问:
Is "belief" in folk psychology just a sub-type of memory?
In folk psychology, we talk about beliefs. For instance, you can ask someone, why did you increase your investment in the stock market? He may say, well, I believe that the stock market will likely go up. He might even give you specific probability distributions (more granular belief) about different future stock returns.

However, from a "mechanical" standpoint, it seems to me that this "belief" --- if formed before the decision (investment) is made --- must be a form of memory. That is, the person may have done analyses earlier and somehow decided that the stock market is likely to go up, and that thought is stored as either long-term or short-term memory in his brain.

(Of course, it is also possible that his stated "belief" is an ex-post rationalization of his actions. In that case, it is not even a memory.)

Is what I am saying correct? Can there be "beliefs" (in folk psychology parlance) that are not just a specific type of memory?


问:
Any statistics on the likelihood of, consumption frequencies and dosages required for serotonin syndrome to occur with LSD?
This may be too obscure of a question to have sufficient, if any, statistics on it. If that's the case, any relevant information is appreciated.

From what I've gathered, very high doses and/or very frequent use of LSD (or any other psychedelic for that matter) is necessary for serotonin syndrome to occur in typical, healthy people.

Are there any statistics on how often serotonin syndrome occurs with LSD consumers, and what dosage level and consumption frequency is associated with that likelihood?

I know some drug combinations greatly increase the likelihood, but I'm most interested in the likelihood with just LSD.

OwnerDisplayName: A. Kvåle

ContentLicense: CC BY-SA 4.0


问:
Horror Movies, PTSD and The Mere-Exposure Effect
Some people say that they get PTSD from horror movies, yet there are some researches done that claim that horror movies help fight against stress and even PTSD.

https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/how-horror-movies-can-help-overcome-trauma-and-relieve-stress

Horror movies may provide some durability against horrifying situations in real life with the help of "The Mere Exposure Effect" which desensitizes you or makes you get used to the horrifying feelings. However,

1)"Getting used to something" and "being desensitized" are not the same thing.
So, which one is occurring here? (My guess is both.) I think,

Getting used to smth is when you know something, you see that its

effects are there and do not care anymore.

Being desensitized to smth is you can not care if you know
it or it has any effects or not, simply you do not detect the
thing.

2)What is the threshold between "getting PTSD" from a horror movie and "getting used to it" or "being desensitized" by it?

I think there have to be factors like age, culture, exposure rate, the density of exposure, etc. but the question is,

Are there any solid qualifiers/quantifiers that separate "getting PTSD" and "getting used to it" or "getting desensitized"?


问:
Is cumulative self-paced reading a reliable measure in online experiments?
I am a Master's student in psycholinguistics and I am currently writing my thesis to explore the effects of the social context on language comprehension during reading. While I am aware that the moving window paradigm is preferred because it resembles best the results achieved in eye-tracking studies, I was wondering what the current perspective is on cumulative self-paced reading.

After spending time searching for literature on the cumulative method, I found some mentions that report on the performance of the cumulative method, but they do not seem very optimistic when it comes to the success of this method, when applied to on-line parsing (Ferreira & Henderson, 1990; Just, et al. 1982).

To me, it seems like cumulative SPR might be more suitable for online experiments (in my mind it may be able to compensate for the fact that participants' attention is weaker due to the weaker experimental control (participants are at home in front of their own PCs, not in a lab); maybe participants would be able to recall the input better when faced with the cumulative paradigm vs. the non-cumulative one)

I am of course still searching for literature on this, but I would be very grateful for your suggestions. I would also be grateful if you could share any research experience on this.

References

Ferreira, F., & Henderson, J. M. (1990). Use of verb information in syntactic parsing: Evidence from eye movements and word-by-word self-paced reading. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 16(4), 555–568. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-7393.16.4.555

Just, M. A., Carpenter, P. A., & Woolley, J. D. (1982). Paradigms and processes in reading comprehension. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 111(2), 228–238. https://doi.org/10.1037/0096-3445.111.2.228


问:
Is there any comprehensive classification of thinking style?
I see many thinking styles,
inductive thought, deductive thought, critical thinking, convergent thinking, divergent thinking, dominant thinking, and so on.

but is there any comprehensive classification of thinking styles? then we can glance over all of them.


问:
Is there a specific protocol for fixing time-laps/synchronization issues?
Let's take an extreme case as an example. Let's say someone is in a coma for 8 years and then wakes up.

Does anyone know if there is a defined clinical psychology/fucntional psychology protocol/routine that that person should undergo to start feeling normal again and be able to synchronize with other people?

I assume get a part-time job to get the routine up and running would be a start but what else in relation to other people? Should that person seek out old peers, try to make connection with new peers or what? Is there a formula for dating age when seeking a partner if such a thing occurs?


问:
Electrical Shock to Brain as Form of Treatment
I would like to know what is the theory behind the electrical shock to brain to treat patients suffering from delusions?

I am aware that thoughts are mere electrical excitation of neurons, so is the external electricity to brain some form of de-activation of those electrical excitation of neurons that result in delusions or paranoia?


问:
Do humans identify groups using music like birds do?
Some species of birds recognise members of their family by the specific songs they sing. Similarly this may be true with other animals such as whales.

I wonder, does this explain social phenomena such as the Mods vs Rockers riots where two groups identify each other by the particular music they listen to?

From the 1920s to the early 2010s, humans seem to identify themselves with particular music they like. 'flapper girls', 'hippies', 'rockers', 'goths', 'emos', 'ravers', etc. It seems to be less prevelant in the late 2010s to 2020s where instead a kind of youth conformity seems to have taken hold via the internet. (Although this could just be misconception on my part).

In this sense are there any studies done on if music is central to group cohesion in the same way that birds use it? I think  this is more of a psychological question than sociological since I'm thinking of more genetically determined innate behaviour that predisposes us to link music with group activity.


问:
A primitive model or way of describing the "functionality" of intelligence
I spent quite a bit of time philosophizing about what intelligence actually (as in function-wise is) and I came to the conclusion that it consists of two (or so) properties

Number of operations per unit time or "processing speed" (Jordan Peterson mentions this in one of his videos, he then also mentions that it's not all that it is but that it's a huge portion of it)

The ability to pay sustained attention or simply attention (Jordan Peterson also mentioned this in the discussion with Richard Haier, briefly states that he went through the literature of attention and that it's basically the same as I.Q.
A neat "reference" for this is also the Visual Motion Intelligence test: http://www.quantumday.com/2013/05/visual-motion-intelligence-test-to.html

(You could maybe decouple the sustainability of attention and information cancelling from attention in sub-modules but that is just more philosophizing)

My question is the following, has there ever been a formal (or formal-ish) model that combined these two properties or something similar been conceived?


问:
PhD in research psychology: Can I only do research and NOT teach at a university?
I have a master's and am now interested in getting my PhD in psychology with a concentration in cognitive science. Only, I don't want to teach or become a professor after graduation. I just want to lead my own research and run my own experiments. Is this possible? Would such positions be rare? What are my options?

Thanks so much


问:
Where and why would "skill" not increase monotonically with time invested?
I'm a fan of games and activities with steep learning curves and high skill ceilings, and very precarious lines between success and failure. Such success may not be strictly linear or predictable (e.g. a significant difference in batting averages—0.300 vs 0.350—will not be immediately obvious from just a few at-bats; two chess players cannot have their ELO compared by just a couple game results), but one expects that one's "skill" or "rate of success" as a reified concept is monotonically nondecreasing with respect to time invested.

My question is about the exceptions to this intuition. What are factors that lead to such exceptions (either as a real phenomenon, or as an illusory perception)? Have any such hypotheses been experimentally tested in laboratory conditions?

I can come up with a slew of hypotheses, but don't know to what degrees they've been confirmed as significant by research:

Perception: Pareidolia/losing streak/reading into unfavorable random noise; pessimist's form of confirmation bias to deal with frustration;  failures are being overcounted.

Perception: Expectations which grow at a faster rate than can be accommodated by skill growth; failures are not being overcounted per se but the standards of success/failure are in flux.

Reality: Performance anxiety (cf. 2) and losing streak mentality (cf. 1) objectively impacting measured achievement.

Reality: "Settling down" into one known way of attempting a thing eliminates pathways for success present while in an earlier, more freeform stage of learning.

Reality: Changes in the body in response to learning (e.g. developing motor neural pathways) throw off the learner's performance temporarily as they adjust to their (hopefully better) bodily circuitry.

Reality: Other means of "learning the wrong things" whether that be muscle memory, fallacious strategy, etc.


问:
Experiment changing strongly held attitudes or beliefs
Has there been an experiment replicating the change of a strongly held belief or attitude in the psychology literature? I understand that this is an extremely difficult phenomenon to replicate, and one that would likely take months. However, given the need that politicians and influencers have to gain public support, I find it difficult to believe that such an experiment has not been attempted. Examples of strongly held beliefs or attitudes include political party affiliation, religious affiliation, or attitudes to race or polarizing politicians.


问:
Where does dissatisfaction/ingratitude fall in Big Five traits?
Example: Someone scores 92/100 in an exam, or gets 3.6/4.0 GPA, or accepted by their 2nd choice university (out of 5 ranked preferences). But is dissatisfied with the outcome, and thinks:

This is not "good enough". I wish I had received better outcomes.
Feels bad/sad that they didn't get accepted at choice #1 university.

Another person has objectively worse outcomes but is happy and jubilant:

85/100: Wow, I got over 80, cool!

Accepted by their 5th/last choice university: This is awesome, I got in!

