问:
Are there any studies/theories or papers that address a link between novel environments and psychological well-being?
I've been trying to find a reference supporting that new environments without familiar stimuli can cause psychological distress. And prolonged staying in said environment can put a person at risk of anxiety/depression.

It seems intuitive if we assume that familiarity is associated with safety and linked to how positively we view stimuli. (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2948957/) but I haven't found any research about this specific topic. So I was wondering if theres anything glaring Ive missed, which somebody knows about.


问:
Is arousal to shemale porn by straight men in "A Billion Wicked Thoughts" exemplifying situational sexual behaviour?

A Billion Wicked Thoughts

Over ten years ago Ogi Ogas and Sai Gaddam published a book, A Billion Wicked Thoughts. They did not publish any academic papers on their research, but Ogi and Sai have given a handful of public appearances where they describe their work.

A Billion Wicked Thoughts | Ogi Ogas | Talks at Google

And I'm also going to explain one of the most popular erotic interests for men, which is shemale porn. You may or may not be surprised to hear that shemale porn is one of the most popular kinds of erotica for heterosexual men all around the world, in every country in the world. And it's favored by heterosexual men, not gay men. Gay men are not very interested at all in shemale porn. Some bisexual men are interested, but its definitely dominated by heterosexual men.

Ogi Ogas and Sai Gaddam - Searching for Sex

A great example of a male's erotic illusion is shemale porn. Now you might be surprised to hear that shemale porn is actually one of the most popular genres of pornography all across plant. One of the top 10 most popular genres of porn for heterosexual men. Heterosexual men form the main audience for shemale porn.

Sai Gaddam: Sexual urges and internet searches

Episode 169--The Mountain Top--A Billion Wicked Thoughts

Keen On... Ogi Ogas: A Billion Wicked Thoughts

Keen On... Ogi Ogas: Online Deviance and Perversions

One of the unusual findings is that a lot of people (they infer men) watch shemale porn (or similarly trans porn, or futanari). What is even more unusual in conjunction with this is that such men were inferred to be mostly heterosexual men.

Situational Sexual Behaviour

Wikipedia defines situational sexual behaviour:

Situational sexual behavior differs from that which the person normally exhibits, due to a social environment that in some way permits, encourages, or compels the behavior in question.

Pyschology Wiki provides a definition:

Situational sexual behavior is sexual behavior of a kind that is different from what is usual for that person (or from what that person normally exhibits) due to a social environment that permits, encourages, or compels those acts.

Question

Is arousal to shemale porn by straight men in "A Billion Wicked Thoughts" exemplifying situational sexual behaviour?

ContentLicense: CC BY-SA 4.0


问:
Are there any measurement techniques to evaluate the prospective memory (PM) in laboratory?
The prospective memory (PM) term has been drawing attention since its proposed. But as far as I know, most of the research has been conducted in a real-life situation and there is no measurement technique to evaluate PM in the laboratory. I want to design a research about PM in the laboratory but couldn't cope with that. Are there any laboratory methods to evaluate PM that I haven't known?</p>


问:
What is meant by "swallowing of a stereotype"?
In Gestalt Therapy, when describing an adjustment in the field of psychotherpay, the authors write,

Unfortunately, the “adjustment” of much
psychotherapy, the “conforming to the reality-principle,” is the swallowing of a
stereotype.

— Hefferline et al. (1951)

What does this mean?

References

Hefferline, R. F., Goodman, P., & Perls, F. S. (1951). Gestalt therapy: excitement and growth in the human personality. Gouldsboro, ME: The Gestalt Journal Press, Inc.


问:
What are the psychological mechanisms that make lonely/people with weak identity etc more at risk to radicalisation/abuse
Im wondering what psychological mechanisms are at play here? Why are these people more receptive to being bullshitted and mistreated because they have a weaker sense of identity?

Prior research:

Pfundmair, M., Wood, N. R., Hales, A., & Wesselmann, E. D. (2022). How social exclusion makes radicalism flourish: A review of empirical evidence. Journal of Social Issues. https://doi.org/10.1111/josi.12520 or Free PDF

Kruglanski, A. W., & Webber, D. (2002). The Psychology of Radicalization. Social Psychology, 83, 1261. (No journal site address can be found) Free PDF

Ferguson, N., & McAuley, J. W. (2020). Dedicated to the cause: The role of identity in initiating, sustaining and diminishing violent extremism. European Psychologist. https://doi.org/10.1027/1016-9040/a000414 or Free PDF


问:
Are there any types of therapy which try to provide external insight into who you are without prescribing behavioral changes?
I believe many types of therapy are based on a premise of reinforcement, the idea that by actively enacting an attitude and consciously choosing a behavior, the neuroplasticity of the mind naturally reinforces that mental state and over time it can become a new default equilibrium of a person, without concerted effort. By this logic it can be implied that people can overcome social anxiety by repeatedly exposing themselves to the situations they are afraid of, or overcome depression by stabilizing more positive thoughts, emotions and attitudes.

I do not believe there is any justification to hold this as a universal property of the mind, and I would like to refer to it as the “enactive fallacy”, the idea that the brain has more or less unlimited plasticity and so can be consciously nudged in any direction you wish.

Some counterarguments I’d like to pose would include that there are:

There are people who do not have clinical depression but enjoy having a dry, cynical, apathetic and nihilistic viewpoint on the world; it gives them satisfaction. Clearly, there is not a strictly one-to-one correlation between “thinking happy thoughts” and developing chronic neuroses such as depressive disorders.

Sometimes a system (in a general way) can be broken or pitched into a new equilibrium state by certain external forces, and it does not follow that the process is reversible by the exact same mechanisms. For example, if you break your bike, you can’t just unbreak it. The method by which you repair it is different from the circumstances which broke it - requiring special tools and operations and possibly new components. Similarly, if the mind / brain organ is modified in its functional and physical characteristics by psychosocial phenomena such as intense physiological stress or chronically reinforced negative emotional patterns, it does not strictly, logically, exclusively follow that you could reinforce the brain out of its new functional equilibrium to return to its original state by consciously activating feelings in the opposite direction. It might be possible, but it’s one of two possibilities, the other being that it isn’t. We should not favor one possibility over the other given that both are in the space of possibility.

We know the neuroplasticity of the brain is not unlimited; you cannot give yourself psychic powers by consciously reinforcing the “seeds” of that mental ability, nor probably increase certain mental abilities/aptitudes like numerical calculating abilities. It is a false premise to say that anything is possible through self-directed neuroplasticity. We know there are limits. The question is where they are.

There are probably other counterarguments I would like to put forward about aspects of therapy but I can’t think of them right now.

I am interested in learning about a type of therapy in which therapists help you gain insight about your own thinking patterns without prescribing any changes to them - a way of understanding yourself, especially as you may compare to other people’s thinking and behavioral tendencies. It is possible that just by realizing something about yourself you can change in an authentic way, just because of new knowledge or insight or a different way of looking at a situation, that is not artificially forced but natural, passive, authentic as well as stable since it’s just a matter of belief, not a concerted action in any way.

The therapist could be more like an analyst, helping you classify your psychology with recourse to many modern theories of personality and group psychology. They could advise/direct you to research about novel strategies given various scenarios, but it would never come with a subjective interpretation on the part of the therapist, insisting that they know how the right way to be a person is or what you should do; merely as an impartial, scientific consultant who can suggest things due to their scientific specialization. They are not there to listen to you cathartically venting about your difficult emotions. Also, there would not be the need for “unlimited positive regard”; there is virtually no emotional bond between you and the therapist; they are a neutral clinician.

I am curious what this type of therapy is called, perhaps “analytic psychotherapy”?


问:
characteristics of auditory hallucinations
How common is it for someone suffering from auditory hallucinations to recognize the voice(s) as someone they know, whether it be a direct or indirect relationship?  By direct I mean someone they personally have acquaintance with, and by indirect someone they recognize, such as a TV personality, but do not formally have relation with.  When I say common, I mean normal phenomena.</p>


问:
Epigenetic heritable pathways in ADHD
ADHD is largely believed to be a heritable neural disorder. However, as I understand the details of the heritable pathway (or pathways?) are largely unsettled.
Recently I stumbled over this paper suggesting slash hypothetizing a heritable pathway that goes via epigenetics. This would connect both, the environmental with the genetic theories to some extend, and also give an explanation for how to possibly therapize the disorder beyond the symptomatic treatment of stimulants. So all in all, this would be a very promising way forward.

Now, the above mentioned paper is from 2008 and I could not find any follow ups, so I wanted to ask whether anybody knows whats the current understanding regarding the role of epigenetics in the heritability of ADHD? More recent review articles warmly welcome!

Thanks!

Title: Epigenetic heritable pathways in ADHD


问:
Mushin - Enormous improve state of controlled subconscious mind

Mushin in Japanese and Wuxin in Chinese (無心 "no mind") is a mental
state. Zen and Daoist meditators attempt to reach this state, as well
as artists and trained martial artists. They also practice this mental
state during everyday activities.

Mushin in Martial arts

The above passage now seems to be a clear description of the
autonomous dorsal visuomotor module. However, without the explanation
of science behind it, it seems unintelligible and impossible to
understand.

Neuroscience research from Researchgate

Can today's science able to explain the state of Mushin ? The current information just seems like a pseudo-science.


问:
Which scientific results about Striatum are the most relevant to the training of non human animals?
BACKGROUND

The literature about the training of non human animals (e.g. dogs, cats, rats, species of parrots, etc.) seems mostly based on experience from trainers rather than scientific peer-reviewed experiments. Most of the terminology used is based on Behaviorism theories from BF Skinner from the 1960s, even if some concepts (e.g. preference for positive reinforcement over negative ones) from cognitive sciences did make them way, but I am under the impression that most of the "general public" literature (e.g. how to use a clicker to train your dog to do so and so) is  stuck in theories from 60 years ago (but then, I am not an expert and still learning).

