtain the password. 6. A method as claimed in claim 5, which includes logging subscribing calls in an administration system and then sequentially calling back the subscribers logged in the administration system. 7. A method as claimed in claim 4, in which obtaining the password includes automatically answering the subscriber's telephone call by means of an interactive telephone system which obtains the password from the subscriber. 8. A method as claimed in claim 6, in which the subscriber provides his password via a keypad on the subscriber's telephone. 9. A method as claimed in claim 1, which includes, prior to providing the subscriber with an enabling code, obtaining from the subscriber the monetary value of the airtime credit the subscriber wishes to purchase and checking to ensure that the subscriber has sufficient funds available to purchase the airtime credit. 10. A method as claimed in claim 9, which includes obtaining an enabling code carrying the desired monetary value from a supply of enabling codes. 11. A method as claimed in claim 10, in which obtaining the enabling code includes selecting a voucher from a stock of vouchers on which the enabling codes are provided. 12. A method as claimed in claim 10, which includes obtaining the enabling code from enabling code dispensing means which has a stock of enabling codes in electronic form. 13. A method as claimed in claim 1, in which, providing the subscriber with an enabling code, includes sending the code to the subscriber by way of an SMS message. 14. A method of dispensing a value carrying enabling or PIN code to a cellular telephone user which includes the steps of remotely identifying the user; verifying user details with reference to user details stored in a user database; and selectively providing the user with a value carrying enabling or PIN code which a user can feed via a cellular telephone into a network of a cellular telephone service provider thereby permitting use of the network by the cellular telephone to a value corresponding to the value carried by the enabling or PIN code. 15. A system for enabling use of a communication network by a subscriber, the system including a database including data on a plurality of subscribers requiring use of the communication network; identification means for remotely identifying the subscriber; verification means for verifying subscriber details with reference to the database; and a stock of value carrying enabling codes from which an enabling code is selectively dispensed to the subscriber, which enabling code can be operatively fed by the subscriber into a communication network to allow communication via the network to a value corresponding to the value of the enabling code. 16. A system as claimed in claim 15, in which the database includes financial data on each of the subscribers, the system being configured to update the data base to reflect each transaction with each subscriber. 17. A system as claimed in claim 15, which includes telephonic communication means for receiving a telephone call from a subscriber. 18. A system as claimed in claim 17, in which the identification means includes a caller line identification facility. 19. A system as claimed in claim 17, which includes an administration module for logging calls received from subscribers. 20. A system as claimed in claim 17, in which the telephonic communication means includes a receiving telephone, the system including an operator who obtains a password from the subscriber and uses the password to verify the subscriber's details. 21. A system as claimed in claim 17 which includes an interactive telephone system configured to obtain a password from a subscriber to verify the subscriber's details. 22. A system as claimed in claim 20, which includes a computer with an administration system and a caller line identification module, a modem for receiving a telephone call from a subscriber who is identified by the caller line identification module, the modem being linked to the computer so that the subscriber's identification details are fed to the computer for recordal on the database. 23. A system as claimed in claim 15, in which the stock of value carrying enabling or PIN codes is in the form of paper vouchers. 24. A system as claimed in claim 15, which includes enabling code dispensing means which has a stock of value carrying enabling codes stored in electronic format. 25. A system as claimed in claim 15, which includes an SMS messaging system whereby an enabling code of the desired value can be forwarded to a subscriber in the form of an SMS. 26-28. (canceled) 29. A method as claimed in claim 14, in which providing the user with an enabling code includes sending the code to the user by way of an SMS message. 30. A method as claimed in claim 14, in which remotely identifying the user includes receiving a telephone call from the user on a receiving telephone. 31. A method as claimed in claim 27, which includes identifying the user by means of a caller line identification facility. 32. A method as claimed in claim 27, which includes obtaining a password from the user and verifying the password in the user database. 33. A method as claimed in claim 29, which includes identifying the user without answering the telephone call from the user and calling the user back to obtain the password. 34. A method as claimed in claim 30, which includes logging user calls in an administration system and then sequentially calling back the users logged in the administration system. 35. A method as claimed in claim 29, in which obtaining the password includes automatically answering the user's telephone call by means of an interactive telephone system which obtains the password from the user. 36. A method as claimed in claim 32, in which the user provides his password via a keypad on the user's telephone. 37. A method as claimed in claim 14, which includes, prior to providing the user with an enabling code, obtaining from the user the monetary value of the airtime credit the user wishes to purchase and checking to ensure that the user has sufficient funds available to purchase airtime credit. 38. A method as claimed in claim 34, which includes obtaining the enabling code from a supplier of enabling codes. 39. A method as claimed in claim 35, in which obtaining the enabling code includes selecting a voucher from a stock of vouchers on which the enabling codes are provided. 40. A method as claimed in claim 35, which includes obtaining the enabling code from enabling code dispensing means which has a stock of enabling codes in electronic form.
