问:
Silent speech recognition method or system with highest accuracy?
Is there any other silent speech recognition method (EEG/ECoG/Intracortical etc), with accuracy as good as the Audeo device developed by Michael Callahan and team - see the demo here, which is based on non-invasive EMG readings at larynx ? By silent recognition, I mean any method which does not require actual phonation, although most of the such methods will come under electrophysiology.</p>


问:
How many times can someone listen to a song before he/she stops enjoying it?
How many repetitions do we need to get tired of listening to a song over and over again? I want to know if some kind of average number of repetitions exisits.

Is there any research related to this question? Or is there no need to put this in the context of a song. Any "repetition" is OK, say, speaking a sentence over and over, eating same food again and again, etc.

ContentLicense: CC BY-SA 3.0


问:
When one activity makes you less distracted doing another activity?
Background: When I'm coding, I sometimes make tea, and as long as I'm drinking the tea, I find myself more focused. Drinking tea seems to make me focus more. Thus, it seems that while doing something else I am less likely to be distracted. Another example that seems similar is listening to music while working out (running for example).

Question

Is there a term that describes the process by which engaging in a small secondary task increases focus on the primary task?

Are the two examples of drinking tea while coding and listening to music while working out related?


问:
How much sleep is required to restore maximum cognitive functioning?
Background: Recently I have really messed up my sleep schedule due to my procrastination. The internet points to some very basic conclusions but I would like to see actual experiments on effects of sleep on cognitive functions.

Questions

What is the absolute minimum hours of sleep one needs to completely restore brain functionality to peak levels?

How much sleep is required for muscle rebuilding processes?

How does this amount of sleep affect learning process, memory recall, and ability to infer relationships?


问:
Is human Central Nervous System arousal related to choice of activity?
I'm interested in learning more about the central nervous system (CNS) arousal and the choice of what people do and how they feel about it.

Lets define CNS arousal in the context of this question as the measure of gross motor activity measured by an actigraph in a given hour. A person with high arousal would display more intense and more frequent pattern of activity (any motion), while a person with less CNS arousal would exhibit smaller and less frequent motions.

Is there any correlation between the gross sum of body movement and choice of activity? Are people experiencing high CNS arousal more likely to engage in activities?

A related question is - if they are related, how are choice of activity and arousal give rise to each other? Does arousal cause choice of activity or does choice of activity influence CNS arousal?


问:
Self-Perceived Quality of Life based on operation success chance
I heard about this method in a psychology lecture once: let's say that a person has some sort of chronic illness, and they are offered an operation to cure them. Then, the patient is asked about what the minimum chance of success of the operation is, such that they would agree to undergo it. For instance, a patient for whom there is a 99% chance of success of the operation will probably have a higher quality of life while having his/her illness than a patient that only has a 30% chance of success of the operation.

What is this scale of happiness of ill patients called?


问:
Good academic books on temperament theory?
I'm looking for a few books that provide an academic or at least "well-researched" perspective on temperament theory.  This could include material on the OCEAN model, or other research into the psychology of human personality and temperament.

Textbooks are fine; any good books you know of would be appreciated.


问:
Is there any study about the impact on the continuous use of predictive keyboard by neurologically and psychologically health individuals?
As there is evidence of massive-scale emotional contagion through social networks, I'd like to know if any study has been made regarding predictive keyboards.

Given the popularity of predictive keyboards in the mobile space, I would say that there is a good chance that similar effect can be measured.

Such keyboards come with pre-trained models that usually adapt to the user's behavior, even faster if it has the grants and features to analyze previous user written content. I believe that it can lead to self feeding spirals on the psychological side and, depending on the age group, neurological effects but I would like to know what has been researched already.

The question on the title is meant to be a focused starting point as, depending on the answer I would have the vocabulary to actually make many others (some probably very obvious given the above mentioned).


问:
Which mechanisms are hypothesized to change synapses in the cortex in response to signals from the mesolimbic pathways?
The mesolimbic pathways appear to be involved in signaling both factual and counterfactual reward prediction errors (regret and relief). In which ways are these signals believed to affect neurons in the cortex? It seems to me there are several possibilities, for example:

The mesolimbic pathways "know" which cortical areas are responsible for recent actions and directly send signals to them to change,

or the cortical areas themselves "know" when they are responsible for a prediction error, and they know which neurons to blame and how to change them. All the mesolimbic pathways do is just encouraging the cortex to repeat recent activations in a counterfactual manner a couple of times so that the error becomes smaller each time. (This is how relief and regret feel to me, if I'm not fooled by some preconceptions.)


问:
Technical model of how babies and young children learn suited to a parent with an engineering background?
Background: I'm looking forward to be a father come fall. My son will have Downs Syndrome, so there are a lot of early interventions we have to think about to support our son - logopedics, augmentative communication and a lot of stuff I don't know about yet.

Of course, with all possible interventions and trainings and whatnot we will look for the track record of said methods. And of course our next years are not supposed to be only about therapy this and special training that!

We are gathering Information on different methods from relevant organizations etc. I want to be able to contextualize what we learn there.

Questions

What is a useful framework or model of how cognitive and other abilities develop in young children that can be used to understand their needs (not only the special ones) on a level that is not purely phenomenological?

What is a useful framework to understand why certain trainings etc. are effective, in comparison with others?

Are there any frameworks suited to an engineer with a basic understanding of neural networks and control theory as opposed to more qualitative psychological theories?

I'd be happy about pointers to texts relevant to my question.


问:
Dreams and symbolism. Are dreams trully indicative of what is about to happen or do they merely serve as symbolic direction of what path to follow?
What does it mean for a man to keep dreaming of being pregnant??? Is it normal or does it have a special symbolism? Pls help if you have expertise in interpreting such things </p>


问:
What is the study of body language and speech and what it means the person is feeling or thinking?
To clarify i mean like how when someone doesn't use contractions it is a red flag for lying. Or when someone says something they are mad or annoyed. Basically what their speech and body language says about what they are thinking/feeling.
Stuff that the main character in Lie To Me uses like body language, speech changes and micro expressions.</p>


问:
Advantages of Nengo for memory related tasks
What are some of the advantages Nengo offer as a framework for modeling memory
related cognitive processes?</p>


问:
Does increased motor development always occur at the expense of speech development, or vice versa?
It is often said that infants / toddlers* develop in a focused manner. I am specifically interested in the notion  that a quick development of speech occurs at the expense of motor skill development and vice versa.

Is there scientific evidence that speech and motor control development are indeed competitive, in the sense that a quick development of motor control inhibits speech development, or vice versa?

Can they develop more or less in parallel as well?

*With infants / toddlers I mean normal, healthy kids between 0 and 24 months of age.


问:
What is the treatment for Pathological Liars?
I know someone who I believe to be a pathological lier. The sow fiction into almost everything they say to some degree and when pressed make up a more elaborate lie to cover the fiction. Often the lies are gross exaggerations with some truth to them. I read that %40  of people diagnosed with PL have some sort of neurological disorder, and that on average they are below the median IQ. This individual is very intelligent and to my knowledge has no neurological disorders. I want to get this person help but the biggest lie they tell is that don't lie). Is there treatment for for PL medical or cognitive? </p>


问:
Is there evidence that heterosexual males make 'romantic advances' more often than heterosexual females?
Background: I have constructed a game theoretic model of romantic advances. There are a number of Nash equilibria in this model, distinguished by the frequency with which each sex makes romantic advances. I wish to know which equilibrium (if any) might be an accurate description of reality.

Initial research: I've found it surprisingly difficult to find studies of the sort I'm, after. Thus far I have found:

Article in psychology today, with a study showing that men are more likely to have asked for a first date in the last year, and less likely to have received a request for a first date than women - https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/the-how-and-why-sex-differences/201104/why-dont-women-ask-men-out-first-dates

Data from dating site OKCupid, showing that men send out first messages at roughly 3.5 times the rate that women do - https://www.okcupid.com/deep-end/a-womans-advantage

Question: Does anyone know of any further, 'stronger' studies indicating whether one sex makes romantic advances more frequently than the other? By 'romantic advances' here, I have in mind asking for first dates, requesting contact details, initiating first kiss, initiating first sexual contact, etc.


问:
Correlation between sex and achievement
I heard an anecdotal opinion that according to Sigmund Freud's psychoanalysis, people who don't fulfill themselves sexually tend to be more diligent. I would like to know; was any research conducted to confirm that statement?

By "don't fulfill themselves sexually" I mean that they are abstinent or unfulfilled

By "more diligent" I mean that they work harder or are more determined to achieve their goals.

All I could find to reference my question is defence mechanism described by Freud, called sublimation. I would like to know if any group-experiment based research can support this.

There is very similar question already on cogsci here, which seems to provide conclusion that:

The question "What is the effect of sexual abstinence on intellectual
  and artistic achievment?" has specifically been answered by studies on
  celibacy, which show either no or a negative effect (Baumeister, Dale,
  & Sommer, 1998).

Title: Correlation between sex and achievement


问:
Are cognitive maps still widely studied within psychology? Why or why not?
Cognitive maps refer to mental representations of physical spaces. It seems like the work on this concept dropped off significantly in the 1990s but I’m not in the field, so I can’t say for sure. Are they still relevant for use in studies in psychology?</p>


问:
How are abstract relations represented neurally?
It is known that concepts with similar attributes (color, shape... Etc.) are represented in a similar manner in the brain. However, is there any evidence of abstract relations, such as the as causal relation between two events are also represented in similar manners?

For a example, the relation between a switch and a light (wherein the tilting of the switch causes the light to turn on), should have the same representation as a knob and a light (wherein the turning of the knob causes the light to turn on).

What experimental setup could be used to test this with fMRI?