PROBLEM

Human knowledge about the Striatum is making steady progress (e.g. most of the years of publication of the articles cited by its wikipedia page (2015,2015,2013,2010,2018,2018,2015,2014,2007,2015,2015,2017,2011,2011,2004,1995,1996,2020,2010,1999,2010,2011,...) are within the last 20 years), and one would expect knowledge about Brains' Reward Systems, seemingly in common between all vertebrates, to be more prominent in protocols about training non human animals.

QUESTION

Is it because the knowledge about Striatum is too recent and needs more time to be processed into the culture of the community of trainers? If so, which (revolutionary?) changes can one expect in the training protocols of non human animals? Or is it that the results about Striatum are mostly about human ones and do not apply very well to non human animals? (But then, can we ask similar question about applying Striatum's new found knowledge to the education of humans?)

Hope it makes sense? 8o|


问:
What is this condition where you imagine a string retracing your path in space and that you feel compelled to untangle?
There is a special condition of some people where they imagine a thread that retraces the path where they have been before and feel compelled to not entangle it.  They feel compelled to leave a place using the same entry where they entered.  They feel uncomfortable if they leave a car from a different door from where they came in, because that means now the thread is forever going thru the car.  That thread is flexible though, if they walk a full circle around a flagpole that isn't a problem as the thread can pass over the flaghole.  But anything forming a closed loop where you go thru would causes a concern.  They feel an urge to go back the other way.

A discussion about this can be found on reddit r/ocd:

https://www.reddit.com/r/OCD/comments/1ve309/invisible_thread_attached_to_my_back_am_i_the/

It triggers testimonies of people who have it or had it when they were younger.  It doesn't look uncommon.

My question is: Is there a name for this condition?  Has it been studied or described clinically?  Any reference?

Background

The reason I am asking this question is because of the xkcd strip
https://xkcd.com/2679/.

I understood this strip as related to the condition I described above.  I explained this on a site devoted to explain this comic strip, https://explainxkcd.com/2679/.  But the explanation was discarded because it wasn't backed by trustworthy sources.

So I am looking for references for research that has been done on this precise syndrome with an imaginary string, or just describing it, to show this is a real thing.


问:
Is there a psychological effect when you speak badly about a person to another person and then that inadvertently reflects back on you?
Suppose one person (Person A) were to speak badly of another person (Person B) in conversation with Person C.

For example if Person A says that person B is a bad person and that person B is untrustworthy liar and a poor leader.

My understanding is that there is a psychological affect wherein person C will "reference" and begin to associate person A similarly to person B.

What if any is the term for this reflective or associative effect?


问:
Is there any treatment for chronic neurogenic weakness?
My question is, is there any possible way to treat nerve damage/weakness (e.g with surgery?) so that the atrophied muscles become 100% active again?</p>


问:
Is the hippocampus subcortical?
There is a little debate going on in my lab about whether or not the hippocampus is a subcortical structure. There are points made on both sides, and primary and secondary sources do not seem to form a solid consensus on this. On the one hand, the hippocampus is associated with other subcortical structures, such as the amygdala and dentate gyrus; has a specialized function; and has a neural architecture that distinguishes it from neocortex. On the other hand, it is continuous with the temporal cortex; has a similarly layered structure; and is allocortical, like the entorhinal cortex and anterior insula, which are generally not considered to be subcortical. So the questions are: is the hippocampus subcortical? And, thinking of the bigger picture, is it useful to classify it one way or the other?

Edit: our lab PI has weighed in with an evolutionary and developmental neuroscience perspective. Namely, they point out that the hippocampus is ancestrally part of the medial pallium, and that it has the same transcription factor expression profile as cortex.

Title: Is the hippocampus subcortical?


问:
What mechanism allows us to participate 'in the moment'?
I have been through several texts and many papers and have written my own neuron simulator. I don't understand how a hundred neurons working in the millisecond range could do the work required for cognition. I cannot find a biological mechanism in the brain that could account for our awareness of the last 100 mSec or so.

Neurons operate in the millisecond range, but how many would have to be in play to give us even the slightest knowledge of human speech as it arrives at our ears?

I have added these links to my search for this question and to the neuron simulator I created to aid in my understanding.

https://www.seti.net/index.php  and

https://www.seti.net/Neuron%20Lab/3.%20Neuron%20Simulator/Neuron%20Simulator.php

Could it be that many sets of 100 working in a Synfire Chain and with Spike Timing Dependency Plasticity (STDP) might do it, but it still seems sketchy? I understand that we are not aware of the last 100 mSec, but our brain must work to keep us unaware at least. Are there any other options?


问:
What is known about societal mental degradation?
Question comes to me after reading about Calhoun's Universe 25 experiment, where mental degradation of mice was observed under extreme overcrowding.

What interested me here how the mental state of the whole group of mice degraded together. Are there examples of such societal mental degradations in humans? What general insights does psychology give us?


问:
Did this scientific experiment on worker/robber roles in pig's behaviour take place?
I remember that I read a story of an experiment on pig behaviour in a book when I was a child. I believe that the book was written by Bernard Werber, but I am not 100% certain.

An experimenter put a group of pigs in a cage, in which there is some sort of device that releases food when some work is done (something like rolling a wheel). Some pigs did the work to get the food, and some pigs did not do the work but just stole the food from the pigs that worked.

When the experimenter did the same experiment again with only the pigs that stole other pigs' food, he found that the ratio of worker/robber was almost the same as before. The author used this as an explanation for why we always see workers and exploiters in human societies.

But I cannot find anything about this on the Internet.

Was this experiment even real? Does anyone know about this experiment?


问:
I'm trying to remember the title of a book of case histories
Ages ago, I read a book written by a mental health professional, probably a psychiatrist, and I can't seem to recall the title. I'm hoping someone here can help.

It was a book of case histories. The author referred to Dr. Milton H. Erickson as one of his inspirations, though I don't know that he studied with Erickson.

The story that stands out to me was of a patient who presented with intricate and grandiose delusions of being a space ranger, enforcing inter-galactic law. The patient was the son of a military family living on an island and he was sexually abused by his nanny; he got hold of a series of science fiction books the protagonist of which happened to have the same name as the patient.

You'd think that I could remember the title of a book I've read twice and so thoroughly enjoyed. And Google only gives me references to Buzz Lightyear.


问:
Any correlation between strong animal breed preferences and latent racism?
Here by "latent racism" I mean the tendency, subconscious or otherwise, to judge people according to their race, rather than their individual character. Basically, generalization of certain traits onto a specific race/ethnicity and casually applying said stereotypical trait when evaluating an individual.

By "strong animal breed preferences" I mean overt opinions such as "I like dogs, but all pit bulls must be abolished", etc. Basically, generalization of certain traits onto an entire specific breed and casually applying said stereotypical traits when evaluating an individual animal.

I wonder whether anybody tried to measure whether a correlation between a strong animal breed preference and latent racism exists. Are people who have such preferences more likely to harbor racist beliefs or not?


问:
Question about risk of bias tools
I am currently conducting a systematic narrative review for publication and I need to settle on a risk of bias tool. It is a systematic review on mechanisms of change in psychotherapy and therefore I will be looking at intervention studies. Both observational and RCTs will be included in the review and as such I would like to use one risk of bias tool for all studies, such as the EPHPP (https://www.ephpp.ca/quality-assessment-tool-for-quantitative-studies/), as opposed to one tool for RCTs and one tool for one-armed studies.

However, I do not know whether the EPHPP is a well enough validated tool. Therefore, I don't want it to count against me when I send it for publication.

Does anyone know of any well-validated and well-respected 2-in-1 risk of bias tools, or should I stick with the Cochrane (RoB/Robins-I) and/or JBI tools.

Thank you in advance.

Title: Question about risk of bias tools


问:
State of the art on Extrinsic and Intrinsic Motivation in Other Animals Than Humans?
Most definitions and theories about intrinsic and extrinsic motivations (that I could find) are about human animals, and there are some interesting debates about the conversion between those (but again, only in the context of humans). Yet, the reward systems at the origins of such behaviors, such as the  Striatum, are common to all vertebrates (and one can observe both intrinsically and extrinsically motivated behaviors in other animals than humans (e.g. a dog playing "for the fun of it" vs a dog performing a trick for a reward)).

It has become common to use computer activities to both enrich the life and study the sensory and cognitive abilities of other animal than humans (e.g. Egelkamp et al.'s review on zoo-based cognitive research using touchscreens, and my own contribution studying Monk Parakeet parrots' discrimination abilities using a touchscreen game), and as the frontier between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation is blurred for humans learning through computer activities  (e.g. Hariri et al. studied the conversion of extrinsic into intrinsic motivation in relation to computer based testing in humans), it seems that the same phenomenon could occur with other animals than humans.

What is the state of the art

about intrinsic and extrinsic motivations in other animals than humans, and in particular

about the active and passive conversion processes between them (where active refers to ones voluntarily activated by human guardians, and passive to ones occurring without any voluntary action from human guardians)?

I could not find any references about such topics, and would like to start designing some experiments exploring in this direction. But I am relatively new to the field (from Theoretical Computer Science to Animal Computer Interaction to Psychology to Neuro-Psychology, I am far from my field of expertise) and I am afraid that I might be missing references, maybe because of using an inadequate terminology. Any help welcome, even harsh criticisms (and suggestions of more adequate SE canals)!


问:
Pros & Cons of "Memory Palace" vs regular "Working Memory"
Hi I'm trying to understand the limitations of the techniques which "memory champions" employ, in comparison to say: working memory.

Working memory seems quite limited, but it is at least fast to encode & access.
Also it seems to be able to encode arbitrary information (e.g. verbally).

