问:
In pyramidal neurons, are there any differences (morphological or otherwise) between the basal synapses and proximal synapses on the apical tuft?
In pyramidal neurons, are there any  differences (morphological or otherwise) between the basal synapses and proximal synapses on the apical tuft ? As far as I know, they both have dendritic spines, and the same chemical signalling mechanisms. What is different ? I believe action potentials communicated along basal synapses cannot depolarize the post-synaptic neuron, but some work[1] suggests it can reduce the activation threshold. Is there any actual evidence of this ? that basal synapses can reduce threshold but not activate.

[1] Hawkins, J., & Ahmad, S. (2016). Why neurons have thousands of synapses, a theory of sequence memory in neocortex. Frontiers in neural circuits, 23.


问:
Can somnambulism be self-induced?
Can somnambulism be self-induced? By "self-induced" I mean when a person starts in the waking state, induces sleep, and then takes themselves down into a deep sleep where somnambulism occurs, not when they start in the waking state and induce lucid dreaming in REM sleep.

George Estabrooks opens Chapter 3 of his book Hypnotism (1943) by saying

"There is a rule in hypnotism that everything we get in trance can
also be obtained by means of the post-hypnotic suggestion. Also, that
anything we find in either can be found in autosuggestion".

That would include somnambulism, a phenomenon that is found in deep trance, which can of course be induced by hypnotism, but he does not actually say anything about how this phenomenon in particular can result from autosuggestion, or give any examples.

ContentLicense: CC BY-SA 4.0

Title: Can somnambulism be self-induced?


问:
How does intelligence differ from predictive ability?
Is intelligence merely a predictive tool?

We conceptualize situations using a predictive-based statistical framework since every fact/factor cannot be accounted for. This framework is reinforced when output produces unintended consequences. This framework also has a biological basis and this basis determines the extent that which the framework is able to operate, e.g., we evolve sight to provide the ability to characterize objects (biological), but how intricate we see is bounded by biology. Better frameworks are therefore capable of dealing with and traversing more effectively in the world. The framework also deals with the accuracy-efficiency tradeoff - attempting to account for an overwhelming amount of variables in a given scenario will create mental fatigue, thus decreasing the efficiency of responding to further novel situations.


问:
Long-term effects of looking at restricted color gamuts
Computer screens are very bad at representing pure colors, in particular green (note the large uniformly green area on the charts that wouldn't be uniform if your screen could render highly saturated greens). In fact, this is one of the rare places where there is simply no high-tech replacement for ink on cellulose.

Given the enormous amount of time we spend on screens in this "post"-pandemic world, are there any studies on the long-term effects? It is probably most practical to have in interventional study by exposing people to a variety of "pure" colors and seeing if there are any mental-health or perception benefits to doing so.


问:
Could the Mirror Test results simply be a product of "itching" caused by mirror neurons?
Most of the critiques of the Mirror Self-Recognition (MSR) test are aimed at false negatives - animals might still be self aware even if they do not pass the test for a wide number of reasons. However, it seems to me that the false positive problems are at least as important, and I can find very little literature on this, apart from everyone loosing their mind that a fish seems to have passed the test.

In particular what I'm wondering about is the following: couldn't the animal touch the mark on itself that it is observing in the mirror not because it is thinking "This is me, and I have a red mark on my face", but simply because there are mirror neurons firing which make the animal "itch" on the same spot on which it observes the mark on "that other animal"? Sort of like how we lick our lips when we see someone else with sauce/beer-foam/whatever on their lips.

Were there instances of the test done which used a window instead of a mirror, with another (marked) animal on the other side?

EDIT: I should clarify that I know very little about psychology/neuroscience, especially when it comes to animals, and I might be referring to "mirror neurons" here in a completely misleading way. I am mainly asking about the "reflex" to "feel what other feels", mainly when it comes to the "tingling" or "itching" sensations, even if that has nothing to do with mirror neurons.


问:
"You wouldn't say bad about a team you belong, would you?"
Is the phrase "you wouldn't say bad about a team you belong, would you?" a form of  manipulation? Does this type of manipulation have a specific name/term?</p>


问:
What is the "reverse-averaging" technique used in Electroencephalography (EEG)?
Im reading about the Bereitschaftspotential or Readiness-potential "discovery" and I see it was done by "reverse-averaging" the ressults of using EEG to measure certain voltage differences...What is this "reverse-averaging" technique?</p>


问:
Why do antipsychotics bind to D2-like instead of D1-like receptors?
My understanding is that:

The dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia states that the positive symptoms are a result of excessive neurotransmission of dopamine in the mesolimbic pathway.

D1-like receptors have an excitatory effect on the postsynaptic neuron, while D2-like receptors have an inhibitory effect.

The goal of first-generation antipsychotics is to block D2-like receptors so that dopamine cannot bind to them, which prevents the typical postsynaptic response.

Given the above, I would expect that preventing dopamine from binding to D2-like receptors would lead to an increase in the probability that the postsynaptic neuron will fire, which would increase dopamine neurotransmission along the pathway. On the other hand, it would make sense to me if antipsychotics blocked D1-like receptors, since those have an excitatory effect.
What am I missing here? Am I oversimplifying the effects of D2-like receptor activation?


问:
in this attentional blink experiment why is the second letter visible when the lag is low but not when the lag is high

this image is from the book Consciousness and the Brain by Stanislas Dehaene

the book describes the image as follows :

The attentional blink illustrates the temporal limitations of
conscious perception. When we view a stream of digits interspersed
with an occasional letter, we easily identify the first letter (here
an M) but not the second (here a T). While we are committing the first
letter to memory, our consciousness temporarily “blinks,” and we fail
to perceive a second stimulus presented within the next instant.
NOTE: ms = milliseconds throughout.

why is T2 visible ≈75% of the time when the lag between the T1 and T2 is 100ms ?


问:
When was compulsive hoarding first documented?
When was the first documented of behavior we might recognize today as compulsive hoarding? I've found that the diagnosis was added in ICD-10 and DSM5 and was previously categorized as a subset of OCD. I have also found the case of the Collyer brothers, whose 1947 death sets the first case at least that far back. I've looked over materials from modern hoarding support charities, but they are focused on how hoarding presents today rather than in years past.

I'm not necessarily looking for the first professional diagnosis if there are older cases documented by amateurs that meet the description of compulsive hoarding. It's okay if the individual is anonymous, but I'm not looking for cases that may be legendary or apocryphal.


问:
Reducing self-selection bias by controlling for motivation to fill in the survey
The self-selection bias refers to the overrepresentation of people willing to participate in research among studies' participants. The bias could be particularly relevant in surveys relevant to motivation which rely on representative samples, for ex. those mapping prevalence of certain mental health problems.

I was surprised to be unable to find any studies which would use a variable such as "I was very motivated to fill in this survey" to measure the potential effect of the bias. Therefore, I'm looking for recommendations for any articles that tried to evaluate how effective might a similar approach be to increase the certainty the conclusions apply to the population in question.


问:
Alternative metrics to assess test validity/reliability
I have two versions of calculating a score for a test (which assesses how well they perform a task). One takes into account the difficulty of the items, the other does not. These tests are administered at different times. Each test is independent from the other. I expect some subjects to learn the task fairly quickly and others might not. So this test isn't really measuring a trait and I assume metrics like test-retest reliability don't really apply here.

How would I go about demonstrating that my test which takes into account the difficulty of the items is a more "fair" representation of performance than one which does not?


问:
selective memory bias and the ideal self
Personal theory is that selective memory bias is a component of bias towards the ideal self.

A person is more likely to remember those things that promote the ideal self while warping or forgetting things that compromise the ideal self.

Does academia know anything about this. im just a normal guy


问:
Why is it so hard to forget an information represented in a procedural memory
It is relatively easy to forget an information in declarative memory but its hard to forget behavioural habits such as driving car, cycling etc. These memories are both long-term memory but why is it so hard to forget behavioural habits?</p>


问:
How do sensations differ from each other?
The sensation of tough material and soft material is not the same but in both senses, sensory cells are the same. How do these two sensations differ from each other? Does this information carried like binary coding or is there special coding between neurons?</p>


问:
New methods of treatment of psychological trauma?
Classical methods of psychological treatment of trauma help many people, but there is always a percentage of the patients those are can’t be healed with classical methods like Drug interventions, Cognitive behavioural psychotherapy, Gestalt therapy, Psychoanalytic therapy, EMDR etc.

Are there any perspective methods for them? For example, might it be possible to erase the effects of psychological trauma as if trauma itself never happened?


问:
OCD or transgender? Or mix of them?
I had to study over recent years on layman level, whether OCD in general vs "transgender self-perception" (clinical definition of gender dysphoria?) are separate phenomena or they overlap.

What about genderfluid persons, which experience various self-thoughts and feelings over time?

In other words, how one can distinguish, do they experience actual gender dysphoria or it's just OCD symptoms? Or can they overlap?

I read lately these articles in particular, yet have hard time to grasp my mind:

Assessment of Self-Perception of Transsexual Persons: Pilot Study of 15 Patients

Personality Disorders in Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, and Transgender Chemically Dependent Patients

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Presenting as Gender Dysphoria/Gender Incongruence: A Case Report and Literature Review

Case Report: Doubts and Pre-occupations About Being Transgender: Questioning One's Gender Identity or a Case of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder?

OwnerDisplayName: ayvtill

Title: OCD or transgender? Or mix of them?


问:
How does curvature of our eye affect our perception of the world?
The front part of the eye which can allow light to enter is a bit curved, so shouldn't this cause us to see a curved distorted version of reality when it is really not there? Is there any way to quantify this?

If the question is not clear,  suppose we stereographically project a plane onto a spherical surface, then clearly, what is straight on the plane is no longer straight on the sphere.. hence my doubt.