THIS INVENTION relates to communication systems. In particular, it relates to a method of, and a system for, enabling use of a communication network by a subscriber. It also relates to a method of dispensing enabling codes to a cellular telephone user. In South Africa there has been a proliferation in the use of cellular telephones or cellphones especially using the so-called �pay as you go� or prepaid system. In this system, a user or subscriber purchases airtime to a selected value from a cellular service provider in advance thereby allowing the subscriber to use a cellular telephone to communicate via the provider's cellular network to a predetermined extent. In order to initiate use of the network, the user or subscriber typically purchases a voucher of a particular value. The voucher provides an enabling or PIN code that is fed into the network via the cellphone thereby to enable use of the network for the selected value. Once the cumulative use of the network by the user reaches the value of the purchased airtime, and the voucher has been depleted, use of the network by the user is terminated and a further voucher must then be purchased. It is this application of the invention which must be predominantly, but not exclusively, borne in mind. It is however to be appreciated that the invention may be applied in any communication media, e.g. a conventional landline telephone or the like. According to one aspect of the invention there is provided a method of enabling use of a communication network by a subscriber, the method including remotely identifying the subscriber; verifying subscriber details with reference to subscriber details stored in a subscriber database; and selectively providing the subscriber with an enabling code which, when fed into the network, provides the subscriber with airtime credit which allows communication via the network to a predetermined extent. The communication network is typically a cellular communication network and the subscriber purchases airtime to communicate via his or her cellular telephone on the network. According to another aspect of the invention there is provided a method of dispensing an enabling or PIN code to a cellular telephone user which includes the steps of remotely identifying the user; verifying user details with reference to user details stored in a user database; and selectively providing the user with an enabling or PIN code. According to yet another aspect of the invention there is provided a system for enabling use of a communication network by a subscriber, the system including a database including data on a plurality of subscribers requiring use of the communication network; identification means for remotely identifying the subscriber; verification means for verifying subscriber details with reference to the database; and a stock of enabling codes from which an enabling code is selectively dispensed to the subscriber, the enabling code being operatively fed into the network to allow communication via the network to a predetermined extent. Remotely identifying the subscriber or user may include receiving a telephone call from the subscriber or user on a receiving telephone. The method may include identifying the subscriber or user by means of a caller line identification facility. The method may include obtaining a password from the subscriber or user and verifying the password in the database. In one embodiment of the invention, the verification means and identification means are in the form of a human operator located at a central dispensing location. The telephonic communication means used by the operator may be a cellphone thereby to identify the subscriber or user via its CLI (caller line identification) facility. In another embodiment of the invention, the system may include a conventional landline telephone with CLI means, e.g. a conventional CLI module, for identifying the subscriber or user calling the operator. The method may include identifying the subscriber or user without answering the telephone call from the subscriber or user and calling the subscriber or user back to obtain the password. This arrangement minimises the cost to the subscriber or user when purchasing additional airtime. The method may include logging subscriber or user calls in an administration system and then sequentially calling back the subscribers or users logged in the administration system. Obtaining the password may include automatically answering the subscriber's or user's telephone call by means of an interactive telephone system which obtains the password from the subscriber or user. The subscriber or user may provide his password via a keypad on the subscriber's telephone. The method may include, prior to providing the subscriber or user with an enabling code, obtaining from the subscriber or user the monetary value of the airtime credit the subscriber or user wishes to purchase and checking to ensure that the subscriber or user has sufficient funds to purchase the airtime credit. The method may include obtaining the enabling code from a supply of enabling codes. Obtaining the enabling code may include selecting a voucher from a stock of vouchers on which the enabling codes are provided. The method may include obtaining the enabling code from enabling code dispensing means which has a stock of enabling codes in electronic form. Providing the subscriber or user with an enabling code may include sending the code to the subscriber or user by way of an SMS message. The database may include financial data on each of the subscribers or users, the system being configured to update the data base to reflect each transaction with each subscriber or user. The database typically includes data, e.g. financial data, on a substantial number of subscribers or users. For example, the database may