问:
Does Ativan / lorazepam ever cause unconsciousness, or only memory loss?
An Ativan injection, probably 20-min after the event, erased my memory starting 30-min prior to the event until (maybe 1-hour or so?) after the event. Because of memory loss, the injuries were the only reason I know something happened to me.

Initially, I'd just described myself as having been "unconscious" to explain my 100% lack of memories. CLEARLY though, as I think about "what just happened to me???", consciousness as an explanation for loss of memory prior to the event is ridiculous.

Ativan / Lorazepam clearly wiped my memory starting 50-min prior to the injection, and then after the injection the transport to ER, ER xrays, a blood test, and stitches to my face.

So... was it likely I was ever conscious during that extended memory loss period. Maybe talking to the EMTs? Able to describe the event, before the injected Ativan overwhelmed me and erased my memory?

Is that how it works? I was interacting with EMTS and ER people then, "zap" my memory was erased?

OR

The Ativan injection made me so passive, I was unaware of my surroundings and Ativan also blocked memories from forming (however that happens in the brain). I was in an ambulance. I was getting xrays. I was getting stitches. The stitches were 4 on my face, so Ativan was either a pain killer or they gave me something.

This is important , during my memory loss period, is it possible I was talking and making decisions?


问:
Why does asking opinion helps making choices?
You probably notice that you have have choice to make but you feel no preference for a certain option, you tend to ask for others opinion. When they give their opinion, you certainly noticed that you can make a choice, which you couldn't before asking.
For example, You have to chose between a red dress and a blue dress,but have no preference, so you ask your friend: "Should I chose the red dress or the blue dress ?" and they say "Well I would chose the blue one". After this answer, you are able to chose between red and blue. Why is this ? Also, paradoxaly, I feel like we are more tempted by the other option than the one our friend would chose.
For example, if your friend said they would pick the blue one, your are often more tempted to chose the red one instead. If you ask what they prefer between A & B and they say A, you will probably chose B. Why ?</p>

ContentLicense: CC BY-SA 4.0


问:
Choice of reference/mid-slice during SPM slice-timing-correction
I'm trying to figure out the simultaneous-multi-slice (SMS) factor for my MR acquisition, to use during slice-timing correction, in SPM12.

The DICOM header obtained during conversion (with the Matlab script dicom_sort_convert_main) is a mess, and the only variable that sounds like it could be the SMS, is: sKSpace.ucMultiSliceMode=2.

Assuming the total number of slices is nSlices=64, is it then correct that my reference slice should be the 16th one (i.e. divide nSlices by 2 to get the mid-slice, and by SMS=2 again) ? And that it is the timing of this mid-slice (irrespective of what the TR was), that I should use as a reference, in the SliceTimingCorrection SPM batch?


问:
What are the most promising technologies to aid in the detection of those who are without conscience?
Some human beings appear to be “without conscience” in that their actions in the world appear to be unrestrained by genuine care and concern for the well being of other human beings.

Some of these individuals are exceptionally skilled at gaining the trust of others while hiding their true motives.

The cost of allowing these individuals to operate freely within organizations that have the potential to do vast harm, for example a virology lab with the potential to cause a worldwide pandemic, is so high that screening such individuals rigorously for competence alone is insufficient. A single competent individual who is without conscience could, for example, sell lab animals that had been experimented on to a wet market in order to make some extra money and potentially start a worldwide pandemic.

What are the most promising technologies to assist with the detection of people whose desire to benefit themselves is unrestrained by care and concern for the welfare of other human beings?

I am currently aware of 4 but it is unclear to me how effective any of these actually are currently or have the most potential.

1: genetic testing

2: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

3: Facial Action Coding System (FACS) (perhaps aided by Artificial Intelligence)

4: reputation systems

This problem is complicated by the fact that there seem to be a number of different, and perhaps unrelated, conditions that might be responsible for the non-emergence of a conscience.

For example, the HARE checklist would seem to be a good tool for detecting psychopathy, but perhaps not for Narcissistic Personality Disorder (NPD).


问:
Approaches to assigning chores to children
I was discussing with my fiancée about our expectations of our future children to perform chores at home. While we do both agree that chores are to be performed (in accordance to the child's development), we disagree on how that should be enforced. I am looking for scientific studies on the different methods to assign children chores.

I believe there should be clear and consistent expectations, and we should try to avoid pointed asking/demanding them to perform tasks which are not "on their list". For example, say we have a 10 year-old. We could set him to clean the yard and cut the grass every Saturday, or even weekly. He could even choose when to do it, as long as the grass is clean by Sunday evening. If he doesn't do it -- say by Sunday morning -- I might have to remind him of it, escalating the warnings as necessary (for example, in the a second time I might remind him I can take the internet down until he does it). Either if there is a lot of work or not to be done, the expectation is the same: clean the yard.

On the other hand, she believes that the child should perform tasks as they are needed, whenever we ask him to do it. For example, there might not be the need to clean the yard every week. Whenever the yard is not good enough, we might ask/demand him to clean it. If the yard is good enough, or if we did it ourselves for some reason, we might ask him to perform some other task to help out around the house.

We had slightly distinct experiences growing up, and I believe this is where our different opinions stem from. I can understand (as a layman) that these different approaches will lead to different outcomes. For example, her approach could lead the child to have a broader range of habilities, whereas (I expect) mine could reduce overall stress.

So to pinpoint my question:

What are the advantages and disadvantages of different methods of assigning chores to children?

So in the end I am trying to find scientific studies on this subject. As we are both university professors (in Sciences), peer-reviewed research ought to end the discussion, at least for what approach should make everyone happier at the end.

I have tried looking up on my own for an answer, but I couldn't find a satisfying response. For reference, here's what I've found so far:

Children and Chores: A Mixed-Methods Study of Children’s Household Work in Los Angeles Families, DOI:10.1111/j.1548-1417.2009.01030.x: In the abstract:

"We suggest that while most children are aware that their working parents need help, in some families, inconsistent and unclear expectations from parents negatively affect children's participation in household work".

This is essentially my opinion. However from reading their paper I could not see where this conclusion comes from.

They also mention

"Today, most children are expected to help with household tasks, yet the level and consistency of their participation appears to vary greatly across families (Coltrane 2000)"

However, I also could not find this specific statement Coltrane 2000

This seems to be a common opinion: https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:sS1DpFftMZ0J:https://ntcutah.com/how-to-get-kids-to-do-chores/+&cd=15&hl=pt-BR&ct=clnk&gl=br, item 1, and https://www.mother.ly/child/always-let-them-help-14-other-tips-to-raise-responsible-kids, item 6. This is not peer-reviewed research, though.


问:
Is There A Name For Total Personality Disorder(A+B+C)?
I've been researching what sort of mental illness I am contending with because years of working with doctors has been a practice of throwing darts in the dark and missing every target. Various psychological disorders have been toyed with and I've been labeled clinically depressed, general anxiety, bipolar, borderline, etc, etc..

I've more or less narrowed it down to the realm of personality disorder but as I go through the clusters, A, B, and C, I can check off almost every symptom as either being present in my life to varying degrees or having been a problem in the past, some of which I've already worked through.

I am a tad frustrated with the ineffectual treatment I've received after years of concerted effort and I bristle at all the meds thrown at symptoms that missed the mark entirely and actually worsened the issue. I have always known my only biological issue had something to do with the GABA area of the brain and even then the suggestions never worked - It is exactly why I drank for most of my life, I have been sober during these years of treatment and just suffering the GABA problem.

Anyway, my illness is almost entirely psychological and I span the spectrum of personality disorder - Any idea of a name for something that encapsulates the realm of psychological personality illness?


问:
Which are some good books to research spaced repetition and long term memory?
I am developing an application to help students remember what they learn.
But I need deeper and more grounded research in topics of:

Spaced repetition / Revision

Forgetting Curve

Long term memory

Memorization

Please suggest some good books / sources that cover most of these topics in a technical way (not kind of self help books). Or books that you think will be helpful to develop such a system.


问:
Studying Freud and “The Uncanny”
I meant to ask, do I need to study any of Freud’s other works before reading “The Uncanny”?
And, reading Freud (his whole body of work) have any prerequisites?</p>

Title: Studying Freud and “The Uncanny”


问:
recommendations for good books focusing on the reward system, motivation and addiction
As the title states, I would like to get recommendations for some good reads about the brain's reward system, motivation and addiction.
In particular I'm looking for a book that assumes no neuroscientific background, and possibly provides comprehensive overview of the brain structure, neuroscience glossary, etc.

Thank you


问:
Definition associated with being attached to your own decisions, even when they are proven bad
There is a psychological effect I read about that I'm trying to remember the name of regarding people being overly attached to their decisions as being the best, because they made that decision, even if they are proven by facts to be a bad decision. Can anyone remind of the name of this psychological effect?

Example:

Person 1: "I bought the [insert product name] and it is better than all other options"

Person 2: "That product has actually been proven to be the worst option"

Person 2: (Provides factual proof)

Person 1: "No, [insert product name] is the best option there is.


问:
Meditation vs auto reflex in body
I was trig the zen breathing meditation technique similar to this post instructions.

so i have seen some auto reflex in my mouth like Swallowing reflex, also before have seen some tedx speech which at some part of it the speaker was saying about some auto reflex in
 focusing to some partly upper of Direct line of us sight meditation !! and interpreted it as a gear change of car driver ( driver comes to body and gear change comes to auto reflex), so i like to know more about it and google the meditation auto reflex in body but don't find any direct link to it, so i don't know is this popular in meditation.

I was thinking to work on it if it is common as one of my class project (research methodology  course's project), so is there any scientific text about this phenomena in psychology, any tag for search or paper or ...

Thanks.

