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Patent US6086570 - Hemostasis valve with membranes having offset apertures - Google PatentsSearch Images Maps Play YouTube News Gmail Drive More »Sign inPatentsA self-sealing hemostasis valve having a first membrane with an opening offset from the center and a second membrane with an opening offset from the center in a direction opposite of the offset in the first membrane. The two membranes are joined about their outer edges. Access through the two elastomeric...http://www.google.com/patents/US6086570?utm_source=gb-gplus-sharePatent US6086570 - Hemostasis valve with membranes having offset aperturesAdvanced Patent SearchTry the new Google Patents, with machine-classified Google Scholar results, and Japanese and South Korean patents.Publication numberUS6086570 APublication typeGrantApplication numberUS 09/163,103Publication dateJul 11, 2000Filing dateSep 29, 1998Priority dateSep 29, 1998Fee statusPaidPublication number09163103, 163103, US 6086570 A, US 6086570A, US-A-6086570, US6086570 A, US6086570AInventorsWalid N. Aboul-Hosn, Dale ScribnerOriginal AssigneeA-Med Systems, Inc.Export CitationBiBTeX, EndNote, RefManPatent Citations (31), Referenced by (148), Classifications (7), Legal Events (6) External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, EspacenetHemostasis valve with membranes having offset apertures
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12,506,733 members (57,749 online)
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public class HierarchicalDatabaseItemCollection : List
SQL DB DataSource jeffb4230-Aug-07 13:51
organizational chart rodchar6-Aug-07 9:02
Re: organizational chart rodchar7-Aug-07 2:49
rodchar7-Aug-07 2:49 Hi Scott,
3. Do you just need to represent the department? No. Re: organizational chart spiegdon7-Aug-07 13:55
spiegdon7-Aug-07 13:55 Ok, what I would do in that case is use this data source, and also a custom control bound to it - I haven't played with but did read about a Hierarchical Repeater control made by Gary Vidal here: Code Project Link[^].
Re: organizational chart rodchar8-Aug-07 5:21
rodchar8-Aug-07 5:21 Thank you Scott for the help. editing the nodes rodchar26-Jul-07 10:19
rodchar26-Jul-07 13:05 thank you Scott. key concepts behind the DataSource control (newbie alert) rodchar24-Jul-07 5:12
rodchar24-Jul-07 5:12 hi all,
rodchar Re: key concepts behind the DataSource control (newbie alert) Guerven24-Jul-07 17:56
Guerven24-Jul-07 17:56 I don't think that was the key part.
Re: key concepts behind the DataSource control (newbie alert) spiegdon25-Jul-07 13:13
spiegdon25-Jul-07 13:13 If I am understanding your question correctly, the DataSourceControl is the base class for the objects you mentioned above (SqlDataSource and ObjectDataSource). Its purpose is to allow you to extend it and allow your custom collection of data to bind it to a DataBoundControl automatically at run time.
Re: key concepts behind the DataSource control (newbie alert) rodchar26-Jul-07 12:18
rodchar26-Jul-07 12:18 Hi Scott,
rod. Re: key concepts behind the DataSource control (newbie alert) spiegdon26-Jul-07 12:20
spiegdon26-Jul-07 12:20 Sorry Rod, when I paste - all I get is "The page cannot be displayed" Scott Piegdon is a Software Development Manager for a hosted ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning) application. He has a wonderful wife, and two children. He loves to develop applications that others find not only easy to use and pleasing to the eye, but also provide un-surpassing functionality. He has been developing websites for over 10 years, and programming professionally for 7 of them.
Re: key concepts behind the DataSource control (newbie alert) rodchar26-Jul-07 12:29
rodchar26-Jul-07 12:29 sorry...one more try. Re: key concepts behind the DataSource control (newbie alert) spiegdon26-Jul-07 12:53
spiegdon26-Jul-07 12:53 I gotcha now...
Re: key concepts behind the DataSource control (newbie alert) rodchar26-Jul-07 13:05
rodchar26-Jul-07 13:05 thanks for the help. i appreciate it.
rod. Re: key concepts behind the DataSource control (newbie alert) GermanGermanUlloa21-Sep-07 16:34
GermanGermanUlloa21-Sep-07 16:34 Hi Scott, I follow up your example, very nice and usefull.
Thanks kevnord19-Jul-07 13:39
kevnord19-Jul-07 13:39 Thanks for the info! Last Visit: 31-Dec-99 18:00 Last Update: 27-Sep-16 22:51Refresh1

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SAVAGE COMBAT TALES # 1-3 : VFN/NM : FEB - JUL 1975 : ATLAS COMICS. | eBay
Details about SAVAGE COMBAT TALES # 1-3 : VFN/NM : FEB - JUL 1975 : ATLAS COMICS.
SAVAGE COMBAT TALES # 1-3 : VFN/NM : FEB - JUL 1975 : ATLAS COMICS.
“SAVAGE COMBAT TALES : SGT. STRYKER'S DEATH SQUAD # 1 to 3 (VERY FINE/NEAR MINT) as photographed and ”
30 Jan, 2018 13:33:26 AEDST
possumscomicark (2676 )
112722939014
“SAVAGE COMBAT TALES : SGT. STRYKER'S DEATH SQUAD # 1 to 3 (VERY FINE/NEAR MINT) as photographed and described.”
