问:
Progress on Arnheim's perceptual forces in vision
In the second edition of Rudolf Arnheim's Art and Visual Perception: A Psychology of the Creative Eye, published in 1974, (Google Books Preview available here) the opening chapter on "balance" begins with a discussion of "perceptual forces" in static imagery, such as line drawings and paintings. For Arnheim, perceptual forces are literal forces that act on perceived objects, with a point of application, a direction, and a magnitude. They usually do not have direct counterparts in physical reality, but "Perceptually and artistically, they are quite real." On page 17, available here, Arnheim states that he doesn't know where these forces are represented in the brain:

… Where, then, are these forces?

In order to answer this question we must recall how an observer obtains his knowledge of the square and the disk. Light rays, emanating from the sun or some other source, hit the object and are partly absorbed and partly reflected by it. Some of the reflected rays reach the lenses of the eye and are projected on its sensitive background, the retina. Many of the small receptor organs situated in the retina combine in groups by means of ganglion cells. Through these groupings a first, elementary organization of visual shape is obtained very close to the level of retinal stimulation. As the electrochemical messages travel toward their final destination in the brain, they are subjected to further shaping at other way stations until the pattern is completed at the various levels of the visual cortex.

At which stages of this complex process the physiological counterpart of our perceptual forces originates, and by what particular mechanisms it comes about, is beyond our present knowledge. If, however, we make the reasonable assumption that every aspect of a visual experience has its physiological counterpart in the nervous system, we can anticipate, in a general way, the nature of these brain processes. We can assert, for instance, that they must be field processes. This means that whatever happens at any one place is determined by the interaction between the parts and the whole. If it were otherwise, the various inductions, attractions, and repulsions could not occur in the field of visual experience.

An observer sees the pushes and pulls in visual patterns as genuine properties of the perceived objects themselves. …

(Emphasis mine.) What scientific progress on this problem has been made in the 40 years since?

Have we confirmed the existence of a universal, involuntary process that generates perceptual forces? If so, what is its mechanism? Where and how early are the forces perceived? To what extent are they influenced by top-down attention? Does the mechanism share neural resources with the perception of motion, or with other senses?


问:
How does human brain pick out the most likely representation of object when an object is ambiguous?
For example, it is dim light and an object is in partial shade, hiding some features of an object. It is a rounded, dark brownish object. The object is rather ambiguous - it could be a rock, a potato, a turtle, a grenade, a ball, etc.

When looking at an ambiguous object like that described above, do different neural networks get activated with different intensity? Does the brain pick the highest probability and the person label the object with that name? For example, does the brain get input like:

63% of potato detecting neurons get activated, saying it looks like a potato

50% ball

34% turtle

28% grenade

Or is it the feature recognition that helps distinguish objects?  For example:

potato has skin texture and dimples

ball is perfectly round

turtle has irregular edge and rectangular pattern

grenade has a handle and pin

If an object has one of these features, it is unlikely to be another object?

ContentLicense: CC BY-SA 3.0


问:
Can observing a composite photo of one's own face have an impact on own personality?
A while back I created an iPhone app that helps me create a composite like the one below. Can observing such a composite have an impact of attributing the qualities perceived in the composite to oneself? For example feeling more open or extraverted.

The reason I'm asking is that I foundthis answer to question about facial features and personality. Within an answer, there's a link to this paper: Personality judgments from natural and composite facial images.

The paper suggests that ordinary, untrained people are capable of naturally recognizing and rating a face on a big 5 personality traits. The author proceeds to show that composite faces that are rated high on the "socially - desirable" traits, like extraversion, openness and agreeableness are rated as more attractive by the study's test subjects:

Here are the attractiveness ratings summary from the male faces above:

When using my app, the user's brain is tricked into recognizing the composite image as one's own, because it is made of a live camera image + static image, and the image can blink, smile, frown, etc. The brain merges the two images, potentially distorting the true geometry of one's face by perceiving a composite image.

Here is a quote from that article on the self fulfilling prophesy effect (page 635):

For example, people with facial features that elicit attributions of
  agreeableness may be treated as more trustworthy and may perhaps
  consequently develop more agreeable personality characteristics.

I'm interested if perceiving such composite can activate the same mechanisms used to judge other faces, thus creating the same self-fulfilling prophesy and having an impact on one's personality?

Probably a part of the answer to the question is in answering the question: "does one's own image in the mirror affect one's personality?"

ContentLicense: CC BY-SA 4.0


问:
Beliefs of polemical people
Are there studies on the beliefs of polemical people?

Has anyone tried to classify the most common beliefs behind the automatic thoughts of polemical people?

Title: Beliefs of polemical people


问:
What is known about how visual stimuli / preconceptions influence auditory perception?
This question occured to me as I was walking along the street today. I saw two fashionable-looking women on the street ahead of me. One of them pointed to something outside of my field of view, and said "Oh look, Katy's Boutique!" When I turned to look, I saw no boutique, but I did see a branch of the bank HSBC, which made me realize that the woman must have said "Oh look, HSBC!"

Now, maybe I'm wrong here, but I can't imagine that I would have heard "Katy's Boutique" if I had seen two men rather than two women. It seems that my preconceptions caused me to interpret the same stimuli differently.

Have any studies been done on this? How well known is the effect, and can we say anything quantitative about it?


问:
How does the body experience free-fall during a hypnic jerk
Today I learned that a sudden jerk that you sometimes experience when you are just about to fall asleep due to a sense of free-fall or weightlessness is
called a hypnic jerk.

If, while sleeping, I roll over to the edge of the bed, I feel free-fall & jerk up from sleep if I am about to topple down.

But in case I am comfortably lying down in the middle of the bed with no chance of toppling down, how do I feel
weightlessness or free-fall when I am just about to fall asleep and jerk up, i.e. hypnic jerk?

And not just on the bed; this is also experienced if you are sleeping on the ground where u cannot possibly physically fall.

A bit more research in Falling sensation  tells me its the ears & the eyes that sense the free-fall.

Sensation of falling can be induced when the eyes detect rapid
  apparent motion with respect to the environment.

How is this accounted for during sleep. Or is it something entirely different?


问:
Evidence for a 2-component framework of visual attention distribution
As part of my bachelor thesis on eyetracking-based gaze guidance, I've done quite a bit of reading (again) on visual attention and visual attention distribution. What caught my attention (haha) earlier this morning is a section about a two-part framework for visual attention distribution.

Ref. to the article:

Laurent Itti, Christof Koch (2000). A saliency-based search mechanism
  for overt and covert shifts of visual attention.

Page 2, left column, second paragraph from the top, it states:

Much evidence has accumulated in favor of a two component framework for
  the control of where in a visual scene attention is deployed
  [References here]: a bottom-up, fast, primitive mechanism that biases
  the observer towards selecting stimuli based on their saliency (most
  likely encoded in terms of center-surround mechanisms) and a second
  slower, top-down mechanism with variable selection criteria, which
  directs the ‘spotlight of attention’ under cognitive, volitional
  control. Whether visual consciousness can be reached by either
  saliency-based or top-down attentional selection or by both remains
  controversial.

With this article being from 2000 and pretty much every reference to support this dated between 1980 and 1998, is there any current work (2000+) to support this model, or has it even been refuted?

There are quite a lot of visual attention distribution models centering around saliency as the core parameter that seem to fit pretty well, but what about the second component of the framework that is suggested here?

Looking forward to some interesting answers. I can provide additional references if needed.


问:
Is Brain Sync music effective in increasing cognitive functioning?
From the website:

BRAIN SYNC meditation CDs and guided imagery techniques are proven to
  significantly improve mental performance. In two decades, nearly 3
  million Brain Sync users have experienced the powerful benefits of
  deep meditation to accelerate healing, learning, recovery and personal
  growth. Brain Sync brainwave technology blends advanced meditation
  techniques with harmonically layered binaural beat frequencies.

Is there scientific support for Brain Sync music in improving cognitive functioning?


问:
Is it true that drinking water before bed causes dreams to be more vivid?
Pavan Teja says on Psychtronics:

Drink a lot of water. The more water you drink before bed, the more vivid your dreams.

Is this true? Is this because I'm more alert not to, you know, and therefore sleep less deep and therefore experience more dreams?


问:
What are the effects of antipsychotic medication on brain volume?
I have read numerous different papers each claiming that antipsychotic medication either helps maintain brain volume or causes brain volume reduction in patients with schizophrenia and other psychotic psychiatric disorders. I have to admit that I am confused on this subject. What is the clinically accepted position on brain volume and antipsychotic medication?</p>


问:
How to select vocabulary items for a test designed to expand vocabulary in English as a second language students?
I am developing a personalized android program designed to expand vocabulary for students learning English as a second language. It includes "story-reading" and "Word-Meaning Quizes".

First, students take a test to specify their level. Then they start reading stories at that level. They can then look up a word while reading from a pop-up dictionary, and this word is registered to a database as "seen". After reading some stories, students take a word quiz.  Questions about word-meaning are asked using  words  seen in the stories and words not seen in the story but also at the students' level.

What theory or approach can I use to select "word meaning" items and prepare quizzes in a logical way?

I am using Item Response Theory to estimate user's level of cognition.


问:
Where to find statistical prevalence data for psychopathology over time?
Are there any places where is possible to find historical data for trends of psychological disease?

For example some Google website (similar to google trends or NGrams)


问:
Brain damage / change in long term psychiatric conditions such as schizophrenia
There seems to be evidence to suggest that long term psychiatric conditions have effects on grey matter in the brain and the development of certain sections of the brain.

Do antipsychotics have a protective effect on the brain against the degenerative effects of schizophrenia relapse?

