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Patent US7263415 - Electronic drawbar - Google PatentsSearch Images Maps Play YouTube News Gmail Drive More »Sign inAdvanced Patent SearchPatentsTo minimize headways between trains at stops in short-distance rail transport systems, an electronic drawbar is proposed which makes it possible to cause a following train to approach a train ahead up to a few meters and to follow at this distance in an electronically coupled mode. A method for carrying...http://www.google.com/patents/US7263415?utm_source=gb-gplus-sharePatent US7263415 - Electronic drawbarAdvanced Patent SearchPublication numberUS7263415 B2Publication typeGrantApplication numberUS 11/341,609Publication dateAug 28, 2007Filing dateJan 30, 2006Priority dateAug 12, 2002Fee statusPaidAlso published asDE50206314D1, EP1391365A1, EP1391365B1, US7027899, US20040026575, US20060129287Publication number11341609, 341609, US 7263415 B2, US 7263415B2, US-B2-7263415, US7263415 B2, US7263415B2InventorsKlaus MindelOriginal AssigneeThalesExport CitationBiBTeX, EndNote, RefManPatent Citations (10), Non-Patent Citations (1), Referenced by (3), Classifications (7), Legal Events (1) External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, EspacenetElectronic drawbarUS 7263415 B2Abstract To minimize headways between trains at stops in short-distance rail transport systems, an electronic drawbar is proposed which makes it possible to cause a following train to approach a train ahead up to a few meters and to follow at this distance in an electronically coupled mode. A method for carrying out the invention is wherein a rail vehicle with zero speed or with a speed below a predetermined minimum speed transmits a message which contains propulsion and braking control information or ready signals for activating an electronic drawbar for a following rail vehicle, and that after reception of the message from the rail vehicle ahead, the following rail vehicle approaches the rail vehicle ahead up to a predetermined distance.
1. A method of electronically coupling rail vehicles in stop areas of in short-distance rail transport systems, wherein a rail vehicle with zero speed or with a speed below a predetermined minimum speed transmits a message which contains propulsion and braking control information or ready signals for activating an electronic drawbar for a following rail vehicle, and that after reception of the message from the rail vehicle ahead, the following rail vehicle approaches the rail vehicle ahead up to a predetermined distance.
2. A method as set forth in claim 1, wherein after approaching the rail vehicle ahead up to the predetermined distance, the following rail vehicle is operated by means of the propulsion and braking control information received from the rail vehicle ahead.
3. A computer program for a control unit embodied on a computer readable medium for electronically coupling rail vehicles in stop areas in short-distance rail transport systems, wherein at zero speed or at a speed below a predetermined minimum speed, a message is generated by a rail vehicle which contains propulsion and braking control information or ready signals for activating an electronic drawbar for a following rail vehicle.
4. A computer program for a control unit embodied on a computer readable medium for electronically coupling rail vehicle in stop areas in short-distance rail transport systems, wherein upon reception of a message from a rail vehicle ahead, containing propulsion and braking control information or ready signals for activating an electronic drawbar, control signals are generated for controlling the following rail vehicle in such a way that it approaches the rail vehicle ahead up to a predetermined distance.
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS This is a divisional of application Ser. No. 10/635,618 filed Aug. 7, 2003 now U.S. Pat. No. 7,027,899. The entire disclosure of the prior application, application Ser. No. 10/635,618 is hereby incorporated by reference.
TECHNICAL FIELD This invention relates to a method of electronically coupling rail vehicles in stop areas in short-distance rail transport systems.
The invention is based on a priority application EP 02360240.2, which is hereby incorporated by reference.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION In short-distance rail transport, stringent requirements are placed on headways between trains. Particularly at stops, such as platforms of subway stations, the requirements are difficult to meet. By running trains with the absolute stopping distance spacing (moving block) and by using short blocks, conventional systems try to minimize the headways. Typical values for the headway between trains range between one and two minutes; this includes a stopping time of typically 0.5 minutes. The main variable that can be influenced is the time required for a train following a stopping or moving train to travel from the entry signal to the stopping point at the platform. Conventional methods leave a distance between the two trains which includes at least the braking distance of the following train and a safety distance.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION It is an object of the invention to minimize headways between trains at stops in short-distance rail transport systems.
This object is attained by an electronic drawbar which makes it possible to cause a following train to approach a train ahead up to a few meters and to follow the latter at this distance in an electronically coupled mode.
The implementation of the electronic drawbar only requires investments where they are necessary, namely at stops, where the headway between trains is not sufficient.
With the electronic drawbar, a time saving of approx. 10 seconds is possible compared to travel with the absolute stopping distance spacing. The headway between trains is thus reduced significantly, e.g. from 1 minute to 50 seconds, which corresponds to a time saving of approx. 17%.
The headway reduction particularly expedites the dissolution of a congestion caused, for instance, by a traffic disturbance.
The electronic drawbar can be retrofitted; its subsequent implementation in an existing infrastructure is possible in a simple manner. Depending on the equipment carried on the trains, implementation may be possible by means of a computer program which performs the specific functions for the activation and deactivation of the electronic drawbar. This is particularly advantageous if the number of passengers has increased, since the resulting longer stopping times can be compensated for by the time saving provided by the electronic drawbar.
The risk of a rear-end collision is very small. Even if such a collision should occur, the damage to be expected will be very small because of the low impact speed.
The electronic drawbar is implemented with train-carried apparatus and, hence, is a decentralized system. The decentralized system has significantly shorter response times than a central system. The trains communicate with each other directly without interposition of a center, and are thus closely coupled in time.
The method according to the invention for electronically coupling rail vehicles in stop areas in short-distance rail transport systems, and thus for implementing an electronic drawbar, is particularly characterized in that a rail vehicle with zero speed or with a speed below a predetermined minimum speed transmits a message which contains propulsion and braking control information or ready signals for activating an electronic drawbar for a following rail vehicle, and that after reception of the message from the rail vehicle ahead, the following rail vehicle approaches the rail vehicle ahead up to a predetermined distance (S).
When a rail vehicle, e.g., an urban railway vehicle or a subway vehicle, stops at a station platform, a following vehicle can approach the stopping vehicle up to a few meters. When the vehicle ahead detects a stand of the train, e.g. by evaluating the tachometer, a message (�telegram�) will be automatically generated and transmitted. The transmission takes place via continuous track conductors, for example, which are also laid in the area of a following rail vehicle. The following rail vehicle will detect the message via the track conductor, reduce its speed to a few km/h, and approach the vehicle ahead up to a few meters. The message contains, for instance, ready signals for activating the electronic drawbar. The following rail vehicle communicates, e.g., via the track conductor, with the vehicle ahead for the purpose of coordinating the activation and locking of the electronic drawbar. Communication takes place as follows, for example. The train ahead stops and transmits ready signals for activating the electronic drawbar. The following train detects the ready signals and sends signals to the train ahead which indicate its readiness for activation. The train ahead receives these signals and sends request signals to the following train. By means of these signals, the following train is requested to inform the train ahead when it has reached the predetermined distance. The following train transmits response signals which indicate that the distance has been reached. After receipt of the response signals, the train ahead transmits propulsion and brake control information. The following train receives the control information and controls itself by means of this information. As soon as the train ahead starts to move, the following trains starts to move under the same propulsion control, with the same acceleration, with the same speed, and at the same time as the train ahead. At this time, the two trains are linked by a virtual drawbar and, with respect to propulsion, behave like a single train. When the train ahead brakes, the following train brakes nearly at the same time. Only a safety distance of a few meters is maintained between the two trains. The distance is 5 to 20 meters, for example.
Alternatively, communication takes place as follows, for example. The train ahead stops and transmits propulsion and braking control information. The following train detects the control information and then approaches the train ahead up to the predetermined distance. Upon reaching the distance, it automatically switches to remote control of the following train by the train ahead. Thus, as soon as the distance is reached, the train ahead takes over the propulsion of the following train. In this alternative, no bidirectional communication is necessary between the following train and the train ahead.
To further minimize headways between trains, it is advantageous, particularly with a high traffic volume, if the train ahead is already transmitting messages while entering a station and before coming to a stop. Messages are transmitted, for example, as soon as the speed of the train ahead is below a predetermined minimum speed. Advantageously, the messages are not transmitted until an entry signal for the station is received and the zone in which track conductors were laid is reached.
The zone in which track conductors were laid extends, for instance, from the entry signal point to the exit signal point. Alternatively, it extends to an area in front of the entry signal point. In a further variant, it also extends to an area behind the exit signal point. The location of the area also depends on the point on the trains where the apparatus for carrying out the method is mounted.
Instead of track conductors, radio can be used. The train ahead and the following train communicate via Bluetooth or wireless LAN, for example; LAN=Local Area Network.
A preferred embodiment of the method is characterized in that after approaching the rail vehicle ahead up to the predetermined distance, the following rail vehicle is operated by means of the propulsion and braking control information received from the rail vehicle ahead.