Grade: Near Mint Publication Date: January 1975
Features: First Edition Series: Volume 1
Language: English Issue Number: 1
Genre: War Comic Name: SAVAGE COMBAT TALES

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text: and be afghanistan. that would raise the debt ceiling enough to get us through 2012, though boehner's would only take us through the end of the year. last night the president and speaker both aimed to put publish pressure on the other. >> there's no symptom of big government more menacing than our debt. break its grip, and we begin to liberate our economy and our future. >> i'm asking you all to make your voice heard. if you want a balanced approach to reducing the deficit, let your member of congress know. >> reporter: enough people did, presumably supporters as well as opponents, that the speaker's web site crashed along with those of a couple of other republicans and at least one democrat. republicans say the president wants a long-term debt ceiling hike to keep it out of his re-election bid. democrats say the bond rating agencies want a long-term hike. a short-term one, they say, would risk a downgrade of this country's credit rating, and that would hike credit interest rates on everyone. jon: the overwhelming number of calls coming into senate offices are urging members to oppose the president's Search Results 0 to 3 of about 4 (some duplicates have been removed)

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Patent US8002026 - Methods and apparatuses for electronic time delay and systems including same - Google PatentsSearch Images Maps Play YouTube News Gmail Drive More »Sign inPatentsElectronic time delay apparatuses and methods of use are disclosed. An explosive or propellant system, which may be configured as a well perforating system includes an electronic time delay assembly comprising an input subassembly, an electronic time delay circuit, and an output subassembly. The input...http://www.google.com/patents/US8002026?utm_source=gb-gplus-sharePatent US8002026 - Methods and apparatuses for electronic time delay and systems including sameAdvanced Patent SearchTry the new Google Patents, with machine-classified Google Scholar results, and Japanese and South Korean patents.Publication numberUS8002026 B2Publication typeGrantApplication numberUS 11/553,361Publication dateAug 23, 2011Filing dateOct 26, 2006Priority dateOct 26, 2006Fee statusPaidAlso published asUS20080099204Publication number11553361, 553361, US 8002026 B2, US 8002026B2, US-B2-8002026, US8002026 B2, US8002026B2InventorsJohn A. Arrell, Jr., Ronald S. Borja, William J. Slade, Francois X. PrinzOriginal AssigneeAlliant Techsystems Inc.Export CitationBiBTeX, EndNote, RefManPatent Citations (26), Non-Patent Citations (1), Referenced by (4), Classifications (17), Legal Events (9) External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, EspacenetMethods and apparatuses for electronic time delay and systems including same
US 8002026 B2Abstract
Electronic time delay apparatuses and methods of use are disclosed. An explosive or propellant system, which may be configured as a well perforating system includes an electronic time delay assembly comprising an input subassembly, an electronic time delay circuit, and an output subassembly. The input subassembly is activated by an external stimulus, wherein an element is displaced to activate an electronic time delay circuit. The electronic time delay circuit comprises a time delay device coupled with a voltage firing circuit. The electronic time delay circuit counts a time delay, and, upon completion, raises a voltage until a threshold firing voltage is exceeded. Upon exceeding the threshold firing voltage, a voltage trigger switch will break down to transfer energy to an electric initiator to initiate an explosive booster within the output subassembly. The explosive booster provides a detonation output to initiate the next element explosive or propellant element, such as an array of shaped charges in the well perforating system.
1. A time delay apparatus, comprising:
an input assembly including an element configured to be displaced to enable a connection to a power source; and
an electronic time delay circuit operably coupled to the input assembly and comprising:
an electronic time delay device configured to provide a selectable, fixed time delay responsive to the connection to the power source and initiate a fire command upon completion of the selectable, fixed time delay, the electronic time delay device comprising:
a crystal oscillator with a frequency of 1 kHz or more;
a first counter device operably coupled to the crystal oscillator; and
a second counter device operably coupled to an output of the first counter device in a multiplier configuration;
wherein the first counter device and the second counter device can be programmed to provide the selectable, fixed time delay in a range of about eight minutes to multiple hours in increments of a clock cycle of the crystal oscillator;
a voltage firing circuit configured to increase a voltage provided by the power source to a trigger voltage; and
a trigger comprising a gas discharge tube configured to isolate the voltage firing circuit from an initiator until the trigger voltage is reached and convey the trigger voltage to the initiator when the voltage exceeds a predetermined threshold firing voltage.
2. The time delay apparatus of claim 1, further comprising an output assembly including an explosive booster and configured to provide a detonation output responsive to the fire command.
3. The time delay apparatus of claim 1, further comprising the power source coupled to the input assembly.
4. The time delay apparatus of claim 3, wherein the input assembly comprises a contact assembly configured to engage the element upon displacement thereof and enable the power source connection.
