问:
Neurotransmitter detection in the brain
How are the effects of drugs in the brain, in terms of neurotransmitters measured? For example, Selective Seretonin Reuptake Inhibitors are a class of anti-depressants. How was and is this type of information about hor neurotransmitters act obtained?</p>

Title: Neurotransmitter detection in the brain


问:
What happens to our emotions when we tell ourselves stories(rationalization + analyzing)?
Today I finished the book "Crucial Conversations", great book, would recommend to anyone. In it there were numerous explicit or implicit theories about psychology and one of them in particular caught my attention.

The theory proposes that when we see & experience something we tell ourselves a story and that story changes how we feel about the situation and then we act upon those emotions.

So the question is how does it work, does what we tell ourselves in our head affect the chemicals in our bloodstream, is everyone's outer behavior a representation of their thought's(WELL DURR)?

I would love any references or perhaps a more in depth explanation, love ya guys and gals :)

ContentLicense: CC BY-SA 3.0


问:
Best ways to remember dreams
What are the best techniques to recall dreams? I am especially interested in scientific research that would prove their effectiveness</p>

Title: Best ways to remember dreams


问:
Where is neurogenesis absent/uncommon in the human brain?
I know that neurogenesis is an integral part of hippocampus, however are there parts of the brain where neurogenesis never or rarely happens? I'm assuming that any part of the brain stem does not have neurogenesis, since injuries in that area are rarely recouperated from.</p>


问:
What is the limitation of Biosocial Theory developed by Linehan?
Linehan's biosocial theory takes into consideration of the accumulation effect of a stress on individuals, which the Diathesis-stress model could not explain. A predisposition (diathesis) with stress may cause a person to be suicidal but the accumulation effect makes the Biosocial model even more persuasive and sound. However, there is always something that a model or theory leaves out. What is it that the Biosocial theory does not explain?</p>


问:
Literacy and other traits of social network users vs. the larger society
Have sociological researches been made on the levels of literacy, culture, shared ethical values among the users of the many existing social networks compared to the larger national societies the users belong to? What about researches on the proportion of people with racist, homophobic or religiously intolerant attitudes on social media compared to the society as a whole?

I have begun wondering about this issue because I used to have an account on Facebook for a short time and I discovered a reflection of the society of my country, Italy, that I wish I had never discovered: although I am interested to socially interact with the opposite typology of people , I found an overwhelming majority of users, among my co-citizens, plagued by an alarming level of illiteracy and the incapability to understand anything not down to earth, full of racial hatred (which is being sed in my country by some politicians and television channels owned by people politically allied to the far right) and lacking empathy and ethical values that I thought to be shared by almost all mankind, such as respect for the life of drowned refugee children. I hope that the average of my co-citizens having an account on Facebook is worse that the average of my co-citizens as a whole.


问:
What are some things that may explain feeling on "auto-pilot" the majority of the time in life?
Assuming an individual is physically fit and does not experience abnormalities related to lack of circulation, obesity, or immune disease...what on a neurological level is the basis for feeling like life is on "auto-pilot" for most of the time.

A case study who is well known, is an intelligent individual. He is a male, Caucasian computer scientist under no duress such as financial problems, lack of romance or friendships, lack of nutrition, etc. This individual has the ability to learn things quickly, solve problems robustly, and can pick up spoken languages quickly. However, from experience, any small perturbations in his sleep cycle will cause him to be very, very agitated, very impulsive, have anxiety, and crash/melt down if sustained without sleep for long. By slight perturbation, I mean not an all nighter, but something many people around the world go through from time to time, like two back to back 5 hour nights. In detailed interviews, the person has admitted to feeling like life is on "auto-pilot" most of the time. They cannot explain their actions for every day tasks, and although self admittedly pious (but not overly extremist), wonders if their life is just a multivariable system, one in which everything around them from their coffee cop to their car are just "elements" in a set they call reality, with in their own words, "have properties that detail information relative to to other elements". This person communicates very, very well with others, to the point that they are seen as one of the most social people in mutual inner circles. This person is non violent and does not have any habits or crimes. This person has a high libido. In times of stress, or at random times, this person randomly will text a few close loved ones, "Do you love me?" or "Are you mad?".

