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Amazon.com: Customer Reviews: Tears of a Dragon (The Dragons in Our Midst, Book 4)
5.0 out of 5 stars A Stunning Conclusion to an Awesome Series
Wow...wow. When I read the first book in this series, Raising Dragons, I thought it was good. When I read the second, I thought it was great. When I read the third, I was rightfully in awe. But this...wow (yes, I will say that word again!). This book was amazing. I was almost afraid to read it, afraid that the end would leave me sad and hungry for more. Thankfully, I...
Read the full review › Published on November 10, 2005 by Eowyn of Rohan
3.0 out of 5 stars Too many cliches
I've enjoyed this series as a whole, but there were many elements of the final story that bothered me. Mostly, the overuse of the death/resurrection plot point. The savior-like death and resurrection of a character is a common point of fantasy books, and a Christian fantasy book has a little more reason to use that plot device, but this series has used it time and time...
Read the full review › Published on August 9, 2007 by Kindle Customer
5.0 out of 5 stars A Stunning Conclusion to an Awesome Series, November 10, 2005
This review is from: Tears of a Dragon (The Dragons in Our Midst, Book 4) (Paperback)
Wow...wow. When I read the first book in this series, Raising Dragons, I thought it was good. When I read the second, I thought it was great. When I read the third, I was rightfully in awe. But this...wow (yes, I will say that word again!). This book was amazing. I was almost afraid to read it, afraid that the end would leave me sad and hungry for more. Thankfully, I was mistaken--I have never been so grateful to have been wrong in all my born days!In the last installment of the Dragons in Our Midst series, emotions are running high and the situation is dire. Not only do Morgan Le Fay and her group of demonic accomplices (along with Devin, the famous dragon slayer, though still in the candlestone at the moment) want to kill off the dragons as always, they are now toying with the entire world, changing the weather to suit their dark purpose. The setting is captivating...even more than that of its predecessors. I was thoroughly involved in the story before I knew it, and I finished the book in a day.One of the things about these books that makes them so good is the fact that they're written with enough straightforwardness to allow for younger readers, yet they have enough depth to reach into the hearts of those that are older and touch them deeply (I'm only fourteen, but I don't necessarily see myself as very "young" reader). For instance, I read the first book aloud to my eight-year-old sister, and though she protested at first--for she doesn't usually like to be read to--she fell in love with the story to the point where there was no use denying it. She liked it so much that she's even reading The Candlestone on her own now.Bryan Davis is a great author--I hope to see much, much more from him in the future. I was extremely pleased with this last book of Dragons in Our Midst--the ending is perfect. Absolutely perfect.Highly recommended.
5.0 out of 5 stars Absolutely amazing!, January 8, 2006
By Jessica.Laurie - See all my reviews
Tears of a Dragon is an amazing allegory. It is the final book of the Dragon in Our Midst Chronicles that follows the events of the last days of dragons on earth. It is an awesome and deep allegory that will keep you thinking.Billy and Bonnie, the main characters, have returned from England and their adventure in the circles of seven. They have been battle worn from their many adventures, but now they have to face a war against the Watchers, demonic beings that had been released upon the earth. But Billy has been first sent on another mission: to find his father who had disappeared and enter a resting place of dragons that need to be set free. Billy, Bonnie, and their friends face many choices that will change their lives forever. Including the climatic decision at the end: will Billy, Bonnie, and the dragons choose to keep their dragon traits, or choose to become human, forever?Though the end might be a little confusing and upsetting for younger children, I think it's beautiful and very deep. Tears of a Dragon is a must read for everyone. I didn't particularly like fantasy until I read this series, but this isn't a normal series. It helped me grow in my faith and answer questions I never thought of before. So what I'm simply trying to say is read this series, it's totally worth it! :)
5.0 out of 5 stars A Review of Tears of a Dragon, January 8, 2006
Fantastic! This book satisfies all readers. It provedes romance, suspence, action, etc. It is a full attention holder. I couldn't put it down! The book is a definite re-reader. The book is really well done.
5.0 out of 5 stars Stupendous Spiritual Series, November 11, 2005
By Tracy Cooper (Wisconsin, USA) - See all my reviews
Tears of a Dragon is above all the most exciting action thirller. Like with the others, once you start reading, its hard to put the book down. Tears of a Dragon is a really extremelly hard for me to put down. Tears of a Dragon really has put my faith highier yet than the last three books. This book and all the other books to Dragons in our Midst, is for all ages. So this is a book that the whole family can get there minds into.Billy, Bonnie, Ashley, Water, and everybody else are now on there greatest adventure yet!! This book really has touching moments & heroic moments as well. There is so many areas where God works through everybody!!Pick up a book and see mind thrilling adventure it will take you on. Bryan Davis has wrote a great series and I pray that his next series of writing will be just as great as Dragons in Our Midst!! ^_^
5.0 out of 5 stars The Best Series Ever!, March 31, 2006
I'm ten years old, and I thought that these books were awesome!I'm very picky about what I read, and I LITERALLY fell in love with these books! These are definitely my favorite books! I've read about 1,000,000 books since I was 6 and it's a huge thing for me to say that these are my favorite books.I really think that these are the best, and I've read Lord of the Rings and The Chronicles of Narnia.I liked them because they are filled with a mix of action, fantisy, and intenise anticeapation! Also, both boys and girls will enjoy it because it has a bit of romance and is filled with action. Last, they are awsome books to rea with your family. ENJOY!by: Isabel ENJOY!
5.0 out of 5 stars Christian values in a dragon story, March 19, 2007
By Ellen C. Maze Sallas "The Author's Mentor" (Albertville, AL United States) - See all my reviews
My daughter reads this series, and she is 13/14. She enjoys it and has told me of the Christian elements present, and I approve of them. For children who enjoy sci-fi/dragon fantasy stories, this one has no message that 'magic is good', but rather subservience to a supreme God. I recommend this author and this series.Ellen C Maze, author50 5-Star Reviews: WATCH OUT TWILIGHT! PHENOMENON! LIGHTNING-PACED! CAN'T PUT IT DOWN! CHALLENGES THE RELIGIOUS CROWD! RIVALS...DAN BROWN & STEPHEN KING! and much more. HOP on the bandwagon and check it out my friend!