5. The time delay apparatus of claim 3, wherein the power source comprises a battery.
6. The time delay apparatus of claim 1, wherein the element configured to be displaced comprises a firing pin, and the input assembly comprises a housing including a firing pin bore therein receiving the firing pin, and wherein the firing pin includes a longitudinal axis and is configured to be displaced along the longitudinal axis by an applied external force.
7. The time delay apparatus of claim 6, further comprising at least one shear pin secured by the housing and extending substantially transversely through the firing pin, wherein the at least one shear pin is located and configured to be sheared by displacement of the firing pin responsive to the applied external force.
8. The time delay apparatus of claim 7, wherein the at least one shear pin comprises a coiled spring pin.
9. The time delay apparatus of claim 3, wherein the electronic time delay circuit is configured to bleed residual energy from the power source to a ground voltage after the time delay is completed.
10. The time delay apparatus of claim 1, wherein the voltage firing circuit comprises at least one capacitor operably coupled to the trigger and configured to convey the increased voltage to the trigger.
11. The time delay apparatus of claim 1, further comprising an explosive booster configured to provide a detonation output responsive to the fire command, wherein the initiator is configured to initiate the explosive booster upon receipt of the trigger voltage.
12. The time delay apparatus of claim 2, wherein the explosive booster comprises substantially 730 mg of hexanitrostilbene (HNS) output charge.
13. The time delay apparatus of claim 2, wherein the explosive booster comprises substantially 200 mg of lead azide prime charge.
14. The time delay apparatus of claim 2, wherein the electronic time delay circuit is disposed within a substantially tubular housing.
15. The time delay apparatus of claim 14, wherein the input assembly is secured to a first end of the substantially tubular housing.
16. The time delay apparatus of claim 14, wherein the output assembly is secured to a second, opposing end of the substantially tubular housing.
17. A well perforation system, comprising:
a conveyance device;
a perforating gun suspended from the conveyance device;
a firing head suspended from the conveyance device and operably coupled to the perforating gun; and
a time delay apparatus within the firing head, comprising:
18. The well perforation system of claim 17, wherein the time delay apparatus further comprises an output assembly including an explosive booster and configured to provide a detonation output responsive to the fire command.
19. The well perforation system of claim 17, further comprising the power source coupled to the input assembly.
20. The well perforation system of claim 19, wherein the input assembly comprises a contact assembly configured to engage the element upon displacement thereof and enable the power source connection.
21. The well perforation system of claim 19, wherein the power source comprises a battery.
22. The well perforation system of claim 17, wherein the element configured to be displaced comprises a firing pin, the input assembly comprises a housing including a firing pin bore therein receiving the firing pin, and wherein the firing pin includes a longitudinal axis and is configured to be displaced along the longitudinal axis by an applied external force.
23. The well perforation system of claim 22, further comprising at least one shear pin secured by the housing and extending substantially transversely through the firing pin, wherein the at least one shear pin is located and configured to be sheared by displacement of the firing pin responsive to the applied external force.
24. The well perforation system of claim 23, wherein the at least one shear pin comprises a coiled spring pin.
25. The well perforation system of claim 19, wherein the electronic time delay circuit is configured to bleed residual energy from the power source to a ground voltage after the time delay is completed.
26. The well perforation system of claim 17, wherein the voltage firing circuit comprises at least one capacitor operably coupled to the trigger and configured to convey the increased voltage to the trigger.
27. The well perforation system of claim 17, further comprising an explosive booster configured to provide a detonation output responsive to the fire command, wherein the initiator is configured to initiate the explosive booster upon receipt of the trigger voltage.
28. The well perforation system of claim 18, wherein the explosive booster comprises substantially 730 mg of hexanitrostilbene (HNS) output charge.
29. The well perforation system of claim 18, wherein the explosive booster comprises substantially 200 mg of lead azide prime charge.
30. The well perforation system of claim 18, wherein the electronic time delay circuit is disposed within a substantially tubular housing.
31. The well perforation system of claim 30, wherein the input assembly is secured to a first end of the substantially tubular housing.
32. The well perforation system of claim 31, wherein the output assembly is secured to a second, opposing end of the substantially tubular housing.
33. A time delay apparatus, comprising:
an input assembly including an element configured to be displaced and contact each of a first contact assembly and a second contact assembly to enable a connection to a power source; and
an electronic time delay device configured to provide a fixed time delay responsive to the connection to the power source and initiate a fire command upon completion of the fixed time delay, the electronic time delay device comprising:
wherein the first counter device and the second counter device can be programmed to provide the fixed time delay in a range of about eight minutes to multiple hours in increments of a clock cycle of the crystal oscillator;
34. A well perforation system, comprising:
an input assembly including an element configured to be displaced to enable a connection to a power source;
a trigger comprising a gas discharge tube configured to isolate the voltage firing circuit from an initiator until the trigger voltage is reached and convey the trigger voltage to the initiator when the voltage exceeds a predetermined threshold firing voltage; and
an output assembly adjacent the electronic time delay circuit and configured to provide a detonation output.
