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Patent US5668968 - Two-level virtual/real set associative cache system and method with improved ... - Google PatentsSearch Images Maps Play YouTube News Gmail Drive More »Sign inPatentsA two-level virtual/real cache system, and a method for detecting and resolving synonyms in the two-level virtual/real cache system, are described. Lines of a first level virtual cache are tagged with a virtual address and a real pointer which points to a corresponding line in a second level real cache....http://www.google.com/patents/US5668968?utm_source=gb-gplus-sharePatent US5668968 - Two-level virtual/real set associative cache system and method with improved synonym detectionAdvanced Patent SearchPublication numberUS5668968 APublication typeGrantApplication numberUS 08/345,802Publication dateSep 16, 1997Filing dateNov 22, 1994Priority dateMar 2, 1992Fee statusLapsedPublication number08345802, 345802, US 5668968 A, US 5668968A, US-A-5668968, US5668968 A, US5668968AInventorsChing-Farn E. WuOriginal AssigneeInternational Business Machines CorporationExport CitationBiBTeX, EndNote, RefManPatent Citations (18), Non-Patent Citations (16), Referenced by (81), Classifications (13), Legal Events (5) External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, EspacenetTwo-level virtual/real set associative cache system and method with improved synonym detection
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Symposium on Computer Architecture, 1989, pp. 140-148.2Baer et al, "On the Inclusion Properties for Multi-Level Cache Hierarchies," Proc. 15th Intl. Symposium on Computer Architectures, 1988, pp. 73-80.3 *Baer et al, On the Inclusion Properties for Multi Level Cache Hierarchies, Proc. 15th Intl. Symposium on Computer Architectures , 1988, pp. 73 80.4Bakoglu et al, "The IBM RISC System/6000 Processor: Hardware Overview," IBM Jour. Res. and Develop., vol. 34, No. 1, pp. 12-22, Jan. 1990.5 *Bakoglu et al, The IBM RISC System/6000 Processor: Hardware Overview, IBM Jour. Res. and Develop., vol. 34, No. 1, pp. 12 22, Jan. 1990.6Bederman, "Cache Management System Using Virtual and Real Tags in the Cache Directory," IBM Tech. Disc. Bull., vol. 21, No. 11, Apr. 1979, p. 4541.7 *Bederman, Cache Management System Using Virtual and Real Tags in the Cache Directory, IBM Tech. Disc. 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Messina, vol. 29, No. 9, Feb. 1987, pp. 4011 4014.14 *Organization and Performance of a Two Level Virtual Real Cache Hierachy , by Wen Hann Wang, et. al., Proceedings of 16th Intl. Symposium on Computer Architecture, 1989, pp. 140 148.15Smith, "Cach Memories," Computing Surveys, vol. 14, No. 3, pp. 473-530, Sep. 1982.16 *Smith, Cach Memories, Computing Surveys , vol. 14, No. 3, pp. 473 530, Sep. 1982.* Cited by examinerReferenced byCiting PatentFiling datePublication dateApplicantTitleUS5813046 *Aug 11, 1994Sep 22, 1998GMD--Forschungszentrum Informationstechnik GmbHVirtually indexable cache memory supporting synonymsUS5860142 *Dec 27, 1996Jan 12, 1999Compaq Computer CorporationMethod and apparatus for mapping the memory system of a computer for maximizing memory usageUS5860147 *Sep 16, 1996Jan 12, 1999Intel CorporationMethod and apparatus for replacement of entries in a translation look-aside bufferUS5890221 *Oct 5, 1994Mar 30, 1999International Business Machines CorporationMethod and system for offset miss sequence handling in a data cache array having multiple content addressable field per cache line utilizing an MRU bitUS5913222 *Apr 12, 1995Jun 15, 1999Gmd-Forschungszentrum Informationstechnik GmbhColor correction method in a virtually addressed and physically indexed cache memory in the event of no cache hitUS5928352 *Sep 16, 1996Jul 27, 1999Intel CorporationMethod and apparatus for implementing a fully-associative translation look-aside buffer having a variable numbers of bits representing a virtual address entryUS5930513 *Jun 6, 1996Jul 27, 1999Sun Microsystems, Inc.Reference based software installationUS5946716 *May 30, 1996Aug 31, 1999Hewlett-Packard CompanySectored virtual memory management system and translation look-aside buffer (TLB) for the sameUS5974507 *Apr 14, 1997Oct 26, 1999International Business Machines CorporationOptimizing a cache eviction mechanism by selectively introducing different levels of randomness into a replacement algorithmUS6006311 *Apr 14, 1997Dec 21, 1999Internatinal Business Machines CorporationDynamic updating of repair mask used for cache defect avoidanceUS6006312 *Feb 27, 1995Dec 21, 1999Sun Microsystems, Inc.Cachability attributes of virtual addresses for optimizing performance of virtually and physically indexed caches in maintaining multiply aliased physical addressesUS6049852 *Sep 15, 1995Apr 11, 2000International Business Machines CorporationPreserving cache consistency in a computer system having a plurality of memories with overlapping address rangesUS6073226 *Mar 19, 1997Jun 6, 2000Microsoft CorporationSystem and method for minimizing page tables in virtual memory systemsUS6134634 *Dec 19, 1997Oct 17, 2000Texas Instruments IncorporatedMethod and apparatus for preemptive cache write-backUS6138223 *Apr 30, 1998Oct 24, 2000International Business Machines CorporationAbsolute address history table index generation for predicting instruction and operand cache accessesUS6205521 *Nov 3, 1997Mar 20, 2001Compaq Computer CorporationInclusion map for accelerated cache flushUS6304943 *Jun 5, 1998Oct 16, 2001Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd.Semiconductor storage device with block writing function and reduce power consumption thereofUS6332179 *Aug 19, 1999Dec 18, 2001International Business Machines CorporationAllocation for back-to-back misses in a directory based cacheUS6412043 *Oct 1, 1999Jun 25, 2002Hitachi, Ltd.Microprocessor having improved memory management unit and cache memoryUS6446182 *Dec 23, 1999Sep 3, 2002Bull SaMethod for a memory organization by physical zones in a computerized or data processing machine or arrangement and the computerized or data processing machine or arrangement for using the methodUS6591340 *Jun 10, 2002Jul 8, 2003Hitachi, Ltd.Microprocessor having improved memory management unit and cache memoryUS6606687 *Nov 22, 1999Aug 12, 2003Texas Instruments IncorporatedOptimized hardware cleaning function for VIVT data cacheUS6631434Nov 15, 1999Oct 7, 2003Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P.Dynamic early indication system for a computerUS6725330 *Aug 25, 2000Apr 20, 2004Seagate Technology LlcAdaptable cache for disc driveUS6728837 *Nov 2, 2001Apr 27, 2004Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P.Adaptive data insertion for cachingUS6751720 *Jan 7, 2002Jun 15, 2004Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P.Method and system for detecting and resolving virtual address synonyms in a two-level cache hierarchyUS6895492 *Dec 30, 2002May 17, 2005Fujitsu LimitedMethod of and apparatus for performing two-layer address translationUS6920519 *May 10, 2000Jul 19, 2005International Business Machines CorporationSystem and method for supporting access to multiple I/O hub nodes in a host bridgeUS7032136Sep 9, 2002Apr 18, 2006Network Appliance, Inc.Auto regression test for network-based storage virtualization systemUS7065616Aug 26, 2004Jun 20, 2006Network Appliance, Inc.System and method for policy based storage provisioning and managementUS7096341 *Dec 17, 2003Aug 22, 2006Storage Technology CorporationSystem and method for reference count regenerationUS7130983 *Dec 17, 2003Oct 31, 2006Storage Technology CorporationSystem and method for reference count regenerationUS7203730Feb 13, 2002Apr 10, 2007Network Appliance, Inc.Method and apparatus for identifying storage devicesUS7330961 *Dec 13, 2004Feb 12, 2008Fujitsu LimitedCache control method and processor systemUS7428617Nov 30, 2004Sep 23, 2008Fujitsu LimitedCache memory and method to maintain cache-coherence between cache memory unitsUS7472231 *Sep 6, 2002Dec 30, 2008Netapp, Inc.Storage area network data cacheUS7545808 *Sep 15, 2005Jun 9, 2009Juniper Networks, Inc.Memory organization in a switching deviceUS7562181Jul 14, 2009Sandisk CorporationFlash memory systems with direct data file storage utilizing data consolidation and garbage collectionUS7590794Aug 2, 2006Sep 15, 2009Sandisk CorporationData operations in flash memories utilizing direct data file storageUS7590795Aug 