Note: This is NOT a real case study nor a request for a medical diagnosis of an individual, as I know both are highly unethical to post here on online. This is part of an educational journal club at a neurophysiology and psychiatry institution. I have submitted my response as it was due last night at midnight. I understand asking others to help me with work is also highly unethical.  However, I was just curious if I could sample the waters and see what others think. I am genuinely curious as I thought it was interesting, and I thought it was an interesting case and I had to spend quite a bit researching and explaining my views. Answers are welcome from psychology, neuroscience, psychiatry, biochemistry,, and other offshoots relatable to the cognitive sciences.


问:
The amount of information in a human brain
I have little background in the life sciences. I was told by a more informed person that the human brain can store an infinite amount of information. Doesn't this violate the laws of physics. If the amount of information is infinite, the entropy is also infinite. Wouldn't that violate Einstein's Theory of General Relativity. How much information can actually be stored in a human brain?</p>


问:
Can good life experiences make for great life achievements?
I've been reading about Kurt Cobain's life story and his achievements, and these observations/questions came to mind.

There are plenty of examples of people with unhappy childhoods or life in general that have experienced exceptional professional success later in their life. But is the reverse true as well?

Can a happy childhood/life make for similar (or even greater) professional success? Has there been studies whether there's a correlation?

ContentLicense: CC BY-SA 4.0


问:
Is there any publicly available algorithms for Neurofeedback using EEG?
How do these software work? Is there a clear algorithm I can follow to make one by myself?

I can make software for Mac, Web and Mobile. I also have two EEG headsets: Emotiv Epoc and Neurosky MindWave Mobile. I can connect with these, record EEG and so on using Python and Objective C. But I cannot find out how a Neurofeedback software decides when and what to modify in an audio or video play back to train the brain.


问:
What are the original paper(s)/reference(s) using lateral inhibition to explain simultaneous contrast?
I've seen a lot of textbooks and papers explain how lateral inhibition can account for simultaneous lightness contrast, but what is the original theory/papers that I could cite? </p>


问:
What tradeoffs are there between internal and external validity?
I was reading through an article about research design. The authors gave an example on the relation between internal and external validity which I thought might be an important area of consideration when designing research proposals.

"A restricted study population (and exclusion criteria) may limit bias
  and increase the internal validity of the study; however, this
  approach will limit external validity of the study and, thus, the
  generalizability of the findings to the practical clinical setting.
  Conversely, a broadly defined study population and inclusion criteria
  may be representative of practical clinical practice but may increase
  bias and reduce the internal validity of the study."

Broadly speaking, what questions can be asked to help decide one should strike a balance between the internal and external validity in our research proposal designs? Is it necessary then to carry out a pilot study first to establish some level of internal validity before moving on to establish external validity in a much bigger and formal follow-up study?

Crosspost: Quora

Update: This post has been shifted to academia.stackexchange. All changes and edits will be made via the posting there henceforth.


问:
Biofeedback and Neurofeedback: Scams or Real?
I'm currently taking an AP Psychology course which just discussed biofeedback and neurofeedback very briefly. All I can say is that I'm entirely skeptical that either one works by any mechanism other than the Placebo Effect.

How is it possible for someone to consciously control one's own physiological processes just by being aware of the processes? Isn't this highly subjective and prone to the Placebo Effect?


问:
Asian Languages Math Advantage
I'm looking for a reference showing that asian languages such as Chinese and Japanese allow for easier understanding of numbers than English.

Here's an excerpt from Malcolm Gladwell's "Outliers" that makes the claim:

The regularity of their number systems also means that Asian children
  can perform basic functions—like addition—far more easily. Ask an
  English seven-year-old to add thirty-seven plus twenty two, in her
  head, and she has to convert the words to numbers (37 + 22). Only then
  can she do the math: 2 plus 7 is nine and 30 and 20 is 50, which makes
  59. Ask an Asian child to add three-tens-seven and two tens-two, and then the necessary equation is right there, embedded in the sentence.
  No number translation is necessary: It’s five-tens nine.

“The Asian system is transparent,” says Karen Fuson, a Northwestern
  University psychologist, who has done much of the research on
  Asian-Western differences. “I think that it makes the whole attitude
  toward math different. Instead of being a rote learning thing, there’s
  a pattern I can figure out. There is an expectation that I can do
  this. There is an expectation that it’s sensible. For fractions, we
  say three fifths. The Chinese is literally, ‘out of five parts, take
  three.’ That’s telling you conceptually what a fraction is. It’s
  differentiating the denominator and the numerator.”