Question: How do the above fit in the Big Five personality traits?
It doesn't seem like Conscientious, Openness, Extraversion, Agreeableness or Neuroticism would explain this tendency to be satisfied and easily pleased vs. mostly being discontent and wanting more and better.


问:
Risk of mental disability from Fetal Alcohol Syndrome without a postpartum diagnosis
My wife and I are considering adoption of a child whose mother binged alcohol during pregnancy. Part of this very complex and emotional decision for us is understanding the risks that the child will suffer mental impairment, and to what degree. There is plenty of good literature around Fetal Alcohol Syndrome more generally, but we'd like to gain some insight into how the information available to us about the child's postpartum development could impact those probabilities.

After reviewing some of the literature I've found no information to help us assess the likelihood of FAS given what we know postpartum. Are there any studies that can be used to glean some insight into the likelihood of cognitive impariment once certain milestones or tests have been conducted?

While we're not disinterested in other non-neurological consequences, our focus at the moment is only the possible psychological and neurological impact on the child.


问:
Why do we ask why others have died?
When someone dies, one of the first questions people usually are concerned about is how he/she died?

What are the reasons to know the causes of someone's death?

Title: Why do we ask why others have died?


问:
Any researchers doing research in Nietzschean psychology?
I am eager to do research in Nietzschean psychology
Are there any researchers doing research in this area?
Thanks in advance.


问:
From a neuroscientific point of view does internet gaming disorder have the same effect on the brain as porn addiction?
Wang, et al. (2015) proved that among people with internet gaming disorder GMV (Gray Matter Volume) of the bilateral anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), precuneus, supplementary motor area (SMA), superior parietal cortex, left dorsal lateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), left insula, and bilateral cerebellum decreased in the IGD participants compared with healthy controls. Is it the same with internet porn addicts?

References

Wang, H., Jin, C., Yuan, K., Shakir, T. M., Mao, C., Niu, X., Niu, C., Guo, L., & Zhang, M. (2015). The alteration of gray matter volume and cognitive control in adolescents with internet gaming disorder. Frontiers in behavioral neuroscience, 9, 64. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnbeh.2015.00064


问:
Does the sensation of pain arise in the brain?
I can feel pain in my arm or in my brain.

I have read that you can feel a phantom pain. As if the pain exists outside the body. There is a related process in the brain but the feeling itself seems to originate at a body spot (or brain spot if the pain is in the brain).

Does pain sensation arise in the spot where I feel the pain or in my brain? If it originates in the brain then how can I feel it in my body? (The same can be asked of sound and vision)


问:
Why do people often perceive the value of a good to be associated with the effort put into making it?
Karl Marx's "labor theory of value" states that the value of a good depends on the amount of human labor put into it. While this is a defunct theory and incompatible with modern economics, it was hugely influential and seems to have many parallels in intuitive psychology.

For instance, luxury handbag or oriental rugs makers often emphasize that their products are "carefully handmade", implying that they should be valued for that reason, even if hand-made products, in many ways, are not better than or even inferior to machine-made products.

This intuitive idea of "labor theory of value" is, of course, even truer when evaluating things we made ourselves. Suppose I am a musician. If I spent 2 months writing piece A and only 2 days writing piece B, I will treasure piece A a lot more, even if piece B is an equally good piece of music.

Thus my questions:

Is there empirical research showing that people incorporate some notion of "labor theory of value" in their intuitive understanding of value?

If so, is there research showing why people think this way?


问:
Analysis of reading times data based on residual reading times or rather log-transformed reading times
After reading the article by Enochson and Culbertson (2015), I found out that reaction times elicited via self-paced reading tasks should be analyzed based on the residual reading times if the interest regions are not equal in length or number of words. Up until now all I read was that if necessary, reading times needed to be log transformed. The question is whether analyzing residual reaction times is a standard for self-paced reading studies or not. I would be grateful if you could share some research experience / insights regarding this matter. I am a Master's student and I am still trying to figure out what is best to do with the data that I will gather via the series of online experiments that I have planned. In my case, the the critical and spillover regions differ in word length and this is what makes me think I should opt for looking at residual reading times, but from what I have read, the common thing is to simplay apply linear mixed-effects models on the raw or log-transformed reading times and leave it at that.

Your help would be very much appreciated!

Reference:

Enochson, K., & Culbertson, J. (2015). Collecting psycholinguistic response time data using Amazon mechanical turk. PLOS ONE, 10(3), e0116946. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0116946


问:
Understanding the subtypes of Alzheimer's disease
Recently, I was studying the subtypes of Azheimer's disease, and learned that there are four major subtypes of it [1], and the categorization is mainly based on where the atrophy happens (if I understand correctly), e.g. A seminal study investigated 889 brain autopsies and identified 3 AD subtypes based on the distribution of neurofibrillary tangles (NFT),

typical AD, with balanced NFT counts in the hippocampus and
association cortex;

limbic-predominant AD, with counts predominantly in hippocampus;

hippocampal-sparing AD, with counts predominantly in the association cortex

What puzzles me is that whether there is any evidence that this way of categorization is objective in the nature of the disease or it is only subjective categorization because we want to have some subtypes of the disease.
For example, what if we have the counts predominantly in the association cortex and intermediately in the hippocampus? It sounds like a possible situation, and could be qualified vaguely as typical AD or hippocampal-sparing AD.

So, while subtyping is surly important to understand the disease, is there any evidence that the current subtyping of three of four subtypes can be better fine-grained? And what are the challenges that stop us from looking deeper?

[1] Biological subtypes of Alzheimer disease A systematic review and meta-analysis

OwnerDisplayName: Haohan Wang


问:
Studies on how art affects people
Are there more specific studies on how and why art affects people?

I think art is very subjective. I would like an answer that can encompass, if possible, both music, games and paintings when it comes to "art". I think the feeling reveals itself directly depending on the lifestyle. The educational system and work environment are almost entirely geared towards the development of the left hemisphere of the brain.

Title: Studies on how art affects people


问:
Choices and satisfaction
Say person A can choose from some items one to be his own. After some time he can come back and replace it with another.

A person B can choose as well but cannot replace once chosen.

Are both the persons going to be satisfied/ dissatisfied after their first choice? Has any study been done related to this?

Title: Choices and satisfaction


问:
Do people who serially commit heinous crimes (murder, rape, etc...) know that what they are doing is wrong?
Do serial killers and other heinous-crime-comitters know that they are committing horrible acts that are wrong, but just do so anyway because it fulfills them somehow? Or do they view their actions as 'right'?</p>


问:
Do clothes influence behavior
I was just curious that does clothes influence behavior? I feel that if I wear sports wear I feel more joyful and energetic.

Have any studies been done on it?

Title: Do clothes influence behavior


问:
DSM-5 Assessments for App (electronic) use
I'm a budding entrepreneur building an app in the health and wellness space. As a part of the onboarding and user journey experience, I'm thinking of incorporating all DSM-5 assessments in my app, including the ones that are not owned by APPA (PROMIS, WHO, etc.). Now  on the APPA Permissions page, it states that the Use of material in applications for mobile devices such as iPad, iPod, iPhone, Android, BlackBerry, and any other devices" is NOT granted. Does that mean I cannot use these assessments at all? Or are they referring to the DSM-5 manual when they say "material" and I can still use the assessments.


问:
Is the Stanford Prison Experiment considered valuable by modern psychologists?
The Stanford Prison Experiment (see also the Wikipedia article) is taught to many psychology students because of its infamy and the media coverage around it at the time of the experiment. There have been numerous clear criticisms of the experiment's design and execution, notably; the coaching of the guards, implications of demands by Zimbardo, and the very small sample size.

Are there, however, any criticisms of the conclusions it came to? The idea that human beings are, if fed the right stressors (pressure from authority, freedom from consequence) able and willing to commit acts of violence is the one that sticks out to me - have there been other more rigorous (hopefully more ethical) studies done that support the conclusions the Prison Experiment came to? Or is the reason it is so widely taught because of its infamy and how it exemplifies poor experiment design?


问:
Do renowned stage hypnotists and illusionists like Derren Brown have any scientific credibility whatsoever?
Illusionists and stage hypnotists like Derren Brown are well known for performing shows where they showcase their alleged expertise to make people fall into all sorts of tricks, from faith healing to Ouija board sessions.

Talking about Derren Brown specifically, I've noticed that he has been brought up on this stack in the past, in both questions and answers, but this doesn't always elicit good reactions (e.g. see this answer). Why is it so? Do renowned stage hypnotists and illusionists like Derren Brown have any scientific credibility whatsoever? Are they making use of legitimate techniques backed up by scientific evidence and research?


问:
What does the heritability of a trait mean in practice?
The concept of heritability gets misunderstood a lot, so there are several articles discussing what it doesn't mean. But reading through all of them leaves me confused about what it does mean in practical terms, outside the technical definition.

For example, as I myself wrote in an old comment about common misunderstandings:

Caution: heritability, as in the statistical concept, is defined in a way that has some rather counter-intuitive implications. One might think that if happiness is 50% heritable, then happiness must be 50% "hardwired". This is incorrect, and in fact the concept of heritability is theoretically incapable of making such a claim.

The definition of heritability is straightforward enough: the amount of genetic variance in a trait, divided by the overall variance in the trait. Now, nearly all humans are born with two feet, so you might expect the trait of "having two feet" to have 100% heritability. In fact, it has close to 0% heritability! This is because the vast majority of people who have lost their feet have done so because of accidents or other environmental factors, not due to a gene for one-footedness. So nearly all of the variance in the amount of feet in humans is caused by environmental factors, making the heritability zero.