问:
Is motor imagery a "cognitive function", "cognitive activity", "cognitive action" or just "cognition"
Motor imagery involves the imagination of motor movements and is used in motor imagery-based BCI systems. Under what category does motor imagery come under:

Cognitive action

Cognitive activity

Cognitive function

Cognition


问:
What kinds of characteristics and outcomes are associated with low agreeableness and high honesty–humility?
I've heard low agreeableness is correlated with low honesty–humility, under HEXACO's model. However, it seems plausible to me that one could have low agreeableness and high honesty–humility, like a brutally honest, rough-around-the-edges, but principled type. I've tried searching for studies regarding such people, but can't find any. What kind of things are associated with people of this combination?</p>


问:
Does it take five good impressions to outweigh one bad impression, and if so, why?
An economist would say that if you do something wrong, you can make up for it by doing two good deeds (of equal magnitude). But psychologists say that it takes five good impressions to make up for one bad impression.*

Why do psychologists say this and to what extent is it true? Is it, due for instance, to a "negative" halo effect?

*The reverse appears to be true on Stack Exchange, where it takes five downvotes to cancel out the point value of one upvote.


问:
How can dreams be in sync with real world sounds?
Some events in my dreams use the sounds from my (real world) surroundings.

I don't understand how because it would mean my brain would know what sounds will happen before they happen. That obviously doesn't seem right.

Example:

In a dream, I look at a tree. The tree falls down. When it hits the ground, it makes the sound of thunder, which wakes me up. As I'm awake I still hear the rumble of the thunder which happened for real.

How could my dream synchronize the tree hitting the ground with the real sound of thunder?

It seems this phenomenon happens to multiple people. Here are a few external examples.

https://www.reddit.com/r/Dreams/comments/21bt5n/how_can_my_dreams_predict_waking_noise/

https://www.quora.com/How-does-our-brain-instantly-create-a-reason-for-an-external-sound-when-we-are-dreaming

Some people from those discussions suggest that dream-time happens faster than real-time.

Is there any research about this phenomenon?


问:
Research about effects of text formatting on cognitive load when reading?
Note: I've posted a version of this question on ux.stackexchange.com and have been advised to also try here.

Has anyone come across peer-reviewed research on the effect of text formatting on cognitive load? I'm more particularly interested on wider evidence about whether working with column width, one can compensate for the difficulty of texts that use lengthy paragraphs that render them more difficult to comprehend.

I haven't seen related questions here, but on UX I've found this one. However, even the most researched answers there limit themselves to providing some web links.

I've also looked up some research on the topic, but whereas (1) and (2) were insightful, they didn't address specifically my question


问:
Why are some behaviours not/less addictive than others even though they bring great pleasure?
I'm wondering why some behaviour like gambling is highly addictive, while playing soccer/basketball etc, despite clearly being pleasurable given their popularity seem much less so.

Ive never seen anybody excuse themselves from a dinner to kick a ball outside but have with gambling. What is unique to things such as gambling that other pleasurable activities lack?


问:
Is "mutual abuse" a meaningful psychological concept?
The motivation for this question is that, in the recent libel trial between Amber Heard and Johnny Depp, the couple's psychologist referred to their relationship dynamic as "mutually abusive."

However a number of people have suggested that mutual abuse is not a meaningful concept. Notably, Ruth Glenn of the NCADV and Wagatwe Wanjuki have suggested that abuse is inherently asymmetric or one-sided.

Of course, the aforementioned individuals are activists, but some psychologists have also expressed similar ideas, such as Betsy Usher.

On the other hand, other experts do seem to see mutual abuse as a meaningful concept, such as psychologist Janie Lacy in the first article linked previously. There also appears to be some research on mutual violence in intimate relationships.

So in short, what is the psychological consensus (or lack thereof) around the notion of mutual abuse? Is it a well-defined or meaningful concept in relationship psychology? Is mutual intimate partner violence meaningful, and in what aspects would they differ?


问:
What are these spikes in the gaze trajectory?
And is it possible that they coincide with stimulus onset and offset not by chance alone?


问:
Are there any proven treatments for delusions from past drug use?
Are there any antipsychotics or other treatments that have been shown effective in reducing delusions caused by a history of previous drug use? (Assuming of course the drug use has stopped)</p>


问:
What is the time needed to process information?
I read that the mind requires half a second to process visible info, so we see the world that existed half a second ago, right? I suppose this time has a certain range, due mainly to the age of the subject, do you have more precise data on such range according to various parameters?</p>


问:
What was Freud's score of neuroticism?
Has anyone ever taken the trouble to clinically examine Freud and suggest what kind of neuroses he suffered from?</p>

Title: What was Freud's score of neuroticism?


问:
Self improvement with psychological poisoning?
In the movie Taxi Driver, Travis Bickle is potrayed to go into a state where he becomes very disciplined and motivated but at the same time losing his sanity (he is doing this to kill someone). This seemed very interesting to me, because I think I see this phenomena occurring in real life with certain ideologies and practioner of such.

Is there a name for such a neurotic condition?


问:
What is the role of unconscious in hypnosis?
https://www.districthypnosis.com/how-hypnosis-works/#:~:text=The%20U.%20S.%20Government%20defines%20hypnosis,establishment%20of%20acceptable%20selective%20thinking.%E2%80%9D&text=Your%20conscious%20mind%20is%20everything,thought%20and%20your%20analytical%20processes.

The definition of hypnosis as : "the bypass of the critical factor of the conscious mind and the establishment of acceptable selective thinking." suggests that the subconscious plays the main role. But the fact the hypnotized can move, perform the actions suggested shows an unusual power of the es, that in regular sleep is forbidden to it, i.e the control of the body. Has anyone ever discussed, examined and explained this mystery?

This seems to contradict the assertion:"Das Unbewußte kann nichts als wünschen", sagt Freud. ["The unconscious can only wish" says Freud.


问:
Guessing statistical deviation
I'd like to know which type of statistical deviation humans will naturally estimate if asked to.

Like, if you give them some points on a line and ask them to guess the "plus or minus error" around a central point, for example.

Will their estimation be close to the Mean Absolute Deviation? Or to the Standard Deviation? Or will it be biased to another computable deviation type?

I can't find any studies about this. Are there any?

Title: Guessing statistical deviation


问:
What is the correlation between working memory and long term memory?
(First of all, sorry if this is a silly question; this is not my discipline.)

I am planning on conducting a study, and one of the things I would like to have is a sense of participants' long-term memory (I am thinking of remembering a set of numbers after ~10 minutes). I do not have enough time to conduct a proper long-term memory test, so I was wondering whether a working memory test (such as OSPAN) would be a good proxy for long-term memory.

I have tried to find research on the topic using Google Scholar and reading some of the results, but I have not found a clear answer to this question. It would be great if you could provide some insight or cites of relevant work.

What I imagine are papers in which a given set of participants takes both working memory and long-term memory tests, and the correlation between performance in these is correlated.

Additionally, I am not interested in whether long-term memory about something increases working memory. Just whether people who have good working memory happen to be people that also have good long-term memory.

Thanks!


问:
Which constitutes fluid intelligence more, inductive or deductive reasoning?
What is the correlation between these types of reasoning with fluid intelligence? Deductive reasoning is closely related to logic and mathematical proof whereas inductive reasoning is more of a statistical predictive tool, that is, a tool that makes inferences based on observation of data rather than facts. It is not clear that deductive reasoning constitutes a more causal relationship with fluid intelligence. Fluid intelligence is defined as the efficiency with which one acquires skill. Since inductive reasoning is 'easier', a good inductive reasoning individual can acquire knowledge much more efficiently, since it is quicker and requires less cognitive load, whereas deductive reasoning is much slower, requiring a comprehensive set of facts before making judgments.

Humans tend to be better at one rather than the other, with some excelling at both, however, there are individuals with high fluid intelligence possessing high inductive reasoning abilities with low deductive abilities, and also vice versa.

Hence, which has a stronger relationship with g?.


问:
Converting mgz to img in freesurfer?
I have spm files in nii that I've converted to mgz, but I need in img to co-register in spm (I think?)

Ultimately, I just want to cortically project my spm images (https://surfer.nmr.mgh.harvard.edu/fswiki/SpmPainting)

Does anyone know how to convert in freesurfer? I am trying to use the mriconvert but it says it can't read my file!

Title: Converting mgz to img in freesurfer?


问:
Is it better to having a mixed response or polarized response for behavior change?
Suppose there is some sort of behavior by a person which is linked to judgement by a large number of people, for example:

Engaging in a stack exchange site

Engaging in a public play/ speech

Creating film/ art

Would the likelihood for behavior change be higher if the reviews/ judgements were polarized or if it were in between on average? For instance, would say the creators of such content be more willing to change their practice if they had a some strong dislike/ like opinion or if they had a mix of such opinion with some in-between?


问:
Do somatic markers affect "system 2" in Dual Process Theory?
A lot of the literature seems to describe system 2 or type 2 cognition as rational and logical.

I've seen arguments outline that there isnt a perfect division between the two systems but did Kahneman intend for system 2 to be portrayed as so rational that it isn't affected by emotion?


问:
where can I find FACS scoring for emotions?
I was reading the facial action coding system manual when I realised it teaches you to score the facial expression but does not explain how scores/ AUs relate to a specific emotion.

Are there any resources that could shine a light on this area?


问:
Is there a negative correlation between IQ and likelihood of ending up stressed out by a certain task/job?
I searched for stress and IQ correlation research papers, but could only find ones claiming that stress lowers IQ - that's not exactly the same thing.</p>


问:
How does brain makes descisons?
I have recently started studying about brain network analysis, Does brain makes decisions based on neuron connections? ex: If say 10 neurons were there, if I see pen to recognize that as pen does the neurons connect in pattern? so when ever they connect in that pattern they recognize as pen? is that the way its working? or I miss understood?</p>

Title: How does brain makes descisons?