Any references on how the effect of these language differences have been studied are appreciated. I've tried searching through Karen Fuson's research, but haven't had any luck yet.

Title: Asian Languages Math Advantage


问:
Are there any precise design principles for artificial connectomes or neural networks?
I've been reading about the openworm.org project. I've downloaded the code and run some simulations.

The people at OpenWorm have made an experiment where they setup a robot with the neural network of the worm, obtaining very interesting results: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2_i1NKPzbjM

It appears this could prove intelligent behavior, at least for rather simple organisms, is "coded" withing the structure of the neurons and the connections between them, ie. the connectome.

The first part of my question is: do we know why this particular connectomes work like they do, meaning we know how to design a connectome from scratch for a particular purpose? Or are we still in the phase of cloning/copying existing connectomes and study their emergent properties?

Depending on the first part, the second would be: are there any connectomes design principles regarding the construction of an artificial connectome/neural network for a given purpose?

Thanks!


问:
Do living beings of different sizes perceive time differently?
Do living beings having different sizes e.g. an ant and an elephant perceive time at different rates? Is the physical time same for all sizes or different for different sizes?

Suppose There is a being existing in the intergalactic space and I am able to observe the movement of the galaxies. Relative to me 1 sec of time is the time in which I may observe the galaxies to travel with a noticeable speed,but relative to a human on Earth 1 sec is infinitesimally small time for the galaxies to travel at the same speed as observed by the giant being.


问:
Improving observation, attention to detail in mental imagery
Once in a while I remember the whole "use mental imagery to remember things" thing and start looking for information about it (never actually tried to turn it into a habit...).

It doesn't take long for me to find some "article" or another stating that improving our attention to detail, the vividness of our mental imagery and our observation skills will make these techniques working even better (makes sense, I guess).

... And then comes the training. Games such as Kim's game are offered, but I can't find a shred of evidence that any of these things (skills?) can improve (nothing that shows evidence that they can't be improved either).

Kim's game, for example, is used in the U.S. army  training (at least according to Wikipedia), but  I can't find any research done into that...

So, is there any basis to Kim's game, or any other game claiming to improve observation skills, attention to detail and the vividness of our imagination?

Putting meditation (which is well known for being very good for many things) aside, I can't find anything (maybe I'm not even looking for the right things. I wouldn't know much in the way of scientific in this field)


问:
Quest procedure convergence after random answers
I use Quest procedure to find threshold for stereo disparity changes of a stimuli. I use a C++ implementation derived from the one in Psychotoolbox and I wonder whether the behaviour I observe is expected.

As my experiment is 2AFC I have set the probability to 0.75. If I answer honestly the thresholds goes down, then oscilate and get stable.
However, if I answer completely randomly the threshold quickly gets to maximum value.

Both those things are maybe expected but what puzzles me is the standard deviation that the method returns along with the mean.
For normal run this goes down slowly and at some point reaches my limit where I consider the procedure to be converged and I terminate the experiment.

However for random answers the standard deviation goes down very quickly and after 5 answers the Quest terminates.

As I use standard deviation to decide about convergence/success of the procedure I would get false very high thresholds this way.
Is this an error in implementation or is the error in the way how I interpret the standard deviation?


问:
Is it possible to present/perceive information objectively?
A recent project has brought an interesting thought to mind. Hopefully this is the correct format to ask this question, as I'm unsure where else I'd receive an educated response. (possibly philosopy? Thanks Steven)

People are passionately opinionated, the subject matter carries little importance in what opinions those are. We perceive information on a cognitive bias based on more factors then I can comprehend. Information can be used to persuade, divert, reverse, or bolster the stance behind said opinions; great lengths are gone to achieve this. But, is there an example or method of presenting information that will be perceived as completely unbiased, objective, and exclusively informative in nature?

For example, if I were to erect a website that displays presidential candidate information (seems to be a hot topic right now), in a purely statistical nature (although, this would bore most), one may find some form of bias in what stats were being presented or which data group was given higher emphasis, etc.

