问:
Psychological explanation for the situations (in TV, movies, video games, etc.) in which a heated argument turns into a make out session
I have seen this kind of situation a lot on movies, video games, comics and other media. Basically Alice and Bob are having a very serious, heated and hostile argument, involving a lot of shouting and even physical force. There are no hints that romantic and sexual activities could even take place. Then while they are in the middle of intense arguing, suddenly things get quiet for a few seconds. And after that Alice and Bob start kissing and making out.

What is the psychological explanation for this kind of situation (or "trope")? Why could an argument turn into a make out session? Does this happen in real life or it's just another writer's device?

This is an article that describes the "trope"

This is an example of this "trope" on a TV show

Another example, involving slapping


问:
Why is being “famous” the most desired profession among kids?
Running a small experiment among my 3 children and their friends and their cousins ....

When ever I ask a child what do they want to be when they grow up?  most will answer “rich and famous”.

Rich I can understand, but why famous?

Then again, I am living in Los Angeles, which could explain why ?

But there used to be some times when fame and money didn’t exactly coexist, Example: In the beginning of Hollywood, actors and actresses were well paid, but they were not “rich” by any mega standards.

Plus why wouldn’t a child (generally) think that it be better to be rich and anonymous, rather than famous?

There are more anonymous rich people by far than famous rich people

Regardless to the fact that I live in LA, I am pretty sure that if you ask most kids whether they prefer to be famous than anonymous? , most will answer yes.  (Perhaps the same argument holds true for adults)

ContentLicense: CC BY-SA 4.0


问:
Need to conduct Exploratory Factor Analysis when using already established questionnaire for Big 5
I am working on a study where I plan to conduct Structural Equation Modeling with the Big 5 factors affecting another variable.

For Big 5 I am using a questionnaire that has earlier been used by others in the literature, and also using the same scoring system: basically, no change whatsoever.

Do I still need to conduct an Exploratory Factor Analysis (given that I have strong reasons to assert that there ought to be 5 factors, both theoretically and on the basis of past literature) or can I proceed directly to a Confirmatory Factor Analysis of my data on Big 5?

And to justify my work (of either conducting EFA or skipping it) what are some good sources to cite in my defence?


问:
What are Frameworks for emotions?
I have been fascinated by Pultchicks wheel of emotion and how it puts emotions into polar opposites and gives ways to combine emotions to derive others or break down a particular emotion to its constituent parts.

I know its been quite a while since it was introduced.

As someone who only dabbles with psychology as an interest, I want to know:

Is it considered an important framework in understanding emotion?

Are there more accurate / recent / biological research based similar models?

References: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Plutchik

Title: What are Frameworks for emotions?


问:
What is the best online therapeutic intervention, in psychological support in higher education?
With the threat of COVID-19, many jobs became home office and in many universities the teaching had to be readjusted to the online universe. Advances have been achieved in terms of digital transformation. Including the traditional psychological (or mental health) support services, which began to perform teletherapies, for example. Other tools include the use of apps, gamification, psychotherapy (or counseling) through social networks, including conversations (exclusively) in text or telephone assistance (audiocalls).  Given this scenario, I would like to know about studies and evidence that indicate which of these modalities of therapeutic intervention has the best impact, for this specific target audience, university students.


问:
Using Vagus Nerve Stimulation to treat Depression
I came across an article written recently concerning the use of Vagus Nerve Stimulation (VNS) to treat difficult-to-treat depression (DTD) and other mood disorders (Sackeim, et al. 2020). However, there is a conflict of interest with all the authors, as reported by PubMed:

Professor Sackeim serves as a scientific adviser to the MECTA Corporation and Neuronetics Inc., as well as LivaNova PLC, which manufactures the Vagus Nerve Stimulation Therapy® System. He receives honoraria and royalties from Elsevier, Inc. and Oxford University Press

Dr. Dibué is an employee of LivaNova PLC, manufacturer of vagus nerve stimulators and holds stock options.

Dr Bunker is a former employee and a current consultant of LivaNova USA PLC.

Professor Rush has received consulting fees from Akili, Brain Resource Inc., Compass Inc., Curbstone Consultant LLC, Emmes Corp., Holmusk, Johnson and Johnson (Janssen), LivaNova USA PLC, Neurocrine Biosciences Inc., Otsuka-US, and Sunovion; speaking fees from LivaNova; and royalties from Guilford Press and the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX (for the Inventory of Depressive Symptoms and its derivatives). He is also named coinventor on two patents: US Patent No 7,795,033: Methods to Predict the Outcome of Treatment with Antidepressant Medication, Inventors: McMahon FJ, Laje G, Manji H, Rush AJ, Paddock S, Wilson AS; and US Patent No 7,906,283: Methods to Identify Patients at Risk of Developing Adverse Events During Treatment with Antidepressant Medication, Inventors: McMahon FJ, Laje G, Manji H, Rush AJ, Paddock S.

When looking at the "similar articles" at the bottom of Sackeim, et al. (2020), the bottom one doesn't seem relevant to me, but except for the 4th suggestion, they all have team members in the originating article who have conflicts of interest, and with the 4th one (Bottomley, et al. 2020):

J Bottomley, C LeReun, A Diamantopoulos and S Mitchell have received consultancy payments from LivaNova. B Gaynes has received consultation payments from LivaNova addressing models of treatment resistant depression.

Looking at Google Scholar,

the first 3 hits have Sackeim and/or Rush included

with the 4th hit (Schlaepfer, et al. 2008)

the conduct of the study was partly funded by the manufacturer of the (VNS)TherapyTMSystem, Cyberonics Inc., Houston, TX, USA.

the 5th hit includes Sackeim and Rush

with the 6th hit (O'Reardon, et al. 2006)

Dr. O'Reardon has received research support from and is on the speakers bureau for Cyberonics.

the 7th hit includes Bunker, mentioned in Sackeim, et al. (2020)

the 8th hit includes Sackeim and Rush

My question

Are there supporting research papers which are free from any conflicts of interest? What is the actual efficacy of VNS to treat depression?

I am after some research which has not had the possibility of being influenced by funders who have anything to do with the manufacture(s) of VNS equipment. All those I have seen so far have been funded wholly or in part by Cyberonics (now LivaNova) who manufacture the equipment used in the research. Basically it is like the related question I have asked before in MedicalSciences.SE but more refined where I am looking at the possibility that there could be research funded independently from those who would have a financial gain from said research.

References

Bottomley, J. M., LeReun, C., Diamantopoulos, A., Mitchell, S., & Gaynes, B. N. (2020). Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) therapy in patients with treatment resistant depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Comprehensive psychiatry, 98, 152156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2019.152156

O'Reardon, J. P., Cristancho, P., & Peshek, A. D. (2006). Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) and treatment of depression: to the brainstem and beyond. Psychiatry (Edgmont), 3(5), 54. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21103178

Sackeim, H. A., Dibué, M., Bunker, M. T., & Rush, A. J. (2020). The Long and Winding Road of Vagus Nerve Stimulation: Challenges in Developing an Intervention for Difficult-to-Treat Mood Disorders. Neuropsychiatric disease and treatment, 16, 3081-3093.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33364761/
https://doi.org/10.2147/NDT.S286977

Schlaepfer, T. E., Frick, C., Zobel, A., Maier, W., Heuser, I., Bajbouj, M., ... & Hasdemir, M. (2008). Vagus nerve stimulation for depression: efficacy and safety in a European study. Psychological medicine, 38(5), 651-61. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291707001924


问:
How to make phrases in experimental conditions as similar as possible?
In behavioral economics and psychology, there are many experiments where participants receive variations of a piece of text depending on the experimental condition they are assigned to. For example, Beenen et al. [1] "used different messages in [an] invitation email to vary [an online community users'] perceptions of their uniqueness and who would benefit from their contributions.
... then tracked their contribution behavior following the invitation."

What are the most important factors to consider when designing phrases for such experimental conditions?

We're planning to conduct an experiment on motivations to join an emerging online community. We have envisioned two types of incentives to join:

Engaging in high social activities, e.g., joining discussions or finding friends on Wikipedia Talk pages.

Engaging in low social activities, e.g., individually editing an article or creating a new article.

We've designed emails to send to a group of people inviting them to join the community. We've randomized people between the low and high social experimental conditions. Depending on their conditions, we randomly add one of the following phrases in their invitation email:

High Social Activity Condition:

Organize content with others

Collaboratively summarize content

Collaboratively visualize complex content

Study with others

Receive constructive feedback

Build a reputation within a group

Share your expertise

Contribute skills to a group

Supply knowledge to a group

Collaboratively help others learn

Get constructive feedback and collaboratively help others

Build a reputation and share knowledge

Low Social Activity Condition:

Summarize content

Organize and link knowledge

Visualize complicated concepts

Improve your learning

Study/Acquire/Absorb new information

Visualize and make new connections

Contribute knowledge

Make knowledge a public good

Make knowledge easier to understand

Ideally these phrases should be the same in every aspect other than their meaning that should reflect the experimental condition. However, these phrases are currently different in the number of characters, number of words, number of syllables of words, how words sound, and shapes of characters. Each of these differences may confound our experiment design. Also, there may be other differences between these phrases that we are not aware of.

Please let us know of best practices/rules/studies about the design of phrases for experimental conditions.

Also, I'd appreciate it if you inform us of other similar experimental studies about motivations to join communities.

[1] Ling, K., Beenen, G., Ludford, P., Wang, X., Chang, K., Li, X., ... & Kraut, R. (2005). Using social psychology to motivate contributions to online communities. Journal of Computer‐Mediated Communication, 10(4), 00-00.


问:
Does our brain unconsciously keeps track of time?
I’ve had multiple experiences lately where I didn’t look at my phone for a while and then right before I looked I made an approximation of the time and most of the time that approximation was right to 2-3 minutes precise, sometimes even exactly on the minute. Even after I took a nap midday I could still make a close prediction to what time it exactly was.

Is there a part of the brain that unconsciously keeps on counting so that you have an idea of what time it is? Or did I just witness a series of lucky events?