Another example is that if we have a trait that is strongly affected by the environment, but we manage to make the environment more uniform, then the heritability of the trait goes up. For instance, both childhood nutrition and genetics have a strong effect on a person's height. In today's society, we have relatively good social security nets helping give most kids at least a basic level of nutrition, a basic level which may not have been available for everyone in the past. So in the past there was more environmental variance involved in determining a person's height. Therefore the trait "height" may have been less hereditary in the past than now.

The heritability of some trait is always defined in relation to some specific population in some specific environment. There's no such thing as an "overall" heritability, valid in any environment. The heritability of a trait does not tell us whether that trait can be affected by outside interventions.

Some articles that go deeper into the details and math of this include "Heritability is a ratio, not a measure of determinism" (dynomight.net) and "Heritability in the genomics era - concepts and misconceptions" (Nature Reviews Genetics).

However, all of these examples of what heritability doesn't mean have left me very confused about what it does mean. I know that if a trait is 80% heritable, I cannot determine that it is "80% genetically determined", but what can I determine? That 80% of the observed variance in that trait is genetic, yes, but what's the practical thing of interest that having this information allow me to predict, that I couldn't predict before? In particular, what does knowing the heritability of traits such as IQ, subjective well-being, or Big5 scores tell me?

Looking at the Wikipedia article for heritability, I see very little that would help answer this question; the closest that I can find is the "controversies" section, which says that there are people who think the concept shouldn't be used at all:

Heritability estimates' prominent critics, such as Steven Rose,[27] Jay Joseph,[28] and Richard Bentall, focus largely on heritability estimates in behavioral sciences and social sciences. Bentall has claimed that such heritability scores are typically calculated counterintuitively to derive numerically high scores, that heritability is misinterpreted as genetic determination, and that this alleged bias distracts from other factors that researches have found more causally important, such as childhood abuse causing later psychosis.[29][30] Heritability estimates are also inherently limited because they do not convey any information regarding whether genes or environment play a larger role in the development of the trait under study. For this reason, David Moore and David Shenk describe the term "heritability" in the context of behavior genetics as "...one of the most misleading in the history of science" and argue that it has no value except in very rare cases.[31] When studying complex human traits, it is impossible to use heritability analysis to determine the relative contributions of genes and environment, as such traits result from multiple causes interacting.[32] In particular, Feldman and Lewontin emphasize that heritability is itself a function of environmental variation.[33] However, some researchers argue that it is possible to disentangle the two.[34]

The controversy over heritability estimates is largely via their basis in twin studies. The scarce success of molecular-genetic studies to corroborate such population-genetic studies' conclusions is the missing heritability problem.[35] Eric Turkheimer has argued that newer molecular methods have vindicated the conventional interpretation of twin studies,[35] although it remains mostly unclear how to explain the relations between genes and behaviors.[36] According to Turkheimer, both genes and environment are heritable, genetic contribution varies by environment, and a focus on heritability distracts from other important factors.[37] Overall, however, heritability is a concept widely applicable.[9]

Out of those references, the one that sounded the most useful in telling me what heritability might actually mean was the one associated with the sentence "Overall, however, heritability is a concept widely applicable". This is the previously mentioned "Heritability in the genomics era - concepts and misconceptions" (Nature Reviews Neuroscience), which includes a section on "applications":

The parameter of heritability is so enduring and useful
because it allows the meaningful comparison of traits
within and across populations, it enables predictions
about the response to both artificial and natural selection, it determines the efficiency of gene-mapping studies and it is a key parameter in determining the efficiency
of prediction of the genetic risk of disease.

From reading this section, I gather that:

If I wanted to breed plants or animals that were high on a particular trait, having the heritability estimate for that trait could be useful

The heritability of a trait can be used to help infer how much statistical power gene-mapping studies targeting that trait need

If I was trying to predict the genetic risk of something like schizophrenia, then... I don't quite understand this part, but apparently having the heritability estimate would help me know how reliable my prediction was going to be

Usefulness for breeding programs is hopefully an irrelevant consideration when we're talking about humans, which leaves me with the two others; and those also seem to suggest that knowing the heritability of a trait isn't useful on its own, and will only be something that helps me do or evaluate a gene-mapping or genetic risk prediction study better.

This seems to suggest that knowing the heritability of a trait such as IQ, subjective well-being or a Big5 score tells me essentially nothing by itself; is this correct?


问:
Difference in neural activity of a thought vs. a memory
I want to understand the difference in neural activity between a "thought" and a "memory impression". Is it a "thought" while the neural activity is present in working memory and then an "impression" once the data is transferred to long term store? Or is a thought not technically stored in the brain yet, and once awareness is brought to it, the observation of the thought saves the initial impression in working memory?</p>


问:
Does the cohesion of groups stem from the need to be observed?
Morpheus is a fictional AI prototype appearing in the videogame Deus Ex. Interestingly, during in-game conversations, Morpheus says:

"The need to be observed and understood was once satisfied by God. Now
we can implement the same functionality with data-mining algorithms. (...)
The human organism always worships. First it was the gods, then it
was fame (the observation and judgment of others), next it will be the
self-aware systems you have built to realize truly omnipresent
observation and judgment. (...) The individual desires judgment. Without
that desire, the cohesion of groups is impossible, and so is
civilization."

Is there any psychological or sociological research that might corroborate these quotes (especially the bold parts)?


问:
Relation and differences between Awe, Aha moment and Flow
Relation and differences between Awe, Aha moment and Flow?

From my reading, Awe is defined as 'Awe refers to an intense emotional response people may have when they encounter an object, event, or person that is extraordinary.', which is very similar to Aha moments.

And also Awe is also described as 'Awe can be characterized as an experience of immense perceptual vastness that coincides with an increase in focus.', which is similar to flow.

So I wonder what are the relation between all these?


问:
Rescorla Wagner and Classical Conditioning
I have one question regarding Classical Conditioning versus Operant Conditioning. I guess I do understand the difference but there are some things that are not quite clear: Why is the Rescorla-Wagner Model always taught with respect to classical conditioning and Actor-Crtique with respect to operant conditioning? Couldn`t I also use RW to update S-R associations (eg in operant conditioning).
Secondly, when I learn an association that after eating apples I feel sick, is this an example of classical or operant conditioning? On the one hand, I learn an expectation on the apples but on the other hand the "reward" of sicknes is contingent of my action (of eating). I guess I could model that with RW?

Thank you Laurie


问:
What are the true signs of haters?
What are the real signs of haters? The reason I asked this question is that I encountered people who treated me badly with criticism now and then. I suspected that they hated me, but I cannot find any valid proof because I don't know what they are thinking.

I tried looking on Google and I found this article:
https://www.elitedaily.com/life/10-signs-youre-a-hater-and-need-to-stop

However, I cannot find more details about the article's author. That website, Elite Daily is not a psychology website or a self-development website.
Therefore, I don't know whether I can trust the article. I tried looking for details on Psychology Today, but I cannot find anything relevant to this question.

Thanks.

Title: What are the true signs of haters?


问:
Effect of deniable encryption on willigness to give up secrets under torture
Suppose a person is tortured and can choose to give up secrets or not.

What effect would a situation have in which the person cannot prove that they gave up all their secrets?

Would a person give up all their secrets or keep them to themselves since giving them up would not result in the torture ending? Suppose the information given cannot be verified and the opposing party can therefor not know if the person gave up the relevant secret and the person knows this.

I wrote a program which is capable of hosting multiple independently encrypted filesystems whose existence cannot be proven without the correct password. The idea of the program is that a person under distress would not give up the password(s) since doing so wouldn't improve their situation (there could always be more passwords).

Would this work for an average human?


问:
reaction time beween congruent and incongruent tasks using audio and vsiual modality
I am writing an experimental report in cognitive psychology, where I am finding the reaction time between congruent and incongruent tasks when I am using two different modalities- auditory and visual. (similar to flanker task)

A cohort of participants would first be made to the visual tasks where reaction time between congruent and incongruent is measured and after it is completed, the same participants would be made to do auditory tasks and reaction times again would be measured.
I just wanted to confirm a couple of things, which would be listed in the hypothesis and discussion, helpful if someone could provide some insights about the assumption and state if it is true or false.

1)the first hypothesis: in the visual modality, the reaction time for the congruent task would be lesser than incongruent.
2) the second hypothesis: in the auditory modality, reaction time for congruent task again would be lesser than incongruent.

I wanted to ask if anyone could provide some literature review/past studies which state whether the increase in reaction time for incongruent tasks would be greater for visual or auditory tasks as I would like to compare the results in the end between visual and auditory modality as well.


问:
What is meant by the so often heard phrase that we only use 12% of the brain?
I have heard it so often that we use only 12% of our brain. I truly don't understand this. All neurons in the brain are are firing within a small amount of time. Even in my sleep this is going on.

What is meant by 12%?


问:
Analytic thinking of the western individual versus the holistic thinking of most people
I am reading a book called the righteous mind by the moral psychologist Jonathan Haidt, and in one of the chapters he discusses how the perception and thinking style of Westerners is different from that of Asians. Specifically, he says:

Westerners see the world as full of separate objects, rather than relationships. It has long been reported that Westerns have a more independent and autonomous concept of the self than do East Asians. For example, when asked to write twenty statements beginning with the words “I am …,” Americans are likely to list their own internal psychological characteristics (happy, outgoing, interested in jazz), whereas East Asians are more likely to list their roles and relationships (a son, a husband, an employee of Fujitsu).