Title: Meditation vs auto reflex in body


问:
Objectively defining the image parameters for facial detection, recognition, and identification in digital imagery
Axis communications have given guidelines on minimum operational requirements of a camera to allow a human observer to identify, recognise, and detect human subjects (https://www.axis.com/en-ca/learning/web-articles/perfect-pixel-count/pixel-density). They have cited the Swedish National Laboratory of Forensic Science, and IEC International Standard IEC 62676-4 in explanation of their recommendations, however i cannot find these specific texts.

Are there any peer-reviewed studies that observe the effects of the pixel density of an image on a person's ability to identify, recognise, and detect human subjects (specifically facial)?

I have searched various sources, but only seem to find results that address image resolution and face-detection software efficacy.


问:
Is Flynn adjustment for IQ scores viable?
I was IQ tested with a test battery that was normed 27 years ago when i was 8 (WISC-R)(It was normed 27 years ago when I was 8). My Verbal IQ score was 122 and my Performance IQ score was 130. I found a paper about my contry's Flynn Effect IQ gains. It stated that for WISC-R and WISC-IV, we can expect a score discrepancy of roughly 7 points between Verbal IQ score and VCI score. Similarly, we can expect a discrepancy of roughly 15 points between Performance IQ score and PRI score (WISC-IV is very recently normed in my country.) Given these numbers, this question came to my mind: Can somebody Flynn adjust his/her inflated IQ score and get a reasonably accurate IQ score estimation?</p>


问:
Is there an evolutionary reason why people care so much about politics?
Is there an evolutionary reason why people care so much about politics? I speculate that it is because in ancestral times, politics was a literal life and death matter. Is there any books about this topic?</p>


问:
What's the rationale behind marriages where the man is much older?
It is not uncommon to see couples where the two spouses are twenty to thirty years apart in age, that is, one third to one half of a lifetime apart. In such cases, it is much more common for the man, rather than the woman, to be the older. Such people include the current, and some past Presidents of the United States (and their first ladies).

Is there a psychological/neurological basis for this phenomenon? For instance, there appears to be a trait called "hypergamy", whereby women prefer richer, more "established" men, to a degree that the man is much older. The converse is that men prefer women who are younger, more attractive, and by implication, more fecund. All other things being equal, of course. Are men and women, in fact, believed by experts to be "hard-wired" in the foregoing, or comparable, ways?


问:
Bayesian models of conspiracy theorists
Are there any theories in cognitive psychology that try to model the belief in conspiracy theories through the lens of Bayesian decision theory?

For reference, in Bayesian decision theory a rational agent often behaves so as to minimize its expected (projected) loss.  This expected loss is subjective and involves:

An estimated probability over a set of events (or possible explanations)

The loss the subject individually assigns to or perceives associated with a given event (or explanation)

Under this model a rational agent can make decisions as per:

$d^* = \underset{d}{\operatorname{argmin}} \mathrm{E}^\pi\left[L\left(\theta,d\right)| \text{D}\right]$

where we have:

$L$ is the (subject's) loss function

$\pi$ is the subject's posterior or prior beliefs over a set of parameters / events / explanations $\theta$

$d$ is the decision the agent is trying to make

$\text{D}$ is the observed data (e.g. available evidence to the subject)

Fear and loss aversion

One could argue that if a subject assigns a high loss to a specific belief (e.g. a conspiracy theory that the subject is particularly afraid of), the subject may choose to believe it or at least behave as if it was true, even if there is little evidence to support it. In other words, subjects may act and believe in a conspiracy theory out of fear and loss aversion.

Side observation: Note that a model where the agent instead maximizes the utility it derives from a given belief is mathematically equivalent. Loss (negative utility) and regret minimization are often just used as a canonical model for both.

Ill-conditioned optimization

From a computational standpoint, the optimization (minimization) of the expected loss can be ill-conditioned if the probability $\pi$ is small (little evidence supporting an explanation) but the assigned loss $L$ is large (big implications if true). This could lead different agents to believe and act very differently depending on how they approximate and optimize the above expectation.

To illustrate this point, consider a conspiracy theorist arguing: "I know there is little direct evidence for [conspiracy theory] X, but what if it's true?".  This tension could lead the conspiracy theorist to "accept" the theory and behave accordingly.

Confirmation bias still applies

Note that the above still allows a straight bias in $\pi$ (e.g. evidence selection based on confirmation bias) to heavily influence $d^*$. This Bayesian and subjective model just happens to allow for the subject's perceived loss or utility to also contribute to how a given conspiracy theory may shape the agent's behavior, conclusions or beliefs.

Most interestingly, perhaps, this framework shows that the computation of beliefs and behavior can naturally be very ill-conditioned, so small differences in how different agents aggregate sparse evidence and model their losses can lead them to draw significantly different conclusions.

Note: I'm not familiar with the psychology of conspiracy theories, so apologies if I am missing a trivial connection in the literature.

Title: Bayesian models of conspiracy theorists


问:
What if a person is high in warmth but low in empathy?
From these definitions (1, 2, 3, 4) I have concluded that warmth is a facet that describes how much a person is showing warmth and love towards other people (e.g., touching, kissing, saying nice things) and empathy is how much a person sympathizes with the feelings of other people.

What if you are high in warmth but low in empathy? How would such a person behave? Isn't those facets are somewhat opposite of one another?


问:
Effects of Red vs. Green ambient lighting on sleep
I would like to know if there has been study on the difference of effect of red vs green ambient light on human sleep. This is specifically in the interest of choosing between red or green alarm clock digits.

I have found a similar study that compares green and blue, but not green and red: https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/06/160608154233.htm

Because green is an inhibitory signal to our brains, I would expect it would be better for sleep, but I personally find red to be feel the least intense, so I’d like to know if any study has been done.


问:
Is there a term for a situation when questions in an anonymous survey may alienate the answers of the survey?
A friend was complaining to me the other day about a anonymous survey that they started to answer online which made them feel as if the survey was making negative presumptions about them which led to their not completing the survey.  I was wondering if there was a specific term for this sort of situation, where the nature of the survey may alienate or drive away answers of it, and if there was any standard procedures the creator of a survey was expected to do to minimize this outcome?

To protect their privacy I won't go into the nature of the specific survey my friend was upset about, but to give an example of what I'm talking about let's make up an example of a survey that is directed at individuals that view pornographic stories with themes that may be considered non traditional or even anti social like rape, sadism, incest, etc.  This theoretical survey starts with questions that ask things like if the answer was abused as a child, if they came from a broken home, and other generally considered 'negative' childhood experiences, follows by a list of questions about what methods the participant may use to distract themselves from their interest in the material, followed by asking if the answer is a registered sex offender and what issues they had with the law, and finishes with a bunch of questions about how likely they are to engage in the activity in real life and what laws/legal practices are most likely to prevent them from doing so.

The implication of questions in this theoretical survey is that these individuals are a danger to society who can barely control their urges and likely to break the law by acting out the behaviors they are reading about if they haven't done so already.  Meanwhile one of the participants of the survey may argue that just because they read pornography with this content doesn't mean they have any intent on acting on it, any more then watching a violent action movie is going to cause them to go out on a murder spree.  The individual answering  this survey may thus become angered by the content of the survey which they feel is making unfair presumptions or judging them and thus either fail to complete the survey or modify their answers based off of feelings that the survey is 'judging' them, for instance claiming to view the material less often or to get less enjoyment out of the material then they really do because they are left feeling guilty for consuming the material.

Is there a specific term for this potential problem?  Lets say that the nature of the information your trying to collect means that all the listed questions above made sense to ask a participant, are there techniques or approaches that it's recommended one use to minimize the likelihood of upsetting or alienating the individual taking the survey when asking these questions?


问:
Are thoughts a kind of internal sensory data?
I know very little about neuroscience and psychology, but I am curious about how our understanding of thought fits into our picture of the brain.

Thoughts, as I understand them, are a kind of internal speculation; they often come in the form of an internal voice or perhaps as mental images. I can, for example, think in verbal language (which contains propositions and such), or I can imagine a picture of mountains—this, of course, being all in my own mind.

Could it make sense to say, then, that thoughts serve as a kind of internal sensory data? My theory is that perhaps the brain projects processing as a kind of internal sense (thoughts), from which it can extract new data and continue processing—this being more efficient than information processing without a kind of feedback loop.

Is this ever articulated as a theory of thought? Otherwise, what is the neural/psychological basis for how thoughts arise and are used by the brain?


问:
Explanation of anti-depressive effect of newer antipsychotics
In my understanding, many newer antipsychotics (e.g. olanzapine and quetiapine) are considered to have an anti-depressive effect.

Olanzapine:

For olanzapine I found this on wikipedia: "it [olanzapine] is superior [to haloperidol] for the treatment of negative and depressive symptoms." 1

Quetiapine:

Is approaved by the FDA for treating Bipolar Depression2

For quetiapine I read that "antagonism of the 5HT2A receptor in the frontal cortex of the brain relieves negative symptoms."3

Why is the anti-depressive effect (relieve of negative symptoms) in the above quote stated to be archieved through contra-intuitive antagnism of the 5-HT receptor? And is the anti-depressive effect of newer antipsychotics archieved through their agonistic effects on some 5-HT receptors (5-HT5A for olanzapine4 and 5-HT1A (partial-agonist) for quetiapine56?

Is there a significant anti-depressive effect to newer antipsychotics? If yes, how is it explained?

References:

1 Abou-Setta AM, Mousavi SS, Spooner C, Schouten JR, Pasichnyk D, Armijo-Olivo S, et al. (August 2012). "First-Generation Versus Second-Generation Antipsychotics in Adults: Comparative Effectiveness [Internet]". PMID 23035275.