问:
Does brain wave has wave length?
When I go through Electroencephalography,

```<code>Band    Frequency (Hz)
Delta   < 4
Theta   ≥ 4 and < 8
Alpha   ≥ 8 and < 14
Beta    ≥ 14
</code>```

How much are wave length of brain wave?

Thanks for  Bryan Krause's comment,"Brain waves" aren't EM waves,but mechanical wave has width as we known.

And it's obvious brain wave is some kinds of wave, with frequency and scale.

When someone is awake, with his eyes closed, the EEG is dominated by the α (alpha) band. This type of waves is characterized by a frequency of 8-13 Hz and a normal width <50 microvolts (µV).

If the subject opens his eyes, α waves disappear and another wave type becomes evident: the β (beta) type. These brainwaves have a higher frequency (30-35 Hz) and a width of 25-30 µV.

Then I still want to know Does brain wave has wave length?.

Title: Does brain wave has wave length?


问:
Word for behavior change when a superior is around?
People (especially in groups) act differently when they are aware that a superior is present. I am looking for a term that describes this phenomenon.

Similar but not quite what I mean:

The Hawthorne effekt describes behavior change when people are aware that they are part of a study.

The John Henry effect describes behavior change when people are aware that they are part of a study and in the controll group.

The watching eye effekt describes behavior change when people feel watched (but doesn't take hierarchy into account, even drawn eyes work).


问:
Structure of synapse
When we study the structure of the chemical synapse, by default we come across Axo-dendritic synapse consisting of various cell adhesion molecules/receptors etc. (like this). However, I was particularly interested in dendro-axonic synapses. Does the picture of synapse applies to every type of synapse or are we only aware of the axodendritic synapse? I mean, do the same cell adhesion or signalling molecules also present in dendro-axonic synapse? If yes, What could be their possible influence on passing action potential? I went through literature, but I couldn't find any focusing on subcellular structure and distribution at dendro-axonic synapses.</p>

Title: Structure of synapse


问:
Is there any relevance of diet on learning?
I'm curious about the current research and literature on the effects of diet on learning. Cause myelin is supposed important for myelination, which is relevant for learning according to "The Talent Code" by Daniel Coyle and myelination requires a diet of fats, which I read somewhere once. So I was wondering what nutrients and diet help learning if any?</p>


问:
Does neuroticism decline with age?
Do we know so far whether neuroticism declines with age?

I found contradictory sources about the evolution of neuroticism across the life span.

Barlow et al. (2014) "The origins of neuroticism"

That is, after emerging in childhood, neuroticism remains relatively stable before showing gradual age-related decreases that continue into old age (Eaton, Krueger, & Oltmanns, 2011; Roberts & Mroczeck, 2008; Roberts, Walton, & Viechtbauer, 2006)

Donnellan & Lucas (2008) "Age Differences in the Big Five Across the Life Span"

The one exception was that Neuroticism was slightly negatively associated with age in the BHPS [British Household Panel Study] and slightly positively associated with age in the GSEOP [German Socio-Economic Panel Study].

Roberts et al. (2006) Patterns of Mean-Level Change in Personality Traits Across the Life Course

There is also this graph displaying the evolution of emotional stability across the life span

Title: Does neuroticism decline with age?


问:
Fluid Intelligence vs Crystallized Intelligence
I understand that there are two kinds of intelligence, and I had figured that out even without learning about it in psychology. One that you pick up or learn from your experiences and education etc, and one that coordinates how you pick up that experience and how it shapes your understanding. This is, an intrinsic intelligence inherited from ancestors guides what aspect of the experience of an event is picked up and how we react to it.

That said, I also always believed that the distinction was not concrete. I always thought that it is not possible to tell them apart concretely. Both sort of diffuse into each other or to put it in another way have a fuzzy or changing line that separates the two.

Recently, I've read that the two kinds of intelligence - Fluid and Crystallized - are there. The former is independent of experience and learning while the latter is not.

Is this something (the distinction) that can be established concretely?

How can we say that the problem solving sort of intuitive skills are truly independent of experiences or learning?


问:
Why don't SNRIs cause anxiety?
If anxiety is caused by overactive noradrenergic neurons, then why are SNRIs effective at mitigating and controlling the attacks? Shouldn't the extra norepinepherine, now sitting around in the synaptic cleft due to the inhibitor, exacerbate the symptoms?

I found this article on PubMed, which addresses the paradox, though from what I read, it fails to explain the why behind the phenomenon. ( I do have to admit that I didn't make it through the entire article.) The article analyzed several published studies and comes to the conclusion that there is no significant evidence to prove that SNRIs are anxiogenic. The studies actually show otherwise—that SNRIs effectively treat anxiety.

My question still remains though, as to why SNRIs effectively reduce anxiety symptoms and fail to replicate those attacks when it is seemingly mimicking the biological mechanism behind anxiety.

Title: Why don't SNRIs cause anxiety?


问:
How does twitter allow certain people to perform mass manipulation?
Recently we have seen many billionaires doing mass manipulation with the use of twitter.
Is there any line of research of the categories of manipulation these people are doing on twitter?</p>


问:
What is the term or theory to explain adopting behaviors when hurt by someone else
I have been trying to search for a term or theory to explain adopting behaviors when bad / hurtful things happen to a person. For example, if a person is abused and ends up being an abuser because it happened to them, even if it is a maladaptation.

So if this ABC article that says 1/3 of people that are abused become abusers, what is the mechanism, or term, for this?

I am asking because someone I know adopts bad behaviors when they happen to them once or twice, and justify it as 'that is how the world works'. I'm trying to understand why this happens so quickly for this person from clearly outlying events.


问:
Can you prove a psychological theory on a one-person research design?
Famous psychologists have proven their theories on a few subjects (really small sample sizes, like n = 3). Yet, now, we are taught that to prove any psychological theory right, we need to gather data from many subjects (with tongue-in-cheek: above 30). But seriously... (here's the question I'm asking):

Q: is it somehow unscientific or wrong to only show a psychological theory with so small sample size such as n = 1 (one person, but many measurements on him/her)?


问:
What is the cognitive bias called where you put an ethical boundary just above where you are?
What is the cognitive bias called where you put an ethical boundary just above where you are?

It's where people often say that something is morally acceptable to do something up to a certain point in which in then becomes immoral/unethical, however they come up with that boundary based on how immoral of a thing they are okay doing themselves and it doesn't have to be immoral, for example:

A person who illegally downloads books says the only type of pirating that is acceptable is for books.

A person who smokes 10 packs of cigarettes a month says it's okay to smoke 10 packs of cigarettes a month and no more.

I'm not sure if this is an official bias but I remember watching a documentary and this came up, but I forgot what they referred to it as and what the documentary was called facepalm.


问:
How are emotions and thoughts connected?
How are emotions and thoughts connected?

_Are certain emotions triggering certain types of thoughts?

_How is the link between emotions and thoughts materialized in the brain and the body?


问:
Role play in laboratory experiments - literature hints?
I want to conduct a laboratory experiment with a cohort of students to assess the determinants of their willingness to adopt an environmentally friendly technology in farming. I want them to imagine they were not students but a farmer. I want to create a most realistic decision situation.
What is the name of this method/field of experimental design?</p>


问:
Combining Discrete Choice Experiments with Theory of Planned Behavior
Topic background: How beliefs and personal values of a farmer influence his/her willingness to consider/adopt environmentally friendly innovations on-farm.

I want to assess if relative preferences for given attributes of a presented technology (as assesd in Discrete Choice Experiments - DCE) can be used/included into the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) to assess the intention to adopt a this technology. In other words: Can I combine DCEs with TPB?


问:
Is there a way to test psychological theories online?
There are some online simulations in physics and chemistry, nearly all fields of science can be simulated online. I wonder if psychology can be "simulated" too, and I wonder if there is something already being used to do that.</p>


问:
Is there a cognitive bias that makes people consider information coming from someone they don't like as more likely to be wrong?
Frequently I noticed this happening with people. When A dislikes B, A tends to think B is wrong all the time. And it seems to be persistent, even when B is proven correct multiple times, it doesn't change A's opinion about B. Conversely, when A likes B, A is more likely to think B is not wrong.</p>


问:
State of research in productivity, work fatigue and workplace policies
I am interested in any kind of summary research that links workplace policies, productivity and fatigues. For example, if someone has worked 10 hours one day, will they be as productive the next day? Can workplace policies such as time-off-in-lieu remediate it?

There is a related question, but it seems to be unanswered.


问:
Is the GMC (ganglion mother cell) in Drosphila the same thing as the basal daughter cell? Does a highly active Notch pathway obstruct cell division?
"Numb acts as a negative regulator of the Notch pathway (discussed above), which keeps Notch pathway activity low in the GMC. Low Notch activity causes the de-repression of proneural genes, as well as the arrest of proliferation (after one more mitoses) of the GMC. By contrast, in the basal daughter cell, Notch pathway activity is kept high by proteins of the apical com- plex (Par-3, Insc), which promotes continued division of this cell" (Fundamental Neuroscience by Larry Squire on page 316). This statement confused me for two reasons. First of all, they originally stated that the basal daughter cell was the GMC (ganglion mother cell), so the two statements would be contradicting because the Notch pathway cannot be low and high at the same time. In addition, (please correct me if I'm mistaken), doesn't a highly active Notch pathway obstruct cell division?


问:
Is the perceived flexibility in this picture (when moving it) related to the perceived curvature when it's not moving?
Look at this picture:

All squares are of equal size but when you look at the picture the horizontal and vertical bands they constitute seem to be curved. When you move the picture up and down the horizontal bands seem to get flexible. The same holds for the horizontal direction.

Is this perception of flexibility related to the perception of curvature?

Maybe someone can make it move up and down instead of making it move up and down (or from the left to the right and vice-versa) by using the mouse or pad.


问:
Can the administration of self-report measures of craving prompt participants with addiction to experience craving during the experiment?
My research focuses on measuring the neural correlates (through resting-state EEG) pre-post an improvisational music therapy session (MT sessions) in clients with substance misuse.
One of my variable of interest is the urge to consume the drug = namely, craving (Volkow et al., 2015) .

I was thinking to use some subjective measure of craving pre and post the MT sessions to associate this with the pre/post resting-state EEG measures.
I've been found in the scientific literature similar procedures in the work of De Ridder research group: the authors associated the subjective measures collected pre-post an experimental manipulation with the neural data (EEG)  collected pre-post an experimental manipulation.

Participants will have to complete the following statement: "please, rate how strong your craving is right now by circling a number on the 10-point scale"...In which 0=not craving at all and 10=the most ever

Since craving is a complex construct that has been related to addiction memories and can be triggered by environmental cues (Chen et al., 2018; Huang et al., 2018) I am afraid to prompting them and induce a craving response during the MT session that wouldn't have happened.

Is that possible that using a self-report assessment of craving,
participants are required to reflect on their experiences entailing a
craving response that otherwise would have been absent?


问:
Is there any formal documentation and explanation of why people tend to lose curiosity as they age?
Anecdotally, there seems to be overwhelming evidence that people become less curious as they age.

Is there formal, systematic evidence for this?

Further, are there any theories/mechanisms that explain why this is the case?


问:
Are people with Bipolar Disorder always in a cycle?
I know that people with bipolar cycle between moods, say, roughly a few times a year, and I know that there's conditions like ultra-rapid cycling. But something I don't understand, particularly with bipolar 2, is if that person is always in a cycle or not? For example, do they have a depressed episode for, say, a month, and then a hypomanic episode for another month, and then life is normal until they have another episode? Or are they always somewhere in an episode?</p>


问:
Can some stimulants take the place of others?
I learned in class recently that neuroreceptors can cause different chemical changes in the brain and nervous system. I was told that stimulants increase heart rate and awareness, which got me thinking how  different strengths of stimulants might interact with each other. I have been taking medicine for a while now, (methylphenidate), and I have noticed that whenever I drink coffee while the medicine is still in effect, I feel more tired.

So now the question: Since the medicine I take is a stronger stimulant than the caffeine from the coffee, could the caffeine neuroreceptors be taking the place of my medicine (the stronger stimulant) and be making me more tired than I would be if I did not drink coffee, or could it be because of some other reason?

I just want to end this by saying that the knowledge I have of neurochemistry is baseline and I am in no way an expert, so I apologize if this question seems silly to someone who is more informed on this subject.


问:
Is there any maping between the AAL to Brodmann areas (BA)?
I am trying to find any correspondence between BA6 (Premotor cortex) and AAL, but there are no information about it. Is there any equivalence table for Brodmann areas and other related anatomic labels?</p>


问:
Question about nest cell
I'm reading the PNAS paper Neural encoding of the concept of nest in the mouse brain by Lin et al. 2007

A certain 'nest cell' is described in the paper that fires only when the mouse approaches its nest.
My question is: can the same nest cell fire at other concepts or is it solely dedicated to 'nest'?
If it's only dedicated to one single concept, that seems like a limiting waste.

Title: Question about nest cell


问:
Can sexual orientation change in teen years?
Can Sexual orientation change in teen years as teenagers go through lots of challenges.

And can a heterosexual teen become a homosexual teen.


问:
Can we over sensitise people
Is there evidence that "over sensitivising" an indvidual (eg adolescent) makes them less resilient? So to explain, if we ask an individual repeatedly how they feel and if they have been mistreated, they might eventually feel more depressed or mistreated.

For example there might be a neurological reason by activating certain "fear centres" (amygdala) of the brain.

Could we be robbing people of self coping strategies, if we repeatedly analyse the issues for them?

Please don't misinterpret this question in a political sense, I really mean from a psychological POV.

Title: Can we over sensitise people


问:
Opening an aparc+aseg.nii.gz file programmatically in Python
How do you programmatically in Python open and read segmentation data in an aparc+aseg.nii.gz file programmatically?

Is this correct?