I have found many academic papers both supporting and contradicting a protective effect, but finding an agreed upon consensus is difficult. I'm also looking for evidence indicating what effect a schizophrenic relapse has on the brain and the exact degenerative effects that occur.


问:
Need a definition of Cognitive Simplicity (or Complexity) that would appeal to a wide audience
Everyone in my organization wants to make our products & website as simple as possible for our customers. My concern is that "simple" means different things to different people.

I'm looking for a definition of cognitive simplicity (or complexity) that diverse stakeholders (including corporate strategists, product owners, & especially web designers) can agree on. The more research that supports this definition, the better it will work for my stakeholders.  (I am not concerned with computational complexity or the complexity studied by the Santa Fe Institute.)

The only research-based attempt I've found to create a definition of simplicity / complexity comes from Simon Collinson & Melvin Jay in their 2012 book "From Complexity to Simplicity: Unleash Your Organisation's Potential." They base their book on research concerning the corporate effectiveness of 100s of companies.

I believe they have a good definition, but I'm not sure it's the best for diverse audience:

Complexity = the number of components in a system + the variety of
  relationships between these components + the pace of change of both
  the components and the these relationships.

Has anyone seen a another good definition of simplicity or complexity that might appeal to corporate strategists, product owners, & web designers?


问:
What is the relationship between topographic maps and sensory memory?
Sensory maps are defined functionally: they exist for a certain time window, are overwritten quickly, are generally inaccessible to introspective control.

Topographic maps are defined biologically: neurons within the map are organized spatially, so that nearby neurons store subtly different information.

Has the relationship between the two been studied in much detail?  Wikipedia tells me that the basis of, say, visual persistence iconic memory is neural persistence.  The kind of question I want an answer to: how adequately can the properties of various retinotopic maps explain known features of visual persistence iconic memory?


问:
Is it possible to devise a scientifically valid model for personality preferences or tendencies?
I have been interested in preferences, personality types and related topics for about two years, mainly as a by-product of a personal introspection process. For a long while, I have been quite enthusiastic about Myers-Briggs types, and saw the whole typology thing as an interesting model that can provide insights about ourselves. Nevertheless, I have now realized many of its pitfalls, like the often too categorical classifications and bogus descriptions, and more importantly the lack of scientific testability. I have studied some alternatives like enneagram, but these models seem to fall within the same class of funny, interesting but probably not very scientific toys.

So, my question: is it possible to devise a scientifically valid, testeable model for personality preferences or tendencies? Does something like "personality" exist or is just mumbo-jumbo?


问:
Early Alzheimer's and cognitive remediation programs
Early symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) includes the loss of short term memory including prospective memory.  On a physical level brain cells are being destroyed and that disrupts the neural pathways that form memory.

My interest is on cognitive remediation programs that use spaced repetition (spacing effect/spaced retrieval/gradual interval recall).   A Google scholar search
http://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22spacing+effect%22+Alzheimer%27s&btnG=&hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5&as_ylo=2000
lists many papers that show a positive effect but I don't know how to search for what is happening at a physical level?

Can someone describe the effect at the physical level?

In the book "The Foundations of Remembering: Essays in Honor of Henry L. Roediger, III" page 95:

Camp and colleagues have argued that expanded retrieval training makes use of implicit memory, which is relatively spared even in the later stages of AD

What is implicit memory and why is it not affected by AD until late stages?


问:
What is the estimated cost of validating a psychometric test?
I had a conversation with my colleague about the estimated cost for validating a psychometric test (e.g., personality test in I/O psychology)

How many people should be included and what are they job description?


问:
SSRI and Antipsychotic Effect on Cognitive Functions
Does taking SSRI and antipsychotic result in cognitive dysfunctions?  What should happen to restore the Cognitive functions like problem solving skills, thinking, memory? What are the most effective ways either medication or program?</p>


问:
Is it harmful for a right handed person to play a left handed guitar
This is a little bit of music especially handedness. But I do believe it's more inclined to cognitive sciences. Here's my case. I'm naturally a right handed person, writing, throwing, picking up objects. When I clap, it's my right hand that does most of the clapping, when I drink, I lift the glass with my right hand.

I also play guitar with my right hand.

Right handed guitar playing means, you strum with your right, and
fret with your left.

Left handed guitar playing on the other hand is    strumming with
your left and pressing the fret board with the right.

Sadly with the loss of my left pinky, I am unable to play the guitar effectively. I've known people losing the dominant parts of their body (some even a whole arm) and forcing them to adapt, and use their non dominant part. And through time and practice, they've managed to use the non dominant part effectively.

So I've been researching some articles regarding left handedness, cross dominance, and ambidexterity, interesting reads. I've read an article about the benefits of using your opposite hand stating that using your non dominant hand strengthens neural connections in your brain, and even grow new ones, increases creativity, and memory function, another article states that it is actually harmful for a person to switch from his dominant side to his non dominant function, effects include :

Stuttering

Poor concentration

Bad memory

Neurotic personality

There are a lot of resources stating the same negative effects of cross dominance, and forcing oneself to become ambidextrous. But most of the articles I've read (supported by studies) are concerned with children under pre-teenage years, having abnormalities in cognitive and psychological development - causing from being forced to write with their right hand even if they're naturally lefties.

As for adults, who are considerably grown. and people who have lived their entire lives right handed, Would shifting to a non dominant hand to perform a task such as playing the guitar affect (while keeping other tasks the same) a person's entire cognitive and psychological function? (I'm limiting this just to guitar playing)


问:
Brain structures related to risk-taking behavior
I did a preliminary research on brain structures in which activity might underlie risk-taking behavior. I came to two research that described right prefrontal cortex (Knoch et al., 2006), or orbitofrontal cortex in relation to accumbens (Galvan et al., 2006) as the structures that might be involved. What are other brain structures that might be related to this kind of behavior ? And is there any integrated theories about
the structures involved ?

References

Galvan, A., Hare, T. A., Parra, C. E., Penn, J., Voss, H., Glover, G., & Casey, B. J. (2006). Earlier development of the accumbens relative to orbitofrontal cortex might underlie risk-taking behavior in adolescents. The Journal of Neuroscience, 26(25), 6885-6892.

Knoch, D., Gianotti, L. R., Pascual-Leone, A., Treyer, V., Regard, M., Hohmann, M., & Brugger, P. (2006). Disruption of right prefrontal cortex by low-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation induces risk-taking behavior. The Journal of neuroscience, 26(24), 6469-6472.


问:
Does the self-reference effect extend to improved recall of 2nd-person text vs. 3rd-person text?
The self-reference effect has been widely researched in marketing for its ability to improve how favorably consumers remember a message, but less so for its ability to improve recall and learning of text. For example, whether the following information

```<code>You bought some milk and cheese.
</code>```

would be more effectively recalled than

```<code>He bought some milk and cheese.
</code>```

The self-reference effect appears to improve information encoding by using autobiographical memory, but does any work  specifically look at relationships between using the 2nd or 3rd person and learning/recall?


问:
Why low audio frequencies seem to detune after an intense workout?
After a specially intense workout (biking, running...), listening to music with headphones, I hear the music pitch has dropped slightly. What I find odd is that not all parts of the sound are detuned, just the low frequencies.

It happens to me every time I push the workout a bit harder than normal. I can hear the bass out of tune with the rest of the instruments. After a couple of minutes of rest, my hearing is back to normal.

What could be causing this effect?


问:
Are partially forgotten memories still in your brain?
I have read articles such as...

http://www.wired.com/2009/09/forgottenmemories/

and they say forgotten memories are still stored in your brain.  What about partially remembered memories.  For example, I can remember getting into a fight with someone but I might not be able to remember when, how the other person looked at the time, or how the exact motions played out.  Does your brain still store these details?


问:
What analogy can a teacher use to teach a child about neuroplasticity?
What analogy can a teacher use to teach a child between the ages of 8-11 years old about neuroplasticity? It'd be easier to explain this to an adult, but a child probably doesn't know enough to understand neuroplasticity. Do you know or have you heard of an analogy that explains neuroplasticity?</p>


问:
Does military background enhance personal productivity?
Is there any research investigating the effect (or correlation) of a military background of a person on his productivity, effectiveness and other characteristics?

It is often casually claimed that a person with a military background is more disciplined, hardworking and so on, but it is interesting to find out whether it is has a scientific proof.

There some other supporting reasons like that Harvard accepts a lot of people with a military background or many of them succeed in the business world.

See also the same question on Productivity Stack Exchange


问:
Is there an extension of multinomial process models that incorporates response latencies?
In an experimental setting where a categorical response has to be given, the same response can, in theory, be generated by different latent processes. For example, in an experiment where participants have to indicate whether a particular word was part of a word list they learned earlier, some correct responses may be based on actual recollection of the word, and some may be due to guessing.

Based on the proportions of certain responses in different conditions, multinomial process models allow one recover the occurrence probabilities of these latent processes. However, different latent processes may be associated with different response latencies. Is there an extension of multinomial process models that takes response latencies into account, and if so, is there software for doing that?


问:
triggered state of obedience
I wanted to know whether there are known cases of people who unwillingly enter a state of obedience due to specific external triggers. Is this considered normal, and if not, are there known treatments?</p>

Title: triggered state of obedience


问:
Why does not everyone avoid peak hour rushes?
We all want/wish to avoid heavily crowded places. There are a few such places we daily encounter - office closing hours traffic, heavy rush at the food counter at lunch time, bank closing hours, evenings in markets.

No one likes to stand in a queue or move at a snail's pace in a heavily crowded street. But why do we still find these rushes occurring every day ?