2, 2006Sep 15, 2009Sandisk CorporationFlash memory systems utilizing direct data file storageUS7594024Feb 13, 2002Sep 22, 2009Netapp, Inc.Silicon-based storage 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system for ensuring reliability of cache data and metadata subsequent to a rebootUS9274959Jul 18, 2014Mar 1, 2016Globalfoundries Inc.Handling virtual memory address synonyms in a multi-level cache hierarchy structureUS9317209Oct 31, 2014Apr 19, 2016Microsoft Technology Licensing, LlcUsing external memory devices to improve system performanceUS9361183Apr 22, 2014Jun 7, 2016Microsoft Technology Licensing, LlcAggregation of write traffic to a data storeUS20030023814 *Jan 7, 2002Jan 30, 2003Barroso Luiz AndreMethod and system for detecting and resolving virtual address synonyms in a two-level cache hierarchyUS20030037127 *Feb 13, 2002Feb 20, 2003Confluence Networks, Inc.Silicon-based storage virtualizationUS20040006678 *Dec 30, 2002Jan 8, 2004Fujitsu LimitedMethod of and apparatus for performing two-layer address translationUS20050010723 *Jul 7, 2004Jan 13, 2005Sang-Yeun ChoCache memory systems having a flexible buffer memory portion and methods of operating the sameUS20050027754 *Aug 26, 2004Feb 3, 2005Candera, Inc.System and method for policy based storage provisioning and managementUS20050102473 *Dec 13, 2004May 12, 2005Fujitsu LimitedCache control method and processor systemUS20050204202 *May 6, 2005Sep 15, 2005Edirisooriya Samantha J.Cache memory to support a processor's power mode of operationUS20060023719 *Sep 15, 2005Feb 2, 2006Sindhu Pradeep SMemory organization in a switching deviceUS20060179233 *Feb 9, 2005Aug 10, 2006International Business Machines CorporationMethod, system, and computer program product for implementing a dual-addressable cacheUS20070033376 *Aug 2, 2006Feb 8, 2007Sinclair Alan WData Consolidation and Garbage Collection in Direct Data File Storage MemoriesUS20070033377 *Aug 2, 2006Feb 8, 2007Sinclair Alan WData Operations in Flash Memories Utilizing Direct Data File StorageUS20070033378 *Aug 2, 2006Feb 8, 2007Sinclair Alan WFlash Memory Systems Utilizing Direct Data File StorageUS20090210624 *Feb 14, 2008Aug 20, 2009Luick David A3-Dimensional L2/L3 Cache Array to Hide Translation (TLB) DelaysUS20090210625 *Feb 14, 2008Aug 20, 2009Luick David ASelf Prefetching L3/L4 Cache MechanismUS20090216949 *Feb 25, 2008Aug 27, 2009International Business Machines CorporationMethod and system for a multi-level virtual/real cache system with synonym resolutionUS20090268740 *May 4, 2009Oct 29, 2009Juniper Networks, Inc.Memory organization in a switching deviceUS20110145448 *Dec 11, 2009Jun 16, 2011International Business Machines CorporationI/o mapping-path tracking in a storage configurationUS20110197017 *Aug 11, 2011Super Talent Electronics, Inc.High Endurance Non-Volatile Memory DevicesUS20140075126 *Nov 11, 2013Mar 13, 2014Microsoft CorporationManagement of external memory functioning as virtual cacheEP1622028A2 *Nov 30, 2004Feb 1, 2006Fujitsu LimitedCache memory and method for controlling cache memory* Cited by examinerClassifications U.S. Classification711/3, 711/122, 711/207, 711/210, 711/128, 711/E12.043, 711/E12.062International ClassificationG06F12/08, G06F12/10Cooperative ClassificationG06F12/1045, G06F12/0897European ClassificationG06F12/08B22L, G06F12/10L4Legal EventsDateCodeEventDescriptionOct 9, 2000FPAYFee paymentYear of fee payment: 4Dec 15, 2004FPAYFee paymentYear of fee payment: 8Mar 23, 2009REMIMaintenance fee reminder mailedSep 16, 2009LAPSLapse for failure to pay maintenance feesNov 3, 2009FPExpired due to failure to pay maintenance feeEffective date: 20090916RotateOriginal ImageGoogle Home - Sitemap - USPTO Bulk Downloads - Privacy Policy - Terms of Service - About Google Patents - Send FeedbackData provided by IFI CLAIMS Patent Services


text:
War Between Professors Pervades Harvard Law - The Washington Post
War Between Professors Pervades Harvard Law
By Al Kamen By Al Kamen December 21, 1985 Follow @KamenInTheLoop
Harvard Law School Dean James Vorenburg, in an unprecedented open letter to 28,000 alumni last week, has responded to what he called widespread concern that a "war-like atmosphere" threatens intellectual standards at the nation's most influential law school.
Vorenburg's letter officially acknowledged that bitter ideological fighting between left-wing and right-wing faculty in recent years has slowed hiring and made it more difficult to retain top-level teachers at Harvard -- a school whose graduates fill the upper ranks of business and the legal profession as well as the faculties of other top-ranking law schools.
Harvard, long considered the pinnacle of legal scholarship, has not been able to hire a full professor away from another law school since 1981, usually because the faculty cannot agree on a candidate.
"The divisions are real and sometimes damaging," Vorenburg conceded in the three-page, single-spaced letter dated Dec. 10. But the school is also in a period of "great achievement," he said, adding that news media accounts have exaggerated the tension.
Vorenburg's message on the hiring deadlock was unusually blunt: Either the 50-member tenured faculty, which must approve new hiring and promotion by a two-thirds vote, will focus on scholarship -- not politics -- or he would do the hiring himself.
"I am also prepared to act to prevent any deadlock in making . . . tenure and tenure-track appointments," Vorenburg said, adding that he had the support of university president Derek Bok to bypass the faculty.
"I do not expect this process will always be easy or peaceful," he said, "but since nothing is more important to the continued strength of the school, I am determined that we will be successful."
The trouble began, according to most observers, when a small group of New Left radicals arrived on campus in the 1970s and began to challenge the most cherished assumptions of legal studies, including the assumption that there is something called "law" and that it is worth studying in the traditional case-study methods pioneered at Harvard and popularized in the movie "The Paper Chase."
The radicals founded a movement called Critical Legal Studies. CLS, an outgrowth of the Legal Realism movement in the 1920s and '30s, has hundreds of adherents, but Harvard is the only law school with a significant cluster -- perhaps five to seven -- of tenured professors who are members.
According to one of CLS' founders, Harvard professor Duncan Kennedy, it is in part "really a rag-tag band of leftover '60s people." It is a movement that views law not as a body of politically neutral principles, but rather as something the wealthy and powerful use to justify and consolidate their power.
For CLS followers, sometimes called "criticalists" or "critters," law is simply politics by another name. It can be, and is, used by lawyers, judges and politicians to justify any outcome or, in the language of its exponents, to "reproduce illegitimate hierarchies."
The CLS movement, Kennedy said, believes that "the existing rules in force, the law as we have chosen to make it through our various lawmaking institutions, is profoundly implicated in distributional, social injustice in our society. The system by which the rich and powerful, white and male, stay rich and powerful, generation after generation, has a very strong legal component."
To the more traditional law professors who have devoted their careers to expounding legal doctrine, the CLS views are heresy, in addition to being wrong.
The leftists' style also rankles traditionalists. Kennedy, for example, has proposed, among other things, a lottery for student admission and paying janitors the same salaries as professors. CLS followers were also blamed for instigating a two-day student rebellion in 1983 against being graded on class participation. The revolt included a sit-in in Vorenburg's office.
One leading faculty conservative, Robert Clark, summarized the struggle last May at a symposium in New York. "Some members of the CLS movement have . . . denigrated the work of older members of the faculty. They have engaged in . . . a ritual slaying of the elders," which has produced resentment.
A second reason for the prolonged, bitter conflict is that CLS, by attracting the votes of younger liberals, has "acquired power," Clark said. "They always vote in a bloc on appointments matters," he argued.