Then Jonathan Haidt goes on by saying:

Related to this difference in perception is a difference in thinking style. Most people think holistically (seeing the whole context and the relationships among parts), but WEIRD people (Westerners) think more analytically (detaching the focal object from its context, assigning it to a category, and then assuming that what’s true about the category is true about the object). Putting this all together, it makes sense that WEIRD philosophers since Kant and Mill have mostly generated moral systems that are individualistic, rule-based, and universalist

Can someone explain clearly what he means in the last quotation by saying:
"but WEIRD people (Westerners) think more analytically (detaching the focal object from its context, assigning it to a category, and then assuming that what’s true about the category is true about the object)."


问:
Why do people express disgust when enjoying to certain music?
There's a word for this, stank face. Not sure what genres it is associated with, but I experience it mainly when I listen to and enjoy funk or rap. The "fatter" the beat and the groovier the music, the harder the stank face (I don't know much musical terminology so "fat" will have to suffice).

Now, stank face looks a lot like a disgusted face, hence the name. I wonder why this is. Is it a purely coincidental thing that the face people have when disgusted is the same face people put on when enjoying and showing their respect of music? As in, people learn about it as a way of expressing musical enjoyment (it may be taught implicitly through observation or explicitly), and then they employ it themselves, before it becomes automatic (hence people's reflexive stank face).

Or, is there a neurological link between disgust and the enjoyment of these kinds of music? Is it perhaps a type of synesthesia? If any of the aforementioned possibilities are true, how come this happens more often with certain genres? Do these genres exclusively cause this phenomenon or do they more strongly/often cause this phenomenon? Perhaps all music can cause it, but the expression is more associated with these genres because of its listeners and players having listened more deeply than others, and therefore experienced the effect more greatly, thus causing the association (even though the phenomenon applies to all music)?

A friend of mine suggested that it happened due to the music causing some kind of sensory hyperactivity, of which the brain is only used to when in a disgusted state (as the evolutionary point of disgust is to avoid toxic and poisonous agents), thus causing the brain to misinterpret the stimuli as that of something disgusting.

Worth adding is that a stank face can look like it has elements of anger or irritation in it. However, in my experience, a lot of disgusted faces looks like they have some anger or irritation in them.


问:
What happens when a person lowers their sleep to less than 3 hours a day?
If 6-8 hours would be required for a adult, how would less than 3 hours affect the person long term? If they can function well with less than 3 hours of sleep in the short term.</p>


问:
Components of fairness in income/reward division
I'm looking for any analysis or research on how people tend to see fair division of income or reward for a given task or project.

On the market, political interventions aside, it seems to be the result of supply and demand laws. E.g. software developers may make good money but if suddenly a lot of people will get themselves trained for software development - this career path will get less profitable even if other conditions remain the same.

I'm looking for more psychological approach - what people tend to think is fair in an abstract setting?
Has anyone tried to formulate some kind of "just pay equation" where individual components of the equation would be things like labor hours, amount of time needed to acquire necessary skills (time required for training and/or education), the difficulty of the task, dangerous or unpleasant conditions associated with the work etc. with the parameters of the equation being weights of the components (the importance people ascribe to them)?

What other components may there be and what weights do people assign to them? How might their assessment differ based on culture, social status, personality etc.?

Where should I start looking if I want to know more about that?


问:
What is the psychology of abusing the victim during burglary and robbery?
I've studied a physiological phenomenon where, during a burglary or robbery, the one who robs constantly abuses the victim, either verbally or physically, even though that wouldn't lead to any gain. But they do so which helps them justify the act of robbery. I'd like to know the actual name of this physiological phenomenon.</p>


问:
Why is it that some people can visualize images in their minds and some cannot?
Recently I learned that a couple of my friends cannot visualize images in their minds. One friend mentioned that it takes effort for him to visualize something you've told him to think about. He also mentioned that when he reads books, he "sees" facts and logical connections, but no imagery. Another mentioned a similar experience--he "sees" facts, but can't even imagine an elephant in his "mind".

Why is it that some might not be able to "see" images in their minds?


问:
While scrolling the web page interesting effect encountered with an image....is this optic inertia?
While scrolling this web page, interesting effect encountered with the image below. Is this optic inertia? The faster the scrolling, the more wavelike figures appear on three areas in the picture.

OwnerDisplayName: Janko Bradvica


问:
Is there any evolutionary psychology theory of the "hostile intent attribution" phenomenon?
"Hostile intent attribution" (HIA) refers to the tendency of people to think that others have bad intent when bringing about negative situations (e.g. injuries). For instance, people find it harder to believe that others can hurt them by chance or negligence, but tend to think that others hurt them intentionally.

At first glance, this seems like a trait that carries an evolutionary advantage for groups to discipline their members. The risk of letting some individuals run wild and keep hurting others (perhaps intentionally) while being repeatedly pardoned is much larger than the over-punishing induced by HIA. HIA also seems highly related to the idea of Hyperactive Agency Detection Device.

Thus, my question is: are there any existing formal theories that explain HIA from an evolutionary perspective?


问:
What count as an exposure?
From this answer (emboldenment is mine) :

If you want to go with modern cognitive theories of motivation, then a good concept to explore would be PLOC (Perceived Locus of Causality), or how much you believe you influence events. If you believe you can influence an outcome, you believe its cause is internal (I-PLOC), if you believe you have little influence on an outcome, you believe its cause is external (E-PLOC). Learned helplessness is when repeated exposure to negative outcomes causes an E-PLOC, so your example would not qualify. But if your friend trusts your opinion and modifies their cognitive beliefs to align with yours, they will still display an E-PLOC, probably displaying very similar behaviour to learned helplessness, but that helplessness won't be 'learned'.

What counts as exposure? If I just observe that all my friends repeatedly fail to do the task, and I have E-PLOC from that, then would it be correct to say that I have learned helplessness? It doesn't feel like observing others' failure is social influence, because they don't tell me that I will be fail to success.

Title: What count as an exposure?


问:
Is cognitive distortions more fixated than cognitive biases?
I get that due to our heuristic, we can have cognitive bias. However, it is simply out of our awareness, and if someone else points them out correctly, we are easy to accept that (maybe with embarrassment, but it's still easy for the person having it to accept that they are wrong). On the other hand, cognitive distortion seems like a different beast to me. They are more fixate, and I think it's not a stretch to call them a kind of defense mechanism (in fact, Beck created this as a reaction to his unsatisfaction to Freudian treatment of depression). So maybe it's harder for them to accept, and we may need other forms of persuasion, like peer pressure.

My questions:

Is it correct that beliefs made from cognitive distortions are more likely to be fixated?

If yes, then why is that? Is it because if the incorrect belief is found to be wrong, then the reconstructed, corrected version of a biased belief would be less likely to create cognitive dissonance than the reconstructed, corrected version of a distorted belief?

If yes, then it seems that the belief that is going to conflict with the reconstructed, corrected one is also strong. Can we say anything about it?


问:
Is there anything short I can read on the difference between learning something as an adult vs as a child?
Is there anything short I can read on the difference between learning something as an adult vs as a child?

Learning a language, or mathematics, or facts, whatever.


问:
What are the most often used questionnaires in psychology?
As the title says, I am wondering which questionnaires are most often used in psychology.

My guess is that NEO-PI-R should be in the Top-10. One of the accompanying papers has been cited 38k times (https://scholar.google.com/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=en&user=UTRJOukAAAAJ&citation_for_view=UTRJOukAAAAJ:MIg0yeAD4ggC).

Then I guess clinical psychology will dominate, something like the BDI maybe? Citation count is about 11k, https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=bdi&btnG=

Is there any way besides the citation count to get an idea of how often questionnaires are used? It does not have to be very accurate.

There is a similar post here Update list of the most used and reliable quantitative tests in Psychology for which the IPIP is one answer. But the IPIP is, at least so far, not as popular as proprietary instruments (NEO-PI-R). See citation counts for IPIP-NEO-120: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=ipip-neo-120&btnG=


问:
Which items of the NEO-FFI are a subset of the NEO-PI-R?
I am currently working on a NEO-PI-R dataset that is freely available online. To my knowledge the NEO-FFI is a subset of the NEO-PI-R. I would like to run a factor analysis on the NEO-FFI. Unfortunately, I do not have the NEO-FFI manual so I do not know which items make up the subset. Could somebody tell me the mapping? I do not think this violates any copyright since the items are not spelled out. I just need the item numbers (e.g. items x, y, z... of the NEO-PI-R make up the NEO-FFI agreeableness factor, ...).</p>


问:
searching for finding the Cognitive Cycle of psychological defence mechanism for bipolar disorders
I am searching for finding some pattern for bipolar disorder and online tracking the psychological defense mechanisms and its cycles . So I need some chart or flowchart like below (source):

Also, I found some paper like : The Timing of the Cognitive Cycle which is
describing a timing model, LIDA's cognitive cycle, but it is not especially for bipolar disorder.

If possible, I like to find out some comment or answer for finding some tags for finding academic paper for  finding the Cognitive Cycle of psychological defence mechanism for bipolar disorders.

Thanks.


问:
Searching for finding the graph connection of different mental disorders
We are searching for finding the graph connection of different mental disorder. So I googled the graph flowchart of  mental disorder slideshare and find the below flowchart (source):

If possible, I like to find out more flowchart like below and find some tags for finding academic paper about the the graph connection of different mental disorder

Update:

I am using the above flowchart for connecting the brain disorder graph which would by AI algorithms like these code (link 1 and 2) and project for creating every disorder brain graph
by having the fMRI Photos of every disorder  and finally creating some flowchart like shown below:

Thanks.


问:
How is the mean for the Cattell IQ tests calculated?
British Mensa uses Cattell Culture Fair and Cattell III B tests.

The Cattell Culture Fair Test has a mean and SD of 100 and 16 respectively.