问:
Mechanism of ketamine in treatment of depression and anxiety?
What are the mechanisms by which ketamine reduces the symptoms of depression and anxiety? E.g. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00088699.</p>

ContentLicense: CC BY-SA 4.0


问:
What conditions are associated with more intense feelings and stronger reactions to stimuli?
What conditions are associated with more intense feelings and stronger reactions to stimuli?

i.e., where someone may normally feel small amounts of happiness, pleasure, sadness, grief, etc., someone with this condition would just have these feelings heightened and then act in a way proportional to the perceived level of sensation.


问:
Can human brain neural circuits understand the concept of "other human beings" and their motives?
I've read that one of the tests of animal intelligence is whether or not the animal recognizes itself in the mirror or can determine that other animals have motives other than it's own (ex: can deceive the animal).

At the same time I've recently heard the following idea from evolutionary psychology - a human female has "neural circuits" that can evaluate and signal the willingness of the male partner to commit long term to her and her offspring. It sounded like this process is entirely subconscious and results in a certain feeling which the woman can consciously act upon.

Additionally, it sounded like some of these circuits have evolved independently of each other, thus capable of leading to conflicting feelings when multiple circuits signal simultaneously.

This made me think - are "neural circuits" really capable of independently processing information in terms of other human being and his/her possible motives?

OR, do human neural circuits related to social cognition simply operate on concentrations of neuromodulators? In terms of the example above - maybe all these circuits are doing are detecting significant oxytocin spikes, keeping the guard up until these spikes are detected?


问:
How to handle duplicated recommendations in an online experiment for the recommender system
I am about to run an online user experiment to compare different strategies of the recommender system. I will compare 18 strategies and each strategy produces five recommendations, thus I have to ask subjects to evaluate 90 recommendations in total. However, the strategies make duplicated recommendations (i.e., some recommendations appear in several strategies).

(i) In the current design, each page provides five recommendations made by one strategy. After a user inputs evaluations for all of them, another page shows up, where five recommendations by another strategy are given. Thus, a user sometimes sees recommendations which he already evaluated. I think this design is widely used in previous works, although how to handle duplicated recommendations has not been discussed extensively.

(ii) Or is it reasonable to first extract all unique recommendations, split them into different pages, and show them in the random order? I think this design makes the experiment shorter. But this design has not been used, to the best of my knowledge.

If you have a suggestion or know a paper related to it, please give it to me.


问:
Mathematical models of learning
Looking for a list of the most common mathematical models of learning. In particular, I am interested in models that explain behavior such as "learning by doing" or "learning from others". </p>

Title: Mathematical models of learning


问:
Can a test subject make the predictions (concerning the movement of fingers), made by a researcher, invalid or invisible?
I read about an experiment in which the researcher could predict which finger a test person would raise at a given signal. Already before the test person was conscious about which finger to raise, the researcher could tell by the image of the test person's brain (which can be obtained from an MRI- or PET-scan of the brain) finger it would gonna be.

Is there a way of behavior for the test person so the researcher can't predict which finger the person is gonna stick up?

For example, could this be possible if the test person relates his choice to the ticking of the clock in the research room? By which I mean that when the experiment starts, the person under investigation can look at the seconds showing finger (how appropriate in this experiment!) and at each tick, he or she thinks of the next finger on his hands (starting with a by the person predetermined finger and going from the left to the right or vice-versa). When the signal sound he raises the finger which he has in mind at that moment.

This doesn't change the goal of the experiment which is if one can predict which finger someone raises.


问:
Brain cell temperature
Given: a brain cell has an average temperature,  T.

If:
perpetual brain activity pattern, X ;
has an average conductive resistance, R;

Therefore:
Could it be rationally assumed that activity pattern X, increases T, by a factor of R?

Title: Brain cell temperature


问:
What is fiber bundle matching?
In the introduction of this paper, the authors mention something called "fiber bundle matching". I'm having trouble understanding if this is an analysis performed on a single subject's data or across subjects. In other words, do you match fibers within one subject to compute a tractography for that subject or do you match fibers across subjects to come up with an "average tractography"? If the former, what is one way to go about computing an average tractography?</p>

Title: What is fiber bundle matching?


问:
Can the big five personality dimensions be trained/enhanced?
Are there established methods to, say, enhance someone's conscientiousness or agreeableness? In particular, since it seems there's evidence linking positive relationship between the big five to academic and workplace performance, is there a way to enhance these five traits in students either in primary/secondary education or higher education?</p>


问:
Can drastic changes in stress levels impact long-term memory?
Can going from a highly intensive and stressful environment to one which is calm and relaxed impact long-term memory or, specifically, one's ability to easily recall information?

For example, I have spent the past year in a very intense and stressful academic environment where I would often go for days without sleep. During this time, I was able to quickly recall information and do very well. However, now that I am on "summer break" I am noticing that my memory is not as sharp. Specifically, I am having difficulty recalling names and specific pieces of information that I should know. This occurs on only on occasion and only happens with things that are more obscure or non-essential (i.e. couldn't come up with the name to a song I know all of the lyrics to. I knew the title immediately once I saw it).

This has happened to me once before while on break and shortly after returning to work I noticed that my memory had returned to normal. This only happens with names and it almost feels as though there is a mental block preventing me from remembering.

Is there an explanation as to why this is occurring?

As a note: I am still a teenager so age is hopefully not a factor.


问:
Are there any papers showing that too much learning matters is bad for memory?
Does anyone know papers indicating that too much information is bad for the memory or even more precise - that too much learning matter is bad for the success of a student? I know a bit of the mechanism of how memory works (Papez circle, Hippocampus etc.) but not too much. So if there is any mechanism that also would indicate my hypothesis, could you help me with that?

Thanks a lot!


问:
Relation between memory and creativity
What theories exist explaining the interaction between creativity and long term memory? I am especially interested in how, in creative work, a thought triggers a memory that may not be related to it in an obvious way. I realise this is a broad question, so I was hoping you folks could give me a few articles or books as starting points.</p>

Title: Relation between memory and creativity


问:
how to comprehensively assess three areas of cognition (attention, reaction-time, memory) on a daily, personal basis, preferably online,?
I am attempting to figure out a battery of tests that I can perform on myself on a daily/weekly basis to test whether any intervention I attempt on myself actually improves my cognitive performance.

From various sites, and with the awesome help of Seanny123, I narrowed it down to 3 variables I want to test for 1. attention 2. reaction-time 3. memory.

I found a few websites/software that seem to do this and seem legitimate

http://www.psytoolkit.org/

http://pebl.sourceforge.net/

However, even these software/website has multitude of tests and I am not sure which one to run.

Would you have any suggestions on which tests to run and using what software so as to comprehensively test these three areas (attention, reaction-time, memory) on a daily/weekly basis (totaly test time say ~ 15 min)?

Thanks for your help


问:
Why cute things make us want to touch it?
Why when we see a cute cat or dog, we immedietly want to make physical contact with it (touch, hug, smell, etc.)? Does brain percives cute things somehow like food? Or maybe it triggers parent-child reaction?</p>


问:
Tests to Assess Collaboration Skills
We are trying to map people collaboration skills and aptitudes, in a business context. In particular we are interested in the following personality traits:

Intrinsic Motivation

Attitude to risk

Empathy (We mean: (1) I try to be on time whenever possible, independent of who the other person is; (2) I consider my collaborators also my friends)

Trust (We mean: Do I trust other people in the group?)

Tendency to ethical behavior

Do you have any suggestions of pre-existing tests which can help in mapping such constructs? Constructs can be renamed, I'm not sure we are using the most appropriate language.

Would you include other traits to the aim of assessing collaboration skills?

Title: Tests to Assess Collaboration Skills


问:
Why do thoughts take a non-zero length of time?
I was staring blankly at my desk thinking about how to overcome a programming task at work when it suddenly dawned on me I had spent the best part of half an hour trying to envision how this problem could be solved. This got me thinking, why is it thoughts have to take a non-zero length of time to occur? What is the process in the mind that causes it to be slow, almost as if I were to be speaking the thoughts aloud? Is our thought process just wildly inefficient? </p>


问:
What empirical research methods are usually applied to testing evolutionary psychology concepts?
Evolutionary psychology often brings forward elegant and easily grasped explanations, but just the fact that they sound logical is not a proof on its own. Moreover, evolutionary psychology seems to be prone to picking and fitting certain facts to meet its explanatory models.

Therefore, what are the common scientific methods applied to testing the claims of evolutionary psychology?


问:
How accurate is this graph about learning curve and spaced repetition system?
This graph is taken from the article from Wired about Piotr Woźniak and his spaced repetition learning software SuperMemo: Want to Remember Everything You'll Ever Learn? Surrender to This Algorithm

I would like to know how accurate this graph is:

Is the axes and the lines accurate?

When would the fifth reminder be?


问:
Convention for selection of summary slices in fMRI
Looking at papers, I often see an fMRI volume summarised by taking a single axial, sagittal and coronal slice (typically in MNI152 space). For an example see Figure 1 in de Bie et al, 2011 [1].
The text of a number of papers I have browsed doesn't explain how the slices are selected.

My question is what methods are conventional for selecting the x,y,z slice co-ordinates in such figures?

[1] https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Alle_meije_Wink/publication/51077270_Resting-state_networks_in_awake_five-_to_eight-year_old_children/links/0fcfd50a5fafa7a0bb000000.pdf


问:
White/Black Metaphor in African Societies?
I don't think this is an entirely appropriate forum for this question, but as there is no general sociocultural (or even better African studies) forum on StackExchange it seemed like the best available option.