Kennedy, at the same panel discussion, acknowledged that "people's feelings get hurt. When people's feelings get hurt, the left accuses the right of purging assistant professors for political reasons. The right accuses the left of voting only for its friends."
Traditionalists argue that, name-calling and politics aside, the leftists have disparaged intellectual study. They point to a proposal by Kennedy to have a "no-hassle pass" in which unprepared students called on in class could decline to answer and not be subjected to ridicule.
Professor Paul Bator, a former deputy solicitor general who is leaving after 26 years at Harvard to go to University of Chicago law school, said "the Harvard Law School is the only educational institution I know where it is considered a symptom of right-wing extremism to be in favor of rigorous standards of scholarly excellence."
Bator said "serious and productive non-left scholars do not want to be at an institution devoted to guerrilla warfare."
Vorenburg, trying to maintain some neutrality in the battle, said in an interview that he did not think "there is guerrilla warfare going on here," and that the political friction has not "led to anyone declining a job."
There have been two exceptionally nasty fights in recent years over appointments, according to faculty sources. The left blocked one candidate about three years ago and the right temporarily vetoed elevation of an assistant professor last year.
While some conservatives, some of whom reportedly are considering leaving, have been vocal in recent months, the usually rambunctious left has been uncharacteristically quiet.
One faculty member said the left is silent now because "they the conservatives have hostages" -- a group of about 10 assistant professors, mostly left-leaning, who will be considered for tenure within the next two years. Tenure at the school traditionally has been given to almost anyone eligible, but there is an unusually large number up now, and a fear -- or hope -- that not all will make it.
"A lot of people coming up are lefties," a source said. "If they are not promoted there will be allegations of a vendetta." On the other hand, he said, conservatives oppose several of them and, if they are promoted, the right will say "it is because of the constant kowtowing to the critical legal studies."
Vorenburg, in his letter, said, "Life here would often be better if we were a more easy-going group," but the school is still a "congenial place to work."
In an interview, he said "this picture of a cantankerous, unpleasant place isn't so. The thing that is so discouraging sometimes is that I think this is a productive time here," he said, listing a number of new programs. "Yet all of that somehow tends to get lost because conflict -- with a capital 'C' -- is what captures attention."

type: global

value: This website is an American daily newspaper published in Washington, D.C. It is the most-widely circulated newspaper within the Washington metropolitan area, and has a large national audience. Daily broadsheet editions are printed for D.C., Maryland, and Virginia.


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MSNBC’s Nicolle Wallace: 'There isn’t a strain of racism on the left’ | Fox News
MSNBC’s Nicolle Wallace: 'There isn’t a strain of racism on the left’
MSNBC host Nicole Wallace admitted during her show that she once told candidate Jeb Bush to sucker punch then-candidate Donald Trump after his derogatory remarks during a presidential debate.
“White nationalist, white supremacist, Western civilization — how did that language become offensive? Why did I sit in classes teaching me about the merits of our history and our civilization?” King asked.
MSNBC’s STEPHANIE RUHLE IMPLIES TRUMP IS BLACKMAILING LINDSEY GRAHAM
GOP leadership on Capitol Hill has stripped King from all House committees and the calls for him to resign from office continue to grow, most recently by his local paper, the Des Moines Register.
Last week Steve King landed himself in hot water for racist remarks he made during an interview with the New York Times. (AP)
“Part of the problem is we think - this does not have a parallel on the left. It doesn’t. There isn’t. There isn’t a strain of racism on the left. So I think that this gets brushed under the rug. People sort of tolerate - it’s been normalized,” Wallace told the panel. “Like you just said, they don’t have anywhere else to go, so they attach to the Republican Party. The Republican Party doesn’t have to let them. How — how do — how do Republicans sort of get back to doing something decent?”
Women’s March leader Tamika Mallory was recently pressed by The View’s Meghan McCain over her previous praise for Farrakhan.

value: This website is an American multinational conservative cable news television channel based in New York City. It is owned by Fox News Media, which itself is owned by the Fox Corporation.


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Custom leather black driving gloves with hand painted floral | Etsy
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2 bedroom house for sale in Brook Street, Higher Walton, Preston, PR5
www.rightmove.co.uk/property/52791415
Brook Street, Higher Walton, Preston
POTENTIAL RENT £475 PCM EQUATING TO A YIELD OF 6.7%
Perfect for FIRST TIME BUYERS or BUY TO LET INVESTORS
TWO Bedrooms, Lounge, Kitchen and MODERN BATHROOM
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A great opportunity to purchase this very well presented property comprising two bedrooms, modern bathroom, lounge and dining kitchen. The property has recently been modernised decorated and re-carpeted, and benefits from gas central heating and double glazing. With open views to the front and rear yard. Ideal for first time buyers to buy to let investors. Ready to move into condition. Viewing is strongly recommended.
What The Owner SaysI bought this house and have since renovated it as I could see the potential as it is such a nice quiet spot with great transport links to Preston and Blackburn, as well as being close to the M6 and M61 motorways.
To view this media, please visit the on-line version of this page at www.rightmove.co.uk/property-for-sale/property-52791415.html?premiumA=true
Property reference 122245.
15 Brook Street, PR5
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13 Brook Street, PR5

value: This website is a UK-based company that runs rightmove.co.uk, the UK's largest online real estate portal and property website. It is listed on the London Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the FTSE 100 Index.


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The Renaissance Soul: Life Design for People With Too Many Passions to Pick Just One (Hardcover) - Free Shipping On Orders Over $45 - Overstock.com - 10008153
The Renaissance Soul: Life Design for People With Too Many Passions to Pick Just One (Hardcover)
ITEM# 10008153
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MARGARET LOBENSTINE founded Alternative Approaches, a career and life-coaching business, fifteen years ago and has worked with more than five thousand clients. A Renaissance Soul herself, she has created three successfulbut entirely differentbusinesses. She lives with her husband in Amherst, Massachusetts.
How do I decide what to do with my life when there are so many things I want to do? It is conventional wisdom that there is one true path in life for each of us. But what about those with a wide array of interests, a dynamic curiosity about the world, and an ever-renewing wellspring of passions? Margaret Lobenstine calls these people Renaissance Souls, and in this groundbreaking book, she offers a life-planning strategy in tune with their dynamic, change-loving personalities. Renaissance Souls often get stuck, moving from entry-level job to entry-level job, degree to degree, or hobby to hobby, unwilling to settle on just one thing to do for the rest of my life. Or, after achieving success in one field, they yearn for new challenges and begin looking around for something different. Yet they are also afraid that if they pursue their changing interests, they will have to give up on financial security, becoming a jack of all trades and master of none.The Renaissance Soul, the first book devoted to this personality type, not only shows that its possible to design a successful, vibrant life built on multiple passions, but also gives readers the practical advice to do so. Lobenstine arms the reader with powerful life-design strategies, including how to:*Understand the exciting and powerful difference between choice and focus *Transform your day job so that it carries your dreams forward*Manage your time the Renaissance Soul way*Thrive on many interests without feeling scattered *Get paid for your passions*Learn a new field without going back to school*Get inspired by Renaissance Souls from ancient times to the present, from Leonardo da Vinci to Ben Franklin to Oprah WinfreyStocked with creative exercises, relevant resources, and interviews with successful Renaissance Souls, this profoundly inspiring guide will show readers the way to a richer, more fulfilling lifebig enough to...
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Web Development Solutions: Ajax, APOs, Libraries, and Hosted Services Made Easy: Amazon.co.uk: Christian Heilmann, Mark Norman Francis: Books
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Description: Very Good. 0425243168 May have a remainder mark SERVING OUR...
Very Good. 0425243168 May have a remainder mark SERVING OUR CUSTOMERS WITH BEST PRICES. FROM A COMPANY YOU TRUST, HUGE SELECTION. RELIABLE CUSTOMER SERVICE! ! HASSLE FREE RETURN POLICY, SATISFACTION GURANTEED****
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Very Good. 0425243168 May have a remainder mark! ! KNOWLEDGE IS POWER! ! ENJOY OUR BEST PRICES! ! ! Ships Fast. All standard orders delivered within 5 to 12 business days.
Description: Fine. 0425243168 May have a remainder mark SERVING OUR...