An apparatus according to the invention for electronically coupling rail vehicles in stop areas in short-distance rail transport systems, and thus for implementing an electronic drawbar, is characterized in that a control unit and a transceiver unit are provided which are interconnected, and that the control unit is designed to determine the speed of a rail vehicle and, if the speed is zero or below a predetermined minimum speed, to control the transceiver unit in such a way as to transmit a message which contains propulsion and braking control information or ready signals for activating an electronic drawbar for a following rail vehicle. The apparatus is implemented on the rail vehicle ahead. Viewed in the direction of travel, it is mounted, for example, in the front or rear part of the vehicle. The apparatus may also form part of existing equipment for controlling the train. The control unit is, for instance, a processor with a memory and a specific software program. Instead of one processor, such as a microprocessor, digital signal processor, or controller, two or more processors may be present. Instead of one memory, such as a RAM, two or more memories may be present. Instead of one software program (=computer program), two or more such programs may be present. A software program may also consist of two or more software packages which are stored on and invoked by means of different pieces of hardware. The transceiver unit is, for instance, a unit for transmitting and receiving signals for a track conductor or radio signals.
A preferred embodiment of the apparatus is characterized in that a distance sensor is provided which is connected to the control unit, that the distance sensor is arranged and designed to measure the distance to a following rail vehicle and to transfer the measurement result to the control unit, and that the control unit is designed to compare the measurement result with a maximum value and to stop the transmission of the message if the measurement result exceeds the maximum value. The distance sensor is mounted on the train ahead at the rear. It determines the distance to the following train. When the train ahead leaves the station, the following train automatically interrupts the connection to the train ahead as soon as the following train has arrived in the platform area and must initiate braking to come to a stop. As a result, the distance to the train ahead will increase, so that the train ahead can stop the transmission of the messages, since these are no longer needed.
Another preferred embodiment of the apparatus is characterized in that a distance sensor is provided which is connected to the control unit, that the distance sensor is arranged and designed to measure the distance to a following rail vehicle and to transfer the measurement result to the control unit, and that the control unit is designed to compare the measurement result with a minimum value or with a predetermined or communicated distance and to stop the transmission of the message if the measurement result is less than the minimum value or not equal to the distance. The distance sensor is mounted on the train ahead at the rear. It determines the distance to the following train. If the following train does not maintain the predetermined distance, the transmission of the messages is stopped, which results in the electronic drawbar being unlocked and the following train running on its own again. Prior to the stopping, the following train is warned and called upon to initiate a braking process. Insofar, the use of the distance sensor increases the safety of the electronic drawbar.
A further preferred embodiment of the apparatus is characterized in that the transceiver unit is designed to transfer a received platform exit signal or information on the reception of this signal to the control unit, and that the control unit is designed to stop the transmission of the message after reception of the platform exit signal or of the information thereon. After the train ahead has left the station, the following train has already entered the platform area, so that at a given point in time, a deactivation of the electronic drawbar must be effected to enable the following train to brake and stop at the platform. One possibility is to use the exit signal as a switching signal for stopping the messages and, thus, for automatically unlocking the electronic drawbar. When the following train no longer receives messages, it switches immediately to the self-controlled mode of operation and initiates a braking process.
A still further embodiment of the apparatus is characterized in that the transceiver unit is designed to transfer a received platform entry signal or information on the reception of this signal to the control unit, and that the control unit is so designed that after reception of the platform entry signal or the information thereon and if a zero speed was determined, it controls the transceiver unit to transmit a message which contains propulsion and braking control information or ready signals for activating an electronic drawbar for the other rail vehicle. The instant of transmission of the messages can be combined with the speed of the train ahead and the reception of the platform entry signal. After receipt of the entry signal, the train ahead knows that it is in the station area, and can transmit messages at an early time so as to enable a following train to activate the electronic drawbar as early as possible.
Yet another embodiment of the apparatus is characterized in that the transceiver unit is designed to transfer a message received from the following rail vehicle or information on the reception of this message to the control unit, and that the control unit is so designed that after reception of the message from the following rail vehicle or of the information thereon and if a zero speed or a speed below a predetermined minimum speed was determined, it controls the transceiver unit to transmit a message which contains propulsion and braking control information for the other rail vehicle. In this embodiment, bidirectional communication takes place between the train ahead and the following train before the control data is transmitted.
A further apparatus according to the invention for electronically coupling rail vehicles in stop areas in short-distance rail transport systems is characterized in that a control unit and a transceiver unit are provided which are interconnected, that the transceiver unit is designed to transfer a message received from a rail vehicle ahead or information on the reception of this message to the control unit, and that the control unit is so designed that after reception of the message from the rail vehicle ahead or of the information thereon, it controls the following rail vehicle in such a way that it approaches the rail vehicle ahead up to a predetermined distance. This apparatus is implemented on the following rail vehicle and, as viewed in the direction of travel, is mounted at the front or at the rear, for example. It may also form part of existing equipment for controlling the train. The control unit is, for instance, a processor with a memory and a specific software program. Instead of one processor, e.g., a microprocessor, digital signal processor, or controller, two or more processors may be present. Instead of one memory, e.g., a RAM, two or more memories may be present. Instead of one software program (=computer program), two or more may be present. A software program may also consist of two or more software packages that are stored on and invoked by means of different pieces of hardware. The transceiver unit is, for instance, a unit for transmitting and receiving signals for a track conductor or radio signals.
A preferred embodiment of the further apparatus is characterized in that the control unit is so designed that after reception of the message from the rail vehicle ahead or of the information thereon, it controls the transceiver unit to transmit a message which contains ready signals for activating an electronic drawbar for the rail vehicle ahead. Prior to the activation, communication takes place between the rail vehicles for the purpose of exchanging data that are necessary for activation. For instance, the following rail vehicle transmits to the vehicle ahead data about its current speed, its train number, its current location, or the like. After evaluation, the rail vehicle ahead transmits to the following rail vehicle a permission to activate the electronic drawbar, for example.
Another preferred embodiment of the further apparatus is characterized in that a distance sensor is provided which is connected to the control unit, that the distance sensor is arranged and designed to measure the distance to the rail vehicle ahead and to transfer the measurement result to the control unit, and that the control unit is designed to compare the measurement result with a minimum value or a predetermined distance and to control the rail vehicle in such a way that it approaches the rail vehicle ahead up to the minimum value or the predetermined distance at the most. By means of the distance sensor, the distance to the rail vehicle ahead can be determined in a simple manner. Instead of one distance sensor, two or more distance sensors can be used to enhance safety.
A further preferred embodiment of the further apparatus is characterized in that the transceiver unit is designed to transfer a message received from the rail vehicle ahead, containing propulsion and braking control information, to the control unit, and that the control unit is so designed that after reception of the message from the rail vehicle ahead and after the approach to the rail vehicle ahead up to the predetermined distance, it controls the rail vehicle in such a way that it is operated by means of the propulsion and braking control information received from the rail vehicle ahead. The two rail vehicles are then operated synchronously by the control unit of the rail vehicle ahead.
Depending on the equipment carried on the trains, implementation by means of a computer program may be possible.
A computer program according to the invention for a control unit for electronically coupling rail vehicles in stop area in short-distance rail transport systems and for use in a rail vehicle ahead is characterized in that at zero speed or at a speed below a predetermined minimum speed, a message is generated which contains propulsion and braking control information or ready signals for activating an electronic drawbar for a following rail vehicle. The computer program is implemented on the rail vehicle ahead.
Another computer program according to the invention for a control unit for electronically coupling rail vehicles in stop areas in short-distance rail transport systems and for use in a following rail vehicle is characterized in that upon reception of a message from a rail vehicle ahead, containing propulsion and braking control information or ready signals for activating an electronic drawbar, control signals are generated for controlling the following rail vehicle in such a way that it approaches the rail vehicle ahead up to a predetermined distance. The computer program is implemented on the following rail vehicle.
Both computer programs can be implemented on one and the same rail vehicle using one and the same control unit or two or more control units. The rail vehicle is thus capable of acting both as a vehicle ahead and as a following vehicle. It is also cost-saving to provide only one transceiver unit per train which can then be used both for reception in the case of a following rail vehicle and for transmission in the case of a rail vehicle ahead.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS The invention will become more apparent by reference to the following description of an embodiment taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawing, in which:
FIG. 1 is a schematic representation of an operational sequence according to the invention for electronically coupling two trains in a stop area; and
FIG. 2 is a schematic representation of a setup of technical apparatus for carrying out the electronic coupling according to FIG. 1.
BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION Referring first to FIG. 1, there is shown the operational sequence for electronically coupling two trains in a stop area.
The situation at a station stop is considered. The section at the platform is bounded by the entry signal Esig and the exit signal Asig. To optimize the headway between trains, the distance between the train ahead, Z1, and the following train, Z2, has to be minimized.
In a first time period a), train Z1 has already entered the station, has stopped at the platform, and is transmitting messages. Train Z2 is approaching the station and is braking because the entry signal Esig is red, i.e., at stop.
In a second time period b), train Z2 is receiving the messages from train Z1 and, in response thereto, activates the electronic drawbar. Train Z2 is now permitted to proceed at slow speed. The distance sensor on train Z2 and a specific computer program are activated which monitor the measured distance to train Z1. Instead of using a distance sensor on train Z2, the latter may be permitted to proceed up to a second entry signal directly in front of the platform if the message transmitted by train Z1 contains information saying, for example, that train Z1 has already stopped at the platform as prescribed and, thus, does not extend into the entry area. Train Z2 proceeds at reduced speed up to the second entry signal knowing that train Z1 is already standing at the platform, so that the track to the platform is clear.
The second entry signal then specifies a minimum value for the approach to train Z1.
In a third time period c), train Z2 is moving closer to train Z1.
