问:
Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Cognitive Function and Causing someone to Learn
Children may elicit, either through active engagement or some feature of their personality or appearance, a response from their environment that might protect them from deprivation-related risk either by reducing their exposure to risk factors or altering their impact once they have been exposed.

Could childern be caused by parenting, schooling and/or close social rings to learn neurodevelopmental disorders?

i.e Are parenting, schooling and/or close social rings able to cause someone young(Before the Age of 7) previously not suffering from the Neurodevelopmental Disorders or exacerbate them in those already suffering from them to learn those disorders by example or experience? Like one would learn table manners.

A parent with Neurodevelopmental Disorders will probably tolerate somethings that others would find problematic while being incommoded by something trivial to others. They will also focus on verbal communication. Speak verbosly, have trouble interpreting non-verbal communication.

If ones' parents have poor social interactions the offspring might not be that welcome. And thence develop their cognitive function accordingly.

If schools fail to notice early signs the disorder might progress further. Both due to lack of help and because teachers and classmates will drift away, bully, prank, hit, abuse.


问:
Does EEG biofeedback brain training can cause any harm?
I'm a hobbyist making BCI for biofeedback training.
Can I induce any damage to my brain by EEG brain training? For instance, by using wrong training protocols.. Be the way, it would be wonderful if someone can point me to any good sources of information on this topic (training protocols, algorithms, etc.)</p>

ContentLicense: CC BY-SA 4.0


问:
Is it possible for a "false positive" medical diagnosis to be voided or expunged later?
In general, if a diagnosing clinician makes a grave error in diagnosis, is it possible to later invalidate the diagnosis on the basis of insufficiency, lack of evidence, poor judgment, or other similar reason?

For example, if someone accidentally ended up in a situation where he/she was diagnosed with a mental disorder according to the DSM, but the symptoms according to the DSM do not correspond at all to reality (For example, at least the main symptoms are missing, the study admission was less then the official time needed to diagnose someone with a specific disorder, or a similar reason), can the diagnosis be fully expunged from their medical record upon a sufficient showing of such insufficiency?

I'm not asking about getting a second opinion, refusing treatment, or getting a discharge from treatment - I'm asking about fully eradicating or expunging a diagnosis to the point where it never really "existed" at all in a medical or medicolegal sense. In the practice of law, a legal judgment, order, or document can often be "voided", "vacated", "quashed", "overturned" or "invalidated" by a court if it is shown to have been issued in error. Is there any similar thing in the practice of medicine?

This sort of question is, perhaps, not very interesting or relevant for the majority of patients, but it can be very relevant for persons who must undergo formal "fitness for duty" evaluations or must "pass" medical background checks. For example, someone aspiring to become a pilot who has a history of treatment for schizophrenia, but is currently "ok", must normally undergo a grueling, time consuming, and expensive evaluation process. If such a person could get some sort of medical evaluation stating that they never really "had" schizophrenia to begin with, that could allow them to answer "no" on the applicable medical background check forms and obtain licensure that much more easily. This question may also be relevant to victims of gaslighting - if a person was given a clinical "label" as a result of abuse inflicted upon them, removing the "stigma" of having the "label" may be a valuable form of healing even if the person doesn't have any pressing legal need to have the diagnosis formally removed.


问:
From psychological point of view, how easy can public opinion be manipulated by politicians and media?
We have seen the Facebook–Cambridge Analytica data scandal in 2018 (wikipedia). While I agree that stronger regulations on the use of personal data should be enforced, but from a psychological point of view:

How strongly can a person's political position be manipulated by a company like this (or combined with biased media)?

What kind of manipulation is possible and can be done? Can they completely reverse one's political position?


问:
Noise ceiling estimate is lower than model prediction in RSA?
I am using representational similarity analyses (RSA) to compare models to some fMRI data. As part of this analysis I have computed noise ceilings for each of my regions of interest (ROIs). What's weird is that, for one ROI, the correlation between my model and the aggregate participant data (RDMs averaged together) is higher than the noise ceiling.

I calculated the noise ceiling by splitting the participant data into two sets, averaging the RDMs from each set and the correlating the two sets to one another. The main model comparisons are done by correlating the model RDM to an averaged RDM from all of the participants.

Given that the noise ceiling is supposed to estimate the performance of a "hypothetical true model" and be the upper bound of your prediction accuracy, how should one interpret this?

Given that this is only one ROI, my interpretation is that this region is a little noisier than others and so the between-participant correlation isn't great, but when you aggregate many participants it averages out some of the noise in the data and allows for a decent model correlation. Is that reasonable?


问:
Is there any evidence for the distinction between undergrad and postgrad mathematics?
Baron-Cohen has conducted studies [1,2] investigating whether autism spectrum conditions (ASCs) are related to mathematical or scientific ability. These have, however, focused mostly on (Cambridge) undergraduates or winners of the UK Mathematics Olympiad.

Interestingly, Baron-Cohen found in [2] that Olympiad winners scored the highest in the AQ test ($\mathrm{AQ}\colon 24.5,\mathrm{ SD}\colon 5.7$), with the second highest scoring group being the mathematics students ($\mathrm{AQ}\colon 21.5,\mathrm{ SD}\colon 6.4$).$^1$ This leads one to conjecture that autistic traits may be more prominent among individuals with higher mathematical ability.

While investigations on the relationship between autism and mathematical ability have been carried out [3,4], mostly of these focused on students at the undergraduate level or below. Furthermore, these studies may be focused on a completely different skill set than the one required for the practice of research mathematics.

Is there evidence for the distinction between undergraduate and postgraduate skills and studies especially from a biological or psychometric point of view?

Is the level of mathematics as done by undergraduates different from graduate students or professional mathematicians? There are very distinct skills required at various levels for example, a set of skills$^2$, such as good writing, abstract thinking, endurance$^3$, creativity, and problem solving for a research project. Is technical ability such as [4] "mathematical ability" through arithmetic problems, which focuses only on problem solving, a distinct set of skills that has been shown to be distinct in other studies?

Disclaimer: This question has been split from this one.

$^1$Note however that the sample is small: $n=16$ for UK Olympiad winners, $n=85$ for mathematics students.

$^2$Of course, there are also skills which individuals with ASCs may have trouble with, such as socialisation (mathematics is often described as an activity with a large social component by its practitioners).

$^3$In the sense of obsessing, possibly for years, with a research problem to solve it.

References

[1] Baron-Cohen, Simon, Sally Wheelwright, Amy Burtenshaw, and Esther Hobson. "Mathematical talent is linked to autism." Human nature 18, no. 2 (2007): 125-131.

[2] Baron-Cohen, Simon, Sally Wheelwright, Richard Skinner, Joanne Martin, and Emma Clubley. "The autism-spectrum quotient (AQ): Evidence from Asperger syndrome/high-functioning autism, males and females, scientists and mathematicians." Journal of autism and developmental disorders 31, no. 1 (2001): 5-17.

[3] Chiang, Hsu-Min, and Yueh-Hsien Lin. "Mathematical ability of students with Asperger syndrome and high-functioning autism: A review of literature." Autism 11, no. 6 (2007): 547-556.

[4] Bressan, Paola. "Systemisers are better at maths." Scientific reports 8, no. 1 (2018): 11636.


问:
Balanced Introduction to CBT and the Science Behind It
This is a reference request. I'm looking for a solid introduction to Cognitive Behavioral Therapy - i.e. what it is and the science behind it. I'm having trouble finding anything that isn't written by someone with pretty clear evangelical purposes. I don't want that. I'm not personally looking to use CBT. I don't want to feel like I'm being sold a bill of goods. </p>

<p>Honestly, the whole thing smells more than a little fishy, like just another self-help regime that people are getting caught up in, where profit-hunting sharks are taking advantage of people's misery. I'm not saying it is that, but that's just to lay out my own priors and biases. So I want a balanced, trustworthy account of the science behind it to evaluate its merits, i.e. whether nor not it's grounded in a successful (i.e. experimentally sound) scientific theory of psychology.   </p>


问:
Supplementary Motor Area or Juxtapositional Lobule Cortex
Harvard-Oxford Cortical Structural Atlas now calls the 'Supplementary Motor Area' the 'Juxtapositional Lobule Cortex (formerly Supplementary Motor Cortex)'. I've looked for papers that explain the name change but haven't managed to locate any. All the papers I've found either continue to use SMA or give both ('JLC formerly SMC') without explanation. Where did this change originate? Is JLC the accepted term now?</p>


问:
Is type-II error correlated to g?
IQ tests often feature puzzles where the subject must identify and extrapolate a pattern in a sequence of symbols. One might hypothesize that someone who is good at doing that would also be good at finding patterns in random symbols, or otherwise finding connections between unrelated things. This may lead to a tendency to believe that things are connected when they aren't. Is there any research demonstrating a relationship between the ability to see patterns and the tendency to find patterns when they "aren't there?"

Clearly, someone who can't see any patterns would never commit type-II error, but on the other hand someone who can see lots of patterns may have well-calibrated instincts from experience with other patterns that appeared to them but later turned out to not be there. It's not obvious to me how those competing factors would balance out as you went from low-g to high-g.

Title: Is type-II error correlated to g?


问:
Rates of parental burnout for parents with ASD children/disability
In a question from Academic SE, there was a description of parent's of a student on the spectrum refusing to be contacted by the university. I suspect that his parents may be suffering from burn out/mental exhaustion, hence they do not want to be contacted with concerns about their child at university. I am struggling to find studies or reports of parental burnout, especially for parents of children with ASD. Otherwise are there rates for parents with disability in general? The assumptions may be wrong and there are minimal or no impact on the parents?

This 2015 question discusses "What cognitive processes occur during a mental exhaustion or 'burnout'?"


