问:
Is there a psychological scale/measurement that can be used to determine how much of a 'victim mentality' the subject has?
Is there an accepted test/scale/measurement/etc that can be used to measure how much of a 'victim mentality' the subject has?</p>


问:
fMRI ROI analysis: independence
In a 2x2 factorial, is it appropriate to look at an interaction at the second-level, group analysis (e.g., using SPM) and define this as an ROI to restrict follow-up main effect contrasts? Or is this an example of a circular, non-independent analysis?</p>

ContentLicense: CC BY-SA 4.0

Title: fMRI ROI analysis: independence


问:
Does the uncanny valley phenomenon apply to aural stimuli as well as visual? Addressed by research?
News of the Google AI assistant (or Google Duplex) being used to place phone calls to people in such a way that the human would not know they are speaking with AI was a little unsettling, and Google has announced they will address this by having the AI-driven, interactive robo-caller (for lack of a better word, if you know one please suggest it!) introduce "itself" as such.

My question addresses this or similar scenarios when one is confronted by human-like AI presenting cues that it is artificial, and yet including verbal affections that are specifically intended to sound human (e.g. 'um, okay...') rather than a machine.

The concept of the uncanny valley is usually applied to visual stimuli, but considering the degree to which AI and realistic human-like speech can be readily generated and transmitted, I'm wondering if the uncanny valley concept could apply or be extended to aural stimuli as well. Also curious if this avenue has ever been explored in published research.

One problem with my question might be in calling the uncanny valley a concept, rather than a phenomenon associated with visual stimuli by definition. If that's the proper way to think about it, perhaps I should be asking if there is an aural analog to the uncanny valley instead?


问:
How can I manipulate (decrease) cognitive load in an online survey?
I am looking for ways to decrease cognitive load (or increase cognitive capacity) in an online survey. The subjects in the survey need to make an investment decision. They will see an innovative product and they have to decide if they would invest in this product. When they have a high cognitive load they tend to make wrong decisions and invest in products that are not profitable. I want to manipulate the cognitive load to see if the subjects stop investing in unprofitable products and only invest in the profitable ones. I found examples on how to increase the cognitive load (e.g. give them less time to decide or let them memorize a number while they make the decision) but not on how to decrease it.

I thought about forcing the subject to think about the decision they have to make by giving them a minimum time (e.g. they can't continue to the next question for 60 seconds). The problem is, that I can't find a paper where they used this in an online survey. I would like to have something that proofs that this way works.

An example is in the paper "The effect of cognitive load on decision making with graphically displayed uncertainty information" by Allen et al. The authors let the subjects memorize an 8 digit-number in the high cognitive load condition and in the low cognitive condition the subjects had no memorizing task.

In my case I want to especially decrease the cognitive load and not just give one group a task to increase their cognitive load and do nothing with the second group.


问:
Why do we think about things we regret we said before going to sleep at night?
We all say things we later regret during the day. Why does it often happen that at night, just before going to sleep, our brains bring those memories back and even make us lose sleep?</p>


问:
When and how did public nudity and sex become shameful and unacceptable?
I am thinking about it from the evolutionary perspective. For nudity, I thought that maybe nude bodies may be associated with a higher probability of infection and diseases due to exposed parts. I also thought that maybe there's a social reason such that it's considered a better social status to be dressed; as an indicator of wealth and security.

But then when you think about it, it's not necessarily nudity that is frowned upon, it's the exposure of private parts. Considering that our reproductive organs are also used to dispose bodily waste, it makes sense to associate some sort of negative emotion with them. But then again, why would female breasts be considered indecent?

Also, when it comes to sex, clothed intercourse is still considered shameful. Sex is not only considered as a private activity, but also as a sin by lot many religions; it's also associated with morality. Gluttony, also being a function of our greed and bodily pleasure, doesn't receive the same amount of repulsion as does sex. Wouldn't it make more sense for the society to promote sex considering that it increases the probability of the continuation of our species?


问:
I can sometimes 'erase' an active thought - how does that work?
When I'm trying to sleep but still awake, I sometimes get dream-like thoughts. I still twist and turn in bed, consciously moving (thus not sleeping) and hearing sounds in the room, but these thoughts are definitely dream-like in the sense that they're usually quite random.

Example: I'm walking in a park, talking to a someone about a specific subject, seeing flowers, trees, whatever.

At one point I realise this and consciously 'say' to myself: "if I want to, this entire train of thought is completely gone". Right after thinking this, the 'dream' is almost completely erased. I generally still do know the general subject (I'm in a park), but everything else is completely gone. I try and I try to remember the rest, but none if it comes back. I cannot even recall the fact that - in this example - I was talking to someone (let alone who) and what scenery I was surrounded with.

Is there any name for this mechanism? It always confuses me.


问:
How serious is my case and should I get help?
So I have been experimenting a bit with pshycadelics nothing too much , I did lsd twice in a period of 3 months , inbetween i have done mdma once.
Two weeks after my last use of lsd I started noticing something very weird going on in my head ...
As i searched everything about Lsd side effects in a long term I found out that i have got disorganized thinking , it ussualy happens  when Im super exhausted , it ussualy happens in a middle of the night , the weirdest thing about all of this is that i randomly wake up after an hour and half of my sleep and then the disorganized thinking happens ,It lasts for 5 to 10 mins ..smoking a ciggarete helps a lot , at least it helps with my panic , i can not develop a single straight though and somehow i tend to get stuck to one stupid thought n i just loop around it untill the whole thing wears off , after the certain time i forget what the thing i was thinking about was and i can not remember it , how serious this whole thing is and can it get worse , right now i m not that scared when it happens i just live thru it and i even started handling it good , it happened 3 times in two weeks , so its not that often ...

i am definetly done with drugs but should i seek help or shuld i just wait few months and see if it actually is from lsd cuz in that case it should just stop


问:
Rubik's Cube and building 3D visualization abilities
I recently picked up a Rubik's Cube, intending to refine my ability to mentally work with three-dimensional representations.

But it seems there are two ways of solving the Cube: just play and play and seek patterns on your own, or memorize some algorithms which teach you to efficiently solve the puzzle.

Neither seems satisfactory, since both only incidentally will provide practice on 3D visualization, but without any guidance to focus my effort more forcefully on that aspect.

Specifically, I'm trying to improve my 3D visualization skill via the Rubik's Cube. I believe that would be the same cognitive skill that is tested as the Vandenberg and Kuse Mental Rotations Test, although if there are distinctions, I'd be happy to learn about them.

If there's research that indicates other ways spatial reasoning can be practiced and improved, I'd appreciate that as well.

Does anyone have any recommendations, or pointers offsite?


问:
Fetish development through classical conditioning?
In an older, now deleted answer to another question, it's been said that classical conditioning is a posited mechanism for fetish development. A bit more googling found a popsci article claiming something similar:

In the 1970s, scientists wanted to know if they could condition a sexual reflex in men. First they got volunteers and hooked them up to a device that measured tumescence. Then they showed the men slides. The sequence of slides was always the same - naked women, and then boots. Naked women, and then boots.

After some time, the scientists were pleased to see that the men responded to pictures of boots without ever seeing the naked women. Some of the men even showed response to sandals and high heels. They managed to instill fetishes in human beings. It would be interesting to see how deeply the fetishes "took." Was it specific to time and place, or did the scientists engineer a lifelong fetish in people?

But the article lacks further details on the studies (e.g. actual citations of the papers), and I do wonder if the studies withstood scrutiny over time (methodology, replication, etc.) There are good reasons to be bit skeptical of random "studies from the 1970s" in this area, e.g. see a related question on of mine on self-administered aversive therapy.

One 2004 review suggests that you can't "normalize" people this way (conditioning):

It should be noted that, as previously mentioned, there have been clinical
treatments based on the notion of pairing a CS with masturbation to enhance
responding to normative sexual stimuli, but with little long-term success (for
review see Laws & Marshall, 1991b).

So that rather casts doubt of the conditioning theory of fetish development too, but are there more recent experiments arguing for it?


问:
Is there evidence for people being afraid of something they cannot pinpoint?
A recent question here has highlighted a fairly common cliché in entertainment: a purported inability to identify/pinpoint the source of one's fears or anxiety.

In psychology there's an somewhat accepted phenomenon of alexithymia, the "inability to identify and describe emotions in the self". But is it really the case that one can identify the emotion as fear or anxiety but not be able to identify its source?

And yes, I'm aware of the "fear of the unknown", but the unknown (as a concept) is an identifiable source in that case; I'm not asking about that. What I'm asking about is whether the following scenario can happen in some case of psychological or neurological condition:

Patient: Doctor, I'm very afraid!

Doctor: What are you afraid of?

Patient: I don't know!


问:
Ability of fixed-effects analyses to enable generalisation of results
Is it correct to say that, when making inferrence on the results of an experiment, using a random-effects (RFX) rather than a fixed-effects (FFX) model merely makes the results more generalisable, as the quote below (from the fMRI study by Leaver et al., 2009) seems to suggest?

Random-effects models attempt to remove intersubject variability,
  thereby making the results obtained from a limited sample more
  generalizable to the entire population (Petersson et al., 1999). Thus,
  we used random-effects models in our analyses. In a single instance,
  we additionally considered results of a fixed-effects model, in which
  intersubject variability is not removed.

These authors later make the claim that those brain areas identified with the RFX analysis are more reliably/consistently involved.

I'd have thought that, with FFX, it is not the case that the results are simply "less" generalisable, but instead that they simply do NOT allow generalisation in quite the same way, since you are not accounting for the sampling noise added by the random selection of subjects to the sample. In other words, that there is a step jump rather than a gradual increase in reliability.

Furthemore, in my mind, this sounds like a fallacy somehow comparable to making inferrence on p-values that were not corrected for multiple comparisons: it's not that the corrected values are "more reliable" against false positives, it's simply that the uncorrected ones are UNreliable.

Does this analogy (or some other one) apply here, when using FFX (and not RFX) for sample-to-population inference?