5.0 out of 5 stars !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!, December 2, 2005
Bryan Davis has done it again! I absolutly LOVE his Dragons in Our Midst series!!! These books rate the highest out of all the books I've ever read in my life. Even above Alexandre Dumas and Tolkien (I know, that's saying a lot because I LOVE both of those authors...but it's true!)!! He has written books that make you joyful, sad, tense, frightened and moved all at the same time! The characters amazing faith and their trust in God is stunning. I'll admit, Bonnie's spectacular faith drove me on to look inside myself and see if I was truly reflecting the love of Christ, like Bonnie Silver was. I love all the characters. But my favorite is still Walter. Walter is just as funny in the last book as in all the rest. In the midst of my tears as I cried for the characters in this book, I would laugh as Walter brightened up the moment. I found myself wishing that these charactres weren't fake. That they were real. And I began to see them as real. I began to feel like they were my friends. I would encourage them and they continued to encourage me in my walk with God. "Bravo, Mr. Davis! Bravo!"This book, and the others in the series are truly amazing books that no one should pass up! No, they're not "kid" books, so not worth reading, they're books for all ages. I personally beleive that any age would enjoy them.And if a movie director ever comes across these books...I'll be the first to run to the theatre to see them on the screen!!!I'm praying that Mr. Davis writes more books like this!!!Read them...you won't regret it!!!
5.0 out of 5 stars A STUNNING ENDING TO A SPECTACULAR SERIES, September 6, 2007
By R. Olsavicky "Bob's thoughts" (Butler, Pa. USA) - See all my reviews
Bryan Davis starts with a great series and does the almost impossible. Each book and episode just keeps getting better. The thrills and tensions just keep being ratcheted up. Every book does the near impossibility of always raising the bar. There is no weak moment or book in the entire series. This finale is a classic example of plotting, pacing, atmosphere, characterization and expanding our knowledge of dragons and myth. A genius is a work here. Don't miss a book, sequel or prequel. AND THERE IS MORE TO COME!!!
5.0 out of 5 stars Deep, involving, well written., January 4, 2007
By J. Damon - See all my reviews
I'll keep this short, I've been looking for good fantasy, that has a christian world view behind it. I found it in this book, now don't take me the wrong way, even a non Christian could enjoy this, it is well written and not completely in your face. Highly recommend it for ages 12-120 years.
5.0 out of 5 stars A Kid's Review, April 6, 2008
By Joyttw - See all my reviews
Tears of a Dragon definetly deserves the motto of the company thatpublished it... "Writing worth Reading". It's amazing how Bryan Davis canmix Christianity, mythology and adventure to keep readers on the edges oftheir seats. I feel like I'm with the characters the whole time. It is awonder that this is not yet a movie, but reading Tears of a Dreagon is worth it!
Tears of a Dragon (The Dragons in Our Midst, Book 4) by Bryan Davis (Paperback - October 28, 2005)


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Toggle hardware data/read/execute breakpoints programmatically - CodeProject 12,758,235 members (35,139 online)
Michael Chourdakis12-Aug-08 1:50 Hi there.Actually its a separate tool I use to generate these VCproj files, so they should be compatible with VS 2005 as long as you change<visualstudioproject>	ProjectType="Visual C++"	Version="9,00"to <visualstudioproject>	ProjectType="Visual C++"	Version="8,00"and remove the .SLN files, then open the .VCPROJ. Last Visit: 31-Dec-99 19:00 Last Update: 24-Feb-17 5:19Refresh1

type: global

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Donkey Kong (video game) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article is about the arcade game. For the 1994 Game Boy game, see Donkey Kong (Game Boy).
"'Arcade"'
NA March 3, 1982
JP June 3, 1982
NA December 31, 1982
NA June 1, 1983
JP February 14, 2004[3]
Virtual Console (regular)
NA November 19, 2006[4]
JP December 2, 2006[5]
Virtual Console (Original Edition)
JP October 17, 2012[6]
NA August 15, 2013[7]
PAL November 21, 2013
NA October 1, 2012
EU September 18, 2014
AUS September 19, 2014
WW July 15, 2013[8][9]
Main: Z80 @ 3.072 MHz
Sound: i8035 @ 400 kHz
DAC @ 400 kHz,
Samples @ 400 kHz
Donkey Kong (Japanese: ドンキーコング, Hepburn: Donkī Kongu?) is an arcade game released by Nintendo in 1981. It is an early example of the platform game genre, as the gameplay focuses on maneuvering the main character across a series of platforms while dodging and jumping over obstacles. In the game, Mario (originally named "Jumpman") must rescue a damsel in distress named Pauline (originally named Lady), from a giant ape named Donkey Kong. The hero and ape later became two of Nintendo's most popular and recognizable characters. Donkey Kong is one of the most important titles from the Golden Age of Video Arcade Games, and is one of the most popular arcade games of all time.
Regardless of initial doubts by Nintendo's American staff, Donkey Kong succeeded commercially and critically in North America and Japan. Nintendo licensed the game to Coleco, who developed home console versions for numerous platforms. Other companies cloned Nintendo's hit and avoided royalties altogether. Miyamoto's characters appeared on cereal boxes, television cartoons, and dozens of other places. A lawsuit brought on by Universal City Studios, alleging Donkey Kong violated their trademark of King Kong, ultimately failed. The success of Donkey Kong and Nintendo's victory in the courtroom helped to position the company for video game market dominance from its release in 1981 until the late 1990s (1996–1999).
8.2 Atari computer Easter egg
Gameplay of Donkey Kong in the first level.
Following 1980's Space Panic, Donkey Kong is one of the earliest examples of the platform game genre.[10]:94[11] As the first platform game to feature jumping, it requires the player to jump between gaps and over obstacles or approaching enemies, setting the template for the future of the platform genre.[12] With its four unique stages, Donkey Kong was the most complex arcade game at the time of its release, and only the second game to feature multiple stages, following 1981's Gorf by Midway Games.[13]:66
Competitive video gamers and referees stress the game's high level of difficulty compared to other classic arcade games. Winning the game requires patience and the ability to accurately time Mario's ascent.[14]:82 In addition to presenting the goal of saving Pauline, the game also gives the player a score. Points are awarded for the following: finishing each stage; leaping over obstacles; destroying objects with a hammer power-up; collecting items such as hats, parasols, and purses (apparently belonging to Pauline); and completing other tasks. The player typically receives three lives with a bonus awarded for the first 7,000 points, although this can be modified via the game's built in DIP switches.