2 https://psychopharmacologyinstitute.com/publication/quetiapine-indications-fda-approved-and-off-label-uses-2112

3Dev V, Raniwalla J (October 2000). "Quetiapine: a review of its safety in the management of schizophrenia". Drug Safety. 23 (4): 295–307. doi:10.2165/00002018-200023040-00003. PMID 11051217.

4Roth BL, Driscol J. "PDSP Ki Database". Psychoactive Drug Screening Program (PDSP). University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and the United States National Institute of Mental Health. Retrieved 14 August 2017.

5Jensen NH, Rodriguiz RM, Caron MG, Wetsel WC, Rothman RB, Roth BL (September 2008). "N-desalkylquetiapine, a potent norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor and partial 5-HT1A agonist, as a putative mediator of quetiapine's antidepressant activity". Neuropsychopharmacology. 33 (10): 2303–12. doi:10.1038/sj.npp.1301646. PMID 18059438.

6Schotte A, Janssen PF, Gommeren W, Luyten WH, Van Gompel P, Lesage AS, et al. (March 1996). "Risperidone compared with new and reference antipsychotic drugs: in vitro and in vivo receptor binding". Psychopharmacology. 124 (1–2): 57–73. doi:10.1007/bf02245606. PMID 8935801.

OwnerDisplayName: Arch Linux Tux


问:
Any conclusive statement on the controversial book The Bell Curve
The Bell Curve: Intelligence and Class Structure in American Life, an empirical study arguing for IQ correlations with success, genes and race apparently sparked a big controversy in the US since 1992 when it was first published.

The central thesis of writers Richard J. Hernstein and Charles Murray is that intelligence is partly a genetically inherited property and that there are meaingful differences in average IQ between East Asians, White Americans, and African Americans due to their different ethnicities.

I read there have been a lot of critical literature in response to this. But has there been any conclusive statement on this question 26 years after the publication of this work? As a non-specialist I find reading through the massive literature around the work to be daunting.


问:
Why is self-deception necessary to better deceive others?
Robert Trivers argues that we deceive ourselves in order to better deceive others, in part because self-deception can reduce unconscious body signals of lying (von Hippel & Trivers, 2011).

On Wikipedia, self-deception is criticized for

...not being able to account for why evolutionary selection for lying would allow a body language that gives away lying to exist instead of simply selecting for lack of such signals. (Ekman, 2006; Damasio, Evans & Cruse, 2004) ...

What are the main arguments against this criticism?

References

von Hippel, W., & Trivers, R. (2011). The evolution and psychology of self-deception. The Behavioral and brain sciences, 34(1), 1–56. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X10001354

Ekman, P. (Ed.). (2006). Darwin and facial expression: A century of research in review. Ishk.

Damasio, A. R., Evans, D., & Cruse, P. (2004). Emotion, evolution and rationality. William James and the modern neurobiology of emotion, 3-14.


问:
Concept of shared experience
Michael Stevens/VSauce summarized one aspect he realized after a 3 days isolation experiment as follows:

.. being able to talk to people and share my experiences - I realized how
  important that was.

  If you only have your own experiences, you are
  not fully having them. You have to have someone else to listen to them
  and react to them, and then you've fully experienced them.

Ref: https://youtu.be/iqKdEhx-dD4?t=31m55s

Is there a name for this idea?

I guess this idea and related concepts have been postulated in social psychology or social philosophy before.

Title: Concept of shared experience


问:
Any good research on observer effect and personality tests?
I'm looking for some research on how / whether the 'observer effect' and 'observer bias' affects personality questionnaires. I recently completed the 16Personalities test, a series of questions that drops you into a list of 16 personalities and gives a horoscope-like explanation of who you are.  I realised that I answered the questions based on my perception of my personality, and not necessarily what I would do. So if I think of myself as an introvert then I'm more likely to answer 'I am highly likely to feel awkward at a party.'

Then I read this article about how narcissists can sometimes masquerade as sensitive introverts - known as covert narcissists. What's to stop a covert narcissist from skewing their 16personalities answers to reflect a more pleasing view of themselves?

I think there is a bias issue with running a questionnaire in which you are both the observer and the subject, observing your own personality and giving responses that fit your perception of yourself. I was wondering whether anyone could point me to articles or research that look deeper into the observer effect in personality questionnaires.

Any help would be great!


问:
If everything that I do gets represented statistically, then would my non biological version be considered real or artificial?
That is if my entire brain gets modeled both atom by atom and functionally in a virtual environment, then would my replica be considered artificial?</p>


问:
How a signal is generated by the brain when we want to move a body
I've read tons of articles about how moving our bodies is going on. BUT I've found some part of topic just IGNORED. ALL authors just pass the part "our brain generates the signal". I have been trying to find the answer for 1 week and found nothing.

Is it an unanswered question in neuroscience? Or they just skip because they don't know, or it is so trivial question and only I cannot understand it?

Because in order to depolarize the neuron it should open ion channels by our wish. E.g. I wanna move my leg up, just because I can. My brain opens ion channels just because I want it. My will should be like physical power isn't it?


问:
How stressful was life when we lived in small tribes, in comparison to today?
When comparing the stress level of today's life to earlier times, intuition may say: The world is so much more complex today, of course, it's more stressful now. But there is certainly a bias in the intuition.

Are there any estimations on how "hard" or stressful life was when we lived in small tribes, compared to today in a city?


问:
How can we make the most of a cramming session?
While spaced repetition would be ideal, if we are forced into a situation requiring cramming, how can we maximize the short term benefit?

Consider a hypothetical scenario: I am locked in an isolated room with a stack of flashcards. After an indeterminate amount of time, I will be administered a test of the material on the flashcards.

What would the best approach to studying the flashcards? Is there an optimal way to schedule the order of the cards as I review them?

It seems like everyone acknowledges the reality of cramming under current educational practices, so what can we do to make the most of it?


问:
Is it normal to seek revenge when there's no rational benefit of it?
My understanding of the psychology of revenge has always been very simple: if you are wronged and do nothing about it, the perpetrator and everyone else who learns about that may get tempted to wrong you again when given an opportunity. In other words, the goal of revenge is to build a reputation of a revengeful person and thereby deter people from doing injustice to you. Sure, people seeking revenge don't always clearly think in such rational terms, but they are at least driven by the vengeance instinct, which survived in us because of, I think, the evolutionary benefit described above. So I think that the vengeance instinct is normally triggered only when the desired revenge is subconsciously felt to be likely to produce a useful deterrent effect.

However, I watched quite a few famous movies in which the main character embarks on a very dangerous and costly revenge-seeking mission that can't really be explained in terms of deterrent effect and has no other personal benefit worthy of undertaking the mission. For example, in The Godfather Part II, the don of a crime family in America travels to Italy to exact his childhood vengeance from a Sicilian local mafia chieftain and almost gets killed there. In Lady Dragon, a CIA agent resigns from her job and goes to Southeast Asia in a pursuit to kill the drug lord she suspects ordered the killing of her husband, and there she gets raped and almost gets killed. In Licence to Kill, James Bond turns down an important assignment and becomes a rogue agent to get revenge for his friend, who lost his wife and a leg, from a drug lord who is powerful enough to control an entire country in Latin America. It seems highly irrational for the main characters of such movies to risk their own lives and waste so much time and effort just to seek revenge for no personal gain worthy of engaging in such pursuits.

What is the view of modern psychology and neurology on people like the main characters of the above movies? Are they considered to be vengeful psychopaths despite being positively portrayed in movies, or is it considered normal and justified to get seriously distracted from life goals in order to seek revenge even when there's no direct or indirect personal benefit of it from the rational standpoint?

A friend of mine opined that the vengeance instinct is a somewhat outdated instinct we are all born with and that this instinct possibly renders taking revenge the only possible way to fully regain psychological well-being after a particularly traumatic experience. Regaining psychological well-being, in turn, helps achieve life goals. I'm curious whether this kind of reasoning to justify seemingly pointless revenge-seeking missions is backed by science.


问:
Is your fluid intelligence malleable in the positive side?
I was going through this and it struck me that your raw IQ reaches its peak somewhere between 18 and 21. I came across the following article which says meditation could be very helpful to boost your fluid intelligence. In addition to the above articles, I also came across Ramymond Lockey's post where he claims to have shown a change over the years after 18.

Is it true that meditation helps gain more IQ as your brain activities are slowed down (as per the second article) and this could improve the fluid intelligence as a byproduct, even during the early adulthood? I'm assuming that productivity (in any form) and critical thinking abilities could be bettered/sharpened by focusing on the little details and then tap a nut gently at the right spot (instead of brute tapping to crack it).


问:
Offical studies/papers of relationship evaluation in mobile apps
There is this heise article https://www.heise.de/ct/artikel/Die-Psycho-Tricks-der-App-Entwickler-4547123.html (unfortunatley in German) talking about manipulative mechanisms in mobile apps. He is talking amongst others about snapshat evaluating realtionships with the help of emojis - I was wondering if there are any offical studies or papers talking about how this kind of features in apps makes people addicted to keep using these apps.  </p>


问:
Do I report all anatomical regions in a large significant cluster identified in functional connectivity seed-to-voxel analysis?
I am conducting a resting-state functional connectivity seed-to-voxel analysis on the 25 participants from the NYC test-retest dataset using the CONN toolbox with the Posterior Cingulate Cortex of the Default Mode Network as a seed region.

I am using a liberal uncorrected voxel-level "height" threshold of p < .001 with a p-FDR corrected cluster-level "extent" threshold of p < .05, which is recommended when the expected effects are distributed/broad but weak as opposed to focal and strong (when a p-FDR- or FWR-corrected voxel-level "height "threshold is recommended instead) according to the developer of the CONN toolbox (https://www.nitrc.org/forum/forum.php?th...).