Fine. 0425243168 May have a remainder mark SERVING OUR CUSTOMERS WITH BEST PRICES. FROM A COMPANY YOU TRUST, HUGE SELECTION. RELIABLE CUSTOMER SERVICE! ! HASSLE FREE RETURN POLICY, SATISFACTION GURANTEED****
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Fine. 0425243168 May have a remainder mark! ! KNOWLEDGE IS POWER! ! ENJOY OUR BEST PRICES! ! ! Ships Fast. All standard orders delivered within 5 to 12 business days.

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Featured by nirmaljsenA Comparative Analysis of Predictive Data Mining Techniques 4389192 pagesLikes by nirmaljsen (View All 15 Likes)PURCHASE ONLYSAMPLENOT AVAILABLEOmniture Site Catalyst User Training[1] CopyAnurika SaranPURCHASE ONLYSAMPLENOT AVAILABLENew Product Development ProcessSaurabh GPURCHASE ONLYSAMPLENOT AVAILABLEfinal KFCbadal23238PURCHASE ONLYSAMPLENOT AVAILABLEOM_pptarianatulPURCHASE ONLYSAMPLENOT AVAILABLESection B Group 3 Wilkins OmdrphotonsPURCHASE ONLYSAMPLENOT AVAILABLEAn Introduction to Management Science Quantitative Approa...solutionsmanualtbPURCHASE ONLYSAMPLENOT AVAILABLECarbon Creditmaneesh jainPURCHASE ONLYSAMPLENOT AVAILABLECarbon Creditmaneesh jainPURCHASE ONLYSAMPLENOT AVAILABLECarbon Credits in BrazilmozsovPURCHASE ONLYSAMPLENOT AVAILABLEA study Carbon CreditVaishalPURCHASE ONLYSAMPLENOT AVAILABLETerm Paper on PepsiCo Kraft and Kellogg’s Business & Productgo2hellbdPURCHASE ONLYSAMPLENOT AVAILABLEKELLOGG'Sapi_user_11797_kalp.jainPURCHASE ONLYSAMPLENOT AVAILABLENationalist Strategies and European IntegrationArtem GeorganovPURCHASE ONLYSAMPLENOT AVAILABLEKelloggs 12 Fullapi_user_11797_saravanan434PURCHASE ONLYSAMPLENOT AVAILABLEKellogg Company Full AR and 10KBatica MitrovicReport this userHelp us keep Scribd spam free.Thank you for reporting this user.Block this userChoose who you interact with on Scribd.Unblock this user
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Method of Movement for Marimba. With 590 Exercises. by Leigh Howard Stevens: Keyboard Percussion Publications Paperback - OwlsBooks
Method of Movement for Marimba. With 590 Exercises.
Published by Keyboard Percussion Publications
Good clean copy with no missing pages might be an ex library copy; Possibly may have minor marginal notes and or highlighting. Bookseller Inventory # 2635756789
Title: Method of Movement for Marimba. With 590 ...

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9780062065032: Bottom of the 33rd LP: Hope, Redemption, and Baseball's Longest Game - AbeBooks - Barry, Dan: 0062065033
ISBN 13: 9780062065032
ISBN 10: 0062065033
“Bottom of the 33rd is chaw-chewing, sunflower-spitting, pine tar proof that too much baseball is never enough.” —Jane Leavy, author of The Last Boy and Sandy Koufax “What a book—an exquisite exercise in story-telling, democracy and myth-making.” —Colum McCann, winner of the National Book Award for Let The Great World Spin From Pulitzer Prize-winning New York Times columnist Dan Barry comes the beautifully recounted story of the longest game in baseball history—a tale celebrating not only the robust intensity of baseball, but the aspirational ideal epitomized by the hard-fighting players of the minor leagues. In the tradition of Moneyball, The Last Hero, and Wicked Good Year, Barry’s Bottom of the 33rd is a reaffirming story of the American Dream finding its greatest expression in timeless contests of the Great American Pastime. "synopsis" may belong to another edition of this title.
On April 18, 1981, a ball game sprang eternal. What began as a modestly attended minor league game between the Pawtucket Red Sox and the Rochester Red Wings became not only the longest ever played in baseball history, but something else entirely. With Bottom of the 33rd, celebrated New York Timesjournalist Dan Barry has written a lyrical meditationon small-town lives, minor league dreams, and the elements of time and community that conspired one fateful night to produce a baseball game seemingly without end. This genre-bending book, a reportorial triumph, portrays the myriad lives held by the night’sunrelenting grip. An unforgettable portrait of ambition and endurance, Bottom of the 33rd is the rare sports book, one that changes the way we perceive America’s pastime, and America’s past.
ISBN 10: 0062014498
ISBN 13: 9780062014498
1. Bottom of the 33rd LP: Hope, Redemption, and Baseball's Longest Game
Book Description HarperLuxe, 2011. Paperback. Book Condition: New. Bookseller Inventory # SONG0062065033
2. Bottom of the 33rd LP: Hope, Redemption, and Baseball's Longest Game
HarperLuxe 2011-05-03
Book Description HarperLuxe 2011-05-03, 2011. Paperback. Book Condition: New. Lgr. 0062065033 Brand new and ships pronto! 100% guarantee. Multiple quanities available. Bookseller Inventory # BOOKS67-9780062065032-11-1150
3. Bottom Of The 33rd: Hope, Redemption, And Baseball'S Longest Game
Book Description Book Condition: New. Depending on your location, this item may ship from the US or UK. Bookseller Inventory # 97800620650320000000
4. Bottom of the 33rd LP: Hope, Redemption, and Baseball's Longest Game
Book Description HarperLuxe, 2011. Paperback. Book Condition: New. book. Bookseller Inventory # 0062065033
5. Bottom of the 33rd LP Format: Large Print
Book Description Harper Collins Publishers. Book Condition: New. Brand New. Bookseller Inventory # 0062065033
6. Bottom of the 33rd Hope Redemption and Baseballs Longest Game by Dan Barry 2011 Paperback Large Type
Book Description Book Condition: Brand New. Book Condition: Brand New. Bookseller Inventory # 97800620650321.0
7. Bottom of the 33rd LP: Hope, Redemption, and Baseball's Longest Game
Book Description HarperLuxe, 2011. Paperback. Book Condition: New. Lgr. Bookseller Inventory # DADAX0062065033
8. Bottom of the 33rd: Hope, Redemption, and Baseball's Longest Game
Book Description Harpercollins, 2011. Paperback. Book Condition: Brand New. lgr edition. 425 pages. 9.00x6.00x1.00 inches. In Stock. Bookseller Inventory # zk0062065033


text:
Patent US20040235376 - Vehicle interior trim component containing carbon fibers and method of ... - Google PatentsSearch Images Maps Play YouTube News Gmail Drive More »Sign in<nobr>Advanced Patent Search</nobr>PatentsA structural reinforcement layer for use in a laminate for a vehicle headliner comprises at least one of carbon fibers and natural fibers. A thermoplastic binder may adhere the fibers to one another. A method for manufacturing a laminate comprising a the structural reinforcement layer comprises the steps...http://www.google.com/patents/US20040235376?utm_source=gb-gplus-sharePatent US20040235376 - Vehicle interior trim component containing carbon fibers and method of manufacturing the sameAdvanced Patent SearchPublication numberUS20040235376 A1Publication typeApplicationApplication numberUS 10/601,615Publication dateNov 25, 2004Filing dateJun 23, 2003Priority dateMay 19, 2003Publication number10601615, 601615, US 2004/0235376 A1, US 2004/235376 A1, US 20040235376 A1, US 20040235376A1, US 2004235376 A1, US 2004235376A1, US-A1-20040235376, US-A1-2004235376, US2004/0235376A1, US2004/235376A1, US20040235376 A1, US20040235376A1, US2004235376 A1, US2004235376A1InventorsGeorge Byma, Brian CristeaOriginal AssigneeByma George B., Cristea Brian A.Export CitationBiBTeX, EndNote, RefManReferenced by (9), Classifications (23), Legal Events (2) External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, EspacenetVehicle interior trim component containing carbon fibers and method of manufacturing the sameUS 20040235376 A1Abstract A structural reinforcement layer for use in a laminate for a vehicle headliner comprises at least one of carbon fibers and natural fibers. A thermoplastic binder may adhere the fibers to one another. A method for manufacturing a laminate comprising a the structural reinforcement layer comprises the steps of providing a core, providing a first reinforcement layer containing carbon fibers adjacent one of opposing sides of the core, providing adhesive layers on each of the opposing sides of the core, applying a barrier film and covering to the first reinforcement layer to the first reinforcement layer. Applying a scrim mat comprising a reinforcement layer, a barrier film and a scrim layer to the other of the opposing sides of the core to complete the laminate. According to a method for recycling a laminate, laminate material formed of composite materials including carbon fibers that have a melting and/or degradation point above the incineration point of the other composite materials is provided. The laminate is heated to a temperature below the melting and/or degradation point of the carbon fibers and above the incineration point of the other composite materials to reduce the other composite materials to ash. Images(3) Claims(20)