include data on a remaining deposit which the subscriber or user has, whether or not credit may be granted to the subscriber or user, or the like. Accordingly, the system may include accounting software and, optionally, a transaction register for recording each transaction conducted with a particular subscriber or user. The database may include a plurality of different codes or vouchers, each of which is associated with a different value of airtime. Accordingly, the subscriber or user may select an amount which he wishes to spend and a voucher or code corresponding therewith may be dispensed to the subscriber or user. The system may include telephonic communication means for receiving a telephone call from a subscriber or user. The identification means may include a caller line identification (CLI) facility. The system may include an administration module for logging calls received from subscribers or users. The telephonic communication means may include a receiving telephone, the system including an operator who obtains a password from the subscriber or user and uses the password to verify the subscriber's or user's details. The system may include an interactive telephone system configured to obtain a password from a subscriber or user to verify the subscriber's or user's details, in particular without the intervention of an operator. The system may include a computer with an administration system and a caller line identification module, a modem for receiving a telephone call from a subscriber or user who is identified by the caller line identification module, the modem being linked to the computer so that the subscriber's or user's identification details are fed to the computer for recordal on the database. The stock of enabling or PIN codes may be in the form of paper vouchers. The paper vouchers may be as currently available in the market place. However, in more sophisticated embodiments of the invention, the stock of enabling codes may be in electronic form, e.g. stored in a database. The stock of enabling codes may be obtained from a conventional OCS machine which purchases vouchers directly from a supplier, e.g. VODAC�. In a yet more sophisticated embodiment of the invention, the method includes identifying the subscriber or user in an automatic fashion from the subscriber's telephone call and logging the call in an administration system. The operator may then sequentially attend to calls logged in the administration system thereby, for example, to minimize the airtime costs incurred by the subscriber or user in waiting to be attended to. Accordingly, the system may include an administration module for logging calls received from subscribers or users. The system may include enabling code dispensing means which has a stock of enabling codes stored in electronic format. The system may include an SMS messaging system whereby an enabling code can be forwarded to a subscriber or user in the form of an SMS.
The invention is now described, by way of example, with reference to the accompanying diagrammatic drawings. In the drawings, FIGS. 1 to 6 show various embodiments of a system, in accordance with the invention, for enabling use of a cellular communication network by a subscriber. Referring in particular to FIG. 1 of the drawings, reference numeral 10 generally indicates a system, in accordance with the invention, for enabling use of a communication network by a subscriber or user. The system 10 includes a database 12, an operator telephone, typically a cellphone 14, a subscriber cellphone 16, identification means in the form of a human operator 18, and a stock of enabling codes 20 from which an enabling code is selectively dispensed to the subscriber. Upon receipt of the enabling or PIN code, the subscriber enters the digits into the subscriber cellphone 16 thereby feeding the enabling or PIN code into the cellular network which, in turn, allows communication via the network to a predetermined value in a conventional manner. The database 12 is in the form of a transaction register which includes data on a substantial number of subscribers who have subscribed to the system 10. Typically, subscribers pay an up-front deposit for the purchase of airtime on the cellular network and financial data is entered into the database 12 as well as the subscriber's cellular telephone number, a password, or the like. In use, when a client or subscriber who is registered or recorded in the database 12 requires cellular airtime, the client calls a central dispensing centre at which the operator cellphone 14, the operator 18, the stock of enabling codes in the form of airtime vouchers, and the database 12 are located. The operator 18 is equipped with the operator cellphone 14 which has a CLI (caller line identification) facility 22 for identifying the cellular telephone number of the subscriber cellphone 16. When the subscriber calls the operator 18 as shown by line 24, the subscriber terminates the telephone call after about three rings in order to reduce the airtime costs incurred by the subscriber. The operator 18 then identifies the subscriber by means of the CLI facility 22 as shown by line 26, and retrieves subscriber details from the database 12 as shown by line 28. In particular, the operator 18 checks to see whether or not the cellular telephone number identified corresponds with a subscriber which is registered in the database 12 and, if so, whether or not the subscriber has sufficient funds remaining for the purchase of at least one further airtime voucher from the stock of enabling codes 20. It is however to be appreciated that the system 10 may in addition, or instead, be used to buy cellular airtime on credit. If sufficient funds are available, the operator 18 then calls the subscriber as shown by line 30 and requests a password from