```<code>import numpy as np
from pathlib import Path
import torchio as tio

dataset_dir_name = '/home/shared/projects/BrainSegNet3D/data'
dataset_dir = Path(dataset_dir_name)
labels_dir = dataset_dir / 'label'
label_paths = sorted(labels_dir.glob('*.nii.gz'))
label_path = label_paths[0]
abcd_free_surfer_labels = tio.LabelMap(label_path)
free_surfer_labels = abcd_free_surfer_labels.data[0].numpy()
np.unique(free_surfer_labels.astype('int'))

array([   0,    2,    4,    5,    7,    8,   10,   11,   12,   13,   14,
         15,   16,   17,   18,   24,   26,   28,   30,   31,   41,   43,
         44,   46,   47,   49,   50,   51,   52,   53,   54,   58,   60,
         62,   63,   72,   77,   80,   85,  251,  252,  253,  254,  255,
       1000, 1001, 1002, 1003, 1005, 1006, 1007, 1008, 1009, 1010, 1011,
       1012, 1013, 1014, 1015, 1016, 1017, 1018, 1019, 1020, 1021, 1022,
       1023, 1024, 1025, 1026, 1027, 1028, 1029, 1030, 1031, 1032, 1033,
       1034, 1035, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009,
       2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020,
       2021, 2022, 2023, 2024, 2025, 2026, 2027, 2028, 2029, 2030, 2031,
       2032, 2033, 2034, 2035])
</code>```

Why are some of the numbers so large?  Does FreeSurfer really distinguish between over 2000 regions of the brain?


问:
Do people promote conditionals to counterfactuals if they disbelieve the premises?
This is a claim from philosophy/logic intro textbook, but it is making factual statements about how people process conditionals when the premises contradict their beliefs:

‘It’s not the case that, if God exists, She answers malevolent prayers.’

[Claim:] surely even an atheist can accept [the sentence above], without contradicting herself!

Basically, the claim here seems to be that someone who doesn't believe the premise "God exists" is true (i.e. an atheist), automatically processes that statement as a counterfactual (rather than indicative) conditional. A [proper] counterfactual supposedly has to be stated as "[it's not the case that] if God existed, She would answer malevolent prayers."

Is there any empirical research if people actually engage in this kind of promotion-to-counterfactual when the premises seem false to them?

(There are a lot of papers in psychology & neuroscience on conditionals [& counterfactuals]... which actually makes it difficult to find if this particular issue has been studied empirically. Note however there is research indicating that [mere] hypothetical conditionals are processed differently than counterfactual ones in various measurable ways: fMRI correlates, what other statements subjects agree are entailed etc. So the question is basically not vacuous whether such promotion [from hypothetical to counterfactual] happens under some circumstances because there seem to be [at least] two different modes of thinking about conditionals, as observed empirically.)


问:
Deaddiction and neural plasticity in case of the elderly
It is known that prolonged nicotine use alters the brain's connectivity. Nicotine exerts its neurophysiologic action principally through the brain’s reward center.2 Neuroadaptation develops with repeated exposure to nicotine, resulting in tolerance to many of the effects of nicotine.3

Recovery involves a major change in thoughts and feelings, and such changes require ongoing neural development or neuroplasticity. 4 So quitting a long term addiction will involve rewiring in the brain. Which in turn is dependent on neural plasticity.

Thus, age-related dysregulation of calcium signaling may underlie deficits in neural plasticity, and may ultimately be responsible for cognitive decline that occurs in the healthy, non-demented aging population. 5

To summarize: quitting a long term addiction requires brain plasticity, which in turn is in deficit in older populations.

So are the elderly neurologically just as capable of overcoming addictions as the young?

OwnerDisplayName: Yogesch


问:
What medication would best treat buspirone induced insomnia?
The anxiolytic buspirone causes insomnia in a small minority of patients.  What existent medication would theoretically (or in practice) best treat this insomnia? Buspirone from my understanding is an agonist of the 5-HT1A autoreceptors, has very weak antagonism of the D2 receptors. There is also evidence that one of buspirone's metabolites increases plasma norepinephrine and epinephrine levels. I'm trying to think of a medication that would best block the effects of whatever it is that causes the insomnia. Buspirone is a tad "dirty" in that it and its metabolites affect many things so it's hard to say what causes the insomnia.</p>


问:
Is the displacement of frustration a studied phenomenon?
I'm currently looking into frustration-aggression theory. There is a lot of ancillary research on the displacement of the aggression generated via this theory, but I'm trying to find research on the displacement of frustration.

In this case, frustration, as defined for the purposes of this theory, is

an interference with the occurrence of an instigated goal-response at its proper time in the behavior sequence (Dollard et. al 1939).

What I'm specifically looking for is research that identifies a case where something else is identified with the frustration and/or misidentified as the frustration or in some way elicits the same response as the as initial frustration would under the frustration-aggression theory.

This differs from displacement of aggression in that the aggression itself is not displaced, but appears to have been displaced since the cause of the aggression, the frustration, is displaced. Has this concept been explored?

References

Dollard, J., Miller, N. E., Doob, L. W., Mowrer, O. H., & Sears, R. R. (1939). Frustration and aggression. Yale University Press. https://doi.org/10.1037/10022-000


问:
When one wiggles a dark object with bright letters &c on it, the letters appear to move, floating in the plane. What is this optical illusion called?
I stumbled upon this phenomenon in the 90s, when I was still a kid. I noticed that in the evening under indirect artificial lighting the red letters on a blue book cover (I think it was a Pink Panther book) seemed to wobble and dance around when you shook the book. At the time, none of the adults knew what it was called and many didn't believe me and refused to look at the book.

Because of related interests I've revisited the issue and managed to recreate the phenomenon on my laptop. The effect is considerably more convincing when it's done in the evening with the screen brightness turned down. As it turns out, the colour of the letters was irrelevant. To get an example of this effect, take any text, set the page colour to black and the text colour to some barely perceptible grey and put it on full screen (F11 in most applications). Now wait and give your eyes a moment, just until you can see the text clearly, and then shake the screen. The mouse cursor will appear to move in comparison to the text. For me it also works if I select one or two letters, in which case shaking the screen will appear to make the selected letters dance around with respect to the rest of the text.

I'm convinced at this point that it's related to the Pulfrich effect in mechanism, but in this case no darkened glass is used and instead of depth motion, motion in the plane is created. Considering how easy it is to find, I assume it's been described before and I'd like to read about it, but I don't know what it's called – hence my question.

Edit: I made a demonstration image; to be viewed in a dark environment with the monitor turned down so the background is just about visible.


问:
Mapping FreeSurfer region numbers to GIFNiftyNet numbers
I'm trying to measure the DICE coefficient of brain segmentations by a highresnet model.  For my ground truth, I'm using FreeSurfer segmentations.  There is some overlap between the regions used by each, but there are a lot of FreeSurfer regions that are not contained in GIFNiftyNet.ctbl.  That is, they don't have the exact same name.  I imagine that each of the FreeSurfer regions is a part of a region listed in GIFNiftyNet.