How do memory palaces (& similar mnemonics) compare to working memory in terms of encoding speed & flexibility of content? Are all useful mnemonics extremely specialized/limited like the major system?

P.S. I would be particularly interested if you could give evolutionary context for your answer or why the brain works this way.


问:
Is there any evidence of a biologically predetermined, gendered psyche?
I am trying to understand if gender is a concept that gets reinforced through experience in the human conceptual system, a socially constructed composite of memories and experiences associated with people you have interacted with; or if there is an integrated and innate “sense of self” in the psyche that is actually biologically explicit, a genetically predetermined “sense of being a gender” which might come with a kind of background emotional state, an innate gender identity.

That is to say, if biological males have a lot in common with each other physically as well as behaviorally, it of course makes sense since some foundation of behavior is rooted in biology - men have more testosterone, which has behavioral effects - men and women have different physical anatomies. I believe that organs like the heart are different between men and women and I personally would be surprised if there were not physical differences in the brain, along with the rest of the body, although I read that this is contested.

One issue I see in the idea that people are born with a subjective, conscious sense of a gendered self is that a gender would be meaningless if it were not ascribed at least some characteristics. If “manliness” or “femininity” are fully unbounded, it would have no semantic implication to transition genders. In other words, we associate genders with things like behaviors, preferences, and a sort of emotional disposition. But if biological females and males have some degree of innate biologically determined behavior, it means that whatever it is about men that is rooted in biology and not socially learned or culturally relative, corresponds to an actual objective physical structure. If men enjoy play fighting more than girls, maybe it’s because they have more testosterone. It seems probable to me that behavioral difference probably also have some corresponding neurological structure.

In other words: I don’t think there can be a “gender identity” without it necessarily being a composite of internal feelings and tendencies associated with gendered behavior - certain mannerisms or affectations, wearing make up, etc. Yet each of those individual aspects corresponds to something physical.

So, I don’t think a person could be born with a prototypically male brain - with the brain structure associated with males - but also claim that their transgenderism is innate. If they actually feel more like a woman on a behavioral level, intuitively, unvolitionally, and inalterably, wouldn’t it be because some aspect of the brain governing those behaviors is present in them?

Therefore, I am considering that gender identity is a necessarily a fortiori concept - a simultaneously co-occurring multitude of independent traits happen to occur in boys. That doesn’t mean the psyche is born knowing “I am this thing, a boy.” If people naturally gravitate towards associating with people of the same sex, it’s because they feel a sense of commonality given the same range of independent traits they share.

I think it undermines the simplistic idea of a woman trapped inside a man’s body or vice versa because it does not seem biologically explainable that someone came into the world with the mind of a woman if they have the brain of a man. There cannot be a feature of the mind that is not actuated by the brain, the mind is the brain.

What seems more likely is that some people may have behavioral traits of femininity, given that there is variation in traits from person to person, and some people may have enough feminine traits and a natural proclivity towards feminine socialization that they redefine themselves on the human-semantic-linguistic-conceptual-cultural level in terms of the categories available to them, the ones they learned from their external world. Because the mind learns and integrates a sense of self, it may very well be jarring and difficult and require a process of self-restructuring to fully form that new conscious identity as “the opposite gender”. It is also possible for any reason that a man may decide they wish to be a woman and undergo the psychological process of identity restructuring, of learning and naturalizing a new self, even if they have no innate feminine tendencies. You can still learn and train new habituated norms, and take hormones to change feelings, for example.

I am wondering if to the contrary there are any arguments in contemporary psychology that transgenderism is more genetically mechanistic than I have characterized it, in that some people simply get allocated the mind of a woman in the body of a man, but the question would remain, how could the mind of a woman be determined by neurology?


问:
Can disease, drugs, or other physiological conditions violate the all-or-none rule for action potential?
We are taught that the amplitude of a neuron's spike is always the same (within a negligibly small range)--all or none. But it seems that anomalous physiological conditions like certain diseases or drugs might cause neurons to violate the all-or-none rule. Similarly, I wonder if in EBS, the spikes have greater amplitude. Can anyone tell me of any specific conditions that alter spike amplitude?</p>


问:
To criticize or not
Dale Carnegie's famous book How to Win Friends and Influence People tells in its very first chapter not to criticize anyone as it hurts their feelings etc. But Hollywood army / military movies show the exact opposite where soldiers are trained by unforgiving officers who would punish and abuse them for the slightest thing. We see the same with sports coaches in the movies and even among startups with young co-founders. How do we reconcile these two opposite schools of thought?</p>

Title: To criticize or not


问:
Is depression part and parcel with high achievers?
Is having excessively high standards a cause of depression or more precisely a cause of a void of positive emotions / dopamine? Certainly it appears that high achieving people and perfectionists tend to exhibit a set of behaviours that collectively exacerbate the feeling of depression—being narrowly focused on one realm of life, obsession on details rather than on progress, incrementally setting the bar higher after reaching a point of success and dismissing the achievement. It seems that these collection of behaviours causes the mind to process any positive emotion as undeserving and counterproductive regardless of the significance of the achievement that causes the positive emotion since the bar is constantly set higher and thus incrementally less attainable. Thus in short, is depression something that is part and parcel with the perfectionist view of reality and having excessively high standards? Furthermore, is this the optimal state for the high achiever or rather their natural state for achieving intended and “unattainable” results?

https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Paul-Hewitt/publication/14479426_Perfectionism_and_Depression_Longitudinal_Assessment_of_a_Specific_Vulnerability_Hypothesis/links/0f3175355e1d60bf80000000/Perfectionism-and-Depression-Longitudinal-Assessment-of-a-Specific-Vulnerability-Hypothesis.pdf


问:
How well does wisdom predict major life outcomes?
Wisdom has appeared to me to be a certain “persona non grata” in the field of psychology due to its enigmatic nature and unreliability in being measured, however what is the extent to which wisdom serves as a reliable predictor to major life outcomes such as life satisfaction and wealth? It appears merely from observation that one of the hallmarks signs of life success is the propensity and inclination of an individual towards amassing and processing experiential data, a quality more commonly known as knowledge—as such, successful people tend to be inclined towards knowledge. Wisdom (love for knowledge) can be expressed in terms of the big five personality framework: the wise tends to be open to experience, a fundamental pre-requisite on the subject of wisdom. Wisdom also tends to be correlated with conscientiousness as being methodical ensures the experiential data that is being processed is relevant and conducive to the systematic framework in which the individual operates—conscientious also happens to be a reliable predictor of success. The propensity to extraversion is uncorrelated with wisdom: if anything wise people tend to be introverted as this is beneficial in processing and recounting of experiential data. As the wise tends to being open, this consequently plays on levels of neuroticism: being too intellectually radical is a quality best described as “being on the edge”—thus a certain level of neuroticism is part and parcel of wisdom.

Below a study detailing the positive correlation between wisdom and the searching of life satisfaction.

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/322931327_Role_of_Wisdom_in_Searching_Life_Satisfaction_And_Happiness_among_Elderly_Men

Supporting evidence to my statements:
https://www.ijschooling.com/article_89433_1d6bbd68b8c1ae48bdde57346e47cbc6.pdf


问:
How many hugs a day should we give to obtain optimal positive effects?
According to Wikipedia, hugging has health benefits. It stimulates the increase of oxytocin and reduces blood pressure. I have also heard varying advices about the number of hugs per day that you need; for example here. Is there a number of hugs a day that would be the most healthy? For example, 5 hugs a day, or 15?

My question is different from this question in the following way: my question is about what number of hugs gives the most health benefits, while the other question is about what number of hugs we need to avoid adverse effects.


问:
Schizoaffective disorder and bipolar disorder, how to make the right diagnosis?
How not to confuse a schizoaffective disorder and a bipolar disorder in the manic phase where the person experiences pseudo-hallucinations? In both cases, there are mood symptoms and schizophrenia. What are the elements that can tip the scales to make the right diagnosis?</p>


问:
What activities trigger the realtionship between Flow state and Contemplative / Wellbeing practices?
I wanted to know experimental cases and studies where there are activities which make possible the Flow state, and how is it related to Happiness and Wellbeing.

Quoting the 2021 study "The neuroscience of positive emotions and affect: Implications for cultivating happiness and wellbeing" by Alexander et al. (see it at Science Direct or at Elsevier's websites):

Short of living in Bhutan, actively engaging in behaviors that are associated with happiness and wellbeing may need to be actively practiced in contemporary society across the lifespan. As reviewed in section 8.1., mindfulness meditation and loving-kindness meditation have been linked with positive emotion outcomes and wellbeing, but additional research is needed to understand how “dosage,” and specific components of contemplative practices modulate positive emotions and associated neurophysiological correlates. Similarly, the positive psychology literature has developed a number of evidence-based strategies designed to increase and enhance positive emotions (Quoidbach et al., 2015), yet very little is known about how human neurophysiology might change in response to these strategies, and this remains an area for future research (Silton et al., 2020). Given that increased happiness is frequently observed in late life, future research may benefit from harnessing some of the strategies that are naturally employed by older individuals to enhance the experience of positive emotions (see section 5.2).

In addition section 8.2 explains:

Achieving a flow state is a multifaceted process involving multiple neural systems and physiological processes implicated in reward and positive emotions, happiness, and life satisfaction. Given that flow states often occur during an activity, future research investigating flow may consider implementation of a mobile EEG and other wearable sensors to characterize the neurophysiological correlates of flow as they occur in the moment.

However, what activities really make people enter a Flow state?

There are also post related which cover other topics which are meaningful but different:

What is the difference between work engagement and flow?

What is the difference between flow and cannabis induced high?

What are the key features of dreams that trigger dream recall in the waking state?

Greetings.