I have searched for literature on which those recommendations are based but could only find tangential reasons and nothing concrete (of course, having a more liberal voxel-level threshold would allow one to detect weaker effects because statistical power increases for the same sample size). If anybody has a reference for those specific recommendations, I would be grateful if they can share it because the developer of the CONN toolbox has expressed them in several posts so they must be some sort of standard.

My first question relates to the appropriateness of this thresholding convention for my particular case.

While seed-to-voxel connectivity during resting state can be considered distributed when the analysis is carried out on the whole brain and no a-priori predictions are made because large-scale networks (e.g., default mode network)are identifiable during rest, I am uncertain about connectivity during resting state being necessarily "weak" as the recommendations assume.

The reason for this doubt is the knowledge that the BOLD signal during a task-related activity is very small compared to the noise, with up to 80% of the BOLD modulation being discarded as noise (1st reference below). On the other hand, precisely the low-frequency spontaneous fluctuations in the BOLD signal that are discarded as noise in task fMRI are taken as signals of interest in resting-state fMRI.

From this, I would expect stronger effects during rest vs. task, giving roughly a 80:20 ratio. So maybe in my case assuming that effects are weak is unwarranted unless I am missing something (e.g., even though activations might be stronger during rest, correlations might not necessarily also be stronger).

My main question (assuming that I have used appropriate thresholding criteria) relates to whether I should report ALL anatomical areas within a significantly identified cluster when writing a paper. The reason I am asking is because the most significant cluster (out 16) in my analysis spans over thirty atlas-defined anatomical areas and its size is 50 574 voxels, covering a huge chunk of the neocortex.

Is there any convention about reporting areas within a cluster - do I report all or just, for example, the first five? I did come across a recommendation only to report the general area (e.g., left hemisphere) when the cluster is large because it is not clear which anatomical regions are truly correlated and which are false positives (2nd reference below).

The problem with that is that I do not really know how to call this huge chunk of the neocortex (e.g., just forebrain?) and from prior literature, we know which regions should be significantly negative/positively correlated with the PCC, which makes me think that my threshold is too liberal.

Do I just report them like this: cluster one (MNI of most active voxel, size, cluster-level extent p-value), etc., without referring to the anatomical location of the clusters themselves?

Thanks!

Smitha KA, Akhil Raja K, Arun KM, et al. Resting state fMRI: A review on methods in resting state connectivity analysis and resting state networks. Neuroradiol J. 2017;30(4):305‐317. doi:10.1177/1971400917697342

Woo, C.-W., Krishnan, A., & Wager, T. D. (2014). Cluster-extent based thresholding in fMRI analyses: Pitfalls and recommendations. NeuroImage, 91, 412–419. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.12.058


问:
Is Sensation Seeking Still a Thing?
The first time I read an article, which offered me a high level basic understanding of a behavioral model called sensation seeking, changed the way I look at world since. This was the first time I'd found myself so enamoured by such a simplistic concept, which was so easy to relate to my behavior, and provided me with a means of learning how my mind works.

A Sensation Seeker is loosely defined as an individual who consistently feels a yearning to engage in high energy, high risk, and high adrenaline rush. They are known to be sexually promiscuous, thrill seekers, and/or skofflaws.

Is the cognitive phenomenon known as Sensation Seeking still the designation for this behavior? If not, has the condition been renamed?

Title: Is Sensation Seeking Still a Thing?


问:
When human interpret a sentence, does syntactic analysis take place before any semantic analysis?
When interpreting a sentence, does syntactic analysis take place before any semantic analysis?</p>


问:
What effect does the size of the soma have on firing characteristics?
For example, cells in layer 5 of the neocortex have a larger soma than do other layers. I'm wondering what the functional difference is between smaller and larger soma. On one hand, I can imagine that there's more area for axo-somatic synapses (making the neuron easier to fire). On the other hand, it's a larger cell and thus requires more simultaneous synaptic activations. Thanks!</p>


问:
How to add fixation cross on grey screen using psychopy?
I want to insert the placeholders "welcome text", "instruction text", "fixation cross" and "thank you text" on the grey screen. The black fixation cross appears in the middle of the screen for a duration of 90 seconds. the black cross should randomly "flash" (turn red for 200 ms) ten times during this 90
seconds period. to make sure that random flashes do not occur directly one after the other, there should be an interval of at least two seconds between two flashes.</p>


问:
How do I complete and report a Generalised Linear Mixed model from SPSS into APA?
I'm trying to learn how to do GLMM for my phd in psychology. I was intending to do a mixed model ANOVA, but the GLMM allows me to consider more variables simultaneously and so I have decided to go with this. I appreciate a very similar question was asked and answered some time ago, but the answer posted doesn't resolve my issue. I've read the Barr 2013 article and gone through the checklist and I have two extra questions.

1. Should I include random effects.

My data is from a psychology repeated measures experiment, with two independent variables, and an additional self-reported variable for each trial. The GLMM allows me to examine the role of each variable, while also accounting for the self-reported variable. I have collected a number of individual characteristics that could be related, and can add them in as a random variable. When I add them in, the model doesn't really change. So, does this mean that the result holds, regardless of the individual factors included in the model? Does this make the model more generalisable? In the Barr article in suggests reporting ‘by excluding the random slope for the priming manipulation, we assume that the priming effect is invariant across subjects (or items) in the population.’ - but I'm not entirely sure what they mean by 'invariant across subject'.

2. What information should I include in the resulting tables.

My data is output from SPSS, which provides two output tables. One gives the fixed effect for each variable, but the second table gives the fixed effects for each level of the variable as shown below. The obvious problem with this is that it is making comparisons between each level which results in a blank row. Is it sufficient to report the main fixed effects in the table, and then discuss the differences between levels where the main effect is significant? (For clarity, at the moment in the table below only fixed effects are included in the model and reported.)

If you have any thoughts or opinions on this I would really love to hear them.

Thanks for your time.


问:
What are common ideas to resolve a cognitive dissonance in which the belief is realistic but causes problems for "coping with the world"?
If we assume that there is no extrinsic meaning in life (objectively speaking), it follows that one needs to have intrinsic values to make one's life meaningful.

However, an objective observation of our world tells us that we are just a set of random particles in a vastly huge universe. From that follows that we just exist and things like values, desires, morals, .... are just "psychological" constructs that are neither right or wrong (and we mostly will never get to an answer like that).

The cognitive dissonance then appears as follows:

Analytical thoughts mostly occur to understand and categorize something (as right or wrong for example) - but this striving is contradictory to the belief that, objectively speaking, we will never get to a right-or-wrong answer and that there is no actual (physical) meaning or value.

This of course can lead into a deep rabbit-hole:

loss of intrinsic meaning and values ("they don't really exist - so why search")

inability in general decision-making("how to decide when there is no right/wrong" or "why decide when there is no meaning")

apathy, anxiety/panic/GAD (as a result of impression of no control over one's life), OCD, dissociation, depression...

Question

What does research or practical application suggest, when it comes to analytical (and probably rational) thinking patterns that create a cognitive dissonance, which subsequently (can) create serious psychological issues?


问:
Parallel target search and serial blank search
Wolfe (1991) reports an example of a search that seems to be parallel for target trials and serial for blank trials:

Here's another example from Wang et al., 1994

Strangely, In Treisman's seminal 1980 paper she also reports a serial slope for color and shape blank trials:

Is anyone familiar with other examples of a dissociation between target-present and target-absent search slopes, in this direction or in the opposite one (e.g., parallel for blank but serial for target trials)?

Thanks,

-Matan


问:
System 1 (fast and unconscious) thinking
Can you please recommend some literature about experiments used to study system 1 (fast and unconscious) decision making (Kahneman, 2011) in human or non-human animals?

Reference

Kahneman, D. (2011). Thinking, fast and slow. Macmillan. ISBN 9780141033570


问:
What is the context of nostalgia?
People often have old watches, old cars or some old articles which are not functional but they don't feel like throwing them away. So what purpose does such a feeling serve and how is it helpful or harmful for our survival?</p>

Title: What is the context of nostalgia?


问:
Why does mental work cause fatigue?
In Mental Fatigue: Costs and Benefits, Boksem and Tops advance that mental fatigue results from the brain's decision to save energy:

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/51426280_Mental_fatigue_Costs_and_benefits

Yet, on "Time", Dr Marcus Raichle argues that: "while the brain burns a lot of energy, any changes in brain activity and energy use during a tough mental task are minute".

(https://time.com/5400025/does-thinking-burn-calories/#:~:text=While%20the%20brain%20represents%20just,way%20the%20brain%20consumes%20energy.)

Considering these statements, if mental work does not consume large amounts of energy and mental fatigue is caused by energy investment, why does mental work cause fatigue?

Title: Why does mental work cause fatigue?


问:
Are there any sources on how many of patients with mental illness were hospitalized several times?
I was wondering how likely it is for someone with an mental illness like depression that after he is released is hospitalized again. Could you expect that someone who is released is never in the need of this service again? I wasn't successful with my web search, so I was hoping someone here knows some sources on this topic.

Im particularly interested in data from countries with good and stable public healthcare, preferably European.


问:
At what age are 95% of people mentally able to give consent?
People under the age of consent still lack the mental ability to give informed consent. but the age of consent varies across countries and states from puberty in Yemen to 15 / 16 / 17 / 18 ( France, UK, Ireland, Tunisia).

can the mental ability to give consent be scientifically defined / measured /approximated?
if yes, at what age are 95% of people mentally able to give consent? or more ideally what's the percentage of people mentally able to give consent in function of age.( does it follow an S-curve? )

Does that age vary across cultures / countries / education systems?

** ( of course, other factors come into play in determining the  legal age of consent like the economical dependence of teens and tradition) but if less than 95% of people of certain age are unable to consent, one might argue that, that age is too low.