This either means that -

Not everyone hates queues. There are people who will prefer going amidst heavy traffic.

Not everyone knows how to avoid these - which is quite hard to believe. Its common knowledge that if you leave by 6pm (or whenever your office ends) you will find huge rush on the main road.

Some people try to act smart(or try to bluff) - they think many people won't turn up at the peak hours fearing the rush, so let me go at the usual time. This is what "majority" of the people end up thinking and thus the rush happens again.

[I can't think of any sensible reasons]

Is there any reasonable scientific/rationale explanation for the above phenomenon ?


问:
average attention time and attention compensation time
Is there any good source for statistics regarding average attention span? More specifically- what is the average attention compensation time, meaning- how long does a person need to rest in order to fully restore his/her attention?</p>


问:
How to get more involved with personality psychology as a hobby?
My favorite thing to do is to think about why people behave the way they do. I found that in Psychology there is a branch called Personality Psychology which deals with this kind of stuff. I would like to be with like-minded people and discuss people's personality. Can anybody advise what steps I can take to have a life in which I can devote time to discussing with people things like these.</p>


问:
How to train oneself in the art of obfuscation
I really liked the movies Frost/Nixon, Thank You for Smoking, The Social Network and then I found this Doonesbury comic strip. I want to know how to train oneself in this art of obfuscation. I am not saying I want to be (or can be) someone like Nixon, but I am trying to look at it from the perspective of a ethical hacker. How can one learn this kind of political maneuvering, if I can call it that?
Can anyone suggest any books/movies for this?

EDIT: It seems that I am being seen as a wannabe bad guy. It's not just about being Nixon. The movies Thank You for Smoking and The Social Network have depicted similar behaviour, and I liked these movies because they kept a non-judgmental undertone (my opinion).
My intention was to read/watch something intellectually stimulating. The cancer is not to be hated/feared, but studied and understood.


问:
Best way to capture effect of making people upset?
I am an undergrad, I am planning to do some research to see how much I enjoy it before I apply for graduate programs.

I am researching the effects of a certain characteristic of a presenter making people upset, uncomfortable, aggravated or displeased during a short clip like a TV commercial.  My plan is to have subjects watch a short clip with a presenter and see if they are they aggravated, upset, uncomfortable with the presenter based on that one characteristic changing and compare this across demographics.  I do not have much experience with setting up and performing experiments.

How do I quantify how upset, uncomfortable, aggravated, or displeased the subject felt?

How do I make sure that every subjects experience is the same except for that one factor?

Do I have to do anything special because I will not be able to run the same test on the same exact subject?


问:
Why is bubble wrap so fun?
Popping bubble wrap can be a lot of fun and is said to relieve stress. How does it have these effects? Is it to do with the popping sound, or the physicality? How effective are substitutes such as software programs where users click on virtual bubble wrap?</p>

Title: Why is bubble wrap so fun?


问:
Grating orientation & frequency which induces highest gamma
I am doing some research on perception and gamma activity in V1 area.

To check some of my results I need to find an experimental result, from which I would know which orientations and frequencies of grating are most "popular" in V1. So I need to know two things:

1: Which orientation(s) induces most gamma?
The experiment could be something like: take few monkeys/people, show them bunch of gratings with different orientations and record gamma. The orientations which induced highest gamma level is what I want to know.

2: Which grating frequency induces most gamma?
The experiment could be something like: take few monkeys/people, show them bunch of gratings of different frequency patterns and record gamma. The frequencies which induced highest gamma level is what I want to know.


问:
What are the average raw scores, and standard deviations for the WAIS-IV subtests?
What are the average raw scores, and standard deviations for the WAIS-IV subtests (scores are normalized)?
For example, the digit symbol task gives you 120 seconds to substitute as many digits for symbols, given a key. What would the average person score in terms of number of symbols completed?


问:
Can reading [self-help] books aid in therapeutic treatment of the narcissistic rationalization pattern?
I've dealt with a few people having a narcissistic personality trait / disorder.

For me it's interesting to see the defense pattern they adopt through rationalization to defend their self-image and to avoid changing their beliefs (confirmation bias).
The pattern seems to be almost identical in the various subjects.

My question is: could be functional to these subjects to read a book which tries to change their beliefs? At least could it be used to speed-up the therapy?

It could be described as follow:

The subject feels ashamed, weak or "bad" on some area. He develops the belief to be superior to others on another area (strong, very rational).

The subject feel a strong need to defend this superiority. Any attempt to change his belief is perceived as an aggression.

The strategy of defense include: use of cognitive distortion to confirm his belief, discrediting of the other idea, personal offence or provocation, getting annoyed and emotional, focusing on everything but his error / responsibility / distorted belief

The subject usually raise the level of the argument in an emotional way. He appears completely stubborn or use verbal strategy to obstacle the interlocutor. He appeals to any formal argumentative error.

The subject claim to be unique and use typical "excuses" connected to relativism like: "why should I change?". But actually he use relativism only when it comes to be useful to justify his own belief. Otherwise his beliefs appears very absolute and dichotomic.

Is it correct to suppose that million of narcissists share the same "defensive" pattern? Has it been already studied?


问:
What method(s) are available which demonstrably increase a person's g factor, (assuming such are available)?
Following up on this question:

What method(s) are available which demonstrably increase a person's* g factor, (assuming such are available)?

(*if a specific target individual is necessary to respond meaningfully to the question, please substitute "person" with "healthy, heterosexual male of age 35 years".)


问:
What is a semantic cognitive map?
Based on: J. P. Carvalho, "On the Semantics and the Use of Fuzzy Cognitive Maps in Social Sciences" (WCCI, 2010 -- PDF) and Richard Dagan's web page Cognitive Mapping.

A cognitive map consists of nodes representing concepts and ties indicating relationship between the concepts.
In Carvalho section IV, the semantics is used in perspective of the presented model. Dagan's definition of semantic map is that it is a tree like structure branching from a main concept.

Also, the answer https://cs.stackexchange.com/questions/9800/are-semantic-networks-ontologies?rq=1 further adds to my confusion as to what is the significant different between cognitive map where nodes are concepts and semantic map where also the nodes are concepts.

I am unable to find significant difference between concept map and semantic map. Can somebody please explain in simple language? Thank you

Title: What is a semantic cognitive map?


问:
What to do when you have a speed-accuracy trade-off in your data?
Many studies report that a speed-accuracy trade-off (SATO) did not occur in the data since there is a positive correlation between RTs and error rates. In other words, people took longer to respond for the trials that were more difficult, i.e. the same that elicited more errors on average, rather than trading speed for accuracy or vice-versa, a participant behaviour seen as undesirable. The absence of a SATO is then strongly indicative of a participant having given their best during the task, i.e. correctly following the usual instructions to give fast but accurate responses. A certain level of skill is then said to characterise a particular SATO curve, and this parameter of the curve can change as people become better at the task.

However, rarely if ever have I seen papers that DO report a SATO, i.e. a negative correlation betewen RTs and error rates, or, in other words, participants that remained at a relatively constant level of skill but simply moved "up and down" their SATO curve. Clearly this is not a sign of "good data", but still, what is the correct analysis to perform in such situations, assuming that you can't just proceed to do analyses on RTs and error rates the way you normally do (in the absence of a SATO)?

Also, the above two paragraphs refer to the cases where a RT-errors correlation exists and is positive (1st para) or negative (2nd para). But what if there isn't a significant correlation at all?

A good paper discussing this phenomenon is Pachella's 1974 Unclassified US Air Force paper The Interpretation of Reaction Time in Information Processing Research. However, I don't believe it addresses my questions above.

References

Pachella, R. G. (1974). The interpretation of reaction time in information-processing research. University of Michigan Human Performance Center Technical Report No.45 [PDF Online]
Available at: Defence Technical Information Centre


问:
What is a good general reference on cognitive science in military training?
I know that one of the application of cognitive science is military science. Unfortunately I haven't found a good source on how cognitive science could benefit military training. Is there any comprehensive and simple source to read? </p>


问:
How do ligands bind to and release from receptors?
I'm wondering exactly how ligands bind to and release from receptors. Until recently I presumed ligands were attracted to receptors through electrostatic forces with no chemical interaction involved, and that catabolic enzymes (MAO, AChE) were simply present in the extracellular fluid. I hadn't given much thought as to how they disengage, but assumed ligands were brushed off by the extracellular fluid.

However, recently, I was reading about acetylcholinergic signaling and how it can be disrupted by, and I've come to realize is that everything I thought I knew about neurotransmission may be wrong. What I've read suggests this (article linked below):

AChE is membrane-bound

AChE is part of the AChR, or just happens to be is close enough proximity that the AChE can catabolize the ligand while bound to the receptor

The AChR attracts ACh's positively-charged amine, which brings the acetyl group within range of AChE's reactive alcohol group. This alcohol group cleaves the acetyl group from ACh

It is not until the acetyl group is cleaved that the ligand disengages from the receptor

My questions:

Is all of this correct?

Are the AChR and AChE distinct? If so, how can both simultaneously interact with a single molecule given their much larger size? If not, why are they ever spoken of as different?

Is this sort of catabolism-mediated disengagement the case with other neurotransmitters?

Where can I read more about this, and what is this sort of interaction called? It's been difficult finding information on this.

Here's the source I was reading on ACh transmission:
http://www.umich.edu/~essen/html/web_mod/cobra/respiration_detailed.html


问:
"All lay loads on a willing horse"
Is there any research on an effect described in the proverb in the title, i.e. when people who work well are requested to work even more, while weak workers are usually left without attention?</p>

Title: "All lay loads on a willing horse"


问:
Effects of Social Networking websites on Humans?
What are the effects of social networking websites in the evolution of humans (behavioral, intellectual, etc.)?