问:
is there any psychological condition that fits what I describe?
I was observing some condition. most people (that I observed), if they do something (mentally) to someone, they will tend to have the same feeling like 'the someone' is doing the same to them.

example, if person a is lying to person b, person a would think that person b is lying too to person a, although it may not. it is something like anxiety that appears due to our fault.

so, is there any psychological condition that fits the description?
what is the name, and how exactly it is (?)

I'm trying to search it over the internet but couldn't find any. maybe because I used wrong keyword or something.


问:
How the percentage of disability is measured in India in case of autism, ADHD, learning disability etc?
How the "percentage" of disability is measured in India in case of cognitive difficulties such as autism, ADHD, learning disability, intellectual disability etc?</p>


问:
What activity causes the highest level of brain-activity?
I expect balancing on a tightrope and juggling apples while listening to Mozart would trigger more brain activity than say playing chess, and while there are many ways to measure/define brain activity, still, is there any human activity that is known to be 'the most taxing'?

Brain activity I suppose can be measured as some function of below suggestions, or is there a commonly accepted definition?

Energy consumption

Number of neurons/synapses involved

Amount input 'data' consumed

Amount of output 'data' generated


问:
Scientific basis for the existence of microaggression
Microaggression has been used in the articles and has become more commonplace in the public discourse.

I remember reading articles proposing existence of microaggressions but have not seen any psychology lab research confirming its existence. There has been vehement hostility from conservative commentators claiming that microaggression is a pseudoscience based on "biased interview questions, reliance on narrative and small numbers of respondents, problems of reliability, issues of replicability, and ignoring alternative explanations" - Microaggression article on Wikipedia

What is the best evidence so far for the existence of microaggression?


问:
How can sound and music be used with 'Fractionation' to reach deeper levels of mind?
On Quora I read: "Fractionation is going in and out a state repeatedly in order to reach deeper levels."

How can sound and music be used with this method to reach deeper levels e.g. more theta brainwaves?

Here I am referring to fractionation in hypnosis not in seduction.

thanks, k


问:
Can repetitive music help remember by increasing theta waves?
Can repetitive music (minimal) help remember by increasing theta waves?

As far as I understand theta waves are involved in memory tasks. If correct, can I try increase theta waves with audio neuro-feedback to help remember or find clarity on a question? I am thinking about something very simple like drumming with 4-6 beats per second.

Cheers! k


问:
possible relation of catatonic schizophrenia situations with unconscious mind parts based of the point of view of Recent situations
I have some symptom of schizophrenia maybe some parts of five types of it. So i detected some inner disorder symptom like catatonic schizophrenia, in this situation i searched for the result and analyzed my  last thought and body languages so i detected that there is some relation between this situation (like Agitation) with those last situation, i guess there is some communication between some part of unconscious mind with my EGO based of point view to environment form those recent situations:

so maybe find some communication between inner child which want to show somethings and be possible to understand by tracking the last thoughts and be awaking to physical senses and emotional relation by this part of unconscious mind, or in some other situation could be from some archetype of Jung theory communication with ego ...

SO i am not familiar with this knowledge and want to know more scientific information's about this hypothesis.

I would be appreciate your help for understanding more about this conditions.

Thanks a lot


问:
PLotting multiple z-scored images in Nilearn
I have 7 z-scored images correlated to the 7 components from cerebellar cerebellar derived ICA resting state components.  Using nilearn or any other plotting packages for that matter I would like to generate a map with all the networks on it is separate colors.</p>


问:
Is serotonin syndrome something we can predict before it happens?
I’m taking currently two antidepressants. Will adding a third or fourth antidepressant to my treatment plan cause serotonin syndrome?</p>


问:
What's the importance of reward on acquiring expert level skill?
I've been reading into Anders Ericssons work on expertise and as made popular by Malcom Gladwell(though quoted incorrectly) is the requirement of accumulating large amounts of "deliberate practice"(Practice with a specific goal in mind with adequate feedback). I was also looking into Daniel Coyle's work on skill development and he follows a sort of similar theory in the sense that he does agree with deliberate practice, but puts more of an emphasis on "reaching" which can be defined as practicing and pushing yourself slightly outside your abilities with every practice session.

I don't see a reason to disagree with the above, but I pose another question which is how does one achieve consistency in the above described practice, which is usually tiring and require discipline (sometimes the mood just doesn't strike us to practice much less practice at the edge of our abilities).

My theory is that those who persist and are consistent in their practice over a long period of time in pursuit of expertise either deliberately or not have a reward system(Something releases dopamine as a result of practicing). It seems reasonable that people are only motivated to do a task where there is a positive correlation between reward and difficulty. So my question is how important is reward in your guys' opinion in achieving expertise? How can we add more reward to practice if it is important?


问:
The hypothesis of a kind of life for archetypes of particular patterns in human societies
Can concepts such as the archetype (ancient patterns) in Jung's theory have a life in human societies, and if so, can these concepts become contaminated and diseased?

A look at  religion introduces it like a virus mentioned in Richard Dawkins' talk.

A kind of life that may be a kind of clever life resulting from evolution among members of one species, perhaps Jung 's work can somehow channel this into science.

For example, can a concept like God or Satan have a life in this domain (within the collective subconscious of humans) and become contaminated by the overuse and the pathogenic look of humans, and therefore whether systems like this have a collective subconscious? Defense systems (referred to by Freud) can be upgradable. And can the poems of individuals such as sohrab sepehri or Mansur Al-Hallaj about God and Satan in this respect be somehow related to the question of the evolution and enhancement of the defense systems of these subconscious components?


问:
N-Back implementation?
I'm a programmer writing a small n-Back test/game app,and certain things are still ambiguous to me:
1-is there a standard implementation used in research(for example displaying a sequence of pictures or using a 3x3 grid) ?

2-what is the correct way to implement higher n-backs for example tri & quad using a 3x3 grid like this one  ,can I use different colors for the other two stimuli or do they have to be completely different (for example A color and an auditory stimulus for dual n-back),and is it okay to use arbitrary large grids or does it have to be 3x3,and if it was okay is there any adjustment that needs to be accompany such change(for example is there a constraint based on the n in n-back that limits the size of the grid?).

3-would A letter and it's color used to create a dual n-back, be considered 2 non interfering stimuli in the same way a a visual stimulus and an auditory one are? and if not is there a resource that defines interfering and non interfering stimuli?

4-when calculating the score should using interfering stimuli be scored differently from non interfering ones?

5-would adding visual effects (for example animating the a list of pictures moving from left to right) instead of displaying them sequentially affect the result in any way, or is it okay?

Title: N-Back implementation?


问:
Paradoxical thoughts in complex thinking like god concept
Concerning some of the mental states that need to be solved by a complex problem (Complex Thinking of Edgar Morion), for example in relation to the concept of God there is some kind of paradox or contradictory thought in the mental systems facing this situation, I guess There is. (Mybe ralated to old said about madness danger of thinkng in this field)

What kind of reaction can this be classified as a Psychlogical
defense mechanism?

Is it a type of separation behavior with an intrinsic defense
mechanism in such a way that a complex problem from different angles
may represent contradictory concepts, Human intelligence tries to
internalize its contradictory dimensions in order to understand it
and, since it disturbs one's mental equilibrium, it seeks to
disassociate these dimensions, and in so doing, reaching to
paradoxial thought in the mind?

If the analysis is to some extent true, what tags are useful for
searching the Internet ?

what is the evolutionary trend of this behavior?

What other defense mechanism using in this situation?

Finally dose this behavior seen in artificial intelligence? what relatice expression used for this behavior?

Thanks


问:
Does this Rat psychological developmental mechanism also work in human?
In this epigenetics tutorial by University of Utah (Browser requires to support and allow adobe flash player); it is shown that in rat model those rat kids get little or no maternal care, whenn adult, develops aggression, lack of calmness etc. Whereas the rat kids got more maternal care and nurturing, developed better cope-up at stress, relaxed very quickly after stress. They credit this to hippocampal GR (glucocorticoid receptor protein) gene overexpression in the more nurtured rat kid (and underexpression of GR gene in uncared rat kid) as well as difference in expression in "hundreds of genes". (The adobe flash app even offers a "rat pup licking game"!)

Screenshot of the app.

Does this principle also work on human? There is a common popular belief that stress makes a person more resilient to stress. But at least in the rat example at least partly that popular assumption did not apply. The rat which lacked maternal adore at childhood, developed underexpressed hippocampal GR gene throughout the rest-of-the-life, and though they have specific advantage to specific situation, they could not quckly relief from stress. In contrast, more nurtured rat kid developed overexpression of hippocampal GR gene that helped them fast recover after stress.

My question is; this principle found in rats (which is also at a contrary to a certain popular belief), does also apply on humans? Such as if a human kid get less nurturing and more struggle or stess, will she or he develop less-resilience/ delayed recovery from stress at later life? as well if a human kid get proper maternal care and nurturing then she or he will develop more adaptibility and faster recovery from stress? If yes, is it due to similar set of genes?


问:
Theory to predict technological change reaction
When machines are in control of society's work (assume all),what are the people'say reaction. Is there a theory that can predict humans reaction when something superior like this comes?(perhaps envy or pride related )</p>


问:
Purported exorcisms - can hypnosis cause a person to temporarily experience phenomena similar to those labelled as "DID"?
I've seen several videos/documentaries featuring (usually self-proclaimed) exorcists, both Catholic and Protestant, who perform "exorcism" ceremonies in which they "cast out demons".

I'm personally a Christian, but I have some scepticism about the validity of these ceremonies, partly because I suspect that most of what's happening is that the pastor is inducing psychological phenomena of hysteria and euphoria in people through psychological conditioning techniques (links to more general scientific research in this area from informed readers would be welcome, btw).