问:
Alternative hypotheses to Hebb's rule
I was reading on wikipedia that there are exceptions to the hebbian rule, and I was curious about the possibilities of other hypotheses of how learning occur in the brain. So I would like to know:

are there alternative (or complementary) hypotheses to the hebbian rule?

Title: Alternative hypotheses to Hebb's rule


问:
Why do Na+/K+ ion pumps in neurons have a ratio of 3 to 2
As I understand it the resting potential is maintained due to the different permeabilities of K+ and Na+ and in fact at the resting potential the sum of the Na+ and K+ currents is zero. The pump's job I believe is to ensure that the concentrations of Na+ and K+ are stable and not to mantain the membrane potential directly. Since the current of Na+ out and K+ in are the same at equilibrium, an ion pump with a ratio of 2 Na+ out and 2 K+ in should work fine.

So why is there the 2-3 ratio? Does this help out during action potentials?


问:
How is the weight of Weschler subscales calculated towards general IQ?
How do the Wechsler IQ (e.g. WAIS III) tests indices (e.g. verbal IQ, performance IQ) and sub-scales contribute to overall IQ? What are the weights of each? If a person scores above 99.9th (maximum) percentile on each index, could their total IQ be estimated on this basis, and if so, what would be their estimated result?</p>


问:
Are there surveys and results on degree of support for different theories of consciousness with correlations to demographic or other characteristics?
I am looking for two things that I an unable to find.

A "survey" or "quiz" that attempts to determine the degree one's support for various theories of consciousness. I could imagine a series of statment on a Likert scale: "It is possible to upload a mind into a computer", "If Mary knows X holds and Mary knows if X holds then Y holds, Mary therefore necessarily knows Y holds", "It is possible to tell the difference between true and artificial consciousness through a keyboard-mediated conversation" etc. After taking the quiz, it could tell you, "you support a cognitivist theory of consciousness", or whatever the case may be.

Results on correlations between support for various theories of consciousness and things like educational background, age, religious affiliation, socioeconomic status, and so on. For instance, one might discover that engineers who make less than $80K per year tend to be more supportive of functionalism than those with a PhD in classic literature. I'm just making things up, but these are the kinds of things I am interested to see if there are results on.

I'm not even necessarily curious about which theories of consciousness are correct, but more so the (possibly implicit) beliefs about theories of d consciousness held by people across cultures and social groups and how to measure the degree of those beliefs.


问:
Why do so many people ruin their video game experience by cheating?
Ever since I was a kid, I've been baffled by the existence of people who buy a video game for a ton of money, and a glossy "strategy guide" to go with it. Then they get home and read the "strategy guide" to see "where to go", and then they do it in-game. Instead of experiencing the game, they just "follow the instructions", beating the game in no time. Then they supposedly go on to the next game and do the same thing.

I can very much understand if somebody who is helplessly stuck in Zelda on NES, having walked around helplessly for three straight weeks, burning down bushes and bombing every pixel of the overworld, yet simply cannot find the raft anywhere, resorts to "looking it up" or calling the "Nintendo Hotline" for aid. I still don't condone it, since it will take away the satisfaction of eventually finding the solution on your own, but I have done this myself, so I understand how one thinks in such a situation.

However, I'm not talking about such "normal" or "reasonable" gamers. I'm talking about those who seem to miss the entire point of a video game, and who would probably press a secret combination on the gamepad to jump straight to the end credits if there were such a cheat. Bypassing the entire... thing. The experience.

The game is walking around helplessly, talking to people, trying to make up maps of your own on paper or in your mind, coming up with ideas which seem to make sense, but turn out to be false. But at least you tried it. And when you finally do figure it out, however long it takes, it feels fantastic.

The game isn't just a matter of "connecting the dots" by walking from point A to point B as quickly as possible, and then to point C, and then D, and so on. I dare say that extremely few players are that lucky/intelligent. You are supposed to slowly get better and figure things out little by little, until you master the game. Then, and only then, you deserve to see the end credits. Then, and only then, will it feel like an accomplishment. Then, and only then, was there any point in shelling out all that money for the game.

I keep watching people play games in emulators on Twitch. They completely bypass the entire mechanics of the game, saving and loading states with no regard to whatever mechanism the game provides. They sit with a GameFAQs walkthrough open at all times, reading from it instead of "wasting" a single minute in-game to try going somewhere and just explore. To experience the game as it was intended.

"So where do I go now?" is a common question. They seem to be so used to cheating their way through life that their brains cannot comprehend the concept of actually doing something "for real". It would never cross their minds to actually listen to what is said in the game and try exploring based on this information, the overall objective and of course their own curiosity.

The best game moments I've ever had came from imagining myself actually being in the game's world and going exploring -- not from finding the optimal route to the next dungeon to mechanically slash away at some boss after solving a standardized series of puzzles.

So why do so many people just see it as some kind of "chore" that they still somehow want to do, but only like an obligation to "get through it" as quickly as possible?


问:
Online datasets for the disjunction effect and violations of the sure-thing principle
The disjunction effect (or violation of the sure-thing principle) is as follows:

A disjunction effect occurs when people prefer x over y when they know that event A obtains, and they also prefer x over y when they know that A does not obtain, but they prefer y over x when it is unknown whether A obtains or not. (Shafir & Tversky 1992).

This effect has been studied extensively since 1992. However, the papers I've read did not come with the raw datasets. I was wondering if there are datasets of this effect available online. A meta-analysis that synthesizes many experimental results would be a good alternative. Of particular interest would be datasets where the effect was observed in two or more different settings (say once with PD and then with repeated bets, etc) with the same participants.

Related questions:

What are popular rationalist responses to Tversky & Shafir?

Online data repository of research in the cognitive sciences

Human behaviour in one-shot perfect information games

ContentLicense: CC BY-SA 3.0


问:
Can Krashen's Input Hypotheses be applied to areas other than Language Acquisition?

Background

Stephen Krashen and Tracy Tarrell have given an interesting approach to learning new languages which they call Natural Approach. In this approach, they bring the naturalistic approach of language acquisition (i.e. how babies "acquire" language without "learning" grammar) to the classroom setting. Over decades of research, they have found this approach to be effective.

Stephen Krashen has further formulated a set of hypotheses to explain why and how this works: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Input_hypothesis

Among many things, these hypotheses primarily differentiate between "learning" and "acquisition". While the former is done deliberately through the conscious, the latter is subconscious. Krashen defines a term called "Comprehensible Input" which is input understandable by listeners even if they do not understand all of the words or grammar structures. They claim that learners can learn in a natural environment where they receive Comprehensible Input.

For more details on the theory, kindly refer to the linked Wikipedia pages.

My Question

Now, my question is this: Can the Natural Approach of learning be applied to other fields like Music and Mathematics? Music and Mathematics are also like learning a new language, and so can we learn them better if we don't focus too much on their "grammar" but rather try to "acquire" them in some manner?


问:
When does authentic pride become hubris pride?
There are two kinds of pride: hubris pride and authentic pride¹. "Authentic pride is tied to adaptive achievement and goal engagement, whereas hubristic pride is tied to extrinsic values of public recognition and social dominance"². I wonder how and when authentic pride becomes hubris pride?

I think the two are interrelated because both kinds of pride have the same gesture, and seems to create the same social impact in short term. I don't think there is a gray area between them, but I think they can "swap" to each other relatively fast, and can happen back and forth.

The images below show some gestures of pride:

(Since both types of pride display the same gesture, so I guess there is no way to point to an image and say "this is hubris pride" and to another "that is authentic pride". The way to differentiate them, I think, largely relies on the context, not on body gesture.)

¹ David DeSteno, Pride can be a virtue, but it needs to be the right kind of pride, TED Ideas

² Carver and Johnson, Authentic and Hubristic Pride: Differential Relations to Aspects of Goal Regulation, Affect, and Self-Control, Journal of Research in Personality


问:
References for how we perceive, process and give attention to news on social media
According to this popular science article, on most people read a social media article for 15 seconds or less, and watch a video for 10 seconds or less. I tried to go down the link rabbit hole, but failed to find any concrete studies- only more pop sci and blog posts.

Really, I am interested in the psychological aspects of processing news on social media sites. Much of fake news propagated on social media exploits that we make very quick decisions as to whether to believe/ follow up what we read on social media, such as by using figures that seem reasonable- they exploit our 'type 1', heuristic reasoning. I would be grateful if someone could provide references to further studies- whether simply providing statistical data like the average time spent reading a post, or ones trying to unpick psychological mechanisms of processing this news.


问:
Predicting cognitive decline on RBANS test
The RBANS (Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS)) is used to evaluate cognitive function in patients with cognitive impairment, stroke or traumatic brain injury. The score is composed of five domains scores (Immediate Memory, Visuospatial/ Constructional, Language and Delayed Memory) and a total score.

I am now seeing a patient in a follow-consultation and I am trying to figure out whether the change in his RBANS score after 1 year is significant or not. There is a regression formula provided in this paper (1) which allows to calculate the predicted RBANS score at a follow up time. A deviation from this score allows to identify a significant change. Here a capture of the table:

Education in years is coded as 11 years or less = 1, 12 years = 2, 13–15 years = 3, 16 years or more = 4

In the same paper, the authors provide an example (Male, 75 years, 10 years education, 1 year follow-up):

My question: Before applying this equation to my patient, I wanted to reproduce the results from their example in Table 5. However, I am not coming to the same results and I think this might be due to an issue with the linear regression equation formula I derived from Table 2. I would be very thankful if someone could provide me with a hint here? I understand the question might be very basic.