Have their been any studies (published research, articles) on positive or negative effects of social networking websites such as Facebook, Twitter, etc. on human brain/social interaction among people / on kids or any aspect of human evolution?

Note: I have a computer science background.


问:
Research connecting reflection/introspection in computing and metacognition
I would like to know if the notion of reflection/introspection in computing has prompted research in other fields other than computer science, e.g cognitive sciences.

In particular, I would love to read any work that makes the connection between reflection/introspection and metacognition.

The Wikipedia page has a concise introduction on the two notions:

In computing, type introspection is the ability of a program to examine the type or properties of an object at runtime. Some programming languages possess this capability.

Introspection should not be confused with reflection, which goes a step further and is the ability for a program to manipulate the values, meta-data, properties and/or functions of an object at runtime. Some programming languages, e.g. Java, also possess that capability.

Thanks.


问:
Is there an experiment where participant tries to move object with brain-machine interface and object is moved by someone else?
Psychological experiment where subjects are first taught to move a object just by thinking about moving it (subject's brains are being read with a machine that moves the object). Then the object is being moved by someone else and subject only sees the object moving. As a result would subject think that he or she moved the object?

At the moment I am thinking that the answer would be yes, which is somewhat counterintuitive. Please prove me wrong. Thank you.


问:
What is the most common form of delusional misidentification?
The delusional misidentification syndrome (DMS) is a condition in which a patient consistently misidentifies persons, places, objects, or events. Broome (2004) affirms that:

The most common form of delusional misidentification is not that of either the exotic Capgras or Fregoli syndromes but delusional misidentification for place... delusional misidentification tends to occur in the context of a patient believing that they are at home or on holiday rather than in hospital and may not necessarily involve close family members or other intimate relationships.

While Feinberg and Roane (2005) claim that:

The most common form of misidentification is the Capgras syndrome... this disorder consists of the delusional belief that a person or persons have been replaced by ‘‘doubles’’ or imposters.

This seems to be the most widely held opinion. Cf. David (1997).

None of these authors provide a reference (they may be referring to their private clinical experience). Can anyone provide a reference that substantiates or contradicts this claim?


问:
Bibliographic references about the task of connecting information
I am a researcher in computer science, and I am looking for some literature in the field of psychology related to the task of connecting information; something like a study
or a theory relevant to the process that the human brain does when solving the problem of connecting information. For example, when someone needs to compare two pieces of information and find the similarities, or when someone sees a person and immediately some information about an event comes to her mind, because she relates the person with such an event.

I would be grateful if someone could suggest names of concepts or theories, cite papers containing studies, give titles of books or point to digital libraries on the topic.


问:
Could markers on cars indicating a common destination improve highway driving efficiency?
This question is a bit of a long shot for this site but it is psychology-related so I thought I'd give it a try. This is a little thought exercise.

I was driving down the expressway toward downtown Chicago this afternoon, frustrated at the gridlocked traffic. I thought to myself "wouldn't it be great if the people that were going to get off on an exit soon drove in the far right lane while those that would be driving a long distance drove in the far left lane." This way we'd be able to maximize speed for those that are passing through and avoid the delays of weaving in and out of traffic for the short distance drivers. Unfortunately people don't do this, we look at the lanes as fast or slow.

In order to help "stratify" the drivers instead of a big weaving blob, I wondered whether or not something like a sticker on the back of the car where the color of the sticker was associated w/ how far you had to drive from the city center would work. When people act as a herd, would something like function as a little trigger? If a person was a "red" and saw other red drivers, would that kind of mark push the driver to say, "those people are going where I am going. I will model my driving speed/lane selection after theirs." I know that this depends on the individual. Could we use herd behavior to an advantage?


问:
What is the effect of income on an adolescent's reward response to monetary vs. social reward?
I am asking a question related to adolescents and their response to either monetary or social reward.

What is the effect of income levels on monetary vs. social reward? Do higher income children respond better to one over the other, or vice versa? Does preference for one or the other have any indications for overall self-perceived life satisfaction?

Any links to papers dealing with the issue or even similar issues will be much appreciated!

Also, it would be nice to understand the underlying neuroscience behind your answers. What is happening in the brain?
This is a very internist question!


问:
What functions does the brain perform to recognize a familiar object unconsciously?
Let's say a person's brain experiences how a vehicle/object looks for the very 1st time. It would require lot of attention/focus/processing to analyse the object, extract features and train its neural networks. After many such experiences (don't know the statistics, does anyone have any clue?), when it sees/experiences the same vehicle/object, it won't need much self/conscious intervention to be able to understand the presence of it. Remember, when driving a car, how many times do we need to actually focus on vehicles/objects? Presumably 0 except for some personal interests (reading number plates, unusual activities) or trigger events that might excite us to do so (turn indicators, possible threats, unusual activities, etc.).

There's also a caveat associated with this behaviour: the brain just knows/believes the vehicle/object exists there with some minimal set of attributes, but it can't read/interpret minute details (like texts/numbers, precise boundaries etc). To do this it requires visual focus as well as the brain's attention, I think.

What brain functions are involved in this activity? What are those features that help the brain perform such tasks without requiring much intervention/processing? Is there any technical term for this behaviour?


问:
What causes post-masturbation guilt?
Is there a study regarding guilt complex associated with masturbation?
I am interested to what it can be traced down to. I
wonder what actually happens in the brain before, during, and after the process on a subatomic (for want of a better word) level.  </p>

Title: What causes post-masturbation guilt?


问:
Can microdialysis be made in Drosophila melanogaster?
Microdialysis is a common method to study the effects of drugs on specific mamal brains zones (mostly in rats), in order to study the it's interaction with the function of those specific areas that controls or mediates in complex behavior.

There are invertebrates who are well known for providing genetic tools to study both behaviour and pharmacology of drugs, like c. elegans and Drosophila melanogaster. The last one has been also used for attention, learning and hyperactivity study, as a model for ADHD.

While I found a couple of studies which uses microdialysis on insect brains, I couldn't reach anyone for microdialysis in Drosophila. Is it possible to do microdialysis in Drosophila? Otherwise, there are alternatives to oral administration of drugs in insects like Drosophila?

--
Edit: Thanks for your insights, I have a computer science background and its hard to me to try to talk with property about these things completely out of my comfort zone.
Also, I specified the original target, Drosophila Melanogaster, since there are bigger parients like Hawaian D. heteroneura and D. cyrtoloma. where current probes could be used """without too much trouble"""


问:
Frequency estimation in binary prediction task
In a binary prediction task, people often match choice probabilities to outcome probabilities (a phenomenon known as probability matching).

However, under certain circumstances (eg, existence of a pattern), people perform maximization (always choosing the more probable outcome).

Is there evidence in the literature, that even when people are maximizing, they internally learn the underlying probabilities of outcomes?


问:
Differences between the many versions of neuromorphic hardware
There is a ton of neuromorhpic hardware being pumped out these days. Off the top of my head, I can name IBM (BlueGene and TrueNorth), Qualcomm, Neurogrid, Brainstorm (Neurogrid 2.0), Spinnaker, (questionably) Peter van der Made's chip, BrainScaleS, in addition to various FPGA and VLSI implementations that I've come across.

However, has there been an extensive comparison of these various hardware approaches and their usefulness/extensibility?

For an example of the comparison I'm looking for, Spinnaker can run Nengo (a brain simulation software based on the NEF), while Peter's chip doesn't run software, thus I would claim that Spinnaker is more useful than Peter's. I would assume (naively) that IBMs TrueNorth chip would be somewhere in the middle, since it is programmable, but does not support learning.


问:
Are innate intersubjectivity and theory of mind opposing theories or are they reconcilable?
What I get from Trevarthen's theory of innate intersubjectivity (2010) and the theory of theory of mind (Perner, 1999) is that they don't agree.

A considerable number of studies in theory of mind development suggest that infants are cognitively egocentric, that is they cannot understand that others may have different thoughts, feelings and points of view than they do until the age of 3 or 4 when a shift in cognitive development occurs.

Trevarthen on the other hand states that a newborn's view of the world is already intersubjective, that is a newborn can share parts of his/her inner world (thoughts, feelings) with other people and sense other people's intentions.

I was having a disagreement with my developmental psychology professor who thought they were reconcilable if one does a proper conceptual analysis of the statements of each theory and the methods and data that they use to formulate their theories, but she did not get any more specific as to what can be defined alternatively and how can this be done to avoid conflict.

Any thoughts on that?


问:
Neuropharmacology and Simulation
I've been wondering whether neural simulations have had applications in (cognitive)neuropharmacological research already. One always reads about the promise of the technology in helping us cure various brain disorders, but I only know of relatively theoretical (general) models thereof derived from / supported by simulation. Has anyone actually attempted to identify drug targets computationally?

Title: Neuropharmacology and Simulation


问:
How can I embed language proficiency assessment within an unrelated experiment design?
I'm in the process of designing a self-paced-reading & a grammaticality-judgment-task experiment, which should be performed by second language learners. It is crucial to the study is how the subjects differ in their proficiency levels based on which their results on the SPR and GJT will be interpreted. While I need to assess proficiency, the experiment is long enough itself and, therefore, making it difficult to test them on a regular proficiency test besides the experiment they're required to do.

Since the GJT is a variable meant to be tested in the experiment, I cannot use it as a proficiency measure in addition to the limitations they may involve when it comes to testing language proficiency. Therefore, since the experiment will include many filler items (distractors), I'm trying to find a way to make use of such items to test proficiency without affecting the other target items I'm measuring.