The Cattell III B has a mean and SD of 100 and 24 respectively.

What sample is used to establish the mean and standard deviation?

Reference

Cattell RB. Theory of fluid and crystallized intelligence: A critical experiment. J Educ Psychol. 1963;54: 1–22. doi:10.1037/h0046743


问:
Learn Cognitive Empathy
I recently stumbled upon some psychology sites and learned more about the 3 types of empathy. Since I want to understand everyone better, I want to improve my skills at empathy. I found a lot of tutorials for the first 2 empathy types but nothing really about the last: Cognitive Empathy. The only article I found that was related to it wasn't much helpful. Since I don't want to give up that easily, I'm now asking you for help: How to learn and use cognitive empathy?

Thank You

Edit: I've found an related question on another Forum site. This answers the first part of my question: How to learn it? But now the second part: how to use it?

Title: Learn Cognitive Empathy


问:
What is the minimum sample size for establishing the construct and especially concurrent validity of an intelligence test?
For example, the Shipley has a sample size of 263 for concurrent validity and I'm wondering if this is enough. Also, this is a stretch, but does anyone know the concurrent validity of the Figure reasoning test?</p>


问:
Would you still be addicted to something if you lost your memory of being addicted to it?
If someone was addicted to something, it could be substances/gambling/sex etc... and then  they lost their memory. It could be just losing the memory of the addiction or full blown global amnesia losing everything and having to start from scratch. Would they still be addicted to it?</p>


问:
How would a human baby's brain develop if born in a sensory deprivation chamber?
According to Scientific American, people who are blind can learn to use their sense of hearing more efficiently. Similarly, deaf people, may learn to utilize their vision more effectively. While the 5 senses that we are taught in school are the most obvious to perceive, The New York Times says that humans have more than 5 senses. Naturally, the brain is the organ that governs over every known sense. I read on The Conversation that partial ectogenesis has already been achieved. What I'm wondering is this:

Assuming that absolute ectogenesis will be feasible in the future, imagine a baby being born in a sensory deprivation chamber, provided it is receiving the nourishment, water, oxygen, and space it requires to survive. Since it is being deprived of many of its senses, would its intellectual abilities shoot through the roof as it develops? Would the outcome be the drastic opposite: a child whose brain simply does not function, due to the impossibility of receiving a sufficient amount of sensory inputs? Are sensory inputs needed to survive?


问:
What is the current (2021) state-of-the-art theory of emotions?
Human emotions, from a scientific perspective, is still quite a blurry topic. There is no clear distinction between feelings, emotions, affects. Even in scientific context most of the time we are using those terms with their dictionary, or rather 'common-sense' meaning. There is no clear scientific definition (afaik).

In the science of psychology it was poisoned by the "mind-body dualistic" superstitions, even among the famous researchers.

Already Charles Darwin shined some light on evolutionary function of emotions.

Paul Ekman coined his famous theory of basic/prototypical emotions and shown their direct linkage with facial expressions among human species. But already it was shown not to be accurate, if not disproved.

Robert Plutchik build a nice classification model of emotional responses in a psychoevolutionary context. I am not sure how extensively this particular theory was tested and proven.

Lisa Feldman-Barret proposed recently theory of constructed emotions which emphasises their cognitive (and social-adaptive) aspect.

In the field of neuroscience researchers like Mark Solms have shown some underlying mechanisms in a deep brain and cortex that are directly involved in generating 'things' that we usually call emotions or feelings.

Question

What is the current (2021 CE) state-of-the-art theory of emotion/affect/feelings? Who among the top researchers and institutions is trying to solve this problem from a scientific perspective?


问:
What are the values of the absolute intracellular and absolute extracellular potentials in a neuron?
Most texts on neurons give the value of the membrane potential and do not state the absolute values of the intracellular and extracellular potentials in a neuron. I understand that this is because the membrane potential is all that is needed to understand propagation of impulses along a neuron. However, I am curious about the absolute intracellular and extracellular potentials in a resting neuron. Have they been determined? If yes, what are their values if we take our reference of zero potential as a point infinitely far away from the neuron?</p>


问:
Am I multitasking?
When copying notes, Quite often I start to daydream all the while copying the notes word for word.
Is this multitasking ? I have been told that multitasking is not possible. And when copying notes my thoughts are not interrupted so I don't think I am switching between tasks.</p>

Title: Am I multitasking?


问:
Anxiety-induced itch: what is the mechanism?
Some people when get anxious become itchy. I wonder how that itch is triggered and works. Does it start as a reaction of the peripheral nervous system to stress-related chemicals like cortisol? Or it starts right inside the brain? This is a short question from somebody without deep medical knowledge, so even a short answer would be appreciated.

So far, I have only found some general explanations like this on the web [1]:

Your brain is always communicating with nerve endings in your skin. When anxiety kicks in, your body’s stress response can go into overdrive. This can affect your nervous system and cause sensory symptoms like burning or itching of the skin, with or without visible signs.

I also found that some medicines like SSRI's and Hydroxyzine can be used to reduce this "psychogenic itch" [2].

Sadly I don't have enough time to read and understand a journal peer-reviewed paper on this, partially because there are terms which are unfamiliar to me and would need further research to understand them.

References:

[1] https://www.healthline.com/health/anxiety/anxiety-and-itching

[2] https://www.karger.com/Article/Abstract/446055

OwnerDisplayName: apadana


问:
Does Brain Damage Lead to changes in Subconscious Thoughts?
We all know that brain damage can alter personality. The common example is Phineas Gage. I tried researching the effects of brain damage on subconscious thought processing on Google, but I couldn't find anything directly related. Is there significant research on the effects of subconscious thoughts and brain damage? Brain damage can make us process information slowly and can alter our thinking (again Phineas Gage), but do we know if brain damage affects the subconscious? These questions arose when I found this somewhat unrelated article (https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-019-02207-1) on visual form agnosia. Patients have a hard time saying the orientation of a pencil but can perfectly grab it. It appears to me that even though parts of the brain were impaired, something deeper was not.


问:
Does our subconscious retain more than our conscious mind does?
Such as If you read a book, yet can't recite/directly recall most of it. Is what you read stored in your subconscious or do you forget it right after you read it, or did you not retain it in the first place.</p>


问:
What makes it funny when someone is making an absurd lie?
As stated, why is it sometimes funny when someone is making an obvious lie, but they really want you to believe it? They are not saying it in a humors purpose, however, a lot of people find it very funny. There are an entire account online who posts "things that didn't happen", people's posts where they are saying obvious lies.

An example from Twitter the other day:

"I was going to book an appointment for the doctor. The lady at the desk explains that you have to call every morning and try to get an appointment. But it can take up to TWO weeks.

Me: I pay taxes. I have an English passport. You work for me.

She: Quiet... Ok. You are prioritized."

This is an obvious lie, because it's very exaggerated. What makes us find this funny? I was trying to apply the "Benign violation theory" to it, but I'm not quite sure how it would be applied. I was thinking that it's maybe the absurd lie in itself that is the violation, and then the benign comes from knowing very-well that it is a lie.

However, I run in to another problem. When it comes to stand-up, it's not very funny if everything is lies. Or, the jokes could be lies, but the comedian should at least try to make some of it appear as true. Otherwise, the audience rather feels lied to than joked with. That is in accordance with the theory- for it to be funny, it requires both violation and benign. Only lies/exaggeration becomes unbalanced.

It punctures my theory though that benign in the lying case would come from knowing that it's untrue. In the case with the stand-up, you would not find it funny if there isn't any conflict between benign and violation (and the benign is not earned by the fact that the things presented on stage are obvious lies), but somehow you find the obvious lie funny.

Someone who could help/try to untangle this?


问:
Are there any literary sources for the claim that light from below evokes fear in the viewer?
It is sometimes stated that light from below or 'underlighting' can be used in movies to evoke fear in the viewer. I'm curious, are there any written sources for that claim? In filmmaking or film studies textbooks? Or even some academic studies?</p>


问:
How does social interaction affect the decrease in performance when multitasking?
A well known effect of multitasking is that if you have to switch to do another one, then your performance of both will decrease, in compared to the performance when you do them separately.

FYI: TEDxSanJoseCA - Adam Gazzaley, MD, PhD - Brain: Memory and Multitasking

However, in my experience, it seems to me that the headache in the prefrontal cortex made by the interruption is lesser when the person doing the multitask receive necessary information via another person, not by looking up by themselves.

For example, I imagine an experiment in which when the participants are focusing to do task A, then they are interrupted and need to do task B. In order to do task B, they need to find a necessary piece of information. Group 1 of participants have to find it by themselves (e.g. google it). Group 2 can find it by asking a staff. Let the number of questions need to be asked, and the time to gather information be the same in both groups. After finishing task B they need to return to task A to finish. Which group has better performance in both task?

Is there any source about this? I search in Google Scholar with the query multitasking social interaction performance, but the results mostly about interruption during social interaction, or interruption via social media.

FYI: How does stopping reading to lookup the definition of an unknown word affect the comprehension in general?


问:
Viability of low THC cannabis for C-PTSD with past dissociation episodes
Passie, et al. (2012) says cannabis helps against post-traumatic-stress disorder.

In the case of C-PTSD (complex post traumatic stress disorder) combined with past dissociation episodes, is low THC Cannabis Ruderalis varieties a good choice?

Or is it risky?

References

Passie, T., Emrich, H. M., Karst, M., Brandt, S. D., & Halpern, J. H. (2012). Mitigation of post‐traumatic stress symptoms by Cannabis resin: A review of the clinical and neurobiological evidence. Drug testing and analysis, 4(7-8), 649-659. https://doi.org/10.1002/dta.1377


问:
Is anger and defensiveness to criticism innate or acquired?
Criticism is defined, according to the lexico.com dictionary, as

The expression of disapproval of someone or something on the basis of
perceived faults or mistakes.