In a widespread and diverse collection of languages (e.g. English and Japanese, which are about as diverse as you can get), there is a cognitive-linguistic metaphor where the color white represents good and the color black evil. This association is at times used in a racist way to say that whites are good/safe and blacks are evil/dangerous, and the times it's not clear whether or not such an implication is being made are frequent.

Some languages, like English, give hints that this association may be due to black representing night, which even today is associated with danger and the sinister (and far more so in pre-modern societies). How then do African cultures (especially pre-modern ones - and of course I'm talking about those African races/ethnicities who are "black") relate night, dark colors, and their own skin tone conceptually to avoid the association between their skin tone and evil? I can think of a few different options, but all of them are just guesses as I'm not well versed in African culture and philosophy (linguistics is my thing, though I'm also not extremely knowledgeable Niger-Congo and other native African languages).


问:
What is the relationship between a strong work ethic and an honest reputation and individual success?
We're all being constantly told that strong work ethics, honestly reputation and all similar things is the key and the only key to success. But observation of success of certain politicians, marketing companies and even some colleagues in an office casts doubts on this alleged correlation.

"Honesty and beliefs about honesty in 15 countries" by DavidHugh-Jones shows relation between population honestly and economy growth which is of much less doubt but what would be much more interesting is to see correlation between individual's honesty and individual's success. From the highlights on ScienceDirect:

Average honesty of resident nationals of 15 countries was measured in two experiments.

There are large cross-country differences in honesty.

Honesty correlates at country level with GDP and Protestantism.

Participants’ expectations about honesty in different countries were also elicited.

Expectations were not correlated to reality, but driven by cognitive biases.

Is there an scientific social experiment supporting this or indeed the opposite?


问:
Is there a tangible benefit of synchronising the sample clock to the laser pulses in a resonant scanning two-photon microscope?
NI data acquisition cards offer a possibility of synchronising data acquisition with the pulses of a 80 MHz Ti:Sapphire laser. This supposedly helps improve the signal to noise ratio, since the true fluorescence signals should be time-locked to the laser pulses, while electrical noise in the PMT amplifier circuits and noise from the PMT itself are not.

Has anyone done a head-to-head comparison of SNR on a two-photon microscope with and without triggered acquisition?


问:
What percentage of people are literal thinkers?
I have been told that only a small percentage of the population think literally but I can find no studies or statistics.

This question is not about Lateral thinking (Edward de Bono- solving problems through an indirect and creative approach)

A literal thinker is a person who applies the most literal meaning to words and has difficulty considering figurative uses of words.

OwnerDisplayName: Felicity Mulhall


问:
Do Alzheimer's patients have spaces in their brain with low interstitial space?
Lulu Xie et al write in their paper Sleep Drives Metabolite Clearance from the Adult Brain:

Using real-time assessments of tetramethylammonium diffusion and two-photon imaging in live mice, we show that natural sleep or anesthesia are associated with a 60% increase in the interstitial space, resulting in a striking increase in convective exchange of cerebrospinal fluid with interstitial fluid. In turn, convective fluxes of interstitial fluid increased the rate of β-amyloid clearance during sleep.

Given that Alzheimer's patients have more β-amyloid in their brains, do they also have less interstitial space?


问:
Post-coital effects on human cognition
I often see couples fight after sex. Why is this? Is there an actual biological effects (release of endorphins or other hormones) post-coitus (or post-orgasm) that would increase irritability in an individual?

I am trying to understand how it works and what neurons / recipes are involved in such experiences.

Title: Post-coital effects on human cognition


问:
Psychophysiological indicators of relationship/collaboration/alignment
I'm working on a question about whether psychophysiological data--EDA, EEG, pupillometry, HRV/IBI, etc--can indicate within-group (non-romantic!) relationships or collaboration.  My own background is in psychophysiology and neurophysiology, so I'm very comfortable with those kinds of data, but I don't have much experience with groups and relationships.

What work has been done in assessing social/relationship factors with psychophysiological data?


问:
What specific studies are there about looking up answers for non-credit assignments?
Are there (psychology) studies you've come across that are about how students perform after looking up certain answers--not all answers--for homework that is not graded? (I do not mean students who lack motivation.)

This may be too specific of a question so if you've come across related research it would be appreciated. Really, anything related to using a solution manual or solution websites will work.

I also welcome any efforts to improve this question.


问:
Interpretation of Halstead-Reitan Impairment Index Parameter
How does one best interpret the Halstead-Reitan Index ranging from 0.0 to 1 ? How closely is this assessment of neurocognition subsequent to injury correlated to structural arrangement of the brain per medical imaging.</p>


问:
Alzheimer's, Mulla Nasrudin and disjunction of cognition and personal identity
I was reading a paper discussing the persistence of self in advanced Alzheimer's Disease Persistence of Self in advanced AD and was struck by the similarity of one contradictory account to an Idres Shah story of Mulla Nasrudin:

Nasrudin was going into a large inn to sleep for the night. There were many
  beds all in one room. The thought occurred to Nasrudin that in the dark he
  would not know who he was, so he tied a balloon to his ankle. While Nasrudin
  was sleeping, the man in the next bed decided to play a joke. He untied
  Nasrudin's balloon and tied it on his own ankle. When Nasrudin woke up, he
  looked at the man next to him. Then he reached out to shake hands and said,
  "Ah, I know who you are. You are Mullah Nasrudin, but please, tell me who I
  am."

Most of the subjects in the cited study maintained an awareness of themselves as autonomous persons with a distinct identity despite deterioration in cognitive abilities, but one rare contradiction was a subject, "Molly," who evidenced the following behavior:

Molly was found searching through other people's belongings. When asked what she was looking for she replied: "I look for Molly and I can't find her." After describing some of her [cognitive] limitations, she added "That's not me, not the real Molly. So I go around looking for Molly but she's nowhere to be found."

Some claim that it would be difficult to detect a so-called philosophical zombie of the type described by Chalmers (1996), but it appears that human beings who are losing their sense of personal identity are not able to function properly, i.e., that a zombie without true conscious experience would probably be impossible. That got me to wondering whether neuroscience has any new insight to offer on the question of how this seemingly important aspect of consciousness arises, i.e., it seems somewhat distinct from executive function (prefrontal cortex, generalizing) and memory generally (largely hippocampus mediated).

It would seem important to literally flesh out the possible functional character of personal identity both for the implications for the quest for machine consciousness as well as the humane treatment of Alzheimer's patients (who are judged to be losing their humanity merely on the basis of reduced cognitive functions in the areas of information processing, attention, memory, executive function and reasoning, etc.). As John Locke observed, humorously in my opinion,  if the soul was to be defined as a substance that was always thinking (he referring to Descartes proposition) many men would suspect they had no souls all at, since they passed away a good part of their lives without thinking (Essay Concerning Human Understanding). It appears thinking and personal identity are distinct and it would be useful to understand at least as a conceptual proposal what this implies.


问:
Are some cognitive bias universal? If yes, which one?
Many studies show that humans are subject to “cognitive bias” such as the loss aversion or, ingroup vs outgroup, or negativity bias.

These studies often claim that the cognitive biases are universal among humans (that all humans have the tendency to be affected by the bias), but most of these studies are run on westerners.

I’m thus looking for bias that has really been proved to be universal based on studies run on people from different origins/culture.

The only study I found, coming close to my requirement has tested the “hot hand bias” (or “winning streak effect”) in American undergraduates and Shuar hunter–horticulturalists from Ecuador.  (The conclusion that the “hot hand bias is universal” is only based on 2 populations, 32 students at UCLA and 32 Shuar hunter-horticulturalists)

(Wilke, A., & Barrett, H. C. (2009). The hot hand phenomenon as a cognitive adaptation to clumped resources. Evolution and Human Behavior, 30(3), 161-169.)


问:
Does Contextual switching Boost Motivation?
Does contextual switching (or its derivatives thereof such as multitasking) increase one's motivation to further continue with the original activity?

An example: I see people at the gym who listen to music while on the treadmill, or even in the library while solving math problems. They claim that it motivates them. Are they correct?


问:
Effectiveness of audio / video feedback
Hattie & Timperley (2007) mention a meta-analysis about video or audio feedback with a mean effective size of .64 (Table 2 on page 84). They state that this analysis was part of the meta-analysis done by Hattie in 1999. However, I couldn't find a reference to the cited work in Hattie (1999) nor in Hattie & Timperley (2007).

My question: Do you know any research about the effectiveness of feedback given with audio or video (in comparision to face-to-face feedback or written feedback)?

What I have found so far: Allen et al. (2002) conclude in a meta-analysis that "students find distance learning as satisfactory as traditional classroom learning formats." (page 93). They also see evidence that distance learning is as effective as classical learning formats. Thus, it wouldn't wonder me, that the same is true for video feedback vs. classical face-to-face feedback.

References:

Allen, M., Bourhis, J., Burrell, N., & Mabry, E. (2002). Comparing student satisfaction with distance education to traditional classrooms in higher education: A meta-analysis. The American Journal of Distance Education, 16(2), 83-97. PDF

Hattie, J., & Timperley, H. (2007). The power of feedback. Review of educational research, 77(1), 81-112. PDF

Hattie, J. (1999). Influences on student learning. Inaugural lecture given on August, 2, 1999. PDF

Update: I also asked this question on matheducators.stackexchange.com.

Title: Effectiveness of audio / video feedback


问:
Should an individual deliberately focus/experience/feel or ignore/detach/repress negative emotions in order to isolate them from self-worth?
My question is a follow-up to this great answer to a question about the neurological mechanism of self-control. It explains that people who exhibit self-control are able to repress/isolate the negative emotion from thoughts about the self.

Consider a use case where a student who approaches a representative of his favorite company at a career fair. The rep gives him negative feedback as a result of the student acting very awkward and being inexperienced in professional small talk. The student now experiences negative emotions (embarrassment).