What I'm asking is whether there are any testing possibility within this experiment's framework that can be useful to be taken as a reliable measure of language proficiency.

I'd appreciate any reliably applicable ideas.

Thanks

P.S.:

1) The experiment involves a sentence self-paced-reading window and then follows it another window with the grammaticality judgment question.

2) The self-paced reading task is intended for only part of the sentence, so other parts are open for possible use.


问:
Difference between forms of Culture Fair Intelligence Test (CFIT) scale 3
I would really like to know what are the differences between the form A and form B of Cattell's Culture Fair Intelligence Test scale 3?

To my knowledge (reading the "methods" section in the scientific literature) they seem to have the same number of problems and subsets. Do they differ in the time allowed to solve them?

Sometimes the researchers use both forms together (A+B) sometimes they only use one. Why? Less administration time?

Or are they alternative versions which exist to be able to test the subjects twice?
Are there reasons to prefer one over the other (MENSA only uses form A)?


问:
Are there any legitimate, and reasonable circumstances, where self-delusion is acceptable and/or required?
Can anyone point out a situation, based in real world events, or an entirely hypothetical situation, where it would be ok/right for someone to delude themselves into believing
something false?

For instance, the psychosomatic effect of placebos can lead to people actually feeling
better, and in some cases, actually recovering from illness. However, reliance on the placebo effect to cure people is not good medicine, and is even malpractice. Saying crystal therapy will cure someones cancer may make them feel more confident, lowering the mental and physical stress they feel, thereby increasing their bodies ability to fight the tumor/s. However, again, the placebo effect decreasing their stress levels may not be enough to effectively combat the cancer, ad so it would be wrong of a doctor to not ensure they clearly drive home the fact that their patient should not rely on the "alternative treatment".

Is there any valid situation anyone can think of where it's perfectly acceptable, or even necessary for people to delude themselves into believing a falsehood? I am not solely looking for examples that are related to physical health by the way.


问:
Is the mind's adaptation to increased traveling speeds, physical or psychological?
When a motor vehicle increases in speed, we soon adjust to the faster pace of movement; seemingly by processing incoming information faster.

Is this purely psychological, with the brain "dropping" peripheral information to catch up with the flow of new information? Or does the brain actually put more physical energy (kilojoules) into the task, like muscles using more energy during exercise?

Or put another away - do we simply think we are processing more information or are we actually doing so?

I imagine this distinction would be relevant for fighter pilots and competitive racers.


问:
Does the brain burn more calories when "thinking quickly"?
If a person intentionally "thinks quickly" would this affect how much glucose the brain consumes? Or would it not be very significant?</p>


问:
What happens inside our body, when we experience betrayal and infidelity?
I guess many of us have experienced it. The moment that you understand that "the person you love, in whom you've trusted, is now with someone else, enjoying every moment with him/her".

It's so widespread that it might not be inaccurate that if we say that more than half of the people on Earth would experience it, and it's a universal feeling which is not dependent on race, culture and education.

However, apart from those presumptions, what I've felt during those moments was:

Great pain (maybe not even pain, an instability) in the stomach, below the diaphragm

The feeling of insecurity, as if everything is frightening

No interest in anything, and I mean ANYTHING at all. No interest in food, in entertainments, music, even sex, nothing.

Coldness in my extremities

I wonder if cognitive sciences have ever conducted a research on this subject or not. For example, which neurotransmitters are active in creating this feeling? What hormones are in action? Which part of the brain is responsible for the feelings related to infidelity? How can we treat it using medications, or other scientific methods, not fatherly advices.


问:
The role of Anticipation in acquisition, consolidation, retrieval of memory
I was wondering if there is any neurological/neuropsychological difference between the anticipation of an event to come, and the remembrance of that event.

More specifically, is there any difference between when (I remember|think of) some future event, and the remembrance of a past event ?

What is the role of anticipation, withstanding the valence of that event, in the workings of memory? Are the same brain structure involved ?


问:
What's the difference between divisive and soft normalization?
I know that recursive neural integrators (let me know if I need to clarify this term) can be considers soft normalizers, since their feedback loop means that any stimulus eventually saturates the neuron. However, I often see the term "divisive normalization" (which is apparently a synonym for divisive/shunting inhibition confusingly according to Wikipedia and this paper) and I'm not sure what it means and how it relates to soft normalization. They both seem to be regulating the responses of neurons, but they seem to be doing them in different ways. Is that all there is to it?

Explanation of the relation between the two concepts is appreciated.


问:
How to work on a research problem while sleeping?
Put it more formally, how to let your mind subconsciously work on a research problem when you are not actively thinking about it, e.g., during sleep, dinner, walking, or shower?

Often I hear stories where a person gets stuck on a problem for months, only waking up and finding the problem works itself out in the shower. There are many great researchers echoing this ability , such as "creativity comes out of your subconscious" by Richard Hamming . Also, many professors I know seem to master such skill, including my advisor. Having seen some occasional discussions like here at SE, I am wondering if this ability is innate or can be learned. If the latter, what are the techniques to help cultivate this ability?

OwnerDisplayName: sinoTrinity


问:
How does neurotransmitter distribution and usage vary thought the brain?
I understand that neurotransmitters are used to send signals between neurons in the brain and that some are used for rather specific functions. However, is the exact distribution/concentration/consumption and tolerances of neurotransmitters in various areas of the brain known?

Related and considered:

Which neurotransmitters can be measured in a living human brain?

Neurotransmitter based imaging techniques


问:
Perforated patches: Can antibiotics used to induce holes in membrane produce perforations of differential size?
Perforated patches are a special type of patch clamping. I understand that it is sometimes preferred to whole-cell recordings because it prevents complete diffusion of the electrode solution into the clamped cell, but I was wondering:

Can the antibiotics/antifungals used to induce holes into the membrane produce perforations of differential size, so that the researcher can control which types of molecules will make it into the cell?

Maybe somebody has experience with this technique (I have never done it myself), and could share why they prefer it to whole-cell recordings.


问:
Do Kahneman–Tversky results hold for longer periods and aggregate behavior?
Kahneman and Tversky (1979) show findings that can be summarized in this plot:

They show that humans dislike losses "more" than they like comparable nominal gains. The results come from a series of brief experiments.

Can these results be valid in the following situations?

A loss or gain is a one-time event, but the impact (negative or positive disutility) persists and affects decisions over days, weeks?

Losses or gains across multiple individuals lead to a decrease or increase in (hypothetical) aggregate utility, without cancelling each other.

That is, if workers become unemployed in a recession, can we apply the Kahneman–Tversky framework to explain, say, their likely protests (and it's not enough to restore their incomes because the loss is overweighted)?

Or from the point of psychology, a wage loss looks differently? To clarify the latter, a wage loss leads to a series of negative events, each of which has a negative impact. But does this chain still yield the effect similar to the depicted one, as we sum up the impacts?

Alternatively, how often does the reference point tend to refresh itself, so that we could treat the next event as happening at (0, 0) in the plot and not just as an add on to the previous event?

The framework is not so literal, anyway; but maybe the question still makes sense at the given level of abstraction.

References

Kahneman, Daniel, and Amos Tversky. “Prospect Theory: An Analysis of Decision under Risk.” Econometrica 47, no. 2 (March 1, 1979): 263–91. doi:10.2307/1914185.


问:
Does the ability to manipulate your environment affect the type of intelligence?
There are several animals on earth that show certain kinds of intelligence. Some animals have extensions to manipulate their environment and some do not. Think of humans and squids (hand/extension side) versus whales and dolphins on the other (the no hand side).
Learning how to use their hands also gives babies a boost in their development.

My question is: Does the ability to manipulate your environment affect the type of intelligence?

I'm pretty sure that it affects the, let's call it generalized intelligence, but does it also change the type from more or less aggressive?


问:
Influence of antidepressant drugs upon personality
How do antidepressant drugs influence someone's personality?  Do they induce a major change in an individual's personality, or do they just negate the influence of depression?

Basically, is the personality of someone taking depressants the same as it would be if they were not subject to the causes of depression in the first place?


问:
Can a person be able to objectively identify when and how their thinking process is being affected by cognitive biases?
or years, I've always thought I can do a pretty good job of identifying when I have committed a bias, fallacy or some other heuristic.   I'm not saying I avoid them, but at least can admit to myself I did it.  If I'm researching a point online to back up an argument, I know I'm committing Confirmation bias when I'm only looking for articles that support my point of view.   Or, if I'm driving and I'm stuck behind a car that's driving too slow, I immediately think "asshole" even while knowing I'm committing the Fundamental attribution error.

However,  I'm also aware of the Bias blind spot and the Introspection illusion  and know that I may not be nearly as capable of self-identifying heuristical errors as I believe I am.  Part of my identity is as a person who can be honest with himself when deciding how my behaviors and decisions were flawed due biases, fallacies, etc.  I'd love to find out for sure how much of that is just an illusion.

I'm especially interested in research in Metacognition, introspection, and how it relates to the bias blind spot and introspection illusion.


问:
Why do the colors I see associated with a particular vibration/sound change?
After many years of research I found that I am a vibration (sound) to color and feeling synesthete. Everything I have read says that the colors one sees with an associated vibration should be consistent, but this is not the case for me. Anyone know why this would be? My mom, also a synesthete, sees the same colored numbers for each note she plays or hears. I don't see numbers, just colors as clouds that sometimes form patterns. The colors change but they feel similar. For example, the color I see when I hear or play A sharp changes from one moment to the next but the colors stay in the same color family. And most of the colors I see are not truly one color but more of a continuum of a few colors. I have tried to paint the colors but they are almost impossible to create with paint. Any input would be greatly appreciated.<br>
Thank you. </p>


问:
Detecting signs of dementia in EEG signal
I would like to know, how dementia can be recognized in the EEG signal of patients with dementia.