The game is divided into four different single-screen stages. Each represents 25 meters of the structure Donkey Kong has climbed, one stage being 25 meters higher than the previous. The final stage occurs at 100 meters. Stage one involves Mario scaling a construction site made of crooked girders and ladders while jumping over or hammering barrels and oil barrels tossed by Donkey Kong. Stage two involves climbing a five-story structure of conveyor belts, each of which transports cement pans. The third stage involves the player riding elevators while avoiding bouncing springs. The final stage involves Mario removing eight rivets which support Donkey Kong. Removing the final rivet causes Donkey Kong to fall and the hero to be reunited with Pauline.[15] These four stages combine to form a level.
Upon completion of the fourth stage, the level then increments, and the game repeats the stages with progressive difficulty. For example, Donkey Kong begins to hurl barrels faster and sometimes diagonally, and fireballs get speedier. The victory music alternates between levels 1 and 2. The 22nd level is colloquially known as the kill screen, due to an error in the game's programming that kills Mario after a few seconds, effectively ending the game.[15]
Donkey Kong is considered to be the earliest video game with a storyline that visually unfolds on screen.[12] The eponymous Donkey Kong character is the game's de facto villain. The hero is a carpenter originally named Jumpman, and would later be renamed Mario.[16] The ape kidnaps Mario's girlfriend, originally known as Lady, but later renamed Pauline. The player must take the role of Mario and rescue her. This is the first occurrence of the damsel in distress scenario that would provide the template for countless video games to come.[14]:82
At the game's end, Jumpman and Pauline are reunited.
The game uses graphics and animation as vehicles of characterization. Donkey Kong smirks upon Mario's demise. Pauline has a pink dress and long hair,[17]:19–20 and a speech balloon crying "HELP!" appears frequently beside her. Mario, depicted in red overalls and cap, is an everyman character, a type common in Japan. Graphical limitations and the low pixel resolution of the small sprites prompted his design: drawing a mouth is infeasible, so the character was given a mustache;[18]:37 the programmers could not animate hair, so he got a cap; and to make his arm movements visible, he needed colored overalls.[14]:238 The artwork used for the cabinets and promotional materials make these cartoon-like character designs even more explicit. Pauline, for example, is depicted to be disheveled (like King Kong 's Fay Wray) in a torn dress and stiletto heels.[17]:19–20
Donkey Kong is the first example of a complete narrative told in video game form, and like 1980's Pac-Man, it employs cutscenes to advance its plot. The game opens with the gorilla climbing a pair of ladders to the top of a construction site. He sets Pauline down and stomps his feet, causing the steel beams to change shape. He then moves to his final perch and sneers. This brief animation sets the scene and adds background to the gameplay, a first for video games. Upon reaching the end of the stage, another cutscene begins. A heart appears between Mario and Pauline, but Donkey Kong grabs the woman and climbs higher, causing the heart to break. The narrative concludes when Mario reaches the end of the rivet stage. He and Pauline are reunited, and a short intermission plays.[18]:40–42 The gameplay then loops from the beginning at a higher level of difficulty, without any formal ending.
As of late 1980 to early 1981, Nintendo's efforts to expand to North America had failed, culminating with the attempted export of the otherwise successful Radar Scope. They were left with a large amount of unsold Radar Scope machines, so company president Hiroshi Yamauchi thought of simply converting them into something new. He approached a young industrial designer named Shigeru Miyamoto, who had been working for Nintendo since 1977, to see if he could design such a replacement. Miyamoto said that he could.[19]:157 Yamauchi appointed Nintendo's head engineer, Gunpei Yokoi, to supervise the project.[19]:158 Nintendo's budget for the development of the game was $100,000.[20] Some sources also claim that Ikegami Tsushinki was involved in some of the development.[21][22] They played no role in the game's creation or concept, but were hired by Nintendo to provide "mechanical programming assistance to fix the software created by Nintendo".[20]
At the time, Nintendo was also pursuing a license to make a game based on the Popeye comic strip. When this license attempt failed, Nintendo took the opportunity to create new characters that could then be marketed and used in later games.[14]:238[23] Miyamoto came up with many characters and plot concepts, but he eventually settled on a love triangle between gorilla, carpenter, and girlfriend that mirrors the rivalry between Bluto and Popeye for Olive Oyl.[18]:39 Bluto became an ape, which Miyamoto said was "nothing too evil or repulsive".[24]:47 He would be the pet of the main character, "a funny, hang-loose kind of guy."[24]:47 Miyamoto has also named "Beauty and the Beast" and the 1933 film King Kong as influences.[18]:36 Although its origin as a comic strip license played a major part, Donkey Kong marked the first time that the storyline for a video game preceded the game's programming rather than simply being appended as an afterthought.[18]:38 Unrelated Popeye games would eventually be released by Nintendo for the Game & Watch the following month, and for the arcades in 1982.
Yamauchi wanted primarily to target the North American market, so he mandated that the game be given an English title, though many of their games to this point had English titles anyway. Miyamoto decided to name the game for the ape, whom he felt to be the strongest character.[18]:39 The story of how Miyamoto came up with the name "Donkey Kong" varies. A false urban myth says that the name was originally meant to be "Monkey Kong", but was misspelled or misinterpreted due to a blurred fax or bad telephone connection.[25] Another, more credible story claims Miyamoto looked in a Japanese-English dictionary for something that would mean "stubborn gorilla",[19] or that "Donkey" was meant to convey "silly" or "stubborn"; "Kong" was common Japanese slang for "gorilla".[14]:238 A rival claim is that he worked with Nintendo's export manager to come up with the title, and that "Donkey" was meant to represent "stupid and goofy".[24]:48–49 In the end, Miyamoto stated that he thought the name would convey the thought of a "stupid ape".[26]
Miyamoto himself had high hopes for his new project. He lacked the technical skills to program it alone, so instead came up with concepts and consulted technicians to see if they were possible. He wanted to make the characters different sizes, move in different manners and react in various ways. Yokoi thought Miyamoto's original design was too complex,[24]:47–48 though he had some difficult suggestions himself, such as using see-saws to catapult the hero across the screen (eventually found too hard to program, though a similar concept would appear in the aforementioned Popeye arcade game). Miyamoto then thought of using sloped platforms, barrels and ladders. When he specified that the game would have multiple stages, the four-man programming team complained that he was essentially asking them to make the game repeatedly.[18]:38–39 Nevertheless, they followed Miyamoto's design, creating a total of approximately 20 kilobytes of content.[19]:530 Yukio Kaneoka composed a simplistic soundtrack to serve as background music for the levels and story events.[1][27]
Hiroshi Yamauchi thought the game was going to sell well and called Minoru Arakawa, head of Nintendo's operations in the US, to tell him. Nintendo's American distributors, Ron Judy and Al Stone, brought Arakawa to a lawyer named Howard Lincoln to secure a trademark.[19]:159

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Nina Welch Condolences | Bakersfield Californian
Nina Elizabeth Keys Welch
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Please take a moment to sign the Guest Book for Nina Elizabeth Keys Welch.