Does anyone know of a mapping from FreeSurfer region numbers to GIFNiftyNet numbers?

Also, has there been any attempt to standardize the numbering and names given to parts of the brain by various segmentation programs?  How are DICE correlations for brain segmentations usually computed?  That is, what is used as the ground truth?


问:
If the female comparator to the Oedipus complex is Electra complex, is there a male comparator to Jocasta/Phaedra complex?
I have been browsing the questions and answers here within the realm of psychoanalysis and I came across the Jocasta complex in an answer here, which I had not heard about before so I have been looking at this.

There is of course Freud and Jung's theory regarding child to parent attraction which is well known in Psychology. So, we have the male Oedipus complex (Freudian for the son's sexual desires for the mother) and we have the female Electra complex (Jungian for the daughter's sexual desires for the father).

I have now found out that there is Raymond de Saussure's and controversial psychiatrist, Alfred Ames Messer's theories, regarding parent to child attraction. We have the Jocasta complex [the mother's sexual desires for the son] (De Saussure, 1920) and I have also just found out there is the Phaedra complex [the stepmother's sexual desires for the stepson] (Messer, 1969).

I must admit, I do have an issue with these two so-called complexes, but it made me wonder if there are comparators to these where the father has sexual desires for their daughter or stepfather for their stepdaughter.

Combien de mère ne sont-elles pas amoureuses de leur fils? Combien de pères ne sont-ils par amoureux de leur fille?

[How many mothers are not in love with their son? How many fathers are not in love with their daughter?]
(De Saussure, 1920)

I can't seem to find any male parent "complexes" when searching online but I can obviously find the chronophilia terms paedophilia, hebephilia and ephebophilia which to me equally define female sexual attraction to those under the age of consent to sex (which differs worldwide).

If paedophilia/hebephilia/ephebophilia is to be considered a sexual orientation, surely there would be a male comparator?

Female comparator
Male comparator

Electra Complex
Oedipus Complex

Jocasta Complex
?

Phaedra Complex
?

References

De Saussure, R. (1920). Le complexe de Jocaste. Internationale Zeitschrift für Psychoanalyse, 6(2), 118-122. https://www.pep-web.org/document.php?id=IZPA.006.0118A

Messer, A. A. (1969). The phaedra complex. Archives of general psychiatry, 21(2), 213-218. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1969.01740200085012


问:
High goal setting and bipolar disorder (BD): How someone diagnosed with BD can mitigate the risk of setting unrealistic goals?
I read the article Identify in bipolar disorder: self-worth and achievement; This paper opened my eyes about how people diagnosed with BD can set unrealistic or very hard to achieve goals. If the biology basis for this kind of behaviour is related to dopamine in the brain; can Dialectical Behaviour Therapy (to treat Borderline Personality Disorder) or The Life Goals Program or any other psychotherapy help?


问:
what are some careers in psychology where you dont have to interact with people
I am a psychology student, just finished my BA. I like the subject psychology, but i just don't like interacting with people. I would prefer to work alone. I wouldn't mind once in a while interactions such as once a month but being around people everyday is too draining.</p>


问:
Difference between concentration and attention
Is there any difference between concentration and attention ?

The dictionary definition and some websites on psychology mention they are same. whereas many people say they are different. I am unable to figure it out


问:
What evidence is there for successful posthypnotic suggestion where the subject carries out a suggested action upon a trigger without knowing why?
What evidence is there for successful posthypnotic suggestion where a subject carries out an action that was suggested to them under hypnosis, not only upon the suggested trigger but also without consciously knowing, before they do it or at the moment they do it, why they are doing it? For example they might do it

when somebody says something to them,

when they hear a specified non-verbal sound, such as a clap or a whistle, or

when a certain time of day is reached.

I am interested in the case when in the waking state they do not consciously decide to do the action, and when, in addition to this, it is not the kind of reflex or other action that they would have done normally had it not been for the hypnosis.

This question is not about what goes through their mind after they have done the action, not even very soon after. Perhaps they "find" a rational reason for having done it that does not feature hypnosis, or they may be puzzled about why they did it, or they may reason right away that it must have been suggested to them during hypnosis, or perhaps they suddenly remember the actual making of the suggestion during the hypnotic session. Another possibility is that they don't recognise that they have done it. But that's not the question.


问:
If an infant endures a short period of trauma, followed by a normal childhood, is it likely that trauma could still be developmentally damaging?
I know that traumatic stress as an infant can cause serious developmental problems down the line, especially regarding attachment styles and identity development. But I'm wondering if that extends to relatively brief periods of infant trauma, especially if they are followed by an otherwise normal childhood.

For example, say a one-year-old baby is placed in daycare, where they become so distressed by the separation and the unfamiliar environment that they begin to show signs of psychological trauma. The parents eventually notice their baby is not doing well, and take them out of daycare after a month.

If their parents are loving and attentive, and they have a normal childhood from then on, is it reasonable to think their traumatic experience as an infant might still permanently affect their mental health beyond infancy (i.e. as a child, adolescent, or even adult)? Would they still be considered at risk for conditions related to developmental trauma, such as dissociative disorders?


问:
How Really Effective are the Measures of Psychological Tests in Jobs Interviews and Worker Performance After Inside the Workplace
Hello I work doing smalls gig with datasets and also sometimes I create for myself some infographics and data-visualizations of interesting topics for me. for example football, cryptos, virus, etc.

I want to do a data visualization or infographic. Testing my curious hypothesis about how effective are the psycological test proposals in research/theory and his real aplications in job selecting. There are some research about that? Is really a scientific fact, can psychologics predict the future performance of a worker? Do you have datasets related to measure this variables in various workers?


问:
Background and cron jobs running in the unconscious?
Personal example: Hofstadter, in "Fluid Concepts...", throws the anagram "ucilgars" at me. (Note I'm a German, I would probably solve a comparable riddle fast if in my mother tongue, and I would solve it systematically and conscious.) I try a bit, give up and read on. About ten pages later, without me thinking about it for minutes: "surgical"! It pops into my conscious without warning. Later, same book: "tenjuk". No luck, even after a day.

The natural explanation, of course: Somewhere in my brain resides a dictionary of English and a permutation generator. (8! is not thaaat large a number.) It can easily find "surgical" but not "junket" as I never heard of the term before. (Even though this was the first term I googled, as it sounded like the most "natural" try.)

So, let's generalize to the title question: Has there been scientific work proving or disproving that the unconscious is capable of executing meaningful tasks, like the above example of browsing a directory? (I'm well aware that the methodological problems would be daunting.) This would also be relevant for the theme "creativity".


问:
Best tests or questionnaires to measure person's ability to love
What are the best methods (questionnaires/tests/etc) to measure ability to love?

So far I see those

Light Triad Test (described in Scientific American)

Big Five personality traits (OCEAN model) - especially its agreeableness subscale (friendly/compassionate vs. critical/rational)

HEXACO model of personality structure - its  agreeableness subscale + Honesty-Humility subscale

I realize that "love" is a very broad term, which is poorely determined, but anyway let's give it a try! At least let's try to factor out some components of love (loving person) and try to measure these separate components.

P.S. This question is related, but does not provide any clear tests.


问:
Probability distribution for a random variable related to self-assignment of a person's degree of belief
I am not a psychologist or neuroscientist. I am a mathematician wondering about how a person normally evaluate its own degree of belief in a given proposition.

Suppose a person X is given a question in the following format:

Assign your degree of belief in the proposition P.
(a) Certainly true.
(b) Probably true.
(c) I don't know.
(d) Probably false.
(e) Certainly false.

This person knows that he/she will gain a score S, for this question, defined by:

If X answered (a): S = +10 if P is true; S = -10 if P is false.

If X answered (b): S = +5 if P is true; S = -5 if P is false.

If X answered (c): S = 0 if P is true; S = 0 if P is false.

If X answered (d): S = -5 if P is true; S = +5 if P is false.

If X answered (e): S = -10 if P is true; S = +10 if P is false.

Given that the expected value for the score S that X will gain is a known number E, I ask:

What is the probability of X to answer (a)?

What is the probability of X to answer (b)?

What is the probability of X to answer (c)?

What is the probability of X to answer (d)?

What is the probability of X to answer (e)?

In short: Supposing that we know the expected value of the score S that X will gain, what is the best model (taking into account facts of human psychology) for the probability distribution of the random variable "degree of belief that the person X assigns to the proposition P"?


问:
In non-human animals, does general intelligence apply?
In humans, there is this concept of general intelligence, which says that if someone is smarter than you then they are smarter than you at all activities that rely on intelligences.

Do other animals also have general intelligences? Or do their brains simply specialize in one area of intelligence. So for example, dogs are considered smarter than cats because they are better at being trained to do stuff. Does that mean that dogs are smarter than cats in all activities that require intelligences, or are dogs simply better at this one thing, which is following instructions from a human?


问:
Why do some memories have a closer 'feeling' in time than others?
There are some memories in my head which seems to have occured much more far away than it actually has happend, that is there is a feeling of disconnect between the actual timeline of events which has happend in my life vs my memories. Supposing that this happens to 'other' people too, why does this happen?

By the way , I have seen this thread but it's more about the intensity of the memory rather than how the memories fit into the timeline of our mind vs the timeline of the realworld.


问:
What could measuring the N400 response to stimuli of inconsistent stereotypes tell us?
I'm working on a project proposal for a class on intergroup relations and thought this might be interesting to observe. Participants would be shown consistent stereotypical video clips (e.g. Asian's doing rubics cubes, white girl ordering a psl, etc.), neutral video clips (kid going to school????) and inconsistent (female car mechanic, male nurse). We would then observe the N400 component and recall accuracy after maybe a 48 hour time period.

I am hoping this would give more insight into how well people can retain inconsistent schemas, what the cognitive load of making sense of inconsistent schemas are in relation to other variable types of N400 stimulation (such as language), and how this impacts memory.

I would really appreciate feedback on the design. I honestly really like the idea and I haven't seen anything like it. If you have seen a similar study, or want to point out errors in the experimental design that would be great! Also, comment on study implications you can think of.