问:
What is the ontological status of unconscious?
Has mainstream science accepted the existence of unconscious? IN PRTICULAR : Does it attribute to it any role in psychosomatic disorders?

Edit: this is the only hit I had from "the neuroscience of the unconscious" :https://mindscience.org/videos/the-neuroscience-of-the-unconscious/; but they seem to confuse here unconscious with subliminal, which is a different cup of tea.
Other 'scientific' articles often confuse unconscious with involuntary

I don't know what kind of research you expect from me, the question is :neuroscience accepts the existence and deals with 'consciousness', now, since psychoanalysis is considered as pseudoscience, what is the status of unconscious as a subject capable of influencing thoughts, specch and action of a person??


问:
Working memory details
Could you give somedetails on its capacity, duration, etc:

in particular , as a linguist, I have noticed that both in poetry and in music the extension of such buffer is between 7 and 10 syllables (iambic oentameter)/accented vowels (with a max of 11 syllables), which explains the metric of most poems and the popularity of the hendecasyllable.

This extension also allows us to have a synchronic, complete impression of a musical phrase/melody, to perceive them as single entities

Please confirm that temporary memory lasts for a few seconds ( how many?) and if/ how long the first phrase lingers , although damped, in the background allowing us to link the second phrase to it.

They say that the brain can process only 50 bits per second, wow many bits you assign to this buffer?

Title: Working memory details


问:
Disassociate Identity Disorder
After a person develops D.I.D does the initial personality of the person remains or it becomes the other personalities/alters?</p>

Title: Disassociate Identity Disorder


问:
Helping out someone related to the field
I'm a complete layman when it comes to psychology, but I've just thought about this: is it more difficult to help someone who's knowledgeable in psychology and is suffering from mental issues?

PS I wasn't sure as to what tag would best fit the question. Sorry for potentially misusing it.


问:
Possibility of a global consciousness
I am not sure if this site is the right place to ask this question but I believe this is the closest that stack exchange has to offer, so I am posting it here. The human brain is a complex organ consisting of around 86 billion neurons and trillions of synapse. In addition, the brain is organized into specialized structures that monitor and control certain activities. This scale and structure somehow give rise to the emergent property of consciousness that none of the individual neurons possess. However, this sort of structure and complexity is also seen in society as a whole. If each person could be considered equivalent to a neuron, society has around 7 billion neurons and with the advent of social media, we are more globally connected now than ever before. Humans are also capable of performing astronomically more complex calculations and communication than individual neurons. This seems pretty similar in size to animal brains and far superior in computation and functioning than the human brain. Society also shows large scale organization as people are divided into different professions and sectors.

Therefore, it seems like society as a whole should possess some form of "consciousness" (or some property which we as constituents cannot perceive or understand).

Has this idea ever been researched scientifically within either neuroscience or social science? I could not find any papers on this topic.

In addition, is it a valid idea that could theoretically be supported by established neuroscience and cognitive science?

Title: Possibility of a global consciousness


问:
Changes to the amygdala due to PTSD
The one thing I have often heard regarding changes in the brain due to trauma and PTSD is that the amygdala is enlarged (e.g. Kuo et al, 2012). This is understandable considering the amygdala is responsible for the fear response.

However, looking more into changes in the brain, there are contradicting reports of smaller amygdala (e.g. Rogers, et al. 2009). What is the current concensus on this?

References

Kuo, J. R., Kaloupek, D. G., & Woodward, S. H. (2012). Amygdala volume in combat-exposed veterans with and without posttraumatic stress disorder: a cross-sectional study. Archives of general psychiatry, 69(10), 1080-1086. https://doi.org/10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2012.73

Rogers, M. A., Yamasue, H., Abe, O., Yamada, H., Ohtani, T., Iwanami, A., ... & Kasai, K. (2009). Smaller amygdala volume and reduced anterior cingulate gray matter density associated with history of post-traumatic stress disorder. Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging, 174(3), 210-216. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pscychresns.2009.06.001

Title: Changes to the amygdala due to PTSD


问:
Changes to the brain regions due to PTSD
I mentiond in my other question today (Changes to the amygdala due to PTSD) that the one thing I have often heard regarding changes in the brain due to trauma and PTSD is that the amygdala is enlarged (e.g. Kuo, Kaloupek & Woodward, 2012). Looking more into changes in the brain due to PTSD, there are others that occur.

Bremner (2006) reports that

Findings from animal studies have been extended to patients with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) showing smaller hippocampal and anterior cingulate volumes, increased amygdala function, and decreased medial prefrontal/anterior cingulate function.

Is hippocampal function reduced with the reduction in volume? I assume so.

Are there other known changes in the brain regions due to PTSD?

References

Bremner J. D. (2006). Traumatic stress: effects on the brain. Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience 8(4), 445-461. https://doi.org/10.31887/DCNS.2006.8.4/jbremner

Kuo, J. R., Kaloupek, D. G., & Woodward, S. H. (2012). Amygdala volume in combat-exposed veterans with and without posttraumatic stress disorder: a cross-sectional study. Archives of general psychiatry, 69(10), 1080-1086. https://doi.org/10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2012.73


问:
Does education improve 'g'?
It is, I believe, well known that education improves iq scores. Does it improve 'g'?

the association of education with improved cognitive test scores is
not mediated by g, but consists of direct effects on specific
cognitive skills.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4445388/

This does, I assume, mean "no"? Is there any counter evidence or claims?

Title: Does education improve 'g'?


问:
Do humans possess a sixth "moral sense"?
Some authors posit that humans possess a sixth sense that distinguishes right and wrong:

"To nephew Peter Carr (19 Aug. 1785), Jefferson says that the god-given moral sense, innate and instinctual, is as much a part of a person’s nature as are the senses of hearing and seeing, or as is a leg or arm. Jefferson’s comparisons to hearing and sight invite depiction of the moral sense tied to a bodily organ, like the heart (TJ to Maria Cosway, 12 Oct. 1785)."

Note that this is not identical to usual notions of 'conscience' or 'moral compass' in that these might allow for feelings resulting from, say, cognitive dissonance between dogmas learned and necessities of circumstance.

Do humans actually possess such a sixth moral sense?  What are the physiological/psychological mechanisms that would enable such a faculty?


问:
Why does music resonate with everyone?
Why do humans have a predisposition to finding meaning in listening to music? One would imagine this not to be the case since we evolved as visual animals with a natural inclination to reading facial expressions to deduce emotions. Music appears to be very dense, compared to other art forms, it is able to succinctly, vividly, and accurately summarise experiences.

This could be answered using phenomenology - humans have to perceive the world through a lens of subjectivity. We, therefore, evolve to regard meaning as an instinct. Music compliments meaning since a compelling musical art is composed of layers all working harmoniously. Meaning is found in the appreciation of layered order.

Title: Why does music resonate with everyone?


问:
Do brains work in a probabilistic way?
I have a belief that our brains work in a way that calculates the probability of anything in life, even simple stuff, Ex: When someone sees a glass of water from afar he guesses that it's water by a specific chance, and the closer he gets the more the probability increases but never 100%, And like that in every other idea.

Is this idea right or wrong? and has anyone got papers that prove or disprove it? As I couldn't find any talking about this matter.

Title: Do brains work in a probabilistic way?


问:
Why does smiling indicate happiness? Why couldn’t frowning indicate happiness and smiling indicate sadness?
Is there an evolutionary reason behind this? What about raising eyebrows when surprised, or lowering them when angry?</p>


问:
Uninterrupted attention span
Wiki (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attention_span) reports that attention can be sustained in adults for a few hours, but I remember studying that attention can be effectively held  only for a few seconds, after which the brain takes a short rest.
Can you give some details on this aspect of attention?</p>

Title: Uninterrupted attention span


问:
Should medium-term crisis work prioritize continuity of care? (searching for articles, and evidence-based answers)
In private practice continuity of care is vital in building trust and achieving good patient outcomes. Crisis work done over text provides anonymity for the texter and the crisis worker making it so the conversation can be transferred/dropped at any point. I'd like to know how the following two situations could impact the quality of care and patient experience.

(conversations averaging an hour, centered on motivational interviewing)

a) a texter is transferred from one crisis worker to another without a time delay or knowledge of the transfer.

b) a texter is transferred from one crisis worker to another with a time delay of 10-20 minutes but without knowledge of the transfer.


问:
Could someone tell me how the FAS verbal fluency test is scored?
Is the number of correct words in all three categories summed or is the average used? Also, are the words written down or are they collected verbally? Thanks.</p>


问:
What is a good introductory textbook for neuroscience at the advanced undergraduate or early graduate level?
I'm interested learning about the brain from a multifaceted perspective, i.e. I would like to learn about the basics of structure (anatomy) as well as function, and also a little bit of the computational perspective. In other words, I'm looking for a well-rounded introductory text at the advanced undergrad level.

Any references would be appreciated.


问:
Does dissociative amnesia bring any evolutive advantage?
Dissociative amnesia may appear after you have experienced a threat where you are unable to produce either fight or flight response.

Can we ascribe any evolutive advantage to this course of events or is it just nothing more than a case of brain failure?


问:
Are neural sensitivity tests used in proving/refuting Freudian and Neo-Freudian theories?
Given that Freudian theories root their explanatory models in neurology (that is, selected extra-sensitive (erogenous) body zones), has any scientific study tried to prove/refute them, by measuring the sensitivity of those zones through modern neurological testing methods and then exploring correlations with purported personality traits?

(I tried to discover such research myself with no result. I guess I am not using the right search phrases.)

For those needing more context, Freud comes up with the concepts of anal, urethral and oral characters. Far-fetched modern interpretations such as Applied system-vector psychoanalysis go as far as trying to explain high neurological sensitivity of eight specific body zones as a consequence of evolutionary adaptations and define accordingly, specific character traits and psychosomatic vulnerabilities.