What is claimed is: 1. A vehicle headliner comprising: a plurality of carbon fibers; and a binder for adhering said plurality of carbon fibers to one another thereby forming a mat. 2. The vehicle headliner of claim 1, wherein said plurality of carbon fibers is produced from petroleum pitch. 3. The vehicle headliner of claim 2, wherein said mat further comprises a plurality of natural fibers. 4. The vehicle headliner of claim 3, wherein said plurality of natural fibers includes at least one of sissal, hemp, knaf, flax, and wood fibers. 5. The vehicle headliner of claim 3, wherein said plurality of carbon fibers comprises at least 50% of the total weight of said mat. 6. The vehicle headliner of claim 1 further including: a core having opposing sides; and a first structural reinforcement layer adjacent one of said opposing sides, wherein said mat comprises a second structural reinforcement layer, said second structural reinforcement layer adjacent the other of said opposing sides. 7. The vehicle headliner of claim 6, further including: a barrier film and a scrim layer adjacent said first structural reinforcement layer. 8. The vehicle headliner of claim 6, further including: a barrier film and a covering adjacent said second reinforcement layer. 9. The vehicle headliner of claim 6, further including: a layer of adhesive interposed between said opposing sides of said core and said first and second structural reinforcement layers; a barrier film and a scrim layer adjacent said first structural reinforcement layer; and a barrier film and a covering adjacent said second structural reinforcement layer, wherein said second structural reinforcement layer comprises a plurality of carbon fibers and a binder for adhering said plurality of carbon fibers to one another thereby forming a mat. 10. A method for manufacturing vehicle headliner, comprising the steps of: a) providing a core having opposing sides; b) providing an adhesive layer on at least one of said opposing sides of said core; and c) providing a first structural reinforcement layer adjacent one of said opposing sides of said core, said first structural reinforcement layer including carbon fibers. 11. The method of claim 10, further including the step: d) providing a barrier film and a covering on said structural reinforcement layer. 12. The method of claim 10, further including the step: e) providing a scrim mat having a second structural reinforcement layer including carbon fibers, a scrim layer, and a barrier film disposed therebetween adjacent the other of said opposing sides of said core to complete said laminate. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein, in step b), the carbon fibers are applied to the scrim mat to form the first structural reinforcement layer and deposited atop the coated core to form the second structural reinforcement layer. 14. The method of claim 10, wherein said first and second structural reinforcement layers are pre-formed mats of carbon fiber and thermoplastic binder. 15. The method of claim 10, wherein said core is made of a polyurethane resin foam. 16. The method of claim 10, wherein said adhesive layers are liquid adhesive layers. 17. The method of claim 10, wherein the adhesive layers are applied at a rate sufficient to evenly coat the core with minimal surface penetration. 18. A method for recycling laminate material, comprising the steps of: a) providing a laminate material formed of composite materials including carbon fibers that have at least one of a higher melting point and degradation point than the other composite materials; and b) heating the laminate to a temperature above the incineration point of the other composite materials to reduce a portion of the composite materials to ash. 19. The method of claim 18, wherein the laminate is heated to a temperature below the degradation point of the carbon fibers in step b), and the carbon fibers that are not degraded are reclaimed to achieve a recycling effort. 20. The method of claim 18, wherein step b) further comprised the steps of placing the laminate in an incinerator prior to heating the laminate and then removing the ash and degraded carbon fibers from the incinerator after heating the laminate for disposal.
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS [0001] This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/440,889 filed May 19, 2003, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.
BACKGROUND OF INVENTION [0002] The present invention pertains generally to the molding of composite materials, including fibers and plastics and, more particularly, to the molding of structural and acoustical panels, which include carbon fibers and thermoset resins. [0003] Composite material panels are used in many different applications, including automobiles, airplanes, trains, and housing and building construction. The properties sought in such panels are strength, rigidity, sound absorption, and heat and moisture resistance. One application of such panels that has been especially challenging is vehicle headliners and other vehicle interior panels. Many different types of laminates and laminated composites have been tested and produced for use in automobiles and other vehicles. [0004] Some vehicle headliners have a core of glass fibers and a polyester resin. Others have a core of open cell polyurethane foam impregnated with a thermosetting resin and a reinforcing layer of fiberglass. Still others have a first fiber-reinforcing mat, such as a glass fiber mat, on one side of a fibrous core and a second fiber-reinforcing mat on the opposite side to form a laminate. The exposed surfaces of the reinforcing mats are then coated with a resin and an outer covering is applied. The composite or laminate is ultimately formed to a desired shape under heat and pressure (i.e., compression molding) and cut to a desired size by a trimmer. [0005] Although manufacturers strive to minimize the amount of material that is removed from the headliner when trimmed, some material is still removed. It is desirable, and sometimes required, that the material removed during trimming be recycled as well as some or all of the materials of the headliner at the end of the life cycle of the headliner. One method of recycling that is gaining popularity involves incineration and reclamation of the energy resulting from the incineration. [0006] Regardless of the method of construction, headliners containing glass fibers shorten the life of the furnace used for recycling. This occurs because the furnace must be heated to a temperature that exceeds the melting point of the glass in order to reduce the other composite materials to ash. The melted glass coats the furnace and solidifies when cooled. The solid glass is difficult to remove from the incinerator walls. Therefore, it would be desirable to manufacture a headliner with a composition that meets the desired functional requirements and is more suitable for recycling. SUMMARY OF INVENTION [0007] The present invention is directed toward a vehicle panel that meets the foregoing needs. More particularly, the invention is directed toward a structural reinforcement layer, or mat, for use in a vehicle headliner. The mat may comprise a portion of a laminate for use as a headliner. The mat is at least partially comprised of carbon fibers, and may include a thermoplastic binder. As referenced throughout this application, carbon fibers may be any fiber comprised at least partially of any material commonly known in the materials industry as �carbon fiber� or �graphite fiber� with the tensile strength properties as described herein. For example, carbon fibers may be defined as: a material made by pyrolyzing any spun, felted, or woven raw material to a char; any high-tensile fibers or whiskers made from rayon, polyacrylonitrile (PAN), or petroleum pitch; polyacrylonitrile that has undergone oxidization and carbonization; and/or any of the previously listed materials additionally including surface treatments or sizings, for example, neutral finishing agents to protect the fibers during further processing or prepregging resins or epoxies, or any combination of the previously listed materials as a bicompound or hybrid fiber. It is believed that preferably, the carbon fibers are formed from petroleum pitch, and more preferably petroleum reside, that has undergone oxidization and carbonization. Petroleum pitch may include, for example, petroleum residues, asphalt, coal tar, etc. In a preferred embodiment, the mat also includes natural fibers, such as sissal, hemp, knaf, flax, or wood. [0008] The laminate may comprise a core having adhesive layers adjacent opposing sides thereof. The laminate comprises at least one mat including carbon fibers. The mat may be provided adjacent each adhesive layer. A scrim layer and barrier film are provided next to one mat while a barrier film and covering are provided adjacent the other mat. [0009] The invention is also directed toward a method for manufacturing a laminate including a mat comprising carbon fibers. The method comprises the steps of providing a first layer comprising a layer of carbon fibers and thermoplastic binder, a barrier film, and a scrim layer, that have been bonded together, preferably by a heat process. A core is provided and adhesive layers are roll coated onto opposing sides of the core. The first layer is adhered to a first side of the core, such that the scrim layer of the first layer is an outer surface of the laminate. A carbon fiber mat, a barrier film and a cover are adhered to a second side of the laminate, such that the cover is an outer surface of the laminate. [0010] The invention is further directed toward a method for recycling laminate material. The method comprises the steps of providing a laminate material formed of composite materials including reinforcement fibers that have at least one of a melting and degradation point above the incineration point of the other composite materials, and heating the laminate to a temperature below the melting and/or degradation point of the carbon fibers and above the incineration point of the other composite materials to reduce at least a portion of the other composite materials to ash without reducing the carbon fibers to a nonpolycrystalline or degraded state. [0011] Various objects and advantages of this invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art from the following detailed description of the preferred embodiment, when read in light of the accompanying drawings.