If you think it's just altogether a terrible idea, I will not be offended either! That is what scientific communities are for after all.


问:
Psychological explanation for uncontrollable laughter and apparent symptoms of drunkenness in charismatic Christian congregations?
Holy laughter and spiritual drunkenness are two very correlated experiences that have been reported many times in charismatic Christian congregations. Quoting Wikipedia:

Holy laughter is a term used within charismatic Christianity that describes a religious behaviour in which individuals spontaneously laugh during church meetings. It has occurred in many revivals throughout church history, but it became normative in the early 1990s in Neo-charismatic churches and the Third Wave of the Holy Spirit. Many people claimed to experience this phenomenon at a large revival in Toronto, Ontario, Canada known as the Toronto Blessing.

Spiritual drunkenness refers to a phenomenon seen in some Christian denominations, particularly those associated with Pentecostalism and the Charismatic Movement, in which individuals who are said to be experiencing intense momentary visitations of—or even possession by—the Holy Spirit exhibit a range of behaviors resembling signs of moderate to severe alcoholic inebriation, including unsteadiness, uncontrollable laughter, silly expressions or gestures, verbal or nonverbal shouting (not typically in the form of glossolalia), sudden intense fatigue, and temporary unconsciousness. The phenomenon typically occurs during Pentecostal and charismatic church services, usually at the prompting of a preacher or pastor, and most often involving multiple members of a congregation at a time, generally after having been "transferred" from one person to another via respiratory blowing or laying on of hands.

The phenomenon has been videotaped, and after some searching I managed to find quite a few illustrative examples. Here are some: example 1, example 2, example 3, example 4, example 5, example 6, example 7, example 8, example 9, example 10, example 11.

Question: what is a psychological explanation for uncontrollable laughter and apparent symptoms of drunkenness in charismatic Christian congregations?

Possibly related question: Can a person be hypnotized to act drunk?

Addendum

This is what I was able to find after spending some time on Google Scholar:

The Global Pentecostalization of Christianity and its Ethical Consequences (link)

A Kobylinski - Chicago Studies, 2016 - academia.edu

One of the phenomena typical for Pentecostal spirituality are psychosomatic symptoms, occurring during many prayer meetings in the form of convulsions, spasmodic laughter, or what is called resting in the Spirit. Andrzej Migda points out that, in the psychology of religion, such behaviours are classified as manifestations of “altered states of consciousness.” He believes that the “Pentecostal psychosomatic phenomena occur due to the same psychic mechanisms that enable shaman trances, walking on hot coals, or dervish dancing.” New members of charismatic communities are trained in achieving such ecstatic and mystical states.

I looked up Andrzej Migda, who is cited as the source of the claim, and found out that, according to https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentekostalizm, he appears to be one of several Polish researchers who have investigated the Pentecostal movement:

The leading researcher of the Pentecostal movement was Walter J. Hollenweger (1927–2016), called "the founding father of research on pentecostalism." In his honor, in 2002 , the Center for Interdisciplinary Studies on Pentecostalism and Charismatic Movements was established at the Free University of Amsterdam . Hollenweger (Hollenweger Center for Interdisciplinary Studies of Pentecostalism and Charismatic Movements), which is a leading research center on this religious phenomenon [45] . In Poland, studies on pentecostalism are dealt with, among others, by prof. Zbigniew Pasek [46] , prof. Andrzej Siemieniewski , Dr. Edward Czajko , Dr. Leszek Jańczuk , Dr.Marek Kamiński , Dr. Andrzej Migda , Dr. Henryk Ryszard Tomaszewski or Fr. dr hab. Andrzej Kobyliński.

I then tried to search for peer-reviewed publications by these authors, but couldn't find anything conclusive about "holy laughter" or "spiritual drunkenness". To be honest, I am not aware of any peer-reviewed publication that has scientifically investigated the causes of these phenomena.


问:
Is it possible to get rid of fear completely?
Is it possible to get rid of fear completely.

By fear i do not mean phobias but all kinds of fear whether it is rational(like to fear of getting kill by a tiger) and irrational fear(like phobias).


问:
Do people with sociopathy, neuroticism need medical attention?
Do people with sociopathy, neuroticism need medical attention? I thought people with dark traits don't need medication unless it causes them to have problem functioning in society like working with other people and getting along with their colleagues. Most DSM V definitions seem to suggest that they're not conditions that need medical attention unless it does cause them difficulty functioning. I am correct in saying this, how am I wrong if I am wrong?</p>


问:
Is losing faith the same with learned helplessness?
According to Merriam-Webster, the definition of Lose Faith In is:

to no longer believe that (someone or something) can be trusted

For example: lost faith in government, in love, in humanity, in oneself, in life, etc.

Is this the same with Learned Helplessness? Or at least a type of it? Because learned helplessness can be classically conditioned, which "lose faith in" doesn't seem to imply. However, it seems that learned helplessness can also be occurred solely in one's belief.

If I don't believe that I can have any chance to become the president of the USA, am I having learned helplessness? If I think there is a small possibility, but it's just too small that it isn't worth my effort to try, so it's just simpler to say that I don't have any chance, am I having learned helplessness?

Related:

• Does the “learned” in “learned helplessness” refer specifically to behaviorism's conditioning?

• How does one escape learned helplessness?

• What is the difference between conditioning and learning?


问:
Psychology of cheaters
I am curious to know that what kind of psychological factors influence serial cheaters. Infidelity or adultery both are considered immoral in majority of civilized societies around the world. But it doesn't stop here In many societies its generally believed that cheaters don't change their behaviour easily.

Once a cheater always a cheater.

I also did some research and know that cheaters have narcissistic personality disorders. They think that they are the most beautiful or important people around.

Are there any other factors which may effect the behavior of serial cheaters?

I'm thinking of factors like oppression at home, overly strict parents, childhood trauma, etcetera.

What kind of kicks may change their behavior?

Title: Psychology of cheaters


问:
Can Telegram, Whatsapp and Discord groups be addictive?
Can groups on Whatsapp, Telegram and Discord potentially addictive? They provide powerful social rewards like being constantly connected to a large number of people and endless streams of content. Also they provide fodder for repeated cue reward cycles when you're constantly checking for updates.</p>


问:
Is Mark Manson's meta-feeling table based on any theory?
Mark Manson from the article Fuck Your Feelings introduces this table of what he calls "meta-feelings":

Feeling Bad About Feeling Bad (Self-Loathing)

Excessive self-criticism

Anxious/Neurotic behavior

Suppression of emotions

Engage in a lot of fake niceness/politeness

Feeling as though something is wrong with you

Feeling Bad About Feeling Good (Guilt)

Chronic guilt and feeling as though you don’t deserve happiness

Constant comparison of yourself to others

Feeling as though something should be wrong, even if everything is great

Unnecessary criticism and negativity

Feeling Good About Feeling Bad (Self-Righteousness)

Moral indignation

Condescension towards others

Feeling as though you deserve something others don’t

Seeking out a constant sense of powerlessness and victimization

Feeling Good About Feeling Good (Ego/Narcissism)

Self-congratulatory

Chronically overestimate yourself; a delusionally-positive self-perception

Unable to handle failure or rejection

Avoids confrontation or discomfort

Constant state of self-absorption

Is this chart based on any theory? At first it seems like to be the same with meta-emotion, but reading that I feel like meta-emotion is more about parenting style, and focusing more on feeling bad about feelings (the top quadrants).

Here are the four types of meta-emotions (Bailen et al. 2019):

Meta-emotions can be classified into four types: negative-negative (e.g., feeling embarrassed about feeling sad), negative-positive (e.g., feeling guilty about feeling happy), positive-positive (e.g., feeling hopeful about feeling relieved), and positive-negative (e.g., feeling pleased about feeling angry)

The positive-negative and positive-positive emotions in meta-emotion doesn't seem to match with the bottom row of the table (self-righteousness and ego/narcissism). The chart also reminds me more about moral emotions.

References

Bailen, N. H., Wu, H., & Thompson, R. J. (2019). Meta-emotions in daily life: Associations with emotional awareness and depression. Emotion, 19(5), 776–787. https://doi.org/10.1037/emo0000488


问:
What is the psychological explanation for misrepresented common understanding?
If a person (say your boss) thinks you are on the same page but you are not. Basically, they believe that you agree with them but you don't. There is a gap between their ability to recognize a dissonance between your view and theirs. I was so sure there was a term to describe this (having never studied psychology). Is there?

Could this be in the area of gaslighting?


问:
Given a limited amount of time and an unlimited access to resources. Do the majority of people tend to solve a problem the "quick and dirty" way?
In my field of work (Manufacturing), I've noticed this behavior quite often.
It doesn't matter how much resources they have, if they are under pressure, most people will try to solve a specific problem the fastest way possible, without taking the time to look for better alternatives.

While it might not apply to everyone, I've seen this pattern often enough to wonder if there's some studies around this particular subject ?

Any documents that could help me understand would be really appreciated !


问:
About the relation of the smell and costumers willing to buy (Neuromarketing Field)
I am trying to find some academic paper or the internet posts about The effect of concentration and type of odor (irritating or relaxing) on the willingness of customers for buy.

So I searched the above terms on the Google scholar and found the below results:

The effect of concentration and type of odor (irritating or relaxing) on the willingness of customers for buy

So, if possible, I am trying to find out, does the higher level of fragrance (odor) on the shopping place, decrease the Buyer understands the price range?

Thanks.


问:
Does the way we see the world in vision change with age?
I clearly remember a period in my youth where the world looked better, more colorful.

Cartoons and videogames, drawings and pictures seemed higher resolution.

Around the age of 15 I started noticing more details about the same things I was used to always see...

Some things I have seen for almost an entire decade at this point, so it is improbable that I was simply distracted, and I can clearly remember how things looked like to the smallest details...now they look different.

I have no idea how to research this, what do I google? What am I even supposed to search?

I only have two hypothesis, maybe my vision got better with age and now I can see the details or actually lack of details in cartoons and various pictures and I can notice the ugly details of the world, maybe this distracts me from the colours making everything look less intense.