问:
ADHD and the Anterior Cingulate Cortex (ACC)
The cingulate cortex plays a significant role in mediating cognitive influences on emotion (Stevens, Hurley, & Taber, 2011).

Lower-than-normal activations within cingulate cortex have been reported for several conditions in which emotional numbing and/or suppression of emotions are common symptoms. For example, a metaanalysis of functional neuroimaging in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) found reduced activation in both sACC and aMCC during fear conditioning (Etkin, & Wager, 2007). The authors proposed that reduced activation in sACC may indicate impairment in emotion-regulation and fear-extinction, whereas the reduced activation in aMCC may relate to reduced experience of negative emotion.

My question surrounding this is related to the fact that (Answer provided in Do ADHD drugs harm the brain?)

[Long-term use of ADHD stimulants in individuals with ADHD] appear to promote "normalization" of certain structural deficiences. Not all deficiences, though (i.e. effects visible on the right anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) but not on the left ACC).

Whilst this is a great answer to the initial question, it is difficult for me to pick apart from a neuropsychological basis.  Would there be significant improvements to ADHD symptoms with the “normalisation” of the ACC or would there still be significant problems?

Also, are there differences in function between the left and right ACC?  Plus, if there is little or no improvement in the left ACC, would the right ACC take over the functions of the left or would the left affect the right?

References

Etkin, A., & Wager, T. D. (2007). Functional neuroimaging of anxiety: a meta-analysis of emotional processing in PTSD, social anxiety disorder, and specific phobia. American Journal of Psychiatry, 164(10), 1476-1488.
DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2007.07030504
PDF: https://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/doi/pdf/10.1176/appi.ajp.2007.07030504

Stevens, F. L., Hurley, R. A., & Taber, K. H. (2011). Anterior cingulate cortex: unique role in cognition and emotion. The Journal of neuropsychiatry and clinical neurosciences, 23(2), 121-125.
DOI: 10.1176/jnp.23.2.jnp121
PDF: https://neuro.psychiatryonline.org/doi/pdf/10.1176/jnp.23.2.jnp121


问:
What would be areas of ethical or safety concerns with a smartphone app interacting with people sleeping?
The BBC News article Hi-tech dreamcatcher defeats sleep amnesia mentions a recent talk by Adam Haar Horowitz and then describes some limited tests of an apparatus called Dormio at the MIT media lab, that detects when an individual is in hypnagogia and then initiates interaction with a "social robot" rather than another person.

The interactions can include "verbal" prompting and suggestions by the robot!

The Dormio gadget is connected to a smartphone app or robot, which speaks word prompts to the subject as they slip into deeper sleep. These words can be used to influence their dreams or to knock them back into lighter sleep.

"We have found that in the subjects we tested, those words reliably entered the hypnagogic dreams as dream content," said Mr Horowitz.

"After this slight wake-up, we initiate a conversation about dream content with users via the Jibo social robot and record anything that is said, as hypnagogic amnesia is reported and we don't want people forgetting their useful ideas."

After this conversation, the system lets users drift back towards sleep, interrupting again when the biosignals suggest they are falling into deep sleep.

"This is done repetitively to intercept dreams and extract dream reports," said Mr Horowitz.

The BBC article notes some skepticism:

Antonio Zadra, a psychology professor at the University of Montreal, believes that dreams are designed to be forgotten.

"We spend six years of our lives dreaming, of which we only remember a small sliver. If we were meant to be remembering more, that would be a colossal waste of time," he said.

as well as a bit of foreboding by Horowitz himself:

Mr Horowitz admits there are ethical questions that need to be thought about before engaging with this enigmatic part of our daily routine.

"How much of yourself do you want to access?" he ponders.

"How much power do you want to have there? How much do you want to be careful about messing with your own biosignals?"

The idea of letting your own potentially internet-connected smartphone interact with you in your sleep (during hypnagogia), while Siri, Cortana, Alexa, or even hackers may be running at the same time just seems slightly frightening to me.

While there may be various guidelines and even regulations that apply to scientific medical research, this is MIT's media lab, and the indirect results  could include someone selling a gizmo you buy on Amazon and connect to your phone and then go to sleep.

Question: Based on current understanding and ethical principles regarding interactions between sleeping subjects and human researchers or experimental apparatus, what would areas of ethical or safety concerns be about allowing a phone to interact with sleeping subjects?


问:
Differences in Cognition, Theory of Mind and their criteria
I´m writing an essay about the ToM in animals. My Problem is that there are a few hints of ToM in animals but there are also some interferences. I tried to set up a conclusion which uses Morgan's Law about cognition [1] and the language experiments with apes and sign language which show no language reproduction (Gardner & Gardner (1975)).

So my question is how are these two areas connected and what are the criteria of ToM? I can´t find a paper that mentions this.

[1]: In no case is an animal activity to be interpreted in terms of higher psychological processes if it can be fairly interpreted in terms of processes which stand lower in the scale of psychological evolution and development.


问:
Is there a relation between the ability to recognize faces and the number of people one meets daily?
Does the average number of different people one sees daily affect one's ability to recognize faces?

Compare a person who lives in a crowded city (and thus sees many different faces daily) with a person who lives in a small community like a village and sees few people daily (all of them familiar). Based on this alone would the general ability to recognize faces be different?

Has there been any research done on this topic?


问:
Overcoming the effect of Limerence?
I recently came to know about  Limerence.

I could not find definite answers for the following questions:

It has been said that limerence generally lasts between 18 months to
3 years, could be more in some cases. Is there a
way/approach/strategy to reduce this duration?

As per this article, it has been suggested that limerence is
due to low self esteem. This conclusion was based on "I never
expected anything in return". I thought this is what most successful
people like Bill Gates, Clinton do with their charity/foundation
without expecting anything in return. How can this be judged as a bad thing?
Is Limerence really due to low self esteem?

I have read that limerence can affect people's mind at a
unconscious level. Is there a way to train the unconscious mind to
get rid of the limerence effect?

I could not find anyone offering therapy specifically for this.
Has therapy been shown to help conditions like this?

It has been mentioned in the Wikipedia article that people with
limerence can become ill. If you are ill, is there a way to find out if this is caused by limerence or something else?

See also:

Hacker News

Reddit

ContentLicense: CC BY-SA 3.0

Title: Overcoming the effect of Limerence?


问:
Other studies of animals with sign language
Dr. Francine Patterson taught a modified form of sign language to Koko, a western lowland gorilla. Much media attention has been focused on Koko, especially after her death, and Patterson herself published several papers on Koko's use of language and cognition. I'm wondering if similar research has been performed with independent researchers and subjects. I am aware that Koko taught another gorilla Michael language, but he died in 2001.

Have there been any experiments to replicate or test Patterson's publications, claims, and/or discoveries related to Koko's use of language and cognition?

Has anyone compiled a study of these experiments' as a group?


问:
Are millenials more risk-averse than prior generations were (at the same age)?
The Congressional Institute (a US Republican think tank) has a 2015 report stating that:

Millennials were highly protected in childhood by a fortress of youth safety initiatives, which they took as evidence that they were truly valuable. This protection has translated into risk aversion in their young-adult lives: Millennials are avoiding the stock market and real estate, turning away from entrepreneurship, and are trying to plan for the long term.

The above is mostly an indirect inference, which may well confuse cause and effect. The recession may have caused some of the observed effect via lack of money. But it's also possible that a combination of developmental and later environmental condition have truly affected the psychological inclination toward risk taking of the generation graduating in the midst of the recession. After all, people do suffer negativity bias.

I did find something else (and from a less political source) that might support the inference as well, namely two surveys found that millennials are apparently less likely to switch jobs than Gen-Xers. (Generally, more risk-averse persons switch jobs less often.)

British think tank the Resolution Foundation reported in February that only one in 25 UK millennials was switching jobs each year during their mid-twenties. Members of the preceding generation, known as Generation X, were found to be twice as likely to keep switching employers at the same age – a good thing for them, financially speaking. Job-hopping tends to come with a pay rise of about 15% with each move, as well as the opportunity for workers to learn new skills and determine which kind employers are a good fit for them. Meanwhile, pay rises for those who stay with one company for the long term have dwindled to almost nothing, according to the Resolution Foundation report.

In April, the Pew Research Center, a non-partisan “fact tank” based in Washington, DC, published similar findings, drawn from US Department of Labor data. The report found that American workers aged 18 to 35 were just as likely to stick with their employers as their older counterparts in Generation X were when they were young adults. And among those with college degrees, millennials were found to have longer track records with their employers than Generation X workers did when they were the same age.

But millennials may have done that because fewer jobs were available.

“The economic evidence is pretty clear,” says Laura Gardiner, senior policy analyst at the Resolution Foundation and one of the authors of the report on UK millennials’ decreasing job mobility. “Young people have always changed jobs more than older people, but it’s definitely the case that the rate of mobility has fallen – for young people particularly quickly, although it’s fallen for everyone.” [...]

Neither report gives concrete answers about why job mobility has decreased among young people. Richard Fry, a senior researcher at Pew, wrote in his summary of the data on Pew’s Fact Tank blog, that it may be “due to a dearth of opportunities to get a better job with a different employer.” Gardiner, meanwhile, points out that young people may be less willing to take risks having come of age during the financial crisis.

So, my question is whether are any systematic studies that more directly (e.g. via questionnaires or lab-based experiments) try to assess whether millenials have higher risk aversion than previous generations had at a corresponding age.

There's also an interesting side question here, which does however have an answer. Namely whether (self-reported) risk-aversion is time-varying (and how much). One study says

the question could be asked as to whether the financial
and macro shocks a person faces over his lifetime modify his risk aversion. Our empirical
analysis provides evidence that risk aversion is composed of a time-variant
part and shows that the variation cannot be ascribed to measurement error or noise
given that it is related to income shocks. Taking into account the fact that there
are time-variant factors in risk aversion, we investigate how often it is preferable to
collect the risk aversion measure in long panel surveys. Our result suggests that the
best predictor of current behavior is the average of risk aversion, where risk aversion
is collected every two years.

