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Patent US4808341 - Process for the separation of mercaptans contained in gas - Google PatentsSearch Images Maps Play YouTube News Gmail Drive More »Sign inPatentsA process for the separation of mercaptans from gases, and especially from natural gas by absorption in a hydrocarbon oil and regeneration of the oil by oxidation of the mercaptans to sulfonic acids. The oxidation can be carried out at the absorption temperature and pressure by means of an oxidant in...http://www.google.com/patents/US4808341?utm_source=gb-gplus-sharePatent US4808341 - Process for the separation of mercaptans contained in gasAdvanced Patent SearchTry the new Google Patents, with machine-classified Google Scholar results, and Japanese and South Korean patents.Publication numberUS4808341 APublication typeGrantApplication numberUS 06/557,112Publication dateFeb 28, 1989Filing dateDec 1, 1983Priority dateDec 2, 1982Fee statusLapsedAlso published asDE3343726A1Publication number06557112, 557112, US 4808341 A, US 4808341A, US-A-4808341, US4808341 A, US4808341AInventorsGuy DesgranchampsOriginal AssigneeSociete Nationale Elf Aquitaine (Production)Export CitationBiBTeX, EndNote, RefManPatent Citations (1), Non-Patent Citations (2), Referenced by (7), Classifications (10), Legal Events (4) External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, EspacenetProcess for the separation of mercaptans contained in gas
US 4808341 AAbstract
A process for the separation of mercaptans from gases, and especially from natural gas by absorption in a hydrocarbon oil and regeneration of the oil by oxidation of the mercaptans to sulfonic acids. The oxidation can be carried out at the absorption temperature and pressure by means of an oxidant in an aqueous medium. The regenerated oil is recycled after separation from the aqueous phase containing the sulfonic acids.
1. A process for the removal of mercaptans from a gas stream which comprises:(a) contacting the gas stream with a hydrocarbon absorption oil, in an absorption zone, to remove at least a portion of the mercaptans from the gas stream and form a hydrocarbon oil containing mercaptans; (b) contacting the hydrocarbon oil containing mercaptans with an aqueous solution of an oxidizing agent in a reaction zone to react at least a portion of the mercaptans, in the hydrocarbon oil containing mercaptans, to sulfonic acid and form an aqueous solution containing sulfonic acid and a hydrocarbon absorption oil. 2. The process of claim 1 wherein the aqueous solution containing sulfonic acid is separated from the hydrocarbon absorption oil and the hydrocarbon absorption oil is recycled to the absorption zone.
3. The process of claim 1 wherein the aqueous solution containing sulfonic acid is separated from the hydrocarbon absorption oil and the aqueous solution containing sulfonic acid is recycled to the reaction zone.
4. The process of claim 1 wherein the oxidizing agent is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen peroxide, a peracid and mixtures thereof.
5. The process of claim 2 wherein the oxidizing agent is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen peroxide, a peracid and mixtures thereof.
6. The process of claim 3 wherein the oxidizing agent is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen peroxide, a peracid and mixtures thereof.
7. The process of claim 4 wherein the oxidizing agent is hydrogen peroxide.
8. The process of claim 5 wherein the oxidizing agent is hydrogen peroxide.
9. The process of claim 6 wherein the oxidizing agent is hydrogen peroxide.
10. The process of claim 4 wherein the oxidizing agent is selected from the group consisting of a peracid and a mixture of peracid and hydrogen peroxide.
11. The process of claim 5 wherein the oxidizing agent is selected from the group consisting of a peracid and a mixture of peracid and hydrogen peroxide.
12. The process of claim 6 wherein the oxidizing agent is selected from the group consisting of a peracid and a mixture of peracid and hydrogen peroxide.
13. The process of claim 10 wherein the peracid comprises performic acid.
14. The process of claim 11 wherein the peracid comprises performic acid.
15. The process of claim 12 wherein the peracid comprises performic acid.
16. The process of claim 10 wherein the peracid or mixture of peracid and hydrogen peroxide is formed in situ by the reaction of a carboxylic acid and hydrogen peroxide.
17. The process of claim 11 wherein the peracid or mixture of peracid and hydrogen peroxide is formed in situ by the reaction of a carboxylic acid and hydrogen peroxide.
18. The process of claim 12 wherein the peracid or mixture of peracid and hydrogen peroxide is formed in situ by the reaction of a carboxylic acid and hydrogen peroxide.
19. The process of claim 16 wherein the molar ratio of carboxylic acid:hydrogen peroxide is from about 0.1:1 to 1:1.
20. The process of claim 17 wherein the molar ratio of carboxylic acid:hydrogen peroxide is from about 0.1:1 to 1:1.
21. The process of claim 18 wherein the molar ratio of carboxylic acid:hydrogen peroxide is from about 0.1:1 to 1:1.
22. The process of claim 19 wherein the amount of oxidizing agent in the aqueous solution is from about 3 to 100 moles per mole of mercaptan in the hydrocarbon oil containing mercaptan.
23. The process of claim 20 wherein the amount of oxidizing agent in the aqueous solution is from about 3 to 100 moles per mole of mercaptan in the hydrocarbon oil containing mercaptan.
24. The process of claim 21 wherein the amount of oxidizing agent in the aqueous solution is from about 3 to 100 moles per mole of mercaptan in the hydrocarbon oil containing mercaptan.
25. The process of claim 3 wherein the amount of oxidizing agent in the aqueous solution containing sulfonic acid is increased before the aqueous solution is recycled to the reaction zone.
26. The process of claim 6 wherein the amount of oxidizing agent in the aqueous solution containing sulfonic acid is increased before the aqueous solution is recycled to the reaction zone.
27. The process of claim 12 wherein the amount of oxidizing agent in the aqueous solution containing sulfonic acid is increased before the aqueous solution is recycled to the reaction zone.
28. The process of claim 1 wherein the temperature is between about 20° C. and 60° C.
29. The process of claim 2 wherein the temperature is between about 20° C. and 60° C.
30. The process of claim 3 wherein the temperature is between about 20° C. and 60° C.
31. The process of claim 28 wherein the pressure is between about 5 and 10 MPa.
32. The process of claim 29 wherein the pressure is between about 5 and 10 MPa.
33. The process of claim 30 wherein the pressure is between about 5 and 10 MPa.
The present invention is a process for the separation of mercaptans from gas compositions and particularly from natural gas.
Sulfur containing gases, in general, contain sulfur in the form of hydrogen sulfide contaminated by variable quantities of mercaptans. These gases are generally treated in desulfurization units that operate either with "physical solvents" or with "chemical solvents". The "physical solvents" which are used in processes such as the SELEXOL, RECTISOL, PURISOL and SULFINOL processes absorb both hydrogen sulfide and mercaptans and desulfurization of the gas is complete in one zone.
In units that operate with "chemical solvents" such as monoethanolamine, diethanolamine or methyldiethanolamine, salts are only formed with the acid components of the gas, i.e, the hydrogen sulfide and the carbon dioxide, while essentially all of the mercaptans remain in the treated gas.
If the gas containing the mercaptans also contains higher hydrocarbons, the recovery of which is economically justified, the gas is subjected to an oil stripping treatment. This treatment comprises washing the gas with an oil at very low temperature (lower or equal to about -30° C.). The oil simultaneously absorbs the mercaptans and the higher hydrocarbons. The mercaptans and higher hydrocarbons are separated from the absorption oil and removed. The mercaptans are generally recovered in the hydrocarbon fraction having a boiling point corresponding to the boiling point of the mercaptans.
In gases for commercial use, the total quantity of sulfur must be lower than 50 mg/m3, and for the gases to be used in reforming units, the specifications are even more strict. For the majority of sulfur containing gases treated in desulfurization units using "chemical solvents" (amines), which are not subsequently submitted to an oil stripping treatment, a supplementary purification is necessary.
One process for the supplementary purification is the UOP, MEROX process. In this process, the gas to be purified is countercurrently contacted with an aqueous soda solution containing the MEROX catalyst. The extracted mercaptans are oxidized by oxygen to form disulfides. The source of the oxygen is generally air; the disulfides which are insoluble in the aqueous soda solution are separated by decantation.
The extraction of methyl mercaptan by an aqueous soda solution is easy; extraction is however more and more difficult for the homologs of higher molecular weight.
In addition, due to the usual presence of carbon dioxide in the gas to be treated, there is an irreversible consumption of the soda.
The present invention overcomes the deficiencies in prior art processes and removes all types of mercaptans contained in the gases which are treated.
The invention is a process for the removal of mercaptans contained in gases by absorption in a hydrocarbon oil and regeneration of the hydrocarbon oil by oxidizing the mercaptans contained in the oil to form sulfonic acids. The oxidation is carried out at a temperature and pressure in the range of the absorption by means of contact and reaction with an oxidizing agent, in an aqueous medium. The regenerated oil is recycled to the absorption zone after separation of the aqueous phase containing the sulfonic acids.
The gases containing mercaptans can be contacted by a hydrocarbon oil preferably countercurrently in an absorption column or other type of gas-liquid contacting means. The gas is contacted with the hydrocarbon oil at the pressure of the gas being in general between about 3 and 15 MPa and preferably between about 5 and 10 MPa, the temperature varying between ambient temperature and about 60° C.
Under the absorption conditions, the oil absorbs the mercaptans and a certain amount of the hydrocarbons contained in the gas. The amount of the hydrocarbon absorbed is a Henry's Law function of the partial pressure of each of the hydrocarbons.
In classic gasoline recovery, the regeneration of the hydrocarbon absorption oil and the recovery of the hydrocarbons is carried out by fractional expansion. The mercaptans are generally present in the hydrocarbon fraction of corresponding boiling point; for example, methylmercaptan is present in the propane fraction.
Regeneration according to the invention selectively eliminates the mercaptans. The regeneration can take place at the same temperature and at the same pressure as the absorption. The recycled oil remains permanently charged with absorbed hydrocarbons in the proportions that correspond to the gas-liquid equilibrium at the temperature and pressure conditions of the absorber.
Regeneration of the hydrocarbon oil is carried out by a chemical process comprising oxidation of the mercaptans to sulfonic acids. The sulfonic acids are soluble in the aqueous phase that contains the oxidant, and are insoluble in the absorption oil.
The oxidation can be carried out by simultaneous introduction and contact of the mercaptan containing hydrocarbon absorption oil, to be regenerated and the oxidant, in an aqueous medium in a reactor. The reactor is preferably a countercurrent contacting means. The reactor should ensure good contact between the two phases. A plate or packed column is peferred as, for example, a column packed with Raschig rings. It is also possible to use a bubble cap column.
The reaction mixture withdrawn from the reactor is sent into a decanter.
The hydrocarbon loaded oil phase, from which the mercaptans have been reacted is recycled to the absorber. The aqueous phase containing the sulfonic acids, is separated from the oil. Where the oxidizing agent has been present in excess with respect to the mercaptans, the excess oxidizing agent is present in aqueous phase and it is advantageous to recycle the aqueous phase to the reactor. Make up oxidizing agent can be added to the recycle stream.
The operations can be conducted either continuously or batchwise.
Any water soluble oxidant able to oxidize the mercaptan to form sulfonic acids is suitable to carry out the process according to the invention; particularly useful are hydrogen peroxide, for example 30% volume hydrogen peroxide, or peracids. Peracids such as performic or peracetic acid are particularly useful.
According to a preferred embodiment of the invention, the oxidizing agent comprises a peracid formed in situ from the reaction of a carboxylic acid and hydrogen peroxide.
Any concentration of hydrogen peroxide can be used. However, for safety reasons, the operation should be limited to the use of solutions of about 50% volume. Solutions of about 30% volume hydrogen peroxide are preferred.
The carboxylic acids useful in the practice of the present invention have the general formula R--COOH; where R is an alkyl, halogeno-alkyl or aryl radical. The number of carbon atoms in the R group is not critical as long as the peracid formed from the acis is soluble in the aqueous solution.
Readily water-soluble acids are preferred, such as those for which R=H, CH3, CF3 and the like. Formic acid provides the highest reaction rates. The acid can be used at a ratio of about 0.1 to 1 moles per mole of hydrogen peroxide, preferably about 0.2 to 0.5 mole per mole H2 O2.
Experience shows that the consumption of hydrogen peroxide is between about 3 and about 12 moles per mole of mercaptan. If the hydrogen peroxide is present in excess, the oxidation reaction of the mercaptans will reach total conversion after a certain time. The reaction rate is much higher when:
the H2 O2 /R SH ratio is higher
the amount of organic acid present is higher
the contact between the two phases is improved.
When excess quantities of hydrogen peroxide are introduced into the reactor, the excess hydrogen peroxide does not decompose but is present in the aqueous effluent from the reactor. The aqueous effluent can be recycled. There should be no hesitation in using excess hydrogen peroxide even in amounts as high as about 100 moles per mole of mercaptan, in order to profit from the higher reaction rates.
The recycling of aqueous effluents, after addition of make up hydrogen peroxide, also reduces the organic acid consumption.
Indeed, this acid in its peracid form acts as an active oxygen vector, but is recovered at the end of the process. It is thus sufficient to add, during continuous operation, quantities of organic acid corresponding to those eliminated in the purge flow of the aqueous phase loaded with sulfonic acids (these sulfonic acids furthermore facilitate oxidation of the mercaptans by contributing to catalysis of this reaction).
The oil used for the absorpti-on of the mercaptans should be readily available, sufficiently fluid at operating temperature and have a low volatility at the temperature and pressure of the process to minimize losses through vaporization into the gas stream.
Oils such as spindle oil, 100 NS oil or any other refining cut with equivalent properties is preferably used.
It is not possible to generalize the composition of the oil that circulates in the system since it is permanently loaded with hydrocarbons that are absorbed from the gas to be treated, in proportions which correspond to the gas-liquid equilibrium between the oil and the gas under the temperature and pressure conditions at which the absorber operates. The composition of the oil is therefore a function of the composition of the treated gas.
As indicated hereinabove, the absorption and regeneration steps, according to the present invention can be carried out at substantially the same pressure and the same temperature. The pressure is generally between about 5 and 10 MPa and the temperature between about 15 and 60° C.
2,000,000 standard cubic meters per day (S/m3/d) of a natural gas having the composition indicated hereinafter is treated in a conventional desulfurization unit making use of diethanolamine, under a pressure of 7 MPa:
______________________________________          % by volume______________________________________N2          1.4CH4         71.1C2 H5  2.5C3 +    tracesH2 S        15.1CO2         9.9COS              0.05RSH              780 mg/m3 expressed            as sulfur______________________________________
At the exit of the primary desulfurization zone, the flow rate is 1,500,000 Sm3 /d gas at 50° C. and under 7 MPa, which gas has the following composition:
______________________________________      ppm by volume______________________________________CO2     1200H2 S    4CH3 SH  216C2 H5 SH        75C3 H7 SH        33C4 H9 SH        17______________________________________
The gas is then countercurrently contacted by a flow-rate of 140 m3 /h spindle oil, having a specific gravity of 0.908, in an absorber comprising 24 perforated plates operating at 50° C. under 7 MPa.
The purified gas obtained at the exit of the absorber has the following composition:
______________________________________      ppm by volume______________________________________CO2     1200H2 S    3CH3 SH  20C2 H5 SH        5C3 H7 SH        2C4 H9 SH        1______________________________________
The residual mercaptans correspond to the presence of 38 mg of sulfur/Sm3. The elimination of mercaptans is 92%. The oil loaded with mercaptans drawn from the bottom of the absorber contains:
______________________________________mercaptans    ppm weight______________________________________CH3 SH   195C2 H5 SH         90C3 H7 SH         49C4 H9 SH         30______________________________________
This loaded oil is introduced into the bottom of a column packed with Raschig rings; it is therein countercurrently contacted and treated by 6.8 m3 /h of an aqueous solution containing 8.74K moles of hydrogen peroxide and 3.97K moles of formic acid per m3. The regeneration column operates at substantially the same pressure as the absorption column, i.e., at 7 MPa. It is maintained at 50° C. by immersed cooling means.
The aqueous solution was initially prepared by simultaneous injection into the storage tank, for the aqueous solution, 30% volume hydrogen peroxide and pure formic acid, in the volume ratio 6/1.
The organic phase comprises the continuous phase in the packed column. The working volume of the reactor provides a reaction time of 0.4 hours. The regenerated oil leaving the head of the reactor had a mercaptan analysis as follows:
______________________________________mercaptans    ppm weight______________________________________CH3 SH   10C2 H5 SH         6C3 H7 SH         8C4 H9 SH         6______________________________________
The analysis indicates that on the average, 93% of the mercaptans initially present in the loaded oil, were reacted. The oil is recycled to the absorber to absorb additional mercaptans.
The aqueous phase drawn off at the bottom of the oil regeneration column is directed to a storage tank.
Analysis of the aqueous solution shows that its formic acid content has not changed; it contains, furthermore, sulfonic acids corresponding to the reacted mercaptans; it still contains 8.23K moles of hydrogen peroxide per cubic meter (m3).
The hydrogen peroxide consumption is established at 4.5 moles per mole of reacted mercaptan.
The titre adjustment of the aqueous solution is achieved through the addition of 361 liters/h of 50% volume hydrogen peroxide to 6.44 cubic meters/hour (m3 /h) of aqueous solution drawn from the storage tank.
An equivalent flow rate of (361 l/h) purge is drawn off the storage tank.
To compensate for the loss of formic acid in the purge, it is necessary to add 54 l/h fresh make-up acid.
Patent CitationsCited PatentFiling datePublication dateApplicantTitleUS4239696 *Feb 4, 1976Dec 16, 1980Friedhelm GeigerProcess for the production of alkyl sulfonic acids* Cited by examinerNon-Patent CitationsReference1 *Chem Abst, Deschamps, vol. 71, (1969), 72672j.2 *Gilbert Sulfonation & Related React. (1965), pp. 220, 221.* Cited by examinerReferenced byCiting PatentFiling datePublication dateApplicantTitleUS6927305 *Mar 20, 2003Aug 9, 2005Council Of Scientific And Industrial ResearchProcess for production of alkanesulfonic acidUS8815083Nov 29, 2012Aug 26, 2014Merichem CompanyTreating sulfur containing hydrocarbons recovered from hydrocarbonaceous depositsUS20030136263 *Jan 21, 2002Jul 24, 2003Conoco Inc.Process for removing sulfidesUS20040186316 *Mar 20, 2003Sep 23, 2004Council Of Scientific And Industrial ResearchProcess for production of alkanesulfonic acidCN104884735A *Nov 27, 2013Sep 2, 2015摩瑞奇曼公司Treating sulfur containing hydrocarbons recovered from hydrocarbonaceous depositsEP2049439A1 *Jul 30, 2007Apr 22, 2009Fluor Technologies CorporationConfigurations and methods for removal of mercaptans from feed gasesWO2014085559A1 *Nov 27, 2013Jun 5, 2014Merichem CompanyTreating sulfur containing hydrocarbons recovered from hydrocarbonaceous deposits* Cited by examinerClassifications U.S. Classification562/118, 562/33International ClassificationB01D53/48, B01D53/14, C10L3/10, C07C7/11Cooperative ClassificationC07C7/11, B01D53/1493European ClassificationC07C7/11, B01D53/14MLegal EventsDateCodeEventDescriptionDec 1, 1983ASAssignmentOwner name: SOCIETE NATIONALE ELE AQUITAINE (PRODUCTION) TOURFree format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNOR:DESGRANCHAMPS, GUY;REEL/FRAME:004203/0632Effective date: 19831108Owner name: SOCIETE NATIONALE ELE AQUITAINE (PRODUCTION) TOURFree format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:DESGRANCHAMPS, GUY;REEL/FRAME:004203/0632Effective date: 19831108Sep 29, 1992REMIMaintenance fee reminder mailedFeb 28, 1993LAPSLapse for failure to pay maintenance feesMay 11, 1993FPExpired due to failure to pay maintenance feeEffective date: 19930228RotateOriginal ImageGoogle Home - Sitemap - USPTO Bulk Downloads - Privacy Policy - Terms of Service - About Google Patents - Send FeedbackData provided by IFI CLAIMS Patent Services