What I find harder to explain is that many of these people, during the exorcism, actually begin speaking and behaving as if the actual "demon" is communicating.  I have posted links to videos below where people start speaking to the pastor using complete sentences, laughing maniacally and taunting the pastor, all while supposedly the "demon" is doing the talking.  This seems like a really extreme psychological phenomenon to be caused through simple psychological manipulation.  I should explain that this happens after the people are subjected to significant psychological suggestion, like the pastor addressing the demon and telling them to "come out", etc.

Is it possible that a person, in the right circumstances, could be induced to believe that they are a different entity, and to communicate as if they were that entity, in a fashion which seems similar to what I (a layman) imagine is the psychological phenomenon labelled as "Dissociative Identity Disorder"?

I should add that I, a layman, am highly sceptical of psychiatry and the validity of labels like DID, but that's probably an unrelated topic.

Here are links to two of the most dramatic examples:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dUOAmOX5LFI;

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ieMSo6Y_LZc

And YouTube titles of other videos:

"You may never see an exorcism this violent. Murders 1,000 years ago still haunt a man today."
"John Safran vs God - Exorcism"
"The Exorcist Claiming To Cure The Sick Of Their Demons: The Murky Truth Of Modern Exorcisms"


问:
Importance of memory on learning?
I've been studying into the important of memory and learning. I think it's undeniable that part of learning is requiring the retrieval of information at the relevant times, but the counter argument I've heard is that understanding is more important, but I always pose the question "isn't understanding just a combination or applications of things you know? Since you know it that means you must have memorized it." To which people usually don't have a good counterargument or concede that it's plausible. I'd like to test my theory on the importance of memory in learning. I argue that all of learning is dependent upon memory in some form or another, therefore if someone wants to better their learning they need to better their ability to remember and retrieve relevant information in situations.</p>

Title: Importance of memory on learning?


问:
Avoidance Vs. Procrastination? Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and the go-no-go task
The left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (Ldlpfc) and the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmpfc) has been identified as having some positive functional correlation to procrastination.

From what I gather, this is because

the left-lateral PFC tends to be implicated in "go" / "stay" tasks.

The L-dlpfc is a target in brain stimulation for anxiety, to increase contentedness and decrease negative fixation (citations below)

Lets assume two things:

definition: "procrastinating IS DOING something enjoyable at the expense of something more necessary in the longer term"

definition: "avoidance is NOT DOING something which is necessary in the long term".

Clearly these two notions overlap: procrastination is avoidance (because procrastination = avoidance + preferred or distracting activity.

QUESTIONS: It seems like pure avoidance is more akin to "can't-go" and procrastination to the "can't-not-go".

Is there any reason to think that increased right-lateralization  of brain activity (which may help the procrastinator) will not help the avoider?(since this “can’t-go” network is already hyper-active during avoidance and no-go task)

Thoughts and Reference would be greatly appreciated

Identifying the Neural Substrates of Procrastination(nih.gov)

direct current stimulation over right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex alters decision making during approach-avoidance conflict (nih.gov)


问:
Right-wing authoritarianism (RWA) and Social-dominance orientation (SDO) in the World Values Survey
Right-wing authoritarianism (RWA) and Social-dominance orientation (SDO) are two measures often used in (social) psychology studies on political orientation, see e.g. a meta-analysis of Sibley and Duckitt linking them to Big-Five personality factors, or another of Onraet et al. relating them to cognitive abilities.

On the other hand there's a large dataset from the World Values Survey (WVS) that also asks left-right political orientation questions; see for instance Geser (2008). It seems to me sociologists and political scientists rather than psychologists have more often used this dataset.

So, my questions is: are the RWA and SDO measures well correlated with some subset of World Values Survey questions? I.e., can a subset of the latter be used to stand-in for the two more specific instruments?

(This may seem like an odd question, i.e. why use a big questionnaire instead of two small ones, but the WVS dataset covers a lot of countries, in many of which one can hardly find a single RWA/SDO study.)


问:
How can I properly match subjects in my sample based on behavioral performance?
I have brain and behavioral data for which I am comparing two groups- younger and older adults. I would like to select a subset from the younger and older group that are matched for behavioral performance, in addition to ensuring that other factors do not confound the behavioral performance, such as education and IQ. I was wondering how I can go about systematically creating these two age group subsets? I was reading a bit on propensity score matching and was wondering if this is the way to go?
Thank you!</p>


问:
EDA explorer - artifact detection vs artifact correction
my question is related to this post -> Open-source software for analyzing Electrodermal activity

The eda explorer, especially the online version, is quite nice and handy. However, it does not provide an automatic artifact correction, but “only” an artifact detection. In your text above, you described that “the noisy data can subsequently be removed”. I wonder how I can remove this noisy data. As far as I understand, I have to replace the noisy data points with clean data points. Otherwise, there are missing data points or the measurement time decreases by the amount of noisy data. Do you know what I mean? Maybe this is quite lame question, but I am struggling at this point.

I am looking forward to your help! Thanks a lot

Cheers TSM


问:
Are there studies in psychology on how psychology researchers design experiments?
For example, give subjects a research topic, and observe how they conduct psychology experiments, in order to study the psychology of those who are asked to study psychology.</p>


问:
Are there scales to measure parental autonomy support from the parents' perspective? (Self-determination theory)
Self-determination theory posits that parental autonomy support (PAS) has myriad benefits for children. All the studies I have been able to find either rate PAS based on observing parents interact with their children and coding the observations, or administer scales to the children to assess their perceptions of PAS. Do you know of any scales that directly ask parents about their behaviors in order to measure autonomy support?

Thank you!


问:
How can one detect ACC, PCC or any other medial cortical activity with MEG or EEG if it's inside the brain?
Been reading some research involving various brain imaging techniques and it's not my strong point. Really, if the electrodes or SQUIDS measure surface activity, how does one measure what's going on in the medial cortices?</p>


问:
"Wanting to do" without being "able to do"?
For those with disordered avoidance, a common theme is the inability to do something which is beneficial and, perhaps more importantly, even pleasurable.

For those that study motivation, intrinsic or otherwise...

In the situation where one chooses to do nothing or something else --not because it is preferable or more enjoyable but simply because they are unable to psychologically tolerate the object of their own desire....

Question: what does it mean to "want to" if one is unable to force oneself to do? And, what areas of the brain are competing in such a struggle with the self?

(Differentiate this from procrastination in which there is a preference for one active over another in the short term)


问:
On which bases Porges claims that mobilitization activation inhibits perception of positive social signals?
I'm reading Polivagal Theory by Stephen Porges. There Is one statement that is not entirely clear ( Sorry if Im not using proper technical terms but that book Is one of the few which is not in english among my books) to me.

At some point he claims that social engagement and motion activation (sport) are not compatibile and entering motion state inhibits detection of social engagement.

However I cannot connect that to other parts of the theory. While I believe a perceived state of danger may inhibits positive social signs detection, I cannot understand why also mobilization may prevent the same thing. That's sound like socialization Is harder when performing sports which is somewhat counter intuitive.


问:
Why are some specific names / items harder to remember
I will take an example specific to myself to illustrate:

Having a very solid music culture and a quite good one about movies, a few cues usually help me remember the works in question.

Sometimes I am confronted to a name, like a movie name, or a song name and I know that this one, this specific one, I will have a hard time to remember its name. I feel it right away.
And sure enough, this is usually right and I just can't remember the name, no matter if I see it written many times. I know the audio, the visuals, I can feel it, but I don't know the words.

It seems to happen with very specific names and it very rare; it almost feels like 'oh, this word is mapped to a specific black hole in my memory, and I can't register it'; it's not an age thing, it was always like that.

What is interesting is that I know it at the beginning; the question is if I prime myself for forgetting it, or if I know there is some characteristic of it that I can't handle.

So, assuming I'm not unique in this, my question is: what would make some things hard vs. simple to memorize when they seemingly require the same effort to evaluate and remember?

OwnerDisplayName: Thomas


问:
A set of rules that defined requisites for two individuals becoming close. I can't seem to remember the rules of the theorem
A long time ago (early in my undergrad), in one of my Psychology courses, I was exposed to this list (not sure if it was some established, well known theory or just some list that my textbook had come up with) that listed things that brought two people closer together. The only thing I remember on the list was "time spent together", in that the more time two individuals spend with each other, in particular alone, the closer they become.

Does this ring a bell to anyone? Do you know any sort of lists (from a source, possibly your own head) that are similar to this? I'm really just curious, it was something I thought about a lot when I was younger and want to revisit it for fun.


问:
Mental fatigue and recovery schedule
(Complete novice here)

I am looking for some research or publications that would tackle the question of how much rest is required for good mental performance / productivity and is there a schedule that would describe the relationship of work and rest.

The problem i am trying to solve is that of optimal productivity from a one knowledge worker (e.g. me) who’s output isn’t related directly to hours worked (not call center where every minute online talking to customer equals productivity).
Empirically (observing self and colleagues) I know that working long hours every day leads to worsening productivity, but how many hours can be worked without a productivity dip? What if we measure productivity over a period of a week - is working 12 hours mon-wed and then 6 thu and fri better than working 7 hours daily?
What about need for long break - a vacation, there seems to be a negatively accumulating coefficient.

Any clues to research appreciated. Thanks

Title: Mental fatigue and recovery schedule


问:
What are the underlying basis/mechanism for inattentiveness in ADHD?
I have been exploring inattentive ADHD and I am really struggling to understand the difference between clinically significant inattentiveness in people with ADHD versus non-clinically significant inattentiveness.

Are there good explanations and evidence of neurological differences that can help me understand the pathways?