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS [0012]FIG. 1 is a schematic representation of a laminate, according to a preferred embodiment of the invention. [0013]FIG. 2 is a schematic representation of a manufacturing assembly for producing the laminate shown in FIG. 1, in accordance with a method of manufacture according to a preferred embodiment of the invention. [0014]FIG. 3 is a schematic representation of the scrim mat of the laminate shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, according to a preferred embodiment of the invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION [0015] Now with reference to the drawings, wherein like numerals designate like components throughout all of the several figures, there is schematically represented in FIG. 1 a laminate, collectively referenced at 10, according to a preferred embodiment of the invention, for use as a vehicle headliner. The laminate 10 is made up of combined materials including a core 12. A layer of adhesive 14, 16, preferably a liquid adhesive layer, is applied to opposing sides of the core 12 (i.e., above and below the core 10 when viewing FIG. 1). Structural reinforcement layers or mats 18, 20 are provided on each side to the core 12, each adjacent a corresponding layer of liquid adhesive 14, 16. A barrier film 22 and a scrim layer 24 are provided adjacent the adhesive layer 14 on the core 12 (i.e., at the bottom of the laminate 10 when viewing FIG. 1) next to a corresponding reinforcement layer 18. The structural reinforcement layer 18, barrier film 22, and scrim layer 24 may be pre-assembled into a scrim mat 26 prior to incorporation into the laminate 10, as will be described below. A barrier film 28 and covering 30 are provided adjacent the adhesive layer 16 on the core 12 (i.e., atop the laminate 10 when viewing FIG. 1) next to a corresponding reinforcement layer 20. [0016] The illustrated laminate is intended merely to illustrate one environment in which this invention may be used. Thus, the scope of this invention is not intended to be limited for use with the specific structure for the laminate 10 illustrated in FIG. 1 or with headliners in general. On the contrary, as will become apparent below, the structural reinforcement layers 18, 20 of this invention may be used in any desired environment for the purposes described below. It will be appreciated that any number of structural reinforcement layers as described below, including a single layer, may be incorporated into the laminate 10, or otherwise included in a vehicle panel or headliner in accordance with this invention. [0017] It should be appreciated that the optional adhesive layers 14, 16 need not be applied to the core 12 but instead may be applied to the structural reinforcement layers 18, 20, or to both the core 12 and the structural reinforcement layers 18, 20. It should also be appreciated that the adhesive layers 14, 16 are not intended to be limited to liquid, but may be any adhesive suitable for carrying out the invention. [0018] The core 12 is most preferably made of polyurethane resin (PUR) foam due to its light weight, compression resistance, moldability, acoustic absorption, and ability to allow engineered solutions to automotive overhead systems problems. The core 12 may vary in thickness and density and internal load deflection (ILD). For example, the core 12 may have a thickness in a range from about 2 mm to about 30 mm and a density in a range from about 1.0 lb/ft3 to about 3.5 lb/ft3. The composition, thickness, and density of the core 12 depend upon depth of draw (i.e., the vertical dimension that the laminate 10 will deviate from a flat horizontal plane), acoustical requirements, and load bearing requirements. It should be understood that the aforementioned core compositions and thickness and density ranges are given as examples and that the invention is not limited to such compositions or ranges. [0019] The adhesive layers 14, 16 are preferably in the form of an elastomeric thermosetting liquid resin, such as polyurethane adhesive. One preferred adhesive is Forbo 2U010/22014, manufactured by Forbo Adhesives, LLC, of Research Triangle Park, N.C. The weight of the adhesive layers 14, 16 may be in a range from about 20 g/m2 to about 200 g/m2 and is most preferably about 35 g/m2 to about 50 g/m2 to wet out the reinforcing fibers and achieve bonds to the adjacent material layers. The adhesive layers 14, 16 may be applied by a conventional roll coating process, or any other suitable coating process for applying the adhesive layers 14, 16 to the surfaces of the core 12. As stated above, the adhesive layers 14, 16 may alternatively be applied to the reinforcement layers 18, 20, or to both the core 12 and the reinforcement layers 18, 20. Although some surface saturation may occur, the core 12 is preferably not impregnated with liquid adhesive. This is because the primary function of the adhesive is to bond the reinforcing fibers to the core 12 and this occurs on the surface. The adhesive layers 14, 16, when heated, in the presence of catalyst, react to form a thermoset. This catalyzed reaction causes the adhesive to cure and the laminated structure to become rigid. It should be understood that the aforementioned adhesive layer weights are given as examples and that the invention is not limited to such weights. [0020] The structural reinforcement layers 18, 20 are preferably comprised of fibers, and more preferably include at least a portion of carbon fibers. It will be appreciated that at least one of the structural reinforcement layers 18, 20 may be formed completely of carbon fibers, natural fibers, or any combination thereof. It will also be appreciated that at least one of the structural reinforcement layers 18, 20 may contain additional fibers with a melting and/or degradation point above the incineration point of the materials that are not carbon fibers in the structural reinforcement layer. For example, the additional fibers may be basalt. The natural fibers are preferably any fiber that can be incinerated into ash at a temperature lower than a temperature at which carbon fibers would melt and/or break-down and adhere to an incinerator. Natural fibers are preferred since they do not coat an incinerator during such an incineration process. Suitable examples of natural fibers include sissal, hemp, knaf, flax, and wood. [0021] The carbon fibers included in at least one of the structural reinforcement layers 18, 20 may be any fiber comprised at least partially of any material commonly known in the materials industry as �carbon fiber� or �graphite fiber� with the tensile strength properties as described herein. For example, carbon fibers may be defined as: a material made by pyrolyzing any spun, felted, or woven raw material to a char; any high-tensile fibers or whiskers made from rayon, polyacrylonitrile (PAN), or petroleum pitch; polyacrylonitrile that has undergone oxidization and carbonization and/or graphitization; and/or any of the previously listed materials additionally including surface treatments or sizings, for example, neutral finishing agents to protect the fibers during further processing or prepregging resins or epoxies, or any combination of the previously listed materials as a bicompound or hybrid fiber. It is believed that preferably, the carbon fibers are produced from petroleum pitch, and more preferably petroleum reside, that has undergone oxidization and carbonization. Petroleum pitch may include, for example, petroleum residues, asphalt, coal tar, etc. Petroleum pitch is widely available from the petroleum industry, and carbon fibers produced from petroleum pitch are also widely available and are not cost prohibitive for the uses described herein. [0022] In a preferred embodiment, at least one of the structural reinforcement layers 18, 20 includes carbon fibers such that the carbon fibers comprise 50% or greater of the total weight of the at least one structural reinforcement layers 18, 20. It has been found that a structural reinforcement layer having carbon fibers comprising 50% or greater of the total weight provides sufficient strength, while minimizing cost. A structural reinforcement layer 18 and/or 20 comprised of carbon fibers provides an extremely rigid and strong substrate layer. Carbon fibers have been found to be far superior in tensile strength compared to conventionally used fibers, such as glass. However, carbon fibers are relatively expensive compared to conventionally used fibers and have, therefore, not been used in the industry. An embodiment of the present invention combines carbon fibers with less expensive fibers such as natural fibers, to reduce overall cost yet provide a sufficiently strong substrate. It is believed that carbon fibers are ideally suited for use in vehicle headliners due to the advantages described in connection with the carbon fiber characteristics of low weight, high strength, availability, and high melting and degradation points, as is described throughout this application. [0023] The fibers of the structural reinforcement layers 18, 20 may be continuous or chopped and may be coated with a sizing treatment, which makes the fibers highly compatible with the thermosetting liquid resin. The structural reinforcement layers 18, 20 may include a binder, such as a thermoplastic material, to bind