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Patent US7271450 - Dual-gate structure and method of fabricating integrated circuits having ... - Google PatentsSearch Images Maps Play YouTube News Gmail Drive More »Sign inAdvanced Patent SearchPatentsA method of fabricating a dual-gate on a substrate and an integrated circuit having a dual-gate structure are provided. A first high-K dielectric layer is formed in a first area defined for a first gate structure and in a second area defined for a second gate structure. A second high-K dielectric layer...http://www.google.com/patents/US7271450?utm_source=gb-gplus-sharePatent US7271450 - Dual-gate structure and method of fabricating integrated circuits having dual-gate structuresAdvanced Patent SearchPublication numberUS7271450 B2Publication typeGrantApplication numberUS 11/303,530Publication dateSep 18, 2007Filing dateDec 16, 2005Priority dateAug 23, 2002Fee statusPaidAlso published asUS7030024, US20040038538, US20060091469Publication number11303530, 303530, US 7271450 B2, US 7271450B2, US-B2-7271450, US7271450 B2, US7271450B2InventorsTuo-Hung Ho, Ming-Fang Wang, Chi-Chun Chen, Chih-Wei Yang, Liang-Gi Yao, Chih-Chang ChenOriginal AssigneeTaiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Co., Ltd.Export CitationBiBTeX, EndNote, RefManPatent Citations (17), Non-Patent Citations (2), Classifications (20), Legal Events (2) External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, EspacenetDual-gate structure and method of fabricating integrated circuits having dual-gate structures
Patent CitationsCited PatentFiling datePublication dateApplicantTitleUS5561307 *Jul 18, 1994Oct 1, 1996Symetrix CorporationFerroelectric integrated circuitUS6030862Oct 13, 1998Feb 29, 2000Advanced Micro Devices, Inc.Dual gate oxide formation with minimal channel dopant diffusionUS6063670Apr 15, 1998May 16, 2000Texas Instruments IncorporatedGate fabrication processes for split-gate transistorsUS6210999Dec 4, 1998Apr 3, 2001Advanced Micro Devices, Inc.Method and test structure for low-temperature integration of high dielectric constant gate dielectrics into self-aligned semiconductor devicesUS6261978Feb 22, 1999Jul 17, 2001Motorola, Inc.Process for forming semiconductor device with thick and thin filmsUS6262456Nov 6, 1998Jul 17, 2001Advanced Micro Devices, Inc.Integrated circuit having transistors with different threshold voltagesUS6268251Jul 12, 2000Jul 31, 2001Chartered Semiconductor Manufacturing Inc.Method of forming MOS/CMOS devices with dual or triple gate oxideUS6297103Feb 28, 2000Oct 2, 2001Micron Technology, Inc.Structure and method for dual gate oxide thicknessesUS6320238Jun 25, 1999Nov 20, 2001Agere Systems Guardian Corp.Gate structure for integrated circuit fabricationUS6368923Apr 28, 2000Apr 9, 2002United Microelectronics Corp.Method of fabricating a dual metal gate having two different gate dielectric layersUS6383871Aug 31, 1999May 7, 2002Micron Technology, Inc.Method of forming multiple oxide thicknesses for merged memory and logic applicationsUS6475911Aug 16, 2000Nov 5, 2002Micron Technology, Inc.Method of forming noble metal patternUS6518106May 26, 2001Feb 11, 2003Motorola, Inc.Semiconductor device and a method thereforUS6524908Jun 1, 2001Feb 25, 2003International Business Machines CorporationMethod for forming refractory metal-silicon-nitrogen capacitors and structures formedUS6656852Dec 6, 2001Dec 2, 2003Texas Instruments IncorporatedMethod for the selective removal of high-k dielectricsUS6660578Apr 8, 2002Dec 9, 2003Advanced Micro Devices, Inc.High-K dielectric having barrier layer for P-doped devices and method of fabricationUS6764898 *May 16, 2002Jul 20, 2004Advanced Micro Devices, Inc.Implantation into high-K dielectric material after gate etch to facilitate removal* Cited by examinerNon-Patent CitationsReference1Chambers, J.J. et al., Texas Instruments Inc. Silicon Research, Dallas, TX, "Effect of Composition and Post-Deposition Annealing on the Etch Rate of Hafnium and Zirconium Silicates in Dilute HF," 2001st Meeting of the Electrochemical Society, Sep. 2001.2Semiconductor Glossary, (Retrieved Feb. 17, 2005) http://www.semiconductorglossary.com/default.asp?searchterm=high-k+dielectric.Classifications U.S. Classification257/369, 257/E27.062, 257/411, 257/E21.251, 257/E21.625International ClassificationH01L21/306, H01L21/8234, H01L27/088, H01L21/311, H01L29/94, H01L29/78, H01L21/336Cooperative ClassificationH01L29/513, H01L29/517, H01L21/31111, H01L21/823462European ClassificationH01L21/8234J, H01L21/311B2, H01L29/51M, H01L29/51B2Legal EventsDateCodeEventDescriptionFeb 22, 2011FPAYFee paymentYear of fee payment: 4Mar 4, 2015FPAYFee paymentYear of fee payment: 8RotateOriginal ImageGoogle Home - Sitemap - USPTO Bulk Downloads - Privacy Policy - Terms of Service - About Google Patents - Send FeedbackData provided by IFI CLAIMS Patent Services