I am not sure whether a discussion about the differences in brain structure would be helpful in elucidating and elaborating the differences.  I could not find anything relevant in this SE, the brain structure differences in hyperactivity has been discussed in this question but nothing really about inattentiveness in ADHD - Which brain areas are linked to Hyperactivity in ADHD?


问:
Are perceptual defense and cognitive avoidance still recognized as existing mechanisms in psychology?
"Perceptual defense" is supposed to be a tendency to switch attention away from stimuli with negative valence; perhaps a kind of "cognitive avoidance". While doing a literature review on these two concepts, I have found much research from the 60s and 70s, but not so much contemporary work---and most of the contemporary articles are from marketing or neighboring disciplines, rather than psychology proper.

Is this because perceptual defense and cognitive avoidance have fallen out of favor as explanatory tools in psychology?


问:
Chance of receptiveness to ritual / placebo
I've been reading about how rituals (performed right before a task) increase confidence and readiness for the task, and improve performance by "dulling the neural response to performance failure" (source), and that they work by triggering the placebo effect. This lead me to my question: what is the probability of a ritual to cause this positive effect on a randomly chosen person?

I didn't manage to find any statistics or useful numbers regarding what part of the population is receptive to placebo.


问:
E-Prime Scripting Issue: Pulling a Random Number from a Normal Distribution
I am using E-Prime (version 3) to design an experiment. In my script I have the following

Variable = Random(1,100)

This makes my variable a random number ranging from 1 to 100.

I would like to make this variable be a random value pulled from a normal distribution, rather than just a random number from 1 to 100. Is there a specific command that executes this in E-Prime? Or will I have to generate more code for this?


问:
Buddhist monks/nuns and long-term effects of sexual abstinence on psyche
As far as I know, psychologists have speculated for a long time about the long-term effects of abstinence from sex and of sexual frustration. Some of them, including Wilhelm Reich (I think), have claimed that such abstinence has negative impacts. I wonder how the apparent happiness of Buddhist monks can be explained by such theories. Of course, one may question if they are really happy. But it is often said by observers that monks are cheerful people (see, for example, Professor Richard Davidson's descriptions). And Gautama Buddha, the founder of Buddhism, claimed that his teachings aimed liberation from suffering. In his view, suffering is caused by craving and attachment.

At least since the 20th century, western psychologists have shown interest in Buddhism. One can here name like Erich Fromm and Carl Jung, among others, as psychologists who have written positively about Buddhism.


问:
Schizophrenia relation between brain theta wave or kundalini and
Is there a connection between the Kundalini force and the brain waves in relation to the question-based meditation link below?

Which Meditation Techniques Correlate Best with Certain Brain-Waves?

And what are the characteristics of the brain theta wave, besides is there a link between the illusions of schizophrenia and the increase in theta waves in the brain? And what if there is a new science in place of the Kundalini force instead of what they have said?

Link to an Amateur Talk about Kundalini and Schizophrenia on YouTube:
https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=-G0S6s7DGKU

I found this paper with this topic:

Schizophrenia or spiritual crisis? On "raising the kundalini" and its diagnostic classification

Two patients are described who had been diagnosed as schizophrenic,
  but had actually instead been going through spiritual crises, which in
  Eastern spiritual tradition are called raising the kundalini. Perhaps
  this experience is not a disease, but many--especially if not
  understood by oneself, the nearest relations and the medical
  profession--cause mental illness. In WHO ICD-10 the experience could
  be classified as F48.8, disordines neurotici specificati alii. The
  process falls outside the categories of both normal and psychotic.
  When allowed to progress to completion this process culminates in deep
  psychological balance, strength, and maturity.

I would greatly appreciate it if you kindly give me some feedback on this research data.


问:
Neuralink in depression treatment
In this article there is a statement that

Neuralink can help people with Parkinson’s disease, epilepsy, and
  depression by promptly sending electric pulses into the areas
  responsible for their specific symptoms.

Could you refer me to the detailed information about depression treatment via
Neuralink?

Title: Neuralink in depression treatment


问:
Can some one operate 15 points lower during some part of the day and then return to normal?
Few days back I took an IQ test (online mensa norway) and found my IQ score to be 85. I actually had my IQ professionally tested 16 months ago by a psychologist when I was 18, and found out that I am pretty average (I got a score of 101).

I know that online tests are not valid, possibly explaining the lower score of 85. Nonetheless, mensa seems OK,as they claim that their test was correlated with other standardized tests.

So my question is: can IQ within- test (i.e.., test / re-test scores) vary over periods of time (say months to a few years, or even from a day to day basis?), or are the differences observed here better explained by between-test variability?


问:
How to reduce the chance of being manipulated?
What makes some people more suseptible to manipulation and having their opinions swayed relative to others? Are there character traits which highlight who might be more easily manipulated, or is it a frame of mind?

And in either case, how might someone that is easily manipulatable change their behaviour and/or frame of mind to protect themselves from being so?


问:
"Golder standard" RNA-seq datasets for neurodegenerative diseases
What's your favorite and/or "gold standard" RNA-seq datasets for neurodegenerative diseases?

I come from the field of computational cancer genomics where there are some datasets that are well-known as "high-quality" ones in cancer. I want to benchmark some of the computational tools I'm currently developing on RNA-seq datasets for neurodegenerative diseases: I want to make sure I can identify known regulators with the tools I am testing. Therefore, I am looking for high-quality RNA-seq datasets for neurodegenerative diseases. Any advice on where to find such datasets?


问:
How is "socially gifted" or "social intelligence" defined "in a scientific way" or "semi-objectively"?
Something that has puzzled me is the concept "social intelligence" or "social giftedness".

Partial illustration of problems:

There do not exist consistent general values.

implies: e.g. both "being good with people" and "being bad with people" may be regarded as "social intelligence", just that their goal is different.

both intelligence and giftedness are somewhat vague, because e.g. valuation of them is subjective and because people may not display these traits consistently ("a Ph.D. with 20 years of experience can still be wrong"). That which is intelligent for someone else might not be that for someone else. Unless one can devise some "semi-objective" measure (which is what I'm asking here).

Some people regard these concepts as "being good with people" or "using right kind of communication techniques". However, I find that these are not necessarily suitable for semi-scientific definition, because from these it's not a very long distance to rhetorics.

How is "socially gifted" or "social intelligence" defined "in a scientific way" or "semi-objectively"?

Can there exist a "right type" of "social intelligence"? Judging by that some people exhibit that there exists wrong forms, like bullying, would suggest that some people think there are right and wrong types. However, if this is subjective, then its point is (since I can still disagree)?


问:
What happens neurologically and chemically when an individual is confused?
For example, trying to understand a mathematical problem and its solution, or abstract reasoning, but in the process get lost even have no clear idea of what part is 'not understood'</p>


问:
Research or studies on rapid skill acquisition?
Are there anything studies or research in psychology and neuroscience currently on the rapid acquisition of skills to an expert level?</p>


问:
Decussation of Cranial Nerves
Which cranial nerves decussate apart from the few nerve fibers of the optic nerve that do and how to easilly remember the cranial nerves that do?

Here is a paper for the Trochlear Nerve

But I have found no paper for all 12 of the Cranial Nerves.

It is easier to remember the exceptions.

That way if there are fewer nerves that have some fibers decussate they should be the exception to the general rule that cranial nerves do not deccusate as they are fewer and easier to remember.

Otherwise the general rule is that even they generally decussate and the exception are those that do not have any fibers decussate.

Regardless of which is the exception a mnemonic for the exceptions would be really useful.

Title: Decussation of Cranial Nerves


问:
Choice of Occupation and Negative Childhood Experiences
Is there any evidence to suggest that individuals that were bullied in school as children select occupations that are a means of making people obligated to respect them? For example people that join the police?

My premise is based on observations of a majority of individuals in law enforcement having personality traits that are consistent with the descriptions of the Authoritarian Personality, and I felt that childhood experiences of being unable to cope or predict norms of their social environment may be a good explanation as to why they choose a career that enforces a consistency in the accepted social norms of the society.


问:
How do I make the difference between defensive denial and it being true?
A person, who tries to hide something from himself due to him not being able to cope with that thing, will try to deny it. This is what is called defensive denial. For example, if I say to myself I only smoke to show a girl I like how cool I am, it's actually me trying to cope up with the fact that I have smoking addiction which has nothing to do with any girl. This is one of the methods of defense our brain uses to deal with anxiety and things we don't want to know about ourselves. My question is, how do I know the difference between me denying that thing due to me not being able to cope with the truth and me simply telling the truth. For example, if I say to myself, I don't want to become a dancer, how do I know if this is a form of defensive denial and I actually want to become a dancer but I'm hiding it due to some deeper reason, and  me actually not wanting to become a dancer?</p>


问:
Becoming an expert with accumulative hours of practice much less than the average expert?
Anders Ericsson's work is famous for creating the idea of "deliberate practice" and its creation of experts, but Anders also talks about how long hours are inevitable in becoming an expert. Let's examine this on the standard of running. In 1960 a less than 5 minute mile was impossible, but now it's impressive but having a closer to 4 minute flat mile run is more impressive. We can maybe assume people didn't train as long as people do now to achieve that which would support Anders, but what if the variance in time spent training between 1960 runners and now is about the same, just that our training methodologies have allowed runners to easily surpass that speed. My question is what allows someone to become an expert in shorter time? What features of training methods IN ANY field (not just running) allows someone to acquire expertise in a field faster than other methodologies? Can we evaluate such methodologies?</p>


问:
Analyze a IPIP Survey with semantic differential and a spider web modal
I conducted an IPIP survey with 20 groups of 100 participants.
Now I have to analyze the survey.