What I have found so far:

According to (Henderson et al., 2006) subjects with dementia are characterized by a decrease in high frequencies, and an increase of the low frequencies in the EEG.

Are there any more characteristics in the EEG that could be used to detect dementia? Which channels of the EEG will be more influenced by dementia?


问:
What are some key behaviors that stone-age humans evolved to help them survive and reproduce?
In Wikipedia's article on evolutionary psychology, two of six given key premises of EP are as follows:

Different neural mechanisms are specialized for solving problems in humanity's evolutionary past.

The brain has evolved specialized neural mechanisms that were designed for solving problems that recurred over deep evolutionary time, giving modern humans stone-age minds.

I am neither a professional psychologist nor a professional biologist, but I am very curious as to where I could (preferably in a freely available paper, website, etc.) find a list of the aforementioned "problems in humanity's evolutionary past."

Assuming that Wikipedia's claim that we still have stone-age minds is correct, I would like to know which tasks we performed during the stone age that shape the tasks that we can perform effectively today.  For example, did some task of hunter-gatherers (like gathering berries and hoarding them) eventually translate into going grocery shopping at a supermarket and buying 75 items?  (I can't think of any better examples, unfortunately.)

Thanks for any help you can provide.  I glanced at this page, but couldn't find a good list of EPMs.


问:
Why is it so problematic to read in a dream?
Many activities are possible in dreams, but reading (and related tasks) is not one of them. In an dream with awareness, trying to read a label or enter a phone number can be very frustrating and can cause the dream to focus on trying to acheive what was an insignificant passing task.

What is the reason?


问:
Is there a left or right preference to raising one side of the lip in contempt?
Contempt is expressed asymmetrically - one lip corner is pulled in and back, in what could be described as a half-smile.

Are there any trends in terms of people or societies which prefer pulling in one particular side over the other?

This is completely anecdotal, but ever since I originally learned about the standard emotions, I try to pay more attention to my own face, and in that time, I can't think of a single time I've ever done it with my right side - it always displays on my left.


问:
Publicly available social networks in apes and hunter-gatherer societies
Social network analysis is an indiscpensable tool for sociology, and is becoming increasing popular in anthropology, social-psychology and other fields. There are many papers that examine the structure of various social networks, especially modern ones derived from Facebook or Twitter data.
However, if you are a theorist, it is often difficult to get your hands on publicly available social networks data, especially from non-modern networks (for a great modern -- but not internet-based --  network see the Framingham Heart Study as used in Christakis & Fowler (2007)).

In particular, I am interested in social networks in apes, hunter-gatherer, or 'primitive' tribal societies. Can you recommend a reference that contains data for such social networks?

Some desired properties include: 100-500 people, non-directed edges (so the directed learning networks of Henrich & Broesch (2011) are not quite what I am looking for), and relative general kinds of interactions (like friendship, mutual grooming, or interaction time). The hope is for the raw network (as an adjacency matrix, for example) to be available.

References

Christakis, N. A., & Fowler, J. H. (2007). The spread of obesity in a large social network over 32 years. New England Journal of Medicine, 357(4): 370-379.

Henrich, J., & Broesch, J. (2011). On the nature of cultural transmission networks: evidence from Fijian villages for adaptive learning biases. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 366(1567): 1139-1148.


问:
Do more creative people have more unusual dreams?
Title says it all: Do more creative people have more unusual dreams?</p>


问:
Why is sunrise therapeutic?
Despite being a night owl, I find when I'm up and about at sunrise1 I feel mentally much better than any other time of day - regardless of how much sleep I've had or whether I've been awake for many hours prior to sunrise. Indeed I'd almost imagine getting up for dawn and then going back to bed would be beneficial in and of itself.

Why is sunrise therapeutic?

And are there reasons above and beyond the circadian rhythm2?

1. Strictly speaking, nautical twilight

2. Since the psychological effect of sunrise can apply even when jet lagged or are so frequently a night owl that prior reinforcement of experience is unlikely.

Title: Why is sunrise therapeutic?


问:
If stimulus triggers dopamine release, can dopamine release trigger memory recall of stimulus?
Modern science of sleep is starting to lean towards a viewpoint that dopamine has an important function in dreaming, and that dopaminergic pathways - mesolimbic and mesocortical are activated during dreaming.

Here's what the list of functions that dopamine is responsible for in the human brain:

Inside the brain, dopamine plays important roles in motor control,
  motivation, arousal, cognition, and reward, as well as a number of
  basic lower-level functions including lactation, sexual gratification,
  and nausea.

With this in mind, I'm posing the following question: Can random activation of dopaminergic system during dreaming cause dreams of stimuli which activated dopaminergic system during waking state? In other words, if perceiving sexual stimuli triggers dopaminergic system activation, can similar activation during dreaming cause recollection of the sexual stimuli?

To simplify:

Seeing erotic image -> causes dopaminergic system activation

Activation of dopaminergic system -> can it cause recall of erotic image or some other experience from the list above?

Has there been any research into what happens when a person's dopaminergic system (mesolimbic and mesocortical pathways of Ventral Tegmental Area) is artificially stimulated (like during brain surgery) - does this cause recall of experiences, desires or cravings or other things people "want"?


问:
Physiological mapping of frustration
What physiological changes are seen in the brain when a person is experiencing frustration? What effects do these changes have on learning?

Optional background:

I'm trying to figure out an exploration schedule (exploration = increasing the noise in the action selection neural population) for Hierarchical Reinforcement Learning and I'm wondering if there's an easy way to base it biologically.

Title: Physiological mapping of frustration


问:
Writing system, its future and social importance
I work on a rather specific subject, namely developement and inventing of writing systems (simply - alphabets). For some years it was just a hobby and creative exercise, but with time this hobby developed in a serious work of mine, with a series of very interesting discoveries which could lead in serious improvement of reading performance. First thing which motivated my work was the clear understanding of the fact that the Latin alphabet (Roman 'minuscule') is the most readable system of all existing in the world. So at least one has something to start with. At the same time it is clear that the one and the only objective criteria for the developement is the readability of the system, and that all imposes the task very clearly - the more readable the system is, the better the system is, so we have a strictly definite and objective scale of "goodness" of the system.
On the other hand this task is (IMHO) of a great social and knowledge importance. BUT, strangely enough this subject is so little examined and almost does not develop, if at all. So it seems like I am pioneering this knowledge area, since I have never found any serios works or even examination attempts on the subject, well aside one hobbyist site http://www.omniglot.com, however I find most of the works presented there childish and none of them are even close to the Latin regarding readability.
So it turns out that my last succesful "workmates" were medieval masters (e.g. Claude Garamond), whom is the development of modern Latin minuscule is ascribed, and who stay "unbeaten" almost 500 years! Very interesting topic, but since its a Q&A forum I'll try to put clear questions, which are worrying me much:

From your point of view, how big is the importance of text information in our world by comparison to other media, like audio/visual media, and how the priorities of those types of media will rearrange in the future?

What do you think about the fact that there are absolutely no success or significant effort to develop this important tool (writing system) or at least attempt to define guidelines for its developement?


问:
Has there been a neuroscientific explanation of the color phi phenomenon?
The color phi phenomenon is a perceptual illusion in the visual domain which was demonstrated in an experiment by Kolers and von Grunau (1976). The experiment is as follows. A sequence of coloured (usually red and green) dots is presented in a way that the illusion of motion is created. At a certain point in the sequence, the color of the dots that are presented changes abruptly, say from green to red. At the end of the sequence, participants are asked to report what they saw. What is interesting in this case is that  participants report seeing the abrupt color change before the second dot (i.e. with the different color) is actually presented.

Now I certainly have some questions on the procedure concerning the spacing and the interstimulus interval used and to what extent they are crucial to the color phi phenomenon.Unfortunately, I don't have access to the original article and I could not find anything on the web so if anyone knows anything, feel free to address those points.

However my main concern is this:

Q: Has anyone attempted to explain the color phi phenomenon in neuroscientific terms, that is, identifying a neural mechanism responsible for this illusion?


问:
What neurotransmitters can be suppressed/promoted by tDCS
Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) has been shown to modify suppression in the visual cortex and GABA suppression in motor control.

As of now, the exact neurobiological mechanism that creates this phenomenon isn't known, but what are the neurotransmitters that can be modified by this methodology? To what degree can these neurotransmitter levels be manipulated? Are there limitations to the parts of the brain this technique can be applied?


问:
Are there some tools to get human brain Brodmann areas from X,Y,Z coordinates?
Is there some program that given the x,y,z coordinates of a area in a given brain template, gives the histological Brodmann area relative to that template?

I'm interested in associating x,y,z coordinates in the ICBM152 atlas to Brodmann areas.

