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Bride gift. Lingerie shower underwear. Bridal lingerie. | Etsy
Bride gift. Lingerie shower underwear. Bridal lingerie. customized last name Bride underwear.lingerie.Bridal shower gift. Bridal Underwear
Select an option Gold glitter ($17.10) Silver Glitter ($17.10) Black ($14.40) Silver ($14.40) Gold ($14.40) White ($14.40) Hot pink ($14.40) Red ($14.40)
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Amanda Feb 27, 2019
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Machine wash inside out and tumble dry on low to extend the life of your hand-pressed item.
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1090 Hillandale Drive East, Port Orchard, WA 98366 1090 Hillandale Drive East, Port Orchard Directions
+13608712285
1090 Hillandale Drive East,
Take a break from your busy day and grab a quick burger at Burger King in Port Orchard.
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type: global

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Md. Nazmul Alam presentations | SlideShare
Work Deputy Head - Research, Monitoring and Evaluation at Euroconsult Mott MacDonald / BMB Mott MacDonald
About - Graduate in Sociology from Dhaka University, work experience of 10 (ten) years in various Participatory Research and Program Management, participatory Monitoring and Evaluation. - Over 5 years of participatory research experience including, i. Gender rights & Empowerment, ii. Gender-based violence iii. HIV and AIDS intervention iv. Child Protection v. Child labor, vi. Water, sanitation and hygiene. - Over 5 years of Experience in Project management i.e. i. Develop concept note, ii. Project Design, iii. Partnership Management, iv. Project Management, v. Co‐Lead in Baseline, midterm evaluation, end line and other project specific research Vi. Advocacy and campaigning. - Managed 1.8 m.
Results Based Monitoring and ... by madhawa66 5 years ago
Project Monitoring & Evaluation by srengasamy 9 years ago

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Geraldine Kurts Condolences | The Commercial Appeal
Geraldine Cole Kurts
Thank you for signing the Guest Book for Geraldine Cole Kurts.
Please take a moment to sign the Guest Book for Geraldine Cole Kurts.
Send me a daily email when updates are made to the obituary or Condolence page for Geraldine Cole Kurts.

value: This website is a United States-based website founded in 1998, the world's largest commercial provider of online memorials. The Web site hosts obituaries and memorials for more than 70 percent of all U.S. deaths.


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Ingebrigtsen and Asher-Smith Doubles Light Up Euros - The New York Times
Ingebrigtsen and Asher-Smith Doubles Light Up Euros
BERLIN — Jakob Ingebrigtsen, Norway's new sporting sensation, completed a unique European Championships double when he won the 5,000 metres just 24 hours after taking 1500m gold as the youngest track champion in the history of the event at just 17.
Yet the teenage phenomenon and his brother Henrik, who won silver behind him, were not the only athletes writing outlandish tales at the 84-year-old championships.
Dina Asher-Smith conclusively ended the reign of Dafne Schippers as Europe's sprint queen when she raced to victory in the 200 metres in the Olympic Stadium to complete her own 100m/200m golden double.
Sandra Perkovic, Croatia's queen of the discus, then became the first athlete ever to win five successive European titles in the same event, pulling out a fifth round winner of 67.62 metres to stop what would have been a German sweep of the medals.
Poland savoured an amazing three-gold night with Adam Kszczot becoming the first man to win three 800m titles while Justyna Swiety-Ersetic won a dramatic 400m before anchoring her team to gold in the 4x400m relay less than two hours later.
Anything the Ingebrigtsens can do, Belgium's Borlee brothers Dylan, Jonathan and Kevin like to think they can do better. Once again, they all featured in the men's 4x400 team that struck gold, just as they had in Amsterdam two years before.
Younger brother Dylan, 25, ran the opening leg, while third leg runner Jonathan passed the baton to his 30-year-old twin Kevin, who delivered an astonishing 43.91sec leg to tear past Spain's anchor man and turn silver into gold.
Ingebrigtsen was again the star of the show, though, using the searing pace that had helped him win the 1500 metres on Friday to race away from the field in a modest-paced race with a scintillating last lap of 54.05 seconds.
Former European 1500m champion Henrik, the oldest of the three remarkable Ingebrigtsen brothers, who are all trained by their father Gjert in the small Norwegian city of Sandnes, was left trailing down the home straight.
"I knew he would eventually become the best in Europe and the world, but that he could do it at 17, I couldn't imagine in my wildest dreams," 27-year-old Henrik said. "He earned it; he didn't just accidentally grab it."
Jakob, a phenomenal talent who became the youngest ever sub-four minute miler at 16, won in 13 minutes 17.06 seconds, a European under-20 record, while Henrik clocked 13:18.75.
After consigning Schippers to bronze when winning the 100 metres easily on Tuesday, Britain's Asher-Smith offered an even more telling blow in the Dutchwoman's best event as she sped to victory in 21.89 seconds, the world's fastest this year.
Silver medallist Schippers, twice world champion over the half-lap, ran her fastest race of the summer but was still beaten by a quarter of a second in 22.14 seconds.
By successfully defending her 200m crown, the 22-year-old Asher-Smith joined some of the great names who have achieved the 100/200m European double at the same championships, like Schippers herself (2014) as well as Poland's Irena Szewinska (1974) and the 'flying Dutchwoman' Fanny Blankers-Koen (1950).
"It's joy and also a shock," Asher-Smith, who will bid for a third gold in the 4x100m relay on Sunday.
"Things in my life don't normally go to plan. I looked at the time and couldn't believe it. This is completely new territory for me."
Kszczot raced to another stunning victory, tracking down France's world champion Pierre-Ambroise Bosse, who ended with bronze, on the crown of the final bend and sprinting away easily in one minute 44.59 seconds.
Swiety-Ersetic won the women's 400m in 50.41 seconds but there was heartbreak for Greece's Maria Belibasaki, the runaway leader who gave everything, broke her national record but, with legs turning to jelly, tumbled over the line 0.04sec adrift.
German jumpers had the stadium rocking too, Malaika Mihambo winning the long jump with a 6.75m leap and Mateusz Przybylko clearing a lifetime best-equalling 2.35m to take the high jump.

value: This website is an American daily newspaper based in New York City with a worldwide readership. Founded in 1851, the Times has since won 132 Pulitzer Prizes, the most of any newspaper, and has long been regarded within the industry as a national "newspaper of record".