I know for a fact that my vision did not get worse as my left eye is now 10/10 like always and my right eye went from 2/10 to 4.5/10. But this is a lazy eye condition and my brain never uses my right eye unless I close my left one. Basically I have always had monocular vision because the right side of my view is just fog therefore my brain ignores it and removes it from my vision. Even if I focused and really wanted it, I can't see with both eyes at once.

My other idea is that maybe as a child everything new just seemed more wonderful to me and my mind just imagined all that extra colour.

Are there any sources regarding this situation?


问:
What is the Reason Behind This Individuals Variability in Raven's 2 Clinical Edition Scores?
The Raven's 2 Clinical Edition developed by Pearson features an item bank comprised of questions numbering in the hundreds.

Because of this each test differs from the other with possible combinations of different questions numbering in the millions. This was developed for test security in as well as practice effect mitigation. A friend of mine has taken this test a multitude of times resulting in variable scores with a large spread. He knows he's not supposed to.

The scores of a three month long period are as follows.

144, 133, 130, 150, 140, 140, 141, 130, 135

In that order

Why is there so much variability in scores?
Which score most accurately reflects this persons intelligence quotient?
Is this correctly measured within the confidence interval or margin of error of Raven's 2.


问:
The effect of putting up a social media post of a sad event on the person's mental conditions
I know I have included a lot of sub-questions. So any partial answer addressing only parts of the question is also appreciated.

After seeing a recent post, I came to wonder the possible effects of putting up a social media post on some sad recent life event on the uploader's mental condition. As a non-psychology student, I realise my wording may be a bit vague, so I hope the following examples may help.

Suppose a guy has had a recent breakup in a romantic relationship, and puts up a social media post about it. Or for example, when someone's dear one has recently died, and then the person posts a paragraph/ picture expressing his grief on maybe Facebook or Instagram, or Tweets about it. Or maybe such a post is put up after a job loss.

Would this activity make the person feel better (compared to when people don't put up a post), however 'feeling better' is defined (I would be interested in knowing this too)?

My common sense understanding is that both sides of the argument can be defended. On the one hand, the social media post helps the person release the emotions and at least gives some sense that there is support. So it may help. On the other hand, repeated notifications of comments and reactions of people would only keep on reminding the person of the loss, and make it difficult to forget. So in this case it may hurt.
But I understand common sense is often not a good guide to psychology.

I am interested in empirical papers that address this issue. Do the effects differ from culture to culture, is it dependent on age, or class? Also, are there different ways of measuring mental wellbeing that yield different results? Also, if a person often posts on social media to feel better after sad events, will there be an effect on the person's ability to cope with sad events without the help of social media?

I am comfortable with Statistics, Econometrics and also some Psychometric methods, so technical papers are also welcome.


问:
Is transcendental meditation pseudoscience?
Is transcendental meditation pseudoscience or it is confirmed by official medical science?
Does students learn it at study and does it realy helps to cure depression,panic,fear,anexity,some diseases ?

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Em3XplqnoF4


问:
Is Cronbach's alpha used outside of psychology?
Tau-equivalent reliability ($\rho$$T$), also known as Cronbach's alpha is a widely used measure of reliability in psychological testing. I've not encountered Cronbach's alpha in other sectors. Does Cronbach's alpha have use-cases outside of psychology?


问:
How does cognitive load and learning effect compare in carousel vs. matrix views of a likert study?
I am looking for any papers or analysis on the use of a carousel vs. a matrix layout for a likert-style study.  I have the broad impression a carousel is used for images or certain studies where each item is independent, and a question like how much the subject thinks/agrees on some topic. I am interested in understanding the use of this format for ratings of words (e.g. how well do you understand this topic 1-5).

Intuitively (perhaps wrongly), I suspect the carousel would be better than a matrix layout for avoiding influence from surrounding words when evaluating the answer choice.  It also seems easier (less cognitive load) than looking at a massive list of words (>50). It would be nice to have a source for these though.

On the other hand, in the carousel view, some pilot I did received feedback that people felt their initial answers were off because they hadn't 'calibrated' themselves to understand the scope of what words there would be.  This sounds like a learning effect, but also one that is learning to be more accurate in the answers?

I have not been able to find much on this topic, but it could also be the keywords I am using for search. I also searched simply for 'carousel' on this SE, and seemingly no results.

e.g. I have found Evidence-Based Survey Design: ... series by SY Chyung.  and Likert-based vs. semantic differential-based scorings of positive psychological constructs: A psychometric comparison of two versions of a scale measuring resilience


问:
The full range of implications of LATL damage
I'm studying the phenomenon of acquired savant syndrome, and the literature I've read till now frames it as such (not a quote, just my understanding):

Savant syndrome occurs when the left anterior temporal lobe (LATL), also known as the left frontotemporal lobe, is underdeveloped. A person may acquire savant syndrome by incurring brain damage or illness in the LATL, such as frontotemporal dementia (FTD) or a head trauma. The reason this can give people savant-like talents lies in the LATL's function. It suppresses details in order to grasp the bigger picture, or rather, the bigger picture relevant to survival. One's brain does notice all the minute details of an animal, but this minutia is not accessible to the conscious mind because the LATL suppresses it in order to efficiently inform the body and mind about whether the animal is dangerous or food.

By diminishing the LATL's ability to function, one diminishes its active suppression of details, allowing for a much more in-depth understanding. What's a bit paradoxical to me is that by suppressing the part of the brain that removes everything but the "big picture meaning" of auditory and visual stimuli, you're able to see the "big picture meaning", only a different kind. You may be able to see the philosophical, mathematical or scientific big picture (i.e. the implications and position of the stimuli within these fields). Basically, the LATL is concerned with survival and focuses on the implications the stimuli has on this, not allowing for a more abstract perspective on the stimuli. With the LATL working 100%, music would just be a collection of sounds with different danger signalling, but with the LATL not working 100%, the sounds, and their composition, can be abstracted further into the land of non-survival related emotion and they can be abstracted into auditory representations of concepts.

Not sure if my understanding is correct. Also, if I'm not mistaken, there is some discussion about whether the LATL sees the bigger picture in relation to survival, or if it sees the bigger picture in relation to social interaction (or both).

So, given that this is the reason for acquired savant syndrome; why does OCD often come along with it, why is the communication between the frontal lobe and visual cortex strengthened by injury to the LATL (this is the mechanism which allows those with savant syndrome to visualize and visually remember memories at a greater level) and why is semantic memory devastated with those with FTD. It would make sense to me that injury to the LATL would strengthen semantic memory, given how pieces of semantic memory may gain more significance meaning-wise, since there no longer is a suppression of the nuances in said memory that don't pertain to survival and/or social interaction. Is the destruction of semantic memory only present in people with FTD, perhaps implying that this destruction of semantic memory happens for a different reason that damage to the LATL? Since the part of the brain that (at least potentially) processes the meaning of things relevant to social interaction, does this lower the EQ of people with acquired savant syndrome?


问:
Is High IQ equivalently a disorder like Low IQ
I was reading on the increased likelihood of mental disorders with high IQ. Bad News for the Highly Intelligent.  I'm not sure I buy into the arguments completely but it does make me think that High IQ could be a disorder in itself.  Assuming an average IQ is the optimum operating condition for a healthy brain, any significant deviation from that would mean the brain is operating outside its "designed" parameters.  I imagine it's similar to a cpu running at an increased clock speed.  It will be beneficial for in the short term for the user but wear and tear will take its toll eventually.

Furthermore, I would think that brains working at either extremes low and high IQ would have similar predispositions toward mental illness and would differ only in the types of disorders.

My question is, in practice how does High IQ come into play when treating mental illness and diagnosis?  Some medication has a negative impact on cognition, does that also help in patients with High IQ?


问:
Looking for a study featuring a self-reflection growth/distribution curve
What I mean is a graph that would either feature:

a histogram of self-reflection distribution in the general population

a curve reflecting the growth in self-reflection resulting from a therapy or a self-improvement effort

I have a hypothesis such a curve should be exponential, as self-reflection allows one to suppress the self-serving defensive mechanisms.


问:
Does yoga affect music?
I am currently studying for a bachelor's degree in psychology, as part of the degree, I was asked to conduct a study during which I will examine the interaction effect of yoga and music and their effect on anxiety.
In order to substantiate the research hypothesis, I must find a finding that shows that yoga affects music in some way, for example, that yoga increases the ability to pay attention to music.
Are you familiar with that kind of finding?</p>

Title: Does yoga affect music?


问:
Are there established psychological reasons why many see the world from a “dualism” perspective?
By dualism, I’m referring to the tendency of seeing two sides of an issue that appears to be connected yet different. This has been described as dualism, dialectic, etc, by various sources.

For instance, the tendency to see good and evil as two importance opposing forces; the historical East Asian philosophy of seeing the world in terms of “yin” and “yang”, etc.

There seems to be no strong reason to think of the world as naturally exhibiting dualism. However, people —- and especially those in history —- often tend to perceive dualism.

Are there any psychological or neurological findings that can shed light on this phenomenon?


问:
What happens when we put attention on something for longer time
I have noticed and it must be a common experience for many of people that when they

put attention for extended period of time which could be as little as 15 minutes

or could span over days something occurs a deeper understanding of the subject etc.

This has been mentioned by great scientist like Newton etc attributing his scientific

discoveries to ability to put attention on a subject for longer period of time.

I wanted to know if some psychologist has done some research over this area

What exactly is this attention and what results from it. At one level it seems mysterious

Any references/books/examples etc.


问:
Is there a mechanism behind savantism shared by all savant cases (both congenital and acquired)?
Kim Peek (the real-life inspiration for Raymond Babbitt in Rain Man) had a spectacular case of savantism. He also had disabilities, like missing his corpus callosum and anterior commissure, leaving the hemispheres of his brain abnormally connected. I can't say they were less connected than in other people, since apparently unusual connections developed between his hemispheres, and if this netted him a higher or lower interhemispheric connectivity, I don't know. I say apparently, because this Wikipedia article mentions it, but the sources cited do not.

Here's my non-expert suspicion on the (at least primary) source of Peek's savantism: the lack or reduction of contrahemispheric inhibition, caused by the agenesis of the corpus callosum and anterior commissure, similar to how the Sprague effect works, where destruction of the right colliculus, or severing of the connection between the colliculi, abolishes the inhibition of the right colliculus upon the left colliculus (Kapur et al., 1996, p. 2). The removal of this inhibition allows for certain cognitive abilities to flourish, but it may have diminished other cognitive abilities (or maybe his disabilities were caused by other implications of his under-/maldevelopment). This explanation of mine may be completely false though.