the subscriber. If the password corresponds with the password stored in the database 12, the subscriber is then asked which particular airtime voucher from the stock of enabling codes 20 is required. Typically, the subscriber then informs the operator 18 of the monetary value which he or she intends to spend and, as shown by line 32, an appropriate voucher is then retrieved from the stock of enabling codes 20. The operator 18 then communicates the unique enabling code or PIN code corresponding with the voucher telephonically to the subscriber and enters the transaction details in the database 12. The particular subscriber's account in the database 12 is then debited with the appropriate amount. In a similar fashion to conventional airtime vouchers, the subscriber then feeds in the unique enabling or PIN code into the subscriber cellphone 16 which is then communicated to the cellular communication network thereby to enable use of the communication network to a predetermined value which is dependent on the particular voucher purchased by the subscriber. Referring in particular to FIGS. 2 to 6 of the drawings, reference numerals 10.1 to 10.5 respectively generally indicate further embodiments of systems in accordance with the invention. These systems 10.1 to 10.5 resemble the system 10 and, accordingly, like reference numerals have been used to indicate the same or similar features unless otherwise indicated. Referring in particular to FIG. 2 of the drawings, unlike the system 10, the system 10.1 includes a conventional landline telephone 34 which is connected via line 36 to a CLI facility 22 which, typically, is a conventional CLI module which may be purchased in the marketplace. In use, the subscriber thus calls the conventional landline telephone 34 by means of the subscriber cellphone 16 and the operator 18, by means of the CLI module 22, may thus identify the subscriber and process the request in a similar fashion to that described above. Referring in particular to FIG. 3 of the drawings, the system 10.2 substantially resembles the system 10.1 but differs in that a personal computer (PC) 38 with appropriate accounting software is provided in addition to the database 12. The system 10.2 operates in substantially similar fashion to the abovementioned systems 10, 10.1, however, the accounting software is typically in the form of a package such as Quickbook 6 from the Intuit Corporation. The operator 18 may thus enter subscriber or client details into the PC 38 which then, by means of its accounting software, processes the information, debits the client's account, manages the database, and the like. Referring in particular to FIG. 4 of the drawings, the system 10.3 substantially resembles the system 10.2, however, the stock of enabling codes 20 is not in the form of paper vouchers. In particular, the system 10.3 includes a conventional OCS machine 40 which has a stock of enabling codes or PIN codes in an electronic form. For example, the OCS machine may be a conventional OCS machine as supplied by VODAC� in South Africa. The OCS machine 40 may thus download a stock of enabling or PIN codes from the supplier which are then selectively dispensed to subscribers to the system 10.3. For example, the operator 18 may, upon request from a subscriber, activate the OCS machine 40 and purchase a voucher in electronic form for the value requested by the client or subscriber. Typically, the OCS machine 40 then, in a conventional fashion, prints a slip which includes the unique enabling code or PIN code. In a similar fashion to that described above, the enabling code or PIN code is then communicated by the operator 18 to the subscriber thereby to enable the subscriber, upon entering the code into the cellular phone 16, to use the network to the value associated with the particular enabling or PIN code. More sophisticated embodiments of the invention are shown in FIGS. 5 and 6 of the drawings. Referring in particular to FIG. 5 of the drawings, the system 10.4 is more automated than the systems 10, 10.1, 10.2, and 10.3. The system 10.4 includes a personal computer (PC) 42 with an administration system and a CLI module. Typically, the administration system includes software such as that developed by CS Webworx for Prepaid Online. Further, the system 10.4 includes airtime purchasing software 44, an SMS messaging system 46, and a modem 48. The airtime purchasing software 44 allows bulk downloading of enabling codes or vouchers from a service provider, e.g. bulk downloading at about 200 vouchers per request. The SMS messaging system 46 typically generates an e-mail message which can be transmitted via the Internet to the subscriber cellphone 16 as shown by line 50. The administration software loaded on the PC 42 is typically similar to that provided by PEC Systems GB. As with the systems described above, in the system 10.4 the subscriber or client makes a telephone call with his or her subscriber cellphone 16 to a central dispensing location at which the landline telephone 34 and associated equipment of the system 10.4 is located. The modem 48 receives the telephone call and the CLI module identifies the telephone number of the caller. Identification details are then fed into the PC 42 via line 52 and the PEC Systems software then records the data in its internal database. As in the cases mentioned above, the subscriber terminates the call after about three rings which is sufficient to identify the subscriber. The administration software then displays the number, and numbers of all the other subscribers which have called in and been logged into the system 10.4 sequentially. The operator 18 then via the modem 48 calls the subscriber and requests the subscriber to furnish a password. The password is then entered into the PC 42 and verified in its