In a fourth time period d), train Z2 has reached the predetermined distance S, which may also be referred to as the minimum distance, or the minimum value. Now the electronic drawbar is locked. Thus, virtual coupling of train Z2 to train Z1 has been effected; no mechanical coupling takes place. This means that from now on, train Z2 is controlled by train Z1. The two trains behave like a single train. They are linked by a virtual drawbar. As soon as train Z1 starts to move, train Z2 also starts to move, because it is controlled by the same control signals. The distance between the two trains is maintained constant.
In a fifth time period e), train Z1 is beginning to leave the station. Train Z2 is following train Z1 at the distance S.
In a sixth time period f), train Z1 continues to pull out. Train Z2 continues to follow train Z1 at the distance S. Train Z2 is already in the platform area.
In a seventh time period g), train Z2 reaches the brake application point for the stop. The information about the brake application point is communicated to train Z2 via the track conductor, for example. The transceiver unit of train Z2 is capable of operating in multicast mode, i.e., of receiving control signals from train Z1 and, simultaneously or within the scope of the time-division multiplex, brake application point signals. After receipt of the brake application point signals, the electronic drawbar is unlocked in train Z2 and braking is initiated. The unlocking of the electronic drawbar may also be referred to as deactivation. Train Z2 again has control over its operation. Train Z1 is proceeding uninfluenced. Even during operation of the electronic drawbar and after the locking, it is possible for train Z2 to intervene independently in its own operation. For instance, distance sensor continues to determine the distance to the train ahead, Z1, and if the distance is less than the distance S, braking is initiated independently and automatically. Optionally, switchover to manual operation is possible.
In a preferred embodiment, in order to enhance safety, the zone in which track conductors are laid is so designed that messages from train Z1 to train Z2 can no longer reach train Z2 shortly after the brake application point at the latest, because train Z1 is already outside that zone. In this way, the electronic drawbar is interrupted up to a predetermined instant in a controlled mode, and thus deactivated. With the electronic drawbar deactivated, train Z2 immediately initiates braking, whereupon it comes to a stop at the platform.
In an eighth time period h), the distance between train Z1 and Z2 increases as train Z2 is braking and train Z1 continues to accelerate. Train Z1 has already left the platform. Train Z2 has stopped as prescribed.
For a train following train Z2, the operational sequence is predetermined by time periods a) to h). Train Z2 then becomes the train ahead. If train Z2 should have left the platform before the following train approaches the station, the following train will enter the station normally and without the electronic drawbar. Accordingly, the electronic drawbar is activated only if required. However, the timetable may also be so designed that during rush-hour periods, for example, the headway between trains is chosen to be so short that the electronic drawbar will, as a rule, be activated and locked for each entering train.
Instead of electronically coupling only two trains, more than two trains, e.g., three or four, may be electronically coupled. A train ahead will then control two or more following trains via messages, with each train maintaining a distance S to the respective train ahead.
The embodiment will now be further described with reference to FIG. 2. FIG. 2 shows technical apparatus for carrying out the electronic coupling according to FIG. 1.
In a train ahead, Z1, a control unit E1, a distance sensor S1, and a transceiver unit A1 are mounted at the rear. In a following train, Z2, a control unit E2, a distance sensor S2, and a transceiver unit A2 are mounted at the front.
In a station area, a validity range is defined in which track conductors were laid and in which running with an electronic drawbar is permitted. The transceiver units A1 and A2 communicate with one another via the track conductors.
The operational sequence for activating and deactivating the electronic drawbar is as follows.
Train Z1 stops at the platform. Control unit E1 detects a train speed of zero and thereupon transmits messages via transceiver unit A1 into the track conductors.
Train Z2 receives the messages from train Z1 via the track conductors and transceiver unit A2, which transfers them to control unit E2. Control unit E2 determines the speed of train Z2. If the speed is less than a predetermined limit speed, e.g., 5 to 20 km/h, activation of the electronic drawbar is permitted. Control unit E2 initiates the activation and controls train Z2 in such a manner that it draws closer to train Z1. During this approach, control unit E2 activates distance sensor S2 for determining the distance to train Z1. Train Z2 approaches train Z1 up to a predetermined distance S at a speed not exceeding the limit speed. Then, the electronic drawbar is locked. To enhance signaling safety, distance sensor S1 can be used prior to the locking to verify measurements of distance sensor S2.
After a stopping time, train Z1 leaves the platform and pulls out of the station. At this time, the electronic drawbar is locked and control unit E1 has access to the propulsion and braking control of train Z2 via transceiver unit A1, the track conductors, and transceiver unit A2. Via this access, control unit E1 causes trains Z1 and Z2 to run synchronously, i.e., train Z2 starts nearly simultaneously with, and with the same acceleration as, train Z1 and follows the latter at the distance S.
When train Z1 leaves the track-conductor area, and thus the validity range, control unit E2 ceases receiving messages and control unit E1 no longer has access to train Z2. At this instant at the latest, an application of the service brake of train Z2 is initiated. Train Z2 brakes and comes to a stop at the platform.
Apparatus for an electronic drawbar may comprise a control unit E1, a distance sensor S1, and a transceiver unit A1 as well as a control unit E2, a distance sensor S2, and a transceiver unit A2. The functionalities of control units E1 and E2 may also be combined in one control unit. The functionalities of transceiver units A1 and A2 may also be combined in one transceiver unit. Instead of two distance sensors S1 and S2, which are used, e.g. simultaneously, to determine the distance to the train ahead, only a single distance sensor may be used; two distance sensors increase safety, however. Such apparatus for an electronic drawbar is capable of controlling the activation and deactivation of the electronic drawbar for both a train ahead and a following train. Viewed in the direction of travel, the apparatus is mounted at the front, for example. Ideally, the apparatus forms part of existing equipment of a motive power unit. This facilitates, and reduces the cost of, the upgrading of motive power units. A train usually has one motive power unit at its head and another at its end so as to permit movement in both directions of. If both motive power units of a train are equipped with apparatus for an electronic drawbar or with the functionality of such an electronic drawbar, the train can be operated with the electronic drawbar in both directions of travel.
Patent CitationsCited PatentFiling datePublication dateApplicantTitleUS5697583Sep 13, 1996Dec 16, 1997Dorne & Margolin, Inc.Radio frequency coupler for communication between adjacent railway carsUS6169954Apr 9, 1999Jan 2, 2001Mccrary Homer T.Intelligent public transit system using dual-mode vehiclesUS6198994Sep 15, 1999Mar 6, 2001Mccrary Personal Transport System, LlcIntelligent public transit system using dual-mode vehiclesUS6249724Sep 15, 1999Jun 19, 2001Mccrary Personal Transport System, LlcIntelligent public transit system using dual-mode vehiclesUS6276542Sep 15, 1999Aug 21, 2001Mccrary Personal Transport System, LlcIntelligent public transit system using dual-mode vehiclesUS6289247May 28, 1999Sep 11, 2001Advanced Bionics CorporationStrategy selector for multichannel cochlear prosthesisUS6721985Sep 15, 1999Apr 20, 2004Mccrary Homer T.Intelligent public transit system using dual-mode vehiclesDE19828878A1Jun 23, 1998Dec 30, 1999Siemens AgData traffic reduction method for railway operationFR2572043A1 Title not availableJPH04191134A Title not availableNon-Patent CitationsReference1Patent Abstracts of Japan, vol. 16, No. 519 (M-1330), Oct. 26, 1992 & JP 04 191134 A (Toshiba Corp; Others: 01) Jul. 9, 1992.Referenced byCiting PatentFiling datePublication dateApplicantTitleUS8185264 *Dec 18, 2008May 22, 2012Nomad Spectrum LimitedComponent vehicleUS8200381Apr 14, 2011Jun 12, 2012Nomad Spectrum LimitedComponent vehicleUS8428798Jan 8, 2010Apr 23, 2013Wabtec Holding Corp.Short headway communications based train control system* Cited by examinerClassifications U.S. Classification701/19, 701/300, 701/36, 213/1.3International ClassificationB61L23/34Cooperative ClassificationB61L23/34European ClassificationB61L23/34Legal EventsDateCodeEventDescriptionFeb 7, 2011FPAYFee paymentYear of fee payment: 4RotateOriginal ImageGoogle Home - Sitemap - USPTO Bulk Downloads - Privacy Policy - Terms of Service - About Google Patents - Send FeedbackData provided by IFI CLAIMS Patent Services©2012 Google


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The Unquiet Grave Audiobook | Sharyn McCrumb | Audible.com
Written in grease pencil on a tourist postcard, the lyrics are winsome and innocent. But for famous folk singer Peggy Muryan, they are a chilling reminder of a troubled moment in her past....
By G. Fields on 10-06-17

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Opinion | When Juries Say Life and Judges Say Death - The New York Times
Opinion|When Juries Say Life and Judges Say Death
With a population of just under five million, and with more than 450 people sentenced to death since 1977, Alabama has by far the highest per-capita death-sentence rate in the country. And yet in nearly one in four of those cases, the jury voted for life in prison — in some cases unanimously — only to be overruled by the judge.
CreditAndrew Lichtenstein/Corbis, via Getty Images
The state law authorizing these judicial overrides, now the only law of its kind in the country, was passed in 1981, in theory to allow judges to protect defendants from vengeful or careless juries. In practice, the opposite has happened. While Alabama judges have converted death sentences to life in 11 cases, they have rejected the jury’s mercy and chosen death in 101, nearly a quarter of all death sentences handed down in Alabama since 1982.