35. A time delay apparatus, comprising:
an electronic time delay device configured to provide a fixed time delay responsive to the connection to the power source and initiate a fire command upon completion of the fixed time delay, wherein the time delay circuit includes:
a crystal oscillator configured to oscillate with a frequency of 1 kHz or more after initiation of the fire command to bleed residual energy from the power source;
This application is also related to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/876,841, filed Oct. 23, 2007, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,789,153, issued Sep. 7, 2010 for METHODS AND APPARATUSES FOR ELECTRONIC TIME DELAY AND SYSTEMS INCLUDING SAME.
This invention, in various embodiments, relates generally to time delay apparatuses and, more specifically, to apparatuses comprising an electronic time delay assembly suitable for use in initiating explosives and propellants, as well as systems including an electronic time delay system and methods of operation thereof.
Perforating systems used for completing an oil or gas well are well known in the art. Well bores, which are drilled through earth formations for extracting hydrocarbons in the form of oil and gas, are conventionally lined by inserting a steel casing or liner into the well, and cementing at least a portion of the casing or liner in place to prevent migration of high pressure fluids up the well bore outside the casing or liner. The subterranean formation or formations having the potential to produce hydrocarbons are directly linked with the interior of the casing or liner by making holes, referred to as perforations, through the wall thereof, through surrounding cement and into the formation. Perforations are conventionally made by detonating explosive shaped charges disposed inside the casing at a location adjacent to the formation which is to produce the oil or gas. The shaped charges are configured to direct the energy of an explosive detonation in a focused, narrow pattern, called a “jet,” to create the holes in the casing.
Conventionally, well perforation systems include a firing head and a perforating gun, both of which are suspended from, and lowered into, a well on a conveyance device such as a tubular string, which may comprise so-called “coiled tubing.” Well perforation systems also conventionally comprise various components including, for example, a packer, a firing pin, an explosive booster, and a time delay device. A time delay device is needed to provide an operator sufficient time between a pressurizing event and a subsequent perforation event in order to pressure balance a well for perforation to secure optimal flow of oil or gas flow into the well. Pressure balancing a well is an important procedure because failure to do so, or if the procedure is done incorrectly, may lead to equipment damage as well as possible injury to equipment operators if insufficient hydrostatic pressure is present in the casing or liner or, if too great a hydrostatic pressure is present, the producing formation exposed by the perforating operation may be contaminated or production compromised or prevented without remedial measures. Additionally, with a properly pressure-balanced well, producing formation fluid will immediately and rapidly flow upward through the interior of the tubular string and toward the earth's surface in an appropriate, controlled manner. Therefore, it is important that the timing delay device employed be reliable and accurate in order to allow for adequate time to pressure balance a well. Time delay devices currently used in the art employ pyrotechnic time delay fuses. As described below in greater detail, pyrotechnic fuse-based time delay devices have reliability and accuracy concerns, as well as time limitations which may eventually lead to greater complexity and increased costs for customers of the oil tool industry.
FIG. 1 illustrates a conventional well perforating system 20 within well 10. The well 10 is constructed by first drilling a well bore 12, within which a well casing 14 is placed and cemented in place as indicated at 16. The perforating gun 34, mechanical release 28, packer 24, and firing head 32 are, among other components, carried by tubular string 22. The perforating gun 34 and firing head 32 are lowered on the tubular string 22 to a selected location in the well 10 adjacent to the subsurface formation 18, which is to be produced. A seal is provided by packer 24 between the exterior of tubular string 22 and wall 38 of casing 14 to define a well annulus 40 above packer 24 and an isolated zone 42 below packer 24. Perforating system 20 also includes a vent 56 located below packer 24. Vent 56 allows for a direct link between the isolated zone 42 and tubing bore 58 to ensure fluid pressure within tubing bore 58 and isolated zone 42 are substantially equal. At the time designated to fire the perforating gun 34, an actuating piston 50 within firing head 32, is moved in response to an increase in fluid pressure in tubular string 22 initiated by the operator. The movement of the piston 50 releases a firing pin 52, thus initiating a firing sequence.
As mentioned above, conventional perforating systems may provide for a pyrotechnic time delay device 30 located within firing head 28. The pyrotechnic time delay device 30 provides for a time delay between the initiation of the firing head 28 and the subsequent firing of the shaped charges carried by the perforating gun 34 in order to, as described above, pressure balance the well 10 for optimal perforation. Pyrotechnic time delay devices as known in the art provide a maximum time delay of eight minutes. Therefore, in order to achieve longer delays, an operator is forced to string multiple pyrotechnic time delay devices together in a series formation. For example, additional delays may be coupled together so as to achieve a longer delay timer.
Due to the time and expense involved in perforating well bores and the explosive power of the devices used, it is essential that their operation be reliable and precise. Stringing together multiple pyrotechnic time delay devices diminishes the system's reliability and increases the system cost and complexity.
There is a need for methods and apparatuses to provide increased system reliability and flexibility of operation of well perforating systems. Specifically, there is a need for a time delay device used in a well perforating system to allow for adequate and precise timing of operation of a well perforating system in order to pressure balance a well for optimal perforation results. Such a time delay device would desirably exhibit a high level of reliability at a low level of cost and complexity of fabrication.