问:
A name of the phenomenon when you're confused on what's correct because you've been exposed to the mixture of correct and incorrect variants too much?
I (used to) know that my country formats large numbers as 1.234.567,89 for ease of reading -- we use a decimal comma instead of the decimal point. But I spend a lot of time browsing sites written in American English, that I keep seeing 1,234,567.89 way too often.

To make the matters worse, a lot of software is badly localized, so even though the whole document is written in my native language, I keep seeing the American way of writing numbers mixed with my language.

I've seen both variants so many times in different contexts, that I can no longer easily tell what's correct. When I was younger, I was exposed only to the way it's written in my native language on paper; later, I was exposed to the US texts (which were confusing at first) and an incorrect mixture of US formatting with my language (which was even more confusing at first).

Now, it seems like my senses are numbed down and I don't even notice the chosen format anymore. When I read, I parse both with equal ease; when I write, I choose the format at random.

It seems like this phenomenon might have a general name, because it doesn't have to be about writing numbers. So it's not about forgetting, or even being exposed to the wrong answer -- it's explicitly about being exposed to a mixture of correct and incorrect “answers”. If I kept seeing the wrong thing, I might wrongly make a habit of doing it the wrong way -- in what I'm describing, it's like I accepted both ways and I'm having difficulty recalling which was the "original" way I used to know it.

To sum up, is there a name of the phenomenon when you're confused on what's correct because you've been exposed to the mixture of correct and incorrect variants too much?


问:
Looking for a formal term for a type of behaviour
I hope I can start off with two scenarios to describe the behaviour I'm trying to find a word for.

A child accidentally smashes a window whilst playing a ball game. People assume the child broke the window as no-one else had been near the window, but they cannot know with complete certainty. The child  genuinely feels victimised even though they are aware they have broken the window and, over time, what they feel to be the misplaced blame overtakes the actual transgression itself.

John reports to his boss that the assembly line stopped because of Larry's error. At the time of reporting he genuinely believed this, everyone is comfortable with the explanation. Later on in a quiet moment, John digs a little deeper and finds that actually someone accidentally hit the power button. John decides not to report his new findings. He never liked Larry that much, and after all, he only found this new information on his own initiaive. Had he not investigated further, no-one would be any wiser including himself. In fact this is the kind of thing Larry would have done anyway and he continues to hold Larry culpable.

I'm fascinated by the minds ability to delude itself and to maintain ideas that are often in contradiction with each other. It seems to be more likely to occur when there is public information and private information and the owner of that private information can compartmentalise it within their own mind. I'm not a trained psychologist and I don't have any formal education within it although I find many aspects interesting.

Is there a formal term for this behavior or aspect of the mind, and where would one start if they were interested in learning more ?

Thankyou,
Peter.


问:
Is there any reference on how accurately people can answer comparison questions?
Have any lab experiments taken place on how accurately people answer comparison questions such as "Do you prefer A to B? or "Which one do you prefer? A or B?"</p>


问:
Randomized pair assignment for testing

Scenario

Take a group of students. During the school/academic year, they will be assigned several tests (ideally one less than the number of students). Usually, students are tested and graded individually (control group). In this scenario, however, for every test, they would be randomly assigned to another student. The test result of the pair is assigned to each pair member. At the end of the year, the final grades are set based on individual performance.

Examples

Top performers remain top performers: if they are ready to excel at each test, they will pass with flying colors regardless of who is their pair assignment - bottom or top performer.

bottom performers are free-riding the top performers, but results remain mediocre when they are assigned to other bottom performers. Hence after averaging the results, they will remain bottom performers.

Hypothesis

The average performance and/or frame-of-mind will be worse than in a control group due to the accumulation of negative emotions: top performers are angry with bottom performers. Bottom performers have a sense of shame for prohibiting top performers from achieving good results.

Does this change in time when students begin to understand the system?

In a larger time unit, does any positive or negative effect hold at all?

Does the system influence positively learning how to cooperate? How to test for cooperation skills effectively?

Do worse students, driven by either shame or a sense of shame, can have better results when tested individually at the end of the year (when compared with the control group of students)?

Questions

Does any research touch on similarly designed experiments results?

Title: Randomized pair assignment for testing


问:
What are the most common somatopsychic disorders?
While it is not hard to discover information about psychosomatic conditions and their incidence among populations, somatopsychic disorders do not seem to get the same amount of attention and popularity.

Could suggest science reports or other data sources, on the most common somatopsychic disorders, being diagnosed nowadays?


问:
Case studies about proven misdiagnosis in psychotherapy?
Preliminary assumptions:

Mental disorders basically find their roots in one of following:

psychological trauma (especially in early childhood);

neurological disorder, affecting human behaviour;

non-neurological, somatic disorder, affecting human behaviour (somatopsychic disorder);

genetics;

specific types of prolonged physical stress (e.g. sleep deprivation).

Context:

Picture a psychotherapist treating a patient with mental issues, who actually has parasitic infection, causing their behavioural deviations. Assuming that the psychotherapist is a good one and knows how to competently tackle the behavioural deviations in question, what treatment outcome should we expect of this juxtaposition of successful psychotherapy tactics with non-psychological roots of the mental condition?

Question:

Could you point to sources of case studies or other data about misdiagnosis of mental disorders, where the mistake was specifically on the root causes of the disorder?


问:
How long does it take (on average/etimated) a neuron to fire?
I'm not from a neuroscience field but I'm curious about this. I would like to know how long does it take for the membrane potential of a neuron to go from its resting value to its threshold value ( where the neuron is said to fire an action potential) ? I know that are all plenty of type of neurons, and that after firing that neuron goes through a "refractory period". According to the website in the link below, the absolute refractory period last around 1-2ms and the relative one 3-4ms. But I wasn't able to find any discussion on the lasting period that it takes the neuron to fire. I wanted to know how faster it is in comparison with the refractory period. Of course, I just would like to know some rough estimation. It would be really nice if someone could point it out some reference/paper/book where this time difference is discussed, since I have to cite this for a homework I'm doing for school.  Thank you very much in advance!

website:https://aiimpacts.org/rate-of-neuron-firing/#easy-footnote-bottom-8-142


问:
Update of feedback connections in brain
A recent paper by Lillicrap revisits the connection between deep learning models and brain and its biological plausibility. In their work, they show that it is possible to learn with fixed feedback connections that carry modulatory signals back to the upstream neurons.

Question: Is there evidence suggesting that feedback connections in brain may be fixed and only forward synapses are updated?

Title: Update of feedback connections in brain


问:
Which proportion of species of non human animals exhibit a "forgetting curve" similar to that of humans?
SHORT QUESTION:

Are there some experimental results supporting the existence of a "forgetting curve" in most non human animals similar to that of humans?

BACKGROUND and REFERENCES:

Spaced repetition techniques consist in testing the memory about topic $X$ right before it would be forgotten according to the prediction from the forgetting curve, so that to keep the information related to $X$ in long term memory rather than forgetting it. It seems that it can be applied to facts, but also to more complex concepts.

The forgetting curve has been mostly observed in the memory model of humans, but I could find ONE study (and a quite recent one) of it in a non human species: In their 2021's article, Reynoso-Cruz et al. describe some (limited) indication of such a forgetting curve in the memory model of spider monkeys.

My understanding of the theory behind forgetting curve is that (positive) memories (e.g. finding food in a specific place) need to be reinforced regularly to stay in long term memory (e.g. to avoid memorizing too many locations where good food was found only accidentally, and focus memory on places where good food is regularly found). [This is less true about negative memories, because there is an evolutionary advantage in memorizing an "accidental" life threatening event even if it does not repeat.]

If the latter is true, then most animals with a memory should show some form of forgetting curve.

Are there some experimental results supporting such hypothesis? (Other than Reynoso-Cruz et al.'s?)


问:
Transgenderism and personality
Has any research been conducted to study how individuals may vary on personality inventories, for example, the Big Five, based on whether they are cisgender versus transgender?

Broadly, inquiry may divide into the following two domains:

Within a binary gender category, for example, female, do individuals  tend to score differently based on whether they were assigned female versus male sex at birth?

Among men and women combined, do transgender individuals, compared to cisgender, exhibit different personality trends?

It has been suggested at times  in  vernacular contexts that transgender individuals have greater openness to new experience, and this notion seems to have acquired some  momentum in political spheres, though  evidence supporting the claim is not generally provided.

Title: Transgenderism and personality


问:
Can we alter our epistemic standards at will?
Let's suppose that a person is skeptical of a belief X given the evidence and reasons/arguments they know so far. Without accessing new evidence or new reasons/arguments for X, is it possible for the average person to lower their epistemic standards at will, so that they may start believing X?

Phrased alternatively, can we control what we believe in a spontaneous manner, including things we are currently skeptical of? Are there psychological studies on the capacity of human beings to modify their epistemic standards at will?

An example: most adults don't believe in Santa Claus. Can the average adult decide to start believing in Santa Claus at will? If not, what's preventing them from doing so, psychologically speaking?


问:
Are men more attracted to women that resemble their mothers?
I should say upfront that I do not know the first thing about psychology, but a friend recently brought this curious phenomenon to my attention. It seems to hold for the few people we could ask, but I would like to know if this is actually true.

A bit of quick Googling did not reveal any relevant research papers or authoritative articles.

I'm also interested in whether the corresponding phenomenon for females is true, i.e., do women prefer men that resemble their (the women's) fathers?

I'd appreciate any pointers to the relevant literature. Thanks!


问:
Would it make sense to measure the "Forgetting Curve" with non human animals, on smaller units of information?
Would it make sense to measure the "Forgetting Curve" with non human animals, on smaller units of information?

BACKGROUND:
The theory of "Forgetting curves" is at the basis of techniques such as spaced repetitions, at the core of popular commercial educational software such as DuoLingo, Anki, SuperMemo, etc. Based on memorization of sequence of words.