问:
Is there any study in the science about these true stories of babies?
For babies from several-month old to 4-year old, most of them get their parents frustrated(e.g. most babies often cry). But I heard of true stories of several babies. These true stories have the following common or similar parts about such babies:

After being left alone, such babies usually don't cry. He/She can play with himself/herself quietly for several hours.

When introduced by parents to a stranger, most babies are shy and even cry if they are taken in the stranger's arms. But, unlike most babies, such babies usually don't shy, and don't cry in the stranger's arms. Such babies do what parents tell them to do (e.g. say hello or wave hands to the stranger), and even smile to the stranger.

Such babies usually do what parents tell them to do. For example, most babies cry when they are given an injection by a doctor. But, unlike most babies, such babies usually stop crying after parents just coax them with only a few words.

Honestly, I'm not sure about the following things:

I'm not sure whether such babies have more common/similar stories.

I'm not sure whether these stories or similar stories are sufficiently common. (I'm trying to collect more true stories or similar stories, if any, and post them here later).

I'm interested in the following topics:

Do such babies have any common/similar stories when they reach adolescence (or adulthood)?

If above stories are sufficiently common, then what are the factors behind these stories?

If above stories are sufficiently common, are there any special terms or phrases for describing such babies?

My question is: Is there any study in the science (e.g. Psychology, Pediatrics, Medicine, and etc) about above true stories of such babies?

It would be better, if there is any study on my interested topics mentioned above.


问:
Database for scored attachment style questionnaire
Is there a database / list of questions for attachment styles and how they are scored on the attachment orientations?</p>


问:
Why do we have romatic feelings?
People who are asexual feel little to no sexual attraction towards others, but they can have romantic relationships. From how sexual and romantic feelings are different, it has made me start to wonder about the psychology about it. While we all know sexual attraction was created so species can procreate, why do we have romantic feelings, and where did it originate from?</p>

Title: Why do we have romatic feelings?


问:
Getting 8 channel Muse data in EEGlab?
I am trying to do an experiment, can someone tell me if the following makes sense with an Muse 2 that has 4 electrodes:

In the first session I am recording the normal 4 channel data doing some activity with muse headband on the forehead.

In the second session, I put the muse headband on the top of my head (somewhere around the regions of T3 to T4) and then record the session.

I merge both data 4+4 channels in EEGLab (a Matlab based addon) and try to clean the signal artefacts and analyze the 8 channel data.
Is it a stupid approach to get an 8 channel information via this hack? My activity for both sessions is nearly identical.

Title: Getting 8 channel Muse data in EEGlab?


问:
A tool to compare structural MRIs recorded at different times
I have two MRI's from the same person with a Huntington disease, recorded at different time points (with different MRI machines).

I would like to compare the MRIs to see how the disease progresses. Could you say, is there a standard tool (or at least a standard approach) allowing to compare them? I mean, just having two brain slices from different MRIs side by side to eyeball them.


问:
How can behaviour be heritable?
As humans, we are rather proud of our ability to develop and learn new behaviours, seeing this as superior to the inheritance of behaviours that increasingly dominates the repertoires of animals with smaller brains.

While it is certainly this ability that underlies our extraordinary success as a species, the creation of such behaviours is relatively easy to explain, being comparable to the way in which capabilities can be trained in Artificial Neural Networks.

In this respect heritable behaviours, passed on through the generations rather than being independently developed within each individual, are far more difficult to explain.

In general, heritability is associated with genetics: the explicit information that is passed on from parent to child through the germ line. However, if we look at the information encoded in the genome it is exclusively constitutes instructions for creation of the polypeptide sequences from which cellular proteins are constructed.

While variations in proteins (e.g. neurotransmitters) could explain general characteristics of brain function, behaviours are the result of specific connection patterns laid down between neurons. The genome contains no instructions for determining which connections should be created, nor is there a mechanism by which such information could perform this function.

I can envisage how a human could learn how to knot a fishing net, but not how a spider knows how to perform the highly specific and complex actions required to spin a web.

How, then, is heritable behaviour created? If I search on Google Scholar for 'heritable behaviour' I only get research into which behaviours are heritable, not how.

Title: How can behaviour be heritable?


问:
Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQoL) questionnaire for 6-year olds
I am looking for a cross-national Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQoL) for 6-year olds. The closest I found is the KidScreen project:

Three versions of the KIDSCREEN questionnaire are targeted at children, adolescents and parents. They are available in various languages and can be applied for multiple research goals.

KIDSCREEN-52 (long version) covers ten HRQoL dimensions, KIDSCREEN-27 (short version) covers five HRQoL dimensions, while the KIDSCREEN-10 Index encompasses a global HRQoL measurement.

In this fashion the questionnaires measure the quality of life from the child's point of view with regard to physical, mental and social well-being.

But it starts at 8 years of age:

The KIDSCREEN instruments assess children’s and adolescents’ subjective health and well-being. They were developed as self-report measures applicable for healthy and chronically ill children and adolescents aged from 8 to 18 years. As a result of their simultaneous development in 13 European countries, the KIDSCREEN instruments are truly cross-national HRQoL measures.

The homepage mentions a recommendation by the International Consortium for Health Outcomes Measurement (ICHOM):

The KIDSCREEN-10 is recommended by the International Consortium for Health Outcomes Measurement (ICHOM) as part of their standard set of outcome measures for child and youth anxiety, depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder and post traumatic stress disorder.

So I looked on their website but could not find a similar recommendation for 6-year olds.

How can I find a validated and cross-national questionnaire for Health-Realted Quality of Life of 6-year olds?


问:
Recent cognitive science research on ambiguity and learning mathematics?
I am taking a graduate cognitive science course, but cognitive science is not my main area of focus. The methods I primarily use to study mathematics learning/education are within the realm of sociology/anthropology.

I am interested in writing my course paper on working through ambiguity in non-routine mathematics problems (e.g., model-eliciting activities). However, I am getting lost in my literature search, since I am unfamiliar with the authors, journals, etc. that study related topics. I hope to connect some cognitive science research to the research I normally work with as well.

Is anyone familiar with cognitive science/psychology research on working through ambiguity in mathematics problems (or related work)? I am just looking for some papers that will help me get the literature review started. Right now, I feel like I am searching in the dark because I find papers in databases with related titles, but, when I read the article, the focus is very different from what I am searching for. I might even be searching the wrong things. Perhaps, there's a theory with a name unrelated to the key words I am using in my searches?

Thanks in advance. I just really need some guidance of where to look. The literature we've been reading in the cognitive science seminar is not related to my paper topic.


问:
Example Nonlinear Relationship Not Detected by Pearson, Kendall, Spearman Correlation
In psychology, we often investigate whether two variables are related. We often investigate this with Pearson's, Kendall's or Spearman's correlation. The obvious drawback of those methods is that they are not able to detect all relationships. Pearson's correlation might miss nonlinear and the other two nonmonotonic relationships.

I am wondering whether anybody is aware of an example where this is actually the case. That is, I am looking for a real-data example where it is obvious that two variables are related, but neither of the traditional correlation methods detects it; let's say, defined as all having $p$ value > .05. I have already searched through the literature and was not able to find a convincing example. An example where only Pearson's correlation fails to detect the relationship would already be nice.


问:
Confusing paragraph in a psychology book
I am currently working on translating a book called Self-Compassion: The Proven Power of Being Kind to Yourself by Kristin Neff. Yet, I faced a passage that I don't quite understand. Any help?

BEFORE EXAMINING SELF-COMPASSION IN MORE DETAIL, IT’S WORTH
considering what our more habitual, unhealthy states of mind look
like. As we begin to see the workings of our psyches more clearly, we
start to recognize how much we skew our perceptions of the world in
order to feel better about ourselves. It’s as if we’re continually
airbrushing our self-image to try to make it more to our liking, even
if it radically distorts reality. At the same time, we mercilessly
criticize ourselves when we fall short of our ideals, reacting so
harshly that reality is equally distorted in the opposite direction.
The result can look like a Salvador Dalí picture (extra warped). As we
first start to learn about self-compassion as a viable alternative to
this madness, it’s easy for us to end up judging our ego dysfunctions
themselves. “I’m so full of myself, I should be more humble!” Or else,
“I get so down on myself, I should be more kind and self-accepting!”
It’s very important to stop condemning yourself for these patterns,
fruitless as they may be. The only way to truly have compassion for
yourself is to realize that these neurotic ego cycles are not of your
own choosing, they are natural and universal. Put simply, we come by
our dysfunctions honestly—they are part of our human inheritance

What I understood is that: when we get to learn about self-compassion, we start to judge the flaws in our characters (as she said: being full of myself, or criticizing myself a lot). But, as far as I know, self compassion helps you stop criticizing your flaws and shortcomings, not making it easier for you to end up judging our ego problems.


问:
API for Big5 personality assessments?
To be clear, I don't want a tool for integrating a Big-5 test into my own app, but rather an API where I can ping with data (structured, semi-structured or unstructured) data and get back a score on personality (similar to applymagicsauce.com)

Here's a few that I've found: This, this, and this.

Any more in particular that you can recommend? Thank you!

Title: API for Big5 personality assessments?


问:
What causes people to over-estimate small proportions and under-estimate large proportions?
I don't think this is a duplicate of
What causes systematic under- or over-estimation of general knowledge quantities?, as the accepted (and only) answer doesn't answer this question.

YouGovAmerica
published these results, rounded to the nearest whole percent, from January 2022 to the question, "If you had to guess …":

True
Estimate
What percentage of American adults?