Would it be more helpful now for the student to feel/live through the negative experience (with self-compassion and without judgment) or repress/ignore it?

With respect to the former option, Andy Puddicombe, a mindfulness meditation expert, recommends that one note the negative emotion and experience it (without judgment, but characterizing certain properties of the pain) with the goal of reducing its severity. Kristin Neff, a self-compassion expert, also recommends not ignoring the pain. She has published a meditation exercise where the painful emotion is visualized and "smoothed" with the same goal.

Perhaps my misunderstanding is caused by what the words inhibition and repression refer to in the original question. The responding user may refer to the connection between the negative emotion and self-worth, rather than how the individual should relate to the negative emotion itself when it surfaces.


问:
Oedipus/Electra complex and in-laws
Does the Oedipus and Electra complex, which are often regarded as the reason why daughters are attached to their fathers more and the sons to the mothers, also explain why sons-in-law are not liked by the fathers and daughters-in-law are not liked by the mothers?

Is it because the sons and daughters-in-law are regarded as an challenge/barrier to their relationship with their sons and daughters?

Title: Oedipus/Electra complex and in-laws


问:
How is "one-shot learning" implemented in the NEF/SPA?
In various cognitive modelling publications, "One-Shot Learning", which is just learning given very few examples, is praised as being an essential part of human cognition. For example, in "One-Shot Learning with a Hierarchical Nonparametric Bayesian Model" a statistical model is used to quickly develop categories given a few examples of digits from the MNIST database.

Are models built using the NEF/SPA capable of "One-Shot Learning"? Are there any examples of this being performed in a task?


问:
Is "hate towards weakness/inferiority" a general and innate human characteristic?
It is obvious that human beings on many occasions consider others to be inferior, whether this relates to specific individuals, or to groups.

However, it also seems to me that humans very often feel the specific feeling of hate towards people they consider inferior (e.g. disabled people, or specific races during fascism). However, hate doesn't logically follow from a perception of inferiority, since one could also feel empathy or indifferent towards people that one considers inferior.

So my question is: Is there some research that suggests an innate tendency for people to hate those that they consider weak or inferior, and is there some (psychological or evolutionary) explanation for this?


问:
Is there a reasonably easy way to get emotions from EEG?
I am building a project to visualise brain data from EEG, specifically emotions. I have found a significant numbers of papers that describe methods that include pre-processing, feature extraction and classification to get a 2 dimensional affect-valence measure.

However the methods in the papers are too complex for a programmer who doesn't specialise in EEG and they don't describe the details of the process.

Is there a way that one can turn either raw data or frequency band data into an emotional readout? I have access to the Emotiv Insight (5 channel) and the Muse (4 channel). It's not for a scientific purpose, so it doesn't need to be too exact. A crude guess would do.

I have found this paper from 2001 which describes a method using the frontal lobes which I might be able to reproduce. However the reason it is easy to implement is because it lacks the machine learning and processing that more contemporary papers have to classify EEG data into emotion.

Detecting Emotion from EEG Signals Using the Emotiv Epoc Device (2012)

Emotion Classification based on Gamma EEG

Classifying Different Emotional States by Means of EEG-Based Functional Connectivity Patterns

EEG-based emotion recognition during watching movies


问:
What are other methods for adjusting latency jitter in event-related potentials (ERPs) (P300 in particular) besides Woody filter and peak-picking?
Latency jitter refers to the phenomenon that an ERP component appears at various time in different trials, without adjusting this difference when averaging across trials will lead to diminished ERP (reducing the peak). Peak-picking (Spencer, Abad & Donchin, 2000) and Woody filter described in Woody (1967) are the ones I can find. Do you know of other methods to address the latency jitter problem?

A graph of latency jitter in ERPs:

Spencer, K., Abad, E, & Donchin, E. (2000) On the search for the neurophysiological manifestation of recollective experience. Psychophysiology, 37, 494-506

Woody, C. D. (1967). Characterization of an adaptive filter for the analysis of variable latency neuroelectric signals. Medical and biological engineering,5(6), 539-554


问:
How do people navigate the social world and find people who are similar?
I have taken enough psychology courses to know that people are attracted to those similar to them in personality, attitudes, and important values but no one explains how they accurately judge such characteristics (i.e. the process through which this occurs).

How do people find those who are similar in friendship and in particular potential romantic partners when they have very limited information? Is it really solely due to proximity? Are those near us more likely to be similar to us?

But I am especially curious about more superficial initial attractions such as physical appearance. How on earth do people manage to judge similarity from physical features?


问:
What neural mechanism explains the phenomenon that bad memories fade faster than good ones?
Several studies have suggested that negative memories fade faster than positive memories: Walker, Vogl and Thompson (1997) had the subjects kept dairy during a 3-month period, and rated the events on a pleasantness scale each time, memory tests were conducted on various intervals: 3 months, 1 year and 4.5 years. Results showed that pleasant events are remembered better compared to unpleasant ones, unpleasant ratings also decreased more than pleasant ratings compared to the original ratings. Ritchie et al.(2009) found that the fading affect for negative events is greater than its fixed affect. Kensinger (2008) found that older adults remembered positive nonarousing words better than negative nonarousing words;

There is Taylor's (1991) mobilization-minimization hypothesis trying to explain this phenomenon, are you aware of any studies addressing this phenomenon with neural data?

References

Kensinger, E. A. (2008). Age differences in memory for arousing and
nonarousing emotional words. Journals of Gerontology: Series B: Psychological
Sciences and Social Sciences, 63, P13–P18.

Ritchie, Timothy; Skowronski, John J.; Hartnett, Jessica; Wells, Brett; Walker, W. Richard (April 2009). "The fading affect bias in the context of emotion activation level, mood, and personal theories of emotion change" (PDF). Memory. 17 (4): 428–444. doi:10.1080/09658210902791665.

Taylor, S. E. (1991). Asymmetrical effects of positive and negative events: the mobilization-minimization hypothesis. Psychological bulletin, 110(1), 67.

Walker, W. R., Vogl, R. J., & Thompson, C. P. (1997). Autobiographical memory: Unpleasantness fades faster than pleasantness over time. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 11(5), 399-413.


问:
Is there a relationship between the amount of time spent awake/asleep, and interstitial waste removal in the brain?
With regard to the glymphatic system, is here a relationship between:

The amount of time spent awake and the amount of interstitial waste accumulated in the brain?

The amount of time spent asleep and the amount of interstitial waste removed?

The time spent awake versus asleep, and the final amount of interstitial waste present at the end of a 24-hour period?


问:
Method Acting Used For Cognitive Behavioral Modification
I was always fascinated by the stark contrast between the character played by Brad Pitt in True Romance (small role) and the character Rusty in Ocean's Eleven. Same person, completely different persona. Gary Oldman is another one that is so chamaeleon like, it is often difficult to recognize him in character (nevermind the makeup and costume).

I am curious to know if the techniques associated with method acting, attempting to live in the shoes of a desired character, have any basis for helping a normal person become the type of person they desire to be (behavior and persoanlity). I am not sure if method actors ever actually 'become' the character they are portraying, but from outward appearances it would be difficult to tell. They may very well easily discard their character once finished. However, I have heard that DiCaprio suffered from some residual effects of portraying Howard Hughes in The Aviator. This type of behavioral modification is similar to "fake it until you make it", or simply performing a repetitive action until it becomes natural. Nothing new. But I am wondering if method acting (and its associated techniques) could contribute something new to this process affecting our natural selves. Does this take advantage of our neural plasticity?

If the answer is yes, how long would one have to perform these techniques before any noticeable chamge would occur? This, I supose, would help to compare its efficacy against other techniques.

*Also, I'm not sure if this would be any easier or more productive than other CBT techniques, since if anyone could portray personas well, everyone would work in Hollywood.


问:
Library (or manual creation) of ERP components
I'm looking to test some computational models using ERP components as inputs (eg. p300, n170)

I'm wondering if there is an existing library anywhere that would have a bank of wave/component examples that I could download?

Or alternatively, maybe preferably, is there any useable Python or R code that I could use to just generate these types of waves/components?


问:
Typical rates for 'trivial' errors?
By 'trivial' error I mean one that's local and easy to confirm and easy to understand. Something that makes you look silly. For example:

Sign errors in mathematics.

Forgetting to do a unit conversion in physics.

Skipping over a number in accounting.

Off by one errors in programming.

Fencepost errors in programming.

Out of bounds errors in programming.

Null value errors in programming.

Rear-ending someone at a stoplight when driving.

Some historical examples:

heartbleed

goto fail

Mars Climate Orbiter

Ariane 5

Some anti-examples:

the Therac-25 bug

the database concurrency bugs found by Jepsen

Anyways... I'm looking for studies that investigated how often these mistakes happen, and how much the rates vary from person to person. Do some people make lots of them? Do some people make almost none? How much does practice affect the error rate? Are there disorders that affect the rate?

Title: Typical rates for 'trivial' errors?


问:
When many laws are too many laws?
Let's consider an experiment:

Take a baby and have it raise in a very law-strict environment (his
  parents are very strict and follow any rules, be it legal, be it
  religious, be it moral) but with some freedom (he could start learning
  the violin if he was interested into). Now, imagine you have the same
  child raised by a family very tolerant, so tolerant that he could do
  anything he wants (be it legal, be it illegal).

So here is the question:

Which scenario can he have a deeper sense of himself, the world and anything else? and is it philosophically right if he finds a fortune (becomes rich, athletic, many friends ...) by mean of scenario #1?