database. The administration software on the PC 42 then retrieves, inter alia, financial details such as the amount which the subscriber has available in the system 10.4. The administration software then only activates vouchers or enabling codes for which the subscriber has sufficient credit to purchase. The operator 18 then requests the client to indicate which particular voucher or enabling code is required and the subscriber's choice is then entered into the administration software via a keyboard of the PC 42. The administration software then retrieves the airtime voucher or enabling code selected by means of the airtime purchasing software 44. The airtime purchasing software 44 ensures that a minimum stock of enabling codes is always present in the system 10.4. Once the particular enabling code or PIN code has been obtained by means of the airtime purchasing software 44, an SMS message including the code is generated by means of the SMS messaging system 46 and communicated to the subscriber as shown by line 50. The SMS messaging system 46 delivers a text message which is displayed in a conventional fashion on the subscriber cellphone 16. The administration software then logs the transaction and performs the necessary accounting functions. Referring in particular to FIG. 6 of the drawings, the system 10.5 substantially resembles the system 10.4. However, unlike the system 10.4 which requires intervention by means of the operator 18, the system 10.5 includes a DTMF interactive system 54, typically a PEC DTMF system. The DTMF interactive system 54 automatically answers the call from the subscriber cellphone 16 and obtains the appropriate record from the administration system stored in the PC 42 as shown by lines 56. The DTMF interactive system 54 includes voice synthesis technology so that the subscriber may be welcomed and the subscriber is then informed that he has reached the system 10.5. The subscriber is then identified by the DTMF interactive system 54 as shown by lines 56. Thereafter, the DTMF system 54 requests the subscriber or client to furnish a password, typically entered via a keypad of the subscriber's cellphone 16, and the password is then verified for authenticity. If the password is incorrect, the DTMF system 54 informs the subscriber that the password entered was incorrect and the telephone call is then terminated. However, if the password is correct, the DTMF interactive system 54, in a pre-recorded fashion, requests the client to identify which particular voucher with its unique enabling code is required. For example, the DTMF system 54 may communicate the following message to the client: �To purchase R55 of airtime press 1, to purchase R110 of airtime press 2, to purchase R275 of airtime press 3� and so on. The subscriber then activates the appropriate key on the subscriber cellphone 16 and the DTMF interactive system 54 thereby identifies which particular voucher the subscriber requires. In certain embodiments, the DTMF system 54 may request the client to confirm the particular selection, for example, by pressing the # key. Once the client has identified which particular voucher, and thus which associated enabling code is required, the DTMF system 54 terminates the call. Thereafter, the administration software in the PC 42 obtains the first available airtime PIN number or enabling code via the airtime voucher purchasing software 44 and, in a similar fashion as described above, an SMS message is generated by the SMS system 46. The SMS message may then, for example, be communicated via the Internet to a provider who then communicates the SMS message via a cellular telephone network to the subscriber. Finally, details of the transaction are recorded in the database and the subscriber's or client's account is debited accordingly. The Inventor believes that the invention, as illustrated, provides an enhanced method of, and system 10, 10.1 to 10.5, for enabling use of a communication network by a subscriber. The method enables dispensing of enabling codes or vouchers to a cellular telephone user remotely without the need for the subscriber physically to obtain a voucher from a service provider. Referenced byCiting PatentFiling datePublication dateApplicantTitleWO2008108448A1Mar 6, 2008Sep 12, 2008Nissan Chemical Ind LtdIsoxazoline-substituted benzamide compound and pest control agentClassifications U.S. Classification455/405, 455/466, 455/406, 455/410International ClassificationG06F17/30, H04K1/00, G06F7/00, H04M3/42, H04M3/38, H04Q3/72, H04L29/06, H04M11/00Cooperative ClassificationH04M3/42068, H04M3/42195, H04M2207/18, H04M3/382, H04M2203/6045European ClassificationH04M3/38ALegal EventsDateCodeEventDescriptionJun 11, 2013FPExpired due to failure to pay maintenance feeEffective date: 20130421Apr 21, 2013LAPSLapse for failure to pay maintenance feesDec 3, 2012REMIMaintenance fee reminder mailedRotateOriginal ImageGoogle Home - Sitemap - USPTO Bulk Downloads - Privacy Policy - Terms of Service - About Google Patents - Send FeedbackData provided by IFI CLAIMS Patent Services

value: This website is a search engine provided by Google. Handling over 3.5 billion searches per day, it has a 92% share of the global search engine market.


text:
The Best Garden Grove Vacation Packages 2016 - TripAdvisor
Anaheim Vacations Huntington Beach Vacations Newport Beach Vacations Long Beach Vacations Las Vegas Vacations San Francisco Vacations San Diego Vacations Los Angeles Vacations California Vacations Flights to Garden Grove
United States› California (CA)› Orange County› Garden Grove› Garden Grove Vacations and Packages
Want to book a vacation to Garden Grove? Whether you're off for a romantic vacation, family trip, or an all-inclusive holiday, Garden Grove vacation packages on TripAdvisor make planning your trip simple and affordable.