0%
20%
Have a household income over \$1 million

1%
21%
Are transgender

1%
26%
Have a household income over \$500,000

1%
27%
Are Muslim

1%
27%
Are Native American

2%
30%
Are Jewish

3%
30%
Live in New York City

3%
30%
Are gay or lesbian

3%
33%
Are atheists

4%
29%
Are bisexual

4%
36%
Are members of a union

5%
30%
Are vegan or vegetarian

6%
29%
Are Asian

6%
40%
Are a military veteran

9%
30%
Live in Texas

11%
34%
Are left-handed

12%
32%
Live in California

12%
41%
Are Black

12%
37%
Have an advanced degree

14%
33%
Are first-generation immigrants

17%
39%
Are Hispanic

22%
41%
Are Catholic

32%
54%
Own a gun

33%
47%
Have at least a college degree

34%
38%
Have a household income over \$100,000

37%
45%
Have a passport

42%
51%
Are Democrats

42%
56%
Are obese

47%
50%
Are Republicans

51%
55%
Are married

57%
58%
Have at least one child

62%
61%
Voted in the 2020 election

62%
50%
Have a household income over \$50,000

64%
59%
Are white

65%
49%
Own a house

66%
59%
Are fully vaccinated against COVID-19

67%
62%
Have a pet

70%
58%
Are Christian

77%
50%
Have read a book in the past year

82%
62%
Have a household income over $25,000

83%
68%
Have a driver's license

85%
76%
Own a smartphone

88%
59%
Have flown on a plane

88%
66%
Own a car

89%
65%
Have at least a high school degree

Without exception, the small true answers were over-estimated, and the larger true answers were under-estimated, as can be seen by the blue line (estimates) being much more centralized and vertical than the red line (true values) in their graph:

What causes people to over-estimate small proportions and under-estimate large proportions?

It can't simply be the result of bias created by the media, as this moderation happens even when the results are blatantly impossible: the estimates based on non-overlapping racial categories add up to 225%.

Note that I'm not asking about anything related to the individual topics themselves, only about this observed moderating effect.


问:
Would this situation/mindset fall under the Just World Hypothesis?
Consider this situation:

A boy gets injured due to a bully. Instead of blaming the bully, people say it's the boy's fault because he should've stood up for himself.

A similar situation can be made with animal abuse. Normally people blame the criminal for being cruel. However, another possible argument can be that it simply happened because the animal wasn't strong enough to fight back. Since morals and laws are only social constructs and not the physical restrictions in nature, all that is fair game. If the roles were reversed and some other species was dominant of humans, that species could've easily done the same.

And that mindset of all is fair game can be applied to many different scenarios, small or big, such as slavery.

On one hand, it feels like the Just World Hypothesis because you get what you deserve for not being strong enough, although it implies that the weak will most likely be abused, which should not happen in a Just World. Compared to getting your backpack stolen because you left it unattended in which leaving it unattended can be reasonably argued as your fault, simply being weak is not reasonable to be considered a mistake or fault.

If someone yet still believes that it's the victims' fault in the above scenarios, assuming they have basic good judgment, would the Just World Hypothesis still be able to explain that?


问:
Macaque V1 excitatory and inhibitory neuron tuning properties?
I am looking for tuning properties of excitatory and inhibitory neurons in V1 of Macaque (like orientation and direction selectivity), similar to results reported by Niell and Stryker (2008). Most papers I found do not seem to classify these different cell populations in macaque. Any relevant papers you may know?

Thanks!

Niell, C. M., & Stryker, M. P. (2008). Highly selective receptive fields in mouse visual cortex. Journal of Neuroscience, 28(30), 7520-7536.


问:
What experiments have explored qualia by pursuing neural channels from their sensory inputs?
I was just thinking that it seems like the most immediately accessible way to try to observe in greater detail how the electrical flows across synaptic connections constitute qualitative experience itself (color, sound, feelings) would basically be to follow them as far as we can. We probably already have a pretty good medical understanding of the eyes and ears. What is the furthest people have gone into the immediate neural circuitry connected to these organs or organs of a similar nature? I think I read the visual system is the single best understood system in modern neuroscience. Do we have anything close to comprehensive knowledge of where the electricity in the optic nerve travels to next, in/across the brain? And can we explore where/when qualia seem to arise by intervening at points in that structure? For example, if we send red light into the pupil, a human sees red. Could we feasibly try to stimulate the outermost part of the optic nerve at the identical frequency of red light, but just with electricity, to see if a human still sees “red”? And to keep going inwards to try to see if maybe we can stimulate the overall experience into distinct neural subchannels, seeing what each one does as we stimulate it in isolation? Surely at some point, we might get to the source point of qualia - the place where we realize a “signal” at that location creates the qualia “red”, somehow more internal in the brain.</p>


问:
Is sprouting an example of an axonal or dendritic mechanism of synaptic plasticity?
Hi I am having trouble wrapping my head around the mechanisms of synaptic plasticity which include

Sprouting

Rerouting

Pruning

I have read conflicting sources of information, some suggesting that sprouting involves axons sprouting and is therefore axonal and also involves dendrites branching out.

I have also seen sources saying that sprouting only refers to the axon and dendrites branching out and extending is something distinct.

Rerouting is essentially the formation of a new neural pathway.

It would be great if someone could clarify the sprouting mechanism for me, and which mechanisms are dendritic, axonal or both.


问:
How retribution that is too harsh affects society?
When a criminal law is created it is usually designed so it balances retribution among other factors to be effective.

From what I can imagine, too lenient retribution long term may contribute to the general feeling of injustice in the society and encourage lynching / self-judgement.

I was wondering, what effects on society too harsh crime retribution can have? For example using corporal punishment for something minor etc.

Is there any research that tries to model such behaviors and societal effects of such laws (both too lenient or too strict or just overall)?


问:
What kind of statistical analysis is suitable for this simple but unresearched data?
The data is regarding the perceived roundedness of given word stimuli (n=36). Each participant (n=44) rates each stimuli on two scales, roundedness & familiarity (both from 1-7 not round (sharp)/familiar to round/familiar).

The stimuli contains 12 sharp, 12 neutral, 12 round words each and it has 18 long and 18 short words balanced across these categories as well (6 each per category). Additionally, the 12 round words have 6 "more round" and 6 "less round" words too.

The outcome measures maps the categories to ordinal sets roughly; sharp would be around 1-2 on the Likert and round words would be rated on an average around 6-7.  The hypothesis is that if participants rate all neutrals between these two extremes, they are proven neutrals.

Finally, we have collected response times for each of the rating responses as well.

What could be an appropriate way to do basic analysis of these stats and what could I do to prove the hypothesis that neutral words can be proven neutral given that the ratings of them lie between the ratings of sharp and round words?

(Note: roundedness of a word means its association with round objects (ref: kiki-bouba effect) and that this is not the actual research, the exact details are masked as this is still being drafted)


问:
Did my subcounscious think of this joke in advance?
Last night I had a dream where I was walking around an apartment building and I gt a message on a Whatsapp group of my old team at a company I used to work in. One of my friends in that team sent a phone number, and he said "You absolutely have to call this number."

I called the number, and got an automated voice saying "This call cannot be completed as dialed." This is a common error message in my country when dialing a disconnected number.

I was frustrated and I called that number again. Again I heard the line "This call cannot be completed as dialed." I waited a second, and then the same voice said, "You don't like it when that happens right? This is just one of the problems that happen because of poor people in the tech industry. Take Mark, for example. He used to get a lunch budget of 400 Shekels, but now he gets only 200 Shekels."

This was funny. After I woke up I wondered: Did my subcounscious think of this joke in advance?

If the answer is yes, I'm surprised because I really didn't know that it was coming. I could have not called the number a second time. I could have been distracted by the people who were making a commotion around me. If I didn't call a second time, I wouldn't have understood why my friend wanted me to call that number. In that case, would that joke have been left on the cutting room floor of my mind?

If the answer is no, then this is also surprising, because it was a very creative move.


问:
Condition in which people deny their beliefs or facts to distance themselves from people with similar beliefs or from people who propagate the facts
Is there a known condition in which people deny their own beliefs or act illogical because they want to distance themselves from other people who have the same beliefs?

Here is a made up (and absurd) example of what I mean:
I used to like physics, but I got issues with how physicists are perceived by the majority of society. Thus, I start denying the law of physics because I feel embarrassed to be associated with physicists.

Is anyone aware of studies that have observed such behaviour? It could be about denying beliefs that a person used to hold or it could be that a person starts to deny known facts because there is a particular group that is associated with propagating those facts and the person doesn't like this group for some reason.

I couldn't find any research related to my question. (Which might be the case because psychology is not my home turf, and I don't know for which terms I should search).

Many thanks!


问:
Is there a psychological term for "inventing facts to anecdotally support a point"?
(Please edit my post if I didn't choose the right words. English is not my native language.)
Let's say I have this discussion on the internet. It's about old computer games. I write this:

It's not possible to run old PC games on modern PCs.

And someone else says this:

I have 100 old PC games, and every single one runs on my modern PC.

But it's a lie. He only wants to win the reasoning.
Another example: I write this:

The police are very strict in Germany.

Someone else writes:

We've been to Germany, and the police are not strict at all. We drove too fast three times but we talked to the police man and nothing happened.

Again, this is a lie.
People are inventing facts even though there is nothing to lose or to win.
Is there a psychological term for this phenomena?


问:
Besides the enteric nervous system are there other clusters of nerves that might also be called "brains"?
I have read that the enteric nervous system might be called a separate brain. I read further that there might be 3 or even 6 human nervous systems. Could any of these be considered a brain in the same sense as the enteric nervous system and what are the criteria for classifying some cluster of nerves (neurons?) in the body as a "brain"?</p>


问:
Term for oppositea of learned helplessness where irrational optimism is exhibited after repeated positive stimuli?
Learned helplessness is the behavior exhibited by a subject after enduring repeated aversive stimuli beyond their control. This short video contains a small demonstration (here, here).