PROBLEM:
Studying it in Other Animals Than Humans is problematic, if they can't recite sequence of words.

HYPOTHESIS: We could reproduce and adapt the experiments on "Forgetting curves" with lower amount of informations, such as the position of hidden card in a small set, and use it to measure the forgetting curve in animals from many species, including but not limited to humans?

QUESTION: Would it make sense to design, develop, validate and use a small application similar to the popular "Memory" game, which requests users to memorize some low amount of information (the positions of the hidden cards) and to test it a configurable interval of times in order to measure the forgetting curve for each individual? And would it be enough to validate the usability of such an application and methodology with a few human subjects, and a few monk parakeet subjects trained in the use of touch screen interfaces?

NOTE:
I asked a related but distinct question at Which proportion of species of non human animals exhibit a "forgetting curve" similar to that of humans?


问:
Is there any evidence from studies in neuroscience for the Law of Diminishing marginal utility?
The Law of Diminishing marginal utility seems to be widely accepted but I couldn't find any neuro studies, so I was wondering if there are</p>


问:
Doubt about diffused mode
Is the diffuse mode  (the default mode network)  basically mind wandering mode(daydreaming mode)  recruits neurons within the prefrontal cortex  in addition to the cingulate, joining them to the hippocampus OR is the diffuse mode subconscious(feeling/emotion) which functions through amygdala....</p>

Title: Doubt about diffused mode


问:
How seriously is the hedonic treadmill taken among psychologists?
To me the notion seems somewhat counter intuitive to suggest a person who lives a normal life, is then placed in a situation where for example theyre subjected to constant abuse and fear, would adapt to have the same base level of happiness in both situations.

Therefore, I was wondering if professionals use it as more of guideline or if it is taken at face value to mean humans will always return to a baseline of happiness.

I found a paper that listed some situations where people supposedly don't return to a baseline happiness, although they seem quite specific.

In a 19-year
investigation of representative German residents, Lucas ( 2007b )
found that those who had experienced a government-certifi ed
disability during the course of the study showed a signifi cant and
sustained drop in their level of wellbeing from before to after the
onset of disability, even after income and employment were controlled.
Participants from the same data set who were followed up from 15 to 18
years reported signifi cantly reduced well-being years after becoming
unemployed (Lucas, Clark, Georgellis, & Diener, 2004 ), divorced
(Lucas, 2005 ), and widowed (Lucas, Clark, Georgellis, & Diener, 2003
). Notably, in all these studies, whether individuals had experienced
disability, unemployment, widowhood, or divorce (all extremely
negative experiences in the domains of health, work, and interpersonal
relationships), their levels of well-being took a “hit” from the event
and, on average, never fully recovered.

http://sonjalyubomirsky.com/files/2012/09/Lyubomirsky-2011.pdf


问:
Self-report measures always correlate? Research legends or the truest truth
Once upon a time a couple years B.C. (BC stands for before coronavirus), when I was a student, I asked my advisor about using two questionnaires in my research. One was some emotional intelligence questionnaire and the other one was Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale. The goal was to check if high self-esteem people have higher emotional intelligence.

She said" Sure, you can, but you need to remember that 'self report measures always correlate with themselves'. She meant that even if you give two really different, conceptually unrelated questionnaires there will always be some correlation - the reason for that wasn't the correlational noise (or crud factor) but the fact, that there was the same people who answer both set of items. Q: Have you ever heard that? Is it a sort of another research legend or maybe it is true? It seems compelling, but I'm a bit sceptical about how it could work.


问:
Is there a theory explaining why we remember liars?
Why when someone violates the laws of a game we remember them above the winner and other participants? What theory is attributable to this - I am not willing to attribute this to mere anomaly detection since by this assumption, we'd equally remember the winner. My hypothesis is that since we are social animals, and we have evolved to observe social rules that govern our behaviour (both unwritten and written), when a game is played and someone violates the underlying rules/law, this consequently goes against our fundamental formulation of social interaction thus making us remember this anomaly. It also goes against our deepest instincts as abiding social rules was critical for human survival.</p>


问:
Term for someone that makes themselves sad to pass it onto others?
Is there a term for somebody that will purposely make themselves feel sad, and perhaps other negative feelings, with the intention of making another person feel them too?

This would be a way of emotionally hurting someone, without having to physically touch them.

I am not looking for strictly academic literature, rather something high level to get an understanding of this, what it is called, and other information from a birds' eye view.


问:
How to change obsessive passion into harmonious passion
I just read a really fascinating book that I was a little disappointed with, The Psychology of Passion: A Dualistic Model. Robert Vallerand went to great lengths to define and conceptualize passion operationally, to explain his theory and to layout it's intrapersonal and interpersonal benefits. However, one thing the book did not do that I was hoping it would is provide a method for changing one's obsessive passion into harmonious passion. I couldn't think of where else to ask so I thought I'd put the question to everyone here: does anyone know of any scientific literature on how to become less obsessively passionate and/or more harmoniously passionate?  I appreciate any feedback.</p>


问:
E-Prime Adaptive Stop Signal
I was wondering if someone had an E-Prime program for the adaptive stop signal task (i.e., the ability to adaptively change the stop signal delay depending on participant responses). Unfortunately the version on PST doesn't have the adaptive feature, which is crucial for estimating inhibition control.

I would use another program, but I already have the other tasks made on E-Prime and would like to keep everything on E-Prime for ease of administration.

Thank you!

Title: E-Prime Adaptive Stop Signal


问:
How to prepare yours for daily risky routine like flying planes?
Obviously you need certain personal traits to be a pilot or a surgeon. But if you make a mistake someone dies, you might be included. So I think there have to be studies on how to prepare before you fly a plain or attempt a surgery or go into a gunfight etc.

What would a psychologist recommend to prepare for a day like that. Especially if it is your day job and you have to be ready every day.

Example: https://youtube.com/shorts/Od6tPcGndK0


问:
Are Jungian ideas of enantiodromia supported by research
Jung describes the process of enantiodromia as "this characteristic phenomenon practically always occurs when an extreme, one-sided tendency dominates conscious life; in time an equally powerful counterposition is built up which first inhibits the conscious performance and subsequently breaks through the conscious control."

Is there research that supports that notion?


问:
Are unannounced tests unexpected by participants?
I was looking into whether unannounced (memory) tests were actually unexpected by participants, and if the benefits accredited to unannounced tests are well-founded. Considering that students are rarely asked afterwards whether they expected the tests or not. (Oeberst & Lindner, 2015)

Some tests are unannounced to prevent for instance the "drowning out" of other effects (?):

"Learners study and remember information differently depending upon the type of test they expect to later receive" (Middlebrooks et al, 2017).

I found barely anything on the topic, except one paper by Oeberst & Lindner (2015), which did not receive much attention. Is it such an obvious question with an obvious answer, or why is there not much out there on the topic?

It appears to me that tests are such an apparent consequence of learning for students, that it seems unlikely that for the majority those tests are unanticipated.

Clarification/example:
Taking this paper by Wetzler et al (2021) as an example, where:

"using an unexpected/unannounced test to alleviate concerns that test expectancy could generally elevate students’ effort to an extent that would drown out the effects of extra effort induced by the disfluent font (Eitel & Kühl, 2016)."

They are assuming that unannounced tests are not expected by students and therefore students' effort would not be elevated during learning (?). What if 50% of the students actually expected a test regardless and thus affected the results.
The difference between the Oeberst & Lindner (2015) paper and this one is that the former uses a repeated test paradigm, which the latter does not.

Serving as inspiration:

This is an external contribution from Reddit (unreliable source):

"If a design uses an incidental learning task, I think it's reasonable to expect a manipulation check just as you would any other
experimental design feature. With a lot of memory phenomena it just
doesn't seem to matter all that much, but it's going to depend what
you're trying to accomplish. I'd think it less important in a
learning-from-text setting than in, say, eye-witness memory." (DocAvidd, 2022)

References:

Middlebrooks, C. D., Murayama, K., & Castel, A. D. (2017). Test expectancy and memory for important information. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 43(6), 972. https://doi.org/10.1037/xlm0000360

Oeberst, A., & Lindner, I. (2015). Unannounced memory tests are not necessarily unexpected by participants: Test expectation and its consequences in the repeated test paradigm. Cognitive processing, 16(3), 269-278.
 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10339-015-0663-3

Eitel, A., & Kühl, T. (2016). Effects of disfluency and test expectancy on learning with text. Metacognition and Learning, 11(1), 107-121. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11409-015-9145-3

Wetzler, E. L., Pyke, A. A., & Werner, A. (2021). Sans Forgetica is Not the “Font” of Knowledge: Disfluent Fonts are Not Always Desirable Difficulties. SAGE Open, 11(4), 21582440211056624. https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440211056624

DocAvidd. r/academicpsychology - Are unannounced tests unexpected by participants? Reddit. Retrieved August 22, 2022, from https://redd.it/wuk20o


问:
What is the correlation between scores on Verbal and Culture Fair tests for Cattell III Scales?
Adults looking to join Mensa in Britain via sitting an entrance test offered by the organization, are able to sit two separately scored IQ test papers:

Cattell III A ,  mean = 100 , SD = 16

Cattell III B ,  mean = 100 , SD = 24

Candidates can sit both papers and are eligible for signing up if they score at least 2 standard deviations above the mean on at least one of the papers.

The first paper is a visually based test (diagrammatic reasoning), whereas the second is a mostly verbal reasoning orientated test.

This allows candidates to receive 2 different IQ scores.

Whilst both scores could be easily calibrated to a standard deviation of 15 (perhaps with some rounding required), I have never come across the numerical correlation between scores for the different Cattell III scales (nor what distribution a combination of the scores would have) and therefore do not know how to combine the results into an overall IQ score, even if normal distributions are assumed throughout.