The website https://ipip.ori.org/newScoringInstructions.htm says:

Once numbers are assigned for all of the items in the scale, just sum all the values to obtain a total scale score.

Instead, I calculated an average value for each question.
I think I can compare the results of the groups better this way.
Is the evaluation still valid?

I have represented the result as semantic differential and a spider web modal.


问:
Memory Retention : isolated information vs emphasized information in a heap
I have observed that when learning new words (vocabulary building), if we are presented with, say, 5 new words in these 2 manners:

only 5 words presented in isolation

40 words presented, with 5 words emphasized

then, the retention of those 5 words is more in the second case.

Similarly, if we are studying some subject, and we are presented with a summary of important points in one case, and a collection of several points with important points underlined, then there is more retention in the second case.

To generalize the observation: Memory retention is more if information is presented accentuated among a heap of other information, than when it is presented in isolation.

Is my observation correct? Have other people witnessed it in some form? And why does this happen?

Further, can someone point me to some references if research has been done on this? I couldn't think of a keyword to search for this on the web.


问:
Can Emotional Detachment Disorder lead to Sociopathy?
Both are "learned" (non-genetic) disorders with a small set of overlapping traits/symptoms, usually starting early in life. Are they connected in any way?</p>


问:
Are people better at interpreting CNF or DNF?
We have a development in our application in which our users can create a report based on different parameters, say ($x_1,\dots,x_n$), with each $x_i$ taking values in a set $X_i$.

The report can take as input any type of logical formula of the form $x_{k_1} @ \dots @ x_{k_m}$ where $@$ represents a disjuntion $\lor$ or a conjuction $\land$ ($@ \in \{\land, \lor\}$). The report will return a population whose features under the formula are true. For example, I can input the formula $$(x_{k_1} < 50 ) \land (x_{k_2} = T \lor x_{k_3} =F)$$ and I will see all the results with those parameters satisfied.

A known result in Boolean logic says that any type of such formula can be represented in conjunctive normal form (CNF) or disjunctive normal form (DNF).

Do you know of any research on the question of whether humans are better at interpreting logical formulas in CNF or DNF versus a less structured form? Moreover, is there any research on whether CNF or DNF is more intuitive than the other?


问:
How many axons and dendrites are entering and exiting human male internal urethral sphincter?
As I know, this information is not available yet. If indeed it is not available, this question may wait for future answers. I have known out that some parts of human connectome are already mapped, so it might be already available. I have looked some sites, and seems it is not easy to find it for me. So, by answers to this question, I will see, and other readers may see, how much this knowledge is available.

I think, this question may also get answers about whether borders of internal urethral sphincter are strictly defined, and about how to navigate to or access the connectome data.


问:
I can't understand the comparison made by Kahneman
The chapter "Risk Policies", in Kahneman's "Thinking, Fast and Slow", opens with this example, which makes vivid the pitfalls of relying on our intuitions in choosing between bets:

Imagine that you face the following pair of concurrent decisions. First examine both decisions, then make your choices.

```<code>Decision (i): Choose between
A. sure gain of <span class="math-container">$240
B. 25% chance to gain $</span>1,000 and 75% chance to gain nothing

Decision (ii): Choose between
C. sure loss of <span class="math-container">$750
D. 75% chance to lose $</span>1,000 and 25% chance to lose nothing
</code>```

Most people, looking at both concurrently, choose A and D. Now consider this second choice:

```<code>AD. 25% chance to win <span class="math-container">$240 and 75% chance to lose $</span>760
BC. 25% chance to win <span class="math-container">$250 and 75% chance to lose $</span>750
</code>```

Clearly, any sane person will choose BC here; it dominates option AD.

However, AD is exactly the combination of options A and D, while BC is the combination of B and C.

But I cant understand how "sure gain of $240" option is transformed to "25% chance to win $240" and why these suggestions are equivalent? Am I missing something?


问:
Do we still not know whether violent video games negatively affect players?
As per the answer to the 2018 question on this site about the same topic, we did not know whether there was a causal link between exposure to violent video games and aggressive behavior because the experts were divided and were upholding opposite believes.

Today, however, my Googling of 'violent video games' mostly reveals news articles about studies from 2019 that are supposed to disprove this purported link. Examples of such articles: CNBC, Forbes, CNN, The New York Times. These articles link to such studies and quote experts' opinions.

Courtesy of the Oxford Internet Institute and the University of Oxford, this new study was published in Royal Society Open Science and is being touted as being one of the most comprehensive studies on the subject to date.

(emphasis mine)

As time has gone on, he said, "the evidence has become pretty clear that, where there are correlations, it's probably because of a third factor." For example, boys have historically been more likely to play video games, and they also happen to be more aggressive than girls on average, Przybylski said.

If I read these articles correctly, they seem to mean that the lack of causal link here is nowadays the dominant opinion among experts. CNBC even says:

The APA has reiterated for years that there is no connection between violent video games and violent actions.

Although this statement seems simply untrue: APA resolution on Violent Vide Games, APA Review Confirms Link Between Playing Violent Video Games and Aggression , APA task force on violent media. My bad: the APA differentiates between violence and aggression; they link violent games to aggression but not violence

CNN on the other hand explicitly says that:

The American Psychological Association has yet to update its policy statement on video games and aggression, and other groups, such as the American Academy of Pediatrics, also warn against violent media.

And they link to this AAP policy statement which is far more dire than what APA had released, even in spite of the harsh criticism APA faced for their policy statement.

However, importantly, the above APA and AAP statements are from 2015 - 2016 while the news articles I link to are from 2019 - much could have changed within 3 years.

Given the lack of new statements released by APA nor AAP that I know of that would either reaffirm or reverse their 2015-16 positions about the subject, I believe it is appropriate if I ask my question:

As of 2019, are the experts still divided in the subject, or is the lack of causal link here becoming the dominant opinion among experts?


问:
Has sharing non peer reviewed sources decreased or increased beliefs in pseudoscience?
I haven't found a detailed study of this, but here would be an example. If people shared a site that talked about the dangers of global warming, but wasn't peer reviewed, does this increase awareness, or does it actually give more credibility to global warming denial sites, since they are on equal footing, both being non peer reviewed? A global warming denialist argument is that a debate still exists (it doesn't), which has been good enough to cause skepticism and lack of action.

I know sites generally have incentives to get their articles or videos shared, so they would rather make their own summaries of scientific results, rather than just link to proper references. But pseudoscience sites can also reference peer reviewed sources, they just give their own interpretations of them. But why should anyone believe one site over another, since the standards for credibility are gone (which all of these sites perpetuate, pseudoscience or not)?

Or is it the case that non peer reviewed sites draw attention to issues in a way peer reviewed sources don't, and while there may be some collateral damage with lowering of standards, people are being swayed by pseudoscience sites either way?

So the main question is, has sharing non peer reviewed sites caused more damage than good in combating pseudoscience (including this site)?


问:
An example from Health Psychology
Is bolded "less" right? Shouldn't it be more?

Now, let's suppose we did our cross-sectional study and found that the cholesterol content of adults' diets decreased with age. We would then like to know why this is so. One possible answer is that people change their diets as they get older because they feel more vulnerable to heart disease. So we asked the oldest group, using the retrospective approach, if they feel more vulnerable and eat less high-cholesterol food today than they used to.
Sure enough, they said yes. But another reason for the current age differences in diet could be that the older adults never ate diets as high in cholesterol as those of the younger adults. So we asked the oldest group to describe the diets they ate 10 or 20 years ago. The diets they described contained less cholesterol than their current diets (which we already knew) and the current diets of the 35- and 45-year-olds in our study! This finding reflects the fact that the older subjects grew up at a different time, when food preferences or availability may have been different.

Sarafino, E. P., & Smith, T. W. (2014). Health psychology: Biopsychosocial interactions. John Wiley & Sons.

Title: An example from Health Psychology


问:
What is the current view of which emotions exist?
I had previously drawn a map of which emotions exists based on this paper: https://www.pnas.org/content/114/38/E7900.

But now that I opened my college textbook 'understanding motivation and emotion' by Johnmarshall Reeve I find that he uses another set of emotions such as anger and contempt (basic emotions) that isn't a part of the above mentioned paper's model. I find in the book's references that his writing is based on papers older than the one I have linked, but the book is of an edition written more recently than the paper. He mentions that he has spent his entire life in the field of emotion and motivation, so are the ones in the paper i linked still debated?

What is the current view on which emotions to exist, as an industry standard and/or are the most accurate, and that I should model my view of human emotions to fit?

Vincent-Emil


问:
Are there disadvantages to spaced repetition?
In his essay Michael Nielsen talks about his way of learning about new field of study. He's using spaced-repetition to remember things he learned. It seems that he adds a lot of information into his system.

Example of two questions he adds to his system, after reading one paper is

"What does Jones 2011 claim is the average age at which physics Nobelists made their prizewinning discovery, over 1980-2011?” (Answer: 48)

“Which paper claimed that physics Nobelists made their prizewinning discovery at average age 48, over the period 1980-2011?” (Answer: Jones 2011)

Are there any disadvantages from trying to remember so much information? I don't mean the obvious ones like time it takes to create cards / test them.
I think I read somewhere that there is a tradeoff between memory flexibility and amount of information you can learn but I can't find it now.


问:
What is the best way to overcome: Why facts don't change our minds?
What is the best way to overcome: Why facts don't change our minds?

https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2017/02/27/why-facts-dont-change-our-minds

I want to get climate change deniers to seriously consider the possibility that they may be incorrect. It is very important that we achieve a sufficient quorum of public support so that we can implement the required changes.

I have spent hundreds of hours carefully proving that severe anthropogenic (human caused) climate change is a verified fact that does not even depend on expert opinion. The actual raw uninterpreted climate data proves this all by itself.