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Patent US20040176677 - Imaging of biological structures - Google PatentsSearch Images Maps Play YouTube News Gmail Drive More »Sign inAdvanced Patent SearchPatentsImages of blood vessels of a body are obtained by injecting a refraction enhancement contrast agent into the blood vessels to increase a difference in refractive indices of the blood vessels and surrounding material. The blood vessels are irradiated with a penetrating radiation, and an image of the blood...http://www.google.com/patents/US20040176677?utm_source=gb-gplus-sharePatent US20040176677 - Imaging of biological structuresAdvanced Patent SearchPublication numberUS20040176677 A1Publication typeApplicationApplication numberUS 10/435,717Publication dateSep 9, 2004Filing dateMay 8, 2003Priority dateMar 4, 2003Also published asCA2449550A1, CA2449550C, US7991454, US20110288409Publication number10435717, 435717, US 2004/0176677 A1, US 2004/176677 A1, US 20040176677 A1, US 20040176677A1, US 2004176677 A1, US 2004176677A1, US-A1-20040176677, US-A1-2004176677, US2004/0176677A1, US2004/176677A1, US20040176677 A1, US20040176677A1, US2004176677 A1, US2004176677A1InventorsYeu-Kuang Hwu, Jung Je, Giorgio MargaritondoOriginal AssigneeYeu-Kuang Hwu, Giorgio Margaritondo, Je Jung HoExport CitationBiBTeX, EndNote, RefManReferenced by (2), Classifications (14), Legal Events (1) External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, EspacenetImaging of biological structuresUS 20040176677 A1Abstract Images of blood vessels of a body are obtained by injecting a refraction enhancement contrast agent into the blood vessels to increase a difference in refractive indices of the blood vessels and surrounding material. The blood vessels are irradiated with a penetrating radiation, and an image of the blood vessels is generated based on detected radiation. The image has visible edge enhancement features indicating boundaries of the blood vessels. Images(9) Claims(48)
RELATED APPLICATIONS [0001] The application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 60/451,854, filed on Mar. 4, 2003, entitled �X-RAY IMAGING.�
TECHNICAL FIELD [0002] This invention relates to imaging of biological structures. BACKGROUND [0003] X-ray imaging is often used to obtain images of internal organs of human or animals. Imaging of blood vessels by x-rays, also called angiography, is routinely performed in clinics to detect artery thrombosis or coronary artery diseases. Clinical angiography requires injecting a contrast agent that has a high x-ray absorption coefficient. The contrast agent includes elements having high atomic numbers, such as iodine. Due to the similarity of the absorption capability between blood, serum, vessels and neighboring tissues, it is difficult to produce recognizable contrast in the radiographs without using contrast agents. Injection of the contrast agents partially replaces the blood in the blood vessel with an x-ray absorbing fluid to create contrast in the x-ray images. The vessels appear darker than surrounding tissues if positive film is used, and brighter if negative film is used. [0004] The materials in the contrast agents that enhance x-ray absorption are generally harmful to the human body, and the injection procedure is often painful and dangerous. Passing absorption contrast agents through body vessels can cause both adverse long and short term side effects to the patient. If not administered safely, the injection process can cause serious injury or even fatality. SUMMARY [0005] Penetrating radiation can be used to obtain radiographs of internal organs, blood vessels, respiratory system, air passages, digestive systems, ureteral systems, and lymphatic circulating systems of an animal or human body without the use of absorption enhancement contrast materials. Boundaries of the internal organs or blood vessels are determined by detecting a difference in the refractive indices across the boundaries. The contrast of refractive indices is enhanced by injecting a material that increases the difference of refractive indices at the boundaries. [0006] As the penetrating radiation passes through internal body structures that have different refractive indices with respect to the radiation, portions of the radiation are altered by effects such as refraction. The altered radiation and other portions of the radiation in combination produce brighter and/or darker fringes that can be detected by a detector. Because internal body structures often have refractive indices that are different from surrounding tissue or fluid, alteration of radiation caused by differences in refractive indices highlights the edges (or boundaries) of the internal body structures. [0007] The contrast in images obtained by using refraction-based techniques is generally better than the contrast in images obtained by using absorption-based techniques (which depend on the differences in radiation absorption rates of different body parts). Refraction based techniques allow imaging of relatively small internal body structures, such as blood vessels that are less than 10 μm in diameter. In an image generated using differences in refractive indices, the edges of body parts are enhanced. In an image generated using differences in radiation absorption, the entire area of the body part has a different brightness than the surrounding area. Using the same exposure conditions (i.e., exposure time and radiation intensity), the �edge enhancements� created using refraction-based techniques is often more visible than the �area enhancements� created using absorption-based techniques. [0008] Refraction-based imaging techniques are particularly useful when the body part (e.g., soft tissue) to be imaged has a density similar to tissue or fluid, and is composed of elements with similar atomic numbers as the surrounding tissue or fluid. For such a body part, the difference in the absorption rates of the body part and its surrounding material (e.g., tissue or fluid) is small, and as a consequence, there may not be sufficient contrast for the body part to become visible in the image if absorption-based imaging techniques are used. Also, for small body parts (e.g., blood vessels less than 10 μm in diameter), even if their radiation absorption rate is different compared to surrounding tissue or fluid, due to their small size, the difference in the amount of absorption may not be visible in the image when absorption-based imaging techniques are used. [0009] In one aspect, the invention features a method that includes injecting a refraction contrast agent into a blood vessel to increase a difference in refractive indices of material inside the blood vessel and material outside of the blood vessel, irradiating the blood vessel with a penetrating radiation, and generating an image of a portion of the blood vessel based on detected radiation. [0010] Implementations of the invention may include one or more of the following features. [0011] The image is generated without using a material that enhances absorption of the radiation inside the blood vessel. [0012] The image has an edge enhancement feature indicating a boundary of the portion of the blood vessel. [0013] The edge enhancement feature is caused by refraction or diffraction, or both, of the radiation at the boundary. [0014] The edge enhancement feature includes a line positioned along the boundary, the line having an average diameter less than half the average diameter of the blood vessel. [0015] The refraction contrast agent increases the refractive index of the material inside the blood vessel. [0016] The refraction enhancement contrast agent includes artificial serum, alcohol, oil, collagen based fluid, polymer based fluid, gases having an atomic number less than 40, or any combinations of the above materials. [0017] In another aspect, the invention features a method that includes irradiating a blood vessel with a penetrating radiation, generating an image of a portion of the blood vessel based on detected radiation. The radiation is selected to have a wavelength and effective source size such that the image has an edge enhancement feature that indicates a boundary of the blood vessel. The edge enhancement feature is caused by refraction of the penetrating radiation near the boundary. [0018] Implementations of the invention may include one or more of the following features. [0019] The edge enhancement feature includes a line that has an average diameter less than half the average diameter of the blood vessel. [0020] The radiation is generated from a source, which when viewed from the blood vessels, extends an angle that is less than 1 mrad. [0021] The radiation comprise components having wavelengths smaller than 10 angstroms. [0022] The method also includes increasing a contrast between the edge enhancement feature and areas near the edge enhancement feature by adjusting a distance between the blood vessel and a detector used to detect the radiation. [0023] The method also includes generating a second image after the image is obtained, and comparing the image and the second image to detect a movement of the blood vessel. [0024] The method also includes generating a video showing movements of the blood vessel by generating a sequence of images, each image including edge enhancement features caused by refraction of the radiation near the boundary of the blood vessel. [0025] The method also includes detecting a presence of a tumor having outer diameters less than 10 mm by detecting a concentration of blood vessels [0026] In another aspect, the invention features a method that includes injecting a refraction contrast agent into an internal portion of a body to increase a difference in refractive indices of material inside the internal portion and material outside of the internal portion, irradiating the internal portion with a penetrating radiation, and generating an image of the internal portion based on detected radiation. [0027] Implementations of the invention may include one or more of the following features. [0028] The internal portion includes a portion of a heart, a lung, a liver, a kidney, tissue forming an air passage, a digestive organ, an organ of a ureteral system, or an organ of a lymphatic circulating system of a human. [0029] The internal portion includes a portion of a heart, a lung, a liver, a kidney, tissue forming an air passage, a digestive organ, an organ of a ureteral system, or an organ of a lymphatic circulating system of an animal. [0030] In another aspect, the invention features a