In general, there can be two types of responses for a criticism by receiving party. One is changing self, which is the primary intention of criticism. Another is to becoming sensitive to the criticism in negative way. It is believed by psychologists that most humans choose second one.

Most psychologists agree that criticism does not lead people to change
behavior. Instead it creates anger and defensiveness on the part of
the person criticized.  Communication between the parties is shackled,
and positive relationships impeded.

Is such negative sensitiveness, especially anger and defensiveness, in a person due to criticism innate (genetic) or acquired after birth (environment)?

Note: Assume that the criticism is a constructive one and the defensiveness is not needed in this context.


问:
Does the increase (i.e. more positive) of an equilibrium potential always cause the membrane potential to increase (i.e. the cell depolarizes)?
I am a little bit confused. I know that for potassium, when less ions are going down the concentration gradient, Ek increases and the neuron becomes depolarized. However, I am also aware that if Ena increases, depolarization also occurs. Can someone explain this?</p>


问:
Term of art for "agent-slotting" delusion?
Some years ago I read about the computational modeling of schizophrenia.  (It was probably a summary in a layperson's science publication like Science News.)

As I recall, altering a single variable relating to memory caused a particular type of delusion to arise in the AI patient where, in the recalling of a narrative, characters in the action were substituted with each other, or with the speaker.  In the article, this was referred to as an "agent-slotting error".

Web searches for "agent-slotting error" only seem to turn up references to the modeling research, so I would like to know:

Is this type of error or delusion something that's actually associated with schizophrenia, or is it just considered a model for understanding aspects of delusions in schizophrenia?

If it is something that actually occurs in schizophrenia, what is a term of art for it used generally in psychology rather than specifically in computational models of cognition?

Some clarifying examples from the papers:

From Comprehensive review: Computational modelling of schizophrenia
Vincent Valtona:

The hyperlearning model could account for derailments from the original
story through a confusion between the characters of different stories
(‘agent-slotting errors’) leading to delusion-like ideas (Grasemann et al.,
2009; Hoffman et al., 2011).

Grasemann et al. actually calls it “agency shifts”:

Applied to the story and sentence generator networks, hyperlearning robustly produced stable patterns of “agency shifts” where characters migrated between stories and produced meaningful new narratives.


问:
How does the brain know the difference between large distant objects and small nearby objects?
If you had two objects with words on them, one very large font and one very small font.

The large font object is further away from you than the small font object, but you could see the detail on them equally the same as they appear identical in size to you due to the scale of the objects.

How then does the brain know the difference? How do the eyes know a difference?

They say to look at distant objects to rest your eyes from the computer, but couldn't you just look at smaller font and trick the brain into thinking its looking at a large object far away?

Since we don't consciously control this aspect, how does the brain figure it out?


问:
What does "a continuation from the feminine to the masculine line" mean in the context below?
I am currently reading, The Interpretation of Dreams by Sigmund Freud, I  didn't understand the term below. What does it mean?

Of many dreams it can be ascertained by a careful interpretation that they are even to be taken bisexually, inasmuch as they result in an irrefutable secondary interpretation in which they realize homosexual feelings — that is, feelings that are common to the normal sexual activity of the dreaming person. But that all dreams are to be interpreted bisexually, seems to me to be a generalization as indemonstrable
as it is improbable, which I should not like to support. Above all I should not know how to dispose of the apparent fact that there are many dreams satisfying other than — in the widest sense — erotic needs, as dreams of hunger, thirst, convenience, &c. Likewise the similar assertions “that behind every dream one finds the death sentence” (Stekel), and that every dream shows “a continuation from the feminine to the masculine line” (Adler), seem to me to proceed far beyond what is admissible in the interpretation of dreams.


问:
Is there any white noise available while learning?
I personally found that it may be useful to use white noise while studying. Although there are many available white noise over sever websites in internet. I can't access their credibility.

Is there any white noise available, that has been recommended or proved by research community, can be used while studying?


问:
Is there any average time span estimate for change in a "perception"?
This question is about a perception in general and not related to a specific perception.

Suppose an individual has a perception (say X) on a particular phenomenon and later, the individual came to know that her perception is wrong and found the correct perception (say Y) on that phenomenon.

How much time, in general, it takes for the individual to get stabilisation in the new perception?

Or does the transition strongly depends on the individual, environment and phenomenon under consideration so that it is impossible to find the average estimate?


问:
Why do expat children acquire accents more effectively than adults?
I’ve seen a number of children go through the same process, and I’m asking this question because I’d love to understand them better.

Children, after relocating to a country with a language with which they are entirely unfamiliar, will often acquire a near-native accent, while adults rarely do. I ask about accents in particular as language acquisition is a very broad subject, and I’d like to focus the question on only the differences between adoption of near-native accents in adults, and the adoption of the same in children.

If the critical period hypothesis is to be believed, most of the commonly-accepted windows have been passed by 3-5 years of age. Despite this, there continues to be a significant difference from adults in the rate of near-native accent adoption, and in the plateau reached in average accent adoption, well into the early teens if not later. What would account for this inverse relationship between age and near-native accent adoption?


问:
Do people prefer to see an image similar to themselves in advertisements or rather an ideal model?
Introduction:

Imagine an advert depicting the usage of the product being advertised by a customer - for example, an advert of an automobile brand, showing a person driving the car.

Let's assume the target segment are men of below average income. The advert could show such type of a person, revealing through its visual setup that the driver belongs neither to the rich (upper class), nor even to the middle one. The rationale would be that by showing a character closely resembling the target segment, viewers would be able to identify with him and get influenced by the advert.

On the other hand, we could have a successful, quite handsome and well-to-do advert protagonist. The rationale in this case would be that people would want to think of themselves not as the way they are but they way they wish to be; or that people would rather want to see a role model to imitate (follow) rather than one of themselves.

Question:

Does either of the two approaches have power over consumer perceptions? If so, which one is the more powerful? If one if the two does the job, is the other less effective, or much worse, putting customers off?

Prior research:

I have tried researching the topic by reading various advertising psychology (and especially branding) content, but, alas, I am either not picking the right search phrases or research is scarce. I have tried phrases such as "self image in advertising", "image perception in advertising", "identifying with the advert protagonist", etc; those brought me nothing of value.


问:
What are standardized and scalable methods to assess free recall?
In cognitive psychology and education literature, free recall test is usually compared with recognition test (through multiple-choice questions) and the former is favored as a more reliable measure of learning. However, free recall test in college-level courses is not scalable and requires a lot of instructor's time.

I searched a lot and did not find any standardized method of measuring free recall in the literature. Most of them are relying on the subjective assessments of the instructors. The only convincing measurements that I was able to find, are:

The adjusted ratio of clustering measure (ARC)

Latent semantic analysis (LSA)
These are both briefly explained in the method section of this paper: Nestojko.Bui_.Kornell.Bjork_.2014.pdf (williams.edu)

What are other standardized and scalable methods to assess free recall?


问:
Is stimming purely a trait within autism?
Stimming is the repetitive movements often seen in Autism.

Kapp, et al. (2019). states that:

‘Stereotyped or repetitive motor movements’ are characterised as core features in the diagnosis of autism, yet many autistic adults (and the neurodiversity movement) have reclaimed them as ‘stimming’. Supported by a growing body of scientific research, autistic adults argue that these behaviours may serve as useful coping mechanisms.

I was watching a documentary on Amazon Prime about Autism (McGrath, 2018) and it was commented that everyone stims, but in autistic people the stimming is more exaggerated.

In an unreferenced answer to the question Is leg jiggling a focus aid? by @AlwaysConfused a similar claim was made

Everybody stims to some extent but it is more common to people having neurodevelopmental condition.

Kapp, et al. (2019) does point out that;

autistic advocates (e.g. Lindsmith, 2014) suggest that everyone stims as a coping mechanism

But, the citation for Lindsmith (2014) points to a WordPress blog article.

I have not been able to confirm or deny this claim as true through scientific journals and I was wondering what the truth is on this.

References

Kapp, S. K., Steward, R., Crane, L., Elliott, D., Elphick, C., Pellicano, E., & Russell, G. (2019). ‘People should be allowed to do what they like’: Autistic adults’ views and experiences of stimming. Autism, 23(7), 1782-1792. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362361319829628

McGrath, L. (2018). Autism and Me [Documentary]


问:
Survey platforms that could meet survey needs
Im planning to do a research survey with a control and experiment group. I plan to use Google Form with the following idea in mind.

Participants fill in their details

The system will randomly assign whether the participant is in control or experiment group
(control group should have 15 people while experiment group should have 15 people as well)

When participant answers the questions, there will be a timer countdown for 15 minutes

After 15 minutes the participants will move to the next section then submit the form

May I know what are the recommended tools/ google form add-ons that I could possibly use?


问:
Psychological theory behind Daniel M. Oppenheimer's experiment
I am currently new to Psychology and I have read an interesting article by Oppenheimer, D. M. (2006) and understood that having less complex writings have more positive impacts on the author's assessment.

I'm curious whether there is a specific psychology term/concept for this? And, are there any similar experiments conducted by other researchers so far?

References

Oppenheimer, D. M. (2006). Consequences of erudite vernacular utilized irrespective of necessity: Problems with using long words needlessly. Applied Cognitive Psychology: The Official Journal of the Society for Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, 20(2), 139-156.