My point is that when you are in a very strict law environment, you tend to be channeled in only few possible directions, so your feelings, impulses and so on are extremely lowered in potential: you may become a billionaire by limiting yourself, but it would be not the real you. On the other side, by living with no limits (legal, religious ...), you can discover the real you because you are not affected by society and its laws, but you can hurt yourself and others around you (you may do something dangerous by exposing yourself to human limits).

I know there are important factors compromising the result of the experiment, the psychology of the child (this experiment may lead to different results based upon your psychology and how you react to external stimuli), but all I would like are some insights, some tips to go deeper in this argument.

Title: When many laws are too many laws?


问:
What techniques have been shown to improve a self-defeatist attitude?
I suppose this is a bit relative to each and every person, but in general those who are defeatists tend to view the potential outcomes of new actions negatively. Have any therapy techniques been shown to counter this sort of thinking and behavior? </p>


问:
MATLAB n-back test
I am trying to find a n-back (also known as 1-back/one-back) test made in MATLAB.
In case you know how to make one (for instance by using psychtoolbox) or have some code you would like to share, that would be very appreciated.

Basically anything that could help me is appreciated, as long as it is connected to MATLAB.

Title: MATLAB n-back test


问:
How can you "time-stamp" data based on a physiological response?
When measuring a particular phenomenon or cognitive state, it is interesting to use multiple measures. This allows you to inspect the similarity and differences of these measures, and serves as an indication of the validity of the measures. This is also referred to as triangulation.

In my study, I will measure workload with two systems that measure galvanic skin response (GRS) and two systems that measure heart rate variability (HRV). Not all systems allow for reliable time-stamping, however, making it difficult to synchronize the different systems' recordings. In order to triangulate the data, I must know how the time-lines overlap. Currently, the best approach is to start the System1, and then, with a stopwatch, measure the time it takes to start System2. Then, you can ignore/remove the data of System1 for that period of time and the data is lined up.

As an alternative I though to elicit a clear physiological response that would show in each system (by for example scaring the people or, less favorable, giving people electrical shocks). The goal is to have a physiological response that is distinguishable form any normal HRV or GSR response. Is there a reliable way to elicit and identify such a response in HRV or GSR?

I want thus that the HRV/GSR-response can be used as a "start of the experiment" marker or trigger that is recorded in each system. This way, I do not have to worry about synchronization until the analysis of the data.


问:
Is there any evidence that better sleep reduces the symptoms of chronic severe Fibromyalgia?
Is there any evidence that better sleep reduces the symptoms of chronic severe Fibromyalgia?

Severe fibromyalgia has been linked to the possible depletion of serotonin through prolonged and persistent sleep deprivation. Is this clinically proven and is there evidence that serotonin will intermediate to reduce the cycle of sleep loss, low serotonin production, chronic muscular pain, back to sleep loss?


问:
Are we trying to motivate ourselves by combinating safe stressful situations with pleasure regards?
When there's a stressful situation with no real danger like we need a hug  or we stress-eat. Are we trying to develop in our brain networks a fear of actually dangerous situations instead of fear of situation when we're safe and have what we need?

Or what is the reason behind the evolution of this phenomenon?

Some more examples of the followed phenomenon:

Antidepressants are part of the official treatment plan of depression or PTSD.

When we cause ourselves an injury, we pat our wounds.

People crave sweets after exercise (might seem like an escape from a predator to our body)

Stress-eating

Could those be examples of it?


问:
What is the optimal way of structuring a multiple choice preference evaluation to determine most popular photo in a set?
Say I have a set of photographs and I want to ascertain the most popular one based on a group of people choosing their favourite.

What is the most optimal way of structuring a survey to derive a confident estimate of most preferred photo with the smallest sample size.

For example would it be better to do...

Show all photos and ask people to pick their favourite

Show a subset of photos and ask people to pick favourite

Some other structure

Does the optimal structure change if you have more options?


问:
Why do people assume I am male online when I am female?
This is something that's never really bothered me too terribly much, but it's interesting how my word choice alone seems to lead people to believe that I am anything other than what I am. Not that have any plans to change the way I write, but I do want to know if there's anything hidden within my manner of speech that leads people to think one way versus another, be it societal expectations, gender norms, or something else.

For reference: See here.


问:
Is there a medical name for transient word recognition problems?
I experience, with infrequency (every year or so), problems identifying specific words as "correct".  I will read it, I immediately think it is misspelled, or isn't a word, but then after confirming it is correct, it still temporarily registers as incorrect.

Just now, I had problems recognizing the word "button" was correct.  I read it over and over for a minute, searched Google to confirm I didn't go insane, but my brain couldn't recognize the word.  It passed after this minute and everything was back to normal.

Context:  I was coding in HTML and made a pile of buttons, and I've been using this word repeatedly (although prior occurrences did not occur after repetition).  I suddenly though I misspelled every instance of this word, but then realize that was impossible because it was working in the browser I was testing on.

In my previous experience of this, in separate instances, was not able to recognize the word "hour" and "one".  I forgot what other words this happened with.

Does anyone know if there is medical term for this type of event?


问:
Why might computerised voices in the background be more disruptive than human voices?
The Scenario:

Imagine yourself in a classroom with students. The teacher told all students that have not read the text for today, should do it now. You have not read it and therefore you begin to read the text, whilst a group of students is discussing the matter of the text. Additionally, another student with Dyslexia who has not read the text is getting assistance from a computerized voice in order to read/understand the text.

Why might someone who is reading tend to lose focus due to a computerized voice and not actual voices?


问:
Current estimates of the capacity of hippocampal episodic memory?
Let me preface this by saying I'm as skeptical as anyone about equating neural structures with traditional computing hardware (e.g. 'how many MBs is long term memory?'), but episodic memories seems like one place where talking about storage capability seems warranted, since episodes are quite discrete.

I've heard discussion about the hippocampus being able to store all of the relevant events for the past 10 years, and that it slowly transfers its knowledge to the cortex, which has a much higher capacity. But how many separately encoded events can it hold? I know it uses a sparse coding scheme to keep related memories separate, so it should be possible to infer capacity from the size of the neural populations involved and the average activity. Has someone looked into this before?


问:
Is there a fundamental difference in the way we think while writing when compared to speaking?
I had a discussion with my friend recently about slip-ups in speech - the ones where you intented a gramatically correct sentence but somewhere between the conscious mind and your mouth a (usually small but often times a rather unexpected) mistake occurs.

My question is whether this phenomenon arises in the same way in the brain (what happens?) as a analogous mistake in writing, where one might for example mistype a letter, or put one too many bellies on a 'B' etc. Or in an even broader view, how does this compare to mistakes in a well trained movement, e.g. while playing a guitar a finger escapes its well-intentioned, and many times practised passage to an unexpected fret?


问:
Why are visualizing mnemonics usually wacky?
Why are visualizing mnemonicsusually wacky? I've been told to picture images and associated stories (for example, with the Major System) as ridiculous and zany as possible. Is it because our brains are more likely to remember extraordinary things?</p>


问:
Adult talking in the 3rd person when talking about himself

The therapist asked John "Tell me about yourself?"

John  starting talking about himself, his upbringing and his family. However Instead of using the word "I" he mostly uses the word "He" in all his sentences

When the therapist pointed this out to John he was unaware he was doing this and he didn't believe the therapist. John said he has permanent employment and someone at work would have pointed it out to him if he did this.

What condition could John have? What does it say about John that he doesn't realize he is doing it.

Some answers I can think of

He has an inferiority complex and speaks about himself in the 3rd person in order to distance/disassociate himself from the person who he is.
Him not realizing it means he has been doing it for some significant time so that it has become second nature.

he could have a fantasy prone personality which results in him losing touch with reality resulting in him seeing himself in the 3rd person like a computer game

What other possible answers could there be or where can I be pointed to do research on this condition?


问:
Grieving for a loss of not experiencing an event

Sally never got married nor had children but sometimes imagines a 5-year daughter old  talking to her. Sally never at any moment thinks the child is real and in such incidents griefs for being too old and having missed the opportunity for having children.

What do you call this type of regret/grief?


问:
Unconscious Racial and Gender Biases: The role of IAT
Recently the term unconscious bias, referring to race and sex, has increasingly appeared in the media. It appears that the support for these terms come from research conducted using the Implicit Association Test (IAT). However as I understand it the IAT is not a particularly reliable measure. My questions are quiet simple:

Are these findings reliable and valid?

What is driving these effects? In-group/out-group differences, sexism and racism, methodological errors etc.

Can the findings of previous IAT studies be used to extrapolate to unconscious racism and sexism? What are the consequences for the research and media based upon these findings.

RULES

I understand that this is a very emotive subject, but please try to remain rational. Any emotional or subjective answers will be rejected.

Note. I have done a bit of background reading on this while creating the question, but I don't have time to answer this myself at this time.

Here are a few references...

Lebrecht (2009) Perceptual other-race training reduces implicit racial bias.

Kaufman, psychology today article. (2011)

Rezaei (2011). Validity and reliability of the IAT: Measuring gender and ethnic stereotypes.


问:
How effective is assertiveness training?
Has there been empirical research on the effectiveness  of assertiveness training?
What does it say about its effectiveness?</p>


问:
Model of human estimation of correlation tasks
I am looking for a model (bayesian or not) on how people would estimate the correlation between two variables from a given scatter plot. Any one knows of such model?</p>


问:
What bias is responsible for people perceiving immediate and sudden value over long time value delivery as more?
I have a scenario where people are receiving a massive value of not getting sick and dying in a relatively long period but not valuing it as much as short term solutions that make them feel better within shorter period with added risks.

Percieved as more valueable

Percieved as less valueable

To simplify magine getting 10 euros every day and 300 once a month. I have observed people perceive latter as more valuable and choosing that option.