Now there is evidence that these override cases involve a disproportionate number of wrongful convictions. Three of the six Alabama death-row inmates who have been freed from prison since 1981 were condemned by a judge after the jury voted for life, according to a paper published last month in The Yale Law Journal.
The paper’s authors, Patrick Mulvaney and Katherine Chamblee, both capital-crime defense lawyers, call this discrepancy unsurprising. They attribute it to the phenomenon of “residual doubt” among capital jurors, who must decide on guilt and punishment in separate phases of a trial. When jurors are faced with a life-or-death decision, they may be confident enough to convict, but not so confident to vote for execution. Beyond a reasonable doubt, in other words, doesn’t always mean no doubt at all.
Studies have found that residual doubt of guilt is the most important factor in capital jurors’ decision to spare someone’s life — even more than other mitigating factors like childhood trauma — and it may well explain why half of the exonerations in Alabama were cases in which jurors initially voted against death. In each case, prosecutors were found to have withheld exculpatory evidence from the defense. A juror in the trial of Daniel Wade Moore, who was sentenced to death by a judge in 2003 and exonerated in 2009, told the paper’s authors that even after voting to convict Mr. Moore, he voted for life in prison because he was “still unsure” about Mr. Moore’s guilt. In 2010, the trial judge, Glenn Thompson, said he “didn’t think the state had proven” its case, but overrode the jury’s vote and sentenced Mr. Moore to death anyway. His explanation? “The jury said that he did it.”
Judge Thompson, like all Alabama jurists, was elected to his seat, which only increases the pressure to act tough on crime — as judges themselves openly admit. In 2013, Justice Sonia Sotomayor pointed to this problem in her dissent from the Supreme Court’s refusal to consider a challenge to Alabama’s law. The state’s judges, she wrote, “who are elected in partisan proceedings, appear to have succumbed to electoral pressures.”
Justice Sotomayor was right to say that the override law undermines “the sanctity of the jury’s role in our system of criminal justice.” It also appears to increase the risk that wrongfully convicted people will be sentenced to die.
A version of this article appears in print on , on Page A26 of the New York edition with the headline: When Juries Say Life but Judges Say Death. Order Reprints | Today’s Paper | Subscribe

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Made For Two Men by Madison Hayes, Paperback | Barnes & Noble® Books by Author Books by Series Collectible Editions Coming Soon by Date Coming Soon by Subject New Releases NY Times Bestsellers Signed Books Top Books of the Month
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How Cherie's dislike of Gordon is causing tension in the Blair household | Daily Mail Online
Last updated at 22:00 25 September 2006
Just days before the Labour Party conference began, Cherie Blair warned friends that the animosity between her husband and Gordon Brown had become so intense that there would be 'blood on the dance floor'.
Her confidantes assumed that it would be the Prime Minister's blood which would be spilled as the Chancellor sharpened his knife to cut short his boss's career.
But today Mrs Blair launched the most spectacular pre-emptive strike imaginable when, with four short words, she ensured that she was the talking point of the day, rather than the most important speech of Mr Brown's career.
Mrs Blair's reported outburst of 'Well, that's a lie,' in response to Mr Brown's claim that it had been a 'privilege' to work for Tony Blair was, of course, denied by shellshocked Downing Street officials.
What cannot be denied, however, is that the comment sums up Mrs Blair's intense antipathy towards Mr Brown, which surpasses even the Prime Minister's own froideur towards his successor elect.
In recent weeks Mrs Blair's determination to scupper Mr Brown's chances of becoming Prime Minister has led to fresh tensions in the already strained Blair marriage.
Sources close to Mr Blair have told the Daily Mail that when he returned from his summer break in Barbados last month, he confided to close friends that his wife was putting intense pressure on him to further delay his departure from Downing Street.
Mrs Blair, it must be said, longs for the day when her husband can seize the pot of gold which is waiting for him on the day he leaves office in the form of book deals, lecture tours and directorships.
'Cherie has made it quite clear that she wants to leave Gordon Brown as little time as possible to make his leadership a success,' said one insider. 'She has said she would enjoy watching the leadership slip away from Gordon.
'When Tony came back from Barbados last month Cherie had to stay on to look after Euan, who was taken to hospital with a stomach complaint. Tony was very candid about what had been said during the holiday.
'He said Cherie had told him not to announce his departure date because that would be playing into Gordon's hands. Tony has made it clear that his only ambition now is to hang on until he has done ten years as Premier, and he would have been happy to confirm that he was standing down next May.
'But Cherie wants him to keep Gordon Brown guessing, and even to stay on beyond that if he can so that Brown is wrongfooted. She has said she wants to see what she calls a "proper" election for the next Labour leader, rather an an accession.
'She thinks that will expose Gordon Brown for what he is, which, in her mind, is an old-fashioned socialist.
'In the end Tony agreed to a compromise with Cherie by saying he would be gone within a year but including the caveat that it would depend on the circumstances at the time, meaning he could still put it off at the last moment.'
Lest there be any doubt about the huge influence Mrs Blair has on her husband's career, we need look no further back than the events of June 2004, when Mr Blair, exhausted by events in Iraq and wracked by an undisclosed family crisis, made up his mind to quit.
It was Mrs Blair who talked him out of it, before marching up to one of Mr Brown's staunchest allies and announcing: 'You have got to understand. We are going on and on and on.'
Her defiant, finger-jabbing vow to fight on was interpreted by many observers as being motivated as much by a determination to keep Mr Brown out as it was by a desire to keep Mr Blair in power.
And in another private conversation earlier this month, which has been disclosed to the Daily Mail, Mr Blair let slip a comment made by his wife which typifies her disdain for the Chancellor.
Picking up on John Reid's comment that the Home Office he inherited was 'unfit for purpose', Mrs Blair said: 'Not only is (Gordon Brown) unfit for purpose, but he is not of electable quality.'
Set against the backdrop of such open hatred, it would hardly be a conspiracy theory to suggest that Mrs Blair's outburst at yesterday's conference, said within earshot of a reporter from the highly respected US news agency Bloomberg, was entirely premeditated.
The news reports which followed - in which Mr Brown's keynote speech, months in the making and billed as his big pitch for the Premiership - was relegated to second place, must surely have been music to Mrs Blair's ears.
And Mrs Blair is well aware of the power of an off-the-cuff comment made at a party conference - only last year she grabbed the headlines when she responsed to a question about her departure from Downing Street, saying: 'That's a long way in the future.'
To discover why Mrs Blair harbours such a malignant grudge against Mr Brown we must go all the way back to 1992, when Tony Blair ditched a plan to run for the deputy leadership of the Labour Party following Neil Kinnock's election defeat.
Mr Blair was persuaded to pull out of the running by Gordon Brown's angry reaction to his naked ambition. Cherie, who had vicariously lived out her own political ambitions through her husband ever since he beat her into parliament in 1983, had been instrumental in persuading 'her man' to run, and took Brown's reaction as a personal affront.
The famous 'Granita deal', named after the trendy Islington restaurant in which Mr Blair supposedly gave Mr Brown assurances that he would hand over power after less than two terms in office, has also been a constant source of tension between the two camps.
Mrs Blair is so open about her loathing of the Chancellor that one Downing Street guest, meeting Mrs Blair for the first time, was taken aback to hear her describing Mr Brown as 'not our sort of person'.
Nor is Mrs Blair's dislike of the Brown household reserved solely for the Chancellor. Members of Mrs Blair's inner circle delight in mocking Sarah Brown's sensible clothes and her old banger, even spreading baseless rumours that Mr Brown had banned his wife from wearing make-up.
In turn, Mrs Brown is said to find Cherie's love of freebies and her obsession with money distasteful, and has reportedly described Mrs Blair as 'an oddball'.
The grinding tensions between the two camps even spilled over into their domestic arrangements when New Labour came to power in 1997. Mr Brown agreed to let the Blairs have the larger flat above Number 11 to accommodate their family, while he moved into the living quarters above Number 10, but Cherie wanted more.
Mr Brown's former spin doctor Charlie Whelan recalls that he was talking to a colleague in one of the state rooms of Number 11 when Cherie burst in.
'You two can leave. This is my house now, it's been agreed,' she haughtily told them.
'She wanted all of Mr Brown's rooms, including the state rooms and dining room,' said Whelan. 'Blair obviously hadn't told her they were only getting the flat. It came as a bit of a shock when we broke the news to her.'
Mrs Blair's fit of pique at yesterday's Labour conference may have upset Mr Brown's hopes of dominating the headlines for a day, but even she knows that the Blairs cannot realistically expect to halt his inexorable rise to power.
Ironically, her comment's corrosive effect may do more damage in the long term to her own marriage.
Mrs Blair has refused to rein back on her money-spinning lectures, which she relies on to help pay the £16,000-a-month mortgages on the Blairs' properties in London, Bristol and County Durham.
Her antics forced the Prime Minister into a humiliating U-turn when, having claimed his wife's speeches were 'a private matter', he had to admit she was cashing in on his position and listed the lectures in the parliamentary register of members' interests.
Meanwhile Mrs Blair is unhappy that her husband has resumed contact with Carole Caplin, her colourful former lifestyle guru, who was banished from Downing Street in 2003 and whom Mrs Blair has since excised from her life.