Here is the formula I derived from Table 2:
Linear regression (for Total Scale for example):

```<code>Predicted RBANS Time 2 = 37.65 (Constant) + 0.75*Time 1 Index Score - 0.23*Age in years + 1.47*education in years + 7.81 (Standard Error of the Estimate)
</code>```

Using data from example in Table 5:

```<code>37.65+0.75*91-0.23*76+1.47*1+7.81=97.7 > which is wrong.
</code>```

Thank you very much for your consideration.

References:
(1) Duff K, Schoenberg MR, Patton D, Mold J, Scott JG, Adams RL. Predicting change with the RBANS in a community dwelling elderly sample. J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 2004;10(6):828-834. doi:10.1017/s1355617704106048


问:
Rivermead Behavioral Memory Test- item 19- Belongings Delayed Recall scoring
OT student here scoring the RBMT and for the Belongings Delayed recall section the manual does not describe a common situation I have encountered:

The client requires prompting to recall there are two belongings they must retrieve at the end of the assessment which are in 2 different locations. They must correctly say which belongings are in which location. Often times, the client will be prompted to remember the belongings (which automatically deducts two points), then, they correctly identify the belongings (for example a phone and a wallet) as well as the locations they are in (a desk drawer and a cabinet), except the client reverses the locations. For example, in reality, the phone is in the desk and the wallet in the cabinet but they falsely say the opposite: the phone is in the cabinet and the wallet in the desk.

As the client technically correctly identified the locations but got the placement of their belongings reversed, how would one score this? Is it a flat out zero or would they get 1 point for the locations because the belongings are reversed? Or would they get full marks since the locations are correctly identified?

Thanks!

OwnerDisplayName: Brianna Wilson


问:
Requirements and development of depth and spatial orientation sensing
I'm trying to understand from the signal processing perspective how the perception of depth and the ability of spatial orientation is calculated by our brains. One possible explanation seems to be that the brain receives two visual signals, at each interval one signal at each eye. From the differences in the two visual signals (especially from the variation in resolution), the brain can learn to calculate the depth of the merged image signal. This ability however needs to be learned by the brain first, so I would think at least.

I'd like to ask, at what age do we learn depth and orientational sensing?

Does the ability to learn this sensing require two receivers of the visual signal? If someone, who was born with only one functional eye, completely blind on the second eye from birth, would this person still be able to develop this sensing, and if yes, would it take this person more time to do this?


问:
What is the difference between Undoing and Reaction Formation?
According to wikipedia:

Reaction formation is a defense mechanism in which emotions and impulses which are anxiety-producing or perceived to be unacceptable are mastered by exaggeration of the directly opposing tendency

Undoing is a defense mechanism in which a person tries to cancel out or remove an unhealthy, destructive or otherwise threatening thought or action by engaging in contrary behavior

Both defense mechanisms seem to be reacting to an unhealthy thought with the opposite. Is there a quality that differentiates the two mechanisms?

Wikipedia links:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reaction_formation

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Undoing_(psychology)


问:
How communal parenting, through the develpment in the prefrontal cortex, could lead to a better emotion regulation?
In this Michael Meaney interview, he let an open question at the end. He mentioned that communal parenting, could "in some ways buffer the child by having potentially more positive sources of resilience in their lives". I know the amygdala and medial prefrontal cortex are brain regions important for emotion regulation, however, how communal parenting could change their development and be an explanation for this to happen?

This is the interview last question (to avoid the link):

Interviewer: Have there been studies of the influence of care
in societies where the burden of care might be moved between parents
or is it reasonably constant across societies?

Michael Meaney: No. We think it’s really interesting and it’s a dynamic. The psychologists speak, for example, of a child as being an
organism that’s remarkably good at seeking out nurturance from
whatever source may be there.  We see in Asia that many children are
raised by grandparents or in a more communal environment. In a cohort
that we run in Singapore, I believe that in 50% of the cases the
mother is not the primary care giver in terms of the person who spends
the most amount of time with the child.  That wouldn’t be true up to
one year of life, but beyond one year it’s very often that children
are raised by others, particularly grandparents. People are living in
larger, extended families. The irony there is that these care
structures may come closer to the original organization of the family
who lived in kin groups. In fact, it may be that we in the west are
somehow the outliers having created these nuclear families in which
parenting and child care is so closely linked to one or two
individuals whereas in other societies it can be far more communal.
That leads you to some interesting outcomes. For example, a colleague
of ours in Singapore was looking at the association between a common
feature of early maternal care, which is sensitivity – to what extent
is the mother attuned to the cues of the infant? She had a predicted a
relationship between development in the prefrontal cortex and maternal
sensitivity.  She’s seen a rather weak relationship, which surprised
her, so she took this large sample she had and she split it and for
those whom the mother was the primary care giver, she saw a very
strong relationship between maternal sensitivity and prefrontal
development, but for those children for whom the mother wasn’t the
primary caregiver, it was absent.  So I think in these particular
instances, you’re seeing more diversity within the child care
environment and I think it’s an excellent question to ask, does this
in some ways buffer the child by having potentially more positive
sources of resilience in their lives?  It’s a question well worth
noting.


问:
Is the Sagan standard a kind of proportionality bias?
Is the Sagan standard, which says that "extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence", a kind of proportionality bias?

Since the proportionality bias is a tendency to believe that causes are proportional to effects in magnitude, so the Sagan standard seem to fall into that category. Maybe if the standard was a little more specific or it actually defined what it means by extraordinay, then maybe it wouldn't be.


问:
Are there mathematical models for multi-utility satisfaction?
In several places I have seen reference to the law of diminishing returns with regard to satisfaction. A common toy example is eating cookies. The first cookie gives some amount of satisfaction, the second some smaller amount, and so on. It follows the satisfaction function  $S(n)$ is a convex function of the number $n$ of cookies eaten.

This seems quite reasonable but I wonder how is it backed up experimentally? Are there studies where subjects are given various amounts of something and their satisfaction is somehow measured?

Three follow-up questions:

Has this been done using some objective measure of satisfaction rather than just asking the subject?

Are there any mathematical models for the shape of the convex function?

How do things change is there are several utilities? So $S(n,x)$ where $n$ is the number of cookies and $x$ describes the quality.


问:
What is the effect of movies and TV series on criminals?
In whole genres of movies and TV series, criminals and criminal organizations have a central role, either in the role of villains or anti-heroes. And I think it is safe to assume that, given the broad dissemination of these media, real-life criminals do watch them as well, at least casually.

My question then is: are there any studies evaluating the effect of media about or featuring criminals on real-life criminals? Does watching these media change the inclinations of criminals, maybe towards more stereotyped behaviors?


问:
Antisocial Disorder and Art
If people with Antisocial Disorder are generally lacking of emotions and empathy, do they understand art in a way as neurotypical people does?
Are there any famous artists who been diagnosed with ADR?</p>

Title: Antisocial Disorder and Art


问:
How to keep a highly active mind satisfied?
How can you keep a highly active mind satisfied?

Even more specifically:

when one has tried many ways to learn but seemingly runs out of new things to learn about or do,

at an older age,

After graduating,

for people potentially with autism/asperger's.


问:
Can a student being asked a question trigger a true fight-or-flight response?
I have a professor who, in a lecture, briefly describes the neurophysiology of the "fight-or-flight" response. She states "in the hierarchy of information processing, emotional data override conscious thought. However, the amygdala is closer to the thalamus and receives the information before the sensory cortex. Sensory receptors send information to the thalamus, where further processing takes place before the information is sent simultaneously to the sensory cortex, and the amygdala and hippocampus. If the amygdala perceives the information to be threatening, the amygdala immediately initiates fight or flight mechanisms in the limbic system and the information never makes it to your sensory cortex.”

To illustrate, she gives an example of "a teacher who has just called on you asking for an answer to a question you don't know."

Her concern here is to demonstrate that a student can feel so threatened in classroom situations that they initiate a fight or flight response.

I do not argue with the idea that a student could feel extremely threatened in such a situation, and have a very strong emotional response. However, I contend that such a case—-a response to a teacher asking a question--could not be an example of the fight or flight response, which evolved to facilitate survival in the face of extreme physical danger, and mechanistically, does not involve higher-processing centers.

Yet, the situation in which a human understands a question, and the social circumstances in which it is asked, necessarily involves higher-structure processing. You can’t feel a threat if you don’t process the language first, or have a process for considering what other people might be thinking about you. Therefore, since the fight or flight response is initiated purely by more primitive processing, the example of the classroom question cannot be a stimulus for a true fight-or-flight response. I’m not saying that some sort of process doesn’t happen that involves stress and the amygdala, and the limbic system—strong emotions—but in the case of a question the response is mediated by higher structures.

Let me try to summarize my argument like this:

(1) understanding someone’s question requires higher-structure processing,

(2) already being at higher-structure processing, and at the level of consciousness, the neural pathway does not suddenly become completely non conscious and generate a purely primitive response (and even if it does, it is not purely a fight or flight response, because that is an entirely non-conscious pathway)

(3) the fight-or-flight behavior is a primitive-structure pathway involving the amygdala, shutting out higher-structure processing, which is a response to a physical threat and immediate physical action (no conscious, higher structure mediation)—fight or run.

If there is higher-structure interpretation necessary to understand the question, and/or higher-structure interpretation to feel uncomfortable about how other people think of one when one responds, then the behavior cannot involve fight or flight because that is a non-conscious, primitive-level pathway.

I would like confirmation that I am correct in my argument, and the professor's example, of the student being asked a question, can not possibly be an example of true fight-or-flight.


问:
How to obtain percent correct responses from the QUEST data
I'm new to analyzing QUEST data to produce psychometric functions. I am using Psignifit in Matlab for this.

I have this data:

Column #1 has stimulus contrast presented in the first or the second interval and column #2 (response) says whether the user correctly identified the interval in which it was presented. 1 is correct and 0 is wrong. With QUEST, each contrast level presented is different and there is only row for that particular contrast.