Are there any (legally) available data on the correlation between scores for adults for the two Cattell III scales, or at least a rough formula for combining the scores into an overall one? Or would it be meaningless to do so given the different respective natures of the two Cattell III tests?

Many Thanks.


问:
Is there a link between Imposter Phenomenon and dreams of unfulfilled ambitions?
Imposter Syndrome is a popular topic in both scientific studies and pop-psychology articles. Less common is Imposter Phenomenon, wherein an attempt is made to be more conscientious about the subject. I have not done any extensive searches, but will accept this review article's conclusion that better research methodology to is needed to validate it and any corresponding comorbities. Knowing that it's not been studied rigorously enough to meet the review article's recommendations, I'll use the concept (and ask the question) anyway.

Most doctors I know/knew have "Imposter Syndrome", limiting it for now to a feeling that they are, and have a fear of being exposed for being, less competent than they, in fact and measurably, are. For years I attributed this to the realization that it's impossible to know everything they "should" know (which is why specialists and referrals exist.) The only doctors I know who have not experienced this have been/were clinically diagnosed (not by me) with Narcissistic Personality Disorder (N=4).

This is a highly viewed xkcd comic strip:

Interestingly it implies a near-universality between higher education (a must for all physicians/other professionals) and dreams of somehow failing in that education, and the articles linked below affirm this. One psychoanalyst opined that under stress, we naturally return to the most stressful times in our lives, implying school fills that role.

My question is, what is the basis of this dream (if there is any consensus) and is it linked in any way to "Imposter Syndrome"? Why is the dream about an academic failure?

Interestingly, I read that some professors are eliminating final exams based on the ubiquity of this dream. It will be interesting if this has an impact on the dream, though the studies may never be done and N will be small.

I've had some version of the exam dream for decades, yet college wasn't a time of particular stress for me; I never met a subject in Biology that I didn't love to study. On the other hand, my years in the Emergency Department, where lives could be lost if the wrong decision was made, were stressful, occasionally extremely so. Yet I never dream of not knowing what to do in an emergency. This seems to imply something particular about education.

You’re at the final exam and never attended class. It’s that dream again.

Recurring Final Exam Dream?


问:
Why do we feel inclined to doodle on paper when talking over the phone but not when talking in person?
Introduction:

Revisiting an earlier theme about "mind complementary activities", as I would call them, it dawned on me that the classical example of how doodling on paper complements talking over the phone, is not valid in the broader case of talking with someone in person.

Only guess of mine is that the act of holding the phone device may possibly play a role. But then, I feel an urge to doodle when talking over an online messenger, with a headset, as well.

Another consideration is the question to what extent the reverse order of activities comes natural - that is, feeling eager to talk with someone over the phone while doodling. I can remember that art classes in school did make us all students want to chat with each other, but this is not exactly same desire of talking over the phone. I think this is an important detail, feeling how compulsive the desire to doodle can be, as soon as you start a conversation over the phone.

Question:

Why do we feel inclined to doodle on paper when talking over the phone but not when talking in person?


问:
What is the origin of the first action potential?
If I take the decision to raise my hand at any random moment, this decision will be materialized by an action potential emerging from my neurons down the hand.
I am therefore wondering the following: when I take the decision to raise my hand, there should be a first action potential somewhere in my brain that will be sending the first signal that will then be routed down to the hand to move it, wouldn't it? If so, what causes it exactly? Another action potential before this one? And so on ad infinitum?

Thank you in advance!


问:
Applications of Psychology in Permaculture design?
Are there some scientific studies about applications of (non human animal) psychology in Permaculture design?

I read about Temple Grandin's work on using some understanding of some of the sensorial and psychological specificity of other animals than humans to design better environments for animal bread by humans, and I got a feeling that there was some Veterinarian studies along this direction for traditional agronomy.

I read about permaculture design rethinking the interaction between land, plants and animals (i.e. designing the land to improve water retention, plant growth and animal "natural" environments).

It seems to me that a better understanding of what other animals than human can sense, learn and remember could have applications in agronomy in general and in permaculture in particular, such as teaching some poultry to eat some weeds and pests rather than production plants (so that to release them in fields of cultivated crops), or teaching other animals than humans to respect some invisible fences.

In one sense, traditional training of dogs to (help to) keep a flock of sheep safe (and, I assume, teaching the sheep to obey dogs) would be one instance, but it is an ancient art and I do not know where to find scientific studies about

what can and cannot be learned by a dog or a sheep and for how long without reinforcing it, nor about

what can and cannot be learned by other species of other animals than humans.

Is it an existing research area, or is it yet to be invented or formalized as an area?


问:
I'm looking for "The Cannonball Fallacy."
The "shell fallacy" as I see it is this: someone walks into a crater created by a shell on the battlefield and says, "There's no way any more shells are going to fall here. "No more shells should fall here."
I think this fallacy had a different name than the gambler's fallacy.
If anyone knows, please let me know.

They are essentially the same thing, but I remember reading about them in some online article as clearly differentiated, time-honored examples.


问:
Does understimulation of the brain have negative consequences?
Ive been looking for the correct scientific term for understimulation of the brain i.e. lack of a varied experience of activities and its effect on people.

I havent been able to find any studies though because theres probably a term for this that Im missing, so I was wondering if anyone knows a more scientific term or any studies


问:
How are Big 5 questionnaires made to reflect adjective-derived traits?
My understanding is that the Big 5 traits are derived from the factor analysis (PCA?) of vectors of adjectives, choosing the 5 most important factors. I guess that researchers then came up with questions that are intended to reflect these groups of adjectives.

Is there more to the methodology of developing the questionnaires (Neo, IPIP) and scoring the questions other than researchers just trying to make up questions related to these groups of adjectives and then checking how these answers correlate/cluster?


问:
Has neuroscience yet proved that antisocial humans think in terms of anything resembling moral circuitry when targeting their victims?
Popular philosopher Frederich Wilhelm Nietzsche hypothesized and theorized that there are two core languages of moralities, rather than 'morality'. These languages are the master morality, and the slave morality. One is based on the competitive expansion of willing energy and exploitation of weaker, vulnerable men, and the other is an inversion that relies on routinely compassion and benevolence. Neither of these languages are superior than each other, but that is not the point I'm trying to discuss.

The topic I am questioning is: Has any modern neuroscientific analysis refuted or supported that humans who [exploit weaker, vulnerable members of their own species] formulate 'moral' circuits centered around such exploitation? Is master morality really a morality neuroscientifically? If past documents of ancient societies can reveal ethical codes of virtue based upon values that are now deemed a vice in modern civilization, does this reflect neuroscience to begin with?

Note that beyond a paper from 1995 which attempts to use experiments to attack Nietzsche's critique of altruism, which isn't exactly professionally laid out, I haven't seen any real scientific documents that confirms or debunks Nietzsche's understanding of human behavior. Nietzsche as a figure worthy of scientific valuation seems to be left alone, and science is not usually in the philosopher's scope due to it's 'ascetic' properties, but I would still like to know if any attempts have been done.

Additionally, to describe Nietzsche in modern science would require a reconsideration of his works. For example, his metaphorical comparison of master morality with lions, eagles, etc. attribute antisocial behavior in humans to the behavior of the typical predatory animal. This is a bit of a misnomer, since those animals predate on members of a species different from their own, whereas antisocial behavior relates to intra-species predation, something that is much more difficult to analyze and comprehend, and even then, most cases of describing antisocials as "intra-species predators" seem to be more emotional than biological.


问:
Less littering with less trashcans
I live in Stockholm and recently visited Helsinki. I've lived a few different places in Sweden and only been to Helsinki in Finland. A big difference i noticed right away was the way cleaner streets, pathways and nature in general in Finland. I assumed this was due to similar reasons as a city like Växjö is rather clean where every morning a small army of workers show up and clean up the streets throughout the city, but this does not seem to be the case as the few pieces of trash that did end up in the streets stayed there for days on end (only so notable because the streets in general were so clean, in what other place would i have noticed that old pack of cigarettes so clearly??).

Being a smoker myself though I always throw my butts away appropriately and noticed something I would definitely not have expected: Far less trashcans. By a mile than stockholm. Here on the main streets I can be walking down a road and have trashcans within ~50 meters from one another, sometimes even more often, but there's almost always a trashcan in sight. In Helsinki I'd find myself regularly hanging on to my cigarette butt for several blocks until I found a place to dispose of it.

This doesn't make sense to me. I vaguely remember reading years and years ago about some analysis that showed more trashcans subconsciously makes people think of trash, and may lead to them adopting the "it's dirty anyway" mentality that lets people litter without much second thought, completely contradictory to the usual first step to combatting littering which would be more trashcans (trying to look up information on this has most sources stating some form of more trashcans!! right away which of course seems to make sense). At the time I dismissed it as one of the silliest things I'd read because obviously if there's always a trashcan in sight, people must be more inclined to throw their trash into the cans instead of the streets right? But Helsinki stands out to me as being cleaner than most places I've been with a very notable lack of ways to dispose of your trash.

I suspect that when it comes to the cleaner nature, this is a direct causation. People are already used to carrying their trash "home" with them or at least to a place to dispose of it, so they're more inclined to do it once they're far away from a trashcan (even far into a national park we found a grilling spot that I would shudder to think how dirty it would've been in most other countries I've been to, with people leaving cans and trash everywhere: The place didn't have a trashcan meaning people had to take their trash halfway back through the park, and they did. Not a piece of trash in sight). But what could the explanation for the cleaner streets in the city be? Is the effect I may or may not have read about years ago (because I really can't find much info on it now) a thing, or is this a cultural phenomenon? But if it was cultural and the culture payed great attention to throw their trash away, and it's generally agreed upon that more trashcans = less people littering, I'd assume that they'd be the first to put up a ton of trashcans as well. Are they just so good at disposing of their trash properly that they never even needed to put up more trashcans? This feels really unlikely...