'The issue of Tony's departure from Number 10 has been the subject of a big ongoing debate between Tony and Cherie,' said one insider. 'There is a large part of her which wants to get away from the stresses of life in the public eye and, more importantly, to start seeing some serious money coming in to the household which will enable them to pay off their £4million worth of mortgages with plenty of cash to spare.
'She also thinks that when they get away from the pressure of public life their marital problems will melt away.
'But Cherie is torn between the benefits of leaving Downing Street and her desperate desire to put a very large spanner in the works of Gordon Brown's political ambitions.
'On top of that she is dreading the day when she has to give up the trappings of power, and the last person she wants to hand that over to is Gordon Brown, who she feels doesn't deserve it.
'She says she wants to see Brown go down as a "footnote" in history, because as she says, "Who remembers Chancellors?"
'Of course, Tony doesn't want to hand over to Gordon either, and he would rather see David Miliband get the job. He was particularly hurt by what he saw as Brown's treacherous attempt to oust him two weeks ago.
'But he is far more relaxed about the whole thing than Cherie, and her determination to push him into staying on as long as possible has led to yet more arguments between them.
'Tony has responded by telling Cherie to stop obsessing about his leaving date.'
One Downing Street insider described how the Blairs' preoccupation with Gordon Brown had led to an atmosphere of 'paranoia' in which Mr Blair, and in particular Cherie, talked of their fears that the Chancellor had 'something nasty up his sleeve' which he would unleash at the conference to hasten Mr Blair's departure.
In the end, it seems, Mrs Blair decided to take matters into her own hands with an extraordinary intervention which may become the defining moment of this year's Labour Party conference.
Despite Mrs Blair's best efforts to influence events, many political observers believe that, far from extending his tenure beyond May, Mr Blair will struggle to make it to Christmas.

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Unsung Indian Hurler Hopes to Make Perfect Pitch - The Washington Post
Unsung Indian Hurler Hopes to Make Perfect Pitch
The ball game ain't started, let alone over, until the tall pitcher sings in Cleveland this Sunday.
Rick Waits, 6-3, 195-pound Indian left-hander whose 2.48 earned run average is fourth best in the American League, has been testing his vocal pitch with Rocco Scotti, who has sung "The Star Spangled Banner" in operatic range before games in several major league parks. And, after Scotti sings the Canadian anthem before the Toronto-at-Cleveland doubleheader, Waits will come on with our national anthem.
Scotti says Waits, 25, " has a terrific voice, a real God-given talent," and Ruben Caplin of the Cleveland Institute of Music agrees the hurler has a future in singing if he works hard at it.
Meantime, the largely unsung Waits will settle for a pitching victory Friday night over the Blue JAys that would boost his record to 5-7 . . .
And the Detroit Tigers are warbling the blues again over mark (Bird) Fidrych. The colorful righty has returned from Florida workouts with little or no improvement in the tendinitis that has kept him off AL mounds since April. "Plans for his future are very uncertain," said a Tiger spokesman who, when asked if Fidrych was throwing the ball, amended."He's lobbying. He has no velocity and has pain." . . .
Heavyweight cochampion Leon Spinks makes himself at home in Philadelphia, Detroit, St. Louis and Jacksonville, N. C., near Camp Lejeune where he served in the Marines. You guessed it. Spinks, driving a 1978 Cadillac, was stopped at 2:50 a. m. yesterday in the North Carolina town - no license plate and, it developed, no driver's license. Just a nice quiet arrest this time, he paid $25 fine and $27 in court costs and see ya later . . .
It's "go" for next Wednesday's fight card at the D. C. Armory, apparently, since headliner Sugar Ray Seales unanimously outpointed Tommy Howard in their Seattle 12-rounder Tuesday night to retain his Northwest middleweight title. Seales, a '72 Olympic gold medalist, is now 47-4-2 as a professional; another of the crop of '76 Montreal goldies, bantamweight Leo Randolph, made his pro debut on the same card, scoring a second-round TKO . . . When Seales and Ralph Paladin go at it, they will be doing so in a newly rededicated Starplex. The District observed a "day" for the complex yesterday, and the luncheon marked maybe the last visit of George Allen to RFK Stadium until he brings his Rams with him. Allen allowed it felt "strange" knowing that . . .
Earl Anthony, the pro bowler who shares Tacoma, Wash; as hometown with Seales and Randolph, was listed in "fair and stable" condition in a San Francisco area hospital yesterday after suffering chest pains while practicing his craft a day earlier. While he, we trust, recuperates, his successor as PBA money-winning champ, Mark Roth ($95,190 to date) has a shot this week at repeating as a $100,000-a-year tour earner in the San Jose Open; only Anthony before him eclipsed $100,000, and the Earl is at $71,188 for the 1978 . . .
Those American U. basketball Eagles get around in the coaching ranks. Now Bill Kagarise, AU '70, has been named head coach at Mclean High replacing Doug Crupper, who will coach hoops at Reston's new South Lakes H. S . . . Washington's finest cont'd: 1978-79 basketball captain at Jacksonville U, is Anthony (Cricket) Williams; incoming Coach Tates Locke saw right away the senior-to-be out of McKinley High has leadership qualities; and at Boston U., the captain will be Curtis Vanlandingham, 6-7 forward from Potomac High and Hillcrest Heights.
The NBA teams who are out of it might cast a new glance at Coniel Norman, the former 76er guard who was the Bullet's last cut of preseason. Norman has been named to the five-man Eastern Association all-star team after a campaign for Lancaster, Pa., capped by amazing 91 percent shooting - 31 of 34 from the field - in the Roses' two-game playoff sweep of Long Island.

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Turkic Khaganate - Wikipedia
(Redirected from Gokturk Empire)
The Turkic Khaganate (Old Turkic: 𐱅𐰇𐰼𐰰:𐰜𐰇𐰛 Kök Türük; Chinese: 突厥汗国; pinyin: Tūjué hánguó) or Göktürk Khaganate was a khaganate established by the Ashina clan of the Göktürks in medieval Inner Asia. Under the leadership of Bumin Qaghan (d. 552) and his sons, the Ashina succeeded the Rouran Khaganate as the hegemonic power of the Mongolian Plateau and rapidly expanded their territories in Central Asia. The first Turkic Khaganate collapsed in 581, after which followed a series of conflicts and civil wars which separated the polity into the Eastern Turkic Khaganate and Western Turkic Khaganate. The Eastern Turkic Khaganate was subjugated by the Tang dynasty in 630 and the Western Turkic Khaganate disintegrated around the same time. The Second Turkic Khaganate emerged in 682 and lasted until 744 when it was overthrown by the Uyghurs, a different Turkic-speaking group.
In 626, Illig Qaghan took advantage of the Xuanwu Gate Incident and drove on to Chang'an. On September 23, 626[23] Illig Qaghan and his iron cavalry reached the bank of the Wei River north of Bian Bridge (in present-day Xianyang, Shaanxi). On September 25, 626[24] Li Shimin (later Emperor Taizong of Tang) and Illig Qaghan formed an alliance by sacrificing a white horse on Bian Bridge. The Tang paid compensation and promised further tribute, so Illig Qaghan ordered his iron cavalry to withdraw. This is known as the Alliance of the Wei River (渭水之盟), or the Alliance of Bian Qiao (便橋會盟 / 便桥会盟).[25] All in all, 67 incursions on Chinese territories were recorded.[20]
In 657, the emperor of China could impose indirect rule in the entire Silk Road as far as Iran. They installed 2 khagans to rule the ten arrows (tribes) of Göktürks. Five arrows of Tulu (咄陆) were ruled by khagan bearing title of Xingxiwang (興昔亡可汗) while five arrows of Nushipi (弩失畢可汗) ruled by Jiwangjue (繼往絕可汗). Five Tulu corresponded to area east of Lake Balkash while five arrows of Nushipi corresponded to the land east of Aral Sea. Göktürks now carried Chinese titles and fought by their side in their wars. The era spanning from 657–699 in the steppes was characterized by numerous rulers – weak, divided, and engaged in constant petty wars under Anxi Protectorate until the rise of Turgesh.
Ilterish Qaghan and his brother Qapaghan Qaghan revolted against the Tang dynasty in 679 and established the Second Turkic Khaganate in 682.[37] Over the following decades they steadily gained control of the steppes beyond the Great Wall of China. By 705, they had expanded as far south as Samarkand and threatened Arab control of Transoxiana. The Göktürks clashed with the Umayyad Caliphate in a series of battles (712–713) but the Arabs emerged as victors.
The Second Khaganate[38][39][40] was centered on Ötüken in the upper reaches of the Orkhon River. This polity was described by historians as "the joint enterprise of the Ashina clan and the Soghdians, with large numbers of Chinese bureaucrats being involved as well".[41] The son of Ilterish, Bilge Qaghan, was also a strong leader whose deeds were recorded in the Orkhon inscriptions. After his death in 734 the Second Turkic Khaganate went into decline. The Göktürks ultimately fell victim to a series of internal crises and renewed Chinese campaigns.
When Kutlug I Bilge Kagan of the Uyghurs allied himself with the Karluks and Basmyls, the power of the Göktürks was very much on the wane. In 744 Kutlug seized Ötüken and beheaded the last Göktürk khagan, Ozmish Qaghan, whose head was sent to the Tang court.[42] In the span of a few years, the Uyghurs gained mastery of Inner Asia and established the Uyghur Khaganate.