method that includes irradiating an internal portion of a body with a penetrating radiation, and generating an image of the internal portion based on detected radiation, the radiation having a wavelength and effective source size selected such that the image has edge enhancement features that indicate edges of the internal portion, the edge enhancement features caused by refraction of the penetrating radiation near the edges. [0031] In another aspect, the invention features a method that includes irradiating a blood vessel with a penetrating radiation, and generating a first image and a second image of the blood vessel based on the radiation. The first image has edge enhancement features that indicate edges of the blood vessel. The second image has reduced edge enhancement features. A third image is generated based on the first and second images, the third image having edge enhancement features with a contrast greater than the edge enhancement features of the first image. [0032] Implementations of the invention may include one or more of the following features. [0033] Generating the third image includes subtracting the second image from the first image. [0034] The edge enhancement features include a dark line adjacent to an edge of the blood vessel. [0035] In another aspect, the invention features a method that includes inserting objects into a blood vessel of a body, irradiating the blood vessel with a penetrating radiation, and generating an image of the objects based on detected radiation, the image including edge enhancement features that indicate boundaries of the objects. [0036] Implementations of the invention may include one or more of the following features. [0037] The objects have refractive indices that are different from a wall of the blood vessel. [0038] The objects have refractive indices that are different from material outside of the blood vessel. [0039] The edge enhancement features are caused by refraction of the radiation at edges of the objects. [0040] The method also includes deriving an image of the blood vessels from the image of the objects. [0041] The objects include small gas bubbles comprising gas of atomic number less than 40 or plastic beads, or a mixture of the above materials. [0042] The plastic beads have diameters less than 1 mm. [0043] The method also includes generating successive images of the objects at different period of time to detect a movement of the objects through the blood vessels. [0044] In another aspect, the invention features an apparatus for angiography that includes an imaging device to generate images of blood vessels based on penetrating radiation irradiated on the blood vessels, and a data processor configured to generate a third image based on differences in a first image and a second image obtained by the imaging device at two different positions relative to the blood vessels, the third image having edge enhancement features indicating edges of the blood vessels, the edge enhancement features caused in part by refraction of the penetrating radiation at edges of the blood vessels. [0045] Implementations of the invention may include one or more of the following features. [0046] The apparatus also includes an injector for injecting a refraction enhancement contrast agent into the blood vessels. [0047] In another aspect, the invention features an apparatus for angiography that includes a support for supporting a body having blood vessels, a light source to generate a penetrating radiation that is irradiated on the blood vessels, and an imaging device to generate images of the blood vessel based on detected radiation, the light source having a wavelength and an effective source size selected so that the imaging device can generate images of the blood vessels, the images having edge enhancement features indicating edges of the blood vessels, the edge enhancement features caused by refraction of the penetrating radiation at the edges of the blood vessels. [0048] Implementations of the invention may include one or more of the following features. [0049] The apparatus also includes an aperture to adjust the effective source size. [0050] In another aspect, the invention features an apparatus that includes a support for supporting a body having blood vessels, and means for generating an image of the blood vessels based on penetrating radiation that is irradiated on the blood vessels, the image having edge enhancement features indicating boundaries of the blood vessels, the edge enhancement features caused by refraction of the radiation at edges of the blood vessels or by refraction of the radiation at edges of objects in the blood vessels. [0051] Implementations of the invention may include one or more of the following features. [0052] The apparatus also includes means for injecting a refraction contrast agent into the blood vessels to change the refractive index of material inside the blood vessel. [0053] The apparatus also includes means for detecting movements of the blood vessels based on the edge enhancement features. [0054] The apparatus also includes means for injecting objects into the blood vessels, the objects having refractive indices that are different from walls of the blood vessels or different from material outside of the blood vessels. [0055] The apparatus also includes means for processing two images of the blood vessels to enhance features that indicate boundaries of the blood vessels. [0056] Other features and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the description and drawings, and from the claims.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION [0066] Referring to FIG. 1, a penetrating radiation imaging system 100 includes a radiation guide 102 that receives a beam 112 of penetrating radiation (e.g., x-ray) from a radiation source 104 (e.g., a synchrotron). Source 104 produces penetrating radiation having wavelengths that are shorter than 1 nm. The penetrating radiation is irradiated on a measurement object 110 and detected by a detector unit 128. Object 110 may be a live animal. [0067] The term �penetrating radiation� refers to radiation having sufficiently high energy that can pass through the object being imaged. Examples of penetrating radiation are x-rays and gamma rays. Beam 112 may have a wavelength less than 0.03 nm when system 100 is used to image internal structures of humans, and may have a wavelength of about 0.08 nm when system 100 is used to image small animals. [0068] The radiation source 104 is designed to have a small effective size (i.e., the size of the radiation source as seen from object 110) so that effects due to refraction are not washed out by superposition of patterns generated from different portions of the radiation source. The effective size of radiation source 104 can be reduced by using a smaller radiation source and/or by placing the radiation source 104 at a longer distance away from object 110. Reducing the effective size of the radiation source 104 reduces the intensity of beam 112 on object 110. The effective size of the radiation source 104 is selected so that beam 112 has sufficient intensity to create recognizable images with a sufficient level of detail. [0069] When beam 112 is directed towards object 110, portions of beam 112 refract as they pass through object 110 because different parts of object 110 have different refractive indices. The refraction results in edge enhancement features in the images that indicate the boundaries of the different parts. Beam 112, after passing through object 110, is detected by detector unit 128. Detector unit 128 produces an image that shows boundaries of the object's internal structures. [0070] In one example, the effective size (i.e., cross sectional area as seen from object 110) of the radiation source 104 is selected to be sufficiently small such that refraction enhancement features are not �washed out,� as would happen if a radiation source having a larger size were used. When a radiation source with larger effective size is used, radiation from different portions of the source interfere with one another, hence washing out the refraction enhancement features. As an example, to view a blood vessel less than 1 mm in diameter, a source extending less than 1 mrad (�0.06 degrees) (as seen from object 110) can be used, [0071] Beam 112 does not have to be monochromatic, i.e., having a single wavelength or a wavelength within a very narrow range. Thus, white light (i.e., radiation having a continuous spectrum of wavelengths) from a synchrotron may be used in system 100. [0072] System 100 includes a slit module 114 and a controllable attenuator 116 that are positioned between light guide 102 and object 110. Slit module 114 adjusts the cross section dimension of beam 112, and controllable attenuator 116 controls the intensity of the beam 112. Controllable attenuator 116 is controlled by attenuator controller 124. A fixed attenuator 106 is placed in light guide 102 to reduce the intensity of the penetrating radiation to a safe level. [0073] System 100 includes a rotatable stage 130 connected to a translatable stage 118. Rotatable stage 130 supports object 110 and can be rotated relative to translatable stage 118. Stepper motors 120 and 122 adjust the position of stage 118 in the X- and Y-direction, respectively, relative to detector unit 128. A third stepper motor (not shown) inside stage 118 adjusts the position of stage 130 in the Z-direction relative to detector unit 128. The stepper motors are controlled by a motor controller 126. [0074] Stages 118 and 130 are adapted to support the object to be imaged. Where object 110 represents a human patient, the stages are replaced by larger supports designed to allow the human patient to lie or sit comfortably while radiographs are taken. [0075] The detector unit 128 includes a scintillator 132 and a CCD camera 136. Scintillator 132 converts the penetrating radiation of beam 112 into light having a wavelength that is detected by CCD camera 136. In this embodiment, scintillator 132 is made of cadmium tungstate (CdWO4). A magnifying lens 138 is used to enlarge the image of the irradiated portion of object 110. Signals generated by camera 136 are sent to an image acquisition system 140, which includes a display 142 for displaying the images obtained by CCD camera 136. Image acquisition system 140 includes a storage device (not shown), such as a hard disk drive, for storing the images. [0076] With reference to FIG. 2, the principles of edge enhancement based on refraction are described. An object 144 (e.g., a body part