And if this is actually a thing where the psychology of people gets impacted in reverse that clearly, can you think of any other similar concepts? I'd find it fascinating to hear about more real life examples of this (or any real life example if I'm completely making all of this up somehow and there's actually just a super easy explanation I've missed)

Apologies in advance if the way this "question" is posed doesn't really fit here, but it was too intriguing to not at least try to find some interesting psychological factor if there is one :)

Title: Less littering with less trashcans


问:
Ethical testing of (poor) abilities in animals other than humans?
QUESTION:

Does the problem of measuring the ability of a subject (e.g. an  other than human animal) to perform a task has a name?

Are there standard methodologies to do so ethically, especially when checking that a subject is unable to perform the task?

EXAMPLES:

In order to validate the cognitive ability of a subject to, say, discriminate the largest between two amounts,

one can

A. present the subject with the choice between two food quantities, reward them with their choice, and measure how often they do choose the largest one; or

B. present the subject with the choice between two quantity representations, reward them when they choose the largest one, and measure how often they do so.

If the subject is indeed able to perform the task, both methodologies are mostly equivalent, but if the subject is NOT able to perform the task, each experiment will be a frustrating event, and forcing the subject to repeat the experiment will neither be ethical nor productive, which lead to consider the third type of experimental protocol:

C. present the subject with the choice between two quantity representations, reward them whatever the choice but with a preferred prize when they choose the largest one, and measure how often they do so.

In order to validate the sensory ability of a subject to distinguish, say, blue and green colors on a screen,

one could

A. display challenges that the subject is known to be able to solve when displayed in other way, but using blue on a green background (or the reverse), and check if the subject can still solve the challenge; or (more complicated)

B. display (e.g. cognitive) challenges which can be interpreted at two levels depending of the sensory abilities of the subject (e.g. one value is blue points on green background, the other red points on green background) , rewarding correct answers at one sensory level (e.g. selecting the largest value if one cannot distinguish blue from green), but rewarding even more correct answers at the other sensory level (e.g. selecting the largest value if one CAN distinguish blue from green).

I am thinking about implementing the (more complicated to implement, and even more so to analyze and to explain to others), but I fear that I am reinventing the wheel, and maybe making it more complicated than necessary. I wonder if the problem was previously considered (probably in another setting!), under which name, and if there are there any classical solutions (and what are the criteria to compare potential solutions to such a problem)?

SOME CONTEXT:

I programmed a very simple software requesting subjects to choose the maximal value out of 2,3,4 or 5 values, represented in various modes (and used it with success to study the some discriminatory abilities in Monk Parakeets 2). I programmed it so that one could change the colors, first with the objective to find the contrast and color settings most adequate for each subject. I later thought that I could use it to study the limits of the subject's perceptions, but I am uncomfortable about requesting subjects to solve instances that they are unable to solve. I could progressively alter the colors and contrast, and study how the correction rates vary with the parameter altered, but it seems both slow and a bit "cruel". I felt comfortable doing so with increasing progressively the number of values to pick from and the range of values from which the displayed values are shown because it was also pedagogical, but doing so with sensory limits feels different to me.


问:
Proxemics - In search of a paper
Hello I am looking for a paper related to Proxemics study

That show that we pay more attention of sudden movements that are closer, than the sudden movements that are far away

I've already searched for a while, but I couldn't find anything appropiated

Any info?

Title: Proxemics - In search of a paper


问:
Can the items of UCLA Loneliness Scale not be called symptoms?
When did the question raise?

I am working on the data of 8 itemed UCLA Loneliness (ULS-8) [1] and 9 itemed PHQ [2] (PHQ-9) scales. I found that in the study of PHQ-9 [2], the authors mentioned the 9 items as symptoms. However, in the study on the ULS-8 scale [1], the authors did not mention the 8 items as the symptom. I found similar criteria in the papers which conducted a study using the PHQ-9 (e.g., [3]) and ULS-8 scale (e.g., [4]). This raised the question: can the items of UCLA Loneliness Scale not be called symptoms?

What do I think?

I understand that the items of the ULS-8 and PHQ-9 scales are different. In addition, one scale is used to assess loneliness whereas another one is used to assess depression. However, due to the following reasons, I think that the items of UCLA loneliness scale can be called symptoms.

Definition of symptom is "A physical or mental problem that a person
experiences that may indicate a disease or condition" [5].

It appears that the items (Table 1 of this paper) of the ULS scale are symptoms of loneliness. Otherwise, they could not be used to assess loneliness (I think).

Both depression and loneliness are psychological problems. Thus, if items of one scale (PHQ-9) can be called symptoms, items of the other scale (ULS-8) can also be called symptoms.

Then, what did confuse me?

So far, I did not find a single reliable study that mentioned the items of the UCLA loneliness scale as the symptoms.

My question

Can the items (e.g., item 5: I feel isolated from others) of UCLA Loneliness Scale not be called symptoms?

Thank you.

References

Hays, R., & DiMatteo, M. R. (1987). A Short-Form Measure of Loneliness. In Journal of Personality Assessment (Vol. 51, Issue 1, pp. 69–81). Informa UK Limited. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa5101_6

Kroenke, K., Spitzer, R. L., & Williams, J. B. W. (2001). The PHQ-9. In Journal of General Internal Medicine (Vol. 16, Issue 9, pp. 606–613). Springer Science and Business Media LLC. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x

Saeb, S., Zhang, M., Karr, C. J., Schueller, S. M., Corden, M. E.,
Kording, K. P., & Mohr, D. C. (2015). Mobile Phone Sensor Correlates
of Depressive Symptom Severity in Daily-Life Behavior: An
Exploratory Study. In Journal of Medical Internet Research (Vol. 17,
Issue 7, p. e175). JMIR Publications Inc.
https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.4273

Das, R., Hasan, M. R., Daria, S., & Islam, M. R. (2021). Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on mental health among general Bangladeshi population: a cross-sectional study. In BMJ Open (Vol. 11, Issue 4, p. e045727). BMJ. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-045727

NCI dictionary of Cancer Terms. (2011, February 2). National Cancer Institute. https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms/def/symptom


问:
What strategies have psychologists developed for learning to prioritize long-term.gains over short-term losses?
What is an example of one technique, or strategy, psychologists have developed for addressing procrastination and/or impulsive behavior?

As a particulair case study, the kitchen in my home has no flooring (except some plywood)

In the construction industry, the plywood is known as "subflooring". I know about sub-flooring. I have installed sub-flooring and flooring before.

I purchased some boxes of fake marble tiles a long time ago. The unopened boxes of fake tiles have been sitting in my living room for weeks; completely untouched.

In the short-run, I hate installing flooring.

In the long-run, I would like my kitchen to have flooring.

What is one example of a strategy, or technique, studied by psycholigsts which can be repeatedly put into practice in order to increase the rate at which a person prioritizes their own long term happiness over own short-term happiness?


问:
Are self-reported depression scores from inpatient facilities used to measure the efficacy of different pharmaceuticals?
In the United States, patients with clinical depression are somtimes hospitalized for sucidal ideation or attempted suicide. It is common practice to prevent patients from discharging themselves from the behavioral health center (or other facility). The outer doors are kept locked. Only.staff with a key may enter or leave.  Any patients who attempt to walk out out of the building ar physically restrained by nurses and behavioral health technicians. Legal short-term certifications are issued.

In these facilities, it is standard practice to ask patients each day on a scale of 1 to 10 how depressed they are feeling. If the score improves for several days, then the patient is more likely to be discharged than if the patient continues to self-report suicidal thoughts or feelings of depression. Additionally, patients have the legal right to refuse medication, but refusal of medication is generally considered to be an indicator that the patient is not yet ready to be discharged.

Clearly, these self-reported depression scores can be aggregated. Using statistical tools, we can determine whether self-reported abatment of symptoms is significant enough to reject the idea that the medications are ineffective.

To what degree to self-reported depression scores in inpatient facilities play role in measuring the efficacy of different pharmaceuticals?


问:
Relationship between Baddeley's model and working out while listening to podcasts
As far as I can understand (not a psychologist by training), Baddeley's model of working memory entails that activities performed by the visualspatial sketchpad should not interfere (much) with those performed by the phonological loop. Therefore, one should be able to perform mechanical tasks (such as raking leaves) while listening to music, and have neither of these activities impaired by the other.

Nonetheless, I have experienced a phenomenon in which working out while listening to a podcast hugely decreases the amount of weight I can use. I can still perform every movement in the same manner as before, but not with the same load. How does this conflate with the Baddeley model?


问:
Theory of mind (ToM) training?
As they mention in the paper "Training for generalization in Theory of Mind: a study with older adults", we still need to study more about the ways we can improve our theory of mind ability even as adults.

Any suggestions? (Please include references)

Here are some I found with references:

Reading fiction:
the data indicate that reading fiction may be an avenue for improving ToM ability
"Using Fiction to Assess Mental State Understanding: A New Task for Assessing Theory of Mind in Adults"

Possibly bilingualism in "Early bilingualism enhances mechanisms of false-belief reasoning".

Behavioural synchrony eg. musical orchestra and dancing examples in "Enhancing “theory of mind” through behavioral synchrony"

Title: Theory of mind (ToM) training?


问:
Research on the effects on separating school pupils from their friends
Recently I read that schools will sometimes separate school friends into different classes with one parent on an online forum saying in 2013 that:

The principal admitted that they try to separate friends each year.

This issue was even brought up on Parenting Stack Exchange in 2015 and then in 2019 on Moms.com. The Moms.com article covers some of the effects this policy might have on the child. The general idea being that it should help reduce distractions in class and improve independence. It could also encourage the development of social skills by forcing the child to make new friends.