^ Turchin, Peter; Adams, Jonathan M.; Hall, Thomas D (December 2006). "East-West Orientation of Historical Empires". Journal of world-systems research. 12 (2): 222. ISSN 1076-156X. Retrieved 16 September 2016. ^ Taagepera, Rein (1979). "Size and Duration of Empires: Growth-Decline Curves, 600 B.C. to 600 A.D". Social Science History. 3 (3/4): 129. JSTOR 1170959. doi:10.2307/1170959. ^ Marshall Cavendish Corporation (2006). Peoples of Western Asia. p. 364. ^ Bosworth, Clifford Edmund (2007). Historic Cities of the Islamic World. p. 280. ^ Borrero, Mauricio (2009). Russia: A Reference Guide from the Renaissance to the Present. p. 162. ^ 馬長壽, 《突厥人和突厥汗國》, 上海人民出版社, 1957,p. 10-11 (in Chinese)
^ 大業十一年 八月癸酉 Academia Sinica (in Chinese)
^ 武德九年 八月癸未 Academia Sinica (in Chinese)
^ 武德九年 八月乙酉 Academia Sinica (in Chinese)
^ 貞觀四年 二月甲辰 Academia Sinica (in Chinese)
Asimov, M.S. (1998), History of civilizations of Central Asia Volume IV The age of achievement: A.D. 750 to the end of the fifteenth century Part One The historical, social and economic setting, UNESCO Publishing Barfield, Thomas (1989), The Perilous Frontier: Nomadic Empires and China, Basil Blackwell Benson, Linda (1998), China's last Nomads: the history and culture of China's Kazaks, M.E. Sharpe Bregel, Yuri (2003), An Historical Atlas of Central Asia, Brill Bosworth, Clifford Edmund (2000), The Age of Achievement: A.D. 750 to the End of the Fifteenth Century - Vol. 4, Part II : The Achievements (History of Civilizations of Central Asia), UNESCO Publishing Bughra, Imin (1983), The history of East Turkestan, Istanbul: Istanbul publications Drompp, Michael Robert (2005), Tang China And The Collapse Of The Uighur Empire: A Documentary History, Brill Haywood, John (1998), Historical Atlas of the Medieval World, AD 600-1492, Barnes & Noble Latourette, Kenneth Scott (1964), The Chinese, their history and culture, Volumes 1-2, Macmillan Mackerras, Colin (1990), "Chapter 12 - The Uighurs", in Sinor, Denis, The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia, Cambridge University Press, pp. 317–342, ISBN 0 521 24304 1 Millward, James A. (2007), Eurasian Crossroads: A History of Xinjiang, Columbia University Press Mackerras, Colin, The Uighur Empire: According to the T'ang Dynastic Histories, A Study in Sino-Uighur Relations, 744-840. Publisher: Australian National University Press, 1972. 226 pages, ISBN 0-7081-0457-6
Golden, Peter B. (2011), Central Asia in World History, Oxford University Press Sinor, Denis (1990), The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-24304-9 Xiong, Victor (2008), Historical Dictionary of Medieval China, United States of America: Scarecrow Press, Inc., ISBN 0810860538 Xue, Zongzheng (薛宗正). (1992). Turkic peoples (突厥史). Beijing: 中国社会科学出版社. ISBN 978-7-5004-0432-3; OCLC 28622013
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NUVOLT CORP INC (NCO/H:Venture): Board Members Relationships - Businessweek
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NCO/H On Other Exchanges	SymbolExchange NCO/H:CNVenture19N:GRMunich
OverviewBoard MembersCommittees	BOARD MEMBERS AFFILIATED WITH Pierre Gingras *Pierre Gingras Return to Mouvement des caisses DesjardinsDirector2727AgeTotal Annual Compensation78-- Pierre-Charles TardifCaisse Desjardins de LongueuilBoard AffiliationsNEI Ethical Special Equity FundNorthwest Funds - NEI Northwest Canadian Dividend FundAllan P. MorinThe Civil Service Superannuation BoardBoard AffiliationsNEI Ethical Special Equity FundNorthwest Funds - NEI Northwest Canadian Dividend Fund J. Ross MontgomeryNEI Northwest Canadian Dividend Corporate ClassBoard AffiliationsNEI Ethical Special Equity FundNorthwest Funds - NEI Northwest Canadian Dividend FundMarcel PepinNEI Ethical Canadian Equity FundBoard AffiliationsNEI Ethical Special Equity FundNorthwest Funds - NEI Northwest Canadian Dividend Fund Debbie LaneCredit Union Central of SaskatchewanBoard AffiliationsNEI Ethical Special Equity FundNorthwest Funds - NEI Northwest Canadian Dividend FundBruno MorinDesjardins Capital régional et coopératif (CRCD)Board AffiliationsNEI Ethical Special Equity FundNorthwest Funds - NEI Northwest Canadian Dividend Fund Jocelyne Poulin PayetteCaisse populaire Desjardins des Mille-IlesBoard AffiliationsNEI Ethical Special Equity FundNorthwest Funds - NEI Northwest Canadian Dividend FundJack SmitNorthwest & Ethical Investments L.P.Board AffiliationsNEI Ethical Special Equity FundNorthwest Funds - NEI Northwest Canadian Dividend Fund Ghislain GosselinGroupe ALTA Inc.Board AffiliationsGroupe ALTA Inc.Bernie O’NeilNorthwest Funds - NEI Northwest Canadian Equity FundBoard AffiliationsNEI Ethical Special Equity FundNorthwest Funds - NEI Northwest Canadian Dividend Fund Carol DebloisCaisse Desjardins de L'Île-d'OrléansBoard AffiliationsCaisse Desjardins de L'Île-d'OrléansArmand FerlandCaisse Desjardins de L'Île-d'OrléansBoard AffiliationsCaisse Desjardins de L'Île-d'Orléans Jean RenaudCaisse Desjardins de L'Île-d'OrléansBoard AffiliationsCaisse Desjardins de L'Île-d'OrléansRosaire MéthotCaisse Desjardins de L'Île-d'OrléansBoard AffiliationsCaisse Desjardins de L'Île-d'Orléans Élise PrémontCaisse Desjardins de L'Île-d'OrléansBoard AffiliationsCaisse Desjardins de L'Île-d'OrléansFerdinand PouliotCaisse Desjardins de L'Île-d'OrléansBoard AffiliationsCaisse Desjardins de L'Île-d'Orléans Nathalie ConstantinCaisse Desjardins de L'Île-d'OrléansBoard AffiliationsCaisse Desjardins de L'Île-d'OrléansMarlène TherrienCaisse Desjardins de L'Île-d'OrléansBoard AffiliationsCaisse Desjardins de L'Île-d'Orléans Daniel GagnonCaisse Desjardins du Coeur de LotbinièreBoard AffiliationsCaisse Desjardins de L'Île-d'OrléansJacques PouliotCaisse Desjardins de L'Île-d'OrléansBoard AffiliationsCaisse Desjardins de L'Île-d'Orléans Micheline RobergeCaisse Desjardins de L'Île-d'OrléansBoard AffiliationsCaisse Desjardins de L'Île-d'OrléansAndré GosselinCaisse Desjardins de L'Île-d'OrléansBoard AffiliationsCaisse Desjardins de L'Île-d'Orléans Jean GuilbaultBourse de Montréal Inc.Board AffiliationsNuvolt Corporation Inc.Robert VallièresCaisse Desjardins de L'Île-d'OrléansBoard AffiliationsCaisse Desjardins de L'Île-d'Orléans Pierre-Andre MeunierNuvolt Corporation Inc.Board AffiliationsNuvolt Corporation Inc.Michel MontreuilNuvolt Corporation Inc.Board AffiliationsNuvolt Corporation Inc. Michel BerthelotNuvolt Corporation Inc.Board AffiliationsNuvolt Corporation Inc.
MOST CONNECTED PEOPLE TO Pierre Gingras NameRelationshipsPierre-Charles Tardif 51 RelationshipsDaniel Gagnon 28 RelationshipsBruno Morin 22 RelationshipsBernie O’Neil 15 RelationshipsDebbie Lane 15 Relationships
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20pcs Tibetan Silver Nice Bookmarks AB5162 Free Ship | eBay Skip to main contenteBayShop by categoryEnter your search keywordAll CategoriesAdvanced or register':' style="margin-right:3px">Hello -User-.'.replace(/-User-/,escape(a)))+"")}catch(b){document.write("")}})();Hello (Sign in to bid or buy)Daily DealsSellHelp & ContactMy eBayExpand My eBaySummaryBids/OffersWatch ListWish ListAll ListsPurchase HistorySellingMy CollectionsFollowed SearchesMessagesCollect & Spend Learn moreNotification Back to home page
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FREE SHIP 25 Tibetan Silver Bookmark Wi... £12.28
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David H. W. Steel - Semantic Scholar
Julia A. Haller15
Matthew S. Benz14
Stephen J Pakola12
Lloyd Paul Aiello10
5Carl Claes
5Chi Wai Tsang
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Vitreoretinal interface abnormalities in patients treatedwith ranibizumab for diabetic macular oedema
Yun Sze Wong, Alex Stubbing-Moore, +7 authors D. Prasanth Varma
Intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) agents are effective in the treatment of central involving diabetic macular oedema (DMO). Vitreoretinal interface abnormalities (VRIA) are… (More)
Vitrectomy fluidics.