问:
Fear and disgust of animals: Has there been shown a correlation of fear or disgust to the shape or morphology of animals?
I'm asking this, because I have once read a newspaper article about research showing that fear or disgust increase with the morphological difference of an animal to ourselves. This means e.g. the greater the difference in number of legs or the amount of fur, slimyness or similar differences to humans the greater fear and/or disgust in test persons.

However after hours of search I neither found the newspaper article nor made it to some original research, execept very specific themes e.g. only on spiders or another one about different reptiles. Again other papers only check some predefined classes of animals (e.g. predatory vs. non-predatory animals) for their fear or disgust effect on humans.

Maybe there's just some study observing such a correlation, maybe there's some meta analysis in this field, or, even better a research on the root cause of such a correlation, if it even exists?

So is there some proof for a correlation?


问:
Understanding ketamine, the role of synatptic placitity in Major Depression
I am having a bit of an issue with my intuitive understanding of Ketamine's newfound role in treating depression. It is my understanding that Ketamine works by allowing synaptogenesis. The evidence for this mechanism seems to be quite robust. However, it leaves me with a nagging question. Why would excessive pruning of synapses lead primarily to symptoms of sadness? It would seem to me that issues with synaptogenesis would lead primarily to dysfunction of learning, memory, perception, and decision making, and not be limited primarily to mood.

What am I missing here? Why would a lack of synaptogenesis lead to depression?


问:
What is the recommended way to deal with failed trials during an experiment run?
Imagine I run a psychophysical experiment. I have generated a sequence of trial conditions which are presented to each participant in same order. But not all of participants are equally good at passing the requirements during the trial. So, some trials are skipped during the experiment and that skipped condition is inserted into the procedure later.

But what if this skipped trial is the last condition in the sequence? Participant will notice that the same condition is being presented to him repeatedly (provided he fails it more than once) - which is undesirable. How do I deal with this?

Maybe it is better to simply present conditions in random order to all participants and ignore the failures altogether, because when analysed, all participants' data will be pooled together, anyway, for statistical analysis.


问:
Is there a correlation between high verbal thinking and aphantasia?
People with high verbal thinking process almost all their thoughts in literal words.

People with high verbal-linguistic intelligence display a facility with words and languages. They are typically good at reading, writing, telling stories and memorizing words along with dates.

— Theory of multiple intelligences - Wikipedia

People with aphantasia recall almost all their experiences in literal words or generic concepts.

Aphantasia is the inability to voluntarily create mental images in one's mind.

…

The phenomenon was first described by Francis Galton in 1880 in a statistical study about mental imagery. Galton found it was a common phenomenon among his peers. He wrote:

To my astonishment, I found that the great majority of the men of science to whom I first applied, protested that mental imagery was unknown to them, and they looked on me as fanciful and fantastic in supposing that the words 'mental imagery' really expressed what I believed everybody supposed them to mean. They had no more notion of its true nature than a colour-blind man who has not discerned his defect has of the nature of colour.

— Aphantasia - Wikipedia

Blake Ross, co-creator of Mozilla/Firefox, provides an excellent personal account of the condition:

…

If you tell me to imagine a beach, I ruminate on the “concept” of a beach. I know there’s sand. I know there’s water. I know there’s a sun, maybe a lifeguard. I know facts about beaches. I know a beach when I see it, and I can do verbal gymnastics with the word itself.

But I cannot flash to beaches I’ve visited. I have no visual, audio, emotional or otherwise sensory experience. I have no capacity to create any kind of mental image of a beach, whether I close my eyes or open them, whether I’m reading the word in a book or concentrating on the idea for hours at a time—or whether I’m standing on the beach itself.

And I grew up in Miami.

…

I would expect a high correlation between these two conditions, but I haven't been able to find anything significant that deals with both of them.

Have there been any studies along this line?


问:
Clarifying the example of large firms tilt to cooperate after shocks of competition in game theory?
I am reading the example of large firms' operation when finking option is given here.

A "large" player who suffers disproportionately more from complete
finking may act cooperatively even when the small fry are finking.
Thus Saudi Arabia acts as a swing producer in OPEC, cutting its output
to keep prices high when others produce more; and the United States
bears a disproportionate share of the costs of its military alliances.
Finally, if the group as a whole will do better in its external
relations if it enjoys internal cooperation, then the process of
biological or social selection may generate instincts or social norms
that support cooperation and punish cheating.

Regarding the last sentence, I understand that if the firms already colluded together, in a more competition market, they will enjoy continue their cooperation because the cooperation has been established and maintained for a long time( process of social selection may generate instincts or social norms that support cooperation and punish cheating)

However, I cannot understand the example of Saudi Arabia and US as above, could you please explain it to me?


问:
Is there any research on what elements are choosen on lists of X elements?
Let's say there is a list with 5 elements listed, with similar characteristics (I am taking as an example a marketing mail with product recommendations). Is there any way to know if there is a preference on clicking on the first element, rather than the second, etc? Could it be also based on the number of elements listed that the preferences change?</p>


问:
Is there a correlation between long-term memory and academic success in STEM?
There are underlying fundamentals and first principles, especially in STEM that continue to be built upon but can get neglected and forgotten over time without practice. Obviously having a great memory does not imply one would be successful academically, but do the more successful researchers tend to have better recollection than the average academic researcher?

Are there any studies that have looked into the relation between long-term memory and academic success?

I was able to find research that examines memory against academic achievement but it was done on children (Blankenship et al., 2015). The study found children with better long-term memory had better mathematical ability and language comprehension than the others. Working memory, on the other hand, was found to be correlated with all the standardized assessments as one might expect.

Blankenship, T. L., O'Neill, M., Ross, A., & Bell, M. A. (2015). Working memory and recollection contribute to academic achievement. Learning and individual differences, 43, 164-169.


问:
What can cause us to stop to enjoy music?
I have a growing impression, that people tend to enjoy music less as they grow older, as I look at other people, who used to love to listen to music, now listen to it much less or stops to listen at all.

Going online, I've found articles about why we don't like new music as we get older, and how music therapy helps older people but nothing about less enjoyment with aging.

Also there is some feedback on similar question @ quora, where people seemed to enjoy music despite of age. Another person asking why one suddenly stops to enjoy music and answers suggesting options from too scarse musical horizon to psychological trauma. Last question answers made some sense for me, because my surrounding has more with mind troubles rather than with age.

Having that on hands, I think my question should sound like:

What can make us indifferent or even resistant to music?


问:
Chronic ostracism/social rejection epidemiology
I recently came across a paper (Wesselmann, et al. 2015) about chronic ostracism. It seems a relatively new area of research and I'm sure it has its flaws as a model. Anyway, I had no luck finding an at least western world-wise study on the epidemiology and frequencies across regions and countries. By anecdotal and personal experience I have the suspicion that regional culture can influence and boost ostracism among the population by some amount but without tons of reliable data it's just a claim. Is there any statistical study about it?

References

Wesselmann, E. D., Ren, D., & Williams, K. D. (2015). Motivations for responses to ostracism. Frontiers in Psychology, 6, 40. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00040


问:
At what point do dopamine/serotonin receptors become downregulated/upregulated?
It's well known that behaviors like pornography viewing lead to dopamine receptor downregulation to compensate for the extreme stimulation. Obviously, drugs like methamphetamine would lead to an even more profound downregulation if used.

When are receptors in this context downregulated or not? If pornography downregulates dopamine, does playing video games do the same but to a lesser extent? If this trend of stimulation = downregulation continues, do I get a mini-downregulation when I eat chocolate or drink coffee or find $20 on the ground? If I deprive myself of stimulation for a certain period of time, can I get to the point where my receptors are upregulated enough to get video game level stimulation from reading, for example? If I listened to music all day long would that deplete my ability to enjoy other things?

I assume I have many incorrect assumptions in my analysis here and I'd like to know what I'm missing.


问:
How is interbrain synchrony physically possible?
In this survey of studies about interbrain synchronization, the authors talk about subjective reports of 'self-other merging' (non-singular experiences of consciousness).

The supposition is supported by hyperscanning studies demonstrating the correlation between objective measurements of brain-to-brain synchrony such as Phase Locking Value or Wavelet Coherence, with situations of shared social intention such as cooperative games.

Notably, in order to establish true causality for the social/intentional basis of interbrain synchrony (as opposed to shared external stimuli), many of these studies perform controls which rule out different forms of stimulus.

For example, this singing/humming study placed an opaque partition between participants to eliminate visual communication:

In this study where pairs of participants interacted indirectly by playing the Prisoner's Dilemma game on computers, interbrain synchrony was observed when participants were told they were playing with a human partner, but was not when they were (falsely) told they were playing with a machine

An alternative summary

My question is: if interbrain synchrony is real, and is triggered by social intention instead of shared sensory stimulus, what is the physical explanation for the observed phase locking between multiple brains?  How can physically distant brains synchronize their electrical oscillations?  Can human brains really communicate directly with each other?

In non-human animals:
In vertebrates, electroreception is only known to occur in species with specifically evolved sensory organs, and generally requires water or humidity for efficiency.  Furthermore, even if electrocommunication could account for electric signals travelling the distance between brains, it cannot explain the physiological aspect of interbrain synchrony (which is measured in terms of synchronized readings from similar brain regions).

Conversely:
Mirror neurons may explain the physiological correlations of interbrain synchrony, but seem to be dependent on external sensory stimulus.  This appears to be at odds with experimental setups which purposely introduce indirections between participants.  Additionaly, mirror neurons are compatible with an internalist explanation of interbrain synchrony which denies the first authors' suggestions regarding a non-private consciousness.