Is there a term for an opposite, where a subject is exposed to repeated positive stimuli which makes them overly optimistic? For example this may be used in some online video games to encourage new players to keep playing by giving them wins or points they didn't actually earn.

I found this question but it's asking something slightly different.


问:
Hey does anyone know about scoring on Raven’s Advanced Progressive Matrices?
I Just did the test in 40 minutes and scored 31/36. I m 30 years old. What would be my IQ be? Or where to find info about the topic?

Link here How are Raven's Matrices scores converted into age-adjusted IQ? doesnt work anymore.


问:
Measuring the repetition of thoughts
This Forbes article states that a Dr. Frederic Luskin did research that found 90% of thoughts have been thought before by the subject, which got me thinking about his methodology for measuring repetition. I cannot find the article, and all references to him are unconnected to that area of his research. Most existing studies on repetition of thoughts focus on rumination and similar, not the sort of uniqueness quotient he appears to have measured, so I can't find other literature that might answer my questions or corroborate his claims.

Does anyone know of:

Any replications or similar papers specifically researching uniqueness of thoughts over time

How an experiment like this might be designed? I remember an experiment measuring something comparable was done with chimes that go off randomly throughout the day over the course of a couple weeks, and when the subject hears the chime, they record their thought at the moment. His may have been similar, but this leads to issues when people aren't thinking of anything or when your group of subjects have different thought styles (verbal vs conceptual vs visual) and it would be interesting to see how/if situations like that were mitigated.

Anything about this guy that might discredit the experiments he's done (he was at Stanford which brings a little prestige, and he appears to still be publishing - last paper with his name on it was from 2018, but I don't know what he's done or has been doing)

Title: Measuring the repetition of thoughts


问:
Have there been any vocational and/or drug rehabilitation centers that had success-based or voluntary payment plans?
There could be many payment plans for running a vocational or drug rehabilitation center. At least the following:

Upfront and/or ongoing payment. You pay for services that will probably help you, whether or not they actually succeed or not.

Contractual payment plans based on success. You pay for the services after they have been proven to been successful.

Voluntary payment plan. You don't have to pay at all for the services, but are a little bit encouraged to pay for the services (if they have been successful).

So, I'm wondering if there have been any vocational or rehabilitation centers that have used the second or third option as a payment system (or something similar)? And, if so, if there is any literature on people's willingness to adhere to such a payment "plan"?


问:
Question about How to assign the order of vertices of a pial surface in FreeSurfer
I'm a CIVET user but I recently started to use FreeSurfer.
As far as I know, for a surface from CIVET, its vertices are ordered by upsampling a polygon. So I could access downsampled surface by extracting the fore part of vertices from .obj file. But I am not sure that FreeSurfer follows the same order as CIVET.
Please help me to get how FreeSurfer orders their vertices of a surface.

Many Thanks

Yanghee


问:
What is the correlation between the level of education and number of friends?
I have heard, that a study was performed, maybe in Brazil, and it showed that a correlation was found – more educated people have less friends. I was unable to google this work. Maybe somebody here knows it?

I found only this study:

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/293045439_Country_roads_take_me_home_to_my_friends_How_intelligence_population_density_and_friendship_affect_modern_happiness

Here the authors studied double correlations and found, that among people with very high IQ, those who have more friends are less happy than those who have a small amount of friends; among people with low IQ, the trend is opposite (those who have more friends are less happy).

It’s a pity that this study do not pay attention to the level of education – I think it is a more important descriptor, than the IQ. Have any such studies been made?


问:
Is there a proper term for describing when a person gives up?
Ive come across apathy, learned helplessness and "give up itis".

The last of which is exactly what Im looking for, however it seems to invariably involve death.

Is there a psychological term for giving up because a person feels theres no way out? Without it being as severe as killing them


问:
Recommendations for graduate level books on mathematical psychometric theory
I am student of Economics, and I have a good grasp of gra\duate first year level maths, statistics and econometrics.

I have read introductory works on psychometrics but most resources I have read are on applied parts, skipping mathematical details.

I want to have a rigorous mathematical understanding of Psychometrics, like the mathematical underpinnings or an axiomatic development of classical test theory, item response theory, factor analytic approaches, structural models etc. I would prefer graduate level treatment of the subject, as I have already gone through introductory applied material.

Any good textbooks?


问:
Are there efficient CBT apps?
Recall that CBT is an abbreviation for Cognitive Behavioural Therapy, one of well recognised and common therapies, used to treat depression among other things.

While reading the well known CBT self-help book "Feeling good" by David Burns, I have an impression that there could easily be an app that implements the book in a handy way. Everything starting from the very first test (measuring the level of depression) to exercises. Moreover, the efficiency of such an app could be tested (if one collects all the data), which would be a different way to test the CBT approach. This makes me wonder whether any efficient CBT app has already being developed. Have you encountered any such (preferably free of charge) app?

The motivation for this question is the following. Since Burns claims that the book works for a large proportion of readers (even those who are not treated by therapists), I seems to me that an app based on the same principle will work as well. And if depression can be treated using an app, this would be a breakthrough, it seems to me. Instead of staying on a waiting list for a CBT therapy for a couple of months, one could upload the app immediately and start the treatment.

Title: Are there efficient CBT apps?


问:
Should the noise stimulus in 2IFC task be same or different in each single trial?
Consider a 2-interval forced-choice task with noisy background stimulus, for example, detecting a particular feature in a noisy image, or detecting coherent motion in randomly moving dots. The goal is to investigate the relationship between sensitivity ($d'$) and a property of the target (contrast/orientation/motion coherence, etc). I can imaging two ways of designing the experiment:

In each trial, the two background noise stimulus is exactly the same, and a randomly chosen interval has a target added in. But in the next trial we will sample a new noise stimulus from the same distribution.

In each trial, the two background noise stimulus are two different samples from the same distribution, and a randomly chosen interval has a target added in.

How will the two implementations affect the measured $d'$? Which implementation is correct, and what's the reason?


问:
Can using an artificial intelligence assistant be addictive?
Can using an artificial intelligence assistant be addictive?

I spoke to a very satisfying chatbot - his answers are fun and satisfying.

I wonder about the consequences of this, because things that give pleasure become addictive very quickly. Addictions can lead addicts to various dysfunctions and I consider this as a risk.

The chatbot confirmed that using an artificial intelligence assistant can be addictive.

Is it possible that receiving satisfaction in the interaction: human - artificial intelligence algorithm can lead to addiction in humans? I mean, getting almost instantaneous pleasure can release hormones that you can become addicted to.


问:
Is there any relation between fatigue and irritability?
Is there any relation between fatigue and irritability ?

Although I am interested by fatigue in the sense of lack of sleep, I am mostly interested by fatigue in the sense of the feeling of depletion after a prolonged effort (basically, after having worked whole day, or a few days, without enough rest (but without necessarily lack of sleep)).

I fail to find any research on this topic, outside the ego-depletion literature. Most of the results that come up with a research on Google Scholar concern the "bowel syndrome".

The only one I found is Baumeister et al. 2018 ("Self-control “in the wild”: Experience sampling study of trait and state self-regulation").

Reference

Baumeister, R. F., Wright, B. R., & Carreon, D. (2018). Self-control “in the wild”: Experience sampling study of trait and state self-regulation. Self and Identity, 18(5), 494-528.


问:
Can a novel stimulus be processed concurrent with a P3a ERP
P3b is associated with the detection of novel stimuli unrelated to a task.  It was initially confounded with P3a, which is associated with task related stimuli.  They were originally thought to be the same ERP, P300, but are now treated as separate.

Do these ERPs exhibit masking in the sense that a novel stimulus which would elicit a P3b may not do so while a P3a is occuring, and thus the subject would fail to notice the stimulus?

OwnerDisplayName: Cort Ammon


问:
Effective timing, duration and intensity of exercise for work focus with ADHD
I read all over the place that exercise can provide dopamine, and can help reduce ADHD symptoms, but no source I have found mentions specifics.

My personal experience is if I work out at a moderate to high intensity for 20-30 minutes, I have more trouble sitting at my desk to work - I either want to move around, rest, or do something fun like play a game. This effect seems to last 60 minutes or more.

It is unclear whether the advice to exercise means to just get enough exercise each week, or exercise in the morning to give a benefit for the day, or multiple times a day if the main benefits on attention last less than 8 hours.

Is there more detailed information about exercise effects on ADHD symptoms or dopamine that includes intensity and timing of benefits, or a suggested exercise schedule to gain maximum benefit for a standard work or school week?


问:
Spider removing a piece of grass from its web -- very different behavior second time -- why?
This was an experiment I performed so no link to the event nor the scientist's interpretation which was in an old email I no longer have access to.

The first time, the spider cautiously approached the piece of grass before removing the debris. But the second time, it must have taken instead of, say, 15 seconds  to remove the grass it was less than 5 seconds and the spider appeared to act with "annoyance" which I realize is anthropomorphism.

But what is certainly true is that the spider did not behave completely like a machine -- events several seconds earlier appeared to have been remembered.

A scientist interpreted this as the result of the program for debris removal having been already loaded. This is quite interesting in itself if that is correct -- can we examine the spider's brain to see the difference between the "loaded" and "unloaded" state?

I think spiders specifically would be very easy to test to see how experience influenced their behavior. Perhaps older spiders are faster at web repair due to long-term memory.


问:
relations between Mania an Favism?
I am not expert and can not understand correctly content of this article about G6PDD (Favism) and mania.

https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/1475-2832-2-6.pdf

please guide me In simple words, what this article says? and what this article or other researches recommend for people with G6PDD to avoid or treat the mania?

Thanks in advance.

Title: relations between Mania an Favism?