Given that it has been more than that since the start of the last recession, I guess the average risk aversion of millennials could be well estimated.


问:
Training adjustments of synaptic Weights
I'm a graduate student in the Electrical Engineering Program currently working on my thesis and I have to figure out how to train synaptic weights in an Artificial Neural Network either analogously or digitally.

Can anyone suggest some base papers that I can read to get started on this and how I can proceed. Would really appreciate it. Thanks!


问:
What is the difference between mathematical psychology and quantitative psychology?
Upon researching this question I realized that there are many graduate programs in quantitative psychology, but not too many for mathematical psychology. If you know of any universities that offer graduate degrees specializing in mathematical psychology please include it in your answer. </p>


问:
Is there a name for being obsessed with matte surfaces/objects/items?
Apologies in advance if this isn't supposed to be here, I'm new, just let me know where to post it and I'll delete and post elsewhere!

I was wondering if there's a condition or name or something along those lines for a person who is, for want of a better word, fascinated by matte surfaces/objects/items? My SO is drawn to them and we were just wondering if there's a name for it or if it's just a "thing" so to speak?

I've met a lot of people who enjoy different surface textures and so on but I've never met anyone as fascinated by matte surfaces as my SO is - he thoroughly enjoys rubbing/feeling my matte phone case, he always comments and complements when I wear a matte lipstick and he will always comment on how nice the finish is on something painted with matte paint to give you a few examples. If what has taken his attention (a case for something, my lipstick, a surface of any given type etc.) isn't matte, there is no comment from him.

I'm just curious to see if this is a thing or if it's just him.

Thanks in advance for any help!!

Note this causes no problems or anything between us, it's literally just my curiosity has gotten the better of me and I couldn't find anything about it on Google. Also if anyone could point out what tags to use it would be much appreciated.


问:
Is there a study indicating a neurological reward for agreeing with group beliefs?
I know a study in 2011 showed activation on the ventromedial PFC (part of the reward system that lights up when we see something we want, like chocolate) when opinions of others were shown. I'm assuming it activated upon learning the opinions of the others because it anticipated a reward following agreement with the group.

I know Matz and Wood (2005) published a study showing cognitive dissonance following differing opinions from group members, motivating a change of beliefs to resolve it. Do you know of any studies showing a neurological reward following agreement with others? I'm probably searching using the wrong keywords, but I can't seem to find anything.

I'd assume there is at least research showing a neurological reward when social media posts get likes or supportive comments.


问:
Is it okay to use "fixed number of factors" in EFA after contradicting results from MAP test and eigenvalues?
I need help with my data analysis.
I am using a non-validated translated questionnaire in my survey. The purpose of it is not to validate the measure in a different language and its construct validity, I only translated it for the purpose of my study. Still, I am obligated to test the construct validity of the questionnaire and the problem is the following:

When I run the principle axis extraction with oblique rotation, I initially get 2 factors-two of the items load very poorly on the 1st factor (zero corrleations), and some have small values of 0.3, but also correlate with the second one. Majority loads on the first factor and the MAP test also gives me a reason to extract only one factor. If I run the principle axis extraction without any rotation-it only suggests me to remove one item, based on the correlations with the factor, not two.

My question is-can I decide to extract a "fixed number of factors" and extract only one after concluding that MAP test gives me a better solution? The second question is-if I do so, am I allowed to only remove that 1 item that it offers me to remove after extracting 1 factors and ignore the almost zero loadings in the initial EFA with oblique rotation of the second item? The other problem with removing too many items is that it messes my variance too much. It is in my interest to keep as many items as possible, but only the mentioned one I think I must remove (the second one I am not sure whether I must).

Thank you so much for your response, I am really stuck because of this problem.


问:
Chess performance and IQ
Are there formal studies relating chess performance (e.g. ELO) and IQ? I found a proposed Levitt equation (also mentioned in thechessworld):

Elo ~ (10 x IQ) + 1000

Is there some systematic evidence to back this formula, and/or propose a better one, and how well do such regressions fit, i.e. what's their goodness of fit (R), or alternatively stating this last part: how well does ELO (or some equivalent measure) correlate with IQ?

Regarding the question linked: this one is not even remotely a duplicate. The other question asks if playing chess can improve IQ. (and the answer seems to be no.) None of the answers there even talk how much IQ affect chess performance. The answer to my question is a qualified yes, by the way. Just think of the limit case where IQ were "set at birth", and your chess performance depended 100% just on IQ. You could still play chess all day and your IQ wouldn't change.

Title: Chess performance and IQ


问:
What emotion/sensory feeling is this?
The facial expression is: 2C+6+12+24A (Facial Action Coding System)

I can't find out what expression and emotion this represents. Also if anybody knows a site which lists more than the universal expressions and their Facial Action Coding representation, that would be helpful.

This is the closest expression I can find; note but it doesn't express 2C: https://imgur.com/a/Xmdeylu

Title: What emotion/sensory feeling is this?


问:
Is there a model for designing a tracklist to get the most engaged reaction from a crowd at a rock concert?
At a recent rock concert, I noticed that the "headliner" is almost always preceded by several bands whose job it is to "warm up the crowd," and that during those "opener acts," the crowd does indeed transition from a sort of "cold" to "warm" state, i.e. will dance more, jump around more, etc.

During an act, the band seems to (in my experience) open with one or two energetic songs, follow up with a slower song, then play more energetic songs, in a series. This doesn't exactly follow the model of act to act transitions - wherein the "hottest act" is saved for last. Instead, it's more of a "wave." In short, there seems to be a contradiction in the planning of a concert between how the whole concert is planned, and how a single band's tracklist is planned.

This made me wonder: Does anybody have any evidence or analysis for the best way to set up a tracklist for a live performance? "Best" being "getting the most positive reaction from the crowd," or "getting the most energetic reaction for the greatest period of time" from the crowd, "live performance" being an event where presumably the goal of the performer would be an energetic reaction from the crowd, such as a rock, metal, EDM concert etc. Asking around people that play shows, the answers seem to be mostly "common sense" or intuitive - "let people rest, then give them anxiety with a quick beat, then drop the bass," that sort of thing.

I have found a pre-phd thesis on emotional responses to bass drops in EDM, which analysis the in-song emotional responses people feel. (pdf) This led me to a great deal of papers and articles arguing that yes indeed humans have an emotional reaction to music, which is not quite what I'm looking for.

Further searches around terms like "concert, planning, setlist" mostly yield results about concert safety or music education. One article looked into the different types of crowds, which might be helpful, but it seems to mostly focus on managing those crowds safely, rather than managing their enjoyment of a show.

This paper does analyse Grateful Dead setlists, but mostly to compare listening styles at concerts vs listening events, so still isn't quite a "model" or hypothesis on a good way to establish a setlist.


问:
Which mental illnesses are probably natural?
Which states of mind that are classified as mental illnesses might be a natural and useful part of our brains?

For example, some evolutionary biologists have suggested that some types of depression are a natural consequence of losing a fight for dominance. i.e. In order for the loser to fit into the social pecking order he must have feelings of low self worth.

Are there other types of "mental illnesses" that might be natural and useful? (By "natural" I simply mean evolutionary selected for.) And that if this illness was cured for all human beings it would in fact damage the social fabric of society?

Another example. A phobia of spiders. Most people would agree that this is not a mental illness but a common trait of most humans. A phobia of trees is probably not.


问:
Predicting workplace performance of job applicants?
As an employer who interviews engineering candidates, I'm interested in using the state of the art findings in psychometrics/psychology to predict which candidates are the most likely to be successful.

What I'm aware of is IQ and conscientiousness/industriousness are both very important and well evidenced.

Are there any other strong indicators that I can use in a practical way to filter candidates?


问:
Is it possible getting into vegetative state by yourself?
Had a very crazy and intense dream last night where I swapped between different stages of dream depth which actually also included dreaming about the actual place where I was sleeping within a dream within my dream.
I was really confused when I woke up about which stage was real and which wasn't. Somehow it made me wonder if it is possible to get stuck within your own dreams and getting into a state of vegetativeness by yourself this way?</p>


问:
Can tapering reduce the risk of sedative kindling and brain damage?
So we know that repeated withdrawal from GABAeric substances like alcohol and benzodiazepines will cause kindling and worsen future withdrawal symptoms. Also, it appears that withdrawal from alcohol is responsible for most of the brain damage, since binge drinkers have more brain damage than alcoholics.

Wouldn't it be possible then, to take a long acting benzodiazepine or slowly sip alcohol throughout the next day to taper off and therefore mitigate the risk from this? The benzo route seems more effective because the half life of alcohol is fairly low and withdrawal will most likely occur when sleeping.

I could not find any studies about this. Is there any evidence to support this?

Source: https://pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/arh22-1/25-34.pdf


问:
Is it just a cultural norm that men approach women for dates rather than the other way round?
In many countries it is expected that a man should ask a woman on a date. But in some other countries (Scandinavia, or the Wodaabe tribe in Africa) it seems to be the other way round (or at least the other way round is acceptable.)

I have noticed that when alcohol is involved women are more likely to approach men (apparently alcohol increases the level of testosterone in women).

Thus psychologically speaking, is this a cultural norm or something innate.

Also, mathematically speaking, it seems that it is better that only one gender does the asking. At least most mathematical models assume this. But is this decided biologically or culturally?

(And are there animals that differ in this regard?)


问:
Are There Any Customizable Working Memory Tests?
I've found many working memory tests online, but they all use either the digits 0-9, or the alphabet. Is there a working memory test that lets one choose the characters?

Ex.:
If I input the characters: 0 1 2 3
then the test will output random sequences only containing those 4 characters.


问:
Which model of Consumer Behavior has proven to have better predictive ability for complex products?
I read about several models in Dr. Jeff Bray’s unpublished article (Bray, 2008).