Now, Peek's case is almost the opposite of other cases, where it is right hemispheric compensation for left hemispheric lesioning that causes savantism (Treffert, 2009, section h). For this to happen though, there must be a strong connection between the hemispheres to begin with, as the higher connectivity allows for a higher ability to redirect node strength to the right hemisphere in response to damage in the left hemisphere (Bartolomeo & Thiebaut de Schotten, 2016 p. 11)

The fact that the cause of savantism is in some cases the high or at least sufficient interhemispheric connectivity of the two hemisphere that causes enhanced cognitive function after unilateral lesioning, whereas in other cases it is the lack or reduction of contralateral inhibition (positively correlated with lower interhemispheric connectivity), tells me there's a great diversity in mechanisms leading to savantism, perhaps causing the great diversity of ability between different savant cases. The lack of a single theory then makes me wonder; are there criteria of cerebral affectation that must be met for savantism to occur? Are there certain mechanisms that underpin all savant cases?

This article makes it seems like all there is to savantism is injury to the left anterior temporal lobe (LATL), which reduces the LATL's suppression of the minutia of stimulus in favor of the "bigger picture" that's only concerned with the stimulus' implications on survival and/or social interaction (depending on which theory one is following). Given how this  article is the most recently written of my citations here, perhaps this article shows the conclusion of what causes savantism, the other articles having been written in a time of uncertainty?


问:
How much credence can you give to human cognitive studies using mice?
This question is concerning the question, How does the brain’s visual memory work? and the Neuroscience News (2020) article linked in an answer, talking about false memories.

I have discussed false memories in answers to PTSD based on false memories and Can people improve their memory by training themselves to recall previously forgotten memories? and the article Neuroscience News is talking about (Zinn, et al. 2020) talks of the possibility of altering false memories,

the potential of updating to modify the contextual content of memory suggests a novel approach to exposure therapy

which in a sense, to me, is daft as you are potentially creating a new false memory.

Anyway, on the subject of Zinn, et al (2020), I am not completely convinced by the article in Neuroscience News talking about a study using mice.

While these findings come from studies in mice, this research is likely to apply across many animals with developed brains, including other mammals and humans. They might also tie in with dementias, where the main memory-related problem is an apparent inability to form accurate new memories.

Being from a psychology background and not neuroscience, I understand there are ethics involved with studying humans in this way, but how do we know the same effects will in fact happen with humans?  Plus, surely you cannot actually study visual memory with mice as you cannot communicate with them.

Has it been demonstrated in any scientific way that mice remember things in the same way as humans?

References

Neuroscience News (2020). Brain’s ‘updating mechanisms’ may create false memories https://neurosciencenews.com/updating-mechanism-false-memory-16438/

Zinn, R., Leake, J., Krasne, F. B., Corbit, L. H., Fanselow, M. S., & Vissel, B. (2020). Maladaptive properties of context-impoverished memories. Current Biology, 30(12), 2300-2311. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2020.04.040


问:
Does replacing social media use with solitary activities alleviate loneliness?
Many studies about problematic social media use have suggested that social media increases loneliness. The typical hypothesis given is that social media displaces time spent in face-to-face social interactions. I cannot help but wonder:

Would engaging in solitary constructive activities (e.g. reading, art) provide a decrease in loneliness compared to using social media? In other words, could even solitary behaviours -- rather than face-to-face interactions -- provide a decrease in loneliness, when they replace the use of social media?


问:
Regarding a subconscious memory faculty
I 've been fascinated by the following technique which I read some time ago. It goes as follows:

If you forget something and you can't remember it e.g. somebody's name, try with full intention and conscious effort to recollect it for 10 minutes (but without success usually). Then "command your subconscious" to continue searching for the thing that your try to remember. At the same time, you must forget entirely about the subject and get busy on doing something else.

After some time (a few hours or the next morning), once you think about the same subject the missing thing will suddenly "pop" into your memory, as if it was waiting for your conscious attention.

Actually, I 've had the chance to use the method on four occasions, to remember the name of three persons and one mathematical theorem that I couldn't remember. I resisted the urge to look up the information. At times it felt that it was very unlikely it would work (because it was about information I had forgotten a very long time ago), but it actually did work. Every successful act of the method increased my confidence that we can remember a lot more than will usually think, but it requires patience.

I am convinced that the sudden "pop" of the fact is not random, but actually the result of some subconscious  search process.

So, here goes my two questions:

Has this subconscious mental phenomenon and it's inner workings been studied in the literature (psychology or neuroscience), and is there a name for it?

Do you know of any  similar practical techniques that utilize subconscious processing but are not about recollection?

P.S. Excuse me if have mixed up word choice for subconscious or unconscious

Title: Regarding a subconscious memory faculty


问:
Searching for remote job offer for psychologies expertise
I am curious about finding some site or forum for remote job offer or volunteer job opportunities for people with a Master in Psychology From middle east countries  (For example Iran country).

I have searched for psychology remote job offer and I found some results like the below post:

But as i am not expert in this filed, I asked here to find out better result.

Thanks.


问:
How important is it for a child to have a limited number of caregivers?
In the context of instituational child care, I have heard that a child needs to form an attachment with a limited number of people to function properly. However, now when I tried to find some sources for this claim, I have only found studies which say

It may be connected to the simple time and energy a caregiver has per child (Schipper, 2006; Palmerus, 1991)

Some evidence suggests quality institutional daycare of preschool children doesn't disrupt their parental attachment.

Polyamorous families don't seem to be a disadvantage in raising healthy children

So is the number of important caregivers something important?


问:
Non-binary scores for backward digit span (BDS)
A common test of memory span is to display or utter a sequence of numbers and then request that a candidate being assessed repeat that sequence of numbers in reverse order. Typically, the candidate's score is the length of the longest sequence that he or she repeated correctly.

Thus, to each sequence produced by the candidate it is assigned a score in $\{0,1\}$, where score $0$ denotes incorrect and score $1$ denotes correct. However, what if the candidate does produce a sequence that differs from the correct sequence merely due to, say, two numbers having been swapped? Does this sequence deserve a score of $0$? In my most humble opinion, permuting the reverse of the given sequence should not be a deadly sin, though it should be penalized.

Is there any work on scoring sequences in which the scores are in $[0,1]$ rather than in $\{0,1\}$?

I thought of using the Levenshtein and Damerau-Levenshtein distances and found several papers on Google Scholar. However, since we are working with sequences of numbers rather than sequences of characters, perhaps other metrics would be more appropriate.  I am an utter neophyte, am not familiar with the jargon in the field of psychometrics and I am not convinced that number of citations is a great proxy for quality. Thus, I would rather ask the experts (or non-neophytes).  I am happy to start a bounty to motivate those who have invested time and effort in learning psychometrics to post an answer. An answer listing good papers would be excellent.

Related:

How to reliably measure working memory capacity?


问:
Does LATL damage impair one's ability to see the bigger picture?
It is the theory of Allan Snyder that the underlying mechanism of savantism is an access to "lower-level, less-processed information, before its packaged into holistic concepts and meaningful labels." (Snyder, 2009). This theory of his builds on the theory that Savant Syndrome is caused by lesioning in the left anterior temporal lobe, which is responsible for seeing the implications stimulus has on survival and/or social interaction. This is where "the bigger picture" is often mentioned, the implications on survival and/or social interaction being defined as the bigger picture, which is true from an evolutionary perspective.

However, in the theory that says that the underlying mechanism of savantism is a hyper-focus on the details and thus a neglect of the bigger picture, is this "bigger picture" the surivival/social context, or is it the conceptual context (in a more general sense)? I'll explain my question with an example:

Let's say someone describes a person with a set of injuries putting them in a life threatening condition. The person receiving the description has LATL damage / savantism as described by Snyder's theory.

Following the first interpretation, where the "bigger picture" is the survival/social context, this is how the savant will respond.

They will absorb all the details facts of the injuries, and would be able to recall this perfectly (given they're a typical savant with a great memory capacity and recall). However, they would not as well at a neurotypical person see the social implications, and would therefore be less likely to remember to act socially appropriately given how someone's injured. They may conclude something unpleasant from the facts given, and state this conclusion without any cushioning, as they're forgetting the social implications of the meaning of what they're saying/about to say. I know not all theories of the LATL implicate it in social processing, but the same logic could be applied to a different theory.

The second interpretation, where the "bigger picture" is the conceptually bigger picture. Here, it's about not just seeing all the individual details, but being able to piece them together into a larger picture. According to this interpretation, savants are less able to do this.

In this scenario, the savant would absorb all the details as before. However, compared to a neurotypical person also knowledgeable in medicine, they would be less likely to realize the combinatorial effect of all these facts they know so well. Let's say the combinatorial effect is; given all these injuries, this person will die. This interpretation of a savant might not realize this, because although they can absorb and recall and the nitty gritty details of the person's condition, they are worse at seeing the bigger picture that these details create (unless that bigger picture is explicitly stated of course).

So, which of these interpretations is correct? Are savants worse at piecing together all the details into an understanding of the larger idea? Or, do savants just lack the ability to see the implications these details have on social interaction and survival? Or, is it both? Or, is it neither?


问:
Can't understand the proof of the Time-Rescaling theorem
I was reading the following paper: The time-rescaling theorem and its application to neural spike train data analysis
and I have some difficulties understanding the proof of the time-rescaling-theorem.
Here is the first part of the demonstration, my main concern is about the form of the Jacobian of the transformation between $u_k$ and $\tau_k$, so it's not particularly important to understand every bit of information provided below, however, I report part of the paper to add a little bit of context:

Time-Rescaling Theorem.

Let $0<u_{1}<u_{2}<, \ldots,<u_{n}<T$ be a realization from a point process with a conditional intensity function $\lambda\left(t \mid H_{t}\right)$ satisfying $0<\lambda\left(t \mid H_{t}\right)$ for all $t \in(0, T] .$ Define the transformation
$$
\Lambda\left(u_{k}\right)=\int_{0}^{u_{k}} \lambda\left(u \mid H_{u}\right) d u
$$
for $k=1, \ldots, n$, and assume $\Lambda(t)<\infty$ with probability one for all $t \in(0, T]$. Then the $\Lambda\left(u_{k}\right)$ 's are a Poisson process with unit rate.