Aside from anecdotal reports from parents is there any academic research into the effects of such a policy that proves it doesn't just cause the child distress and loneliness?


问:
Compression of logical steps; multiple logical steps squeezed into one logical jump
I have read somewhere that as intelligence increases,  more and more logical steps are chunked together, so as to allow for greater logical jumps.

When doing mathematics, the different levels of "jumping" is at its most evident:

In the image above, every step of the algebraic manipulation is shown. That is, every application of a logical rule is shown.

Here, the distribution of two factors is lumped into one step. That is, the aftermath of two applications of the distributivity of factors is compressed into one step.

Finally, in this image, all steps are chunked together.

During this process, the chunked steps can be the application of different rules, unlike in my example, where the only rule applied is distributivity.

So, what is this process called? Unless my memory fails me drastically, this is definitely a scientifically evidenced process; I just can't remember the name of the process, nor the paper in which I read about it.


问:
Which waveform for photic stimulation should be used to generate SSVEP in a narrow band around desired frequency
I am trying to build my own flickering light stimulation device. The light source will be a COB Red LED cluster (~627nm) (like one of these) with brightness controlled using Pulse Width Modulation through an Arduino.

This article mentions that using a square wave to drive the light source leads to harmonics in the SSVEP. This suggests that I should use a waveform that is close to sinusoidal.

Considering the luminous efficiency function of the human eye how should I modify this waveform so that the subjective "brightness" perceived by the generalized human eye is sinusoidal?

If this question is not sufficiently focused, please advise in the comments and I will edit accordingly.


问:
Intelligence of a feral child
Children not exposed to language lose forever the ability to learn one and do not develop normal intelligence. Has it been assessed if their intelligence is anyway greater than a chimp
which they say is the level they reach at age 3, before they acquire a language?</p>

Title: Intelligence of a feral child


问:
Have any theorists discussed an inherent difficulty in objectively characterizing the effect of a drug?
It seems like many methods for describing the effect of a drug tend to homogenize experience - questionnaires, metrics, and statistical rankings sometimes imply that universally and unilaterally substance X has Y effect on people, across the board. Yet given a relatively basic observation of the complex nature of a human organism it seems feasible that different substances can affect people differently, and that a basic ontology of “healthy / unhealthy” may be invalid given that the effect of a substance may have a specific benefit given a specific context, so it really may not be accurate to say that a certain substance is unhealthy in all cases. Yet it seems science is not very capable of rigorously capturing this very real aspect of reality.</p>


问:
What distinguishes ADHD from a development disorder of the prefrontal cortex inhibitory connection to the Striatum?
What distinguishes Attention-Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) from a development disorder of the prefrontal cortex inhibitory connection to the Striatum?

In his (French) book "Le Bug Humain", Sébastien Bohler argues (quite convincingly, I would say) that the Striatum (a critical component of the motor and reward systems, present in the brain of all vertebrates) evolved into a mechanism to always wanting more (by environments where it would most often yield a survival edge) food, sex, social ranking, information and efficiency. The author focuses on the consequences of the mechanical details of the interaction of the Striatum with the prefrontal cortex on the interaction of the current human civilization with its environment (a topic worthy of interest in itself), and devotes very little space commenting about how the prefrontal cortex can be (and is usually) trained to partially inhibit the Striatum (e.g. the marshmallow test), but how "Millenials", as the first generation exposed during the maturation years of their prefrontal cortex (18-25) to such "fast feedback systems" as Internet and Smart Phones, displays behavioral symptoms (e.g. impulsivity, lack of patience, addictive behaviors) typical of a poor development of the connection between the prefrontal cortex and the Striatum.

The symptoms described by Sébastien Bohler for such development problem seem very similar to those of Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder ("excessive amounts of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity"), and the timing and causes which he describes (first generation exposed to fast feedback system) seem to match other descriptions of an epidemic of "Adult ADHD". Yet

Sébastien Bohler does not mention ADHD in his book (which, as a neuro-scientist, I am pretty sure he knows about); and

the striatum is mentioned on the wikipedia page for ADHD only as a related location in the brain ("The dopamine pathways and norepinephrine pathways which project to the prefrontal cortex and striatum are directly responsible for (...)").

Without claiming to have found a connection that everybody else ignored until now (I am aware of my ignorance in neuro-psychology and only trying to understand and learn), I am wondering if such a connection has been considered and already discarded (and why). I am guessing that "it's more complicated", but then I would be curious to learn more about it!

(I hope my question makes sense?)


问:
Can one be "addicted to learning"?
According to Merriam-Webster's dictionary, an addiction is

a compulsive, chronic, physiological or psychological need for a habit-forming substance, behavior, or activity having harmful physical, psychological, or social effects and typically causing well-defined symptoms (such as anxiety, irritability, tremors, or nausea) upon withdrawal or abstinence : the state of being addicted

a strong inclination to do, use, or indulge in something repeatedly

Someone obsessed with learning would match the second definition:
someone could be so basically addicted to constantly learn and explore various different fields of science, medicine and technology, in such a high cadence that it would negatively affect his whole life, his social environment, friendships, etc.

I suspect that this form of learning could be a procrastination mechanism, where one spends time learning even when one should complete other tasks (e.g. finish one personal todo list, or even just eating a meal at times). Maybe this can be described as "learning workaholism".

I wonder what the appropriate term or diagnosis for such behaviour could be (maybe "Da Vinci syndrome"?), and if there exists bibliography about such symptoms, behavior, and the associated treatments?

[Note: I'm not sure this is the right exchange for this question...but it's the best fit as far as I can see.]

Title: Can one be "addicted to learning"?


问:
What is the scientific argument for why SSRI’s are not available over the counter?
For what specific reason is it legally required that a doctor “prescribe” you an SSRI, as opposed to the compound being available to sell and purchase freely?</p>


问:
Are the terms "counter freeloading" and "contrafreeloading" equivalent?
In his 2015 review "The Four Cs of Psychological Wellbeing: Lessons from Three Decades of Computer-based Environmental Enrichment", Washburn describes, among various other anecdotes, how game-like application for apes were developed as early as 1984, and how the subjects "chose to work on joystick-based tasks, even though they did not need to perform the game-like tests in order to receive food", and "opted for computer task activity over other potential activities that were available to them".

A referee objected to the manuscript where I reported on such a review by stating "(...) describes a phenomenon of counter freeloading without using the terminology". I am not familiar with the term ``counter freeloading'' and could not find its definition on the Internet (other than one questionable webpage linking to a private video). What I did find is the (excessively short) Wikipedia article, and the articles cited therein, among which one from 1963 which is cited but does not use the term "counter freeloading" (hence wrongly mentioned as the first one coining the term), and one from 1977 which does.

I will cite the wikipedia page and the article which does use the term "counter freeloading", but I am curious to know

what the accepted term is in Animal Psychology (or if both are equivalent), and

how commonly accepted it is in 2022 (given that Washburn, a confirmed animal psychologist, did not use it in his survey in 2015).

I hope my question makes sense?


问:
Learning by traumatization
Psychological trauma is known to be persistent in memory and easy to remember with the disadvantage of in part severely limiting day to day life.

Are there papers that evaluated the idea of causing psychological trauma to people in connection with useful information to be learnt to simplify solid storage of this information in memory?

Title: Learning by traumatization


问:
Is identifying one's brain (or head) as the essence of one's being a cultural concept?
An answer on a different Stack Exchange site contains:

"heart after X" is an idiom.
In the Old Testament, the heart was the seat of higher reasoning (see cardiocentric hypothesis), and the kidneys, or the loins, were the seat of lower reasoning (base urges, sexual desire, conscience, etc) - it was believed that the kidneys were reproductive organs.

(Fun Fact: in pre-classical ancient Greece, it was the liver that was the seat of higher reasoning, so when the eagles picked on Prometheus' liver, they were tormenting his mind).

I don't know about most people, but I strongly identify myself with the upper part of my head.

If I somehow survived removing my liver or kidney or foot, I would simply feel like I had lost a liver or kidney or foot.
But if I lost my head, it would be my entire body, not my head, that I'd think I had lost.
(Continent Cut Off :-).

I'm sure I've felt this way as long as I've lived.

Can this identification of self with a specific part of the body really be a cultural thing?


问:
Looking for a good book on the physiology of perception and construction of phenomena
Back in the days of modems and landlines, I read a book called
Neurophilosophy Toward a Unified Science of the Mind-Brain which reflects the level of sophistication I am seeking in a more contemporary treatment.  My immediate goal is to explore the current neurophsiological understanding of how the mind-brain constructs our operational model of reality from sensory stimuli.  Is there a recent, professionally written book that covers this topic in a way accessible to a general audience?</p>


问:
why structural studies of the cerebellum (atrophy, segmentation, etc.) always reports LEFT and RIGHT even when laterality is absent from the study?
I have noticed that structural studies of the cerebellum, regardless of the focus of the study (neurodegenerative, autism, alcoholism, drummers) usually report left-sided and right-sided results. Even when the issue of laterality is absent from the study.

Is there anything particular about the cerebellum that is of good practice to report both sides?
when studying the structure, does this also happen with the cerebral cortex?


问:
Why doesn't dendritogenesis continue on mature cortical neurons?
It is theorized that certain genetic disorders are caused by selection pressure for intelligence and overdominance, e.g. a recessive mutation may boost IQ in heterozygotes despite being deleterious in homozygotes. Examples include Tay-Sachs or Gaucher's disease. See Ectopic dendrite initiation: CNS pathogenesis as a model of CNS development (Siegel et al., 2002).

The putative mechanism for elevated intelligence is reinitiation of primary dendrites on mature cortical neurons. My question is, if dentritogenesis on mature cortical neurons promotes learning and boosts IQ why hasn't the human organism evolved to have common non-pathological alleles that do this already without the need for deleterious mutations?