Does anyone know which of them has proven to have the better predicting ability? I mean, which of them holds more evidence of predictability so far?

I do not want to  be reading wild theories with little scientific grounding and it would be helpful is someone with the expertise on the subject could tell me which has more evidence grounding it.

The models of which the paper speaks are:

Consumer decision model.

Theory of buyer behavior.

Theory of reasoned action.

Theory of planned behavior.

Again, I'm not asking for explanation. I am asking which holds better evidence.

Reference

Bray, J. P. (2008). Consumer behaviour theory: approaches and models. Unpublished
Retrieved from: http://eprints.bournemouth.ac.uk/10107/1/Consumer_Behaviour_Theory_-Approaches%26_Models.pdf


问:
How do cults indoctrinate people?
You hear stories about cults and the like brainwashing people all the time. How do they psychologically break people down so that they'll join up?</p>

Title: How do cults indoctrinate people?


问:
Is feeling bad about being cheated on innate or learned behaviour?
For most people, if their partner cheated on them with another person they would feel devastated. But is there any evidence that this is biologically innate behaviour or if it is a socially learned behaviour. As in, society says that partners are not supposed to cheat.

You often hear about hippie communes and suchlike where people share there partners more. But then again you hear that sometimes these fail because of innate human jealousy.

And there are some societies that are polygamous or polyandrous and they don't seem to have these problems.

Also, the way a human can find out about cheating is through communication by language. There is no analog of this in the animal kingdom which makes it slightly different. Although language could conjure up an image which would be similar to what a lesser animal might react to.


问:
The brain physically changes with regular coffee consumption, but at what rate does it return to normal?

Question

We know adenosine receptors A1 & A2 subtypes physically increase in the basal ganglia with prolonged caffeine exposure over the period of about 1-2 weeks, but at what rate do they return to normal (downregulate)? Id est, what is the extinction rate of upregulated adenosine receptors?

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.

.

.

Background

If you take coffee daily, you no longer get a boost from it after about a week, but rather, you're just staving off the harsh withdrawal symptoms, not to mention over time it will physically change your brain to have more adenosine receptors i.e., "sleepiness receptors". (Ramkumar V et al, J Clin Invest 82:242-247)

"A 1995 study suggests that humans become tolerant to their daily dose of caffeine—whether a single soda or a serious espresso habit—somewhere between a week and 12 days. And that tolerance is pretty strong. One test of regular caffeine pill use had some participants getting an astronomical 900 milligrams  (9 cups of coffee) per day, others placebos—found that the two groups were nearly identical in mood, energy, and alertness after 18 days. The folks taking the equivalent of nine stiff coffee pours every day weren't really feeling it anymore. They would feel it, though, when they stopped.

"You start to feel caffeine withdrawal anywhere from 12 to 24 hours after your last use. That's a big part of why that first cup or can in the morning is so important—it's staving off the early effects of withdrawal."

Caffeine, the natural pesticide of bright red coffee berries, creates an emergency response in your body to fight it off (pooping, peeing, and adrenaline). It inherently doesn't give you energy or focus, but the adrenal side effect does. Studies show that people who have coffee 7 days in a row no longer receive any energy or focus benefits. At that point their brain has been sufficiently altered with new adenosine receptors that they are just at their baseline behavior. They found this was true with any caffeine amount, from 1 to 10 cups of coffee. The exception is after 10 cups is it just starts frying your brain.

"You might think all of this probably takes a while, but it takes about seven days to become addicted to caffeine. Once addicted, you need more and more coffee to get buzzed as your brain gets covered in receptor sites. "

Sources

Life Sciences Volume 36, Issue 24, 17 June 1985, Pages 2347-2358
Caffeine tolerance: Behavioral, electrophysiological and neurochemical evidence
 Dorothy T.Chou Sukur Khan Jesse Forde Kenneth R. Hirsh
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/002432058590325X

Robertson D, Wade D, Workman R, Woosley RL, Oates JA. Tolerance to the humoral and hemodynamic effects of caffeine in man. Journal of Clinical Investigation. 1981;67(4):1111-1117.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC370671/

"Multiple components of the A1 Adenosine Receptor-Adenylate Cyclase System are Regulated in Rat Cerebral Cortex by Chronic Caffeine Ingestion." (Ramkumar V et al, J Clin Invest 82:242-247.) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3392208?dopt=Abstract

https://lifehacker.com/5585217/what-caffeine-actually-does-to-your-brain

https://youarenotsosmart.com/2010/02/22/coffee/

"Effects of chronic caffeine on brain adenosine receptors: Regional and ontogenetic studies" (Paul J.Marangos, Jean-Philippe Boulenger, Jitendra Patel)
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0024320584902078

OwnerDisplayName: Jonathan


问:
Are facial muscles activated in verbal thought?
In this video, Dr Russel Barkley states the following:

I can put electrodes all over your face and I can ask you to cite your
  Canadian pledge of allegiance in your mind. You still move your face.
  The muscle movements are so small that they're inperciptible to you
  and to others. But they're measurable. The human face is moving any
  time you engage in verbal thought. So is your larynx, by the way.

I am having a hard time locating a source for this though, and have never heard of it. Does anyone know if this is true?


问:
Is CBT-based anger management effective?
I have no doubt that some (aggressive) medication will definitely work in cutting people's anger-outburst potential. But is the usual CBT-based anger management class effective? There's a 2013 BBC article which says the systematic evidence isn't too convincing, although (of course) practitioners say it works if the patient has enough commitment.

In particular, most doubt seem to be whether such class-based approach can affect real-life "heat of the moment" events/outburst. So what does the scientific evidence on this look like? Are there substantial well-designed studies on this, are there enough studies for meta-analyses etc.?


问:
What might be the daily experience of someone who does not have an orientation association area?
The orientation association area gives us a sense of our body in time and space.

What would it be like without this part of the brain assuming everything else works normally?

Can the brain separate itself from the totality of everything? Can the person maneuver in the environment? Can the person know "he/she" exists without this tactile sense of separation and ability to identify? Can the person understand "life/death" without this separation?


问:
Caffeine any-dose tolerance study
Lifehacker says:

A 1995 study suggests that humans become tolerant to their daily dose of caffeine—whether a single soda or a serious espresso habit—somewhere between a week and 12 days.

They don't link the actual study or give any more detail on it. I suspect it might be pretty useless since the dose was apparently left to the user. But maybe the rest of world has missed this one important study...

In contrast, a recent review says:

Although complete tolerance does not occur at low doses, tolerance to some of the effects of caffeine can occur after chronic administration of very high doses of the drug (i.e., 750–1200 mg/day).

cited from

Juliano LM. Ferré S. Griffiths RR. Saitz R. The pharmacology of caffeine. In: Ries R.K., editor; Fiellin D.A., editor; Miller S.C., editor; Principles of Addiction Medicine. Fourth. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2009. pp. 159–178.

I checked the latter book, which has something like 2 paragraphs on the topic, with about 8 citations, but none of the papers cited there is from 1995, nor does the book support the idea that any dose will cause tolerance (in fact it says almost exactly the same thing as the paragraph quoted above.)

So, my question is: can anyone locate the 1995 study Lifehacker mentions?

Title: Caffeine any-dose tolerance study


问:
is the mind naturally conditioned to visualize the worst case to keep the body safe?
Mind has the ability to visualize something dangerous to keep the body safe, I would like to know are humans naturally built in such a way or do we learn to do so as we grow?

I have found that visualization of a scenario that is fearful will make the mind fear and vice versa when you visualize something nice. But the purpose of this question is to find out what makes the mind visualize fear as most of the non-voluntary action that happens in the mind.


问:
Is it possible, on an individual level, that someones fluid intelligence can "spike" in ones early twenties?
I think IQ and fluid intelligence are interrelated enough that I can use them interchangeably. I was wondering if on an individual level, if it was possible that ones IQ can jump a certain amount of points in their early twenties? I know this is not the "general" trend at a group level, but I was just wondering if it was biologically possible since we know the brain is still developing in ones early twenties.

Thanks.


问:
Is there any neuroscience research on the emotion of feeling nothing?
When people entering anechoic chambers, logically there is a sensation of silence because relatively speaking, the sound levels are much lower compared to some normal baseline

Likewise, when there is emotional numbness there isn't a feeling of emotions nor there is an awareness that there isn't a feeling of emotion and the person will struggle to describe or comprehend emotion adjectives

Also for some people in anesthetics, they shared about what it is like to feel the consciousness is fading

All of these caused me to become curious on what the literature know about the neuroscience such as brain activity when subjects experience these feelings like feeling numb, feeling empty, feeling consciousness is fading, or all at the same time. Unfortunately neither my neuroscience professors are aware of something similar in the literature, nor intense googling on google scholar found any brain activity studies when people felt numb or something stronger

What is the technical name for all these seemly neutral emotions and (lack of) sensations?

Any known famous papers or literature that study the neuroactivity when subjects are experiencing these emotions?


问:
Why does SCID call itself "Structured" when by many accounts it's semi-structured?
The "S" in SCID officially stands for "Structured" as in Structured Clinical Interview for DSM. But as far as I can tell for the last three editions (5, IV and III), non-official sources (research papers etc.) often refer to it as a
semi-structured interview. e.g. [0], [1], [2] / [3], or [4] etc. The first link [0] is actually APA's own publishing blurb for SCID-5. The last one [4] is Spitzer et al. (1992) paper on SCID for DSM-III... which has over 4,000 citations in Google Scholar.

So why is there this discrepancy between the name (as fully spelled out) and content of the SCID?

I find it even more baffling after reading the introductory section of Spitzer et al., which emphasizes that SCID was designed from the get-go as semi-structured in opposition to previous [completely] structured interviews that were being advanced by others.