David H. W. Steel, Steve Charles
The goal of all vitreous surgery is to perform the desired intraoperative intervention with minimum collateral damage in the most efficient way possible. An understanding of the principles of… (More)
Elizabeth M. Massey, Andrew Hunter, James Lowell, David H. W. Steel
Proliferative retinopathy in Cowden syndrome.
Qasim Mansoor, David H. W. Steel
Cowden syndrome is a multiple hamartoma syndrome with a high risk of breast and thyroid tumours, both benign and malignant. The authors report a 24-year-old female patient who presented with reduced… (More)
Ocriplasmin — variable efficacy?
David H. W. Steel, David Wong
For most vitreoretinal specialists, the adoption of ocriplasmin (OCP) into their practice remains controversial. This might be due to the varying experience, positive and negative, of individual… (More)
David Wong, Lara Cassia Silva Sandri, David H. W. Steel
Some say that younger retinal surgeons are becoming deskilled in scleral buckling (SB) surgery. Increasingly and throughout the world, the trend is to treat rhegmatogenous retinal detachments using… (More)
Assessing Patients with Asymptomatic Retinal Emboli Detected at Retinal Screening
Afsara A. Ahmmed, Peter E. Carey, David H. W. Steel, Teresa Sandinha
INTRODUCTION Asymptomatic retinal emboli have been associated with diabetes, the presence of significant carotid artery stenosis (≥70%) and an increased risk of stroke. However, there is no clear… (More)
David Wong, David H. W. Steel
We would like to highlight in this issue, the case series from Dai et al. on internal limiting membrane (ILM) transplants for unclosed macular holes [1]. Those of us who have tried a free internal… (More)
Photoreceptor Outer Segment on Internal Limiting Membrane after Macular Hole Surgery: Implications for Pathogenesis
Michael E. Grinton, Maria Teresa Sandinha, David H. W. Steel
PURPOSE This report presents a case, which highlights key principles in the pathophysiology of macular holes. It has been hypothesized that anteroposterior (AP) and tangential vitreous traction on… (More)

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Florida Exotics: Unusual Plants for Garden and Home: Jack Kramer: 9780878339211: Amazon.com: Books
Florida Exotics: Unusual Plants for Garden and Home
› Visit Amazon's Jack Kramer Page
Florida's climate is suitable for growing some of nature's most breathtaking plants. Here is an all-purpose guide on more than 200 beautiful, exotic plants that will thrive in the Sunshine Statebromeliads, orchids, gingers, ferns, vines, bulbs and more. Florida gardeners will learn everything they need to know about creating and sustaining an exotic floral paradise year round. 100 full-color photos throughout.
Publisher: Taylor Trade Publishing; First Edition edition (April 1, 1998)
ISBN-10: 0878339213
ISBN-13: 978-0878339211
Product Dimensions: 9.4 x 6.5 x 0.7 inches
Amazon Best Sellers Rank: #4,316,647 in Books (See Top 100 in Books)
10 of 10 people found the following review helpfulAn excellent reference book if corrections are made.
This book was purchased for a reference library. It covers a broad range of plants that will grow in Florida. There are a number of errors in the book and photos mislabeled, especially in the section on palms. This causes me to doubt the credibility of other information and plant names in the photos. I hope that the publisher will come out with a revised edition because this has the makings of a good referernce book if all the information was accurate.


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Love You Forever Hardcover | eBay Skip to main contenteBayShop bycategoryEnter your search keywordAll Categories Advanced or register':' style="margin-right:3px">Hi, #USER#!'.replace(/#USER#/,a))+"")}catch(b){document.write("")}})();Hi, (Sign in to bid or buy)Daily DealsSellCustomer SupportMy eBayExpand My eBayNotifications
View all Love You Forever
Promoted item:NEW Love You Forever [Hardcover] Robert N. Munsch
NEW Love You Forever [Hardcover] Robert N. Munsch
14 watching | 40 sold
Love You Forever by Robert Munsch, Hardcover. The mother sings to her sleeping baby: "I'll love you forever / I'll love you for always / As long as I'm living / My baby you'll be. Condition
3d 20h 22m Shipping
xa-electronics (111567
hardcover book "Love You Forever" by Robert Munsch You cannot read this book without crying. It is very sweet. I consider it a classic. It was originally written in 1945. I recieved this as a gift it seems brand new but could be very gently used. 8h 23m left
Love You Forever has sold more than 15 million copies in paperback and the regular hardcover edition (as well as hundreds of thousands of copies in Spanish and French) Softly she sings to him:"I'll lo...
Preowned but NEVER read. Like new. No marks or tears. Smoke free.
Love You Forever by Robert Munsch (Hardcover)
Love You Forever Hardcover by Robert Munsch (Author) , Sheila McGraw (Illustrator) 28d 21h 29m left
Robert Munsch - Love You Forever (2000) - New - Trade Cloth (Hardcover)
Format: Trade Cloth (Hardcover) Condition: New. Release Date: 10/06/2000 SKU: 107076814. Books. We ship more than 1,000,000 Book, Movie, Video Game and Music titles! 21d 7h 26m left
EXTRA LARGE Love you Forever Munsch Hardcover Teacher BIG Book 11" x 11" Share a book with a child! Prompt professional service from a librarian. Not an x-library.
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Robert Munsch - Love You Forever (1989) - New - Trade Cloth (Hardcover)
Format: Trade Cloth (Hardcover) Condition: New. Release Date: 06/30/1989 SKU: 19256652. Books. We ship more than 1,000,000 Book, Movie, Video Game and Music titles! 21d 11h 26m left
Buy It Now Love You Forever by Robert Munsch (1989, Hardcover)
Author: Munsch, Robert N. Title: Love You Forever. If you require quicker delivery please choose Standard Shipping (Examples: books needed for start of school or items purchased as holiday gifts). 13h 19m left
Love You Forever by Robert Munsch (1986, Hardcover, Prebound)
Author: Munsch, Robert N. Format: Prebound. Title: Love You Forever. Publisher: Turtleback Books. 18d 23h 57m left
NEW Love You Forever by Robert N. Munsch Hardcover Book
First published in 1986, this classic book by Munsch is a gentle affirmation of the love a parent feels for his or her child mdash;forever. McGraw #039;s soft and colorful pastels perfectly complement...
Love You Forever by Robert Munsch (2000, Hardcover, Gift)
Author: Robert N. Munsch. Format: Hardcover. Title: Love You Forever. Publisher: Firefly Books. 25d 8h 36m left
Love You Forever Robert Munsch hard cover
Love You Forever by Robert N. Munsch and Sheila McGraw (1986, Hardcover)
Love You Forever by Robert Munsch (Author), Sheila McGraw [Hardcover]
Love You Forever by Robert Munsch (Author), Sheila McGraw (Illustrator) [Hardcover] So begins the story that has touched the hearts of millions worldwide. 18d 22h 25m left
"Love You Forever" Hardcover Book by Robert Munsch 15th anniversary edition
Munsch has been telling stories for many years and especially loves making them up in front of an audience of young people. He is an Adjunct Professor at the University of Guelph. 6d 7h 13m left
Love You Forever by Robert N. Munsch (2000, Hardcover, Gift)
2 Big Books LOVE YOU FOREVER +BEAR'S BIG BLUE HOUSE
LOVE YOU FOREVER by Robert Munsch. Big Board Book. I have lots of big books on ebay now so check them out. 1/2 the quoted shipping cost on the combined auction. Homeschool House of Knowledge. 26d 18h 46m left
If I Love You, Am I Trapped Forever? by M. E. Kerr (2009, Hardcover) 1st Edition
This page was last updated: Apr-21 00:42. Number of bids and bid amounts may be slightly out of date. See each listing for international shipping options and costs.


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Silk Woven Georges Clemenceau | eBay
Placemats Set of 6 for Dining Table Washable Woven Vinyl Placemat Non-Slip R6M9
3X(Placemats Set of 6 for Dining Table Washable Woven Vinyl Placemat Non-Sl H5M9
Antique stevengraph, probably French Neyret Freres woven silk picture
+ AU $127.95 Shipping
3X(Placemats Set of 6 for Dining Table Washable Woven Vinyl Placemat Non-Sl Z6G7
VINTAGE HAND WOVEN WOOL BLANKET - DAMAGED IN 2 PIECES - ROYAL STEWART - UPCYCLE?
Details about Silk Woven Georges Clemenceau
Silk Woven Georges Clemenceau
153876778617
Last updated on 31 Mar, 2020 14:04:29 AEDST View all revisions


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New T Line Graphic Tee Black Crew Neck Long Sleeve The Fifth Element Hoodie Mondo Schematic design on the front and material that guarantees 100% comfort.

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In New Zealand, judges of the District Court of New Zealand generally referred to as "His/Her Honour" or "Sir/Madame." Judges from the High Court, Appeals Court, and Supreme Court are referred to as "Justice [Surname]." In social settings, it is appropriate to use "Judge" in all cases.[12]
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Outstanding - Review of Outrigger Beach Resort, Fort Myers Beach, FL - TripAdvisor
“Awesome stay in May 2014!!!”
“Love, Love Love!!!!”
“Awesome.. love it..love it.”
“Beach is so worth it”
“Beach Vacation at a very nice place”
Outstanding - Outrigger Beach Resort
We stayed at the Outrigger for 3 nights (5/21-5/24, 2014) and loved it!!! We upgraded to a balcony-well worth it. Don't think I would have liked it otherwise-.money well spent. It was wonderful. The beachfront was super! Everything we wanted was right there...breakfast buffet, pool, massive white sand beach, cafe, tiki-bar, entertainment, friendly, helpful staff, discount savings coupons on drinks, etc. We did NOT even leave resort to visit Sanibel Island as we had planed because we were enjoying the Outrigger SO much!. Room was great, glad we went for oceanfront!