Send me a daily email when updates are made to the obituary or Condolence page for Nina Elizabeth Keys Welch.

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text:
BBC Democracy Live - Hammond announces UK offer of RAF Typhoons to Nato
Help	The UK is to offer Royal Air Force Typhoon aircraft to Nato "air policing" efforts in the east of Europe following Russian action in Crimea, the defence secretary has announced.
He was speaking during his department's question session on 17 March 2014, after Conservative MP Sir Edward Leigh reflected that it was a relief Ukraine had not been made a Nato member "otherwise we might now be involved in a European war".
Mr Hammond said: "The status of Ukraine is quite different from the status of Nato countries. Nato countries enjoy the article 5 guarantee which protects and assures their security, but we are doing everything we can to reassure our Nato allies about the protection we offer."
He continued: "We are doing everything we can to reassure our Nato allies about the protection we offer and I am able to advise the House this afternoon we have taken the decision this morning to offer to Nato UK Typhoon aircraft from late April to augment the Polish contribution to the Nato Baltic air policing mission.
"I hope that will provide reassurance to our Nato allies in the east."
At the end of the session, Speaker John Bercow announced there would be a tribute session, on Thursday, to former cabinet minister and veteran left-wing campaigner Tony Benn, who died on 14 March.

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Kay Murphy's Studio by KayMurphysStudio on Etsy
Titmouse and Flower giclee print
Hollyhocks Giclee print
Chickadee Hat lady note cards
Announcement Hope you will enjoy your visit, if I can custom design anything for you, Please message me.
Hope you will enjoy your visit, if I can custom design anything for you, Please message me.
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Cardinal Birds in Hats series Note=cards Embossed
Blue Jay In Hat , Note-Card. Six in a pack
Wild Bunnies Christmas Note -Card,from my original colored pencils drawing
Christmas Cardinal in the Snowy Woods, Christmas Note-Card,
Chickadee and Red Berries Christmas Note Card
Sparrow and Flowers, 8 x 10 Giclee print
Wind Dancer, mini print
A different Chorus Line 8 x 10 Giclee print
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Pair of Cardinals, Giclee print
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Once in a Blue Moon a Rainbow Tree, Childrens book,
switzerdana on Jan 22, 2016
This was a gift and the recipient loved it!!! Great seller, worked with me to send it as a gift. Thank you so so much for the wonderful customer service and a very happy aunt! A pair of Male Cardinals 8 x 10 Giclee print
A pair of Male Cardinals 8 x 10 Giclee print
Rose Dufault on Nov 3, 2015
This is print is perfect - I have one similar but with a black background done by my cousin more than fifty years ago. Everything Kay Wallace-Thompson does is more than wonderful.
Three Red Poppies, Giclee print
sharonthenorsk on Jul 1, 2015
oh so special! i'll read my book to our grandchildren on july 31st, the next blue moon. thank you!
Grew up with a pencil and brush in my hand
I have never known a time I did not draw or paint, I have always loved art as an only child riding horses, reading and art was my companions.
I taught myself Photoshop which I love, learn to do my own printing because printer's could not or would get my colors right. I traveled from NY to FL and as far west as Oklahoma City selling my art at art shows, doing as many as 20 some show a year. I have licensed my art to Greeting Card Publishers for more than 30 years. I only do local shows now and sell my art online. I do teach at White Pine Bookstore, Watercolor, Colored pencils, Mixed media, Acrylics and most anything that has to do with art.
I design and print my line of Note Cards.
I do everything from painting, printing, packaging.
I love designing cards. I love what I do for a living.

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9780851316567: The Course Companion for BHS Stages 3 & 4 (Books for British Horse Society Examination) - AbeBooks - Maxine Cave: 0851316565
Maxine Cave The Course Companion for BHS Stages 3 & 4 (Books for British Horse Society Examination)
ISBN 13: 9780851316567
The Course Companion for BHS Stages 3 & 4 (Books for British Horse Society Examination)
ISBN 10: 0851316565 ISBN 13: 9780851316567
Publisher: J. A. Allen, 1995
This essential guide covers the Horse Knowledge and Care elements of stages 3 and 4 of the BHS Examination.
1. The Course Companion for BHS Stages III IV (Paperback)
Book Description The Crowood Press Ltd, United Kingdom, 1999. Paperback. Condition: New. Re-issue. Language: English . Brand New Book. The Course Companion covers the Horse Knowledge and Care elements of the BHS Stage examinations III and IV. Within each chapter, there are headings to show which subject matter is required at each level as well as suggestions for practical follow-up work and helpful hints on examination technique. The book is an invaluable study and revision aid which no examination candidate will want to be without. The subject matter will be equally helpful to anyone involved with the care and management of horses whether in a private or professional capacity. Seller Inventory # AAZ9780851316567
2. The Course Companion for BHS Stages III & IV
Book Description J.A.Allen & Co Ltd, 1999. Paperback. Condition: New. BRAND NEW ** SUPER FAST SHIPPING FROM UK WAREHOUSE ** 30 DAY MONEY BACK GUARANTEE. Seller Inventory # mon0000314064
3. The Course Companion for BHS Stages III IV (Paperback)
4. The Course Companion for BHS Stages III & IV (Books for British Horse Society Examination) (Paperback)
Book Description Condition: New. Bookseller Inventory # ST0851316565. Seller Inventory # ST0851316565
5. The Course Companion for BHS Stages III & IV
Book Description The Crowood Press Ltd. Paperback. Condition: New. New copy - Usually dispatched within 2 working days. Seller Inventory # B9780851316567
6. The Course Companion for BHS Stages III & IV
Book Description Robert Hale Ltd, 1995. Condition: New. 1995. Paperback. Covers the Horse Knowledge and Care elements of the BHS Stage examinations III and IV. This book covers chapters which include headings to show which subject matter is required at each level as well as suggestions for practical follow-up work and helpful hints on examination technique. Num Pages: 225 pages, illustrations. BIC Classification: WNGH; WSNF. Category: (G) General (US: Trade); (XR) Revision / study guides. Dimension: 216 x 175 x 21. Weight in Grams: 570. . . . . . . Seller Inventory # V9780851316567
7. The Course Companion for BHS Stages III & IV
Book Description Robert Hale Ltd. Condition: New. 1995. Paperback. Covers the Horse Knowledge and Care elements of the BHS Stage examinations III and IV. This book covers chapters which include headings to show which subject matter is required at each level as well as suggestions for practical follow-up work and helpful hints on examination technique. Num Pages: 225 pages, illustrations. BIC Classification: WNGH; WSNF. Category: (G) General (US: Trade); (XR) Revision / study guides. Dimension: 216 x 175 x 21. Weight in Grams: 570. . . . . . Books ship from the US and Ireland. Seller Inventory # V9780851316567
8. The Course Companion for BHS Stages 3 & 4 (Books for British Horse Society Examination)
Book Description J. A. Allen. PAPERBACK. Condition: New. 0851316565 Brand New ,Original Book , Direct from Source , Express 6-8 business days worldwide delivery. Seller Inventory # DG#II235370
9. The Course Companion for BHS Stages III & IV (Books for British Horse Society Examination)
Book Description The Crowood Press Ltd, 1995. Condition: New. Seller Inventory # GH9780851316567
10. The Course Companion for BHS Stages III & IV (Books for British Horse Society Examination)
Book Description J.A.Allen & Co Ltd, 1999. Condition: New. book. Seller Inventory # ria9780851316567_rkm