or an object inserted into an internal portion of a body) having a tapered edge 148 is illuminated by an x-ray beam 146. Object 144 is surrounded by a medium that has a refractive index different from the refractive index of object 144. The x-ray beam 146 for illuminating object 144 and surrounding medium is detected by a detector 150. The beam intensity in an area 156 is lower (compared to the bean intensity in an area 157) due to absorption of x-rays by object 144. [0077] Because the refractive indices of object 144 and the surrounding medium are different, x-rays passing through the tapered edge 148 will refract and change propagation direction. The propagation direction of the refracted x-rays deviate from the original propagation direction by an angle α that depends on the edge slope and on the real part of the refractive index of object 144. The angular displacement α causes a brighter fringe 152 and a darker fringe 154 to appear at the detector 150. Edge enhancement features that include the brighter fringe 152 and darker fringe 154 indicate the edge or boundary of object 144. The term �brighter� means that the intensity of the radiation is higher and does not mean that it appears brighter to a human eye since the radiation may be invisible to the eye. [0078] The intensity of x-rays detected by detector 150 has a profile 162 with enhanced features at the position of edge 148. The intensity of radiation at a region 158 is lower than the intensity of radiation at a region 160 due to absorption of x-rays by object 144. The darker fringe 154 has an intensity lower than that of region 158 because the rays were refracted away from region 154. The brighter fringe 152 has an intensity higher than region 160. The higher intensity is caused by a summation of refracted rays and rays that are not refracted. [0079] Edge enhancements based on refraction result in the brighter fringe 152 and the darker fringe 154. This enhances visibility of tapered edge 148, making it easier determine the boundary of object 144. When applied to angiography, edge enhancements based on refraction allow a doctor to see the boundaries of blood vessels of a patient more clearly. [0080] If the intensities in areas 158 and 160 are high, the contrast between the brighter fringe 152 and areas 158, 160 is lower, while the contrast between the darker fringe 154 and areas 158 and 160 is higher. In this situation, the edge enhancement features appear as a darker line in a lighter background. Conversely, if the intensities in areas 158 and 160 are low, the contrast between the brighter fringe 152 and areas 158, 160 is higher, while the contrast between the darker fringe 154 and areas 158, 160 is lower. In this situation, the edge enhancement features appear as a brighter line in a darker background. [0081] Edge enhancements based on refraction are most significant when the distance r0 between object 144 and detector 150 falls within a certain range. The average distance a between the darker and brighter fringes appearing on the detector is determined by the width of the tapered edge in a direction perpendicular to the propagation direction of the x-rays. The fringes have an average width b that increases roughly proportional to r0, and can be written as b≈r0�α. The fringe width b also depends the shape of the edge 148 (which affects α) and the real part of the refractive index of object 144. When fringe width b becomes larger than a, it becomes more difficult to distinguish between the darker fringe 154 and the brighter fringe 152 from each other and from the other regions. Thus, the enhancements due to refraction become less visible when r0 increases above a threshold distance, which depends on the geometry of the object being measured. The distance r0 should be large enough so that the distance between the darker and brighter fringes is sufficiently far apart to be resolved by detector 150. [0082] Referring again to FIG. 1, to obtain images of internal structures of object 110, stage 118 is initially positioned closer to detector unit 128, then moved in a direction away from detector unit 128. If object 110 has a complex internal structure, there will be tapered edges with different widths and edge slopes, causing rays to refract at different angles. The edge enhancements based on refraction will be more prominent for different internal structures when stage 118 is positioned at different locations. [0083] An adjustable aperture 108 is used to reduce the effective size of radiation source 104 as viewed by object 110 so that the effective size is smaller than the deviation of beam 112 caused by refraction. The effective size of the radiation source can also be reduced by increasing the distance between radiation source 104 and object 110. The distance (e.g., r0 in FIG. 2) between detector unit 128 and object 110 is adjusted to increase the visibility of the refraction based edge-enhancement effects with respect to detector unit 128. Adjustment of the distance between detector unit 128 and object 110 depends on the feature size that a user wishes to visualize. For example, if one intends to visualize a blood vessel of 100 μm in size, the edge enhancement features (the dark and/or bright fringes) would be designed to be smaller than about half the blood vessel size (50 μm). [0084]FIGS. 3A-3E show images of blood vessels of a 12-week old male rat (Sprague Dawley, body weight about 200 gm). The rat was generally anesthetized and monitored according to standard animal care procedures. The images were obtained using unmonochromatized synchrotron x-rays (white beam). The x-rays came from a 5C1 beam line of the Pohang Light Source in Korea. The rat was positioned upright with an animal holder on top of stage 130. The images in FIGS. 3A-3E have the same magnification. The scale bar 190 represents 200 μm. The exposure time of each image in FIGS. 3A-3E was 15 milliseconds. [0085]FIGS. 3A and 3B show draining vessels (e.g., 180) of an eyeball 182 of the rat. Intertwined blood vessels are visible and are representative of choroidal blood vessel networks. In FIG. 3A, before the image was taken, the blood vessels were injected with a small amount of diluted iodine contrast dye (Imagopaque�, 300 mg I/ml, 0.3 ml, diluted by one half with normal saline in a 1.0 ml syringe). The contrast dye was injected through the proximal common carotid artery at the anterior neck with a fine polyethylene tube (having an outside diameter of 0.8 mm). The tube was inserted about 5 mm towards the head before the carotid bifurcation. The contrast agent was used to show that the observed features are indeed live blood vessels. [0086] In FIG. 3B, the image was taken several minutes after the contrast dye has passed through the vessel. The image shows edge enhancement features (darker lines) that indicate the boundaries of the small vessels (see encircled region 168). The edge enhancement features are the result of refraction at the edges of the blood vessels. [0087] Some visible blood vessels in FIG. 3A and FIG. 3B have outer diameters less than 200 μm. [0088] A comparison of a region 166 in FIG. 3A and region 168 in FIG. 3B shows that the vessel walls (e.g., 184) are more visible without the iodine contrast dye. There are two reasons for this. First, the iodine contrast dye absorbs a portion of the refracted x-rays, so fewer x-rays are detected to produce the brighter and darker fringes. Second, the iodine contrast dye reduces the difference between the refractive indices of materials inside and outside of the blood vessels. [0089]FIGS. 3C-3E show tree-like auricle blood vessels (e.g., 186) having widths of 8 to 100 μm. FIG. 3C shows blood vessels from a different part of the same mouse as FIGS. 3A and 3B. The blood vessels have tree-like features (e.g., 188, enclosed in dash lines) that were previously difficult to image in live animals. The image in FIG. 3C was obtained after the passage of the iodine contrast dye. [0090]FIGS. 3D and 3E show a comparison of the same vessel during and after the passage of the iodine contrast dye. In FIG. 3D, a blood vessel 170 appears slightly darker than surrounding tissue. Blood vessel 170 appears darker near the central region (because the x-rays have to pass through a thicker portion of the contrast dye) and less dark toward the edges. There is no clear boundary between blood vessel 170 and surrounding tissue. In FIG. 3E, for the same blood vessel 170, there are edge enhancement features indicating the boundaries of the blood vessel. The edge enhancement features appear as dark lines (one dark line along each side of the blood vessel) positioned along the blood vessel walls, showing the boundary between the blood vessels and surrounding tissue. [0091] Comparing FIGS. 3D and 3E shows that absorption-based enhancement effects cause the entire blood vessel to be enhanced, but with a lower contrast. Refraction-based enhancement effects cause only the boundaries to be enhanced, and with a higher contrast. [0092]FIG. 4 shows images of blood vessels of a female mouse (ICR, 24.7 gm, Daehan Biolink Co., Korea). The images in FIG. 4 were obtained without injection of a contrast dye to enhance absorption of x-rays. The larger image shows blood vessels (e.g., 186) in an area near the ankle. It has good resolution and contrast. The scale bar represents 100 μm. An inset 188 shows an enlarged image taken from a different region of the leg of the same mouse. The outer diameters of some of the blood vessels in inset 188 are smaller than 20 μm. For each image, the exposure time was about 30 milliseconds. [0093] In the images of FIG. 4, blood vessels 186 have edge enhancement features that indicate the boundaries of the blood vessels. In this example, the edge enhancement features are thin lines 187 positioned along the boundaries of the blood vessels 186. [0094] By using edge enhancements based on refraction, images of blood vessels can be obtained in a short amount of time. Successive images of the blood vessels can be taken to show movements of the vessels. A video of the movements of the blood vessels may be generated. The images can be stored (e.g., by image acquisition system 140) for later use. [0095]FIG. 5 shows an image of organs and blood vessels of a mouse. The image was taken from the lower body near the pelvis of a male mouse (ICR, 30.2 gm, Daehan Biolink Co., Korea). No contrast agent was used when this image was taken. The width of the entire image corresponds to about 1 cm. The image shows that blood vessels having an outer diameter less than 10 