Which leads me to my question: Is it realistically possible to display information in a completely objective manner? Even still, if displayed in this fashion, are we capable of seeing it as such?


问:
Is there an emotional equivalent of Somatoparaphrenia?
I've recently became aware of the Somatoparaphrenia delusion, where a person thinks that a part of their body belongs to someone else. No amount of logic or evidence would persuade that person otherwise. For example:

This is not my leg, this is my fathers leg.

This makes me ask - is there an emotional equivalent of Somatoparaphrenia, where a person pathologically projects some emotions into others and is unable to realize it is their own emotion?

I'm aware of disorders like Narcissistic Personality Disorder, which has a tendency of projecting negative feelings into the world. But are there more severe cases?


问:
TOTE: Desired vs perceived state = Fight or flight
A key concept in 1960s control theory is TOTE (Test-Operate-Test-Exit)1:

The concept seems to be neatly mapped to a modern cognitive concept:

The brain constantly compares perceived state to the normal state, if two do not match our attentive selection mechanism overshoots and consciousness is engaged.

Similarly, when we formulate a plan, we constantly compare the perceived and desired state and take action to reach the desired state (fight), yet we may give up (flight).

My question: do recent cognitive theories supports this concept or are there competing models?

1Miller, G. a, Galanter, E., Pribram, K.H., 1960. Plans and the Structure of Behavior. Martino Fine Books, S.l.


问:
Is truth serum used in any psychiatric or psychoanalytic practices?
Is sodium thiopental (truth serum) used in any psychiatric or psychoanalytic therapies?

I presume it is legal for use, since it is Schedule III, and it is administered in surgeries.  It clearly has use in criminal interrogation.

I would also take answers that regard the history of its use in psychotherapy.


问:
Are there theories which explain why human beings form and sustain a self-image?
I have always been curious about the concept of a self-image. I used to be very interested in why some people have a positive or negative self-image. Lately I have begun going a bit deeper and I have been considering what drives people to have a self-image and sustain it in the first place.
I have all kinds of ideas, but would be interesting in references to books, theories, or names of fields/areas in psychology which deal with the following questions:

Why is a self-image formed in the first-place? What drives us to form and sustain a self-image. What evolutionary benefits are there to having a self-image.

Why do we have a drive to incorporate certain characteristics into our self-image (e.g. smart, beautiful) as opposed to others (e.g. dumb, ugly)

Thank you very much!


问:
Term for neurotic covert behavior
This online article defines neurotic habits as:

...automatic or ritualized patterns of overt behavior that people engage in to alleviate anxiety and provide a sense of familiar security.

Is there a term for patterns of covert behavior in the same context?

Title: Term for neurotic covert behavior


问:
The explaination of definition of learning
In Robert Baron's book I found learning to be "any permanent change in behaviour or behavioural potential as a result of experiences. (Bandura,1986).But I got a question that what is meant by- RELATIVELY PERMANENT ....

I think it means that the changed behaviour should last for a relatively longer period , but "relative to what" , so it looks like an ambiguity thers and not like a specific testable or scientific definition...
Can anyone supply me some clarification over this definition or

Some more specific definition along with author and date please...As it should be with the definition in my exam my lecturer has given this definition without any clarification

Also books give only what I have written without specifying the permanence in explaination ... please help or mention any source for it..


问:
How long should one study daily in order to avoid burnout?
I googled this quite a lot and it seems that I can't find the answer to the above question. I can find details on what to do to avoid the burnout but nothing specific on how long should one study new material every day.

Let's say that it is up to you to set a due date for when you are done with the learning, you have to digest around 20 books and you need to practice. How much new material and old material can you study per day without burning out?


问:
Understanding/Helping an Entrenched "Conspiracy Theorist"
I'm currently interested in gathering information and knowledge related to advanced "conspiracy theorists" to help with challenging/talking/helping them recover.

To define a severe/entrenched "conspiracy theorist" see the following attributes:

Has the urge/need to "inform" new people they meet.

Rejects facts or proof (All of the reading I have read has indicated attempting to reason with someone like this will only push them deeper into their hole)

Has the inability to think of most other things in life other than the "end of the world" (an addiction)

Consumes large amounts of information related to the "end of the world" or "conspiracy theories" from other people that have similar thoughts.