Both mechanisms are compatible with a separate experimental observation that interbrain synchrony is positively correlated with oxytocin, which I understand to be a neuropeptide that encourages neural (electrical) activity.

What I would like to know is the scientific consensus on how interbrain synchronization is possible.  There seems to be enough evidence to establish that it is a phenomenon which really occurs.  Researchers also seem clear/insistent on describing brain-to-brain synchrony as distinct from correlated reactions to shared sensory stimuli.  In that case, it seems that there must be some alternative hypothesis for how synchronization is mechanically possible.

Edit:
Here are some additional references to help elucidate the primary question, which is whether or not it is possible for interbrain synchrony to be mediated purely by shared stimuli.

Among the indirect channels of sensory stimulus, various forms of touch, visual, and auditory stimulus have each been discovered to have strong correlations to b2b synchrony.  However, the fact that they are not exclusive channels raises the question of how/whether they have the bandwith to carry the necessary amount of information to produce the observed synchronization patterns:

link Synchrony is enhanced by touch (though does not require it).

link Synchrony is associated with nonverbal positive affect (gaze, smiling) even in no-speech conditions.

link Egyption fruit bats exhibit synchrony in a dark room. (Synchrony was not strongly correlated with sound, but hearing was the only sense generally present/available.) This study has a novel methodology and several notable results, including the fact that rises and falls in neural synchrony were predictive of changes in social activity -- in other words, neural changes occured before behavioural ones.

Conversely, hypotheses not mediated by sensory stimuli rely on electro- or magneto-reception. Humans are not known to possess specific electroreceptors, but they do appear to possess the best known magnetic candidates (cryptochromes and magnetite).
However, explanations based on electro- or magneto-reception do not seem fully satisfactory on account of the weakness of human-generated electromagnetic fields and their rapid attenuation with distance.

Some authors do go so far as to say that the observed patterns of brain-to-brain synchrony are too improbable to be explained by intermediary sensory stimuli; to quote, interaction between "neural oscillators from two autonomous human brains".

Unfortunately, I lack the background in mathematics, physics and biology to determine which of the hypotheses is more improbable.  Is the increased intensity of interbrain synchronization correlating to various control conditions (e.g. touch vs no touch, nonverbal affect with no speech, belief in playing with humans vs computers) really too mathematically improbable to be explained by biological factors like oxytocin (associated with affective touch) or increased cognitive attention?  Or are the electromagnetic fields generated by human neural activity really too weak to be detected by biological electro-/magneto-receptors, at distances of a few meters?


问:
Do different ethnic groups have the same standard deviation of the IQ distribution?
There is a lot of research suggesting that different ethnic groups either within US or worldwide if all plotted together would have distributions of IQ with different averages. The reasons for that could be socioeconomic; I am not interested in the reasons right now.

What I am interested in is do they have the same standard deviation? Naively I would expect that the distribution gets scaled proportionally so the standard deviations should be different.

I am aware of one paper suggesting variation in SD but I would appreciate more references.


问:
Can a brain outgrow its skull, or have other notable phsyiological effects from increased size or mass?
You may be aware of a famous story which found that Taxi Drivers as well as Super Mario 64 (3D adventure game) players showed a an increase in grey matter located in their hippocampus.

https://www.nature.com/articles/mp2013120

This (and I'm sure other, older examples and research) demonstrates that the size and/or density of certain brain regions can change as a function of its use, roughly similar to muscles; from this observation stems the questions:

Can a brain, or regions of a brain grow so large as to start pushing up against the skull?

If a specific region of the brain grows or shrinks, will the skull eventually reshape to accommodate?

Is it possible that a brain can shift in weight distribution, caused by prolific development of specific regions, to such a degree that sensitive structures in the skull, head, or neck are affected?


问:
What underlying psychological mechanisms could cause a person or a group to experience the bandwagon effect?
People in a target audience are likely to experience the bandwagon effect [1] because they rely on others' assessment of information. Overall, taking advantage of the bandwagon effect can be beneficial in a wide range of situations [2]. However, reverse-bandwagon behaviors are not always driven by the associated cognitive bias, which go against what is done by others.

A practical example of how the bandwagon effect can spread, appears in the case of the medical sciences, which are generally viewed as objective, rigorous, and empirically-driven. Thus, less likely to be influenced by similar phenomena. Although the medical sciences are not commonly influenced by these phenomena, the new hype of a novel medical concept can promote the bandwagon effect. As a result of a large-scale bandwagon effect, some studies [3, 4] have demonstrated how a new medical concept can gain momentum and become mainstream. For instance, Artificial Intelligence (AI) is rapidly evolving into solutions for clinical practice [5], but the reality is that the field has not yet fully embraced to clinical practice. Still, doctors and more and more open [6] for the introduction of AI in their clinical daily basis. Making it apparent the presence of the bandwagon effect, while denoting other research problems.

For research purposes, the following question arise:

What underlying psychological mechanisms could cause a doctor or a group of doctors to experience the bandwagon effect over the AI hype?

References

[1] Luckhoff C. (2021) Bandwagon Effect. In: Raz M., Pouryahya P. (eds) Decision Making in Emergency Medicine. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-0143-9_9

[2] Howard J. (2019) Bandwagon Effect and Authority Bias. In: Cognitive Errors and Diagnostic Mistakes. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-93224-8_3

[3] Whelehan, D.F., Conlon, K.C. & Ridgway, P.F. Medicine and heuristics: cognitive biases and medical decision-making. Ir J Med Sci 189, 1477–1484 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11845-020-02235-1

[4] Landucci, F., Lamperti, M. A pandemic of cognitive bias. Intensive Care Med 47, 636–637 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00134-020-06293-y

[5] Francisco Maria Calisto, Carlos Santiago, Nuno Nunes, Jacinto C. Nascimento, Introduction of human-centric AI assistant to aid radiologists for multimodal breast image classification, International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, Volume 150, 2021, 102607, ISSN 1071-5819, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhcs.2021.102607

[6] Nadarzynski, T. et al. (2019) ‘Acceptability of artificial intelligence (AI)-led chatbot services in healthcare: A mixed-methods study’, DIGITAL HEALTH.  https://doi.org/10.1177/2055207619871808


问:
How do you analyze temporal order judgments in the traditional way?
I'm looking at analyzing the just noticeable differences (JNDs) in temporal order judgment (TOJ) studies. A modern way to do this is with a multilevel model. And, I am going to do that. But I also need to actually extract and analyze JNDs by participant in a more traditional way.

I'm doing it by generating a logistic regression for each participant with whether X was selected as first as the response and the TTOA (target-target SOA) as the predictor. Then I go through the model function and find the TTOA for when the probability of selecting X first is just less than 25% and when it is just greater than 75%. The difference between those two TTOAs is 2 x JND.

But what do people do when the found values from the regression are actually outside the times used in the experiment? Or, what does one do if the function seems excessively shifted so that the point of subject simultaneity is well off centre?

I'd be happy for a pointer to where this sort of analysis is explained as well.


问:
Modeling psychophysical data: appropriate visualization to account for experimental design
Background information:

I am modeling psychophysical data at the trial level for the first time. The data stem from a visual line bisection task with constant stimulus intensity, the response variable is bivariate (right vs. left) and is effect coded (0.5 vs. -0.5), and besides the experimental predictors, the model contains the stimulus category (true right vs. left).

According to Knoblauch & Maloney (2012) "Modeling Psychophysical Data in R", estimates of the model parameter in the linear model should so correspond to dprime values as they were more traditionally estimated separately for each participant.

(To ensure the basis of my model is correct I run the model (without the experimental predictors) for a single block for some single participants and compared the parameter estimates to the dprime values as I calculated them on the subject level. They were identical.)

Problem:

I am trying to visualize the model estimates (dprimes) and the factorial design at the same time in one plot.

I was able to plot values predicted by the model (using sjplot/ggeffects/afex). However, the predicted values are always on the scale of the response variable (which is, as mentioned above, effect coded with 0.5/-0.5) and so these values do not corresepond to the dprime values obtained the traditional way. The relations between the conditonal values make some sense, however not the absolute values.

I also drew whisker-plots to visualize the model estimates - but with these plots it seems impossible to visualize the factorial design at the same time.

Here's the model, just in case helps to understand why I'd like to visualize the factorial design along with the results and why I'd prefer a solution that does not involve summing up model parameters by hand (though I was able to extract them using broom.mixed::tidy(mymodel)).
There are 4 experimental predictors in the model, plus the stimulus category. All predictors are factors and have only 2 levels. Two of the experimental predictors are within subject factors, the other two are between subjects factors:

```<code>my.model <- lme4::glmer(response ~ Condition + Starttime + PrePostTraining + FirstSecondInterval + stimulus +
                                   Condition:Starttime:PrePostTraining:FirstSecondInterval +
                                    (PrePostTraining + FirstSecondInterval|subjectCode),
                                family = binomial("probit"),
                                data = mydata)
</code>```

Heres a draft plot to give an example of the plot I have in mind. However, this example plot was built with dprime values obtained the traditional way on subject level, and not with model parameters obtained at trial level as I intend to do now:

Concrete questions:

Would you at all consider plotting model estimates and the factorial design in one plot a good way of visualizing data in the case of dprime as the DV?

Is there a good way to do it?

If the only way to do it is by summing up intercepts and estimates by hand/code, how to deal with the predictor of the stimulus category?

To plot the model estimates and the factorial design at the same time is probably not the only possibility to visualize such experimental data with dprime as the DV and the analysis at the trial level. Which other possibilities could be recommended? Inhowfar is it (not) meaningful to visualize predicted values in the case of dprime as the DV?

Any hints and answers would be appreciated very much.