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Pounding Europe's Pavements Is No Picnic - Bloomberg For more local news from India, visit Bloombergquint.com Bloomberg the Company & Its ProductsBloomberg Anywhere Remote LoginBloomberg Anywhere LoginBloomberg Terminal Demo Request Bloomberg
Bloomberg Anywhere Remote LoginDownload SoftwareService Center MENU Homepage Markets Stocks Currencies Commodities Rates + Bonds Economics Magazine Benchmark Watchlist Economic Calendar Tech Silicon Valley Global Tech Venture Capital Hacking Digital Media Bloomberg West Pursuits Cars & Bikes Style & Grooming Spend Watches & Gadgets Food & Drinks Travel Real Estate Art & Design Politics With All Due Respect Delegate Tracker Culture Caucus Podcast Masters In Politics Podcast What The Voters Are Streaming Editors' Picks Opinion View Gadfly Businessweek Subscribe Cover Stories Opening Remarks Etc Features 85th Anniversary Issue Behind The Cover More Industries Science + Energy Graphics Game Plan Small Business Personal Finance Inspire GO Board Directors Forum Sponsored Content Sign In Subscribe Pounding Europe's Pavements Is No Picnic January 24, 2000 — 12:00 AM EST Share on FacebookShare on TwitterShare on WhatsApp Share on LinkedInShare on RedditShare on Google+E-mailShare on TwitterShare on WhatsApp Share on FacebookShare on TwitterShare on WhatsApp Share on LinkedInShare on RedditShare on Google+E-mailShare on TwitterShare on WhatsApp Having left employment in the U.S. in October, 1998, to live in Gloucestershire, I find "The missing worker" (European Business, Dec. 27) very informative. I had thought that, with my education and employment background, I could find a good job here easily. There is one major problem in Britain: age discrimination, especially for those over 50 (I turned 53 this past October). Unlike the U.S., Britain has not outlawed age discrimination.
Yes, info-tech workers are needed, and that is my field, but many companies are blind: They want to employ young people--those just out of school, who command lower wages. There seems to be no consideration for experience and knowledge gained over many years of work. One is told by employment agencies that one's age makes it hard to be placed; ads actually state age groups wanted.
John B. Rohrbeck Stroud, Gloucestershire
In Germany, problems often stem not from workers' lack of skills or their unwillingness to change, but are caused by well-established keepers of secure posts. These professionals lack any incentive for change. They like the status quo and abhor risks or experiments. For them, educated, experienced personalities signify unwanted competition.
The flexible Mr. Freund in your article is not the exception. Well-educated job seekers in their 40s with successful high-level international management experience, proficiency in several languages, the flexibility to work around the globe, and certified info-tech knowledge send out hundreds of applications, only to receive negative responses. As long as many people in Germany fail to find work because they are "overqualified" (or lack a positive attitude--whatever that means), one should not complain about an uneducated and inflexible workforce.
Winrich Neumann