Might start street prophesizing (imagine the guy on the street with a sign that says, "the end is nigh, repent")

Some of the topics that one of these entrenched conspiracy theorists might spout are as follows (NOTE: This is not a fully inclusive list of theories)

9/11 conspiracy, Mayan end of the world (EOTW), other general EOTW scenarios.

Planet Nibiru

Pope is the Antichrist

World ending comet

Three Days of Darkness

Rapture (Etc)

There's another question that goes into the understanding of a conspiracy theorist, but it does not touch how one might go about helping an individual.

I'm truly trying to get advice/help/resources to help a person that might be afflicted with an entrenched belief in one or many conspiracy theories.  While I understand the best way for someone to find their way out of this belief system is to have them come to the conclusion by themselves, I'm looking for advice/help that third parties can perform to assist with the progress.


问:
Are some of the new age proponents in psychosis?
Psychosis refers to an abnormal condition of the mind described as involving a "loss of contact with reality". -Wikipedia

When I listen to person who practices new age, I often think that is the person in some kind of psychosis. They talk eg. about special powers got from the stone, telepathy or connection to some kind of divine powers, etc.


问:
What is definition of "excessive correlation" is Michael Persinger using?
I'm trying to parse the significance of Michael Persinger's work. From what I can understand, he uses toroids to create magnetic fields which can change the PH of spring water and change photon emission in brain tissue. He then applies this to two human brains separated by great distances.

Are his results significant? If so, what predictions are they making? All I can make out from these papers is that when brains are exposed to similar to conditions they exhibit similar brain waves. Why don't they compare to a baseline of those not exposed to these magnetic signals? And why do they only show the correlation between paired individuals, instead of showing correlation between paired and non-paired individuals?


问:
Are there any pain scales which measure how much of the body is in pain?
Are there any pain scales which talk about the extent of pain, i.e. how much of the body is in pain?

I'm in the process of trying to work out whether several lesions, hurt with the same intensity as a single lesion of the same severity.


问:
Changing Voluntary to Involuntary by will
As we all know, certain actions like,

blinking of eye

breathing

all happen involuntarily, and we have the option to control them voluntarily as well(holding breath etc..) when needed.

But, once we change our focus on something else for a few minutes, we forget that we had voluntary control(like holding breath etc..), and involuntary actions takes place automatically.

So, Can we transfer voluntary control to involuntary by will?

P.S. Since the question is about experience, I couldn't ask more clearly. Sorry for that. :)


问:
Can "acceptance" become a Defense Mechanism?
Most of the Defense Mechanisms are unconscious, but for those who know about them and still use then it somehow becomes conscious. They know they are using it, and not do anything about it. For example when one loses trust in everyone around them, but they tell everyone who understands about their secret or something that shouldn't be shared easily; Reaction Formation, yes.
So, when, let's say, someone has mood swings, they cry when a bit depressed or even just sad, and laugh like there's no tomorrow when they're happy, even if it's the moment right after their cry, or just shout out loud because they are angry while they are generally a calm person. They simply let it all sink in and accept everything that comes, without doing anything about it, even though they know they should, and they know where the wrong is.
So can't it be set as one?</p>


问:
Name the bias when one attributes all group successes to the individual they're in contact with the most
This is the fallacy when one assumes that all successful outcomes were most likely thanks to that one individual that they always communicate with, and fail to recognize (consciously or subconsciously) the effort of the rest of the group, or an individual from that group.

I am not sure if this is a proximity induced issue, continuing communication, perceived availability, or some sort of quasi in-group bias.


问:
Scientifically Proven Positive habits hacks
I was wondering if there are scientific proven techniques that help in making long term changes to a person's habit. Self management and motivation. </p>


问:
Is there a name for "loopback teaching" technique (explaining something to yourself to learn it)?
Here's the description of a process which I call "loopback teaching":

First, I learn something the "normal" way, e.g. by reading or watching.

I imagine a person or multiple people which I think may be interested in the topic. If there are no such people I know of, I just imagine I'm reading a lecture to some abstract audience.

I explain the topic in a way I would do that in real life. I can imagine some kind of presentation (with slides or on a whiteboard), which I go through in a sequence, mostly without skipping. I use my internal speech in mostly the same way I do that when speaking out loud in real life in similar situations.