The major contribution of DSM-III was its inclusion of
  specified diagnostic criteria for virtually all of the mental
  disorders. This made possible, at about the same time as
  the publication of DSM-III, the development of the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) Diagnostic Interview Schedule (DIS). The DIS was designed for use by lay
  interviewers with 1 week of intensive training. Although
  originally developed for use in the Epidemiologie Catchment Area Study in which the cost of employing clinically
  trained interviewers would have been prohibitive, it has
  been used by investigators in a large number of nonepidemiologic
  studies.
  In the presidential address at the 1983 annual meeting of
  the American Psychopathological Association, titled "Are
  Clinicians Still Necessary?" one of us (R.L.S.) discussed the
  potential limitations of the DIS in clinical research. Without questioning the advances embodied in the DIS, it was
  argued that the most valid diagnostic assessment still required the skills of a clinician with experience in evaluating a range of psychopathology.

Unlike a lay interviewer
  administering a completely structured interview, such as
  the DIS, an experienced clinician can tailor an interview by
  phrasing questions to fit the subject's understanding, asking additional questions that clarify differential diagnosis,
  challenging inconsistencies in the subject's account, and
  judging whether the subject's description of an experience
  conforms to the intent of a diagnostic criterion. This is
  particularly true in the diagnostic evaluation of subjects
  with psychotic symptoms who have little insight and
  present with a complicated story from which the interviewer must discern the symptom profile. For these
  reasons, two of us (R.L.S. and J.B.W.W.) started work on a
  clinical assessment procedure that would not only be
  linked to DSM-III but would incorporate several features
  not present in previous clinical diagnostic instruments.

So was the naming of the SCID a case of "embrace and extend" the concept of "structured" interview? I couldn't find the answer in Spitzer et al...


问:
Does male preference for feminine women faces vary with bisexual orientantion and/or (BDSM) submisiveness?
I found some papers on the variance of male preference for "feminine" women faces:

"Men report stronger attraction to femininity in women's faces when their testosterone levels are high"

"Men’s Preferences for Female Facial Femininity Decline With Age"

The latter is not terribly surprising given that testosterone level declines with age.

In case one wonders, the latter paper also gives a brief description how the facial "femininity" is operationalized in terms of

facial features such as higher cheekbones, a rounder forehead, smaller chin and nose, and rounder eyes (Farkas, 1987). The aggregate differences between women and men in this combination of facial features are often referred to as “facial femininity” (Little et al., 2011)

Probably the most interesting paper (that I found) in this line of research has these elaborate findings:

preference for feminine faces was not only influenced by sibling age and sex, but also [...] fatherhood modulated this preference. Men with sisters had a weaker preference for femininity than men with brothers, highlighting a possible effect of a negative imprinting-like mechanism. What is more, fatherhood increased strongly the preference for facial femininity. Finally, for fathers with younger sisters only, the more the age difference increased between them, the more femininity preference increased.

Also there's a Western-culture association with the preference.

After glancing at those papers, I have some "obvious" questions:

is this preference also affected by bisexual orientation, i.e. do bisexual men report a less strong preference for "feminine" women faces?

is this preference also affected by dominance/submission-preference in a BDSM-type relationship?

(Yeah, asking two questions in one is somewhat frowned upon, but these seem related enough and a review paper might answer them both.)


问:
Any academic research/term for (some) men's preference for muscular female bodies?
While I was searching for articles on the correlates of attraction to female "feminine" faces I ran into some non-academic discussions on the attraction that some men apparently have for muscular women, e.g. on quora or on bodybuilding.com forms, where some of the folk opinion (fairly predictably) was that such men are "closet homo" etc.

I'm at a loss how to search for any academic works on this topic, i.e. what's some terminology used; is there any academic research on this phenomenon at all?

As a related matter, there is some academic research on the nature of visual preferences of bisexual males, e.g. using swimsuit images, but only typical male/female images were used in that paper, not anything more "in-between", e.g. in terms of muscularity (or facial features). It's also quite easy to find reseach on the culturally-expected phenomenon "women drawn to men with muscles" or articles trying to limit/disprove that. There's an article in theconversation.com "Why do we find muscular women wildly perplexing?" but it doesn't even acknowledge the phenomenon that some men apparently are attracted to muscular women; it just rails against cultural standards etc.

In a case Wikipedia having surprisingly little google juice, on the 5th page of google results; I discovered its article on "muscle worship", which does contain some Latin-ish (how else) academic terms: sthenolagnia (="sexual arousal from displaying strength or muscles") and cratolagnia ("arousal from strength"). But these terms can simply refer to the "worship" participants fitting culturally-expected roles; I did find there that it's supposedly very prevalent among gay men, but there's no citation to back that up, and in any case it isn't what I was looking for. A similarly uncited statement is that

Many other sites are oriented towards straight men who enjoy worshipping female bodybuilders and other fit, muscular women, either virtually or by arranging for in-person sessions.

Ok, no academic took interest in this phenomenon, ever?


问:
Study purportedly proving psychedelics induce a "heightened state of consciousness"
The Guardian headlines  on 28 Nov 2017: "Psychedelic drugs induce 'heightened state of consciousness', brain scans show".

Healthy volunteers who received LSD, ketamine or psilocybin, a compound found in magic mushrooms, were found to have more random brain activity than normal while under the influence, according to a study into the effects of the drugs.

Researchers at the University of Sussex and Imperial College, London, measured the activity of neurons in people’s brains as the drugs took hold. Similar measurements have shown that when people are asleep or under anaesthetic, their neurons tend to fire in a more predictable way than when they are awake.

“What we find is that under each of these psychedelic compounds, this specific measure of global conscious level goes up, so it moves in the other direction. The neural activity becomes more unpredictable,” said Anil Seth, a professor of neuroscience at the University of Sussex. “Until now, we’ve only ever seen decreases compared to the baseline of the normal waking state.”

The research, published in the journal Scientific Reports, appears 74 years to the day after the Swiss chemist Albert Hoffman went on the world’s first LSD trip.

After the Guardian article just gets into a long expose of Hoffman's experience. But it does seem to identify one of the authors a bit later on:

Robin Carhart-Harris, a researcher at Imperial College who took part in the study, said the sudden increase in randomness in brain activity appeared to reflect a deeper and richer conscious state.

“People tend to associate phrases like ‘a higher state of consciousness’ with hippy speak and mystical nonsense. This is potentially the beginning of the demystification, showing its physiological and biological underpinnings,” he said. “Maybe this is a neural signature of the mind opening.”

N.B. a quick search found a TEDx talk by Carhart-Harris on the topic, but it seems older than this study. Also an older (2014) headline: "Dr Robin Carhart-Harris is the first scientist in over 40 years to test LSD on humans - and you're next".

So I have some questions:

Can anyone locate this Scientific Reports study?

Has there been any more skeptical commentary on it? Or is there (silent) agreement that it really proves psychedelics induce a heightened state of consciousness?

Based on a photo credit to Muthukumaraswamy in that Guardian article, I found a 2016 paper "Increased Global Functional Connectivity Correlates with LSD-Induced Ego Dissolution" co-authored by many, including Muthukumaraswamy and Carhart-Harris, but it was in Current Biology, and the finding don't quite match, although they are somewhat related;
the focus of this paper is a bit different "ego dissolution" etc.

There's also a paper in Scientific Reports published around a month before the Guardian article "Psilocybin for treatment-resistant depression: fMRI-measured brain mechanisms", on which Carhart-Harris is lead author, but it doesn't ever mention consciousness--except in the title of a [self-]citation (from 2014)... "The entropic brain: a theory of conscious states informed by neuroimaging research with psychedelic drugs", which was later (2016) commented upon by David Papo. But I don't see the "heightened" claims in either of these... however they do debate the

“entropic brain hypothesis” [which] holds that the quality of conscious states depends on the system's entropy

which might be the same thing; I'll have to read these in detail to figure that out. Still, is there a Sci. Rep. paper with additional evidence as the Guardian article seems to suggest?


问:
DISC vs MBTI personality types research
I Wanted to know whether there has been any research on mbti and disc personalty mapping and the correlations between them.If so can anyone link to some research papers</p>

Title: DISC vs MBTI personality types research


问:
What are the personality correlates of moral outrage?
It seems surprisingly hard to pin down what moral outrage actually involves. It's easier to say what it isn't:

However, moral outrage—anger at the
  violation of a moral standard—should be distinguished from personal anger at being harmed and
  empathic anger at seeing another for whom one cares harmed. Across a preliminary experiment and a
  main experiment, both designed to manipulate the appraisal conditions for these three forms of anger,
  we found evidence of personal anger and empathic anger, but little evidence of moral outrage.

My question is basically: what is known about personality correlates of moral outrage? Below are some musings of my own:

I'm guessing some level of extroversion might be needed to express it, but it might even depend on how that outrage is expressed, e.g. online or in a rally or face-to-face etc.

It's even less clear to me what would correlate (personality wise) with just feeling such an outrage (keeping in mind the non-trivial distinctions from the quote). Possibly the close-mindedness from Big Five (opposite of openness) plays a role, but it's unclear to me if it's universally relevant. E.g. outrage at bigotry could have the exact opposite personality correlates to outrage at unconventional behavior. Maybe the humility/honesty in the HEXACO model has some correlation as well, e.g. with outrage at theft of aggrandisement.

And apparently I'm not the only one to think something like that:

outrage is driven by differing conceptions of what is just. For example, a recent Super Bowl ad featuring a Latino mother and young daughter making the long journey from Mexico to the United States – only to be confronted by a border wall – elicited very different responses of outrage. That’s because those who see the exclusion of immigrants as unjust and those who see maintaining a strict border as justified share a common desire to promote what they see as moral.

So, maybe I'm wrong to assume there are any universal correlates in the current personality models. If that's the case, are there more specific personality facets proposed for correlating with "moral outrage"? Something like a strong sense of having a "moral compass"?

From the previous link:

Our work highlights a third motive that is based on people’s desire to view themselves as morally upright people. Threats to one’s moral self-image have been shown to elicit unpleasant feelings of guilt that can motivate efforts to restore a positive view of oneself. This is commonly expressed by issuing an apology or making amends.

So maybe feeling moral outrage is actually related to Neuroticism? That seems a bit simplistic to me.