value: This website is an international news agency headquartered in New York City and a division of Bloomberg L.P. Content produced by Bloomberg News is disseminated through Bloomberg Terminals, Bloomberg Television, Bloomberg Radio, Bloomberg Businessweek, Bloomberg Markets, Bloomberg.com, and Bloomberg's mobile platforms. Since 2015, John Micklethwait has served as editor-in-chief.


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P. 1Badhaka & remidyBadhaka & remidyRatings: (0)|Views: 12|Likes: 0Published by Narayana Murthy Tekal NanjundasastryMore info:Published by: Narayana Murthy Tekal Nanjundasastry on Apr 18, 2013Copyright:Attribution Non-commercialAvailability:Read on Scribd mobile: iPhone, iPad and Android.download as PDF, TXT or read online from ScribdFlag for inappropriate content|Add to collectionSee moreSee lesshttps://www.scribd.com/doc/136606007/Badhaka-remidy06/28/2014pdftextoriginal Badhakasthana & Badhakesh
In Prasna Marga, Harihara has given the analysis of an horsocope based onBadhaka point of view. He says that for all movable signs, the 11th housetherefrom is the badhaka sthana, for all fixed signs, the 9th therefrom aretheir badhakasthana and for all the dual signs, the 7th therefrom are theirbadkasthanas. Thus for the 12 signs of the zodiac, the badhakasthanas are:In this method, the quadrants of the house of harm can also be harmful.This is based on the principle of Paraspara Karaka i.e. doing each other’s jobwhen the planets/signs are placed in mutual quadrants. Paraspara Karakameans, you pat my back and I shall pat yours or you kick my back and Ishall kick yours. The patting or kicking is dependent on the naturalrelationship of the planets under consideration. Thus if natural enemies areplaced in the quadrants, they shall fight and when natural friends are placedin such position, they shall work with each other in harmony.From the placement of the badhakesh (lord of the badhakasthana) orplanets in the badhakasthana, we can judge the wrath of others and theirresult consequences in our lives in form of troubles. The wrath of followingare discussed here under:1. Wrath of deity2. Wrath of Sarpadeva or divine sepents3. Wrath of parents4. Preta Bhadha5. Dristi Badha6. Abhichara
The wrath of the deity is to be judged based on various factors. The 12thhouse from the Atmakaraka is the place of the Ista Devata and it is from the12th house from the Badhakesh that the past life history of maintenance of the deity is to be deciphered.The following guidelines are the key to the analysis of wrath of deity1. Badhakesh is placed in an adverse place and afflicted.2. If a Malefic planet is placed in the 12th house from the Badhakesh, itindicates that the worshipped image was mutilated.This brings the wrath of the deity signified by the Badhakesh. Depending onthe malefic planets [Rahu, Saturn, Mars] / Upagraha [Guika, Mandi]involved, the following can be inferred: -(a)
Gulika/ Rahu:
Gulika is the son of Saturn and extremely diabolical. Itrises at the end of the Saturn's portion in the eight part division of the day.Gulika shows poision and Rahu indicate serpents. Hence this indicates someblemishes related to serpents such as a curse of the Serpent deity or aserpent having touched the image of the deity has made it very impure.(b)
Pollution /dirt on the image/ temple.(c)
Disputes /bad management of worship/ image/ temple etc.The fault leading to the wrath of the deity can be narrowed down as follow.Here we must understand that the if Badhakesh is ill placed and the 12thfrom the badhakesh is afflicted, the we can be certain that the native shallhave wrath of a deity. The reason can be divined from:1. The malefic influences on the 12th from the badhakesh and/ or2. The badhakesh itself and/ or3. From the house where the badhakesh is placedCause of Wrath based on placement of Badhakesh in different houses [Ch15,Sl 11],
1. Lagna:
Lagna shows image and hence this means that the idol has beenmutilated.Influence of planets on Badhakesh in Lagna:a. Mars: breaking idol, image or any sacred object associated with the deity.A fresh idol has to be installed in a temple.b. Saturn/ Rahu/ Gulika: Saturn rules dirt, Gulika poison and Rahu
impurities. Thus if they influence the badhakesh, it indicates that pollutionand dirt have made the idol impure.c. If Sun associates, then it is due to birds. (Birds are ruled by Sun)
2. Fourth house:
Fourth house shows the place of worship or the templeand hence it means that that the temple is either broken, desecrated orforgotten.
Influence of planets on Badhakesh in Fourth House:
a. Mars: The temple is either broken or dilapidated and needs repairsb. Saturn: The temple has been forgotten (Saturn rules loss of memory)c. Saturn/ Rahu: The temple is desecreated (Saturn rules dirt and Rahu rulesimpurities) and needs to be sanctified.
3. Second or Eleventh house:
If the badhakesh is in one of these twohouses, these houses being the dhana and aya bhava respectively, itindicates that the deity’s wealth has either been stolen or misappropriated.The nature of the property can be judged from the nature of the sign. Thisproperty is either Dhatu (Inanimate object), Moola (grains, trees, lands etc)or Jeeva (Men, Animals etc) depending on the Lagna as being movable, fixedor dual.The nature of the sign is however, overridden by planets if they conjoin theLagna. Mercury and Jupiter signify Jeeva, Sun & Venus signify Moola and theothers viz., Moon, Mars, Saturn and Rahu signify Dhatu. This can also be judged from the placement of the badhakesh in different nakshatras. Forthat matter the naksatras reckoned from Aswini are in the order of Dhatu,Moola & Jeeva.
Since the dispositor of a planet indicate what sustains the planet and thehouse and also represent the mental and psychological aspect of a house orplanet, the remedy of the sin committed against the deity can be seen fromthe dispositor of the badhakesh. The tattva (Elements) of the dispositor of the badhakesh, shall indicate, which remedy can propitiate the angry deity.The remedies based on the tattvas are given below:
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CIS Countries Photovoltaic (Solar PV) Market Outlook 2013 - 2018
GBF 2015, April 16th, Presentation ...
by Green Bridge Forum 303 views
Inea Consulting Ltd.
This market report offers an incisive and reliable overview of the photovoltaic sector of CIS countries for the period 2013 ÷ 2018. Newly installed PV capacity in this region will exceed 1.6 GW in the next 2 years. The number of fully permitted and ready to build projects is promptly increasing. Rooftop market segment in many countries is not developed and forecasted to score significant growth in the near future. The report provides a complete picture of the market situation, dynamics, risks, current issues and future prospects. You will find 200 pages of valuable information in this unique in-depth analysis of the CIS countries photovoltaic market. With comprehensive market data this report brings clear and concise insights, to help investors, manufacturers and service providers in their decision making process. As 2012 and 2013 were challenging years for photovoltaic (solar PV) industry, the time for taking right decisions during 2014 and the next few years is limited. Fast changing market environment, requires relevant and accurate information.
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Inea Consulting is a well established renewable
energy advisory firm focused to emerging markets of
Eastern Europe, CIS countries and MENA countries.
Through its service Renewable Market WatchTM, the
company provides independent renewable sectors
overview, customized analysis, market outlooks and
sector studies.
What makes us different is the quality and accuracy of
information, which is interpreted in the best way to
take your investment decisions.
www.ineaconsulting.eu
CIS COUNTRIES PHOTOVOLTAIC MARKET: OUTLOOK 2013 ÷ 2018
This market report offers an incisive and reliable overview of the photovoltaic sector of CIS
countries for the period 2013 ÷ 2018. Newly installed PV capacity in this region will exceed
1.6 GW in the next 2 years. The number of fully permitted and ready to build projects is
promptly increasing. Rooftop market segment in many countries is not developed and
forecasted to score significant growth in the near future. The report provides a complete
picture of the market situation, dynamics, risks, current issues and future prospects. You
will find 200 pages of valuable information in this unique in-depth analysis of the CIS
countries photovoltaic market. With comprehensive market data this report brings clear
and concise insights, to help investors, manufacturers and service providers in their
decision making process. As 2012 and 2013 were challenging years for photovoltaic
industry, the time for taking right decisions during 2014 and the next few years is limited.
Fast changing market environment, requires relevant and accurate information. For your
convenience we offer opportunity for orders with customized book content.
Reasons to buy this report include:
 Solar resource potential in CIS countries
 Historical market data provided from 2000 to 2013 and forecasts until 2018
 Overview of CIS photovoltaic market development 2000 ÷ 2018 by countries
 Development scenario of CIS countries photovoltaic sector until 2018
 Major active and upcoming photovoltaic plants in CIS countries
 Attractiveness indices for photovoltaic investments in CIS countries
 SWOT Analysis (detailed in 5 pages)
 Major deals and M&A activity in CIS countries
 Overview of CIS legal and regulatory framework for RES generation by countries
 Competitive Landscape. Project developers and Investors in CIS countries
 EPC providers, Equipment manufacturers and Consultants in CIS countries
 Key organizations and stakeholders affecting development of the photovoltaic sector
 Comprehensive review of smart grid development in CIS countries
 Investment trends, potential and opportunities
At next pages you will see the full table of content of this outlook. For sample report pages
request, please do not hesitate to contact us. To order this report just fill in and send us the
enclosed at the last page order form. Table of contents is referential and may vary for
different countries. If you have any other questions please do not hesitate to call us on
++359 887 342 475 or write an e-mail to orders@ineaconsulting.eu
FOREWORD ................................................................................................................... 10
METHODOLOGY ................................................................................................... 12
Methodology ............................................................................................................ 12
Limitations ................................................................................................................ 15
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ......................................................................................... 16
CIS COUNTRIES RENEWABLE ENERGY POLICY LANDSCAPE .................................... 19
3.1. RES Regulations and Directives of European Union (EU) affecting CIS countries ... 19
Precedent regulations ....................................................................................... 19
EU 2030 Framework for climate and energy policies ....................................... 20
EU Energy Roadmap 2050................................................................................. 23
SET Plan ............................................................................................................. 26
3.2. RES Strategy for CIS countries developed by UN ECE .............................................. 31
Development of educational activity and personnel training .......................... 32
3.3. Renewable energy mandatory targets for CIS countries ......................................... 33
CIS COUNTRIES ENERGY MARKET ......................................................................... 35
General electricity market information ................................................................... 35
WORLD PHOTOVOLTAIC ENERGY MARKET ........................................................... 40
EUROPEAN PHOTOVOLTAIC ENERGY MARKET ...................................................... 57
CIS COUNTRIES SOLAR RESOURCE POTENTIAL AND MAPPING .............................. 65
CIS COUNTRIES PHOTOVOLTAIC ENERGY MARKET ................................................ 68
Market overview ...................................................................................................... 68
Country attractiveness index for photovoltaic energy investments ....................... 70
COUNTRY PROFILES ............................................................................................. 71
9.1. ARMENIA .................................................................................................................. 71
Armenia Photovoltaic Energy Market Overview .............................................. 71
Renewable Energy Incentives and Generation Capacity Mandatory Target .... 72
Major deals, M&A activity, major planned, development and operating
photovoltaic projects ....................................................................................................... 73
RES Legal and Regulatory Framework .............................................................. 74
Key Stakeholders, Organizations and Institutions ............................................ 76
9.2. AZERBAIJAN .............................................................................................................. 80
Azerbaijan Photovoltaic Energy Market Overview ........................................... 80
Renewable Energy Incentives and Generation Capacity Mandatory Target .... 82
photovoltaic projects ....................................................................................................... 83
RES Legal and Regulatory Framework .............................................................. 84
Key Stakeholders, Organizations and Institutions ............................................ 87
9.3. BELARUS ................................................................................................................... 89
Belarus Photovoltaic Energy Market Overview ................................................ 89
Renewable Energy Incentives and Generation Capacity Mandatory Target .... 90
photovoltaic projects ....................................................................................................... 91
RES Legal and Regulatory Framework .............................................................. 92
Key Stakeholders, Organizations and Institutions ............................................ 95
9.4. KAZAKHSTAN ............................................................................................................ 97
Kazakhstan Investment Climate........................................................................ 97
Electricity Market Structure .............................................................................. 97
Kazakhstan Photovoltaic Energy Market Overview ........................................ 101
Renewable Energy Incentives and Generation Capacity Mandatory Target .. 104
photovoltaic projects ..................................................................................................... 106
RES Legal and Regulatory Framework ............................................................ 110
Key Stakeholders, Organizations and Institutions .......................................... 114
9.5. KYRGYZSTAN........................................................................................................... 117
Kyrgyzstan Photovoltaic Energy Market Overview ......................................... 117
Renewable Energy Incentives and Generation Capacity Mandatory Target .. 118
photovoltaic projects ..................................................................................................... 119
RES Legal and Regulatory Framework ............................................................ 119
Key Stakeholders, Organizations and Institutions .......................................... 121
9.6. MOLDOVA .............................................................................................................. 122
Moldova Photovoltaic Energy Market Overview ............................................ 122
Renewable Energy Incentives and Generation Capacity Mandatory Target .. 124
photovoltaic projects ..................................................................................................... 125
RES Legal and Regulatory Framework ............................................................ 125
Key Stakeholders, Organizations and Institutions .......................................... 126
9.7. RUSSIA .................................................................................................................... 128
Russia Photovoltaic Energy Market Overview ................................................ 128
Renewable Energy Incentives and Generation Capacity Mandatory Target .. 132
photovoltaic projects ..................................................................................................... 136
RES Legal and Regulatory Framework ............................................................ 138