the fibers to one another. The binder may be combined with the carbon fibers in any manner, including, for example, addition as a surface treatment or sizing applied on or impregnated in the carbon fibers prior to or during formation of the structural reinforcement layers 18, 20. The carbon fibers may include surface treatments or sizings in addition to the binder. The carbon fibers and any other fibers desired to comprise the structural reinforcement layers 18, 20 may be combined with a binder in any conventional manner to form the structural reinforcement layers 18, 20. Loose carbon fibers and the other desired fibers may be gravity fed onto another layer of the laminate 10 into an adhesive or binder material coating, or a binder or adhesive may be sprayed onto any layer of the laminate 10 or fibers to form the structural reinforcement layers 18, 20. Additional equipment such as equipment to control the disbursement of loose carbon fibers by electrostatic charge may be required if loose carbon fibers are used to produce the laminate 10. Therefore, it is believed to be preferable that the laminate 10 includes pre-formed structural reinforcement layers 18, 20. [0024] The structural reinforcement layers 18, 20 preferably have a weight in a range from about 20 g/m2 to about 200 g/m2 to create a composite of appropriate strength and stiffness to meet OEM requirements for vehicle headliners, although other weights may be suitable for carrying out the invention. Carbon fibers have a high tensile strength as compared to other fibers conventionally used in vehicle headliners, such as E-glass fibers. At least one of the melting point and degradation point of carbon fibers is higher than that of the melting point of E-glass fibers. This makes carbon fibers superior to E-glass fibers in terms of recycling by incineration, energy reclamation, and tensile strength, as will become more apparent in the description that follows. [0025] The barrier film 22 is preferably made of thermoplastic. The barrier film 22 is preferably substantially imperforate. In addition, the barrier film 22 preferably has a great affinity for the scrim 24,the adhesive layer 14, and the carbon fibers of the structural reinforcement layer 18, so that the layers above and below the barrier film 22 readily adhere to the barrier film 22. Furthermore, the barrier film 22 may provide a barrier for preventing the adhesive layer 14 from bleeding into or through scrim 24, causing permanent surface imperfections in the laminate 10, and leaving adhesive residue on the forming die and/or conveyor systems used in the manufacturing process. [0026] The scrim layer 24 is preferably made of a lightweight polymer or plastic, such as polyethylene terephthalate (PET), nylon, or blends thereof. The scrim layer 24 may be a woven, non-woven, or film backing or barrier. Moreover, the scrim layer 24 may be a bi-laminate formed of a scrim and a barrier, such that the barrier film 22 is incorporated into the scrim layer 24. The melting point of the scrim layer 24 is preferably higher than the forming die temperature so that the scrim layer 24 does not stick to the die. The scrim layer 24 may function to retain the resin within the laminate 10 and thereby prevent the thermosetting resin from reaching the forming die surface of a mold, as will become apparent in the description that follows. Hence, the scrim layer 24 may aid in releasing the laminate 10 from the forming die. This works for polymeric scrims as long as the melting point is above the forming die temperature, as stated above. The scrim layer 24 may also be used to bond with and add strength or provide additional rigidity to the adjacent reinforcement layer 18, assist in holding the adjacent reinforcement layer 18 together, and/or have shape-retention properties. Furthermore, the scrim layer 24 preferably provides a finished surface for mounting against the roof of an automobile and prevents or reduces vibration or abrasion noise when in contact with the roof. [0027] The structural reinforcement layer 18, barrier film 22, and scrim layer 24 may be pre-assembled into a scrim mat 26 before incorporation into the laminate 10, as shown in FIG. 3. The layers of the scrim mat 26 may be adhered to one another by any suitable method, such as a heat process and/or by a separate adhesive. The scrim mat 26 may be incorporated into the laminate 10, as will be described below. However, it will be appreciated the structural reinforcement layer 18, barrier film 22, and scrim layer 24 may be incorporated individually into the laminate 10 by any suitable method. [0028] The barrier film 28 is made of thermoplastic, and may be similar in structure to the barrier film 24. The barrier film 28 preferably has a great affinity for the covering 30, the adhesive layer 16, and the carbon fibers of the structural reinforcement layer 20 so that the layers above and below the barrier film 28 readily adhere to the barrier film 28. Furthermore, the barrier film 28 may provide a barrier for preventing the adhesive layer 16 from bleeding into or through covering 30, causing permanent surface imperfections in the laminate 10, and leaving adhesive residue on the forming die and/or conveyor systems used in the manufacturing process. [0029] The covering 30 is applied over the barrier film 28 to complete the laminate 10. The covering 30 is preferably made of fabric or cloth (e.g., a headliner fabric), which may be a woven or non-woven textile with a polymer base, such as a knit nylon or polyester. Alternatively, the covering 30 may be made of vinyl, leather, or the like. The covering 30 may be decorative to provide an aesthetically pleasing finished surface and preferably has a flexible character, which includes sufficient stretch characteristics to allow the covering to match the design surface of the headliner. If a soft feel to the covering 30 is desired, the covering 30 may include an additional substrate, such as a polyester or polyester polyurethane foam (not shown), as is commonly known to one skilled in the art. The foam may also function as an acoustical absorption material. [0030] Alternatively, it will be appreciated that the structural reinforcement layer 20, barrier film 28, and covering 30 may be pre-assembled into a mat (not shown) before incorporation into the laminate 10, in a manner similar to that described for the scrim mat 26. [0031] The structural reinforcement layers 18, 20 are incorporated into the laminate 10 in a preferred embodiment, as described herein. However, any number and combination of structural reinforcement layers, or mats, comprised of carbon fibers may be used in any vehicle panel, and specifically any vehicle headliner or laminate for use in a vehicle headliner in accordance with this invention. The structural reinforcement layers and laminates containing the structural reinforcement layers may be manufactured using any suitable process, including wet laid and dry laid processes. [0032] A method of manufacturing the laminate 10 is described with reference to FIG. 2. In an assembly line set-up indicated generally at 100, the core 12 is fed from a stack of blanks (not shown) through a liquid adhesive applicator, generally indicated at 102, at which the adhesive layers 14, 16 are applied to the opposing sides of the core 12 (i.e., the upper and lower sides of the core 12 when viewing FIG. 2). The liquid adhesive applicator 102 may be in the form of a roll coat system comprising upper and lower rollers 104, 106 continuously coated with liquid adhesive supplied from reservoirs or dispensers (not shown). Alternatively, the liquid adhesive may be applied by a knife-over-roller, a curtain, or a spray (not shown). In the former applicators, the adhesive should be applied at a rate sufficient to maintain a small layer of adhesive on the rollers, knife, or curtain to evenly coat the core 12. According to a preferred embodiment of the invention, the adhesive should be applied only to the surface of the core 12 with minimal surface penetration. As stated above, the adhesive layers 14, 16 may alternatively be applied to the reinforcement layers 18, 20, or to both the core 12 and the reinforcement layers 18, 20. It should be appreciated that the core 12 may be continuously fed rather than discretely fed in the form of blanks. [0033] The core 12 with the adhesive layers 14, 16 applied thereto is then conveyed onto the scrim mat 26 carrying a structural reinforcement layer 18 (i.e., on the upper surface of the scrim mat 26 when viewing FIG. 2), a barrier film 22, and a scrim layer 24. The scrim mat 26 may be guided from a spool 110 by a guide roller. The construction of the scrim mat 26 will be described in further detail below, as shown in FIG. 3. However, it will be appreciated that combining the structural reinforcement layer 18, the barrier film 22, and the scrim layer 24 to one another to form the scrim mat 26 prior to incorporation into the laminate 10 is not required. It will be appreciated that alternatively the barrier film 22 and the scrim layer 24 may each be guided from individual spools, and the structural reinforcement layer 18 may be guided from a spool or formed from loose fibers, including carbon fibers laid into a binder or adhesive on or within any of the other layers of the laminate 10. The core 12 is fed at the same rate as the scrim mat 26. The scrim mat 26 may pass a catalyst applicator 116, at which a catalyst, e.g., Forbo 22014, is applied to accelerate the curing of the adhesive layer 14 during