μm can be observed. [0096] The images of FIGS. 3A-5 demonstrate that high-resolution micro-angiography can be implemented without the complications caused by injection of absorption enhancement contrast dyes. Using edge enhancements based on differences in refractive indices at edges of blood vessels, images of blood vessels less than 10 μm may be obtained. The ability to image small vessels allows a doctor to detect changes in morphological parameters (i.e., the length and diameter of blood vessels or the number of bifurcation points) to detect vascular diseases. [0097] For example, the luminal narrowing of the heart coronary arteries and the brain small arteries cause heart and cerebral stroke, respectively, due to arteriosclerosis. In the past, it was difficult to detect such features because injecting absorption enhancement contrast dyes into these arteries could cause injury to the patient. Using angiography techniques that do not use absorption enhancement contrast agents will improve diagnosis of such ailments. [0098] Angiography techniques that do not use absorption enhancement contrast agents can also be used to detect tumors by detecting micro-vessels in the tumors. Tumor tissues require nutrition and oxygen for growth and metastasis. Tumor tissues often form new, thin blood vessels (neovascularization) to supply nutrition and oxygen. These new blood vessels may have an outer diameter less than 100 m. By detecting a clustering of micro-vessels, the probability of detecting tumor at its early stages is increased. An example is shown in FIG. 6, which shows an agglomeration of blood vessels 200 in a sliced tissue from the liver of a liver cancer patient [0099] Angiography techniques that do not use absorption enhancement contrast agents may be applied in the study of angiogenesis (vessel formation) and oncogenesis (tumor development). It can also be used in the early detection of tumors and vascular problems, and detection of abnormal changes in the natural movements of vital organs. [0100] An advantage of angiography techniques that do not use absorption enhancement contrast dyes is that when taking images of a small portion of the body, it is not necessary to inject contrast dyes that circulate through a large portion of the body, causing side effects to the larger portion of the body. [0101] The images of blood vessels can be further enhanced by injecting refraction contrast agents that can dissolve in blood serum and increase the difference of refractive indices of the blood serum and the blood vessel walls. Contrast agents that increase the difference of refractive indices between materials inside and outside of the blood vessel walls can also be used. Such contrast agents that affect refractive indices are different from absorption-enhancement contrast agents. [0102] In the examples below, refraction enhancement contrast agents are used to increase the refractive index of the material inside the blood vessels or internal organs. Refraction reduction contrast agents can also be used to decrease the refractive index of the material inside the blood vessels (or internal organs) so as to increase the difference in refractive indices between the materials inside and outside the blood vessels (or internal organs). [0103] Refraction enhancement contrast agents can be more biologically compatible and safer to the body because these contrast agents do not use high atomic number elements (which is commonly used in absorption contrast agents). Using such refraction enhancement contrast agents is usually more comfortable to the patient. Materials having properties similar to blood or serum can have very different refractive index values from blood or serum. Examples of materials that can be used to enhance refraction include collagen, polymer, artificial serum, alcohol, oil, emulsion, polymer based fluid, or gases having lower atomic numbers. [0104] Small particles that cannot be directly detected by the detector unit (e.g., 128) but whose presence modifies the overall refractive index of the fluid in the blood vessels can be used to enhance contrast at the boundaries between the fluid that contains those particles and the fluid or tissue that do not contain those particles. [0105] Small objects (such as micro bubbles, capsules, or plastic beads), that have refractive indices different from the refractive index of blood can also be injected into blood vessels. In one example, the objects have dimensions less than 1 μm. Edge enhancements based on refraction can enhance the boundaries of those objects, and images of blood vessels can be derived from images of the small objects. [0106] In the past, to obtain x-ray images of lungs, patients have to inhale absorption enhancement contrast gases, such as xenon, to increase the quality of the images. There can be adverse side effects in inhaling xenon. Using edge enhancements based on refraction, the patient no longer has to inhale gases containing high atomic number elements. Edge enhancements based on refraction can be used to obtain images of bronchia walls, trachea walls, lung, and alveolar. [0107]FIG. 7A shows an example of a portion of the lung of the same mouse as shown in FIG. 5. The photo shows a portion of the trachea, with markings showing the tracheal walls. [0108]FIG. 7B shows a portion of the lung, the rough texture indicating the radiation being refracted by small lung cells. If the radiation wavelength and effective source size were selected so that effects due to refraction wash out, the texture of the lung would be smooth. [0109]FIG. 8 shows an image of lung cells and blood vessels that were taken from a slide containing tissue obtained from an inflated pig lung. The edge enhancement features (seen in the image as darker lines, e.g., 202, and brighter lines, e.g., 204) indicate boundaries of the cells or blood vessels. [0110] An advantage of using edge enhancement based on refraction is that images of smaller blood vessels can be obtained. When absorption enhancement contrast agents are used, to obtain sufficient contrast, the concentration of the contrast agents cannot be too low. When the blood vessels are very thin, such as those having a diameter less than 200 μm and shown in FIG. 3A, the contrast enhancing effect of the absorption enhancement contrast agent is much reduced. Thus, using techniques that use absorption enhancement contrast agents, it is difficult to image blood vessels having a diameter less than 100 μm in a mouse body that is 30 mm thick. By comparison, enhancement of edges or boundaries of materials having different refractive indices allows detection of blood vessels having a diameter less than 10 μm. This is true even when those blood vessels are enclosed by a thick body part, as demonstrated in FIGS. 3A-8. [0111] Referring to FIGS. 9A-9C, the edge enhancement features may be further enhanced by detecting differences in two images, one with edge enhancement features, the other with reduced edge enhancement features. To illustrate this technique, the setup in FIG. 1 is used, and an animal having blood vessels is used as object 110. As discussed previously, edge enhancements based on refraction are most significant when the distance between object 110 and detector unit 128 falls within a certain range. Initially, object 110 is placed at a first distance from detector unit 128 such that the first distance falls within the certain range. Detector unit 128 generates a first image 210 having a blood vessel 212 . In image 210, blood vessel 212 has edge enhancement features 214 that are darker than a center region 213 and darker than areas 215 outside of the blood vessel. The first image 210 is sent to the image acquisition system 140. [0112] Object 110 is then positioned at a second distance from detector unit 128 such that the first distance falls outside of the certain range. Detector unit 128 generates a second image 216 of blood vessel 212. In the second image 216, blood vessel 212 has reduced edge enhancement features 220 (i.e., the contrast between the edge enhancement features 220 and adjacent areas is reduced). The second image is sent to image acquisition system 140. [0113] Image acquisition system 140 has a data processor that generates a third image 221 by subtracting the second image 216 from the first image 210. The third image 218 shows edge enhancement features 222 that has a contrast (compared with a region 224 inside the blood vessel and a region 226 outside the blood vessel) greater than the contrast of edge enhancement features 214 in image 210. Comparing images 210 and 216, the difference in brightness (or darkness) of the edge enhancement features is greater than the difference in brightness (or darkness) at regions inside and outside the blood vessel. This causes the edge enhancement features 222 to be more prominent in image 221. [0114] Although some examples have been discussed above, other implementation and applications are also within the scope of the following claims. For example, beam 112 can have different wavelengths, and can be generated from different radiation sources. Examples of penetrating radiation include micro-focus x-rays generated from bombardment of a metal target, x-rays generated by laser plasma, neutron beams, and gamma rays. Instead of X-ray, a beam of neutrons can also be used as the penetrating radiation. Detector unit 128 can be any device sensitive to the penetrating radiation and with sufficient resolution to show the refraction-enhancement features. Detector unit 128 may include film that is sensitive to the penetrating radiation. In the description above, refraction enhancement techniques were described. Using the apparatus of FIG. 1, diffraction enhancement can also be used if beam 112 has sufficient longitudinal coherence. By adjusting the distance between object 110 and detector unit 128, it is possible to detect edge enhancement effects due to diffraction at edges of internal structures of object 110. DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS [0057]FIG. 1 is an x-ray imaging system. [0058]FIG. 2 is a diagram showing x-ray refraction. [0059]FIGS. 3A-5 show images of live blood vessels. [0060]FIG. 6 shows blood vessels of a liver in a patient who had liver cancer. [0061]FIG. 7A shows the trachea of a mouse. [0062]FIG. 7B shows lung cells of a mouse. [0063]FIG. 8 shows lung cells of a pig. [0064]FIGS. 9A-9C are diagrams representing images of a blood vessel with edge enhancement features. [0065] Like reference symbols in the various drawings indicate like elements.