An embodiment of the present invention comprises a time delay apparatus comprising an input assembly including an element positioned to be displaced to enable a power source connection. The time delay apparatus further includes an electronic time delay circuit operably coupled to the input assembly and configured to provide a time delay responsive to the enabled power source connection and initiate a fire command upon completion of the time delay.
Another embodiment of the present invention includes a well perforation system including a conveyance device, a perforating gun suspended from the conveyance device, a firing head suspended from the conveyance device and operably coupled to the perforating gun, and a time delay apparatus within the firing head. The time delay apparatus includes an input assembly including an element positioned to be displaced to enable a power source connection, an electronic time delay circuit operably coupled to the input assembly and configured to provide a time delay responsive to an enabled power connection and initiate a fire command upon completion of the time delay.
Yet another embodiment of the present invention includes a method of using an electronic time delay apparatus within an explosive or propellant system. The method comprises applying an external force to an element to displace the element responsive to the external force, connecting a power source to an electronic time delay circuit responsive to the displacement of the element, providing an electronic time delay responsive to connection of the power source; and increasing a voltage from the power source to a predetermined, higher threshold firing voltage after the electronic time delay.
FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional illustration of a conventional perforating system within a well;
FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional illustration of an explosive or propellant system configured as a well perforating system in accordance with an embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional illustration of an electronic time delay assembly in accordance with an embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional illustration of a firing pin subassembly in accordance with an embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 5 is a block diagram of an electronic time delay circuit in accordance with an embodiment of the invention; and
FIG. 6 is a flow diagram of an electronic time delay assembly according to an embodiment of the present invention.
The present invention, in various embodiments, comprises apparatuses and methods of operation for an electronic time delay assembly suitable for use within an explosive or propellant system configured, by way of nonlimiting example, as a well perforating system to address the reliability concerns, as well as the cost and complexity issues associated with conventional time delay devices.
In describing embodiments of the present invention, the systems and elements incorporating embodiments of the invention are described to facilitate an enhanced understanding of the function of the described embodiments of the invention as it may be implemented within these systems and elements.
FIG. 2 illustrates an embodiment of an explosive or propellant system configured as a well perforation system 110 disposed within a well 102. The well 102 is constructed by first drilling a well bore 108 within which is placed a well casing 104, which is cemented in place as indicated at 106. The well 102 intersects a subsurface formation 120 from which it is desired to produce hydrocarbons such as oil and/or gas. The system 110 includes a conveyance device 136 coaxially inserted inside the casing 104. Conveyance device 136 may be any suitable device, such as a wireline, slickline, tubing string, coiled tubing, and the like. As depicted, conveyance device 136 comprises a tubular string and, for brevity and ease of description, will be referred to herein as a tubing string. The tubing string 136 extends from a drilling rig on the surface through casing 104 and components of a well perforating system, such as packer 132, mechanical release 130, firing head 128, and perforating gun 124, are disposed at the lower, or distal, end thereof.
The packer 132 provides a structure for sealing between the exterior of tubing string 136 and a wall 112 of casing 104 that may also be referred to as a casing bore wall or well bore wall 112. The resulting seal provides a well annulus 138 between the tubing string 136 and well bore wall 112 above the packer 132 and an isolated zone 116 of well 102 below packer 132. Perforating system 110 also includes a vent 140 located below the packer. Vent 140 allows for hydraulic communication between isolated zone 116 and tubing bore 142 to ensure fluid pressures within the tubing bore 142 and isolated zone 116 are substantially equal.
The perforating gun 124 is suspended from the tubing string 136 in the isolated zone 116 adjacent to the subsurface formation 120, which is to be perforated. The perforating gun 124 is configured to detonate and fire shaped charges to create holes, or perforations 122, in casing 104 and into the surrounding cement 106 and formation 120. FIG. 2 illustrates a well perforating system at a time subsequent to the detonation of perforation gun 124; therefore casing 104, cement 106 and formation 120 include perforations 122 extending therethrough. When the tubing string 136 and the components of well perforating system 110 are first lowered into the well 102, the perforations 122 illustrated in FIG. 2 will not be present. The mechanical release 130 enables an operator to drop the perforating gun 124 to the bottom of well 102 after the perforating gun 124 has been fired.
Also suspended from the tubing string 136 and located above the perforating gun 124 is the firing head 128. Firing head 128 includes, among other components, an electronic time delay assembly 126 according to an embodiment of the invention. As described in detail below, electronic time delay assembly 126 provides multiple safety features including various circuit and trigger isolation features as well as mechanical isolation features. Additionally, the electronic delay assembly 126 provides a time delay so as to allow an operator sufficient time to pressure balance well 102 for optimal perforation. Stated another way, the time delay allows time for an operator to alter the pressure in isolated zone 116 to the requirements of the formation fluids in formation 120. Electronic time delay assembly 126 provides this delay time capability by enabling longer, and more highly selectable, time delays in comparison to conventional pyrotechnic time delay uses. By way of example only, electronic time delay assembly 126 may provide a selected time delay duration of up to, for example, at least ten hours.