Key Stakeholders, Organizations and Institutions .......................................... 149
9.8. TAJIKISTAN.............................................................................................................. 154
Tajikistan Photovoltaic Energy Market Overview ........................................... 154
Renewable Energy Incentives and Generation Capacity Mandatory Target.. 155
photovoltaic projects ..................................................................................................... 156
RES Legal and Regulatory Framework ............................................................ 157
Key Stakeholders, Organizations and Institutions .......................................... 159
9.9. TURKMENISTAN ..................................................................................................... 160
Turkmenistan Photovoltaic Energy Market Overview .................................... 160
Renewable Energy Incentives and Generation Capacity Mandatory Target .. 161
photovoltaic projects ..................................................................................................... 162
RES Legal and Regulatory Framework ............................................................ 163
Key Stakeholders, Organizations and Institutions .......................................... 163
9.10. UZBEKISTAN............................................................................................................ 165
9.10.1. Uzbekistan Photovoltaic Energy Market Overview ........................................ 165
9.10.2. Renewable Energy Incentives and Generation Capacity Mandatory Target .. 166
9.10.3. Major deals, M&A activity, major planned, development and operating
photovoltaic projects ..................................................................................................... 169
9.10.4. RES Legal and Regulatory Framework ............................................................ 170
9.10.5. Key Stakeholders, Organizations and Institutions .......................................... 172
9.11. UKRAINE ................................................................................................................. 174
9.11.1. Ukraine Photovoltaic Energy Market Overview ............................................. 174
9.11.2. Renewable Energy Incentives and Generation Capacity Mandatory Target .. 176
9.11.3. Major deals, M&A activity, major planned, development and operating
photovoltaic projects ..................................................................................................... 178
9.11.4. RES Legal and Regulatory Framework ............................................................ 180
9.11.5. Key Stakeholders, Organizations and Institutions .......................................... 188
10. COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF SUPPORT SCHEMES IN CIS COUNTRIES. FEED-IN
TARIFFS AND GREEN CERTIFICATES .............................................................................. 192
11. COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF MANDATORY CAPACITY GENERATION TARGETS IN CIS
COUNTRIES .................................................................................................................. 193
ELECTRICITY GRID NETWORK IN CIS COUNTRIES ................................................. 195
12.1. Transmission System Operators (TSO’s) ................................................................ 196
12.2. Distribution System Operators (DSO’s) .................................................................. 200
12.3. Grid connection constraints ................................................................................... 201
SMART GRID DEVELOPMENT IN CIS COUNTRIES ................................................. 203
13.1. Smart Grid and Super Smart Grid Concept ............................................................ 203
13.2. Smart grids development in CIS countries ............................................................. 205
13.3. Smart grids development in the CEE & SEE countries ........................................... 207
14. COMPETITIVE LANDSCAPE. PROJECT DEVELOPERS AND INVESTORS IN CIS
PHOTOVOLTAIC ENERGY MARKET ................................................................................ 211
15. EPC AND O&M PROVIDERS, EQUIPMENT MANUFACTURERS AND CONSULTANTS IN
CIS PHOTOVOLTAIC ENERGY MARKET .......................................................................... 215
SWOT ANALYSIS OF CIS PHOTOVOLTAIC ENERGY MARKET ................................. 222
RISKS ABOUT PHOTOVOLTAIC INVESTMENTS IN CIS COUNTRIES ........................ 226
17.1. Risks Associated with the Photovoltaic Energy Industry in CIS countries ............. 226
17.1.1. Regulatory Risk................................................................................................ 226
17.1.2. Competition within the Photovoltaic Energy Industry ................................... 226
17.1.3. Public Attitudes towards Photovoltaic Energy Projects ................................. 227
17.1.4. Emerging Market Risk ..................................................................................... 228
17.1.5. Insurance Risk ................................................................................................. 228
17.1.6. Force Majeure Risk ......................................................................................... 228
17.2. Risks Associated with the Investor’s Finance Arrangements ................................. 228
17.2.1. Asset Sale Risk ................................................................................................. 228
17.2.2. Borrowing Risk ................................................................................................ 229
17.2.3. Foreign Exchange Risk ..................................................................................... 229
17.3. Risks Associated with the Development of Photovoltaic Energy Plants................ 230
17.3.1. Variability in the Source of Photovoltaic Energy ............................................ 230
17.3.2. Development of the Project and Construction Risk ....................................... 230
17.3.3. Capital Cost Risk .............................................................................................. 230
17.3.4. Permits ............................................................................................................ 231
17.3.5. Land Options ................................................................................................... 231
17.3.6. Construction.................................................................................................... 232
17.3.7. Dependency on Suppliers ............................................................................... 232
17.3.8. Technology Risk............................................................................................... 232
17.3.9. Operation and Maintenance Risk ................................................................... 233
17.3.10. Market Price of Electricity ........................................................................... 233
18. INVESTMENT TRENDS, POTENTIAL AND OPPORTUNITIES IN CIS PHOTOVOLTAIC
ENERGY MARKET ......................................................................................................... 234
CONCLUSIONS ................................................................................................... 236
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS .................................................................................... 238
REFERENCES ...................................................................................................... 240
DISCLAIMER ....................................................................................................... 243
APPENDIX I. SOLAR RESOURCE MAPS OF EUROPE AND CIS COUNTRIES .............. 244
MAP 1: The synchronous grids of Europe (IPS/UPS is shown in orange, UCTE is equal to
ENTSO-E) ................................................................................................................................. 36
MAP 2: Interconnection Grid Map CEE and CIS countries, ENTSO-E, 2012............................ 38
MAP 3: Solar resource potential of CIS countries ................................................................... 66
MAP 4: Solar Resource Map of Armenia ................................................................................ 72
MAP 5: Solar Resource Map of Azerbaijan ............................................................................. 81
MAP 6: Solar Resource Map of Belarus .................................................................................. 89
MAP 7: Electricity Grid Map of Kazakhstan, KEGOC 2011 ...................................................... 98
MAP 8: Solar Resource Map of Kazakhstan .......................................................................... 102
MAP 10: Solar Resource Map of Moldova ............................................................................ 123
MAP 11: Solar Resource Map of Russia ................................................................................ 130
MAP 13: Solar Resource Map of Tajikistan, 3TIER 2009 ....................................................... 154
MAP 14: Solar Resource Map of Turkmenistan .................................................................... 160
MAP 15: Solar Resource Map of Uzbekistan ........................................................................ 166
MAP 16: Solar Resource Map of Ukraine.............................................................................. 175
MAP 17: Smart Grid Projects Map in Europe 2013, JRC ....................................................... 210
Map 18: Solar irradiation and solar electricity potential for optimally inclined photovoltaic
modules in Europe and CIS countries, JRC PVGIS ................................................................. 244
Map 19: Solar irradiation and solar electricity potential for horizontally mounted
photovoltaic modules in Europe and CIS countries, GeoModel Solar S.r.o. 2011 ............... 245
Chart 1: Technology Road Map for Photovoltaic Energy Development, SET Plan ................. 28
Chart 2: Contribution of Key Drivers Toward Module Cost Reduction .................................. 42
Chart 3: PV module price trends from 2008 to 2013 (€/Wp) ................................................. 42
Chart 4: PV system price evolution (€/Wp) in 2012 ............................................................... 44
Chart 5: Global Cumulative Installed Photovoltaic (solar PV) capacity 2000 ÷ 2012 in MW . 45
Chart 6: Global PV cumulative installed capacity share in 2012 (MW; %) ............................. 46
Chart 7: PV market share outside Europe in 2012 (MW; %) .................................................. 50
Chart 8: Global annual PV market forecast 2000 - 2018 (in MW) .......................................... 55
Chart 9: Global Rooftop Photovoltaic Development Scenario 2012 - 2018 ........................... 56
Chart 10: European PV markets split 2012 (in MW and %) .................................................... 59
Chart 11: Top 5 European residential PV markets in 2012 (in %) ........................................... 60
Chart 12: Top 5 European ground mounted PV markets in 2012 (in %) ................................ 61
Chart 13: European annual photovoltaic market forecast until 2018 (in MW) ...................... 64
Chart 14: Cumulative developments of photovoltaic power plants in CIS countries in MW
from 2000 to 2018, including estimates ................................................................................. 69
Chart 15: Cumulative developments of photovoltaic power plants in Armenia in MW from
2000 to 2018, including estimates .......................................................................................... 74
Chart 16: Cumulative developments of photovoltaic power plants in Azerbaijan in MW from
2000 to 2018, including estimates .......................................................................................... 84
Chart 17: Cumulative developments of photovoltaic power plants in Belarus in MW from
2000 to 2018, including estimates .......................................................................................... 92
Chart 18: Cumulative developments of photovoltaic power plants in Kazakhstan in MW
from 2000 to 2018, including estimates ............................................................................... 110
Chart 19: Cumulative developments of photovoltaic power plants in Kyrgyzstan in MW from
2000 to 2018, including estimates ........................................................................................ 119
Chart 20: Cumulative developments of photovoltaic power plants in Moldova in MW from
2000 to 2018, including estimates ........................................................................................ 125
Chart 21: Cumulative developments of photovoltaic power plants in Russia in MW from
2000 to 2018, including estimates ........................................................................................ 137
Chart 22: Cumulative developments of photovoltaic power plants in Tajikistan in MW from
2000 to 2018, including estimates ........................................................................................ 156
Chart 23: Cumulative developments of photovoltaic power plants in Turkmenistan in MW
from 2000 to 2018, including estimates ............................................................................... 162
Chart 24: Cumulative developments of photovoltaic power plants in Uzbekistan in MW from
2000 to 2018, including estimates ........................................................................................ 169
Chart 25: Cumulative developments of photovoltaic power plants in Ukraine in MW from
2000 to 2018, including estimates ........................................................................................ 179
Chart 26: Mandatory capacity generation targets for share of renewable energies in CIS
countries to 2020 (in %) ........................................................................................................ 193
Chart 27: Smart Grid Model Concept ................................................................................... 203
Chart 28: The SuperSmart Grid Diagram .............................................................................. 205
Chart 29: Cumulative number of smart grid projects in selected CEE & SEE countries
compared to average EU number, 2000 ÷ 2012 ................................................................... 208
Chart 30: Cumulative budget of smart grid projects in selected CEE & SEE countries
compared to average EU numbers, 2000 ÷ 2012 ................................................................. 209
Table 1: Top 15 countries by newly installed PV capacity in MW in 2012 ............................. 48
Table 2: Support schemes for RES generation in the EU countries ........................................ 57
Table 3: Attractiveness index for photovoltaic energy investments in CIS countries in 201370
Table 4: Feed-in tariff for solar energy in Armenia................................................................. 76
Table 5: Feed-in tariff for solar energy in Azerbaijan ............................................................. 86
Table 6: Feed-in tariff for solar energy in Belarus .................................................................. 94
Table 7: Planned solar projects in Kazakhstan for 2013 - 2020 ............................................ 109
Table 8: Temporary Feed-in tariff for solar energy in Kazakhstan ....................................... 114
Table 9: Limits on solar (photovoltaic) installed capacity in Russia 2014 - 2020 ................. 141
Table 10: Limits on capital costs for solar (photovoltaic) projects in Russia ........................ 144
Table 11: Fixed operating costs for solar (photovoltaic) projects in Russia ......................... 144
Table 12: Local content requirements for solar (photovoltaic) projects in Russia .............. 145
Table 13: Minimum capacity factor for solar (photovoltaic) installation in Russia .............. 148
Table 14: Feed-in tariffs for electricity from renewable sources in Ukraine after 01.04.2013
............................................................................................................................................... 182
Table 15: Local Content Requirements for Renewable Power Plants in Ukraine ................ 184
Table 16: Mandatory local purchasing allotments for photvoltaic power plants in Ukraine
............................................................................................................................................... 185
Table 17: Support schemes in CIS countries, 2013 ............................................................... 192
© 2013, Inea Consulting Ltd., Manufactured in Bulgaria; All rights reserved. Last updated
GBF 2015, April 16th, Presentation of Ms. Ilze Purina
Green Bridge Forum Inea Consulting Season's Greetings 2014
CIS Countries Wind Power Market Outlook 2013 - 2018
Western Balkans Wind Power Market Outlook 2013 - 2018
Inea Consulting Company Presentation
Romania Photovoltaic Market Outlook 2013 - 2018
Bulgaria Biomass Market Outlook 2013 - 2018