Referenced byCiting PatentFiling datePublication dateApplicantTitleWO2006069379A2 *Dec 22, 2005Jun 29, 2006Bio Tree Systems IncMedical imaging methods and apparatus for diagnosis and monitoring of diseases and uses thereforWO2013130382A1 *Feb 25, 2013Sep 6, 2013United Technologies CorporationMethod of detecting material in a part* Cited by examinerClassifications U.S. Classification600/407, 382/130, 600/431, 128/922International ClassificationA61B6/00Cooperative ClassificationA61B6/4092, A61B6/504, A61B6/482, A61B6/481, A61B6/484European ClassificationA61B6/48H, A61B6/48D, A61B6/48B, A61B6/50HLegal EventsDateCodeEventDescriptionAug 14, 2003ASAssignmentOwner name: ACADEMIA SINICA, TAIWANFree format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:HWU, YEU-KUANG;MARGARITONDO, GIORGIO;JE, JUNG HO;REEL/FRAME:014379/0433;SIGNING DATES FROM 20030610 TO 20030721Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:HWU, YEU-KUANG;MARGARITONDO, GIORGIO;JE, JUNG HO;SIGNINGDATES FROM 20030610 TO 20030721;REEL/FRAME:014379/0433RotateOriginal ImageGoogle Home - Sitemap - USPTO Bulk Downloads - Privacy Policy - Terms of Service - About Google Patents - Send FeedbackData provided by IFI CLAIMS Patent Services©2012 Google

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Operational Excellence Healthcare Alliance (OEHA) Launched at IHI Forum Contact Us
dansk	Deutsch	español	Français	italiano	Nederlands	norsk	português	suomeksi	svenska	Operational Excellence Healthcare Alliance (OEHA) Launched at IHI Forum
Dec 10, 2015, 11:51 ET
from Operational Excellence Healthcare Alliance
ORLANDO, Fla., Dec. 10, 2015 /PRNewswire/ -- The Operational Excellence Healthcare Alliance (OEHA) was officially launched today at the annual forum of the Institute for Healthcare Improvement in Orlando, Florida. "We chose the IHI meeting for our launch because hospitals at this conference already see the value of process improvement," said Eric Lavelle, CEO of OEHA. "We are delighted with the warm reception OEHA is receiving which confirms that US healthcare is ready for OpEx."
Operational excellence is "doing the right things right, consistently." Operational excellence puts the right people in the right place at the right time with the right tools – and a defined methodology that is measurable. OpEx hospitals operate in an environment where clinical and financial functions are integrated, and their outcomes are linked to the operations that support them. "The OEHA approach to this transformation is unique," said Andreas Nordheider, Operational Excellence Director. "We recognize people as the key to success, and have designed methodologies and tools to ensure that organizations and people evolve together. The result is operational excellence."
All clinical outcomes are the result of a process Hospital operations (processes) form the foundation for all clinical work Effective hospital operations (processes) are critical to financial health Clinical & financial success demands operational excellence Hospitals can exercise organizational will and choose a path to becoming OpEx hospitals, and With expert mentoring, OpEx hospitals will achieve breakthrough success in numerous other areas of human endeavor using the well-honed OpEx tools.
"Historically, we have relied upon clinical expertise for superior outcomes," said Dr. Tony Joseph, OEHA advisor. "In today's complex environment, we now understand that operational excellence forms the essential foundation for success – and that is exactly what the OpEx Alliance brings to hospitals."
OEHA is made up of hospital members working collaboratively together. The OpEx Alliance brings an inclusive holistic approach to operational excellence. The business paradigm of VOC (voice of the consumer) translates for hospitals as the voice of the member. OEHA listens to its members. Many hospitals feel that their voice is lost in the crowd in today's political milieu. Clinicians, including doctors, nurses and others, have been reduced to 'providers' while executive turnover in hospital management is significant. Many who could otherwise use their expertise to transform healthcare in the 21st century are feeling disaffected. A substantial number have simply given up. Data, analytics, predictive analytics are the buzz – and many consultants claim a solution. Yet, the competitive nature of today's marketplace renders these options largely ineffective.
OEHA believes that it all starts with people. OEHA listens and crafts strategies that get complex organizations successfully from A to B in a timely way. OEHA is collaborative and cooperative. OEHA is the only OpEx membership organization offering this approach in America. The Operational Excellence Healthcare Alliance is based in Atlanta, Georgia and is powered by Kienbaum, a highly regarded European company with 70 years of experience and offices in numerous countries around the globe.
A series of webinars on operational excellence, quality management systems, complexity costing, applied analytic strategies, and cultural transformation within the highly siloed healthcare environment are scheduled in the coming months – stay tuned for more details as they are posted online. Visit Operational Excellence Healthcare Alliance on LinkedIn, kienbaum.com or contact Rialda Isovic through Email or Brian Dickerson through Email for more information.
Contact: Eric M. LavelleChief Executive Officer2002 Summit BoulevardAtlanta, Georgia 30319USAPhone: 843.804.0020Email
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CSI: Crime Scene Investigation: Sqweegel (Season 11: Ep. 4) (2010)
CSI: Crime Scene Investigation: House of Hoarders (Season 11: Ep. 5) (2010)
CSI: Crime Scene Investigation: Cold Blooded (Season 11: Ep. 6) (2010)
CSI: Crime Scene Investigation: Bump and Grind (Season 11: Ep. 7) (2010)
CSI: Crime Scene Investigation: Fracked (Season 11: Ep. 8) (2010)
CSI: Crime Scene Investigation: Wild Life (Season 11: Ep. 9) (2010)
CSI: Crime Scene Investigation: 418 / 427 (Season 11: Ep. 10) (2010)
CSI: Crime Scene Investigation: Man Up (Season 11: Ep. 11) (2011)
CSI: Crime Scene Investigation: A Kiss Before Frying (Season 11: Ep. 12) (2011)
CSI: Crime Scene Investigation: The Two Mrs. Grissoms (Season 11: Ep. 13) (2011)
CSI: Crime Scene Investigation: All That Cremains (Season 11: Ep. 14) (2011)
CSI: Crime Scene Investigation: Targets of Obsession (Season 11: Ep. 15) (2011)
CSI: Crime Scene Investigation: Turn On, Tune In, Drop Dead (Season 11: Ep. 16) (2011)
CSI: Crime Scene Investigation: The List (Season 11: Ep. 17) (2011)
CSI: Crime Scene Investigation: Hitting for the Cycle (Season 11: Ep. 18) (2011)
CSI: Crime Scene Investigation: Unleashed (Season 11: Ep. 19) (2011)
CSI: Crime Scene Investigation: Father of the Bride (Season 11: Ep. 20) (2011)
CSI: Crime Scene Investigation: Cello and Goodbye (Season 11: Ep. 21) (2011)
CSI: Crime Scene Investigation: In a Dark, Dark House (Season 11: Ep. 22) (2011)
Season 11 of the hit drama CSI picks up where it left off - with Langston on the floor of a jail cell bleeding profusely - and ends with the team solving the mystery surrounding the explosion of a van during a funeral ("Shock Waves"). Future episodes cont
Season 11 of the hit drama CSI picks up where it left off - with Langston on the floor of a jail cell bleeding profusely - and ends with the team solving the mystery surrounding the explosion of a van during a funeral ("Shock Waves"). Future episodes contain grisly crimes involving a shark attack in the crowded pool of a casino ("Pool Shark") and the decapitation of a young man found in the woods ("Blood Moon"). Other cases involve the knife attack of a legendary vegas icon ("Sqweegel") and the CSI's reopen a cold case involving two young girls who went missing five years ago.