Room Tip: Go with the oceanfront
Ask fflashh about Outrigger Beach Resort
5 Thank fflashh
All reviews deckside cafe tiki bar across the street live music cabana rentals charley's boathouse guest services deck area standard room large deck breakfast buffet on site restaurant ground floor white sand bit dated beautiful sunsets housekeeping staff
577 - 583 of 1,684 reviews
The Perfect Oasis :-)
I'm gonna start out with ...WOW !!! Everything about this place is wonderful from the staff to the food to the Tiki bar to the Ocean Front room. The beach front view was simply incredible ! The soft cool white sand that ran the horizon with the beautiful blue waters of the Gulf of Mexico.
We randomly picked The Outrigger off of the internet for our honeymoon.We stayed here for 6 nights, We were apprehensive but wanted a first floor beach front room. I kept telling the fiance' (now hubby) that I wanted to open the door and be able to put my feet in the sand. Literally, it was just that :-) Upon arrival, we were greeted by a two ladies that were very nice and extremely helpful (cuz we arrived a lil early) and they were able to get us in a room right away. The entire staff here was always gracious and friendly. i call this "The Perfect Oasis" because it does have everything you need. You never have to leave the resort whether are looking for food, beverages, entertainment, a quiet place,or conversation with the locals or other travelers. Be sure to book a Beach front room...it sooooo worth it !!!
Thanks for the champagne and card,
Jodie and Brad Burton
Ask Jodie S about Outrigger Beach Resort
This Fort Myers beach front resort, has it all! No rental car needed.
The Outrigger Beach Resort is a beautifully situated resort on Fort Myers beach. There is a delightful pool to swim in if the warm gulf waters are not your style. The rooms are clean and comfortable and all have a good view. The grounds are beautifully tended and cleaned.
The deckside restaurant has great food, beer and wine for a great price. I had the buffet breakfast every morning which was $9.00. If this is too much, there is a breakfast menu to choose from. One day I ordered the fried fish (fish & Chips) for $11.00, It came with two nice sized, whole fish fillets and fries, and I couldn't finish it all. One night I had the Crispy Grouper which was just delicious! You can eat inside or outside.
If you want something stronger than the beer and wine that the restaurant offers you can order a drink from their tiki bar. The tiki bar has a small stage next to it, and there was live entertainment every night. The bar closes at 10:00 so it is not too noisy to get a good nights sleep and start your day early.
One day we took the trolley, the fare is fifity cents, to the north end of Ft. Myers beach and shopped. We also took the trolley to the Santini Plaza Marina, where we went on a tour and saw many Dolphins, as well as two Manatees, in Estero Bay. They have every water sport imaginable within walking distance or you can take the trolley. The resort rents bicycles which were a lot of fun to ride especially on the beach.
Some of my favorite moments were my morning walks on the beach to collect shells, the island breeze that kept you cool even when it was hot, sitting at the tiki bar listening to good music, and watching the sunset each night over the gulf.
My favorite experience happened at sunset, where I witnessed an unpracticed, impromptu event that occured every night, almost a spiritual experience. Each night as the sun set, at the moment the sun disappeared below the horizon, everyone on the beach and at the tiki bar, applauded and cheered as if it were the last curtain call of a great performance, thanking the sun for the great day it had given us.
Room Tip: The larger size standard is perfect for a couple or two friends. I only stayed here once, however I...
Ask gvallaro about Outrigger Beach Resort
4 Thank gvallaro
We were lucky to get in for just one night on our travels around the state. And, very lucky that the last room available had a beautiful ocean view! Beds are very comfortable, nice screened in balcony and very friendly staff. Also, there was a restaurant directly across the street which gave 10% off your meal because of staying at this hotel. I would definitely visit both places again.
I know this is a high end resort area, so I guess the price was in line with the area, but it was a little expensive. Only drawback that I can see to this lovely hotel.
Room Tip: Our room was an end room with gorgeous ocean view.
Ask Linda T about Outrigger Beach Resort
Amazing location! Great rooms!
You can't say enough good things about this location. Just far enough from fort myers beach tourist area-5 minute drive. It's perfect! The beach is steps from your room, pool is perfect, walk up bar and restaurant on site. We could have stayed in this location all week and have been happy. Cabana rentals are inexpensive and fantastic for beach days!
Ask Cashe311 about Outrigger Beach Resort
1 Thank Cashe311
I stayed at the Outrigger on May 4th for 5 days and was extremely pleased with my stay. My husband had made the reservations and had mentioned we were coming for our anniversary. Upon arrival, a complimentary bottle of champagne was waiting in the room. The staff at the Outrigger was exceptional! We needed batteries for the tv remote and mentioned it to one of the maids. She immediately got on her radio and called maintenance and within 5 minutes it was done and while he was there, he noticed a loose handle on the sliding glass door and quickly fixed that too.
The resort is located right on the beach and I highly recommend spending the extra money to stay in one of the beach side rooms. It was complete heaven! The tiki bar is located next to the pool and right off the beach. It isn't a "spring break" sort of place which was a relief. It is peaceful and fun at the same time. The sunsets are absolutely breathtaking!!
This is a MUST STAY if you are going to Ft. Myers!! Definitely will be back!
Room Tip: Choose the rooms on the beach side.
Ask ocs143 about Outrigger Beach Resort
1 Thank ocs143
TripAdvisor is proud to partner with Booking.com, Expedia, TravelClick, Hotels.com, Cancelon, Travelocity, TripOnline SA, Hotwire, HotelQuickly, Evoline ltd, getaroom.com and HotelsClick so you can book your Outrigger Beach Resort reservations with confidence. We help millions of travelers each month to find the perfect hotel for both vacation and business trips, always with the best discounts and special offers.

value: This website is an American online travel company that operates a website and mobile app with user-generated content and a comparison shopping website.


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20 Aug, 2019, 10:00 IST
CHANDIGARH, India and VANCOUVER, British Columbia, Aug. 20, 2019 /PRNewswire/ -- Team from Chandigarh University representing India has once again made the country proud by winning the 1st Runners-up trophy at the 12th Edition of the Dance World Cup 2019. In 2018, the university team had lifted the Dance World Cup Trophy for the country. More than 323 teams from all across the world participated in the Dance World Cup 2019, which was hosted by International Dance Council (CID) at Whistler, British Columbia, Canada. The team from Chandigarh University not only lifted the runners-up World Cup Dance Trophy but also won honors for Punjabi Folk Dance Bhangra, which was adjudged as the Best Folk Dance during the competition.
Chandigarh University Students with Runners-up trophy of Dance World Cup 2019
Initially, 18 teams were shortlisted for the final round of the Dance World Cup 2018, which then competed on the final day of the tournament. The team from England lifted the overall trophy of the Dance World Cup who performed Tap Dance, which is characterized by using the sound of tap shoes striking the floor as a form of percussion while the team from USA which performed Salsa dance won third position.
Sukhvir Kaur, a final year Hotel Management student and captain of the Chandigarh University Team representing India, said, "Last year, our team had set high standards for us as they lifted the overall trophy and there was lot of pressure to meet the expectations."
"All the team members in our team were performing for the first time and Dance World Cup was a great opportunity, as it was a chance to represent the traditional folk dance of Punjab at the International level," added Ramandeep Singh, an animation student and team member.
Kirat Kaur, who hails from Rajasthan and a student of Law Department, said, "Our seniors gave us important tips to perform at the competition and their experience came handy to us in the finals as we enhanced our team coordination, which was an important deciding factor to be a winner."
"The international audience were so excited to see our traditional dresses, especially the turban worn by boys, and the props like Sap, Khunde, Katto (Traditional instruments that are held by the dancers during their performance) that everyone wanted to click pictures with us," said Amarbir Kaur, another team member.
"We are happy that we have been able to take our traditional folk dance Bhangra to International level and compete with the best of the talent in the world," said another team member Gurman Kaur who is a 2nd year physiotherapy student at the university. "The competition provided us a cross-culture platform where we could promote the richness of Punjabi Culture," she added.
"The international audience were also very attracted to the props that we were using in our performances and the artists from other countries wanted to learn how to use them," said Gurpreet Singh Mann, coach of the Indian Team. "We have become the only team in the competition who have consecutively won positions in the Dance World Cup, organized by International Dance Council," he added.
CU is an autonomous educational institution approved by UGC and is located near Chandigarh in the state of Punjab. It offers more than 109 UG and PG programs in the field of engineering, management, pharmacy, law, architecture, journalism, animation, hotel management, commerce and others. It has been awarded as The University with Best Placements by WCRC.
Photo - https://mma.prnewswire.com/media/962124/Chandigarh_University_Students.jpg
Chandigarh University Gets UGC nod to Start Distance and Online...
Chandigarh University Engineering Students Develop Multi-purpose...

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Microscope for Kids Scientific Instruments Toy | Groupon
Microscope for Kids Scientific Instruments Toy
100X 200X and 450X magnification microscope
Kids microscope narrows the focus on tiny objects
Durable mini microscope is an easy to use basic introduction to science microscope for kids
This product suit for kids that under 15 years old
Microscope for children comes with dropper,stain,blank labels