Find the perfect vacation package for Garden Grove on TripAdvisor by comparing Garden Grove hotel and flight prices. Travelers like you have written 14,061 reviews and posted 3,863 candid photos for Garden Grove hotels. Book your Garden Grove vacation today!
Search Garden Grove vacation packages
Loading... Sorry there are no complete vacation packages for Garden Grove
Or build your own Garden Grove vacation package
Try building your own Garden Grove vacation packages
“Great hotel with fantastic friendly...”
We arrived on Tuesday Sept 27th after a long day at Disney. Penny and Laura were at the front desk greeting us with smiles. Both kids were celebrating their birthdays so they...
1. Find your perfect hotel View all hotels in Garden Grove
2. Find the right flight Search flights to Garden Grove #2 Hotel in Garden Grove
“Amazing Service and Awesome Rooms”
We arrived at hotel, stepping out of cab we were greeted outside of hotel by employee that led us into hotel to check us in. We arrived early (8:30 am), we fully expected to have...
2. Find the right flight Search flights to Garden Grove #3 Hotel in Garden Grove
“Softball Four-Day Event”
We came here for several days in June 2012. The best part of this hotel is the grand atrium. It's flooded with sunlight and it makes you feel so good. The rooms (at that time...
2. Find the right flight Search flights to Garden Grove Plan the perfect trip

value: This website is an American online travel company that operates a website and mobile app with user-generated content and a comparison shopping website.


text: $20.99 - $21.99 Iris 2-Piece Add-On Kit for 8-Panel Indoor/Outdoor Pet Pen for Dogs Try unlimited 2-day shipping FREE for 30 days See details | Sign up Free shipping on orders over $50 Free store pickup 1 Showing 4 of 4 results Departments Party & Occasions Office Pets Home Shipping & Pickup Show all Ship to Home FREE Pickup Brand Samsung Better Homes and Gardens Apple Mainstays General Tire Sevylor Straight Talk LG Revlon Sealy Crayola Goodyear HP Shark Eureka L'Oreal Ozark Trail VIZIO Schwinn Sony See more brands Special Offers Clearance Rollback Reduced Price New See more special offers Price $ to $ Go 0 - $10 $20 - $50 Color Multi White Beige Green Gray Black Blue Pink Brown Red Orange Purple Yellow Off-White Other See more colors Customer Rating 4.0 stars & Up 3.0 stars & Up Retailer Walmart.com Compute- app-11031939-4-52977802, DC- prod-dal4, ENV- prod-a, Ver- 47.0.0, SHA- 330b6d8b7fe1b5e8da2ce298fce537e03580ccc1, Log- 5edf9ba4-333a9-157809f62a7000 Site Information Be the first to save! Email Address Sign up Privacy Policy Stay connected Mobile apps Help Feedback MoneyCenter Privacy & Security CA Privacy Rights Terms of Use Walmart services See All Services Walmart MoneyCenter Walmart Credit Card Product Care Plans Walmart Pay Get to know us About Walmart.com Corporate Suppliers Marketplace Careers @WalmartLabs Walmart.com Terms of Use About Our Ads Affiliate Program CA Privacy Rights Privacy & Security Customer service Returns Policy Product Recalls Int’l Customers Tax Exempt Program Contact Us Feedback Store Pickup In the spotlight Expand Baby Cribs Strollers Diapers Baby Feeding Car Seats Expand Electronics Cut the Cable Computers TVs iPads & Tablets Expand Fitness Exercise Machines Vitamins Ellipticals Treadmills Fitbit Expand Keep Cool Air Conditioners Fans Swimming Pools Pool Toys Popular Products Expand International Sites Argentina Brazil Canada Chile China Japan Mexico United Kingdom © Walmart Stores, Inc. To ensure we’re able to help you as best we can, please include your reference number: Ref:

value: This website is an American multinational retail corporation that operates a chain of hypermarkets , discount department stores, and grocery stores from the United States, headquartered in Bentonville, Arkansas.


text:
TCBY - Fayetteville, AR | Groupon
640 Garland Avenue, Fayetteville, AR 72701 640 Garland Avenue, Fayetteville Directions
+14793012719
640 Garland Avenue,
Find the flavor that satisfies your sweet tooth at TCBY, a lovely ice cream shop in the Fayetteville region of Fayetteville.
Prices are reasonable, with a typical meal running under $30. When you are craving a creamy treat, swing by TCBY and scoop up some ice cream.
South Rolling Hills (2.6 mi)
North Heights (3 mi)

value: This website is an American global e-commerce marketplace connecting subscribers with local merchants by offering activities, travel, goods and services in 15 countries. Based in Chicago, Groupon was launched there in November 2008, launching soon after in Boston, New York City and Toronto.