I noticed I started doing this back when I was at school, and much later I found out that other people use different forms of this technique, or something very similar.

There are multiple related things I know of:

Rubber duck debugging, or generally explaining something to inanimate object

Learning by teaching, or generally explaining something you wish to learn to another people

My questions are:

Is there a name for this study technique?

Is this related to speech internalization? If so, how? Is there any studies on that subject? In the example above I internalize a dialogue instead of a monologue, and this seems similar to how children internalize their private monologue at the age of 7 years (if I'm not mistaken).


问:
Interpretation of results on the studies of "Moral Hypocrisy"
Hello right now I am dealing with the studies of C.Daniel Batson, who provided several studies and experiments to reveal moral hypocrisy. I think that I understand the basic idea of his theory, however I am not really able to interpret his statistic outcomes.

I do not know if some of you have access to the full text, but the study is listed under the title:

In a very different voice: Unmasking moral hypocrisy.
Batson, C. Daniel; Kobrynowicz, Diane; Dinnerstein, Jessica L.; Kampf, Hannah C.; Wilson, Angela D.
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol 72(6), Jun 1997, 1335-1348

However, I will provide some relevant excerpts in the form of pictures for better comprehension towards my question.

First excerpts:

In this part Batson et. al. presents his results and compare them through the previously measured responsibility measures indexes. The confusing part starts from the yellow lined part. I do not really understand what does he mean by coding?

Furthermore, he mentions that only one of this applied measures correlated with the results and provides the result r(18)=0,39, p< 0,05 (blue lined). This is the core of my real problem. First of all I do not really understand what does the r(18) mean? I think it has something to do with a normal distribution right? Moreover, I have no idea how to read the 0,39 in a clear way. Does it mean that 39% of the results actually are coherent with the previously applied measurement indexes of moral responsibility? In the end I also struggle to interpret the p-vale of 0,05. Does it mean that the value (0,39) would be theoretically rejected, if it would be below 0,05?

To demonstrate the full results I also provide you the second excerpt:

I really struggling to understand this notations. The worst thing is that it is not explained in the whole text, how these numbers have to be interpret. I also read several other psychological texts, which have very similar expressions.

I hope that my question is somehow understandable, because it is very difficult to ask this question, if nobody has an access to the full text. I would be extremely grateful, if someone could help me.

Best Regards.


问:
How can you learn to engage in highly focused thinking for a sustained period of time?
Is there some research on how to engage in highly-focused thinking for more than a few hours at a time? </p>

<p>I have read (informally, i.e., not research papers) that engaging in enjoyable non-focused thinking for a few hours after the effort may help one recharge. Is this true, can anyone please refer me to any research done in this area (hopefully including physiological aspects)? </p>


问:
Is there a disorder that causes one to feel heat from an inanimate object?
We just met a woman that feels heat (literally, hot enough for her to say she was burned) from inanimate objects. She says it is mainly the floors and chairs in her home, and she is unable to walk in certain places or sit in certain places if they are hot at the time. Not everything is hot all the time, and sometimes she has no problem with chairs or floors, but will suddenly get burned as she walks across the floor, or sits in her chair.

She's becoming very anxious over this, and I'm wondering if there is a physical or mental disorder that could explain it. Thank you.


问:
What is a good software/hardware combination for biofeedback monitoring that includes GSR, GSM, HRV, and EEG?
i'm looking for a lab setup for psychological experiments to help people relieve stress better with various auditory and visual stimuli.

what i want is a software like brainbay that can use not just EEG, but GSR sensors, ECG or HRV sensors at the very least. that being said, it'd be nice to have audiostrobe compatibility as well. i know brainbay and even MATLAB have EEG and even camera capabilities to track eye movement. but i'm looking for something more than just EEG. even EEG and GSR would be amazing. hell, even if someone could point me to a GSR plugin and audiostrobe plugin for brainbay.

and secondly, hardware. i know the Epoc Emotiv is used in a lot of EEG-only applications, including being a standard option within brainbay. is this a good buy for at-home non-medical research? at school they have 3000\$ plus equiptment and as a student, i can't afford that kind of set up. i'm looking for a good but non-medical grade headset and GSR sensor. most headsets i see are around 200-300\$ and that's ok for me.

so, my question is, what is a good setup that you guys use? what can you suggest to me?