问:
Is the negative correlation between (higher) moral judgement and authoritarianism and/or ethnocentrism confirmed?
I found an interesting 1989 study by van Ijzendoorn [negatively] correlating the level of moral judgment, measured using Kohlberg dilemmas, with some measure of authoritarianism and another of ethnocentrism:

Although much has been written about the moral basis of authoritarianism,
  empirical research on the relationship between moral judgment level and
  authoritarian and ethnocentric attitudes has been sparse. In this study, I hypothesized
  that higher levels of moral judgment are related to anti-authoritarian and antiethnocentric
  attitudes, whereas lower moral levels predict the presence of authoritarian
  and ethnocentric opinions. Dutch university students (n = 126) and high school
  students (n = 88) completed the Sociomoral Reflection Objective Measure (SROM)
  and scales for authoritarianism and ethnocentrism. Results in the two samples converge:
  Moral judgment level indeed appears to be related to authoritarianism in the
  expected direction and—to a lesser extent—to ethnocentrism äs well.

Have these findings (either for authoritarianism or ethnocentrism) been confirmed in other studies?

(The ethnocentrism scale used by van Ijzendoorn seems pretty obscure; it was only published in Dutch. He used a Dutch version of Adorno's F scale for authoritarianism.)

There's also a World Values Survey nowadays:

Much of the variation in human values between societies boils down to two broad dimensions: a first dimension of “traditional vs. secular-rational values” and a second dimension of “survival vs. self-expression values.”
  On the first dimension, traditional values emphasize religiosity, national pride, respect for authority, obedience and marriage. Secular-rational values emphasize the opposite on each of these accounts. [...]

That seems to suggest that in such more "traditional" societies, people would "fail" the Kohlberg dilemmas more often. Is that actually the case? (This would be an indirect way to confirm van Ijzendoorn's findings.)


问:
E-prime: Inline script to present sounds from a text file
I am trying to build an experiment that: (1) present Instructions, (2) plays a list of sounds from a text file and (3) says Goodbye. I have problem on (2) which for the moment is built with an inline script object. I cannot hear any sounds when I run the experiment. The sound files (22KHz, 24bit, MONO) are located on the same folder as the experiment file. I am using E-prime 2.0 Professional.
I would be grateful to you if you could give me some advice.

** The Text File **

```<code>Weight  Nested  Procedure   Sound
1       BlockProc   S2B.wav
1       BlockProc   S1B.wav
</code>```

** The inline code **

```<code>BlockList.LoadMethod = ebLoadMethodFile
BlockList.Filename = "sounds.txt"
BlockList.Load
BlockList.Reset
Set BlockList.TerminateCondition = Cycles(1)
Set BlockList.ResetCondition = Samples(BlockList.Deletion.Count)
</code>```

I have also attached a print screen of the Experiment & text file.
Thank you very much for your time. Any help will be very much appreciated!


问:
Why are there still left handed people?
About 90% of all people are right handed. About 10% of people are left handed. So why has left handedness persisted for so long throughout human evolution? Why does it stick around? What are the best psychological/neuroscience theories we have?</p>

Title: Why are there still left handed people?


问:
To what extent is xenophobia not selective?
I read in the The Economist that

in most countries, anti-Semitism rises or falls in concert with nationalism and identity politics. David Feldman of the Pears Institute notes the importance of “competitive victimhood”, in which claims of oppression by Jews, Muslims and other groups step on each others’ toes. Dariusz Stola, head of the Polin Museum of Polish Jewish History, says the same is true in Poland, where the national story is one of victimisation by Germany and Russia. It is more accurate, he thinks, to see anti-Semitism as part of a general wave of chauvinist sentiment since the migrant crisis of 2015; levels of hostility to Muslims, gays and Roma have risen too. Says Mr Stola: “Xenophobia is not selective.”

Since most observational studies on this are going to have trouble with confounders, are there any controlled experiments of inducing some level of xenophobia and measuring its "halo effect" against out-groups not specifically targeted (by the experimental message)?


问:
In what ways can someone increase their brain function while reading
On Facebook, someone posed the following question:

In what ways can someone increase brain function while reading?  I like to read but have problems retaining information.  Sometimes I get a headache that seems to bound off anything I read, and the more I read the more it bounces off.

My answer would be:

Split your target text into smaller chunks and read each multiple times, so you can build "islands of understanding" before moving on. Do you have an example text you are stuck on?

Are there more methods for improving reading in this fashion?

Related:

Is it possible to improve reading speed and visual comprehension by doing exercises?


问:
What if MBTI differs a lot for short-term and long-term lifestyle?
Regarding the famous MBTI test, I am confused about how stable are the four indicators?

As of my experience, most people are certain whether they are introverted or extroverted. For the other three indicators, however, for some people it differs a lot for short-term and long-term actions. For example, I know a lot of people who are:

Extremely XNFP for short-time actions (e.g. what to do for tonight). They procrastinate a lot and do stuff based on their feelings.

but at the same time are extremely conservative and XSTJ for important life decisions (e.g. choosing a career, finding a research topic, etc.). Their such decisions are almost accurate and based on logical reasoning.

How could we effectively use MBTI interpretations for such people?


问:
fMRI datasets for emotion states
Would there be any open fMRI datasets available that specifically analyse a subjects emotional state? The objective is to apply deep learning methods to categorise subjects emotional state based on the fMRI images. Raw or processed data would be fine.</p>

Title: fMRI datasets for emotion states


问:
Can you teach an old human new tricks?
I'm not sure if this is on topic here, but, there's a common phrase 'You can't teach an old dog new tricks'.

This is commonly used as an observation about human behaviour, in that you can expect people to continue behaving they way they have behaved in the past. But the phrase is specifically derived from the idea that if a dog isn't trained by the time its old, it's very difficult to then train it.

The question is - is there good data available about the comparative  neuroplasticity of dogs, and other animals, and humans?

Title: Can you teach an old human new tricks?


问:
Definition of cognitive load
Wikipedia's page on cognitive load starts with

In cognitive psychology, cognitive load refers to the effort being used in the working memory. Cognitive load theory differentiates cognitive load into three types: intrinsic, extraneous, and germane. [...]

The page does not seem well written because it quickly gets to odd specifics like:

High cognitive load in the elderly has been shown to affect their center of balance.[5]

Is that first quote a good definition or is too narrow? Is cognitive load really all about working memory?

Title: Definition of cognitive load


问:
How is the human brain evolving?
I came across this article which states that brain takes about 20% of the body's energy. This is quite a lot compared to its size. Somewhere I read that even if this is a lot, this must be an absolute requirement otherwise by the theory of evolution, such high energy requirement brains would already have been eliminated.

My question is we know evolution is never stationary, so what is the recent trend (last 4000-5000 years) in the usage of brain energy? To me only 2 cases are possible (in an evolutionary stable sense):

We are evolving to require less brain power for the same functionality, but the size of functionality remains same (i.e. we are able to think the same thing with same power requirement).

We are evolving to require more brain power for the same functionality, but the size of functionalities increase(i.e. we are now able to think the bigger things but the power requirement increases).

I might be wrong in the above 2 statements or it may seem redundant, but I am drawing parallels to IC's here in a broader sense.

Also can these generalisations be extended to the evolution of animal brain also?

Any kind of speculative answer based on logic would also be nice.

Title: How is the human brain evolving?


问:
Cognitive Behavior Therapy intensive in home clinical and therapeutic services model
I am looking for any information that shows the number of hours of CBT per week a child with autism, anxiety, and ADHD should be receiving.  Mostly looking for a range.  Prefer in NJ but will review any case studies done.  Also looking for case studies about therapy and multiple children in the household with developmental disabilities receiving therapy services.

I have three children with autism, ADHD, and anxiety.  My children receive limited services through PerformCare in our state.  Each child receives four hours per week.  These hours include an array of rehabilitation an/or habilitation services delivered face to face as a defined set of interventions by clinically licensed or certified practitioners. http://www.performcarenj.org/pdf/provider/clinicalcriteria/intensive-in-home-services.pdf.  Originally they were approved for 12 hours per child.  Then Performcare came in and said they were reducing their hours to 4 per week without a titration plan.  Their explanation was that they approved the number of hours by mistake.  I filed an appeal and am now in litigation pro se.

I am trying to respond to a motion where their attorney is saying the max amount of intensive in-home clinical and therapeutic services my child can receive are 4 hours per week. They have provided some information about information overload for a child but I am trying to advocate for my son's services.

After cutting the hours they were used to receiving my family went through a terrible regression.


问:
Can a borderline-autistic adult force themselves to improve?
It is agreed that Autism Spectrum disorders / Aspergers etc cannot be 'cured'; they can be managed with coping strategies, and suppressed with medicines, but not solved at the root level.

[Source: "autism is not an illness or disease and cannot be cured"]

There are amazing positive changes available to people through Neuro Linguistic Programming or Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (and many others)...

[Source: the NHS, plus do I really have to supply proof that talking - without drugs - can help some people make behavioural changes?!]

...but I worry that certain autistic traits are so embedded in the brain that large changes would not be accessible to those on the spectrum.

So how do those with autism know how hard to push themselves to improve skills that the rest of the population find easier? E.G. Someone might find that endless hours of effort can help them overcome a pedantic obsession of control/detail... but any time spent trying to halt their adherence to routine is a wasted effort.

Is there a way to tell which traits are worth battling, and which are unsolvable?

And what about people on the borderline (self-diagnosed, or appearing very autistic in some areas but not in others). Are their unwanted traits more easily solvable just because they do not have the full set of symptoms?