Something like this for example:

```<code>-6.2731  34.705  -5.0925  -->  Broadmann Area 23
-4.5387  46.539   3.0627  -->  Broadmann Area 24
</code>```


问:
Age of learning versus relative mastery - are they linked?
Infants learn different things in different ages.
Let's say infant A learns to speak at age 1 (I have no idea what is normal), and infant B learn to speak at age 1.5.
Does the age of learning say anything of who will be better (at any skill) in grown up age?

We know that it is easier to master something that we are truly interested in, as the interest will motivate and fuel us to progress.
We also know that personal characteristics and general interests start at very low age and possibly before birth. Based on this, it would make sense if infants with an inborn interest for something (for instance language) are faster at learning the relevant skill (talking) than infants with less interest in it.
Is there any research on this?


问:
The accuracy & malleability of memory for color
How accurate is colour memory for the standard person?

It would seem most people are quite good at remembering the colour of objects by visualising the object. But in some cases peoples visualisation could be wrong. This is the case I am interested in.

Can this visualised 'incorrect' colour be shifted in a specific way?

Is there any known reason why someone would visualise objects colour incorrectly in some set shifted way. E.g. They always remember things by their composite colour?

Motivation:

My memory self ranked:

Faces - Great

Names - Average

Geography - Poor

Colour - Non-existent

For some reason, I find myself incapable of remembering colours unless I specially label it with a colour, and often people will ask me to get something of theirs without telling me the colour, and I will be unable to find it because I can visualise it perfectly in the wrong colour.

One example I can remember. A large brick wall on my drive, I can perfectly remember(still can) that it was a light lime green, roughly this colour, and I was thinking about it in the car as I was planning my route mentally. Once I reached it I saw that it was purple, my girlfriend tells me essentially this colour.


问:
How does diet affect OCD?
Background: I have read that caffeine is not a good drink for sufferers of anxiety disorders. This is common sense given that it may increase agitation.
I noticed when I started a low carb diet that my OCD became somewhat less intense. I think that this happened simply because I was too tired, physically and mentally. I couldn't even concentrate on studying.

How does diet affect engaging in OCD?

Title: How does diet affect OCD?


问:
What changes brought into DSM-5 have increased therapeutic use of medications?
Given the controversies surrounding DSM-5, has there been any research into its impact on prescription practice (in the United States)?

If so, what are the changes that have resulted in increased use of medications?


问:
Difference between Logan's Instance theory and Exemplar-Based Random Walk (EBRW) theory
I'm trying to find a clear explanation of the difference between Logan's instance theory (Logan, 2002) and the Exemplar-Based Random Walk theory (Nosofsky & Palmari, 1997). Am I mistaken that they are two separate ways of dealing with the question of time and speed of categorization and the Generalized Context Model (Nosofsky, 1986)? If anyone knows the details of this, I'd be seriously grateful for some help as I am studying abroad in a second language and am finding this topic difficult. </p>


问:
Any research on a concept of 'empathetic preferences' used in economics?
Some economists/political scientists/philosophers (it's sometimes hard to classify them) have used in their theories a concept of "empathetic preferences", also known as "extended sympathy preferences" - by which they they understand a preference of being a person X under a circumstance p than a person Y under a circumstance q, i.e. a counterfactual comparison of two different persons under two different situations. One needs to both empathise with two different persons to take into account their different preferences and create his own preference, hence the name empathetic preferences. A problematic concept to say at least, but nothing really important for those who used it (Kenneth Arrow, Patrick Suppes). But Ken Binmore, quite a known chap in math, game theory and economics, devised a whole theory explaining humans' natural sense of fairness in which empathetic preferences play a crucial role, grounding interpersonal comparisons of utility (technical exposition in "Game Theory and the Social Contract" from 1994, more readable in "Natural Justice from 2005").

Has anything remotely relevant been studied by psychologists/cognitive scientists? Binmore is claiming that empathetic preferences are very similiar to empathy and basically "every properly socialized human being has them". He also claims that there are tons of research on empathy that support his view, without citing anything relevant. The problem is that he is not "philosophising" them, conjuring them out of nothing like some political philosophers - he claims that this is how human beings work.

Binmore's example of empathetic preference - if we know that Eve likes apples and Adam does not mind being naked, we might think "I would rather be Eve eating an apple than Adam wearing a fig leaf".

For me this seems utterly implausible, and making such comparison is just impossible. Also, as we are never different persons, why would we be capable of doing that? But it's not like he was some guy on a University of Woolamaloo writing things that only his PhD students read, he's a world-class economist, claiming empirical support of his work, and I'm curious if there is any.


问:
What makes you feel smarter after sprinting?
Background: Every time I sprint, I feel smarter the day after.

Why would someone feel smarter after they have been sprinting?


问:
Is the VALS framework still relevant to market segmentation?
The VALS framework stands for

("Values, Attitudes And Lifestyles") [and] is a proprietary research
  methodology used for psychographic market segmentation.

Is VALS still relevant, outdated or has it maybe been improved upon and taken a different form over the years?

I'm trying to streamline identifying the right consumer category for a product that is always different (real estate).


问:
Where can one read about states?
This term gets thrown around quite a lot on cogsci.SE. States (or maybe, to my understanding, states of mind, psychological states, or mental states) could be defined as schemas of a temporal nature (they last a certain period of time before the next one begins). Is there too little information in the question right now to get me any feedback? This is actually inspired by an answer from another question</p>

Title: Where can one read about states?


问:
What is a short, drug-induced "blackout" experience called?
I know of anecdotal evidence for the following drug-related side-effects:

It can happen while getting used to a new drug, or when quitting a drug. Probably also some other situations.

The feeling lasts a split second.

All hearing disappears when it happens.

Before and after the hearing disappears, there is some sort of auditory noise that lasts about equally long.

It will feel like some sort of mental disconnection, as if you passed out for just a split second - except you don't lose physical control.

It can happen many times every day.

All cognitive and physical functions seem to work like normal.

It can happen with different medications, including Effexor/Venlafaxin and 5-htp.

What can this temporary black-out be? Does it have a scientific name (i.e., is it a known and recognized phenomenon?)


问:
Why can some people not cry on demand?
Why is it, when we need to cry, it sometimes doesn't work?
Is there any psychology explanation for this?</p>

Title: Why can some people not cry on demand?


问:
Where to find images of the same faces with and without glasses for experiment?
I am looking to replicate the findings of Leder, forster, and Gerger (2011) in their publication of the glasses stereotype revisited.

I intend to examine the same conditions of no-glasses, rimmed glasses, and rimless glasses, whilst adding an extra condition of sunglasses.

Currently my struggle is finding a facial database that has identical pre-rated images for each condition. I am hoping to avoid taking my own images, as I would then have to score and test them for neutraL facial expressions as well as make sure that I limit the possibility of previous/ future exposure between models and participants, as they will be rated on percieved intelligence, attractiveness, trustworthiness, and success. If anyone is able to point out some possibilities that would be great. I have found somewith either, glasses present vs glasses not present, and some with sunglasses present vs sunglasses not present, but no unified database with identical models for each condition.

Reference

Leder, H., Forster, M., & Gerger, G. (2011). The glasses stereotype revisited: Effects of glasses on perception, recognition and impressions of faces. Swiss Journal of Psychology, 70: pp. 211—222.
DOI: 10.1024/1421-0185/a000059


问:
Research on computational models of physiological mechanisms in affective neuroscience at a biochemical level
As computational neuroscience has the mainstream on single neuron/network modelling for biochemical aspect, and computational modelling of physiological mechanism of hippocampus for analytic study of memory system. And also there already exists an area in affective computing, but it seems much more focused on image analysis aspect, e.g. how to detect human emotion via mathematical modelling from pictures.

Rather than these, I am more interested in computational modelling or analysis of physiological mechanism in affective neuroscience, for the study of human emotion system in an biochemical level.

Thus, some (if possible) fundamental research papers or monographs are welcomed to be mentioned.


问:
The 'self' and partitioning of the brain
I would be very grateful if someone could direct me towards any literature on the following thoughts:

I have always wondered if my brain were split into 2 and separated while being kept alive and then rebuilt into 2 fully functioning brains, which one would I (my current self/consciousness) occupy.

Of course this is all debatable but I came to a fairly satisfactory answer (for myself) that there exists some sort of module within the brain that emulates my conscious self and whichever half of the brain got that module would be the one my current consciousness would inhabit.

But it then seems that consciousness is simply an illusion from the brain. That the question if (in the Ship of Theseus type of thinking) your whole body where to be decomposed and rebuilt would the new consciousness still be the same as the old is simply answered by the fact there was no real consciousness in the first place.

I however find this very hard to wrap my head around as it seems like a logical answer, yet every waking moment I feel as if I have a very real consciousness.

Could anyone direct me to a book that discusses this in more detail?

OwnerDisplayName: rwolst


问:
Psychology of intelligence
I studied some cognitive psychology of problem solving. But I havent studied the psychology of intelligence in depth.

I wanted to ask, to what extent do IQ/psychometric tests predict academic performance?
Einstein was said to have a high IQ and there are maths/physics prodigies out there.

What intelligence limitations limit an average person to achieve similar academic achievements such as of Albert Einstein's?

Any reference to research on psychology of intelligence is welcome.

Title: Psychology of intelligence


问:
What neurophysiological mechanisms are typically associated with distraction?
I've been looking into focus aids and I've come across some music which markets itself as entertaining your "limbic system". Although it's been asked before how music can affect mental states, I'm trying to figure the accuracy of the claim that the "limbic system" is the source of distraction.

Are the neurophysiological mechanisms associated with distraction really as distributed as the "limbic system"? I typically associate the salience managers of the brain to be found in the basal-ganglia and thalamus, but I don't have any proof for this.


问:
Isolating the desired event in EEG signals
When we took an EEG data from subjects, does the subject have to be in  "neutral state" i.e there is no anger, no sadness,   no happiness ...etc. and they also in situation that they  neither do any logical operations nor any concerns in their life events?