How do I use this data (1s and 0s) to get % correct and fit the psychometric function to that data in psignifit in Matlab?

Is there a way to build the psychometric function without binning the data?

Any help is appreciated!


问:
Why have we not yet mastered our understanding of the Placebo effect?
The Placebo effect states that if you and I are both surgeons and we have 10 alike patients each who are in need of knee surgery's, that if you go and do your operations by the book, and I on the other hand do sham ops (Just simply cut the patient open and sew them back up) on my patients, that regardless, over 20% of both our patients will recover with total success from the surgery they had received. And when it comes to psychology this percentage jumps even higher!

Quite simply put, the Placebo effect is our looking glass eye into divine miraculous happenings. What's more is that it is the individual themselves who is performing these miracles. I.E. If you have cancer and believe that cancer will kill you, it will. But if you have cancer, and believe that you will beat that cancer by 100%, you will! They both are correct. But How? Why?

Hence, why, oh why, have we not all looked into this very magical thing that is going on? Are we scared? Do we fear that if we find a way to master this thing called the placebo effect that none of us will have a job? That the need for doctors and medicine will perish? Would that not be a better world?

I would like to know why we have not mastered our understanding and use of the Placebo effect.

Any Takers?


问:
Why does a lot of victims of abuse tend to avoid confrontation?
I have known a few abuse victims (mental abuse more than physical abuse). One common trait among all of these people are they would go to any length to make peace. Usually their abusers use this weakness to get their things done. For instance, one of the abusers I know would call up everyone if the victim does not pick up the call or would create extreme public nuisance. The victim would than quickly pick up his/her call or would try to do anything to bring back peace, usually at the expense of his/her dignity.
I have asked these victims and they have usually responded that they like peace.
Is there any psychological/ neuroscience phenomena that exclaims this behaviour?</p>


问:
How to produce the ganzfeld effect?
This is the closest stack exchange site I could find that suites my question: How can I best produce the ganzfeld effect? I tried with noise canceling earbuds, white noise, and a paper sleep mask.
I've composed some questions below:
Can I move my eyes?
Can I move my body?
Can I make any noise?
How long will it take for effects to begin?
Any other information will be much appreciated. Thanks in advance!</p>

Title: How to produce the ganzfeld effect?


问:
Borderline Personality Disorder vs Borderline Personality Organization
Most of psychoanalytic sources, including DSM, talks about Borderline Personality disorder and only disorder. Meanwhile Nancy McWilliams talks about Borderline Personality Organization. Also she mentions:

Kernberg (1984), one of the originators of the concept, began having to differentiate between “borderline personality organization” (BPO) and the DSM’s “borderline personality disorder” (BPD).

Meanwhile people with Borderline Personality Organization is described by McWilliams as quite abnormal and problematic. So it stays unclear what exactly the difference between Borderline Personality Disorder and Borderline Personality Organization?

Also, are there any difference between Psychotic Personality Disorder vs Psychotic Personality Organization? McWilliams doesn't seem to say anything on that topic.


问:
How would you explain the relationship between "ideas", "beliefs", "mental images" and "thoughts"?
I'd really like to know how psychology and neuroscience are working with the concepts of "ideas", "beliefs", "mental images" and "thoughts" nowadays. I'm designing some mental health training for school teachers and as a first step I am introducing them to familiar elements they can recognise in their own minds. Feelings, emotions, attention and goals are maybe easier to isolate and explain a bit. But the ovelap among the first set of concepts I'm mentioning is too big to make easy distinctions. That's why I would find very helpful if anyone could help me clarify the connections and differences between the concepts of "ideas", "beliefs", "mental images" and "thoughts".

As I've said, I'm asking this question because I'm preparing a course for school teachers. So I'm not really asking for a very in depth exposition (although of course it can always be very interesting to read, if offered). Just some brief definitions with the most relevant and least controverted relations and key differences among these concepts can be of much help.

Thank you very much in advance for your attention.


问:
What is the scientific evaluation of the Grain Brain hypothesis?
The Grain Brain hypothesis states that the consumption of gluten (and grains in general) produce long-term neurological damage. It's been proposed and popularised by neurologist and best-selling author David Perlmutter. He's has now made a career as a diet celebrity, selling books, food products, retreats, and the like.

There is a very comprehensive critical review of his profile and ideas here, which basically states that the current (2015) evidence is not there to support his claims, but doesn't deny some potential plausibility. A similar conclusion is reached in this Quora question, from 2014.

I wonder what's the updated case for or against that hypothesis. I did a rough search on Google Scholar and found this and this articles advising against low or gluten free diets. This one suggests gluten might not have to do with mild brain degeneration. This meta-analysis is too technical for me to understand but seems to focus only on those allergic to gluten.

Anyone aware of the most recent and reliable evidence on this hypothesis?


问:
Any neuroscience related intelligence theories?
Correlations between biological measurements and intelligence has been made in the past, e.g. blood flow or metrics like cortex size, though are there any specific neuroscience related intelligence theories and if so, any sources?

With theories I’m referring to works like the psychometric ones (Spearman) or cognitive-contextual like Triarchic and so forth..
Are any well-researched theories in the neuroscience space?


问:
Name of the effect that one feels entitled to more egoistic behaviour if one commited an altruistic deed
I'm looking for the term for the tendency of people to keep a kind of "altruism credit" which means if they help someone else at one moment, they more likely resolve to not helping if they encounter an occasion to help the same day. Alternatively, I'd appreciate any studies which focused on this effect.</p>


问:
Neuron specialization in the Visual System
Can someone point me to a good resource to explain how neurons in the visual system become sensitive to visual features?  I understand that specific neurons fire for things like direction of motion, orientation, etc.  How does this specialization get “programmed in” during development?  I’m sure that training from experience is key but how does a specific neuron become specialized for a feature and its neighbor becomes specialized for another feature?

I’m a noob and curious how different neurons specialize to fire for simple features in the LGN but more complex features in higher visual areas.  Just go straight to Huble & Wiesel?


问:
A Collective Unconscious That's Alive?
I'm currently conversing in the context of Carl Jung's concept of collective unconscious and Rollo May's concept of Dasein (Ratner, 2019). I frequently notice that some social contexts are very interrelated.

For example, someone from a certain community (e.g. online gaming) would be talking to me about a specific topic that would usually be exclusive to a closed niche (e.g. the beauty in combining the color blue with the color orange). And then another person from a totally different community (e.g. a group of friends from the finance community) will be talking to me about the same.

I think one reason for this is that these two different persons have a common social context (e.g. the TV) apart from the community where I separately have common ground with them (e.g. online gaming and finance). Another possible explanation is that they keep noticing the blue and orange color combination in me and they're just obfuscating facts because it would be socially inappropriate to tell me directly. The latter could be true, but I wonder why it happens very commonly.

I've also had some readings regarding behavior that said that when such kind of random reinforcement interval happens, a superstition is usually formed. And I think this reinforcement-based superstition theory is true because I've started doing an investigation on conspiracy theories related to this as an effect of my "blue and orange" experiences.

I actually found related conspiracy theories like the theory about Disney princesses which says that the media is actually conditioning the mind of children to search for their "prince charming". Another more credible concept is the Invisible Hand by Adam Smith.

My question is, could it be possible that this archetype of the collective unconscious is actually "alive" in the sense that it is continuously evolving and directing us (e.g. through "blue and orange" hints)? What related questions would I need to ask in order to answer this inquiry?

References

Ratner, J. (2019). Rollo May and the Search for Being: Implications of May’s Thought for Contemporary Existential-Humanistic Psychotherapy. Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 59(2), 252-268. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022167815613880

Title: A Collective Unconscious That's Alive?


问:
How to build a personal behavioural chart?
The question is realistically in two parts:

how could a personal behavioural survey be constructed?

are there any existing personal behavioural survey tools available?

The behavioural survey may include questions like:

Did you feel lethargic today [yes/no]?

How long have you worked out today [high, medium, low]?

The survey tool would facilitate statistical analysis by categorically encoding the responses as shown in italics.

It would be appreciated if you could provide ideas as to:

How could this survey tool be built?

What questions should be asked?

How could the responses be quantified and analysed?


问:
Comparison of Grey Matter in regards to "Intelligence"?
Wasn't able to find anything - I'm writing an article about the associations between cortical grey matter and scores on cognitive Intelligence tests.

There are lots of good resources which argue and correlate those two, but I can't find a comparison of an "unintelligent" (performing bad on test) person being examined and an "intelligent" person. Does anyone know a good source?


问:
Is adrenaline rush the real cause behind feelings of "electricity", "fire", "heat" or "burning all over" reported in certain religious groups?
Doing my own independent research, I've noticed a clear pattern of religious people reporting feelings and sensations that they usually describe with expressions such as "waves of electricity", "fire", "heat", "burning all over", among others. I've heard expressions like these mainly from individuals in Pentecostal and Charismatic circles.

For illustrative purposes, here are some example video clips from individuals describing their first-hand experiences: A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M.

Also, here is a quote from a very descriptive testimonial posted on Charisma Magazine:

[...] In an instant, the Spirit of God gave me a single word in tongues to speak out, and as I repeated it, more words erupted through me. The power of the wonderful Holy Spirit enveloped me as what seemed like waves of electricity and what I can only describe as God's love and power washed over me. It seemed as though a spotlight exploded out of my mouth as I spoke in tongues, with my arms and hands surging with tremendous currents of electricity as the waves of power washed over the rest of my body as I loudly spoke in tongues, feeling immersed in His Spirit. [...]