问:
Why does "name it to tame it" work from an evolutionary psychology perspective?
There seems to exist a phenomenon where being aware of one's feelings gives us power over them. I have seen this in everyday life, but the strongest piece of evidence I've seen is from a talk by UCLA Psychology professor Dan Siegel who talks about his research putting people in brain scanners and getting them to name their emotions, and he says:

If you can get her left brain to name the emotion, her left brain will
  squirt soothing neurotransmitters into her lower brain

My question is: why do we have this mechanism? Do we have any idea how it evolved and what sort of evolutionary pressures or environments led to it? (Should I be asking Siegel himself? :P)


问:
Bully psychology
To be honest, I don't know how bullies' systems work in the US or other western countries, but I think everywhere is similar. I will describe some pattern I noticed in bullying and the question is what psychology knows about the reasons of this specific pattern. The pattern is when a bully in the street starts assault on a prey, he starts by conversation, usually, by asking something. And sometimes there is no "right answer" and aim is just to beat the prey. Why the bully doesn't start straightforward from beating the prey? Here, I am not talking about the bullies whose aim just to take money or something valuable, but about the bullies who want to beat the prey despite everything.

In answers, I hope to find some research papers where this question is covered.

Title: Bully psychology


问:
How can one get rid of a subconsciously persistent belief?
How can someone get rid of a belief that he thinks is not true, but at the same time he still suffers guilt whenever he is not acting in accord with that belief?

Here's an example that I made up to explain what I mean:

Imagine a child that was raised on the fact that he was not allowed to make loud noises by either turning the TV volume too loud or by any other means, otherwise the neighbors in the apartment building might complain and call the police. Let's say that he's now a grown man who lives in a large house on a large piece of land, however, he still experiences guilt whenever he makes any loud noise. He is fully conscious of the fact that his guilt is irrational and there is no problem with making a loud noise.


问:
How come sleeping during the day induces lucid dreaming and sleep paralysis later on at night?
I've noticed that when I sleep during the daytime (even if it's for as little as 5 minutes), later on that night I won't simply fall asleep normally. I'll begin to fall asleep aware of the entire gradual process, and eventually I'm placed into a lucid world. The entire process is enforced by accepting the sleep paralysis and just going with it, which is usually accompanied by this weird pressure-like sensation within my ears. However that dream state only lasts for a good of 3 or so minutes and then I wake back up, only to fall asleep again... this time normally. </p>


问:
Why would psychotic symptoms return 8 months after stopping seroquel instead of immediately?
I have a friend who experienced a cannabis induced psychosis about 5 years ago. He was on seroquel for about 4 years. However, since seroquel caused intense side effects, he decided to stop it cold turkey 8 months ago. At first he had very bad symptoms, which got weaker and weaker for 4 months. However, after 8 months abstinence, his psychotic symptoms returned in full force.

Why would the return of the psychotic symptoms take 8 months to return after abstinence from the drug? What does that tell us?


问:
Are men genetically programmed to seek multiple sexual partners more than women?
I saw this question on Skeptics Stack Exchange. Someone says "obviously, yes". The reasoning is that men have cheap sperm whereas females have expensive eggs. Hence, most males, in most species, will be seeking multiple sexual partners more than women.

Is this true? If so, what would be good reliable sources? Is this obvious?

I thought the idea that men seek quantity is the central term of evolutionary psychology in sexual selection.


问:
Is theory of mind formation accelerated by bilingualism?
Kovács (2009) reported that bilingual children were better at solving a false belief task critical to the fully developed theory of mind (ToM).

Has this study been replicated or criticized by others? I.e. is it uncontroversial that bilingualism accelerates ToM development?


问:
Bilingualism and cognitive decline (or dementia risk)
There's apparently a fairly contested research area of bilingualism being neuroprotective against cognitive decline in old age, such as dementia.

What are the main points for and against this hypothesis?


问:
Can Jason Padgett’s head injury be replicated?
In 2002, a man named Jason Padgett was mugged and suffered a concussion. Now he sees the world through geometric shapes, and he is basically a mathematical genius.

If a neuroscientist was to examine Padgett’s brain, could they see what is causing his brain to behave this way, and replicate it for other humans?


问:
Evidence that qualia are not the same as physical processes?
With regards to the answer posted by @sandygautman in the question Do feelings have a purpose:

Let me first state that I don't have a problem with either the question nor the answer; I'm only looking for some clarification.

From the answer:

If fear circuit is activated, the organism exhibits a flight-fight-freeze response. Conscious feeling of fear may or may not be involved, but physiological changes like activation of sympathetic system happens. If the unconscious fear circuit is OK to keep us out of harm's way (predators) why do we also need to feel fearful? A related meta question is, if a zombie behaving like me, but having no qualia, can and will succeed similar to me, why have consciousness?

I'll address the questions, but first let me solidify the claim that unconscious processes are sufficient for most adaptive regulations. Consider your example of heat/cold as thermo-regulation of body temperature...but do you really need to 'feel' heat/cold for that. Consider when you are sound asleep- you still unconsciously cover with blanket or throw away blanket depending on how sweaty/ cold you are- you dont need to consciously register that. So thermo-regulation, like other adaptive actions of affects, can happen in absence of accompanying felt feelings.

(emphasis mine)

What evidence do we have for a separation between the processing of a stimulus and the experience of a stimulus?
  That is, what evidence is there to indicate that what we experience is NOT the body processing the stimulus?

For example, what evidence is there that the experience of cold when jumping into a lake is different than the body processing the temperature difference (and processing related tasks such as thermo-regulation, etc)?

My assumption has been that the only difference between 'feeling' something or not 'feeling' something has been attention; that doesn't mean the 'feeling' isn't there, but that it is literally not being processed by the conscious/attentive part of the brain.    That is, instead of saying

So thermo-regulation, like other adaptive actions of affects, can happen in absence of accompanying felt feelings

it would be more correct to say:

So thermo-regulation, like other adaptive actions of affects, can happen in absence of consciousness of or attention to the thermo-regulation process

I'm concerned that this question is unclear, but I have to leave my computer for a while, so please let me know if you have any confusion and I will attempt to clarify.

Related: How are qualia localized in consciousness?


问:
Why does emotional pain sometimes feels like physical pain?
So here's a question from a newbie. I read somewhere that emotional pain can last as long as 20 minutes. Anything painful you feel beyond that is just a result of overthinking.

Well whatever it is, why does it effect our overall being so much? We feel that actual clenching pain in our heart like it will stop beating any minute. The pain is that strong. Our sleep and eating patterns get disturbed.

Why? It's just an emotion. Why can't our bodies seem to differentiate between emotional pain and physical hurt?


问:
Connection problem with PsychoPy to EGI netstation for EEG experiment
I posted the issue to the PsychoPy forum already, but was wondering if I could get more input from StackExchange.

So I’m having difficulty establishing connection between the Psychopy running testing machine and the machine with the actual netstation installed. I numbered the summary questions at bottom!

I have the basic following code below, but I’m assuming I am inputting a wrong IPv4 address or port number for the net station.

```<code>from __future__ import absolute_import, division, print_function
from psychopy import locale_setup, sound, gui, visual, core, data, event, logging,     clock
from psychopy.constants import (NOT_STARTED, STARTED, PLAYING, PAUSED,
                            STOPPED, FINISHED, PRESSED, RELEASED, FOREVER)
import numpy as np  # whole numpy lib is available, prepend 'np.'
from numpy import (sin, cos, tan, log, log10, pi, average,
               sqrt, std, deg2rad, rad2deg, linspace, asarray)
from numpy.random import random, randint, normal, shuffle
import os  # handy system and path functions
import sys  # to get file system encoding

# Setup for EGI
import egi.simple as egi # for testing purposes
#import egi.simple as egi
ms_localtime = egi.ms_localtime # gives local time in ms
ns = egi.Netstation()
ns.connect('ipv4 address of the testingmachine ', 'port number of netstation machine') # change/ check by Network Utility?
</code>```

And I get the following error:

```<code>File "/Users/abc/Documents/PsychoPy/cfv/cfv_egi.py", line 281, in ns.BeginSession()

File "/Users/abc/Documents/PsychoPy/cfv/egi/simple.py", line 799, in       BeginSession self._socket.write( message )

File "/Users/abc/Documents/PsychoPy/cfv/egi/socket_wrapper.py", line 58, in write self._connection.write( data )
AttributeError: Socket instance has no attribute '_connection' 6.9777 WARNING
When I change the port to another one with a server, it gives me the below:

Traceback (most recent call last): File
"/Users/abc/Documents/PsychoPy/cfv/cfv_egi.py", line 281, in ns.BeginSession()

File "/Users/abc/Documents/PsychoPy/cfv/egi/simple.py", line 804, in BeginSession return self.GetServerResponse()

File "/Users/abc/Documents/PsychoPy/cfv/egi/simple.py", line 783, in GetServerResponse
raise Eggog( "unexpected character code returned from server: '%s'" % (code, ) )
egi.simple.Eggog: unexpected character code returned from server: 'R'
</code>```

So summarizing my question,

Is it correct that I am supposed to input the IPv4 address of the NetStation machine?

How do I figure out what port number I need to input? Do I use the port numbers listed from using “Network Utility” app in the mac?

When running the psychopy code that makes me connect to the machine, what needs to be setup in the Netstation computer? ie. do I need to have netstation software running?

Thank you. Any help or pointers would be appreciated!


问:
How to crowdsource behaviour across > 100.000 humans while each human only solves a very short task (< 10 sec)
I'd like to carry out a behavioural experiment that involves humans classifying a very simple image into one of two classes and there is no right or wrong answer. For the question of the study it is important that each image is classified by a different human (more or less). In other words: each human would only be presented an image once (or at least only a few times) and in total more than 100.000 humans would be involved.

This makes it difficult to use e.g. MTurk, as each "task" would only take < 10sec and the payout would be 5ct / image at best. Human-in-the-loop services such as scaleapi.com or figure-eight.com are usually based on a few thousand workers, meaning that each human would likely see many images.

The optimal service would be a kind of CAPTCHA system that is open to research experiments. I also vaguely remember there was a gaming company that sold in-game "mini-games" for crowdsourcing behaviour, but I am unable to find it. And suggestions are appreciated.