FIG. 3 illustrates an electronic time delay assembly 126 according to an embodiment of the present invention. As described and illustrated in detail below, the electronic time delay assembly 126 provides significantly improved functions in a well perforating system including providing a reliable and increased time delay, increasing the duration of time delay, and providing safety features including circuit and explosive booster initiator isolation.
As illustrated in FIG. 3, electronic time delay assembly 126 may include an input module 206, an electronic time delay circuit 212, and an output module 208. Input module 206 may be configured as a firing pin subassembly, while output module 208 may be configured as an explosive booster subassembly. Electronic time delay circuit 212 is contained in a central, tubular housing 204 that may be attached, as by laser welding to input module 206 and output module 208 at locations 202 and 203, respectively. For example only, the tubular housing 204 may be made of steel with resilient retainers 260 at each end of the tubular housing 204. The resilient retainers 260 provide mechanical support as well as electrical and mechanical isolation of the electronic time delay circuit 212. Output module 208, which will be described in greater detail below, may be configured to provide a detonation output to trigger the subsequent firing of perforating gun 124 (see FIG. 2).
FIG. 4 illustrates input module 206 according to an embodiment of the present invention. Input module 206, as illustrated, comprises firing pin 301, a shear pin assembly 302, and a contact assembly 305 carried by housing 328 having a firing pin bore 324 therethough, firing pin bore 324 necking down to a smaller intermediate diameter bore at 330 and then increasing in diameter at contact assembly 305. Shear pin assembly 302 may include a single shear pin 712 extending transversely across housing 328 or may comprise a double shear pin configuration comprising a first shear pin 712 and a second shear pin 710, each extending into firing pin 301. Shear pin assembly 302 extends from a first side 320 to a second side 322 of input module 206 through firing pin 301 and apertures 334 in the wall of housing 328. By way of example, shear pin assembly 302 may comprise a coiled spring pin. Contact assembly 305 may include a first contact assembly 308, a second contact assembly 310, and annular contact 304 extending through both the first and second contact assemblies 308 and 310, respectively. Lead wires 312 and 314 may protrude from one end of firing pin subassembly 206 and may be operably coupled to electronic time delay circuit 212 (see FIG. 3). Lead wire 312 is connected to an annular contact 304 carried by first contact assembly 308, while lead wire 314 is connected to an annular contact 304 carried by second contact assembly 310.
Firing pin 301, which is disposed in firing pin bore 324, has a longitudinal axis L and may include a pin contact 306 located extending from at one end of firing pin 301. The opposite end 300 of firing pin 301 is configured to receive a firing stimulus from an external force, such as, for example only, hydraulic pressure in isolated zone 116 (see FIG. 2) or an impact force from a dropped weight. As shown, firing pin 301 is configured for pressure actuation and includes an annular seal 336 disposed thereabout in annular groove 338. Sufficient external force acting on firing pin 301, and specifically on end 300, shears pins 710, 712 of shear pin assembly 302 and allows the firing pin 301 to be displaced to the right (as the drawing is oriented), or downwardly within well perforating system 110 (see FIG. 2) and toward contact assembly 305. Upon displacement, the firing pin 301 may then travel a fixed distance down the firing pin subassembly 206, stopping at annular wall 326 which may then enable pin contact 306 to extend further into contact assembly 305. Upon entering contact assembly 305, pin contact 306 engages both electrical contacts 304 and acts as a switch S to connect a power source 408, which may also be referred to as battery 408, to the electronic time delay circuit 212 (see FIG. 5). For brevity and ease of description, power source 408 will be referred to herein as a battery 408. Upon connection of the battery 408, electronic time delay circuit 212 will power up, and the desired, selected time delay will begin. Power source 408 may also comprise a capacitor-type power storage device instead of a battery, or power may be provided from an external power source. The type of power source 408 employed is not significant to the practice of the present invention, and an optimum type of power source may vary with the specific embodiment and application of the invention.
As described above, input module 206 acts as an electrical switch that requires an external force or stimulus in order to be activated. This configuration provides for a significant safety feature by isolating the battery 408 from the electronic time delay circuit 212 (FIG. 5) until a satisfactory external force or stimulus is applied. Therefore, any chance of premature detonation is substantially eliminated. The type and magnitude of the required external force or stimulus may vary according to the embodiment and application of the present invention, and is not limited to applied pressure or impact force as discussed above.
FIG. 5 illustrates a block diagram of electronic time delay circuit 212 according to an embodiment of the present invention. As described below, time delay circuit 212 comprises an electronic time delay device 500 coupled with a voltage firing circuit 502. Time delay circuit 212 also comprises a battery 408 and supply voltage terminal VDD. As described above in reference to FIG. 4, battery 408 is selectively connectable to supply voltage terminal VDD by way of an electrical switch S provided by electrical contacts 304 in cooperation with pin contact 306. When the pin contact 306 engages annular contact 304, battery 408 is connected to supply voltage terminal VDD, thus connecting electronic time delay device 500 and voltage firing circuit 502 to battery 408. By way of example only, battery 408 may supply a continuous current at an open circuit voltage of below ten volts, one suitable voltage being about 3.90 volts (VDC).