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1. Pratik Tiwari et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 3( Version 6), March 2014, pp.58-66 www.ijera.com 58 | P a g e Influence of Wall Position on Flow Characteristics of an Impinging Jet Pratik Tiwari, P. Mahathi, N. R. Choudhury and Vinayak Malhotra* (Department of Aerospace Engineering, SRM University, Kancheepuram District, Tamil Nadu, INDIA) ABSTRACT The study intends physical insight into heterogeneous phenomena of efflux from a small opening impinging on a surface. The work aims at understanding the role of wall location and orientation on flow characteristics of an impinging jet. Experiments were performed on an existing cascade tunnel with flow ejected at a velocity of 37 m/s from a small opening of (30 cm × 9 cm) and corresponding flow features were analyzed. Results show that outside the core region, the flow experiences a monotonic reduction with increase in distance along streamline and radial direction. The orientation of wall is more efficient in bringing substantial change when placed closer to the exit (low velocity losses). The wall orientation primarily governs the chances of strong flow deflection or back flow losses. Wall placed far away from exit results in diminishing returns with a critical value beyond which the flow characteristics become insensitive of wall orientation. Keywords - Efflux, shear interaction, vortices, wall jets, wall orientation, wall location. I. INTRODUCTION The study of jet efflux from a small opening is a phenomenon of practical and functional significance for space research activities. The subject involves mass and heat transfer and is widely characterized as: Free and Wall Jet. This classification is based on presence of a surface (i.e. wall) against the jet expelled. While in free jet configuration, jets exit a nozzle or tube into a stationary or moving fluid (same or different), wall jet refers to a stream of fluid blown normally or tangentially along a wall (subjected to position of wall). The free and wall jets are broadly encountered in nature and cover wide range of applications. Examples include aircraft gas turbine engines, liquid and solid rocket motors, boundary-layer separation control over a wing, film cooling on turbine blades, etc. In the wall jets, an efflux of liquid or gaseous when released against surface large amounts of mass and thermal energy transfers between the surface and the fluid takes place. Figure 1(a) shows the schematic of a free jet issued from a small opening. In free jet mode as the fluid moves downstream, it interacts with the surrounding fluid and its speed drops. Consequently, the efflux of jet rifts into two distinct regions viz., a region near the centerline where fluid interacts less with the surrounding medium and maintains nearly its initial speed some distance downstream. This region in which the speed is nearly that of the exit is termed as the potential core or the core region (see fig. 1(a) & (b)). The length of core region in jets under different conditions is a prominent factor. (a) (b) Figure 1: (a) Schematic of a free jet (b) Pictorial view of a free jet. Next is region outside the core where fluid comprehensively interacts with the surrounding fluid. This region is known as the entrainment region and it is identified by drastic change in flow characteristics (see Fig. 1(b)). The presence of a surface in front of a jet is very likely to alter the flow characteristics. This surface when placed at different locations and orientations will have significant implications. RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS
2. Pratik Tiwari et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 3( Version 6), March 2014, pp.58-66 www.ijera.com 59 | P a g e Following the classical work of Glauert (1956) highlighting the flow due to a jet spreading out over a plane surface. In the last five decades research works have contributed significantly to the advancement in understanding of the free jets. The contributions have been reported in several reviews like Gardon and Akfirat (1966), Kercher and Tabakoff (1970), Sparrow and Alhomoud (1984), Gau and Chung (1991), Gori and Bossi (2000). The works provide an excellent review on the developments up to the end of the century. In the last decade appreciable advancements have occurred. Roy and Patel (2003) studied the dominant fluid-thermal characteristics of a pair of rectangular air jets impinging on an inclined surface. Heat transfer modes and flow characteristics were studied with eight different Reynolds numbers ranging from 500 to 20000. Aldabbagha and Mohamadb (2009) carried out a three-dimensional numerical study to determine the flow and heat transfer characteristics of impinging laminar array of square jets on a moving surface. They stated that a rather complex flow field with horseshoe vortices formed around the first column of jets due to the cross flow created by the moving surface. The velocity ratio of the moving plate increases the cross flow as a result a ground vortex cannot form in front of the second and third column jets compared with the case of fix surface. In recently, Azam et al., (2013) studied pressure distributions and oil flow on the plate to figure out the flow structures for the rectangular nozzles by comparing three-dimensional calculations to the experiments. They investigated at three different aspect ratio under-expanded impinging jet issued from rectangular nozzle. The results stated that the flow is separated on the impinging plate from center point toward outside and that the flow on the plate avoids the high-pressure areas. San and Chen (2014) explored the effects of jet-to-jet spacing and jet height on heat transfer characteristics of an impinging jet array. Tiwari et al., (2014) carried out experiments to investigate the effect of wall location on flow characteristics of an impinging jet and the core region. The work showed that increase in centerline wall location enhances the velocity losses. Wall location near to exit causes strong deflection of flow resulting formation of vortices with prominent chances of back flow. Furthermore, for a fixed wall location, increase in radial distance enhances the velocity losses, but it results in diminishing returns beyond a critical value. Although much has been done but complexity of the problem has prevented a complete understanding due to interaction between flow, heat and mass transfer. Therefore, a systematic study is needed to understand mechanisms controlling the behavior of jets and their flow characteristics. In the light of above-mentioned works, the work primarily focuses on flow characteristics of an impinging jet against varying wall location and orientation. This aspect of jets is yet to be comprehensively explored. Hence, a systematic study is needed to understand mechanisms controlling the behavior of jets when impinging on a wall placed at different locations and orientations besides the one open to atmosphere or without any wall. The interest in this class of problems is specifically driven by the need to have better understanding of fluid and thermal characteristics of jets. To address the above mentioned issue, the present work 1. Experimentally explores the effects of surface location and orientation on flow characteristics of an impinging jet. 2. Analyzes the role of key controlling parameters. II. EXPERIMENTAL SETUP AND SOLUTION METHODOLOGY A simple apparatus (Fig. 2(a)) was adapted for this study. The apparatus consisted of a) cascade tunnel (Fig. 2(b) base made of mild steel b) a Pitot tube (Fig. 2(a)) and c) Micro Manometer (Fig. 2(c)). The cascade tunnel issues a free air jet using a centrifugal blower with a velocity of 37 m/s. The efflux is from a small rectangular opening (dimensions 30 cm × 9 cm (Fig. 2(d)) into the air in a quiescent room. The flow characteristics are determined by establishing the pressure balance between dynamic pressure and the hydrostatic pressure. (a) (b) (c) Figure 2: Pictorial view of (a) complete experimental setup (b) side view of cascade tunnel (c) micro manometer.