问:
How to teach parents to apply early childhood interventions to improve cognitive outcomes in children?
I've watched the "My Brilliant Brain: Born Genius" documentary where they refer to the Abecedarian Project, in that investigation, a group of children that were exposed to early childhood education observed long-term benefits, such as higher scores in intelligence tests than those children that weren't exposed to early education.

Are there any peer-reviewed or follow-up studies on the optimal ways to teach new parents on how to obtain similar results?


问:
Why do we feel the present moment has already happened?
When I'm with my friends at some place doing something or talking about something, suddenly a thought comes to my mind that this present moment has already happened previously. But when I try to remember it, nothing's there, no memory at all.

Can anyone explain why ?


问:
Scientific evidence about studying and learning strategies
As many of you, I'm trying to improve learning strategies. I've tried mnemotecnics, breaking study-time into small chunks, and going for a walk when stuck with maths, physics or chemistry problems.

After seeing Study Less Study Smart by Marty Lobdell I got more interested in the subject. He states these strategies:

Study break

Reward system

Dedicated study area (Behavior Reinforcement)

Rote memorization vs. Active learning

Sleeping (REM  Sleep)

Taking notes (and expanding those)

Study from books (SQ3R = Survey,  Question,  Read,  Recite,  Review

Mnemonics (Acronyms, Coin Sayings, Interactive Images)

Question

I am not really aware which learning strategies are confirmed by experiments, so what I'm looking for is the following:

Where can I start to read simple papers, reviews or essays on the science about learning and studying strategies?


问:
Can you improve your intelligence by practising?
According to this article

https://www.nature.com/articles/ng.3869

your intelligence as an adult is to 80 % determined by genetics:

Despite the well-known difference in twin-based heritability for intelligence in childhood (0.45) and adulthood (0.80),

If you are born with a strong predisposition for limited cognitive abilities, can you do something to improve the situation?

Compare with more physical traits. To win a medal in the Olympic Games you probably need to have an outstanding predisposition for that specific sport BUT unless you have a very negative predisposition for something (such a limping and trying to be a marathon runner) you can by hard work become a "good amateur", probably ending up in the top 10 %, and maybe even top 1 % or so, "just" by a lot of work. (However, top 1 % won't give you any medal on most regional or national championship so you are still a loooong way from the olympics).

It is obvious what you need to do to achieve that: play a lot of tennis (if tennis is the sport you want to be a good amateur in) combined with some more generic weight and fitness training.

Can you achieve similar results (top 1-10 %) with regards to your cognitive abilities with hard work? Why? Why not? How?

OwnerDisplayName: hensti


问:
Can a CT scan have advserse cognitive effects on the brain?
If the normal Xrays scans, despite the low amount of radiation (equivalent to a few hours of background radiation, can be sufficient to cause a burning sensation, then I wonder if the much higher dose of a CT head scan can cause some adverse cognitive effects?
Also, is it possible that the Xrays make the neurons fire at random?</p>


问:
Questions regarding schizophrenic prodromal progression
I have been researching schizophrenia(sz) for a long while now, especially concerning the prodromal and ultra high risk(UHR) phases. Diagnostic criteria, symptom progression, remission rates, etc. But I haven't been able to find research of prodromal "symptom wave" patterns. In developed sz, psychosis and other symptoms exhibit a wave formation, waxing and waning. Is such a wave pattern present in some form as the disorder develops? If so, how long can a wave of 'downtime' versus more severe symptoms last?

I also am having trouble getting a full understanding of the diagnostic criteria for prodromal and UHR, though UHR doesn't seem to be well-defined anyway. The symptom lists vary slightly per paper, but in only one have I seen any mention of sensory processing issues developing in prodrome, and PTSD-like hypervigilance seems to not be mentioned much. Are these symptoms not as common in prodrome? There are other symptoms(eye contact avoidance, social ability degradation, dissociation etc.) that I have the same question about but I don't want to get too long.

I have other questions, but mainly I am looking for any sz specialist or someone experienced with sz willing to help me iron out these details with their experience. I'd like to message them if possible. This matter is of personal concern to me. I haven't added any sources or detail because this question is more opening up the possibility for a correspondence, and it would take a long time to explain everything. It would be strictly objective and not related to therapy of any sort. I hope this question is not inappropriate for this forum.


问:
Emotion based reasoning experiments
Do experiments exist that show that reasoning is [or isn't] highly biased by emotions?

I'm looking for experiments showing that people perceive a situation differently depending on how they feel about the circumstances - for example, you estimate your chances of winning in a chess game lower than they are once you've lost the queen.

Title: Emotion based reasoning experiments


问:
Can the consumer level Tobii Eye Trackers be used for research?
Tobii sells both 'consumer' (Tobii eye tracking) and 'research' eye trackers (Tobii pro).

In their help article "Can I use a Tobii Eye Tracker for research purposes?" they state:

If you want to develop software for analytical purposes,
  post-processing or aggregation of eye tracking data across multiple
  users using an eye tracker from Tobii Tech, please contact the SDK
  Licensing team since you will need to obtain a special license to do
  so.

On the Developer zone they state:

Tobii’s consumer eye trackers are primarily intended for personal
  interaction use and not for analytical purposes. Any application that
  stores or transfers eye tracking data must have a special license from
  Tobii.

They elaborate on this in "Analytical Use of Eye Tracking Data":

Tobii distinguishes applications in two categories: Interaction Use and Analytical Use. Depending on the intended use of your application, you may need to apply for a specific license.

...

Beyond real-time interaction, knowing where we focus our attention
  brings value to a range of applications within behavioral research,
  usability testing, streaming of gaze data and even health assessments.
  These applications would involve transferring, storing and
  analyzing/aggregating the eye tracking data which is defined by Tobii
  as Analytical Use. For any application that store or transfer eye
  tracking data you must obtain a special Analytical Use license from
  Tobii.

What they are much less clear on is:

Why do they introduce this separate licensing model? Surely, it has to do with pricing and the availability of Tobii pro eye trackers, but this still sounds like a very odd, hard to enforce, business model.

How do they intend to enforce this? Can they sell a product and simply ask of buyers not to use it for a certain purpose?

How difficult is it to obtain a license? Does anyone have experience with this?

What are the inherent limitations of the consumer level eye tracker compared to the professional eye trackers?


问:
Trying to remember the name of an Agent-Based Model
Out of curiosity- I used to read a Wiki page of a scientist (sadly I don't remember the name) who were the developer of an agent-based model.

Diagram had another entity class named similar to "locomotive" and "vehicle" (they were using a "coal cart" image as representative)- acting as an in-betweener, transporting the data between classes).

If anyone knows the exact diagram and the theory- I'd be so happy about it- searching for hours- even checked 1.000 most used U.S.&U.K. surnames to recall the surname yet failed.

Thanks.


问:
relative achievement reinforcing views on self-efficacy
What is the impact of relative achievement in a topic on self-efficacy in that topic.

For example I have the same self-efficacy in two subjects X and Y and sit tests in both. I get more questions right in X than Y, but I get given a higher grade in Y than X.

Would my self efficacy be impacted more by the higher grade, or by the higher number of questions I get right. What would be the impact of the grade allocation be on self-efficacy in both subjects?

E.g. Bandura, A. (1982). Self-efficacy mechanism in human agency. American Psychologist, 37(2), 122-147.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.37.2.122


问:
Do in-depth explanations help a hypochondriac?
I have in my circle a person that is a hypochondriac and harbors fears regarding things the person considers me an expert in. So I often get asked questions like: "Can this make me sick?", "Can it cause cancer used in this or that way?" etc.

I don't always know how to react, should I try to placate the person's fear and gloss over certain potentially problematic corner cases, or should I go in-depth and explain every nook and cranny of the topic?

I usually go down into the weeds and try to explain in detail what would limit exposure and why. Sort of the "teach a person to fish" kind of approach. I consider this the most honest way.
But it sometimes seems, that all the person wants to hear is: Don't worry about it. Don't do <insert-commonly-known-worst-case> and you'll be fine.

It honors me that I have so much trust put into my words, but sometimes I worry if I am doing the right thing. How can I support the professional treatment for this condition that person is already undergoing?

EDIT:
Just to be clear: There is no real substantial danger to the person. The topic is commonly regarded as not entirely clear and sufficiently scary even to the non-diagnosed hypochondriac, but scientifically and morally it is completely ok to say, don't use it too much and don't worry about it.


问:
High IQ and problem solving
Are there any studies, which shows that High IQ people are good or average or bad in problem solving/other professions? </p>

<p>Need to know that High IQ correlates to very good problem solving skills or not. </p>

Title: High IQ and problem solving


问:
THC and the Brain damage
Are people who react badly(paranoia/more severe anxiety) to weed/THC at risk for damaging effects to the brain compared to the general population?
  Does a certain type of brain chemistry/neuro disease get exacerbated from heavy THC usage contributing to substantial damage that is other wise not a problem?

Apparently an one of my dad's uncle had some condition that was worsened by weed and essentially retarded him.

Title: THC and the Brain damage


问:
Implementing new procedures / guidelines in companies
I'm teaching evidence-based practice and implementation science to midwifery students, i.e. how to evaluate research findings e.g. regarding new therapies and diagnostics and how to plan the implementation of new procedures into clinical practice. The question of how new procedures/guidelines can be implemented most successfully into an organization is obviously pretty complex and depends e.g. on the willingness of the co-workers to change their behaviour, but also on the organizational culture, leaders etc. Several models exist how implementations should be planned or evaluated (Williams et al., 2015), but I feel like the field is not very advanced in terms of theory building and the possibility to predict the success of implementation.

I assume there exist a lot of similarities to 'implementation science' or whatever it is called in organizational psychology, i.e. I assume that there exists also research on how to implement new procedures/guidelines in private companies etc. What is a good starting point/literature review for this kind of research?

Williams, B., Perillo, S., & Brown, T. (2015). What are the factors of organisational culture in health care settings that act as barriers to the implementation of evidence-based practice? A scoping review. Nurse education today, 35(2), e34-e41.