Electronic time delay device 500 comprises an oscillator 402 which oscillates at a selected frequency and is operably coupled with counter device 417. Oscillator 402 and counter device 417 are configured to count a desired time delay. By way of example, and not limitation, oscillator 402 may comprise a 75 kHz crystal oscillator. Counter device 417 may comprise, by way of example only, a pair of CD4060B binary counter/divider devices 414, 415, offered by Texas Instruments of Dallas, Tex. Depending on the desired time delay, a single counter device may be used or multiple counter devices may be coupled together in series to achieve a longer delay. For example, if an eight-minute time delay is desired, a single eight-minute counter device may be used. Similarly, if a thirty-minute time delay is desired, a thirty-minute counter device may be use. On the other hand, if a thirty-minute counter device is unavailable, then a pair of counter devices, with a total delay time of thirty minutes may be coupled in series in an adder configuration to count the desired delay. For example only, one twenty-minute counter/divider device may be coupled with a ten-minute counter, or alternatively, two fifteen-minute counters may be coupled together to produce the desired thirty-minute delay. Alternatively, a pair of counter devices may be coupled in series in a multiplier configuration in order to achieve the desired time delay. For, example only, if a thirty-minute time delay is desired using a multiplier configuration, a first device would count up to fifteen minutes and upon completion of the fifteen minutes, a second device would increment to a value of one. Subsequently, the first device would again count up to fifteen minutes, and upon completion, the second device would increment to a value of two. Therefore, in a multiplier configuration example, with a 75 kHz oscillator, the first device is only required to count up to fifteen minutes and the second device is only required to count to a value of two.
As opposed to conventional pyrotechnic time delays, the embodiment of the invention may, for example only, provide time delays from a short duration such as eight minutes up to a much longer duration of, for example, a number of hours. This capability reduces cost and complexity and increases operational flexibility and reliability in comparison to conventional pyrotechnic fuse-type time delay devices because only one time delay unit and setting and only one detonation transfer event is required. Additionally, because of the high level of accuracy of electrical components, the timing accuracy and precision of an electronic time delay is improved over a conventional pyrotechnic time delay fuse, which may suffer from unpredictable burning rates.
As illustrated in FIG. 5, electronic time delay device 500 is operably coupled to a high voltage generator transistor 416 that may act as a switch and is thereafter operably coupled to a transformer 420. The transformer 420 is in turn operably coupled to a voltage multiplier 404. For example, and not limitation, transformer 420 may be configured to generate a voltage of about 550 VAC from an input of about 3 VDC. Multiplier 404, comprising a four stage diode/capacitor pair configuration, may be configured to generate a voltage of about 600 VDC from the 550 VAC input. Voltage multiplier 404 is operably coupled to firing capacitors 504, which are then operably coupled to the input side of the trigger 406. Firing capacitors comprise, for example, three 0.1 μF capacitors charged through a 22 Mohms resistor, firing capacitors 504 exhibiting a spark gap ignition voltage of substantially 600 V. The output side of the trigger 406 is operably coupled to an initiator 418 which is then operably coupled to the explosive booster subassembly 208 (see FIG. 3). By way of example, and not limitation, trigger 406 may comprise a gas discharge tube that will not conduct unless (in the described embodiment) a voltage level of 600 V or above is applied across the tube. In some cases, it may be desirable for trigger 406, or a gas discharge tube, to comprise a different breakdown voltage. Therefore, voltage multiplier 404, as configured, may have the capability to generate a voltage of substantially 2500 V.
The operation of circuit 212 illustrated in FIG. 5 will now be described. After pin contact 306 within input module 206 engages both electrical contacts 304 (see FIG. 4), battery 408 is connected to the circuit 212, thus starting the desired, selected time delay. The desired, selected time delay is provided using oscillator 402 in conjunction with a counter device 417. As described above, the time delay may be programmed or preselected by using one or more counter/divider devices 414, 415 to produce the desired time delay. Upon completion of the desired, selected time delay, electronic time delay device 500 issues a fire command at the gate of the high voltage generator transistor 416. Subsequently, the battery voltage at node 514 is input into transformer 420 and transformer 420 generates a first intermediate voltage at node 516 that is substantially higher than the battery voltage at node 514. Thereafter, the first intermediate voltage at 516 is input into voltage multiplier 404 and voltage multiplier 404 generates a second intermediate voltage at node 518 that is substantially higher than that at the first intermediate voltage at node 516. Firing capacitors 504 are then charged and, upon reaching a threshold firing voltage at node 520, firing capacitors 504 apply a pulse to an initiator 418 through the trigger 406. By way of example only, trigger 406 may have a breakdown voltage of 600 V. Therefore, as the voltage in firing capacitors 504 reaches 600 V, trigger 406 breaks down and the voltage is applied across trigger 406 and at initiator 418, which then initiates an explosive booster contained in explosive booster subassembly 208 (see FIG. 3).