Now I have to write a document providing scientific basic or at least some 3rd party source confirming said assumption. I think this is related to cognitive biases and delayed gratification perception but I don't actually know:

How to find scientific or credible sources supporting or exploring section of applied psychology related to subjective perception of value overtime and size of received value in instance?

On related note whats the maximum duration in which people atribute value to an action and where can I find proof for it?

Edit: Gaining money was a poor analogy. Its stopping damage/loss from ocuring.


问:
Boys and the obsession with war
Recently, I have been wondering why boys are so attracted to war and war-specific video games.  Perhaps it is improper of me to assume that this obsession only applies to boys, but for the most part I have only experienced it amongst males.  I, myself, have noticed a personal attraction to the idea of war, but have never understood why it so appeals to me.

What is the psychology behind all this?

Is it a correct assumption to say that boys who play violent video games are becoming desensitized?

Title: Boys and the obsession with war


问:
Psychological effects of mega-projects on citizens
I am doing research on the mega-projects (e.g. roads, buildings, airports, rail projects, bridges and etc). Specifically, I am trying to see what kind of psychological effects mega-projects may have on the citizens? What do citizens think of them? What are their perceptions? What psychological impact it may have on citizens (particularly of developing countries)?

Are there research studies that I can consult?


问:
What happens in the brain during mid-life crisis?
I was just told by an elder that midlife crisis occurs during an adult stage and it is a time whereby an adult starts having several thoughts concerning his/her life. After my research, I found out that it claims that midlife crisis is a myth.

Is this true?, if not;

What happens in the brain during such midlife crisis?

Can a teen experience midlife crisis?

OwnerDisplayName: Prince


问:
How to determine percentile rankings for responses to for Big5 Mini-Markers test?
I'm writing a big 5 personality test using Big 5 Mini Markers by Saucier, as described here: http://pages.uoregon.edu/prsnlty/SAUCIER/Saucier.Minimarkers.Full.pdf

Given that most markers have about 0.7 correlation to Big5 trait, there's a limit to the score a user can get. While the theoretical max is 72 (8 markers * 9 points), the user can only get 55 on openness to experience and 67 on others.

I want to give the user percentile score as to how high they rate.

Do I use the theoretical max of 72 or the actual max the user can get on this test for determining low-medium-high or percentiles? In other words, would 55 openness be equal to 100th percentile, or would 72?

I found this example of a mini marker result online:

```<code>Your Scores
Exraversion = 45
Agreeableness = 45
Conscientiousness = 45
Stability = 45
Openess = 45
Scores should range between 8 and 72.
Scores from 8 to 29 could be considered "low,"
from 30 to 50 "average,"
and from 51 to 72 "high."
</code>```

My personal calculations are as follows (by giving 1 or 9 each question that has a relevant coefficient):

```<code> MIN
 openness: 6.21
 conscientiousness: 7.44
 extraversion: 8.02
 agreeableness: 7.51
 stability: 7.49

 MAX
 openness: 55.89
 conscientiousness: 66.96
 extraversion: 72.18
 agreeableness: 67.59
 stability: 67.41
</code>```


问:
Is there evidence to suggest that one's epistemic preference is fixed or is flexible?
We know that there are methods of obtaining knowledge. These being:

Observation or experience.

Reason or Logic

Modelling

Testimony.

Authority.

Truth by message.

Some call this epistemic preference.

I wondering if this can be influenced to change - if people wilfully choose it, if it is a factor of their upbringing or is even genetic.

My question is: Is there evidence to suggest that one's epistemic preference is fixed or is flexible?


问:
Correcting for individual differences in the usage (employed range) of rating scales
Experiments that collect subjective ratings (e.g. on a Likert 1-7 scale) necessarily have to account for between-subjects differences in how the range of the rating scale is used by different people, i.e. the fact that, for various reasons, some subjects are quite restrictive in their usage of the scale (e.g. they rarely rate lower than 3 or higher than 5), while others use up the entire scale quite liberally. I know that for this problem it suffices to simply z-score all the raw ratings within each subject.

However, another problem that often occurs with such data sets is when it turns out (as per post-study debriefings) that subjects change their scale-using strategy during the course of the experiment, such as for instance if they realise that an item they've previously rated 7 was in fact not really worthy of a 7 rating, since the current item is in fact "worthy of a 7", and so they wish they could go back and correct the previous rating to, say, a 5 or a 6 - which the experimental paradigm might not allow them to do.

My question: Is there any statistical way to correct for this second sort of problem, i.e. within-subject variability in the rating scale usage? Clearly, z-scoring the ratings within-subject does nothing to fix this sort of mid-experiment strategy change in how the scale ratings are given; and in fact only works to eliminate between-subjects variability if the within-subjects variability described above is assumed to be negligible.

Note that, to a previous question I had on the topic of rating scales, someone helpfully suggested that the problem of between-subject variability can be reduced by using "anchor points" during the instructions, i.e. providing examples to subjects of what a "1" stimulus, as well as what a "7" stimulus, are respectively like. This would of course solve both problems described above, but does assume that the right instructions were given during data collection, whereas my question concerns correction of an existing data set, one that presumably did not inocculate against this beforehand.


问:
Which is more important for computational neuroscience: differential equations or linear algebra?
I know that they are both used in computational neuroscience. However, I am trying to optimize my studying, so it might be useful to know which to focus more time upon, at least in the beginning.</p>


问:
Scales in Oral vs. Paper Surveys
I am designing a survey that will have to be administered over the phone. While I have used 7-point Likerts on many occasions, saying "On a scale of one to seven" out loud makes it seem, suddenly, extremely unintuitive. If I were to ask a friend something, I would ask on a scale of 1 to 10.

I understand the issues behind having an even number of points, but is there any other strong reason not to ask 1:10? My own sense is that the simple familiarity of the scale would allow for more reliable answers, and I have no desire to list (each time) "Not at all, a little, somewhat ..." which I anticipate will simply exhaust my already time-strapped and generally no-nonsense population. 1:10 is fast, and low burden. Or will that familiarity itself result in biases?

Title: Scales in Oral vs. Paper Surveys


问:
Percent correct metric for mental rotation task?
There is a classic study:

Shepard RN, Metzler J. Mental rotation of three-dimensional objects. Science. 1971;171: 701–703.

which showed that when people are asked to tell whether two 3D objects are "rotated" versions of each other (as opposed to different objects), the average time to generate a correct response is linearly related to the angle of rotation.

My question is: has anyone ever held the response window constant, and measured % correct?


问:
How do euphemisms work in the brain?
For some reason people are more comfortable swapping words when referring to the same thing. e.g. referring to a penis or vagina can make a person uncomfortable where using the words "family jewels" or "down there" does not

My guess is that something in the brain processes the sound, turns it into a meaning of some sought, the meaning is some how associated with the emotion and and object, but more closely associated with an emotion than and object hence using another word for the same object is more comfortable. My knowledge in this area is limited hence im asking

draw.io version of image https://drive.google.com/open?id=0Bz-acU90dFRMZ1ptQnl2SWJESWs

Title: How do euphemisms work in the brain?


问:
"Repeating truth too often or being too insistent about it leads to doubt", is there such an effect?
I have noticed that when someone repeats something too often or is too insistent about it, I will be more likely to doubt them, even if what they're saying is true.

My thought process might go something like "the repetition and insistence might signal that they're compensating for something".

For example, the acquaintance of a murder victim who constantly claims their innocence even when not being accused would probably trigger some doubt in my mind.

I was wondering if there's a name for that phenomenon if it exists at all.


问:
Studies about learning terms in your native language?
I've been thinking about how much time do the Czech biology teachers spend just teaching the Czech terms for the organisms which they probably won't encounter again with, considering the fact that studies use exclusively the latin ones.

But it just came to my mind that maybe it's easier for the brain to remember your native name for the organism and then connect it with the latin name, I've heard some physicists saying that those native-foreign pair words are often calques - so apart from the connection with the actual organism you make the connection with the meaning of the word.

But those are just my guesses. Are there any studies on this topic?


问:
Has there been a study comparing stress level or burnout between different occupations that provide therapy?
For instance consider psychiatrist, clinical psychologist, clinical social worker, family/marriage therapists, occupational therapists (in some places they can provide therapy), professional counselors, etc.

I've found research articles talking about stressful careers in general but not comparison. Wiki contributors cite an article from the 80s saying, "Professions with high levels of burnout include social workers, nurses, teachers, lawyers, engineers, medical practitioners, customer service representatives, and police officers.  One reason why burnout is so prevalent within the human services field is due in part to the high-stress work environment and emotional demands of the job."


问:
How sound is the psychology of Westworld?
Disclaimer: I am very much a layman in these areas of research, so please do amend the question in order to conform to conventional usage of terminology and definitions thereof.

In the series Westworld (not the film from 1973), there are a number of themes related to consciousness, sentience and self-awareness. However, it seems that the main in-universe theory of what drives consciousness† is:

Firstly, a version of bicameralism, namely that the (sentient) mind is, was, or — in the case of Westworld — can be defined as being composed of an active part "generating" thought and a passive part which "accepts/consumes/processes" this thought.

Secondly — and, according to my limited knowledge of psychology/cognitive science, perhaps more accurately — that memory and (past) experience is a fundamental part of the development of consciousness/sentience/self-awareness.

Now, I know that ideas in psychology and the philosophy of mind are extremely difficult to prove even empirically, let alone formally. However, it is still possible to not only do experiments which provide corroborating evidence proving the above but also to intrinsically evaluate the above hypothesis for general consistency. Therefore, regardless of how accurately these ideas describe how human minds actually work, how plausible is it to define some form of consciousness according to the above? (yes, I know that one point of the entire series is to drive home the idea that there is no magical "switch" to "turning on" consciousness/sentience; It's not a binary distinction).