3. Pratik Tiwari et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 3( Version 6), March 2014, pp.58-66 www.ijera.com 60 | P a g e The dynamic pressure is measured using Pitot tube (exposed directly to the flow and stagnates it at surface measuring total pressure, the static holes are at the center and side of the tube measuring static pressure and the dynamic pressure is difference of the two pressures). The micro manometer calculates the hydrostatic pressure due to change in elevation of the fluid used (here distilled water) owing to different dynamic pressures under different conditions. The micro manometer exhibits an accuracy level of 0.001 cm height of the fluid and can measure the differential pressure up till the range of 300 mm of the used fluid. The dynamic pressure is equated to the hydrostatic pressure and the flow velocity (kinetic energy) is measured. It is important to note that all the readings were taken systematically in proper time interval and all the reading taken here represent the repeatability of results obtained. The wall used in the study is a rectangular cardboard surface with dimensions of 180 cm × 120 cm × 1 cm. The flow is turbulent and the effect was noted in fluctuations in the reading, so for every reading taken here the average repeated value with was accounted. The flow velocity is obtained by equating the dynamic head to pressure head obtained by the liquid height change as: 21 ( ) (1) 2 a l 1 oV g h h   From equation (1), the flow velocity “V” is determined as: 2 ( ) (2)l 1 o a V g h h     Where a Density of air (Kg/m3 ) l Density of water (Kg/m3 ) V Flow velocity (m/s) g Gravitational acceleration (m/s2 ) 0h Reading corresponding to zero differtial pressure 1 0h h Liquid head corresponding to the dynamic head Wϴ Wall orientation D Equivalent diameter of a circular exit (1D =18.54 cm) It is important to note that the density of liquid (here distilled water) depends on the place of use of the manometer (the atmospheric pressure and temperature at the time and place of use). While, the density of air can be calculated using the state relations for air for corresponding pressure and temperature. III. RESULTS A parametric experimental study was carried out to study the flow characteristics of a jet issued from a small opening and impinging on a wall placed normal at different locations and orientations. The effect was investigated by placing the wall placed at three different locations viz. far away from exit (18D & 15D), at an intermediate distance (10D) and at locations very close to exit (2D and 5D) and further varying orientation of wall in capacity of horizontal, vertical, 30o , 45o , 60o against the efflux. Here, „D‟ normalizes the streamline distance and all the readings were taken in folds of „D‟. It must be noted that „D‟ represents the equivalent diameter of a circular exit when compared to the exit of cascade tunnel (rectangular). First, the results obtained from the experimental setup were validated with the benchmark subject of flow characteristics of a free jet. Figure 3 shows the variation of normalized centerline velocity as a function of normalized streamline distance for a free jet. The exit velocities at different locations are normalized by maximum velocity (here, 37 m/s) and the streamline distance is normalized by the equivalent circular diameter „D‟. Results show that the flow characteristics exhibit a monotonically reducing behavior with increment in streamline distance. Figure 3: Variation of normalized centerline velocity as a function of normalized streamline distance for a free jet. Looking at the plot one can note that the as the jet exits the tunnel, there is drastic loss of flow velocity (kinetic energy) with increase in streamline distance. The core region is seen to extend till 3 units. Alongside the axial variation of a free jet, the variation of flow velocity in radial direction at various orientations (at differential of 5 mm) is investigated. Centreline distance (x/D) Vx/Vcmax. 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 Vx Centreline distance (x/D) Vx/Vcmax. 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 Vcmax.