Often when I read in the literature, they assume that the subject is in this situation above! For example if someone want to elicit the emotion state on the subject from an EEG signal , it's feature extraction process depends on the variance of the signal, and it's assumed that all variance in the EEG is for only the emotions. The brain process a lot of processes, and the signal will contains Emotion , logical operation ,  the usually processes to organize human functions ... etc .

So what is the rational judgment on this experiment? Assuming that the subject so clever and operated with experimenter, how much will he really control on his mind behavior?

In short : how can we depend on parameters (i.e variance) for evidence when this parameter does not only depend on the behavior that we want to make a decision with?

I know that when we deal with event related potentials (ERPs) , we  make the parameters  highly dependent on that event , but this is does not apply on inner-voice research.


问:
Why do people have different sense of humour?
Why some people find dark humour funny but other people feel embarrassed when they hear such jokes? Some people laugh at cabarates but other feel bored watching them. What is the reason that people have different sense of humour?</p>


问:
How do mammals explore state spaces in reinforcement learning tasks?
Reinforcement learning is the act of learning how to preform a task given punishment and reward. A "state-space" is the space of choices in a context. When performing a reinforcement learning task, is there an underlying methodology to how mammals (humans, monkeys, rats) explore the state space of a task and has is been embodied in any cognitive models?</p>


问:
Research on gift structure and satisfaction: one large gift or two small ones?
I'm familiar with some research into  the subject of gift giving, for example Dan Ariely suggests that giving cash is less effective than buying somebody something. Other studies show that money spent on others makes you more happy than money spent on yourself.

Does anybody know of a study regarding the problem of whether its best to give one single large gift or split the gift into several smaller ones?


问:
Can long-term antidepressant use reduce memory and emotion?
Can long-term (~3-4 years) antidepressant use reduce memory and emotion?  </p>


问:
Is it sufficient to say self control eliciting the reduced ERN (error-related negativity) in cognitive control tasks?
The limited resource model of self control suggests that the exertion of self control can impair performance in subsequent cognitive control tasks (for details on the model, check this question. Most research has examined behavioral outcome, e.g., performance on task, physiological change. So far, I only know two papers using neural data to test the theory. Wang (2014) and Inzlinct (2007) reported reduced Errror-Related Negativity (ERN) after practicing self control, however both of them used emotion regulation.

My question is: is it sufficient to claim the reduced ERN is related to self control? since self control is not limited to regulating emotions (Muraven et. al., 1998), but also thought, attention and impulsivity.

Muraven, M., Tice, D. M., & Baumeister, R. F. (1998). Self-control as a limited resource: Regulatory depletion patterns. Journal of personality and social psychology, 74(3), 774. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.74.3.774

Inzlicht, M., & Gutsell, J. N. (2007). Running on empty neural signals for self-control failure. Psychological Science, 18(11), 933-937. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9280.2007.02004.x

Wang, Y., & Yang, L. (2014). Suppression (but Not Reappraisal) Impairs Subsequent Error Detection: An ERP Study of Emotion Regulation's Resource-Depleting Effect. PloS one, 9(4), e96339.DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0096339


问:
How strongly are creative ideas influenced by our environment?
Background : I was recently reminded of an abandoned project of mine that is related to railways and "green energy," so I started doing some Internet searches to see if there are any similar projects in the world. To my surprise, the project was already carried out by another institution. Even more surprising was that the project was done almost at the same time that I had the idea.

My question is:

Does having the same education/environment for a population make the same invention inevitable and predictable at some moment among that population?

If yes, no wonder why there is so much claims for the same invention at the same time that may come from different places across the world.


问:
How to integrate word prediction keyboard into P300-based BCI (brain computer interface) system?
See this question in User Experience.
Farwell and Donchin (1988) described a P300 based BCI selecting letters by detecting P300 responding to the flashing letters. According to this system, only one target can be detected each time, thus only one flashing group. If we use word prediction keyboard in this system, once a letter is selected, the predicted words will appear on the screen. If next letter and the predicted words flash at the same time, the system is not able to tell which to select. What's the best way to integrate word prediction keyboard into this system? two ideas below:

to have the keyboard disappeared after a letter is selected, only leave predicted words appear on the screen. If nothing is selected in a limited time, remove the words and the keyboard comes back, subject continues to spell.

same idea as above, instead of removing  the keyboard, just to stop the keyboard from flashing when the predicted words are flashing after a letter is selected.

However, both might slow down the spelling process if subjects only need words with 3 or fewer letters. Any other ideas?

Fig. 1. An example from the Brain-Computer Interface Laboratory at East Tennessee State University
[To spell the word "DOG", as rows and columns flash successively, the user has to count how many times the letter 'D' (the target) flashes. This results in a P300 response being generated each time the row or column containing the target flashes. The twelve-flash series is repeated a predetermined number of times. The responses for each row and column are averaged, and a classifier is applied to determine how closely each averaged response resembles the P300. The intersection of the row and column with the highest classification values is selected. In this case, the row and column containing the target letter 'D' would be selected, and a "D" would be presented as feedback to the user on the line below the presented word "DOG" at the top of the matrix.]

Farwell, L. A., & Donchin, E. (1988). Talking off the top of your head: toward a mental prosthesis utilizing event-related brain potentials. Electroencephalography and clinical Neurophysiology, 70(6), 510-523. doi:10.1016/0013-4694(88)90149-6


问:
Confirmation vs peak-end bias - when does it make sense to "save the best for last"?
This question is inspired by Should I give the interviewers surprise?
on Academia.SE.

The strategy of "save the best for last" seems to be affected in conflicting ways by two cognitive biases:

Confirmation bias: "the tendency to search for, interpret, or recall information in a way that confirms one's beliefs or hypotheses." This suggests that one should try to optimize for a good first impression.

Peak-end rule: "a psychological heuristic in which people judge experiences largely based on how they were at their peak (i.e., their most intense point) and at their end." This suggests optimizing for a good last impression.

Is there any research that offers guidance on how these biases interact in different situations?

(For example, research on how these biases are affected by the nature of an experience, or its duration, might indicate which effect is more likely to prevail in a given situation.)


问:
How do patients with Cotard's Syndrome rationalize environmental interactions?
A patient with Cotard's Syndrome (also called "Cotard delusion" and "Walking Corpse Syndrome") has the delusion that he or she is dead (and sometimes immortal), either figuratively or literally, yet continues interacting with their environment and communicating with others.  This seems like a contradiction in it's fundamental diagnosis.  Even in this delusional state, how do they rationalize such interactions?  To converse with people, they would need to believe such people are alive or at least in a state similar to themselves.  Prior knowledge of environmental interactions and social behavior should cause some patients to reflect over their perceived delusional reality at the vary least.

How do patients with Cotard's Syndrome rationalize interactions in active environments and in social settings?


问:
What is fear in humans and what does it do?
From researching conventional understandings of fear, it can be a response to a perceived dangerous situation. But this definition seems very limited because fear seems to depend very much on context.

If someone is in a place where there is a natural disaster and there may be in clear present danger then that fear seems pretty sensible and obvious for the person to do what they can to become safe

A sportsman doing a risky activity are scared for their own safety and deal with that feeling in order to perform.

Even as I write this trying to give easy examples, these two seem very different. The first being an act of god creating fear and the second, a deliberate confrontation of fear.

What is fear? What is the effect of fear on a human? Why sometimes to humans do things that create feelings of fear? Where does it live in the mind? How /where does it persist?


问:
Pleasure and reward
What exactly is pleasure?
Is pleasure in some sense 'thoughts'? If you are given opiates, you will feel some sort of pleasure, even if you don't think about anything, but perhaps you are having some sort of more primitive 'thoughts' that can't be detected.
Is pleasure just some sort of indicator of your neurotransmitters? Just as you might feel hot/cold, you might feel pleasure/pain. If it's not this way, and instead perhaps the previous (pleasure are some type of thoughts), then perhaps favorable levels of neurotrasmitters make pleasurable thoughts more likely to occur, explaining the correlation with neurotransmitters and various feelings.

By what way does a person decide to be pragmatic, in something like the marshmallow test? Is there some sort of pleasure that occurs, if you follow a pragmatic decision?
Or could it be that we naturally have a strong tendency to have almost obsessive thoughts of the future, and being rational about it? Meaning, we might not even get any sort of pleasure from being pragmatic - it's just something that we do, because we get repetitive thoughts of "that's reasonable" ?

Title: Pleasure and reward


问:
Is there a relationship between gender and the effectiveness of various psychotherapeutic methods?
While doing research on various existing psychotherapeutic methods and perspectives, I came to wonder whether there were any existing relationship between gender and the responsiveness to given therapies. The relationship can be arbitrary or with some theoretical weight.

Not sure if this question is clear enough...

Thank you for reading


问:
How can we use EEG data to predict urge of smoking?
I am from Computer Sciences background. The problem which I want to target is to be able to successfully predict (to a degree) that a person is going to smoke in near future.

I have a brainwave sensor which gives me EEG. I am interested in using this data to predict the urge of smoking. My questions are as follows:

Is is possible to do such kind of analysis? If yes, what are the key terms I should explore to understand the relation between EEG values and urge of smoking.

If no, what should be the data which I should try to get to solve this problem?

I do not seek complete answer, I only seek pointers to helpful literature.


问:
How can we analyse user behavior to predict urge of smoking?
The problem which I want to target is to be able to successfully predict (to a degree) that a person is going to smoke in near future.

I want to look at the relationship between chemical reactions in the body, user behavior and urge for smoking. My questions are as follows:

What happens inside the body which makes the user feel an urge to smoke. By this, I mean are there specific 'chemicals' which are released in the body? Can we measure it?

Is there a relation between user behavior and urge of smoking? If yes, please help me understand it or point me towards literature which supports the same.

Please point me towards (even remotely relevant) literature which can help me in finding answers to some of these questions.