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SAN JOSE, Calif., May 18, 2015 /PRNewswire/ -- Bright Computing, the leading provider of hardware-agnostic cluster and cloud management software, announces that it will release Bright OpenStack, its newest product offering, at the OpenStack Summit. Bright Computing will be in booth T69 at the Summit, taking place May 18-22 at the Vancouver Convention Centre in Vancouver, British Columbia. Visitors to the booth can learn more about how Bright OpenStack makes it easy to deploy, use, and maintain an OpenStack private cloud.
"We designed Bright OpenStack for enterprises that want to run their own private cloud. Bright OpenStack is a complete, standalone OpenStack Private Cloud distribution that is easy to install, manage, use and maintain," said Dr. Matthijs van Leeuwen, CEO & Founder of Bright Computing. "It combines Bright's award-winning systems management software with the latest OpenStack software, leading to an integrated solution that consistently results in the deployment of reliable, robust cloud infrastructures."
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For more information, visit http://www.brightcomputing.com/openstack.
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Thabani Gapara Project in Hawaii Tickets, Mon, Sep 23, 2019 at 7:00 PM | Eventbrite
Thabani Gapara Project in Hawaii
Mon, September 23, 2019, 7:00 PM – 10:00 PM HST
The Thabari Gapara Project will present an evening of compositions by band leader Thabani Gapara and a variety of music from the african Jazz landscape arranged by the group. It will be a night of Light hearted and exciting afro-funk jazz.
Roy Kaiki - Keyboards and Piano
Leon Davey - Drums
Thabani Gapara Project in Hawaii at HB Social Club