text:
CIA's use of journalists and clergy in intelligence operations : hearing before the Select Committee on Intelligence of the United States Senate, One Hundred Fourth Congress, second session ... Wednesday, July 17, 1996. (Microform, 1996) [WorldCat.org]
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The Ruby Way: Solutions and Techniques in Ruby Programming Addison-Wesley Professional Ruby: Amazon.co.uk: Hal Fulton: Books
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The Ruby Way: Solutions and Techniques in Ruby Programming (Addison-Wesley Professional Ruby) [Paperback]
Hal Fulton (Author)
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Publication Date: 25 Oct 2006 | ISBN-10: 0672328844 | ISBN-13: 978-0672328848 | Edition: 2 Ruby is an agile object-oriented language, borrowing some of the best features from LISP, Smalltalk, Perl, CLU, and other languages. Its popularity has grown tremendously in the five years since the first edition of this book. The Ruby Way takes a “how-to” approach to Ruby programming with the bulk of the material consisting of more than 400 examples arranged by topic. Each example answers the question “How do I do this in Ruby?” Working along with the author, you are presented with the task description and a discussion of the technical constraints. This is followed by a step-by-step presentation of one good solution. Along the way, the author provides detailed commentary and explanations to aid your understanding. Coverage includes • An overview of Ruby, explaining terminology and basic principles• Operations on low-level data types (numbers, strings, regular expressions, dates)• The new regular expression engine (Oniguruma)• Internationalization (I18N) and message catalogs in Ruby• Operations on hashes, arrays, and other data structures such as stacks, trees, and graphs• Working with general I/O, files, and persistent objects• Database coverage including MySQL, SQLite, Oracle, DBI, and more• Ruby-specific techniques in OOP and dynamic programming• Graphical interfaces in Ruby (Tk, GTK+, Fox, and Qt)• Working with Ruby threads for lightweight multitasking• Everyday scripting and system administration in Ruby• Working with image files, PDFs, YAML, XML, RSS, and Atom• Testing, debugging, profiling, and packaging Ruby code• Low-level network programming and client-server interaction• Web development tools including Rails, Nitro, Wee, IOWA, and more• Working with distributed Ruby, Rinda, and Ring• Ruby development tools such as IDEs, documentation tools, and more The source code for the book can be downloaded from www.rubyhacker.com Hal Fulton has worked for over 15 years with variousforms of Unix, including AIX, Solaris, and Linux. He was first exposed to Ruby in 1999, and in 2001 he began work on the first edition of this book–the second Ruby book published in the English language. He has attendednumerous Ruby conferences and has given presentations at several of those, including the first European Ruby Conference. He has two degrees in computer science from the University of Mississippi and taught computer science for four years before moving to Austin, Texas to work as a contractor for variouscompanies, including IBM Austin. Hal currently works at Broadwing Communications in Austin, Texas, maintaining a large data warehouse and related telecom applications, working daily with C++, Oracle, and, of course, Ruby. Show More
Ruby is an agile object-oriented language, borrowing some of the best features from LISP, Smalltalk, Perl, CLU, and other languages. Its popularity has grown tremendously in the five years since the first edition of this book. The Ruby Way takes a “how-to” approach to Ruby programming with the bulk of the material consisting of more than 400 examples arranged by topic. Each example answers the question “How do I do this in Ruby?” Working along with the author, you are presented with the task description and a discussion of the technical constraints. This is followed by a step-by-step presentation of one good solution. Along the way, the author provides detailed commentary and explanations to aid your understanding. Coverage includes • An overview of Ruby, explaining terminology and basic principles• Operations on low-level data types (numbers, strings, regular expressions, dates)• The new regular expression engine (Oniguruma)• Internationalization (I18N) and message catalogs in Ruby• Operations on hashes, arrays, and other data structures such as stacks, trees, and graphs• Working with general I/O, files, and persistent objects• Database coverage including MySQL, SQLite, Oracle, DBI, and more• Ruby-specific techniques in OOP and dynamic programming• Graphical interfaces in Ruby (Tk, GTK+, Fox, and Qt)• Working with Ruby threads for lightweight multitasking• Everyday scripting and system administration in Ruby• Working with image files, PDFs, YAML, XML, RSS, and Atom• Testing, debugging, profiling, and packaging Ruby code• Low-level network programming and client-server interaction• Web development tools including Rails, Nitro, Wee, IOWA, and more• Working with distributed Ruby, Rinda, and Ring• Ruby development tools such as IDEs, documentation tools, and more The source code for the book can be downloaded from www.rubyhacker.com Hal Fulton has worked for over 15 years with variousforms of Unix, including AIX, Solaris, and Linux. He was first exposed to Ruby in 1999, and in 2001 he began work on the first edition of this book–the second Ruby book published in the English language. He has attendednumerous Ruby conferences and has given presentations at several of those, including the first European Ruby Conference. He has two degrees in computer science from the University of Mississippi and taught computer science for four years before moving to Austin, Texas to work as a contractor for variouscompanies, including IBM Austin. Hal currently works at Broadwing Communications in Austin, Texas, maintaining a large data warehouse and related telecom applications, working daily with C++, Oracle, and, of course, Ruby. Frequently Bought Together
+ + Price For All Three: �86.06
This item: The Ruby Way: Solutions and Techniques in Ruby Programming (Addison-Wesley Professional Ruby) by Hal Fulton Paperback �31.99
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The Rails 3 Way (Addison-Wesley  Obed (Obie) Fernandez
0321721330,0321584104,0596516177,1934356085,1934356549,0321601661,0321490452,1934356476,1934356875,1593271441,1934356808,1934356379,0596523696,1430218339,1430223634,1934356980,0321832051,1449316859,1593273975,0321603508,032154420X,0596157134
Publisher: Addison Wesley; 2 edition (25 Oct 2006)
ISBN-13: 978-0672328848
Product Dimensions: 4.9 x 17.5 x 22.6 cm
Amazon Bestsellers Rank: 697,490 in Books (See Top 100 in Books)
› Visit Amazon's Hal Edwin Fulton Page
Ruby is an agile object-oriented language, borrowing some of the best features from LISP, Smalltalk, Perl, CLU, and other languages. Its popularity has grown tremendously in the five years since the first edition of this book. The Ruby Way takes a “how-to” approach to Ruby programming with the bulk of the material consisting of more than 400 examples arranged by topic. Each example answers the question “How do I do this in Ruby?” Working along with the author, you are presented with the task description and a discussion of the technical constraints. This is followed by a step-by-step presentation of one good solution. Along the way, the author provides detailed commentary and explanations to aid your understanding. Coverage includes • An overview of Ruby, explaining terminology and basic principles• Operations on low-level data types (numbers, strings, regular expressions, dates)• The new regular expression engine (Oniguruma)• Internationalization (I18N) and message catalogs in Ruby• Operations on hashes, arrays, and other data structures such as stacks, trees, and graphs• Working with general I/O, files, and persistent objects• Database coverage including MySQL, SQLite, Oracle, DBI, and more• Ruby-specific techniques in OOP and dynamic programming• Graphical interfaces in Ruby (Tk, GTK+, Fox, and Qt)• Working with Ruby threads for lightweight multitasking• Everyday scripting and system administration in Ruby• Working with image files, PDFs, YAML, XML, RSS, and Atom• Testing, debugging, profiling, and packaging Ruby code• Low-level network programming and client-server interaction• Web development tools including Rails, Nitro, Wee, IOWA, and more• Working with distributed Ruby, Rinda, and Ring• Ruby development tools such as IDEs, documentation tools, and more The source code for the book can be downloaded from www.rubyhacker.com Hal Fulton has worked for over 15 years with variousforms of Unix, including AIX, Solaris, and Linux. He was first exposed to Ruby in 1999, and in 2001 he began work on the first edition of this book–the second Ruby book published in the English language. He has attendednumerous Ruby conferences and has given presentations at several of those, including the first European Ruby Conference. He has two degrees in computer science from the University of Mississippi and taught computer science for four years before moving to Austin, Texas to work as a contractor for variouscompanies, including IBM Austin. Hal currently works at Broadwing Communications in Austin, Texas, maintaining a large data warehouse and related telecom applications, working daily with C++, Oracle, and, of course, Ruby. About the Author
Hal Fulton has two degrees in computer science from the University of Mississippi. He taught computer science for four years at the community college level before moving to Austin, Texas, for a series of contracts (mainly at IBM Austin). He has worked for more than 15 years with various forms of UNIX, including AIX, Solaris, and Linux. He was first exposed to Ruby in 1999, and in 2001 he began work on the first edition of this book, which was the second Ruby book in the English language. He has attended six Ruby conferences and has given presentations at four of those, including the first European Ruby Conference in Karlsruhe, Germany. He currently works at Broadwing Communications in Austin, Texas, working on a large data warehouse and related telecom applications. He works daily with C++, Oracle, and of course, Ruby. Hal is still active daily on the Ruby mailing list and IRC channel, and has several Ruby projects in progress. He is a member of the ACM and the IEEE Computer Society. In his personal life, he enjoys music, reading, writing, art, and photography. He is a member of the Mars Society and is a space enthusiast who would love to go into space before he dies. He lives in Austin, Texas. Inside This Book
1387661752
Design Patterns in Ruby (Addison-Wesley Professional Ruby) by Russ Olsen Hardcover
Profound introduction to Ruby
Format:Paperback This is the best book which I know if you are interested in general application development with Ruby (I'm referring to the second edition). It gives a detailed introduction to Ruby and the standard library on the first 450 pages. The last part of the book (another 350 pages) gives basic information on how to do multi-threading, GUI development, scripting for system administration, accessing XML and generating PDF, networking, and web applications. The book also gives information about RDoc, RubyGems, and irb ...