I was thinking that this would break through to the remaining 33% climate change skeptics that do not have a financial incentive to lie. What is the expert opinion on changing peoples minds on the basis of irrefutable facts?

When there is a difference of opinion even when one disagrees with an expert it is possible that the expert is incorrect. When one rejects verified facts one is impossibly correct. The former seems to be within the range of normal behavior whereas the latter seem pathological.


问:
Purchasing and Using Encephalogram (EEG)
I am going to purchase an EEG and conduct a series of studies for my MA work. Unfortunately, I come from an undeveloped country so I never had a chance to learn how to use it.

I have a few questions, please, explain to me like I am five:

What are the cheapest / best options for a beginner such as myself to start with?

Will I need any other devices/accessories except the EEG machine and a computer?

What's the best software to store the data and analyze it?

Are there any good how-to books that cover all the important details and nuances that I will require to educate myself?


问:
So, stress (specifically PTSD) can be caused while you're young or older. But is it less likely to go away as you get older?
I know PTSD can occur with many people. But does age influence whether or not you can get over it? For example, someone who was a vet in Vietnam compared to someone who went through a robbery as a kid. Which one would be more likely to recover from their PTSD?</p>


问:
Should Quality of Life-scales (QoL) be included when measuring subjective well-being (SWB)?
I am trying to figure out how subjective well-being is operationalized in relation to a systematic review.

Some authors seems to include CES-D scales when reviewing well-being, categorizing it as "negative affect". Others include quality of life scales, which measures other non-subjective factors.

What scales best operationalize SWB and should QoL-scales be included?


问:
Why should nodes be small in a concept map?
Cañas, A. J., Novak, J. D., & Reiska, P. (2015). How good is my concept map? Am I a good Cmapper?. Knowledge Management & E-Learning: An International Journal, 7(1), 6-19.

This paper was published in 2015 by the inventors of Concept mapping. In this paper, they have listed 7 Criteria for good concept maps. One of these criteria is:

Concept labels in maps should be only one or a few words labeling a specific
  concept.

What is the rationale for this criterion? Is there any empirical study on it? I'd appreciate it if you inform me of studies that have tested or explained why nodes should be small.


问:
Can positive punishment occur when dreaming?
If you dream of experiencing some behaviour involving positive punishment, can this behaviour reinforce itself in real life?</p>


问:
Which features of concept mapping are more helpful than outlining, or vice versa? and why?
Please let us know any studies that compare features of concept mapping with outlining. Many studies have reported both outlining and concept mapping helpful for learning and assessment, but they looked at them as black-boxes. On one hand, although outlining has been around for longer, there are significantly more studies that indicate the effectiveness of concept mapping for learning and assessment. On the other hand, outlining is more widely used among students and researchers. Then, what are the features that differentiate them? Are there specific features that are helpful for some applications but not others?

Here is what we already know:
Miyatsu et al. [1] define the following procedure for outlining:

Read the entirety of the original passage.

Keep in mind how the author structures ideas.

Identify main ideas.

Structure main ideas in the outline.

Use outline as a cue to retrieve information.

These steps are very similar to the procedure advised by Novak and Cañas [2, 3] about designing a good concept map. Especially, steps three and four in the outlining procedure correspond to the progressive differentiation and integrative reconciliation processes defined in Ausubel's Assimilation theory [4], which are the foundation of the concept mapping.
Mayer [5] found outlines as "advance organizers" helpful to facilitate "bridging," i.e., the thinking process one goes through to connect the new knowledge with what they already know [1]. This thinking process results in meaningful learning that is shown to be improved through concept mapping [2]. Lehman et al. [6] compared outlining with concept mapping, but found no significant differences between their uses, although results were leaning towards greater improvements with the mapping condition. Also, Bui and McDaniel [7] compared the use of skeletal outlines to illustrative diagrams in improving free recall and short-answer questions; while both conditions were significantly effective for free recall compared to a control, those using illustrative diagrams had performed significantly better than students using skeletal outlines, particularly for low-ability learners. Therefore, free recall may not depend on how students organize or visualize information, but it does effectively change improvements in short answer questions. Kiewra [8] compared using matrices against outlining on comparative information, with the former having visual properties that allow users to create relationships between different categories of information that the latter often overlooks. Hansell [9] suggested the use of "post organizers" or "arrays," which use a combination of "words, lines, and arrows," similar to that of concept maps. This was shown to have significantly improved the ability for students to outline as it focuses on "identifying relevant ideas and fitting these into a meaningful pattern." As a result, the visualization of information may have played a large role in enabling students to process information to a deeper level.

References:

1- Miyatsu, T., Nguyen, K., & McDaniel, M. A. (2018). Five popular study strategies: their pitfalls and optimal implementations. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 13(3), 390-407.

2- Novak, J. D., & Cañas, A. J. (2008). The theory underlying concept maps and how to construct and use them. Florida Institute for Human and Machine Cognition, 2008.

3- Cañas, A. J., Novak, J. D., & Reiska, P. (2015). How good is my concept map? Am I a good Cmapper?. Knowledge Management & E-Learning: An International Journal, 7(1), 6-19.

4- Ausubel, D. G. (1963). Cognitive Structure and the Facilitation of Meaningful Verbal Learning1. Journal of teacher education, 14(2), 217-222.

5- Mayer, R. E. (2008). Applying the science of learning: Evidence-based principles for the design of multimedia instruction. American psychologist, 63(8), 760.

6- Lehman, J. D., Carter, C., & Kahle, J. B. (1985). Concept mapping, vee mapping, and achievement: Results of a field study with black high school students. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 22(7), 663-673.

7- Bui, D. C., & McDaniel, M. A. (2015). Enhancing learning during lecture note-
taking using outlines and illustrative diagrams. Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, 4(2), 129-135.

8- Kiewra, K. A. (2002). How classroom teachers can help students learn and teach them how to learn. Theory into practice, 41(2), 71-80.

9- Hansell, T. S. (1978). Stepping up to outlining. Journal of Reading, 22(3), 248-252.


问:
Common latent feature among all "memory techniques"
So I've been delving into "memory techniques" and people who compete in memory competitions(memorizing and reciting a poem in a small amount of time, memorizing a deck of cards, memorizing pi, etc). I've read books written by competitors as well as blogs in the community and have up with this list of techniques that are generally accepted as used in a competitive setting.

Memory Palace: You allocate what you're trying to memorize into a visualization of a place you are familiar with

Pegging: You link one piece of information to another by getting an association even if the two subjects are not related(memorizing your grocery list by remembering your first item in the list is "pickle" and that rhymes with "sickle" which is used to cut grain so you deduce the 2nd item is "rice")

Projecting: A method used by some to memorize poems or story is to place themselves in it and see it firsthand in their mind

These are just a couple examples to prove a theory. My theory is all memory techniques are just spreading new knowledge across many neurons. In theory our brain works by when a neuron fires off, adjacent neurons fire off and we remember something.

So my theory is that all memory techniques just exploit this by embedding new knowledge into a breadth of neurons. Any thoughts or opinions on this? What makes a good "memory strategy" that is supported by what we know about the human brain?


问:
What type of statistics test would I run for 2 different treatments assessed using 5 measurements at 4 different time points?
I have a study in which there are 2 groups: control vs drug. All individuals were assessed at 4 different developmental time points and I ran 5 tests at each time point. My goal is to see how the drug impacted their overall performance throughout development (i.e. how the drug affects development). I can't seem to figure out which type of test this would be. I believe it would be a repeated measures style of ANOVA, but I can't determine what it would be specifically. If anyone could give their input, I would really appreciate it. </p>


问:
Why was Synesthesia ignored by psychology researchers for about 100 years?
I have music to shape and color synesthesia. From Wikipedia, I gather that from about 1900 to 2000 psychology research did not see synesthesia as worth studying:

Due to the difficulties in assessing and measuring subjective internal experiences, and the rise of behaviorism in psychology, which banished any mention of internal experiences, the study of synesthesia gradually waned during the 1930s. Marks[7] lists 44 papers discussing colored hearing from 1900 to 1940, while in the following 35 years from 1940 to 1975, only 12 papers were published on this topic. Cretien van Campen graphed the number of publications in the period 1780 - 2000 and noticed a revival of synesthesia studies from the 1980s.

Why was that the case?


问:
Did McClelland ever mentioned about two aditional needs in motivation?
I've been getting classes on psychology of the motivation and my intructor mentioned about McClelland's theory of needs.

Although the wiki entry on the subject is somewhat clear about it. It doesn't mention about the necessity of determination neither the necessity of competence.

In my class my intructor attributed this to McClelland to which him defined those as:

Necessity of determination:

Tendency of to feel protagonist of your his or her own destiny.

Necessity of competence:

Tendency of a person to measure one's own performance with that of others.

I'm not sure where did my professor got those or if McClelland ever mentioned those in his theory.

Perhaps someone with experience in this field can offer some guidance on what's difference between them and how does exactly apply to a person's motivation?. Does it exist a hierarchy here as with Maslow's?.


问:
What studies have been done in the areas of emotional hypersensitivity and over-offendedness?
It seems that emotional hypersensitivity and over-offendedness is on the rise. I've been trying to read up on it but it's hard to find scientifically backed material.

The website "Exploring your mind" has some interesting articles but I have no way of judging their accuracy. For example, The Bad Habit of Being Offended by Everything which has a link to Dealing With Hypersensitive People. While the information presented seems to make sense, it doesn't cite any authors, let alone peer reviewed papers.

What peer reviewed studies have been done in the areas of emotional hypersensitivity and over-offendedness?