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Galaxy TV & Audio(1)BBB Rating: A+2287 Ala Wai Blvd Rm DHonolulu, HI 96815(808) 922-5080Computers & Computer Equipment-Service...YP AdDirectionsMore InfoVery passionate about his work.Add to mybookRemove from mybookAdded to your home collection!Error when adding to home collectionThis business was removed from the home collection7. A A Electric Ltd-Sales & Service(1)BBB Rating: A+500 Alakawa St Suite 100Honolulu, HI 96817(808) 841-4131Computers & Computer Equipment-Service...WebsiteDirectionsServicesMore InfoBrian came to our rescue when nobody else did. We had a power failure at the worst possible time - right in the middle of our biggest monthly pr…Add to mybookRemove from mybookAdded to your services collection!Error when adding to services collectionThis business was removed from the services collection8. Cyber Zone Inc(1)4224 Waialae Ave # 5-534Honolulu, HI 96816(808) 523-6888Computers & Computer Equipment-Service...WebsiteCyber Zone has the BEST hardware computer service. Not only do they know hardware, they also know software, througherly!\r \r They have 24 hour se…Add to mybookRemove from mybookAdded to your services collection!Error when adding to services collectionThis business was removed from the services collection9. Russell Itokazu-The Computer GuyBBB Rating: A+PO Box 201369Honolulu, HI 96820(808) 783-9276Computers & Computer Equipment-Service...WebsiteYP AdDirectionsMore InfoFrom Business: Honolulu's premier IN-HOME computer repair & service alternative! With over 18 years of professional experience, Russel Itozaku offers a wide selection of personal …Add to mybookRemove from mybookAdded to your services collection!Error when adding to services collectionThis business was removed from the services collection10. Kcn Computer Svc1363 S Beretania StHonolulu, HI 96814(808) 589-0000Computers & Computer Equipment-Service...WebsiteYP AdDirectionsMore InfoAdd to mybookRemove from mybookAdded to your services collection!Error when adding to services collectionThis business was removed from the services collection11. Phase 2 International1067 Alakea St # 300Honolulu, HI 96813(808) 550-2739Computer Software & ServicesAdd to mybookRemove from mybookAdded to your services collection!Error when adding to services collectionThis business was removed from the services collection12. Get2Hawaii Â®820 Mililani Steet, Suite 600Honolulu, HI 96813(808) 945-3300Computer Software & ServicesWebsiteFrom Business: Get2Hawaii is a leading developer of online travel software and booking engine solutions. Since 2001, Get2Hawaii has successfully offered its service and solutions …Add to mybookRemove from mybookAdded to your services collection!Error when adding to services collectionThis business was removed from the services collection13. Hawaii Kai Computer GuyLunalilo Hm. Rd.Honolulu, HI 96825(808) 356-0672Computers & Computer Equipment-Service...From Business: Training and computer support for home or business.Add to mybookRemove from mybookAdded to your services collection!Error when adding to services collectionThis business was removed from the services collection14. Cyber Zone Inc1177 Bishop StHonolulu, HI 96813(808) 545-1207Computer Technical Assistance &...Add to mybookRemove from mybookAdded to your services collection!Error when adding to services collectionThis business was removed from the services collection15. Hawaii Online1132 Bishop St Ste 800Honolulu, HI 96813(808) 791-3000Computer Technical Assistance &...WebsiteAdd to mybookRemove from mybookAdded to your services collection!Error when adding to services collectionThis business was removed from the services collection16. Synergy Asia PacificBBB Rating: A+1050 Bishop StHonolulu, HI 96813(808) 537-5200Computer Software & ServicesWebsiteAdd to mybookRemove from mybookAdded to your services collection!Error when adding to services collectionThis business was removed from the services collection17. Cascadia P M345 Queen StHonolulu, HI 96813(808) 536-7400Computer Software & ServicesAdd to mybookRemove from mybookAdded to your services collection!Error when adding to services collectionThis business was removed from the services collection18. BCS Prosoft1164 Bishop St #124Honolulu, HI 96813(808) 345-8015Computer Software & ServicesWebsiteFrom Business: BCS Prosoft helps small and medium-sized by helping them choose and implement the right accounting/ERP software solutions to support their growth requirements. We'r…Add to mybookRemove from mybookAdded to your services collection!Error when adding to services collectionThis business was removed from the services collection19. Honolulu Computing1188 Bishop Street, Unit 1703Honolulu, HI 96813(808) 291-9487Computer Technical Assistance &...WebsiteAdd to mybookRemove from mybookAdded to your services collection!Error when adding to services collectionThis business was removed from the services collection20. Pau Spam1188 Bishop St Ste 1506Honolulu, HI 96813(808) 356-2550Computer Software & ServicesWebsiteAdd to mybookRemove from mybookAdded to your services collection!Error when adding to services collectionThis business was removed from the services collection21. Confidant Systems820 Mililani StHonolulu, HI 96813(808) 628-7396Computer Software & ServicesWebsiteFrom Business: Confidant Systems is a leading developer of mobile diabetes management devices and applications.Add to mybookRemove from mybookAdded to your services collection!Error when adding to services collectionThis business was removed from the services collection22. ElijahtechBBB Rating: A+841 Bishop St Suite 119Honolulu, HI 96813(808) 237-5678Computer Software & ServicesWebsiteAdd to mybookRemove from mybookAdded to your services collection!Error when adding to services collectionThis business was removed from the services collection23. Pclender737 Bishop St Ste 3150Honolulu, HI 96813(808) 536-6886Computer Software & ServicesWebsiteAdd to mybookRemove from mybookAdded to your services collection!Error when adding to services collectionThis business was removed from the services collection24. TSR Inc650S S King St BsmtHonolulu, HI 96813(808) 536-2016Computer Technical Assistance &...Add to mybookRemove from mybookAdded to your services collection!Error when adding to services collectionThis business was removed from the services collection25. HoikeBBB Rating: A+900 Fort Street MallHonolulu, HI 96813(808) 441-2040Computer Software & ServicesAdd to mybookRemove from mybookAdded to your services collection!Error when adding to services collectionThis business was removed from the services collection26. Hawaii Tech Support547 Halekauwila St Ste 103Honolulu, HI 96813(808) 535-9700Computers & Computer Equipment-Service...Add to mybookRemove from mybookAdded to your services collection!Error when adding to services collectionThis business was removed from the services collection27. Blue Lava TechnologiesBBB Rating: A+55 Merchant St # 14Honolulu, HI 96813(808) 954-6262Computer Software & ServicesWebsiteAdd to mybookRemove from mybookAdded to your services collection!Error when adding to services collectionThis business was removed from the services collection28. Square USA, Inc.55 Merchant St #3100Honolulu, HI 96813(808) 535-9000Computer Software & ServicesAdd to mybookRemove from mybookAdded to your services collection!Error when adding to services collectionThis business was removed from the services collection29. Intech Hawaii745 Fort Street MallHonolulu, HI 96813(808) 948-9650Computer Technical Assistance &...WebsiteAdd to mybookRemove from mybookAdded to your other collection!Error when adding to other collectionThis business was removed from the other collection30. KOSMOS Consultants Inc55 South Kukui StreetHonolulu, HI 96813(415) 823-5440Technology-Research & DevelopmentSponsored LinksShowing1-30
of 407results12345NextMap ViewSponsoredEnvision Networked Solutions960 Mapunapuna St 3rd Flr, Honolulu, HI 96819(808) 547-2555WebsiteYP AdDirectionsMore InfoJeff ComputersServing the Honolulu area.(888) 301-6602WebsiteVideoMore InfoTechs In A Sec(149)Serving the Honolulu area.(866) 698-8604Onsite and Remote Computer Repair ServiceWebsiteSee Our ServicesMore InfoMy Computer Works(49)Serving the Honolulu area.(877) 220-1921WebsiteMore InfoTechs In A SecServing the Honolulu area.(877) 420-6959WebsiteMore InfoDidn't find what you were looking for?magnifying glassPlease help others by helping us do better.Suggest a BusinessAboutAbout UsSite FeedbackContact UsAdvertise with UsCareers - We're HiringCorporate BlogEngineering BlogLegal

value: This website is a United States-based web site operated by YP Holdings that provides listings for local businesses. In 2013 it was re-branded as YP.com or simply "YP".