Source: https://www.charismamag.com/spirit/revival/32085-this-is-what-it-looks-like-when-holy-spirit-s-electric-power-sweeps-over-you (cached version)

Reviewing literature about these experiences in Google Scholar, I came across a paper published in 2014 by Julia L. Cassaniti and Tanya Marie Luhrmann titled The Cultural Kindling of Spiritual Experiences (https://doi.org/10.1086/677881). In this paper, there is a very interesting claim made by the authors. Here are two quotes:

The “Holy Spirit” experience, for example, is a concept often used to describe an event in which someone feelings an intense surge of power sweeping through their body like electricity, or what we would call the bodily affordance of an adrenaline rush.

These three phenomena—cataplexy, or the loss of muscle
control; adrenaline surge, as if electricity is shooting through
the body; and emotional surge, when someone experiences intense, overwhelming emotion—are examples of physiological phenomena that are common to all human bodies but unusual enough so that people can remember the moment
independent of a specific label.

In other words, these authors are essentially claiming that the overwhelming feelings reported by religious individuals, typically described with expressions such as "waves of electricity", "power", "fire", "heat", "burning all over", etc., would be nothing but physiological symptoms produced by sudden and intense surges of the adrenaline hormone released into the individuals' bloodstreams. However, the paper offers no evidence to justify this claim. Moreover, a quick research into adrenaline rushes shows that they play a big part of the body's fight-or-flight response, which is an evolutionary adaptation that gets triggered by situations that we perceive as dangerous, such as horror movies, extreme sports and similar, which to my layman understanding would make no sense in a typical religious worship setting.

So, is it factually correct that adrenaline rushes are the ultimate cause behind the dramatic spiritual experiences reported by individuals in Pentecostal and Charismatic circles?

@TonyMobbs in the comment section suggests that this question has already been answered here. Concretely, he is pointing to two hypotheses from his answer: H4) Conformance to the social norms and H8) Attention seeking (as the other hypotheses are dismissed in the same answer). I don't agree with his suggestion, for the following reasons:

H4 was proposed as an explanation for the outer behaviour of shaking/trembling, not for the feelings of electricity, fire or heat reported by people. H4 basically proposes peer pressure as the primary incentive for shaking and trembling, and someone who intentionally fakes shaking or trembling out of peer pressure emotion-wise would feel feelings of relief, calm or social acceptance at best (not waves of "electricity", "fire" or "heat").

H8 (attention seeking) was later on proposed after I presented counter-examples to H4 in a chat room discussion. However, at the moment H8 is just a placehoder in his answer, its writing is still pending, and at no moment his answer explains how H8 can account for feelings of "electricity", "fire" or "heat".


问:
Does reading sentences one by one contributes to better comprehension of the text?
Does reading sentences one by one beside a picture
(as shown in this video of this project) contributes to better comprehension of the text,
due to better readability, focus and other factors? In opposite to classical reading?

I have already one feedback from person with dyslexia and she tells she reads fantastic with it.


问:
Contextual freezing decline after exposure to CS (Fear Conditioning)
I am trying to find the literature or a phenomenon name to explain the following condition,

Animals are trained with cued fear conditioning (Context A), then at testing, they have two consecutive cases. They can be either tested in the training context (Context A, contextual fear testing) first, or they can be tested in a different context (Context B, cue fear at testing) first. During contextual testing, animals show more freezing if they were not subjected to context B testing first. Does this indicate some form of contextual extinction or enhancing the specificity of freezing to CS while being in context B?


问:
Could a serial killer continue undiscovered by friends, family, work colleagues?
Or would they invariably show signs that psychologically they weren't right? I'm watching The Fall, where a serial killer is in the middle of his spree, but without his wife or work colleagues noticing any strange or abnormal behaviour, and wondering if that could really happen IRL?</p>


问:
When talking about painful events in their lives, why do most people smile?
I  watched this video recently, and a common reaction in almost all of the strangers was that they were smiling, while talking about the most painful things they were told in their lives. My question is, why is that?

Is it because they have accepted these events and have learned to move on, or do they act out this courage because they do not want to feel inferior socially? Could it be a psychological mechanism to cope up?


问:
What sort of therapy could help a person become more extraverted?
Is there any therapy that is considered effective for changing a person's personality from introversion toward extraversion in the absence of any specific diagnosable disorder?

I am able to find many resources on treatment modalities that have been found to improve social function in people with certain specific disorders for which introversion is often a symptom, such as autism, depression, and schizophrenia, but I'm interested in the case of someone who doesn't have any specific disorder per se, but wants to become less introverted in order to build relationships, social capital, professional stature, etc.

As an analogy, remedial/developmental reading educators often distinguish between people with specific learning disorders such as dyslexia who often need a diagnosis-specific intervention versus people who just didn't get the opportunity to learn earlier, and thus respond well to general pedagogical techniques.


问:
Is suicide an evolved trait consistent with Hamilton's rule?
In wild turkeys, male turkeys that are related to eachother will band together to form groups where only one male in the group will reproduce and the others will simply exist to help the dominant male. It was shown that this is a form of "cooperative evolution" in which the genes of the nonreproducing males live on through the dominant male. The results were shown to be consistent with Hamilton's rule.

Could suicide be an evolved trait? In the case of Turkeys, the choice to be sub-dominant (and to never reproduce) is always done within families. Similarly, if suicide was evolved for in a similar way, it might be that there's a "family" trigger. For example, if a "subdomininant male" believes that his family's fitness would be higher without him (maybe in a poor family where lack of food will produce two males with studented growth), suicide might be more likely as it increases the "dominant males" potential reproductive success. But if that male is an only child and there are no cousins or potential for other kin - suicide would hurt the genetic fitness of the family.

Is there any evidence of this?


问:
What is the neuroscience behind copying dialect?
So everybody raised in the same area speaks with the same dialect, why is it so? What is the neuroscience behind this phenomenon?</p>


问:
How to avoid control group contamination?
When running a sociological experiment where subjects are randomly assigned to treatment and control groups and only the treatment group will be sent some information regularly (for example, weekly), how can the researcher minimize the risk of contamination of the control group (for example, if someone from the treatment group posts their information on social media or the like where anyone from the control group might see it)?

Is there any way (other than informing both groups of the importance of a control group) to reduce this risk of control group contamination?


问:
Solving motivation issues caused by abuse
I remember something in psychology saying some people who are motivated by parent/guardian abuse in their past can have issues motivating themselves unless under pressure of a deadline or other stressor. Is there a known disorder under these traits? What are some treatments that may work? And finally are there any books or readings on the topic.</p>


问:
Interactions between oxytocin and prolactin after birth

Context

I am currently working on a research about the relation between children's first years of life and the managment of emotional emptiness in maturity, e.g. smoking habits, eating disorders, onychophagia, bruxism, etc.

Information found

I do know both oxytocin and prolactin are needed for lactation, as it says in this article:

Prolactin stimulates milk biosynthesis within the alveolar cells of the breast and oxytocin stimulates contraction of the myoepithelial cells that surround the alveoli, causing the milk to be ejected into the ducts leading to the nipple.

Also, as Michel Odent points out in Le bébé est un mammifère, when a mother gives birth to a child, a peak of oxytocin is released stimulated by the very first moment of physical contact. I can deduce that if there is no contact, neither the oxytocin peak will occur.

Question

Now, does somebody know if prolactine levels are affected by the peak of oxytocin caused by mother-child contact? e.g. Lower levels of oxytocin could lead to lower levels of prolactin and affect lactation.


问:
Nomenclature for mood, feelings and emotion in experimental-psychology
I'm studying music therapy and music-based interventions relating to Substance Use Disorder.
Music therapy and music-based interventions are increasingly used for the treatment of substance use disorder (Hoffmann et al., 2017)

I noticed that studies examining the effects of music therapy on mood, feeling and emotions of addicted patients use these three terms interchangeably. For example, Jones (2005) refers to the terms
"feeling and emotions" (p.100) only to assess "mood" using a visual analogue scale.

My question: Does a theory - or even a test (not necessarily about music-therapy experiments) -  handles those three terms (mood, feeling and emotions) as separate constructs?

P.S. I aim to possibly differentiate these terms properly to implement an experiment


问:
Function of the Left Medial Prefrontal Cortex
I am searching for a specific (as specific as is currently known) region of the brain that has a known(?) large role in deductive and inductive reasoning. My research has narrowed me down to the Left Medial Prefrontal Cortex, however the best papers I found are from 2013 or earlier. Do any of you know the current thought on the function of the lMPFC specifically in regards to logical thinking?

References:

The Neurology of Reasoning (2002)

The role of medial prefrontal cortex in early social cognition (2013)


问:
Measure of short term memory
I'm doing a study on the impact of video quality and memory. The subject groups are going to watch a video of someone reciting 20 or so facts, and then will be asked to recall the facts or answer questions about them (this is what I need help with). The goal is to determine whether slowed down videos decrease overall memory or retention

I want a difficult enough memory task that most people will fall somewhere in the middle (I don't want everyone to get 100%s as that'd mess with the math)

Anyone know of any memory measures that use a similar list of facts structure?

Title: Measure of short term memory


问:
Difficulties in recollecting memory, when execution speed of an action is slow
I learnt to solve Rubik's cube 2 - 3 years ago, I used to practice once in a while, I can solve Rubik's cube within a minute.

One day, I went to my uncle's house, my nephew had a Rubik's cube, I wanted to solve it, it was so damaged, that it took on average 3 seconds to make one turn, I keep forgetting the intermediate steps, while trying to solve it. I was not under any emotional stress or pressure at that moment, eventually I quit. And, I went to my home, I tried to solve using my Rubik's cube, I was able to solve it. Why I'm unable to solve the same, when I do it slowly?

I can assume, it has something to do with muscle memory, since I've been solving Rubik's cube, for few years, why I fail to remember, when doing it slow?