问:
What is the difference in meaning between introversion and at least some of the autism spectrum
"Introversion" as I've encountered it is at one end of a polarity in both Jungian preferences and the Big 5. It is at least in theory not seen as intrinsically pathological by psychologists, though it may be roughly treated in some cultures today.

The "autism spectrum" is (now) the DSM-V successor to a DSM-IV which had distinct autism, Asperger's, and ADD/ADHD, and perhaps other conditions which have been folded into a broader autism spectrum. It is seen as a (pathological) behavioral health issue.

Is this disconnect simply because Jungian / Big 5 is not a tool to diagnose pathologies (apart from Jung's remark about pure introverts and pure extraverts being an extreme and pathological exception), and the DSM-V is a tool in an enterprise to diagnose and treat behavioral health issues, or is there another difference between one being treated by psychology as legitimate and the other being treated as pathological?

If it is possible to be an introvert without being on the autism spectrum, or be on the autism spectrum without being an introvert, what would examples of those cases look like, together with a non-autistic extravert and an autistic introvert?

TIA,


问:
Is there a protocol to cluster observed behaviour data?
I have observed a number of users in 3 public parks during the course of 2 months and have identified 60 different types of uses. I can't find a protocol to classify similar uses (not users) into clusters. I know that I should do it manually, and I do believe it is not a complex task, but I would like to follow some basic rules and I cannot find a good source. Could anyone suggest me an author?</p>


问:
Can one use self-hypnosis or subliminal messages to wipe out selected memories from my brain (i.e. selective permanent amnesia)?
Is it possible to use self-hypnosis or subliminal messages to completely forget certain memories from one's brain, to cure from mental disorders as PTSD, if such memories are troubling one's life?</p>


问:
How is a memory lost?
Firstly, I have an incredibly rudimentary understanding of how neurons interact etc.

My understanding of memory representation is that it's a group of interconnected neurons that fire in some particular way when the memory is recalled. Assuming this to be the case, what exactly causes a memory to weaken? If it's a weakening of the connections between neurons, say due to a lessening of the number of neurotransmitter receptors (no point replenishing receptors if they're not being used), does the memory seem weaker because the signal literally takes longer to traverse all connections in said group?

For memory loss, do some neurons simply have all their receptors for neurotransmitter X decay and consequently, break the memory? Following this, can neurons have neurotansmitter receptors for multiple neurotransmitters, and can a neuron release multiple neurotransmitters? This would imply that neuron A could be used in the storage of multiple memories. So perhaps a different memory becomes reinforced (more neurotransmitter receptors for neurotransmitter Y), "kicking out" neurotransmitter X?

Cheers

Title: How is a memory lost?


问:
How does a nap affect nighttime sleep duration?
How does a nap of the kind that is often recommended – that is, early afternoon and no more than 30 minutes – affect nighttime sleep, especially the duration of nighttime sleep, but also its quality?

A similar question was asked here, but it referred to much longer daytime sleep, which is generally not recommended.


问:
Does this "near-aphantasia" condition have a name?
Aphantasia is a "condition" where you can't picture things in your mind; I read a few articles about it, and feel like I don't have it, but have something close to it, and would like to know if it has a name.

Aphantasia seems to be a very "strong" condition: in the articles I read, people that described it seemed to not be able to picture anything, e.g. the founder of Mozilla Firefox said he thought "counting sheep" was a metaphor. Now I don't feel anything that strong because I can picture some things, and so I'm wondering if the following "symptoms" are just a normal thing about picturing stuff in your head (it might just be), or if it's a "near-aphantasia" condition, and if it is, if it has a name:

What I can picture is very dim, that is, I can't have a very clear, precise picture in my head. For instance when I try to picture the face of someone I know (which is part of the examples the articles gave) I can see something for a few seconds but it's very fuzzy, doesn't have clear cut boundaries and it disappears quickly, so I'm unable to keep a mental image for more than a few seconds. The same thing happens for landscapes, or any picture that I'm familiar with. It also happens for geometric shapes (I do maths for a living, so I'm often confronted to the situation of having to visualize shapes)

When I manage to visualize things, not only are they very fuzzy as described above, but I also lack control on said representations. To give an example of what I mean, sometimes when I can't sleep I try to actually count sheep (doesn't work, if you were wondering), but it's very hard to make them just go over the fence that I tried to imagine : very often they'll resist and go backwards by some sort of external force, and when I try to push them forward I am often obligated to make the whole world that I tried to picture tip over so that they are forced down by gravity; but even then I can't control the tipping and everything just blows up with me losing control and the sheep just not obeying.
There's a similar phenomenon when, e.g., I think of skiing : I try to picture myself skiing (it's of course just an example) but I can barely control what happens (even though in real life I'm a decent skier) and always end up doing (unwanted) barrel rolls in my head and crashing down, although I specifically try to visualize myself not doing that.

So there are these two phenomena : I can't visualize properly, but not to the point of aphantasia, that is, I can visualize some amount of things, just not properly; and I don't have control over what I do manage to visualize.

I don't know if they're related but they're both of the type "I can't visualize properly".

My specific questions are therefore :

Is this a "special" condition, or is it just something that everyone has and it's just how visualization works ?

If not, do they have a name ? Are they related somehow ?


问:
How to improve the "happiness set point"?
In Wikipedia (https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedonic_treadmill) it says: "The hedonic treadmill, also known as hedonic adaptation, is the observed tendency of humans to quickly return to a relatively stable level of happiness despite major positive or negative events or life changes." This stable level is referred to as the happiness set point.

Are there strategies (backed up by studies / research) that improve this stable level?


问:
Name of an effect, negative amplification
I've read several times about an effect that turns up when you are in a conversation with a person and the person starts suddenly complaining about their job, hobby or relationship.

If one confirms their negative views on the topic, they change into a defensive position and start defending what they criticized before. If one does the opposite, they turn even more negative towards their complaints.

Has this an name?


问:
Reason for experiencing electric current flowing through body during sleep from top to bottom
I know about sleep paralysis and there is several information about it,  available over literature.

Sleep paralysis is a temporary inability to move or speak that occurs
when you're waking up or falling asleep.

But I never read about sensations of some electric current passing through an individual as shown in this figure from top to bottom during sleep. It doesn't comes under the category of sleep paralysis.

When I searched over internet [1], I found almost no proper material to read science behind it.

Is there any research done on (or at-least recognition in literature on existence of) such sensations while sleeping?


问:
Triggering false sense of stimulus
When I pinch my right upper inner thigh I get a tingling sensation on my right upper forearm (on the inner side (near the place my forearm is touching the desk as I type)). I have had similar experiences with stimulus on different regions of the body.

My questions:

How can this be understood in terms of how the different parts of my body are stored in my brain, knowing that perhaps the stimulus signal is also activating the nearby forearm responsible region?

Does this imply that in my evolutionary history my inner thigh and forearm were one(ie femur and radius were one) and that they have since split to form separate limbs, or perhaps just the skin covering those regions was once close and has since split, hence largely sharing the same neural pathways? If so, can this distant past still have such an impact on my perception and senses that I am attributing to it?

What is the best explanation as to why these two regions are stored closely together in the brain, if so is the case?

Have any prominent studies been done on this phenomenon?

Title: Triggering false sense of stimulus


问:
How much ashwagandha to relieve depression?
I've read this article, where is the herb ashwagandha which could treat depression.

Particularly:

In one controlled 60-day study in 64 stressed adults, those who took
  600 mg of high-concentration ashwagandha extract per day reported a
  79% reduction in severe depression, while the placebo group reported a
  10% increase

When I look at the products with ashwagandha, how do I recognize what is close to 600 mg of high-concentration?

There is usually written the percentage of withanolides.

So, how to choose the right daily amount for depression in the particular product with ashwagandha?


问:
What's a clear explanation of "Shared environment"?
I often come across the term "Shared environment" (as opposed to "Non-shared environment"). I think I understand non-shared environment, but shared environment is very confusing to me.

Can someone give a good explanation with examples please? Especially in regards to how can shared environment contribute to any difference at all in explaining variance?

I know the claim is that it explains very little, i.e. most of the variance due to environment is due to non-shared. But how is even a small variance due to shared environment possible? I mean, if two people (or siblings) went to different schools, and their income outcome was different, you could talk about the non-shared environment (school) that was different between them. But if they went to the same school, how can this shared environment contribute to any difference at all, even if very little.


问:
Is there a subfield of psychometrics focused not on test questions but "high-resolution" "behavioral" data?
I'm new here but I thought y'all would be the best place to ask.

Is there some research sub-community that studies how to measure psychological constructs and processes when you have high-resolution behavioral data? I'm vaguely aware of psychometrics but I've only heard of it in the context of designing questionnaires.

To avoid the XY problem, let me describe what I mean a little more. I think I've got a handle on psychometrics as [broadly] the science of measuring psychological states and constructs. In contrast to the questionnaires I often see, I have behavioral data - in particular, I have virtual reality position tracking data. Participants in our experiments wear the headset and use hand controllers and we get position and rotation data at 90Hz over the course of the 5-20 minute experiment. I say this is "high-resolution behavioral data" because it is behaivoral (rather than self-report-based) and high-resolution because the data collected is not a single measure (e.g, how close did someone approach an object in VR?)

There are a lot of ways to measure any proposed construct. For example, one of our rough observations over five-ten years of runnign studies is that some people get super into VR and move around a lot while others don't move around as much. Some explore scenes and others don't. There are a bunch of ways that have been used in the past (standard deviation of yaw angle, total amount of movement, number and average length of fixations, amount of horizontal range that has been 'seen', amount of sphere being seen, etc. [apologies if those don't make sense as written, the key idea here is that they all correlate at about 0.5-0.8 but they legitimately measure different things.