Own speculations

At least in the human mind, memories in fact involve complex chains of synapses which, allow us to, in some form, indeed "re-live" past experience to some degree. In fact, (please help me find the citation), it has been shown that people thinking about doing physical activity display activity in parts of the brain responsible for planning of the actual motor movement for that activity. Given that the Hosts in the series are able to "perfectly" re-live past experiences, is it possible that "consciousness" could even more plausibly emerge as a complex interaction between these networks, i.e. sensory input triggers multiple memories (which are in fact parts of a larger neural network), which then "output" a response of some kind?

Even in humans, what constitutes a "mind" develops over time (cf. theory of mind) — whether or not this is due to accumulating experiences and memories is beyond my (current) knowledge. Since even we aren't born with some sort of "fully-developed" cognition, is it not plausible that some other being/machine/whatever could develop cognitively from a "lower" point than what children start at to something similar to our own adult "cognition" (ignoring the problem of philosophical zombies)?

However, if cognition can be driven by such a network of  "memories", is this not in fact then incompatible with the notion of a "bicameral" mind? Does that not mean that, despite how smart/sound the individual ideas in the show seem in isolation, that Westworldian cognition is intrinsically unsound?

†In this question, I conflate consciousness and sentience for the sake of convenience; Is there not a more proper term which encompasses both?

OwnerDisplayName: errantlinguist


问:
What is the name of the introvert-extravert concentration scale diagram?
I heard Dr Brian Little stand up and give a great talk on personality types.

On one of his slides - he showed a 'concentration scale diagram' with introverts at the top, ambiverts in the middle, and extraverts at the bottom. He made the point that optimal concentration is in the middle of the diagram - where the ambiverts are.

(You can see it in the video here from a different presentation at 8:23)

His subsequent point was that the caffeine in coffee had an 'upward pushing effect' - which would lift an extravert into an optimal zone of concentration, but would have a negative effect on an introvert. (They would be lifted away from the optimal zone of concentration.

My question is: What is the name of the introvert-extravert concentration scale diagram?


问:
Testing earworms without ethical problems
Earworms (or sometimes referred as sticky tunes, involuntary musical imagery, stuck songs) is a phenomenon that many people experience in their daily lives.

Although several studies suggest that they do not last more than several days, there is a case where the song was stuck in a man's head for over 33 years.

It seems to be ethically problematic to test which songs create earworms, because the melodies may be stuck in participants' heads, even if they knew about the aim and possible consequences of the study.

Is there any way to test which songs create earworms without any ethical troubles? I can only think of doing a descriptive research, asking "Do you know this song? How sticky is this song?" but making conclusions from this data would be quite difficult.

Or maybe I should add this question: Since mostly earworms last for a few days, it is not probable that the participant will have an earworm that negatively affects his/her life. So, can I do an experiment about earworms since an ethical problem is highly unlikely?


问:
Is fear of darker skinned people a shared psychological maladaptation brought on by subconscious childhood Achluophobia?
Let me be clear that my intentions here are peaceful in light of recent race relation issues in the United States; I want to bring this issue to the forefront, because fear of dark skinned people is an emotional response and NOT a logical one.

I'm wondering how much of this maladaptation is brought about by a deep subconscious childhood fear of the dark.

Now of course there are cultural aspects to this as well; too much emphasis on "Good" being light, and "Dark" being bad; I am already aware of these and already know that they have no correlation at all with a persons skin color; the color of a persons skin has absolutely nothing to do with the moral compass of a person.

It seems to me if a maladaptation like this could be proven; it would help people with such a fear to go "oh no, that's non-sense, that's just my emotions acting up".

Is there any evidence or studies that have proven this?


问:
How can a maternity refusal syndrome be prevented or treated?
Despite being rare, a maternal refusal syndrome can have devasting consequences on children, spouse, and the mother herself.

It appears indeed that occasionally women don't bond that well to their kids, and this may be accompanied by a crisis in their marriage too.

The evidence on this is quite limited and confused with post-partum depression, which is a completely different entity (see for instance Hardy, a Wikipedia entry on maternal bond, and Ragdale). Indeed, I mean by maternity refusal syndrome to the incapacity to bond effectively and rejoice with the kids not shortly after delivery.

How can it best be prevented and managed?


问:
How do psychometric employee screening tests work and how can students tackle them?
I've given several psychometric tests for various companies without giving it a second thought but now that I think about it, it seems quite deep and fascinating. I'd like to understand, if anyone care to explain, what do these tests try to measure, how can one create such a test to use in teams & hiring processes and finally, can someone 'prepare' for a psychometric test to do better? if yes, how? (Both in advance as well as when only a few hours are remaining.)

Thanks!


问:
Pymc conditioning on an observed
I am showing participants a scatter plot of x and y and then asking them to guess the correlation. I am trying to model how they arrive at their estimates. For simplicity, our baseline model assumes uncertainty in the perception component only (there is no parameter estimation uncertainty), assuming that observers compute a noisy representation of points’ positions in the two-dimensional scene.