text:
Kevin L Priddy Paul E Keller - AbeBooks
Kevin L Priddy Paul E Keller
Author/Artist etc.: kevin l priddy paul e keller
About this Item: SPIE Publications, 2005. Condition: Good. illustrated edition. Shows some signs of wear, and may have some markings on the inside. Seller Inventory # GRP88912455
About this Item: SPIE Publications. Condition: Very Good. Used books may not include access codes or one time use codes. Proven Seller with Excellent Customer Service. Choose expedited shipping and get it FAST. Seller Inventory # PEN-PJC-BLK-000-972
About this Item: SPIE Publications, 2005. Condition: Good. A+ Customer service! Satisfaction Guaranteed! Book is in Used-Good condition. Pages and cover are clean and intact. Used items may not include supplementary materials such as CDs or access codes. May show signs of minor shelf wear and contain limited notes and highlighting. Seller Inventory # 0819459879-2-4
About this Item: SPIE Publications, 2005. Paperback. Condition: Used: Good. Seller Inventory # SONG0819459879
Artificial Neural Networks: An Introduction (Tutorial Texts)
Paul E. Keller, Kevin L. Priddy
About this Item: SPIE Press, 2005. Paperback. Condition: Good. SECOND HAND COPY. May show some signs of wear/use including inscription, but contents otherwise remain clean and unmarked. Some shelfwear to exterior. Fast, daily despatch 2-4 days for delivery within UK. International orders may take up to 3-4 weeks. June2017. Seller Inventory # mon0000134976
About this Item: SPIE Publications, 2005. Paperback. Condition: Very Good. Great condition with minimal wear, aging, or shelf wear. Seller Inventory # P020819459879
About this Item: SPIE Publications, 2005. Paperback. Condition: New. Never used!. Seller Inventory # P110819459879
About this Item: SPIE Publications, 2005. Condition: New. book. Seller Inventory # M0819459879
About this Item: Society of Photo Optical, 2005. Paperback. Condition: Brand New. illustrated edition. 180 pages. 9.75x7.00x0.50 inches. In Stock. Seller Inventory # 0819459879

value: This website is an e-commerce global online marketplace with seven websites that offer books, fine art, and collectables from sellers in over 50 countries. Launched in 1996, it specialises in used, rare and out-of-print books.


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United NEW Jersey Railroad Canal Company Stock Certificate | eBay Skip to main contenteBayShop by categoryEnter your search keywordAll CategoriesAdvanced or register':' style="margin-right:3px">Hi -User-!'.replace(/-User-/,escape(a)))+"")}catch(b){document.write("")}})();Hi (Sign in to bid or buy)eBay DealsSellHelp & ContactCurrent language EnglishEnglishFrançaisMy eBayExpand My eBaySummaryBids/OffersWatch ListWish ListAll ListsPurchase HistorySellingMy CollectionsFollowed searchesMessagesNotification Back to home page
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eBay item number:251606065945
May 07, 2016 13:31:14 EDT View all revisions
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nolan ryan baseball cards whataburger | eBay
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text:
Secure Password Authentication Explained Simply - CodeProject 12,813,675 members (32,915 online)
71.1K views1.2K downloads81 bookmarked

value: This website is a community for computer programmers with articles on different topics and programming languages such as web development, software development, C++, Java, and other topics. Once a visitor registers a user account on the site, they can gain reputation which allows users to unlock different privileges such as the ability to store personal files in the user's account area, have live hyperlinks in their profile biography, and more.


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Prague: 2,747 properties found
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value: This website is a Dutch online travel agency for lodging reservations & other travel products, and a subsidiary of Booking Holdings. It is headquartered in Amsterdam.The website has over 28 million listings.


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Teal And Orange Pack for Lightroom & Photoshop Actions
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5 Landscape Lightroom Presets, Autumn Preset, Nature Presets, Photoshop Actions, Lightroom 5, Lightroom CC,Adobe Lightroom,Lightroom Overlay

value: This website is an American e-commerce company focused on handmade or vintage items and craft supplies.


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5060092906838: Bridge of Dragons - New & Used Movies & DVDs at Alibris Marketplace
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Starting at $15.93	The Last Warrior

value: This website is is an online store that sells new books, used books, out-of-print books, rare books, and other media through an online network of independent booksellers.


text:
5 bedroom apartment for sale in Budva, Montenegro
Montenegro - Budva
Call: 03339 392151
Rental potention
Necessary infrastructures nearby
This property is a 6-minute walk from the beach. Located 851 m away from a sandy beach strip in Budva, Apartments Viva & Sea provides air-conditioned accommodations. Free WiFi access is provided.
All apartments are decorated in modern style and consist of a flat-screen TV and a seating area. Each comes with an equipped kitchenette. Featuring a shower, private bathrooms also come with a hairdryer and free toiletries. .
An Italian restaurant and a Thai restaurant are only steps away from the Viva & Sea Apartments. A supermarket can also be found nearby. Free public parking is available.
Tivat (INTERNATIONAL), 10.9 miles
Podgorica (INTERNATIONAL), 23.6 miles
Jadranski put nn, 85310 Budva
03339 392151 Local call rate
About CMM Investment Consulting Group, Budva
Agency CMM Investment Consulting Group specializes in real estate in Montenegro from the developers and the objects of the secondary market. With the help of our agency, you can quickly find what you’re looking for, buy a cheap house or apartment by the sea on the coast; or rent a comfortable place for a relaxing break.
We are ready to help everyone- to all those willing to invest money and buy a new home for themselves; to those who are looking for an affordable secondary property which requires a little bit of maintenance, to all those who are looking for a property in an ecologically clean environment for their parents. Choosing and buying any real estate in Montenegro, with the assistance of our experts will be quick, profitable and safe!
Agency CMM Investment Consulting Group works with real estate for over nine years. Our services mostly attract our clients who want either to move to Montenegro, to purchase a house for seasonal trips or to profitably invest their funds. All of the agency customers noted the high level of service, a huge selection of proposed options and, of course, reasonable prices of real estate in Montenegro. We strive to maintain our image at the appropriate level. We claim that our agency’s assistance is the best opportunity for anyone looking to buy real estate in Montenegro.
Apart from real estate agency, company CMM Investment Consulting Group has several Departments:
- Development and Investment - Based on numerous advantages, many market analysts consider that the Montenegrin real estate market, as well as the construction market the will be the most attractive market among coastal countries in the next 4-5 years. - Based on the opinion of experts, CMM Investment Consulting Group is actively working with potential investors. We offer: the selection of an object of investment in Montenegro, development of business- plans, design, legalization and construction of the object of your investment, further implementation of your investment projects, the entire spectrum related to juridical support
- CMM Home manager - In the structure of the company CMM Investment Consulting Group there is the management company (CMM Family Home Manager), which provides a full range of services for real estate clients as well as all those who applied. Company CMM HOME MANAGER provides a unique gift-service for all the customers who purchased a property with us. We offer full range of services: cleaning and maintaining the cleanliness of apartments, houses, common areas, organization of accounting, control and payment of utility bills on time, transfer on arrival and departure from Montenegro, or at any place on request, organization of your activities, including excursions, fishing, hunting or car rental, etc.
- CMM Rental- Real estate rental in Montenegro is ideal for all the tourists who want to prefer independent organization of their vacation and wish to closely explore the uniqueness of life in this country. Foreigners usually rent a real estate at the peak of the season. Most of them prefer rental in touristic regions, usually homes with sea or Mountain View. You should have in mind that a good rental propositions are going off the market quickly. However, we will always help you to find an adequate propositions in accordance to your requirements.
- Hotel Magnolija Hotel 'Magnolija' is situated in Becici in the picturesque landscape of the Mediterranean Sea, two kilometers from the town of Budva and 23 kilometers away from the international airport of Tivat. The hotel is located in the heart of Becici, one of the most elite vacation destinations. Although the hotel has a3*, its equipment and infrastructure are equivalent to 4* hotel. Distance from the sea is about 150m.
This is a property advertisement provided and maintained by CMM Investment Consulting Group, Budva (reference 2501) and does not constitute property particulars. Whilst we require advertisers to act with best practice and provide accurate information, we can only publish advertisements in good faith and have not verified any claims or statements or inspected any of the properties, locations or opportunities promoted. Rightmove does not own or control and is not responsible for the properties, opportunities, website content, products or services provided or promoted by third parties and makes no warranties or representations as to the accuracy, completeness, legality, performance or suitability of any of the foregoing. We therefore accept no liability arising from any reliance made by any reader or person to whom this information is made available to. You must perform your own research and seek independent professional advice before making any decision to purchase or invest in overseas property.
or call 03339 392151
Calling from outside the UK? 0038268108896

value: This website is a UK-based company that runs rightmove.co.uk, the UK's largest online real estate portal and property website. It is listed on the London Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the FTSE 100 Index.