I'd like to be able to evaluate them coherently, and of course that means using previously invented frameworks if possible. I'd like to ask questions like: how reliable are they? how related are they? do they measure different things? are they measuring different parts of the same thing? which are best related to X construct of interest? which are related only because of noise? how do you account for noise and multiple comparisons when your measures are highly correlated?

I'd also like to answer other questions similar to those that I haven't thought of - and I assume the psychometrics community (or some sub-field of it) would have converged on the good questions.


问:
Finding percentile ranks for questionnaires and psychometric tests
I am using a Levenson's Self-Report Psychopathy Scale to divide participants into two groups (high v low scores). I have selected participants based on them scoring in the top or bottom 25% of responses. I would like to report the mean percentile rank that each group falls under. I am relatively new to using psychological tests and don't know where to find this information. Is this available somewhere for all validated tests? </p>


问:
Is there a scientific consensus on the cause of IQ gap by race?

On average, there is a 15 IQ points gap between whites and blacks. Is there a scientific consensus on whether this gap is explained by nature/genetics, nurture/environment, or both?

This NYT article refers to a quote from Dr Francis Collins saying that most experts on intelligence “consider any black-white differences in I.Q. testing to arise primarily from environmental, not genetic, differences.”

https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/01/science/watson-dna-genetics-race.html

Is that true, or is he being politically correct?

The article also mentions James Watson's unchanged views that the gap is explained mostly by genetics. It refers to his infamous comment on black people's intelligence being the same as whites:
“people who have to deal with black employees find this not true.”

After looking at the bell curves, I am afraid I would never look at a black/african person the same again. I never thought that science would teach me to be racist.

Edit: My thread may share the same 'topic' with others, but it is not a duplicate. I am asking more specific questions with regards to the scientific consensus on the matter, and whether Dr Collins statement in the NYT article is true.


问:
Before taming fire, what did early humans do in dark?
Obviously, they can't go to sleep immediately after sunset right?</p>


问:
accurately predicting behavior from initial brain state
so according to mainstream view brains are completely deterministic given initial conditions and knowing all the external input, and free will doesn't exist. so has there been attempts to predict human/advanced animal behavior from a given initial brain state? i mean accurately predicting movement of limbs and words spoken and facial expression for many minutes, not just predicating a sad brain is going to cry.</p>


问:
Is it known in human psychology that when you comment on something negatively but objectively, people may associate the negativity with YOU?
I just heard that when you criticize something objectively and even when other people agree that it is true, the people that heard your criticism may actually associate this negativity with YOU. What is this phenomenon called?

For example, if you comment on a metropolitan city, people tend to be impersonal, I heard people hearing your comment actually may associate "impersonal" with you. That actually is opposite to what might be expected, because if I mention people are impersonal, it should imply that I hope for the situation to be more personable, which mean I am not impersonal. So this is a big surprise if it is in fact true.


问:
Why are core beliefs often phrased as opposites?
I was reading about core beliefs (here and here). While I get the definition, the examples seem very simple to me. For example "I'm ugly" vs "I'm beautiful". Don't most people accept that things exist in a continuum or range? For example I might believe the world is generally safe but still lock my door at night. Why is there this false dichotomy when it comes to core beliefs, or am I mistaking?


问:
Is AFQT geared towards estimating crystallized intelligence?
In a few papers I have read claims that AFQT is geared largely (mostly?) towards measuring crystallized intelligence.

However, https://study.com/academy/popular/difference-between-the-asvab-afqt.html lists Arithmetic Reasoning, Word Knowledge, Paragraph Comprehension, Mathematics Knowledge as AFQT subtests. That does not seem geared towards mostly / largely crystallized intelligence?

Can you explain what AFQT is actually designed to measure?


问:
What to consider when subsampling
I have a dataset of 364 people in a control group population and about 450 in one comparison group sample and 150 in another comparison group population. We're doing a full analysis of these data. We've been trying to get longitudinal data for all people in all groups, but that's proving difficult. If we wanted to use a subsample for a longitudinal analysis, would a random sample of each of the three groups be the best thing (using a different sample number for each considering confidence levels)? I feel like there's some kind of statistical consideration that I'm not thinking about. Thanks!</p>

Title: What to consider when subsampling


问:
How are role and behaviour connected?
Let us look at definitions first.

A role (also rôle or social role) is a set of connected behaviors, rights,
  obligations, beliefs, and norms as conceptualized by people in a social situation. It is an
  expected or free or continuously changing behaviour and may have a given individual social
  status or social position. It is vital to both functionalist and interactionist understandings
  of society.

(From here.)

I am looking at "role" from the perspective of sociology, so I would like to restrict this
definition and consider by role the position of a person in a social structure.

Behavior (American English) or behaviour (Commonwealth English) is the actions and
  mannerisms made by individuals, organisms, systems or artificial entities in conjunction with
  themselves or their environment, which includes the other systems or organisms around as well as
  the (inanimate) physical environment. It is the computed response of the system or organism to
  various stimuli or inputs, whether internal or external, conscious or subconscious, overt or
  covert, and voluntary or involuntary.

(From here.)

This is a bit heavy. We will be considering only "individuals" here.

Suppose I am researching a person in a society, and I have managed, on one hand, to locate several
distinct roles they occupy, and, on the other hand, a number of behaviours they are noticed
to perform. I find it safe to assume that some of the behaviours discovered are "connected" to
the roles — that is, there is a measure that determines how likely would another person with the
same role be to perform the behaviour. Furthermore, I find it plausible to believe that, given
otherwise even choice, a person will prefer a behaviour that is more strongly connected to some of
the roles they occupy, so I see this "strength of connexion" as a continuum.

Is it fair to accept the assumptions I made above?

How can I measure the strength of connexion between a role and a behaviour?

Title: How are role and behaviour connected?


问:
From an evolutionary perspective, why do humans grieve?
I've been trying to understand why humans grief. I read a few articles and come to this conclusion (which I want to check with experts):

being separated creates bad feelings because, being together makes move evolutionary sense.

Parents want reproduction/their genetic material to proliferate (cuz if it doesn’t then that species die/stops existing)

Kids want to also pass their genetic material and if they die they can’t pass that on. So they want to stay with their parents.

thus, there is a stress mechanism keep the family together when there is a separation (since this is perceived as a threat, higher chance of risk)

So grief is this stress system trying to keep us safe. Does this make sense or am I missing something?

I am mostly interested in understanding grief in terms of evolutionary psychology and in the context of all (or any) of these:

death

divorce

break ups

loss

separation

Sources/references:

https://scienceline.org/2015/07/is-there-a-reason-for-grief/

https://www.quora.com/From-an-evolutionary-perspective-why-do-humans-grieve?category=transactional&filter=all&nsrc=1&sncid=3603336506

https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/culturing-science/the-evolution-of-grief-both-biological-and-cultural-in-the-21st-century/


问:
Do animals have a critical period for language similar to humans?
I have wondered this question for awhile, and I thought it would be appropriate to ask on here. Particularly, is there any evidence showing that animals exposed to human language during their development acquire some specific understanding for that language? A dog raised by an English owner seems to understand words of the owner, either by learning or some form of conditioning. Would it be extremely hard for an animal to listen to someone of French or Spanish, for example, later on in their life? Would it be the same degree of difficultly as a human adult during second language acquisition? Sorry for the broad question, just genuinely curious.


问:
How does our brain sense the passage of time?
How does our brain sense the passage of time? What is the mechanism? I am not asking here about memory. I have searched about it on the internet.
https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/your-brain-has-two-clocks/
I found this- https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4830363/
So does this mean (so as to explain it in a simple way to understand it easily), that our brain somehow create intrinsic repetitive processes analogous to clocks & in turn process information from it so as to sense time? Is that information fed to the center(s) responsible for consciousness to further process information?


问:
Does speaking to self, use different area of brain as opposed to speaking to a person?
When speaking without the intent of communicating, but just to ones self or reading to ones self. Does this use a different area of the brain as opposed to speaking to a person, or even a device such as Alexa? </p>


问:
Does human psychology has a theory about most people only sees what they want to see?
The movie The Sixth Sense had perhaps one big theme: dead people only see what they want to see.

But it does seem that can be more general: do living people actually do that too? This led to the question: does human psychology has a theory about most people only see what they want to see?

And as a result, one way to have really good personal relationship is to show them what they want to see, or say what they want to hear?


问:
Number of core feelings?
In Emotional Intelligence 2.0 it is stated:

We have so many words to describe the feelings that surface in life,
  yet all emotions are derivations of five core feelings: happiness,
  sadness, anger, fear, and shame.

This chart is used to categorize different feelings under these core emotions.

Interesting that there are 4 negative and only 1 positive core feeling. Also to note there is 'Heartbroken' in the sad category. However, is there is no 'love' feeling to match 'Heartbroken'.

Hence, the main question: Does the current psychology understanding back up this sort of categorization? And is 'love' really non-existent as a discrete feeling?

Title: Number of core feelings?


问:
Why some people can't see color in memory or dreams
Some of my friends told me they never see color in memory or dreams, is this some kind of symptom? Does it have a name in psychology?

I did some search on internet, but seems most pages did not explain why this happens.

Some of them suggest it might related with black white TV or traumatic events, but this seems not the case for people that never see color in memory.

Could someone explain this, Thanks for your help.


问:
Paying attention: are we free to do so?
I got confused a bit after watching these two short videos: 1, 2 .

In first one it seems author suggests that: we aren't in much control on what to pay attention to? Did I get it correctly? Or maybe I misunderstood?

In the 2nd video, same author, seems to encourage to pay attention to things.
I find this somehow conflicting with first one.

Can someone help clarify this?

Title: Paying attention: are we free to do so?