the subsequent heat process. [0034] The adhesive-coated core 12 may then pass a catalyst applicator 120, at which a catalyst (e.g., Forbo 22014) may be sprayed onto an exposed side of the core 12 (i.e., an upper side of the core when viewing FIG. 2) and the adhesive layer 16 thereon. The catalyst is applied to accelerate the curing of the adhesive layer 16 during the subsequent heat process. The structural reinforcement layer 20, the barrier film 28 and the covering 30 are guided from spools 122, 124, 126, respectively, onto the adhesive-coated core 12 to complete the laminate 10. The structural reinforcement layer 20 may be a continuous prefabricated mat pulled from the spool 122, as shown. Alternatively, the structural reinforcement layer 20 may be comprised of carbon fibers distributed directly onto the core 12 or any other portion of the laminate 10. [0035] The laminate 10 passes though a cutter 128, where it is cut to a desired length. The laminate 10 is then conveyed to a mold 130. As is known in the art, the mold 130 is heated to a temperature sufficient to cure the liquid adhesive and bind it to the sizing on the fibers and sufficient to melt the barrier film 24. Pressure is preferably applied to compress the laminate 10 to conform to the internal configuration of the mold 130. The molded laminate 10′ may then be cut as desired, for example, to form a completed headliner, by final trimmer 132, which is well known in the art. [0036] It will be appreciated that alternatively, the fibers of the structural reinforcement layers 18, 20, including the carbon fibers, may be supplied from a reservoir and randomly applied to the scrim mat 26 or the core 12, respectively, preferably in a random gravity-fed fashion, such as by sprinkling fibers thereof from an agitator tray or chopper positioned over the scrim mat 26 or core 12. It should be appreciated that the fibers may be applied by manual distribution from a container or cut from continuous strands or rovings directly above the scrim mat 26 or core 12 and allowed to fall randomly upon the scrim mat 26 or core 12. It should also be appreciated that the structural reinforcement layers 18, 20 could be formed from fibers supplied from a reservoir as described above over any layer of the laminate 10, including the film barrier 22 and scrim layer 24 if supplied to the laminate 10 separate from the scrim mat 26. [0037] Referring now to FIG. 3, there is illustrated a method of manufacturing the scrim mat 26. The structural reinforcement layer 18, the barrier film 22, and the scrim layer 24 are guided from spools 134, 136, and 138, respectively, through the upper and lower rollers 140 and 142. The rollers 140, 142 may be guide rollers for aligning the structural reinforcement layer 18, the barrier film 22, and the scrim layer 24 relative to one another. Additionally, or alternatively, the rollers 140, 142 may be hot rollers capable of melting the barrier film 22 such that the structural reinforcement layer 18, the barrier film 22, and the scrim layer 24 are adhered to one another. A catalyst, adhesive, or binder as described above may be sprayed or roll coated onto a portion of the scrim mat 26 to aid in the adhesion of the structural reinforcement layer 18, the barrier film 22, and the scrim layer 24. [0038] One principle advantage of the invention is with regard to recycling the material removed from the laminate 10 by the final trimmer 132, as well as recycling the laminate 10 at the end of the headliner lifecycle. Since the laminate 10 according to the present invention includes reinforcing fibers (e.g., carbon fibers) that have a much higher melting and/or degradation point than the other composite materials, the laminate 10 and trimmings therefrom may be incinerated and energy resulting therefrom may be reclaimed, thus achieving desired or required recycling efforts. In a preferred embodiment, the composite materials of the laminate 10, but for the carbon fibers, are reduced to ash. However, it is to be understood that only a portion of the laminate 10 may be reduced to ash during the incineration/recycling process of this invention. Ash as used throughout this application is to be understood as the residue remaining after combustion of a material. The carbon fibers have a much higher melting point and do not melt, and thus do not coat the incinerator. The ash and carbon fibers can easily be removed from the incinerator. Since the incinerator is not covered with molten fibers, as is the case with glass fibers, the life of the incinerator is prolonged. In a more preferred embodiment, the laminate 10 is incinerated at a temperature below the degradation point of the carbon fibers, such that the carbon fibers may be separated from the ash and removed from the incinerator and reclaimed for further use in any conventional carbon fiber application. It will be appreciated that one of the uses for the reclaimed carbon fibers could be reuse in vehicle headliners or other vehicle panels or components. It will be appreciated that the higher the grade of carbon fibers used, the higher the degradation point of the carbon fibers will be. Therefore, reclaiming reusable carbon fibers that have not been degraded, while incinerating most of the other portions of the laminate 10 during the incineration process, may be easier to accomplish with high grade carbon fibers due to the higher degradation point of the carbon fibers. It will also be appreciated that the higher the grade of carbon fibers used, the more costly the carbon fibers will be. Therefore, more motivation may exist to reclaim high grade carbon fibers. Degradation point as used throughout this application refers to the temperature at which the carbon fibers, or other fibers being referenced, degrade or break-down, such that the fibers would no longer be suited for the uses described herein and/or the conventional uses of the fiber. In a more preferred embodiment, the laminate 10 is incinerated at a temperature below the degradation point of the carbon fibers and any additional fibers, such that the carbon fibers and additional fibers may be separated from the ash and removed from the incinerator and reclaimed for further use. It will be appreciated that the reclaimed carbon fibers and/or additional fibers could then be reused in vehicle components, such as headliners. [0039] Hence, the invention further includes a method of recycling laminate materials including one or more fiber layers, wherein at least a portion of the fibers are carbon fibers having a at least one of a higher melting and degradation point than the other composite materials and the other composite materials are reduced to ash without reducing the fibers to a nonpolycrystalline or degraded state. [0040] The principle and mode of operation of this invention have been explained and illustrated in its preferred embodiment. However, it must be understood that this invention may be practiced otherwise than as specifically explained and illustrated without departing from its spirit or scope. Referenced byCiting PatentFiling datePublication dateApplicantTitleUS7277153 *May 25, 2004Oct 2, 2007Nitto Denko CorporationElastic pressure sheet and process of manufacturing liquid crystal display plateUS7490893 *Dec 2, 2003Feb 17, 2009Magna International Inc.Laminated headliner assembly and method for forming a lightweight laminated headlinerUS8133419Dec 15, 2006Mar 13, 2012Dow Global Technologies LlcMethod for making automotive headlinersUS8282147 *May 15, 2009Oct 9, 2012Proprietect L.P.Foam laminate product and process for production thereofUS20090284048 *May 15, 2009Nov 19, 2009Proprietect L.P.Foam laminate product and process for production thereofUS20100151239 *Dec 15, 2009Jun 17, 20103M Innovative Properties CompanySurfacing film for composites with barrier layerDE102010042349A1 *Oct 12, 2010Apr 12, 2012Benteler Sgl Gmbh & Co. KgManufacturing semi-finished textile product from carbon fibers obtained from matrix material, comprises manufacturing non-woven fabric and/or fleece, and impregnating non-woven fabric and/or fleece with matrix materialDE102010042349B4 *Oct 12, 2010Apr 3, 2014Benteler Sgl Gmbh & Co. KgTextiles Halbzeug, insbesondere Prepreg, auf Basis von aus Recyclingfasern zusammengesetztem Carbonfaservlies, Verfahren zur Herstellung und Verwendung des textilen Halbzeugs sowie Carbonfaserverst�rkter VerbundwerkstoffWO2009035403A1 *Sep 10, 2008Mar 19, 2009Mats DalborgA recyclable composite and a method and a kit for producing it* Cited by examinerClassifications U.S. Classification442/38, 442/45, 442/43, 442/21, 442/49, 442/46International ClassificationB60R13/08, B32B3/24, B32B27/02, B32B27/04, B60R13/02, B32B5/28, B32B27/12, B32B5/26Cooperative ClassificationB32B5/26, B32B5/28, B60R13/0212, B60R13/0815, B32B3/266European ClassificationB32B3/26B, B32B5/28, B60R13/08B, B32B5/26Legal EventsDateCodeEventDescriptionApr 21, 2014ASAssignmentOwner name: LEAR CORPORATION, MICHIGANEffective date: 20100830Free format text: RELEASE BY SECURED PARTY;ASSIGNOR:JPMORGAN CHASE BANK, N.A.;REEL/FRAME:032722/0553Jun 23, 2003ASAssignmentOwner name: LEAR CORPORATION, MICHIGANFree format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:BYMA, GEORGE B.;CRISTEA, BRIAN A.;REEL/FRAME:014229/0105Effective date: 20030623RotateOriginal ImageGoogle Home - Sitemap - USPTO Bulk Downloads - Privacy Policy - Terms of Service - About Google Patents - Send FeedbackData provided by IFI CLAIMS Patent Services©2012 Google

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