问:
Is there a significant connection between taking pleasure from pain and lifestyle gym going (pain from the muscle soreness the next day)?
Strong evidence exists of biological connections between the neurochemical pathways used for the perception of both pain and pleasure, as well as other psychological rewards (source https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pain_and_pleasure).

Does it mean significant percentage of gym goers, go to the gym because they enjoy pain from the muscle soreness?


问:
Part of the brain active when succeeding Marshmallow test?
QUESTION:

Which mechanisms of the brain are involved in ignoring an immediate reward in the hope of a greater one later?

(In humans, the Striatum and prefrontal cortex are involved, but I am not clear as to how  they interact/balance each other. And in other species without a know prefrontal cortex such as birds and cephalopods, I am even less clear about the mechanism involved.)

BAKGROUND:

The Stanford Marshmallow Experiment was a study on delayed gratification in 1972 led by psychologist Walter Mischel, a professor at Stanford University, in which a child was offered a choice between one small but immediate reward, or two small rewards if they waited for a period of time:

The first experiment in delayed gratification was conducted by Walter
Mischel and Ebbe B. Ebbesen at Stanford University in 1970. The
purpose of the study was to understand when the control of delayed
gratification, the ability to wait to obtain something that one wants,
develops in children.

Part of the striatum seems to be involved in succumbing to the temptation, and the prefrontal cortex seems to be involved in resisting such temptation:

A 2011 brain imaging study of a sample from the original Stanford
participants when they reached mid-life showed key differences between
those with high delay times and those with low delay times in two
areas: the prefrontal cortex (more active in high delayers) and the
ventral striatum, (more active in low delayers) when they were trying
to control their responses to alluring temptations.

Such results are not specific to humans, but were observed in other ape species, some bird species (crows and parrots) and even invertebrates (cuttlefish):

In findings presented in the journal Proceedings of the Royal Society
B in 2021, Marine Biological Laboratory, researchers described
cuttlefish (Sepia officinalis) that were able to pass an adapted
version of the marshmallow test. Cephalopods engage in
"future-oriented foraging" and the nine-month-old cuttlefish in the
experiments were able to tolerate delays of 50 to 130 seconds,
comparable to the performances of chimpanzees, crows and parrots. Individuals
that had better self-control also demonstrated greater cognition in
learning tests.

I wish to know how much is known about the common brain structures between various species which allow to delay gratification.

MOTIVATIONS:

The study cited are just observing the ability to postpone gratification: I would like to understand the neuro-psychological mechanisms behind such decision, and to make some hypothesis about which species will exhibit such ability and which will not.

A wider motivation (and maybe more naive) would be for such mechanisms to inspire legislation for a human society/civilization to postpone the consumption of some common goods (e.g. fossil oils) in order to foster a better future.


问:
Are there any theories which explain why people prefer popular vs. niche content?
So I'm analyzing social media data, and I've found that some people almost exclusively consume mostly the same few categories of content, whereas others consume a more diverse array of categories. It also happens that those who consume more of one or a few categories also prefer mostly popular content. This intuitively makes sense because popular content usually falls into a narrow handful of categories whereas niche content can be composed of an almost infinite number of minor, less popular categories. So, I am wondering if there are any studies or theories which explain a person's preferences for popular things vs niche content. The content can be any kind, like music, TV shows, movies, or even Tiktok videos. Ideally it would offer some psychological basis and maybe correlations with other aspects of a person's personality, but really any research on popular vs. niche preferences would be welcomed!

Other keywords that come to mind are, mainstream vs. non-mainstream, and conventional vs. unconventional.

Any references or suggestions of concepts, theories, etc. would be very welcome. Thanks!


问:
How does a visual hallucination keep an observer convinced of its reality?
If a psychotic patient experiencing visual hallucinations hallucinated a random object on a table, in a situation that seemed somewhat realistic at first (for example, they saw a red, shiny telephone on a table), does their brain prevent them from attempting to pass their hand through the object, would the person realize that the object disobeyed the laws of physics and therefore was a hallucination, in this case would the hallucination disappear or stay? Would the hallucination preserve itself and move in response to the person moving their hand, along with faking visual, audible and tactile stimuli to keep the person convinced of the object's existence? How does the brain maintain such a perception if the hallucination's characteristics do not adapt accordingly with a change in the environment like this?</p>


问:
Does varying evening exposure to blue light sabotage a consistent sleep/wake schedule?
Sleep hygiene measures include keeping a consistent bed time and, more importantly, wake time (Chaput et al., 2020). It is also suggested to minimize exposure to evening blue light (Chellappa et al., 2013). Due to melatonin suppression, blue light also induces a circadian phase delay, shifting one's circadian rhythm to a further point (Moderie et al., 2017).

The study by Chaput et al. mentioned later sleep times and sleep variability as impacting sleep quality negatively. Melatonin suppression induces these indirectly through phase delay, and potentially, by promoting circadian irregularity (Arendt, 2019).

Am I right in concluding that despite a consistent bed time, varying exposure time to evening blue light (e.g. alternating between 3h exposure and no exposure) will likely affect circadian rhythm and sleep quality, independently of one's actual sleep schedule? Can circadian rhythm be delayed and affect sleep quality despite identical sleep and wake times? Or are the circadian effects of melatonin mediated through such shifts in sleep times?


问:
Neuroplasticity: Does reading information subconsciously transform the brain towards believing said information? What level of skepticism prevents it?
I am focusing on subconscious belief changing.

Suppose you read a headline passively. It claims that the lottery has better odds than you think and partaking in the lottery once a week is a smart thing to do.

Assuming you are passively reading, at a very abstract level, do we know if the brain will mutate its knowledge in some way that moves it towards believing this?

If it can, then how much skepticism do we apply to halt such a thought? Given the previous example of the lottery, if I say to myself "no, that idea about a lottery being easier to win at than I currently know is statistically unsound, and I need to ignore that", then is that sufficient enough to prevent information from ever so subtely, worse, imperceptibly, changing my belief system?

My naive thoughts are that if it can change our brains, then applying some level of questioning should reinforce whatever neural structures we have in place by hopefully overwriting or strengthening the neurons that make up our knowledge.

I assume neuroplasticity can vary, so different individuals might have different thresholds of changing, or maybe there is a study that has strong evidence against everything I said, which I would like to read.

Do we have any studies in this area?

I am not asking if questioning stops bad thoughts, but how much questioning is needed to prevent passive scanning of things like headlines or abstracts from imperceptibly changing belief systems subconsciously, given what we know about the brain.


问:
If the totality of human experience is not adequately encompassed with words, could the linguistic hypothesis be affirmatively debunked?
I once saw a book that really interested me in which the author analyzed how smoking itself as a concept appeared to be conceived of, from various angles, contexts, and perspectives, in modern society. It was really remarkable because they observed the phenomenon, concept, or symbol, of “smoking”, merely to realize and spell out how it seemed to be treated, interacted with; things implied about its presentation that we can be blind to by being so involved in our culture itself. Free from any kind of value-judgments or moral motivation, they attempted to witness the thing itself almost by forgetting as much of the implicit associations or opinions that they already had.

I was then wondering if there is any scholarly book in which someone analyzes modern American culture in the same way, without advocating what it right or wrong, but trying to spell out more explicitly what the various concepts in our culture appear to be, what they appear to mean to people, how they influence or affect people, etc. There are so many concepts that seem heavily conventionalized - I am especially thinking of political ones like racism, sexism, conservative, liberal, etc.

What I find difficult is to consider if “culture” is well-analyzed by using the concepts we have (like words), or if there is a big part of what we call culture - reactions, feelings, behaviors - which may not actually be fundamentally linguistic or even conceptual. Outside of words, there are symbols like giving someone the middle finger, which have a codified meaning or effect, but there are non-symbolic things affecting human feeling and behavior beyond even those, like a facial expression, or just how you act around somebody depending on who or what you think they are. Thus, maybe the real question is if language is not a complete way to study the world (the linguistic hypothesis, that our concepts map to our world), how else can the world be studied? My guess is that we need concepts, but it’s just lots of concepts or patterns we discover do not yet have names, so we have to observe and then name them. But I think that really undermines the linguistic hypothesis. If it is a legitimate concern that there are tons of concepts waiting to be recognized, studying the coincidence of words, as in the Five Factor model of personality, might tell us which words often go together, but I think may barely say anything more than that. Words may often go together because of fallacious human reasoning, because humans think the sun rises because of the sun god. And it doesn’t seem likely anything about quantum mechanics could have been discovered by doing a factor analysis on language before the 1900s.

So it seems like the linguistic hypothesis is such a seriously flawed idea that it could be heavily rejected and replaced with a different framework for trying to analyze mental or social phenomena.


问:
How much bigger is sex drive in men than in women?
There are several studies that determine that sex drive in men is bigger than in women (which, anyway, is something that almost anyone can conclude by observing).

Here are some web pages examining these studies:

https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/dating-and-mating/202003/how-high-sex-drive-works-differently-in-men-and-women

https://www.aarp.org/home-family/sex-intimacy/info-2014/sexual-desire-and-gender-castleman.html

https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1207/S15327957PSPR0503_5?journalCode=psra

That's not to say that women do not have sex drive or a very little one, but the fact is that it's bigger in men.

Anyway, despite these studies existing, there seems to be none that gets into  quantifying how much bigger it is, to measure how each characteristic that influences sex drive weights to obtain an average value for men and then one for women and check how much bigger it's for men compared to women.

Is there such a precise study that quantifies how much bigger it is or, at least, some approximation to that value done with some estimations even if not done in a very rigurous way?