4. Pratik Tiwari et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 3( Version 6), March 2014, pp.58-66 www.ijera.com 61 | P a g e Figure 4: Variation of normalized radial velocity as a function of radial distance for a free jet. Figure 4 shows the variation of normalized velocity with distance in radial direction at axial locations of 2D, 5D, 10D and 18D respectively. Interestingly, a trend similar to variation in axial direction is observed in radial direction as well. As expected, the flow velocity reduces with increase in radial distance subjected to width of core region (here noted as 3 cm). Looking at the profiles it was noticed that, when the reading is taken very close to exit (here 2D), the flow lies in core region and with increase in distance suddenly comes out of it and velocity falls drastically. When the same trend was introspected at 5D, the maximum velocity (here at centerline) was found lower than at 2D. However a sudden drop in radial velocity was noted beyond some distance as the flow moves out of core region. While, at an intermediate distance of 10D, the flow is already out of core regime and is in entrainment region thus an overall sudden drop in flow velocity is seen. Furthermore, as the distance in radial direction increases, unlike wall placed closer to exit, here flow velocity reports a gradual drop. Similarly, at location far away from exit (here 18D), the trend of maximum velocity being lower with axial distance is followed alongside the gradual drop in flow velocity with increase in radial distance. The reason for above mentioned changes in axial and radial direction can be attributed to the shear interaction with surroundings leading to strong energy conversions. The length and width of core region dictates the velocity loss at different positions. Since from the results obtained it is evident that the experimental setup predicts correct results as preceding theories substantiates, the study was extended to investigate the effect of presence of a wall at different axial locations and orientations on flow characteristics. First the wall was placed in centerline against the flow at three different locations viz., very near to exit (5D), at an intermediate distance (10D), at a location far away from the exit (18D) in capacity of horizontal, vertical, 30o , 60o , 90o orientations respectively. Figure 5 shows variation of normalized centerline velocity as a function of wall location and orientation in comparison to maximum velocity. One can note that, when the wall is located far from exit (see Fig. 5(a)) with increment in orientation the velocity reduces. The centerline velocity at 18D is seen lower than maximum indicating the loss of kinetic energy. (a) (b) 0 5 10 15 20 25 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 x = 5D 0 5 10 15 20 25 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 x = 2D 0 5 10 15 20 25 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 x = 10D 0 5 10 15 20 25 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 x = 15D Radial distance (cm) Vy /Vcmax. 0 5 10 15 20 25 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 Vcmax. 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 W = 45o 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 W = 60 o 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 W= 90 o Wall = 18D Centreline distance (x/D) Vx /Vcmax. 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 W = 0 o 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 Vcmax. 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 W = 30o 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 W= 0o 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 W= 30o 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 W = 45o 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 W = 60o 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 W = 90 o 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 Centreline distance (x/D) Vx /Vcmax. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 Vcmax. Wall = 10D
5. Pratik Tiwari et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 3( Version 6), March 2014, pp.58-66 www.ijera.com 62 | P a g e (c) Figure 5: Variation of normalized centerline velocity as a function of wall orientation for wall located at (a) 18D (b) 10D (c) 5D. This loss of flow velocity is more when the wall is placed in vertical orientation however when kept horizontal or closer (here till 30o ) the effect more or less is same. This dictates that up to a fixed wall orientation the effect of shear interaction is within a closer range but as wall orientation changes beyond to vertical, it behaves as a case of free jet and significant losses are noted. Increased wall orientation increases the induced loss in flow velocity. Interestingly, at certain centerline distance the velocity profiles converges to corroborate the loss. For present case, till centerline distance of 3 units, the flow velocity loss is lower for all profiles indicating the presence of core region. Following the core region, further increment results sharp drop in velocity profiles. In this work, we refer to the point up-till which the core region exist in streamline direction as “VRM-PPT point” (Here 3 units= ~ 55 cm). A trend almost similar to far located wall (18D) is noted at a location of 10D. Beyond “VRM-PPT point” sharp drop in flow velocities is noted. The flow profiles are seen merging at centerline distance of 4 units. However, in this case when wall is placed parallel or is in vertical orientation to the flow the loss is lower than wall orientation in the range of (0- 30o ). For wall located at 10D the applicability of the flow can be more when wall is close to or vertically oriented. For the case when wall is located closer to exit (5D), the study was extended only for two orientations viz., horizontal and 30o . Expectedly, the centerline velocity is more and the flow is mainly confided in the core region. A crossover in flow velocity profiles is noted at a streamline distance of 1.5 cm. Here, the results strongly pronounce that when wall is located far away and orientated in range of horizontal, the tangential component of flow velocity can be effectively used for engineering applications. However, when placed closer flow gets deflected, there are strong chances of flow getting back so safety needs to be ensured especially in cases such as liquid and solid rocket motors where exhaust comes out at very high velocity. This engineering aspect can be widely used in applications ranging from heating, cooling to engineering where preceding designs are not sufficient. To understand the results in Figure 5, we next explore the effect of varying wall location for fixed orientations on centerline velocity. Figure 6 shows variation of normalized centerline velocity as a function of streamline distance for varying wall location and fixed orientation. (a) (b) 0 1 2 3 4 0.9 0.92 0.94 0.96 0.98 1 W = 0 o 0 1 2 3 4 0.9 0.92 0.94 0.96 0.98 1 W = 30o Centreline distance (x/D) Vx /Vcmax. 0 1 2 3 4 0.9 0.92 0.94 0.96 0.98 1 Vcmax. Wall = 5D 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 Wall = 18D 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 Wall = 5D 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 Wall = 10D Centreline distance (x/D) Vx /Vcmax. 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 Vcmax. Horizontal orientation 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 Wall = 10D 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 Wall = 5D 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 Wall = 18D Wall orientation = 30 o Centreline distance (x/D) Vx /Vcmax. 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 Vcmax.
6. Pratik Tiwari et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 3( Version 6), March 2014, pp.58-66 www.ijera.com 63 | P a g e (c) (d) (e) Figure 6: Variation of normalized centreline velocity as a function of wall location at different orientations (a) Horizontal (b) 30o (c) 45o (d) 60o (e) Vertical All the profiles are in comparison to maximum centerline velocity. One can note that, for all fixed orientations as location of wall increases the loss in flow velocity increases. One can note that the wall placed closer to exit have more centerline velocity than the one placed far away. However, beyond “VRM-PPT point” all profiles fall drastically. When placed closer, the losses are low but when wall is placed far away the losses increases significantly. It is interesting to note that the flow velocity profiles for wall locations of 10D and 18D are close to each other and that loss of velocity at 18D is significantly lesser than at 10D till wall orientation is 30o. However, beyond orientation of 45o the profiles are seen to merge with each other. All profiles are seen to merge at centerline distance of 14 Units. For vertical orientation of wall, the loss in flow velocity is less for 10D as compared to 18D. The reason for this can be attributed to the shear interaction of flow as it starts expanding. The vortices formation when wall is placed at an orientation increases the flow losses. (a) (b) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 Wall = 10D 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 Wall = 18D Centreline distance (x/D) Vx /Vcmax. 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 Vcmax. Wall orientation = 45 o 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 Wall = 18D 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 Wall = 10D Centreline distance (x/D) Vx /Vcmax. 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 Vcmax. Wall orientation = 60 o 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 Wall = 18D 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 Wall = 10D Wall orientation = Vertical Vx /Vcmax. 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 Vcmax. 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 W = 0o 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 W = 30o 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 W = 45o 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 W = 60 o 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 W = 90 o Wall = 18D Radial distance (cm) Vy /Vcmax. 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 Vcmax. 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 W = 0 o 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 W = 30 o 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 W = 45 o 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 W = 60 o 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 W = 90 o Radial distance (cm) Vy /Vcmax. 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 Vcmax. Wall = 10D