So, given data = (user_estimated_correlation,x,y) where x,y are the actual data points and user_estimated_correlation is the participants guess of the correlation, I would like to infer the noise level added by the uncertainty in the perception.

```<code>def perception_model(data):
    user_estimated_correlation,x,y=data

    noise_in_x = pm.Normal('mu_x', 0,x.max()-x.min(), size=x.shape[0])
    noise_in_y = pm.Normal('mu_y', 0,y.max()-y.min(), size=y.shape[0])

    @pm.deterministic
    def add_noise(sigma=sigma,guess=guess):
        noisy_x = x+noise_in_x
        noisy_y = y+noise_in
        return noisy_x,noisy_y

   noisy_guess=np.corrcoef(add_noise(x,y))

   ##how do I do this line? I want to infer the visual noise parameters for the user .. or the actual noisy dataset they observed (i.e., noisy_x, noisy_y)
   observe(user_estimated_correlation ==  noisy_guess)
   return locals()
</code>```

Title: Pymc conditioning on an observed


问:
How can fear paralysis be overcome?
For a person with slight phobia of fear paralysis, (A fear that in critical situation when he will most need to react fast to save his (or loved ones) lives he will just be sitting there paralyzed watching his demise...)

This question answers on the mechanism that causes fear paralysis...

Is there any technique to 'snap out of it'?

I mean we had quite a few wars and cataclysms like tsunamis and earthquakes
 so I would expect for some research done, at least by military...

How can fear paralysis be overcome?

Title: How can fear paralysis be overcome?


问:
What makes you like someone?
Everyone has some friends and some people, you can't get along with.
But what makes them different?

Is it smell, the voice, attractiveness, the way they express themselves, their sence of humor?

I can try, as hard as I want, to like some people, but they appeal just not sympathic to me. I'ts not that they are bad people or mean and I can have a good conversation with them, but somehow, I just don't like them.

I know, liking someone is highly subjective, but this is exactely my question!
Which factors decide upon, whether you like someone or not.

And how can it be that some people are generally liked and disliked?
What is their factor?

This is not a duplicate of What makes people like other people?, which is asking for group behaviour. I would like to know, what makes an Individual likable or not.

I'd much rather have a list of factoras as an Answer than an explanation (the explanation is asked for in the previously mentioned question).

In other words, "what makes someone likable"?

Title: What makes you like someone?


问:
Is the feeling of consciousness simply a perceived effect of a functional working memory and focus?
I do not have much knowledge, if any, on cognitive sciences so bare with me if this question is trivial or absurd.

I wonder this question because, personally, I feel less or more conscious during days where I'm less or more cognitively active. I'm sure this is not an uncommon experience. On days where I am very 'slow', I zone in and out of focus quite frequently and I cannot retain focus for long periods of time. During these moments out of focus and inside of my mind, thinking, I don't feel conscious. I feel as though I am waking up each time I come back to attention.

Then, when I really try hard to focus on, say, a beautiful scene (like a setting sun) I feel extremely more conscious because I am actively processing the definition of the image quality (requiring working memory, correct?).

It feels wrong posting something like this because it's entirely anecdotal but I'm not sure how else to research this 'feeling'..


问:
Extinction Burst in Humans
I've recently been exposed to the term extinction burst and was wondering how it applies to adult humans and habit modification and behavior management.

All the research I've found focuses on animals and generally fails to extend the results to adult humans. Usually limiting to toddlers and animals in application.

Is there any research that points to adults being able to limit behavior through extinction without outside help (teachers, therapists, psychologist, etc.) in their own habits?

Research on topic:
Extinction and Memory (APA)
What is Extinction (VeryWell)

Title: Extinction Burst in Humans


问:
What is involved in a Mental Competency Evaluation in the criminal justice system?
I am very curious as to what exactly is done during a mental competency evaluation. (Not too sure if this is a good question for this forum- apologies if not!) In this instance, a criminal defendant in Tennessee will go through this process as the preliminary hearing has been delayed about 3.5 months.

From what I understand, the defendant will be transported from the county jail on a daily/weekly basis to undergo this evaluation. This will be used to see if the defendant is mentally competent to actually stand trial if it goes that far (i.e. if the defendant does not take a plea bargain).

I'm just curious as to what questions are asked, what methods are used, who conducts the evaluation, and how the information is presented once the preliminary hearing actually rolls around.


问:
Do grammatical differences in language affect politics?
I tried very hard to find references on this in Google Scholar and Web of Science, but I fear I don't have enough experience with this area.

My partner is great at Spanish, and informed me that in the Spanish language you don't say "I lost the jacket," you say something like "The jacket was lost to me."

Could such grammatical differences lead to increases in collectivist culture or more tightly knit social fabrics in places like Mexico as opposed to individualist countries like the US?

Is this question too big? How would you find any relevant studies on this? Are there any other phenomena you are aware of where the structure of a language affects macro phenomena like culture?


问:
Anti-depressant medicine and memory loss
Can anti depressant medicine cause memory loss  ? Seen many suffering from cognitive problems after taking anti-depressants and for some , it went worse even after medicine was stopped.What can be the possible reasons?</p>


问:
Psychology behind SE?
I'm not yet that SE experienced user but one thing I've observed is that If I give a good answer then I get upvotes on my other questions too.But as I give a comment that may seem to be bad to the OP I get downvotes on my other questions.

As in real world example can be as:
 A bad action against someone
  resulting in their bad action against the person.

Is there a unique word for this in psychology ?

Title: Psychology behind SE?


问:
What are the "Must Know" papers of Cognitive Science?
What are the works/papers/results/theories any expert in cognitive science should know, even if they're outside his/her specific field of expertise?

One paper/theory per answer please, and state why do you find this work important to know (and ideally, not just because it has lots of citations, or because everyone teach it at Cognitive Science 101)


问:
Is it true that IQ and verbal ability are not much correlated?
I read that people with high IQ are not necessarily good or better speakers or writers. I wonder if that is true.

I read that for instance left-handed people are overrepresented among high IQ people as well as overrepresented among people with verbal and speech problems. Left-handed people are also overrepresented among low IQ people which might explain the verbal and speech problems if that is not adjusted.

Is there any study or evidence supporting any of these claims?


问:
What is the point of living a life if we're all going to eventually die?
So I've had this question over the past week since New Years. I am currently 21 years old and yea, time flies so fast. New years just feels like one year closer to death. Can you believe it? The internet was founded around the years when I was born. Can you believe where we are today? Can you believe that it's 70% through the decade already? Yet 7 years ago, I was barely in high school and iPads were invented?

So at the start of New Years, I've started to get this feeling "what is the point of living life if eventually we'll all die"? And furthermore, I got another question. If we die, doesn't everything come to an end? Don't you lose memory of absolutely everything you've done in life? So in other words, what's the point of doing things in life if we're all going to eventually die and never even remember what we've done? Maybe other people might but would you personally have remembered this upon your death? I'm talking in a non-religious point of view. From a scientific logical point of view, everything you've done in life comes to an end and you cannot even backtrack anything to trace your memories or whatnot. I don't believe that scientifically there is a such thing as "afterlife" or whatnot.

So really, I got extremely depressed over the past few days thinking about this question. I mean you can be the richest person in the world right now but in probably ~80 years, you'll completely forget about that. Or otherwise you can live in total misery and poverty but you'll forget about it maybe 50 years later.

So this question has struck my head really hard. I felt like I didn't want to do anything. What is the actual point of life if we're all going to die no matter what we have accomplished?


问:
Exercise and physical activity questionnaire
I'm wondering if there exists a validated questionnaire designed to assess the duration/intensity/type of physical activity someone has taken part in over the past 1-3 days?

I've seen many questionnaires (e.g. IPAQ, link to full questionnaire here) where the target time scale is 1 week, but I'm looking for something that captures exercise amount on a much shorter/recent time scale

Ideally it would also be short and quick to administer (for reference, I would consider both versions of the IPAQ too long)

I ask because I'm interested in people's recent levels of exercise and I've tried administering a short questionnaire where I ask things like "how many minutes of aerobic exercise did you do yesterday?" but when I looked at the the data it turns out that >70% of people report 0, so I end up with a zero-inflated variable.

This could be due to a poorly worded question, poor response format, or any number of reasons. Ideally, I would conduct a full survey design study and use factor analysis to create/validate a short form questionnaire, but at this point it might be easier to just use one that currently exists, if there is one

Does anything like this already exist?

References

Craig, C. L., Marshall, A. L., Sandstrom, M., Bauman, A. E., Booth, M. L., Ainsworth, B. E., … Oja, P. (2003). International Physical Activity Questionnaire: 12-Country Reliability and Validity. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 35(8), 1381–1395. https://doi.org/10.1249/01.MSS.0000078924.61453.FB


问:
What is the difference between semantic activation to lexical processing?
I am reading the review paper: Levels of processing during non-conscious
perception: a critical review of visual masking
and have encountered the terms: semantic activation and lexical processing.

Can anyone state what is the difference between the two?

I saw some definitions in the web but I look for something else.
I am looking for an example for an experiment which focuses on one methid and not the other.

Thanks!


问:
Intelligence Dataset
I'm looking for a standard and large dataset relating to cognitive performance. Ideally the data would look something like a standard IQ test, but including the raw answers, and designed to test more than just verbal and analytical skills, but other facets of intelligence as well. I'd also settle for a sufficiently large dataset of IQ tests with scores. Does such a dataset that is standard in academic research exist, and if so is it publicly available?</p>

Title: Intelligence Dataset


问:
Why Does My Motivation Fluctuate So Much?
I'm motivated to do a lot of stuff when I get up from the PC to go to the toilet.

But once I sit back down at the PC, all the motivation evaporates.

Explanation and how to fix it?

How to psych myself up?


问:
Approach-Avoidance Conflicts
I remember from my university days learning about approach-avoidance conflicts. Briefly, many situations are perceived as having an upside and a downside:

If upside>downside, we are likely to be attracted to the situation.

The closer we are to the situation (either in time or space), the stronger the upside and downside are perceived.

The increase in the strength of a perceived downside is greater than that of the upside (the avoidance gradient is steeper than the approach gradient).

This means that even though something may be more attractive now, the closer we are to the situation, the more the downside becomes prominent. At some point, upside

I also remember that the strengths of the gradients can be influenced. For example, alcohol has a tendency to weaken the perceived downside, so that a situation becomes more attractive for longer.

This would explain why people make some decisions which looked OK at the time but have a long term downside. It would also explain why alcohol can influence these decisions.

The question is: where can I read up more about this online?

Title: Approach-Avoidance Conflicts


问:
Do mirror neurons fire during visualization?
It is known that mirror neurons fire when watching another person performing the same activity. But do they also fire when visualizing oneself performing an activity (visualizing performing the activity in the first person in particular)?
And if they do, what are the implications for learning an activity or visualizing goals?</p>


问:
Is there any evidence that less thinking about the future improves mental health?
Recently I heard a lecture about the philosophy of minimalism and the rethor argued that it's better not to think much about what you're going to do in the near future for example in the form of writing
less information in your calendar/planner.

What has the research found about how intensive thinking about the near future affects our mental health?


问:
Statistically, what are the determinants of which particular religion someone will follow?
I can look at data on smokers and recent ex-smokers to identify what variables correlate with success in quitting, or relapse. I can adjust for covariates, or leave the analysis unadjusted. I did a spot of Googling and coudldn't find analogues findings from the psychology of religion at the level of different denominations, although there were studies about religious behaviour, non-specific to particular faiths. Has this work been done, and if so, what are the determinants? If the work hasn't been done, which datasets are best suited for that?</p>


问:
Subjective experience of emotional buildup
Subjectively, some emotions have a sudden onset, while others build up slowly. For example, a text message from a loved one can quickly fill you with joy. Alternatively, frustration/annoyance at being stuck in traffic can build up over time or watching a funny video can help you transition from sadness to functional calm.

According to various studies, the perceived magnitude of an emotion changes as the time between evaluation and experience grows. Similarly, is there evidence that the onset or acceleration of a built-up emotion is perceived differently at the time between the evaluation and the onset grows?


问:
Is it possible to send event markers via Emotiv epoc using Inquisit 5?
I am trying to employ Emotiv for my research project. Emotiv is a mobile EEG instrument (click here to see more)  Unlike other EEG recording systems, I am not able to send a marker to the EEG recording using TestBench. Although the manual of Testbench has suggested the use of serial port / COM port to send marker, but I have failed to use serial port to do so.

I have coded my paradigm using Inquisit 5, I can send marker via a different system (Labchart) via parallel ports.

I am not sure if the serial port could actually be used and set marker at designated time. For that reason, I am just wondering if it is possible to include markers during EEG recording using Emotiv.


问:
Is there a connection between synaptic density and cognitive capacity?
Are there studies that reveal how many synapses per mm3 are there in the average dolphin brain, compared to elephants and humans?
I am wondering if there is a connection between synaptic density and cognitive capacity.</p>


问:
Are there any approaches to measuring “physical”/“neurophysiological” aspects of one's intellectual tone/state of fluid intelligence?
Is it possible to measure/approximate/estimate intelligence with a physiological metric? What I mean is, if I put it correctly: to measure/estimate short-term memory capacity/long-term memory efficiency, speed of information transmission through brain cells/speed of new connections formation between cells etc.

For example, what can be deduced/assessed/assumed from the electroencephalogram results? Is there some activity pattern that may be related to forgetting or the like?


问:
Syncing up CPT device with EEG recording
I'm working on setting up an EEG experiment that will be going through a battery of various cognitive tasks. One of the tests is a Continuous Performance Task and to conduct that we'll be using a dedicated device(QikTest) that runs the test while disconnected from the stimulus computer, then is connected to get results. From there the program does an automatic analysis based on the performance and EEG results.

Since there is no means of automatically marking the task onset in our EEG recording at the time of the trial, the current plan is to use a video recording that contains the beginning of both EEG recording and CPT task to align the proper start time based on audio/visual cues of both for analysis. Our camera operates at 60fps so frame-to-frame is about 17ms, is this going to be a sufficiently small window to sync the data properly to capture the relevant ERP data in the EEG recording? If not would an audio recording at a higher sampling rate be sufficient(both starts have well identifiable audio cues)?

Edit(In response to Robin's comment below): Based on previous research we'll likely be looking for ERPs in the 200-500ms window for this and the other tasks.