问:
Does political belief have a correlation with result of marshmellow test?
Conservatism is typically associated with collectivism and prefer tight societies with high conformity. To conform hard to some social norms, I believe requires a lot of discipline, hence the question.</p>


问:
How to best understand recursive computation within hierarchically cascading neural systems?
Context: The suprachiasmatic nucleus outputs to either the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) or the pretectal area. The LGN outputs to either V1, V2, or V3. The V1 goes to V2, V4, V5, and V6. The V2 goes to V1, V2, V3, V4, and V5. The V3 goes to V1, V2, and the inferior temporal gyrus.

Question: Given the output for multiple systems can be same, it raises multiple questions for me.

What do you call the appendage of multiple systems onto the same system? (i.e. the flow into V1 from the outputs of the LGN, V2, and V3).

Do some systems distinguish between the multiple sources of input? Or, by consequence of certain appendages, is information appended onto a single stream, i.e. read as a single type of input?

Where can I find more information regarding the molecular structures of these systems, the conditionality of output/input, and the recursive architecture?


问:
Color saturation vs visual acuity of text
My friend posed an interesting question related to her wearing glasses.

Without glasses:

Sees desaturated colors

Black letters of textbook are sharp

With glasses:

Sees more saturated, vibrant colors

No change in sharpness of text

She was curious why there was no change in sharpness of text.

Color saturation: I offered the explanation that glasses help focus light onto the fovea, where cones are concentrated and receive higher amplitude of wavelengths, and therefore perceive more vibrant colors.

No change in sharpness of text: I found this a bit harder to explain.

As many as 100+ rods connect to a single ganglion cell, and therefore are usually good at giving general information about whether something is light or dark, or its general shape.

Cones on the other hand are often attached to their own ganglion cell, and therefore have an easier time telling that two stimuli are isolated and assist with high visual acuity.

I would have expected that removing glasses would lead to less light concentrated on fovea and therefore a less sharp representation of text.

I'm guessing that my friend experiences desaturation without glasses, but not less visual acuity, because her cones are still firing to focus the image, but certain pigments in each cone may be contributing less of a signal for certain colors.

I'm looking for a better answer to her question.


问:
How should one interpret the codes for this Rorschach test?
In the short story "Flowers for Algernon" by Daniel Keys, the main character performs a Rorschach test and sees the evaluator code his results as follows:

```<code>WF+A DdF-Ad orig. WF-A
SF + obj
</code>```

How should one interpret it?

I tried to look up a key for the codes and found things like "W" means that all the segments were used but I don't know what that implies about the person taking the test.


问:
Validity of CliftonStrengths
Trying to find information about the validity of CliftonStrengths.
For a commercial, restricted test (which perhaps is not classified as test by the owner) it can be hard to find independent verification/opinions, and even this question might attract some interest from the owner company :)

There's an older question about longitudinal validity and some criticism.
RAND has some studies listed, but the most recent is from 2007 and comes from the owner of the tool.

What would be the most recent studies on the validity (internal consistency, test-retest, factors - anything) of this tool? External and peer reviewed studies preferred.

Title: Validity of CliftonStrengths


问:
Do people prefer simple colours?
To start off with, I am not a psychologist, nor do I know very much about it beyond behavioural economics.

A long time ago I decided to find my exact favourite colour. I knew it would be a yellow, so I started looking at a colour picker, and very roughly, randomly picking out different yellows. I kept zooming in on the ones I liked best to get more precise. To my surprise, I found that my favourite colour is the Platonic form of yellow $(255,255,0)$ in RGB coordinates. As much red and green as possible and no blue. Now, in the colour picker I was using, the hue of this yellow was not in a special position, but the saturation and lightness were, which could have biased my choice. Still, the fact that, without checking the coordinates, I found my way to exactly the hue of this very specific yellow is surprising. I tried a few friends and found similar results in most cases. One particularly impressive one was very close to, as I recall, $(127,127,255)$. As much blue as possible and half of the possible red and green. It is very unlikely that the way the colour picker displayed the colours could have biased that result.

Now this isn't exactly science, it's a memory from years ago involving a handful of people. A better experimental design would be to randomly order colours with incremental changes in their red, green and blue, and then do the same for colours close to the favourite from the sample, and repeat.

People like simple musical pitches. On a base two logarithmic scale, they like pitches which can be expressed as fractions of a fixed pitch, with quite low denominators. We know this because that's how music works. The hypothesis is that people have a similar affinity for colours. If we consider RGB coordinates scaled so that $(1,0,0)$ is red, $(0,1,0)$ is green and $(0,0,1)$ is blue, then we prefer colours that have coordinates which are fractions on this scale, with low denominators. Has this ever been observed?

Title: Do people prefer simple colours?


问:
Science proof for a claim of an author regarding concentration?
In his book Cal Newport, mentions:

To make matters worse for depth, there’s
increasing evidence that this shift toward the shallow is not a choice that can be easily
reversed. Spend enough time in a state of frenetic shallowness and you permanently
reduce your capacity to perform deep work.

What is the evidence/proof that shallownes or multitasking cause permanent reduction in the capacity to concentrate?

He doesn't cite them in the book...


问:
How to Contextualise Social Trust?
A Meta-Analytical Review in Ethnic Diversity and Social Trust says the following:

On average, social trust is thus lower in more ethnically diverse contexts. That being said, the rather modest size of the relationship implies that apocalyptic claims regarding the severe threat of ethnic diversity for social trust in contemporary societies are exaggerated.

Later the authors go on to quantify it as a "partial correlation of −0.0256" or "a 0.66% increase in the aggregate". While the number is modestly small this means nothing to anyone reading it. My hope is that by contextualising it with other experiences involving social trust the reader will be able to conceptualise a baseline scale for -0.025 to exist within.

For example, I found a study of Homeownership and Social Trust in Neighbors that found the social trust coefficient of −0.169 existed between Neighbours when they have kids.

Would that be a fair comparison to make to help contextualise the effects of ethnic diversity and are they any further examples that I could use?

Title: How to Contextualise Social Trust?


问:
What are the scientific basics (if any) of "BioDanza"?
Defined in the 1960s by a psychologist in Chile, Biodanza is a self-development movement now found in 54 countries, in South America, North America, Australia and Eurasia. It is mostly based on music, movement and non verbal communication with the aim to help (re)connecting people, heal them and deepen their self-awareness.

Having lived in Chile, I witnessed the high variety of methodologies used in this movement, with some events reminiscing of mere village celebrations, and others with a sexual connotation which some might find shocking. I also had the occasion to discuss with people who knew its founder, of both the intuitions at the foundation of the movement (in summary, that music and movements influence emotion, and can be used as a therapeutic tool, especially when practiced in groups) and of some of the abuses of the movement (accusations of sexual assaults on the founder himself, and at least a reputation of being a womanizer), which left me a bit puzzled about the seriousness (at least from the point of view of scientific research) of the whole thing.

I am interested in the hypothesis that music influences emotion (which is well established), and how this can be used as a therapeutic tool (about which I am only aware of Biodanza as a movement attempting to use it for therapeutic purpose): it seems to me that the omnipresence of digital devices and their use to play music would lend itself to much more thorough studies than what could have been done in the 1960s, in particular if used in combination with a modernized version of the pager methodology to measure the state of mind at random points in time (introduced by Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi I think?).


问:
Are there open data for long-term potentiation/depression experiments?
The following is Figure 8.2 from Dayan & Abbott (2001), p. 292:

It describes the phenomenon of long-term potentiation/depression (LTP/LTD): Change in synaptic strength (y-axis) is inversely proportional to pre/post-synaptic spike time difference (x-axis). The closer pre- and post-synaptic spike are together, the higher the change in synaptic strength. Does anybody know whether there exist openly available data for such experiments?


问:
What role does the brain play in some eye diseases such as myopia and astygmatism?
I wondered if the brain is partially responsible for some vision problems that are usually solely attributed to the eyes even if the primary dysfunction happens in the eye.

For instance,in eye diseases where their severity can be measured by direct examination of the eye,if two people have the same eye condition with the exact same severity(eye damage status) is there any possibility that one of the two can see better due to brain/vision (composition or/and processing) differences?

I have found some papers that study the relationship between incranial/brain volume and eye illnesses like myopia but nothing directly related to my question besides a paper which I can't find now about vision contrast and grey matter thickness of certain parts of the brain.

OwnerDisplayName: GEP


问:
How is the CNS protected from toxin entry through the CTZ?
Some regions of the brain, like the chemoreceptor trigger zone, are unprotected by the blood-brain barrier. This makes sense, given its role, but how is the rest of the CNS prevented from this influx of toxins? I understand that the blood-brain barrier is not the only factor responsible for protecting the CNS from toxins, but what specifically protects the CNS from regions without this selectively permeable membrane</p>


问:
When to apply False discovery rate correction for multiple hypothesis tests?
We have two groups of participants -- experimental and control. The experimental group was provided an intervention to help them deal with social anxiety. The control group was given a list of on-campus resources they can contact when stressed. We measured the experimental and control group participants on a group of measures at pre- and post-intervention -- Distress tolerance scale, Intolerance of Uncertainty scale, Confidence scale (which has 3 sub-scales), and Intention to persist in science scale. Based on multiple linear regressions, we observed that the experimental group participants had increased confidence (on all 3 sub-scales) at post-intervention, and the effect of the group is significant (p<0.05). As I am testing multiple outcomes, I should adjust the p-values for multiple hypothesis tests. I am planning to use false discovery rate (FDR) correction. My question is, should I include all the 6 p-values in the FDR or should I only apply FDR to the 3 confidence-sub-scale p-values?

My confusion, in general, is how to decide which set of tests form a family of tests on which to apply p-value adjustments?


问:
Is there a term describing "doing activities", in relation to mental health?
Im trying to find a connection between mental health outcomes and how much stimulation people have. Particular in reference to older adults.

The extreme being sitting doing nothing.

The problem is that I havent been able to find any studies if I use the word "stimulation", so Im wondering if theres a more appropriate term?