7. Pratik Tiwari et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 3( Version 6), March 2014, pp.58-66 www.ijera.com 64 | P a g e (c) Figure 7: Variation of normalized radial velocity at orientation of 4D as a function of streamline wall orientation (a) 18D (b) 10D (c) 5D. Next, the effect of wall orientation on radial component of flow velocity is explored. The wall was placed at axial locations of 5D, 10D and 18D. Figure 7 shows variation of normalized radial component of velocity as a function of radial distance for varying wall location and orientations. The effect in radial direction is catapulted to a distance of 20 cm at axial orientation of 4D for all the profiles. Looking at the profiles, one can note that beyond radial distance of 3 cm, the velocity profiles for different wall orientations exhibits drastic drop in kinetic energy similar to the centreline variation. As expected, the rate of reduction in flow velocity is more when wall is placed far away (here 10D and 18D). For all the profiles, a gradual drop till “VRM-PPT” and then sharp drop is noted. It is interesting to note that when wall is placed far away, the loss at a fixed location is more when placed horizontal. However, as the location of wall reduces, the loss due to horizontal orientation is found minimum. Wall locations of 18D and 10D almost follows same trend showing insensitiveness beyond a critical value. Almost similar trend is observed at wall locations of 30o . Beyond a certain orientation (here 30o ) the losses are insignificant to the wall orientation as most of the profiles looks similar and follows same trend. In the last part, the wall locations were kept fixed and orientations were varied and effect on radial component was investigated. Furthermore, to het a holistic understanding, next we fix the wall orientation and analyze the effect of wall location on flow energy. Figure 8 shows variation of normalized radial velocity as a function of radial distance for varying wall location and fixed orientation. All velocity profiles are determined at axial location of 4D. As seen in Fig.7, beyond an orientation of 30o the significant change in velocity profiles is not noted. Wall when placed at 18D at different orientations shows that, at an orientation of 30o maximum reduction in velocity is noted followed by horizontal. One can also note that wall when placed at 45o , 60o , 90o almost follows similar profiles. The velocity profiles were also compared for vertical and horizontal orientations and it was observed that the loss in velocity with horizontal orientation is less than vertical. Furthermore at a radial distance of 14 cm and above profiles are seen merging. The velocity profiles for 10D and 18D were found to merge with each other indicating that beyond a certain distance the velocity change is insensitive to wall orientation. At a faraway distance of 13 mm all the velocity profiles are seen converging to a common value indicating a peculiar point of identical velocity loss. (a) (b) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 W = 30o 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 W = 0 o Radial distance (cm) Vy /Vcmax. 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 Vcmax. Wall = 5D 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 Wall = 10D 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 Wall = 5D 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 Wall = 18D Radial distance (cm) Vy /Vcmax. 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 Vcmax. Wall orientation = 0 o 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 Wall = 10D Wall orientation = 30o 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 Wall = 5D 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 Wall = 18D Radial distance (cm) Vy /Vcmax. 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 Vcmax.
8. Pratik Tiwari et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 3( Version 6), March 2014, pp.58-66 www.ijera.com 65 | P a g e (c) (d) (e) Figure 8: Variation of normalized radial velocity at radial location of 4D as a function of streamline wall location at different orientations (a) Horizontal (b) 30o (c) 45o (d) 60o (e) Vertical IV. CONCLUSIONS An experimental exploration was carried out to understand the effects of wall orientation on flow characteristics of a free jet. The results predicted by existing experimental setup were validated with benchmark preceding free jet theory and extended further to note the implications of wall orientation. Based on results obtained following conclusions may be drawn from this study: The increase in wall orientation axially, enhances the velocity losses beyond a critical distance (i.e., core region). The orientation of wall near to exit results in low velocity losses and consequently strong deflection of flow resulting formation of vortices with more chances of back flow. For a fixed wall orientation, increase in radial distance enhances the velocity losses, but it results in diminishing returns beyond a critical value indicating insensitiveness of wall orientation after a certain distance. REFERENCES [1] M. B. Glauert., “The wall jet,” Journal of Fluid Mechanics, vol. 1, pp. 625–643, 1956. [2] Gardon. R., Akfirat J. C., “Heat transfer characteristics of impinging two dimensional air jets,” Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, 88, 101-108, 1966. [3] Kercher. D. M., Tabakoff, W., “Heat Transfer by a Square Array of Round Air Jets Impinging Perpendicular to a Flat Surface Including the Effect of Spent Air,” J. Eng. Power, 92, 73-82, 1970. [4] Martin H., “Heat and mass transfer between impinging gas jets and solid surfaces,” Adv. in Heat Transfer, 13, 1-60, 1977. [5] Sparrow, E.M., Alhomoud, A., “Impingement heat transfer at a circular cylinder due to an offset or non offset slot jet,” Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, 27, 2297- 2307, 1984. [6] Gau, C., Chung, C.M., “Surface curvature effect on slot-air-jet impingement cooling flow and heat transfer process,” Journal of Heat Transfer, 113, 858-864, 1991. [7] Gori, F., Bossi, L., “On the cooling effect of an air jet along the surface of a cylinder,” Int. Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer, 27, 667-676, 2000. [8] Roy, S., Patel, P., “Study of heat transfer for a pair of rectangular jets impinging on an inclined surface,” Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, 46, 411-425, 2003. [9] Aldabbagha, L.B.Y., Mohamadb, A.A., “A three-dimensional numerical simulation of impinging jet arrays on a moving plate,” Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, 52, 4894 -4900, 2009. 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 Wall = 10D 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 Wall = 18D Radial distance (cm) Vy /Vcmax. 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 Vcmax. Wall orientation = 45o 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 Wall = 18D 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 Wall = 10D Radial distance (cm) Vy /Vcmax. 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 Vcmax. Wall orientation = 60 o 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 Wall = 18D(90o ) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 Wall = 18D(0 o ) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 Wall = 10D(90 o ) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 Wall = 10D(0 o ) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 Wall = 5D(0o ) Radial distance (cm) Vy /Vcmax. 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 Vcmax.
9. Pratik Tiwari et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 3( Version 6), March 2014, pp.58-66 www.ijera.com 66 | P a g e [10] Azam, R., Ozono, H., Yaga, M., Teruya, I., Ishikawac, M., “Study on Under expanded Impinging Jet Issued from Rectangular Nozzle,”5th BSME International Conference on Thermal Engineering, 56, 269-274, 2013. [11] San, Jung-Yang., Chen, Jenq-Jye., “Effects of jet-to-jet spacing and jet height on heat transfer characteristics of an impinging jet array,” Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, 71, 8- 17, 2014. [12] Tiwari, Pratik., Mahathi, P., Choudhury, N.R., Malhotra, V., “Effects of wall orientation on flow characteristics of an impinging jet,” Proc. Int. conference on recent trends in engineering and technology, Cochin, Kerala, January 18-19, 2014.

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