Proof.

Let $\tau_{k}=\Lambda\left(u_{k}\right)-\Lambda\left(u_{k-1}\right)$ for $k=1, \ldots, n$ and set $\tau_{T} = \int_{u_n}^{T} \lambda\left(u \mid H_{u}\right) d u$. To establish the result, it suffices to show that the $\tau_{k}$s are independent and identically distributed exponential random variables with mean one. Because the $\tau_{k}$ transformation is one-to-one and $\tau_{n+1}>\tau_{T}$ if and only if $u_{n+1}>T$, the joint probability density of the $\tau_{k}$ 's is
$$
\begin{array}{l}
f\left(\tau_{1}, \tau_{2}, \ldots, \tau_{n} \cap \tau_{n+1}>\tau_{T}\right)
=f\left(\tau_{1}, \ldots, \tau_{n}\right) \operatorname{Pr}\left(\tau_{n+1}>\tau_{T} \mid \tau_{1}, \ldots, \tau_{n}\right)
\end{array}
$$
The following two events are equivalent
$$
\left\{\tau_{n+1}>\tau_{T} \mid \tau_{1}, \ldots, \tau_{n}\right\}=\left\{u_{n+1}>T \mid u_{1}, u_{2}, \ldots, u_{n}\right\}
$$
Hence
$$
\color{black}{
\begin{aligned}
\operatorname{Pr}\left(\tau_{n+1}>\tau_{T} \mid \tau_{1}, \tau_{2}, \ldots, \tau_{n}\right) &=\operatorname{Pr}\left(u_{n+1}>T \mid u_{1}, u_{2}, \ldots, u_{n}\right) \\
&=\exp \left\{-\int_{u_n}^{T} \lambda\left(u \mid H_{u_{n}}\right) d u\right\} \\
&=\exp\left\{-\tau_T\right\}
\end{aligned}
}
$$
where the last equality follows from the definition of $\tau_T$.

By the multivariate change-of-variable formula (Port, 1994) we have that
$$
f\left(\tau_{1}, \tau_{2}, \ldots, \tau_{n}\right)=|J| f\left(u_{1}, u_{2}, \ldots, u_{n} \cap N\left(u_{n}\right)=n\right)
$$
where $|J|$ is the determinant of the  Jacobian matrix $J$ of the transformation between $u_{j}, j=1, \ldots, n$ and $\tau_{k}, k=1, \ldots, n$.

Now, since we're talking about the transformation from $u_{j}, j=1, \ldots, n$ to $\tau_{k}, k=1, \ldots, n$ I'd expect the Jacobian to look like:

$$
J =
\begin{bmatrix}
\frac{\partial \tau_1}{\partial u_1} & \frac{\partial \tau_1}{\partial u_2} & \dots &\frac{\partial \tau_1}{\partial u_n} \\
\frac{\partial \tau_2}{\partial u_1} & \frac{\partial \tau_2}{\partial u_2} & \dots &\frac{\partial \tau_2}{\partial u_n} \\
\vdots & \vdots & \ddots &\vdots \\
\frac{\partial \tau_n}{\partial u_1} & \frac{\partial \tau_n}{\partial u_2} & \dots &\frac{\partial \tau_n}{\partial u_n}
\end{bmatrix}
$$
And, given the fact that
$$
\tau_{k}=\Lambda\left(u_{k}\right)-\Lambda\left(u_{k-1}\right) = \int_{0}^{u_{k}} \lambda\left(u \mid H_{u}\right) du - \int_{0}^{u_{k-1}} \lambda\left(u \mid H_{u}\right) du = \int_{u_{k-1}}^{u_{k}} \lambda\left(u \mid H_{u}\right) du
$$

From the first fundamental theorem of calculus we know that $\frac{d}{d x} \int_{a}^{x} f(t) d t=f(x)$, so
$$
\frac{\partial \tau_k}{\partial u_k} =
\frac{\partial}{\partial u_k}\int_{u_{k-1}}^{u_{k}} \lambda\left(u \mid H_{u}\right) du =  \lambda\left(u_k \mid H_{u_k}\right)
$$

Which would translate to

$$
J =
\begin{bmatrix}
\frac{\partial \tau_1}{\partial u_1} & 0 & \dots & 0 \\
0 & \frac{\partial \tau_2}{\partial u_2} & \dots & 0 \\
\vdots & \vdots & \ddots &\vdots \\
0 & 0 & \dots &\frac{\partial \tau_n}{\partial u_n}
\end{bmatrix}
$$

$$
J =
\begin{bmatrix}
\lambda\left(u_1 \mid H_{u_1}\right) & 0 & \dots & 0 \\
0 & \lambda\left(u_2 \mid H_{u_2}\right) & \dots & 0 \\
\vdots & \vdots & \ddots &\vdots \\
0 & 0 & \dots &  \lambda\left(u_n \mid H_{u_n}\right)
\end{bmatrix}
$$

However, the paper continues as:

Because $\tau_{k}$ is a function of $\color{black}{u_{1}, \ldots, u_{k}}, J$ is a lower triangular matrix, and its determinant is the product of its diagonal elements defined as $|J|=\left|\prod_{k=1}^{n} J_{k k}\right| .$

By assumption $0<\lambda\left(t \mid H_{t}\right)$ and the definition of $\tau_{k}$, the mapping of $u$ into $\tau$ is one-to-one. Therefore, by the inverse differentiation theorem (Protter & Morrey, 1991), the diagonal elements of $J$ are
$$
J_{k k}=\frac{\partial u_{k}}{\partial \tau_{k}}=\lambda\left(u_{k} \mid H_{u_{k}}\right)^{-1}
$$

So apparently the correct Jacobian is

$$
J =
\begin{bmatrix}
\frac{\partial u_1}{\partial \tau_1} & \frac{\partial u_1}{\partial\tau_2} & \dots &\frac{\partial u_1}{\partial\tau_n} \\
\frac{\partial u_2}{\partial \tau_1} & \frac{\partial u_2}{\partial\tau_2} & \dots &\frac{\partial u_2}{\partial\tau_n} \\
\vdots & \vdots & \ddots &\vdots \\
\frac{\partial u_n}{\partial \tau_1} & \frac{\partial u_n}{\partial\tau_2} & \dots &\frac{\partial u_n}{\partial\tau_n}
\end{bmatrix}
$$

and the matrix is lower-triangular.

What am I doing wrong? Which elements of the Jacobian are indeed non-zeros?

Thanks


问:
About the growing path of every mechanism on the psychology defense system
About the growing path of every mechanism on the psychology defense systemI Have seen the below video which is about the Freud’s 5 Stages of Psychosexual Development:

Also i  have seen the psychology defense mechanisms, and i guess those defense mechanisms have fuzzy rules and have high relationship to each other, especially to their neighborhood mechanisms on their defense level!.

So, i try to online track my defense system, and detect being on every one of 4 defense level by at moment measuring the correlation of every detected mechanism by the other Mechanism on the level of that mechanism.

But if i have some growing pattern map for the psychology defense mechanism, it could help to better online tracking and detecting and up or downing the mechanism levels.

So, I guess at the academic papers or the internet posts, there must exist some growing pattern like shown below:

If possible, i like to know how could find that path of growing every psychology defense mechanism, and find some growing pattern like said on above video for every defense mechanism as a growing Child pattern?

And finally if the above mechanism are made from unconscious mind, and are hard to be detected and the above classification is so hard to be done!, I like to find some search tag for finding the new methods to track those mechanisms by running some experiments or seeing the computer simulation results on this field which could be done based of the new technologies like freud robots or ...!

Thanks.


问:
Similarities and differences among Internal Family Systems, Shadow Work, and Schema Therapy
I'm interested in knowing more about Internal Family Systems, Shadow Work, and Schema Therapy, in relation to each other. All 3 appear to provide a way to become a more integrated person.

I have 4 questions about these, which could fill a book, so I will ask each in its own post.

First question: What are the similarities and differences among them?


问:
A self-motivational technique - authorization of results - looking for origins
I have recently read an article that describes a technique called "authorization of results". The technique suggests a particular protocol of self-reviewing any achieved result of a completed task:

define a desired outcome - prior to the task, then after completion go over the next steps, preferably in writing

describe the situation prior to the task completion

describe your actions performed to complete it in "I"-statements in active voice

describe the achieved result and confirm that it matches the desired outcome

describe how the achieved result will benefit you

The purpose of the technique is to create a positive emotional response of a completion and satisfaction that will serve as a reward and so improve future motivation.

The original source is in Russian and it does not cite any origins of this technique. Author mentions that she learned this protocol from some teaching materials on children with difficulties in learning and concentration, and that she is not able to track these materials anymore. Here's a link to the source (Russian): https://vk.com/@ntukkel-99-avtorizaciya-rezultata-anna-obuhova?ref=group_block

I have tried to search for these in both Russian and English unsuccessfully, so I suspect that author might remember the name of the technique somewhat incorrectly, or origins may be it yet another language, etc.

I am interested in any hints as to what it may sound like and where this technique could actually stem from.


问:
Has research established a negative relation between gender-neutral language and gender stereotyping of known individuals?
There has been some research on the effect of gender-neutral language on gender stereotypes. For instance, Lindqvist et al. (2017) studied the effect of gendered and non-gendered pronouns on participants classification of candidates to a real estate position. They concluded that explicitly created gender-neutral pronouns, such as the Swedish hen or the English ze, were more effective at reducing bias in favor of men than pre-existing neutral alternatives.

That research, and some similar studies, focuses on gender bias in situations where the subject's gender is unknown.

However, has there been any research on the effect of gender-neutral language on gender stereotypes for people with binary gender identities whose gender is known? For instance, whether talking about a woman with a gendered pronoun ("she") activates gendered stereotypes more than talking about them with a non-gendered description  ("they," "the scientist"). Has this research established or not established any effect?

References

Lindqvist, A., Renström, E. A., & Sendén, M. G. (2019). Reducing a male bias in language? Establishing the efficiency of three different gender-fair language strategies. Sex Roles, 81(1), 109-117. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-018-0974-9