text:
3.3.3.3 Consumption and Possible Selves for Symbolic Consumption and Identity construction
Welcome to Scribd, the world's digital library. Read, publish, and share books and documents. See moreDownloadStandard viewFull view of .Save to My LibraryLook up keyword or sectionLike thisShare on social networks17Activity×Share to your social networks.TweetEmbedTable Of ContentsPART 11. Introduction1.1 Problem Area1.2 Research Question1.3 Definitions1.4 Contributions1.5 Thesis Outline2. Method2.1 Scientific Approach and Methodology2.1.1 Interpretive Consumer Research2.1.2 The interpretive paradigm2.1.3 Symbolic Interactionism2.1.4 Social Constructivism2.1.5 Hermeneutic Phenomenology2.1.6 The Narrative Perspective2.2 Method of Reasoning2.3 Research Design2.3.1 Research Method2.3.2 Research Approach2.3.2.1 Phase 1: Secondary Data - Collages2.3.2.2 Phase 2: Primary Data – In-depth Interviews2.3.2.3 Phase 3: Analysis and Interpretation2.4 Validity and Reliability2.5 Objectivity2.6 DelimitationsPART 23. Theoretical Perspective and Foundation3.1 The Theoretical Perspective3.1.1 Identity Construction3.1.2 Symbolic Consumption3.2 The Theoretical Foundation3.2.1 The Movement of Meaning3.3.2 The Lived Meaning of Symbolic Consumption and Identity Construction3.3.3 Consumption and the Self3.3.3.1 Possessions as an Extension of the Self3.3.3.2 Consumption as “Me” or “Not Me”3.3.3.3 Consumption and Possible Selves3.3.4 Consumption as a Social Action3.4 Theoretical Summary3.5 Theoretical AnnotationPART 34. Analysis4.1 Analysis Part 1 – Portraits of the Adolescent Girls4.1.1 Portrait of Cecilie4.1.2 Portrait of Victoria4.1.3 Portrait of Nana4.1.4 Portrait of Stephanie4.1.5 Portrait of Katrine4.1.6 Portrait of Camilla4.1.7 Summary of the Portraits4.1.7.1 Conceptual Framework4.2 Analysis Part 2 – Characteristics of the Adolescent Girls4.2.1 ”Situoids”4.2.2 Anti Brand Slaves4.2.3 Individualistic Social Beings4.2.4 Experience Seekers4.2.5 Lifestyle Oriented4.2.6 Summary of the CharacteristicsPART 45. Conclusion5.1 Identity Construction through Symbolic Consumption among Adolescent Girls5.2 Characteristics of Adolescent Girls’ Consumer Behaviour5.3 Additional Key Learning’s5.4 Implications for Practitioners5.5 Further Research5.6 Validity of Research ResultsReferences0 of .Results for: No results containing your search query{{& result_text }}
P. 1Symbolic Consumption and Identity constructionSymbolic Consumption and Identity constructionRatings: (0)|Views: 18,927|Likes: 19Published by Daniel Hein MikkelsenA study of symbolic consumption and identity construction among danish adolescent girls. The thesis makes use of great models for working with symbolic consumption. In addition it provides a new model for working with this field. A study of symbolic consumption and identity construction among danish adolescent girls. The thesis makes use of great models for working with symbolic consumption. In addition it provides a new model for working with this field. More info:Categories:Types, Research, Business & EconomicsPublished by: Daniel Hein Mikkelsen on May 10, 2011Copyright:Attribution Non-commercialAvailability:Read on Scribd mobile: iPhone, iPad and Android.download as PDF, TXT or read online from ScribdFlag for inappropriate content|Add to collectionSee moreSee lesshttp://www.scribd.com/doc/55127008/Symbolic-Consumption-and-Identity-construction05/17/2013pdftextoriginal Master Thesis inMarketing Communication Management(MCM)Copenhagen Business SchoolSupervisor: Birgitte TufteStudents: Julie Rydahl & Daniel Mikkelsen
Activity (17)FiltersAdd to collectionReview Add NoteLikeShowingAllMost RecentReviewsAll NotesLikesYou've already reviewed this. Edit your review.Rating 0/5Post notePost reviewPost replyPost note and like1 hundred reads1 thousand readsMr. Bean's Brother liked thisjhizmeri liked thisFabricio Eu liked thisOluwakemi Oreagba liked thisice_coffee liked thisAnys Shukree liked thisKexin Tan liked thisFabricio Eu liked thisLoad more
Recommended Symbolic Consumption, SelfImage and Personality
rincse
Added to My Library Click again to add to a collection Removed from your Library Electronic Word of Mouth and Social Media – Opportunities...