Best Ruby book currently available
Format:Paperback This is a very thorough companion to just about everything in Ruby, starting with the core language features, and then moving onto some of the more important libraries. As such, it has a reasonable overlap with Ruby Cookbook. In most languages, you'd expect the O'Reilly's mighty Cookbook series to come off best, but The Ruby Way edges it in this case. It's that good.The Ruby Way not only covers more than Ruby Cookbook, it also manages to be a little more cohesive, dispensing best-practices and general wisdom amidst its well-chosen examples. If you already know another programming language, you could probably learn Ruby from this book (in particular, the first chapter contains a great set of reminders and idioms), and it might even be the only Ruby book you'd need.Apart from its comprehensive coverage of Ruby itself, there's also coverage of important Ruby projects like Rake, gems and Rinda. It even covers more than Rails in its chapter on web frameworks, although it must be admitted that you don't get too much sense of how these really work given the space allotted to them.One notable characteristic of TRW is that in places, it has a slightly fuddyish writing style, for example, it refers to the use of 'threequals' for the case equality operator as "hip and trendy" (with scare quotes included). I quite enjoyed this. Yes, there are some typos and mistakes in the book, but I didn't find it was a big problem, you can normally work out the correct syntax with the minimum amount of experimentation in irb.A mighty combination of cookbook and best practices (akin to Effective C++ and Effective Java, although Rubyists probably don't like the comparison to those languages), The Ruby Way is the Must Read of the Ruby literature.
This is one of my favorite Ruby books
- Published on Amazon.com Format:Paperback People in the Ruby development community know me because I started several of the most popular open source Ruby projects (I have been active in Ruby since 2001). If you are serious programming in Ruby then there are two must-have books to keep within reach as you program: Dave Thomas' Programming Ruby; and this book: Hal Fulton's The Ruby Way.This is really two books in the guise of one. One the surface, The Ruby Way appears to be a cookbook of Ruby recipes, and a very thorough one at that. But The Ruby Way also manages to capture the gestalt of Ruby, that intangible, indefinable philosophy behind the Ruby idioms that old-timers now take for granted.Every programming language has its own "way" of doing things. You don't want to write Java code in Ruby, or VB code in Ruby, you should be writing *real* Ruby code. If you want to see Ruby code the way it was "meant" to be written, this is your book.
random access for someone already knowing Ruby
- Published on Amazon.com Format:Paperback Yes, there are some typos in Fulton's book. But the vast bulk (and it is indeed a big text) can be profitably read. Either by someone wanting to learn Ruby from scratch or by a Ruby programmer searching for a solution to some common problem. For the former, the book may be too long. If you want to come up to speed on Ruby, ab initio, perhaps you might consider a slimmer text.The book is best suited as a random access resource, for a Ruby programmer. As implied by the title. The 400 odd examples demonstrate a good diversity of usages of the language. Grouped according to broad topics like threads, user interfaces and networks. This helps you focus on finding a possible solution. However, suppose you can't find an exact match. The numerous examples may have one close enough to suggest an easy mod.Granted, if a relevant example has typos, so that it won't run, that's a drag. But only a minor one. If you already know Ruby, fixing this should be a low level detail.As far as comparing with other scripting languages, well the book does not do this. No mention at all of Perl or PHP. Probably the author regards this as outside the book's remit. The decision of whether you should use Ruby over those alternatives is something that cannot be answered by this book alone.
A good choice for a second Ruby book...
- Published on Amazon.com Format:Paperback This is a book I could see being really helpful for someone who's done the Ruby tutorial and now needs to actually *use* the language to do something... The Ruby Way (2nd Edition) by Hal Fulton.Contents: Ruby in Review; Working with Strings; Working with Regular Expressions; Internationalization in Ruby; Performing Numerical Calculations; Symbols and Ranges; Working with Times and Dates; Arrays, Hashes, and Other Enumerables; More Advanced Data Structures; I/O and Data Storage; OOP and Dynamic Features in Ruby; Graphical Interfaces for Ruby; Threads in Ruby; Scripting and System Administration; Ruby and Data Formats; Testing and Debugging; Packaging and Distributing Code; Network Programming; Ruby and Web Applications; Distributed Ruby; Ruby Development Tools; The Ruby Community; IndexFulton states in the introduction that this book is not designed to be a "teach yourself Ruby" title. Instead, it's meant to explore the power and utility of the language by means of examples. Think of it as a *really* large cookbook-style volume. In each chapter, there are a series of how-to sections that are practical examinations of a particular technique. For instance, in the regular expressions chapter, you'll see sections such as using anchors, positive and negative lookahead, recursions in regular expressions, and detecting doubled words in text. This solutions-based approach to Ruby is perfect for someone who has covered the basics via a tutorial or some other book, but now has to actually use the language to do something. Personally, I find having a book like this is extremely valuable in making the jump from rank novice to functional developer. I know good code when I steal it... :)

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• Terrence Howard interviewed in 2008
• Peter Bradshaw's review of Iron Man
Mon 18 Nov 2013 07.28 EST First published on Mon 18 Nov 2013 07.28 EST
Hard done by? ... Terrence Howard. Photograph: Anthony Mandler
Iron Man actor Terrence Howard has claimed Robert Downey Jr "pushed him out" of the lucrative superhero franchise, and "took [his] money" at the same time.
Howard played Lt. Colonel James Rhodes in the first Iron Man film, opposite Downey's Tony Stark, but was replaced by Don Cheadle for Iron Man 2 and 3. At the time it was reported that Howard's salary was the highest of the entire cast, and he refused to take a "50 and 80 percent pay cut" for the second film, with Howard's "difficult behaviour" on set compounding issues.
However, while appearing as a guest on the Bravo TV chat show Watch What Happens: Live to promote The Best Man Holiday, Howard directly accused Downey of sabotaging his return to the Iron Man role. ""It turns out that the person that I helped become Iron Man, when it was time to […] re-up for the second one took the money that was supposed to go to me and pushed me out."
After saying he had originally signed to a three-picture deal, Howard said: "They came to me [for] the second and said, 'We will pay you one-eighth of what we contractually had for you, because we think the second one will be successful with or without you.' And I called my friend that I helped get the first job, and he didn't call me back for three months."
Howard won the role in Iron Man shortly after appearing in the acclaimed hip-hop drama Hustle & Flow, for which he received an Oscar nomination for best actor, and performed on It's Hard Out Here for a Pimp which won the Oscar for best original song in 2006.
Ben Child: The Iron Man 3 and Avengers star overtakes the likes of Tom Cruise and Leonardo DiCaprio, with Channing Tatum a surprise runner-up
Ben Child: Actor and the director of the first two films in the superhero series are set to work together on an indie comedy
Star of superhero movies suggests forthcoming sequel Iron Man 3 may be his last, as novelty wears off

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