Trigger 406 provides a significant safety feature of the embodiment of the invention by isolating the initiator 418 from the circuit 212 which, in turn, provides isolation and safety from electrostatic discharge (ESD) and stray voltage which could result in premature detonation. As a further safety feature the oscillator 402 of circuit 212 may be configured to continue oscillating after the time delay has passed and after a voltage is applied at initiator 418. Therefore, any residual energy stored in battery 40S will be drained by the charging and de-charging oscillator. Additionally, one embodiment of the invention may comprise a resistor 522 operably coupled between battery 408 and a ground voltage VSS. Therefore, any residual energy stored in battery 408 may be drained to ground voltage VSS through resistor 522.
Whereas one embodiment of the electronic time delay circuit 212 is shown in FIG. 5, various other circuit designs, including a time delay device and a voltage firing circuit are within the scope of the invention.
Returning to FIG. 3, in one embodiment of the invention, output module 208 provides the detonation output to initiate the perforation gun 124 (see FIG. 2). Output module 208 may comprise an output charge 250 and a prime charge 252. By way of example only, explosive booster subassembly 208 may comprise 730 milligrams (mg) of hexanitrostilbene (HNS) output charge 250 and 200 mg of lead azide prime charge 252. For example, and not limitation, the explosive booster subassembly 208 may be configured, upon detonation, to initiate subsequent explosive or propellant train events.
FIG. 6 is a flow diagram of an embodiment of a method of operation of electronic time delay assembly 126. After a well perforation system is lowered down into a well and an oil or gas extraction process is ready to begin, as described above, an external force is applied 600 to the input module 206 located within a firing head. The external force acting on the firing pin of the input module 206 causes one or more shear pins to be sheared 602, which enables the firing pin to displace within input module 206 and to connect a battery to the electronic time delay circuit. The electronic time delay circuit is then powered on and the desired time delay 604 is started. After the oscillator, in conjunction with the counter device, counts the time delay 606, a fire command is issued to the gate of a high voltage generator transistor 608. Subsequently, a first voltage, which is substantially higher than the battery voltage, is generated by transformer 610. A voltage multiplier then generates a second voltage 612 which is substantially higher than the first intermediate voltage. The firing capacitors are then charged 614, and upon reaching a firing voltage, a trigger device breaks down and an electrical pulse is applied to an initiator 616 which then initiates an explosive booster 618.
Referring again to FIG. 2, after the well 10 has been pressure balanced during the time delay and the perforating gun 124 has been fired, producing formation fluids under formation pressure will rapidly flow out of formation 120 into isolated zone 116 through vent 140 and upward through the tubing string 136 toward the earth's surface.
While embodiments of the electronic time delay apparatus of the present invention have been described and illustrated as having utility with a well perforating system, it is not so limited. For example, the electronic time delay apparatus of the present invention may be employed, in various embodiments, to initiate other explosive or propellant systems within a well bore, such as tubing or casing cutters. In addition, it is contemplated that embodiments of the electronic time delay apparatus of the present invention will find utility in subterranean mining and tunneling operations, in commercial, industrial and military demolition operations, in military ordnance, and otherwise, as will be readily apparent to those of ordinary skill in the relevant arts.
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Transmission of ground squirrel hepatitis virus to homologous and heterologous hosts. - PubMed - NCBI
Format: AbstractFormatSummarySummary (text)AbstractAbstract (text)MEDLINEXMLPMID ListApplySend toChoose DestinationFileClipboardCollectionsE-mailOrderMy BibliographyCitation managerFormatSummary (text)Abstract (text)MEDLINEXMLPMID ListCSVCreate File1 selected item: 3997073FormatSummarySummary (text)AbstractAbstract (text)MEDLINEXMLPMID ListMeSH and Other DataE-mailSubjectAdditional textE-mailDidn't get the message? Find out why...Add to ClipboardAdd to CollectionsOrder articlesAdd to My BibliographyGenerate a file for use with external citation management software.Create File
See comment in PubMed Commons belowHepatology. 1985 May-Jun;5(3):435-9.Transmission of ground squirrel hepatitis virus to homologous and heterologous hosts.Trueba D, Phelan M, Nelson J, Beck F, Pecha BS, Brown RJ, Varmus HE, Ganem D.AbstractThe infectivity and host range of ground squirrel hepatitis virus (GSHV) have been further examined by animal inoculation experiments. Although carrier squirrel sera usually harbor 10(9) to 10(10) virions per ml as determined by physical measurements, titration of one such serum revealed that squirrel infectivity was lost following dilution of the sample over 10(6)-fold. Infectivity is markedly reduced by NP40 pretreatment of infected serum. GSHV infection cannot be readily transmitted to several related ground squirrel species, but chipmunks can be experimentally infected by GSHV virions or by cloned GSHV DNA, and the resulting infection closely resembles that seen in the normal host.PMID: 3997073 [Indexed for MEDLINE] SharePublication types, MeSH terms, SubstancesPublication typesResearch Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.MeSH termsAnimalsAntigens, Surface/analysisAntigens, Viral/analysisDNA, Viral/administration & dosageHepatitis, Viral, Animal/transmission*Nucleic Acid HybridizationSciuridaeSpecies SpecificitySubstancesAntigens, SurfaceAntigens, ViralDNA, ViralLinkOut - more resourcesFull Text SourcesWileyPubMed Commons home

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