Added to My Library Click again to add to a collection Removed from your Library Paton, The Categorical Imperative
Added to My Library Click again to add to a collection Removed from your Library Thomas Vaughan [=] The works of Eugenius Philalethes
Added to My Library Click again to add to a collection Removed from your Library Maternal ion
Added to My Library Click again to add to a collection Removed from your Library Tennyson & Words Worth
Added to My Library Click again to add to a collection Removed from your Library History of Serbia
Davor Prodanović
Pradtana Somboonsiri
Added to My Library Click again to add to a collection Removed from your Library Instructor's Manual/Study Guide AP European History - Civ...
jjcd789
Added to My Library Click again to add to a collection Removed from your Library Antonio Negri: Marx Beyond Marx. Lessons on the Grundriss...
Added to My Library Click again to add to a collection Removed from your Library Bloom's Guides. Sylvia Plath's the Bell Jar
Maria Paz Perezdel Castillo
RecommendedSymbolic Consumption, SelfImage and P...rincseElectronic Word of Mouth and Social M...Lars Heynemy MBA master-thesis about the opportunities and perils of word of mouth on t...Paton, The Categorical ImperativeIulian TănaseThomas Vaughan [=] The works of Eugen...SantoGuineforteMaternal ionPetru SîrghiTennyson & Words WorthHywel MorganHistory of SerbiaDavor ProdanovićWriting SkillsPradtana SomboonsiriInstructor's Manual/Study Guide AP Eu...jjcd789Antonio Negri: Marx Beyond Marx. Less...FILOSOFÍA EN COSTA RICAAntonio Negri: Marx Beyond Marx: Lessons on the Grundrisse(1979). (Marx más ...Bloom's Guides. Sylvia Plath's the Be...Maria Paz Perezdel Castillo076892474XSekolah Islam Al-Iman AmpangPrevious|NextPage 1 of 3

value: This website is an American e-book and audiobook subscription service that includes one million titles.


text:
BBC - Your Paintings - Virgin and Child
Virgin and Child by Russian School
Oil & metal on panel, 31.3 x 27 cm Collection: The Chequers Trust	Where to see this painting?

value: This website is the BBC's online service. It is a large network of websites including such high-profile sites as BBC News and Sport, the on-demand video and radio services co-branded BBC iPlayer, the children's sites CBBC and CBeebies, and learning services such as Bitesize.


text:
coasters! | Simple Gifts for Special Ones | Pinterest | Photo Coasters, Photo Tiles and Photo Tile Coasters
Coasters! Cool idea! I've seen this done with black and white photos...with the photo transferred directly onto the tile. Make sure to SEAL it...5 coats of Krylon Acrylic Clear Coat..worked perfectly! Picture Coaster, Crafts With Tile, Diy Tile Coaster, Mod Podge Tile, Photo Tile, Tile Coasters
Saved to Simple Gifts for Special Ones
MOD PODGE & SHARPIES Pin it
Debby Springstead
Family Christmas Gift, Bloated Bride, Gift Ideas, Diy Christmas Present, Dad Christmas Gift, Photo Coasters, Xmas Gift
The Bloated Bride: DIY Photo Coasters! - ESTE VALE UMA NOTA: EU FIZ, E NÃO BASTA USAR MOD PODGE (CASCOREZ) PRA FINALIZAR, PORQUE COPOS MOLHADOS ESTRAGAM A FOTO! TEM QUE USAR ALGUM TIPO DE VERNIZ.
~Billy & Nikki~2015~Pics of the dogs or the girls~Another coaster tutorial. But this time using clear Krylon after the mod podge to make the finish more durable! Bloated Bride: DIY Photo Coasters!
Resins, Coaster Mold, Candy Coasters, Resin Coasters, Resin Crafts, Photo, Resin Ideas, Resin Diy Coasters
Beverage coaster mold 893 resin jewelry making by ResinObsession, $8.49
How to transfer picture onto a block of wood (and the video is super cute too).
by crystalshea 110
coasters using napkins - so cute and so easy
Pretty sure I've pinned this b4, but jic! Homemade Tile Photo Coasters
Picture Coaster, Gift Ideas, Photo Tile, Photocoaster, Photo Coasters, Craft Ideas, Christmas Gift

value: This website is an image sharing and social media service designed to enable saving and discovery of information  on the internet using images, and on a smaller scale, animated GIFs and videos, in the form of pinboards. The site was created by Ben Silbermann, Paul Sciarra, and Evan Sharp, and had over 478 million global monthly active users as of March 2021.