问:
How are our tastes created?
Is there a scientific explanation of one's aesthetic preferences? Why do they differ from one person to another? Are they the results of one's culture and social interactions?

Any reference would be appreciated.

Title: How are our tastes created?


问:
If someone gets "too much" attention, does it expose his/her to mental illness?
Some psychologist told this on TV few years ago and this came to my mind when I spoke with my friend about personalities of some celebrities.

I tried to find some articles or studies about the topic on internet, but couldn't find any.


问:
What is the relationship with power, justice, and respect?
King has power
King are respected (people bow to them)
Just king are respected more than unjust king

Just laws are respected more than unjust laws.

What are the relationship of that?

Is respect merely beliefs, or perceptions of power and justice?

Is there a mathematical relationship?

Do people obey those who they respect more?


问:
Role of shared gaze/joint attention in infants for the development of executive function
I'm trying to find research on the role of interactions between caregiver and infant via shared gaze/joint attention for the development of executive abilities, including attention and inhibition. My assumption is that joint attention serves as an externally guided precursors of later self-generated executive abilities as might be postulated based on Vygotsky. References or comments would be most welcome</p>


问:
Does exercise substantially affect bloodflow to brain
The benefits of exercise on the psyche are well documented, encompassing catharsis, endorphin release, mental health improvements and self esteem.
There is also evidence that it increases cognitive function short and long term.

It would seem that these benefits are from more BDNF, blood with higher oxygen content, and more bloodflow to the brain. I would think the blood effects would cause the short term benefits, while aiding in the increased neurogenesis long term.

I just went for a run.
I assumed the immediate(within the hour of exercise) clarity I felt to be attributable to the mood-altering affects(catharsis, stress relief, endorphins, etc).
Quick searches show websites like ScientificAmerican and brainblogger et al confirm that more bloodflow to the brain contributes to state and structural changes in the brain.

However, in The Brain; A Very Short Introduction by Michael O'Shea, it mentions; [On the topic of areas of the brain requiring more glucose and oxygen] "A simple solution to this problem would be to pump more blood into the active region, much in the same way that a muscle is supplied with more blood when exercised vigorously. However unlike a muscle, which becomes engorged with blood and swells when exercised, the brain is confined by the skull and cannot be allowed to swell significantly. The solution to this tricky problem is to maintain a constant overall blood volume in the brain and to arrange for blood to be diverted preferentially to active regions.".

I'm skeptical of the bloodflow explanation, since there is the counter evidence from the book I cited.
This raises a related question concerning blood though.
"Would breathing air with higher oxygen content be beneficial to brain function?"(I'm aware too high and there isn't enough carbonic acid, no?).


问:
What is it about Ken Reid's style of drawing lumps on surfaces [shown here] that makes our visual system so easily interpret it?
Ken Reid was an artist who drew for the Beano and other comics, and was known for strips such as Frankie Stein and Queen of the Seas. And for The Nervs, about the little men who run our brains, but that's not why I'm asking this. He had a rather grotesque way of drawing faces, which made protrusions such as chins and Adam's apples stand out using very few lines. There are examples of his work on Lew Stringer's blog and this copy of The Nervs strip. What interests me is why the lines he drew are so effective. What is the visual system interpreting them as?

To demonstrate, here are three images from the above-linked strip. I've marked the parts of interest with an arrow:

In the second image, the back of the knee, there's an upward-curving line above a short vertical above two downward-curving lines. The higher downward-curving line is presumably the contour of the lower leg. But it's less obvious what the downward-curving line below it is. Nevertheless, it certainly helps in giving a sense of three-dimensional form.

Similarly, in the third image, some of the three upward-curving lines could be folds where the chin presses back against itself. But is the visual system interpreting them all as folds? I don't know, but again, they readily give a sense of form. If there's anyone here who is working on perception of shape, I'd like to know how you think these lines are being interpreted.

By the way, I and other readers have noticed that Reid's drawings seem very "intense". As one reader commented in a blog, "they seem to enter the subconscious and stick there for the rest of your life". I'd be interested in any ideas on why, and how this relates to what I've asked above.


问:
Could one use priming (from realistic images to drawings thereof) to help teach the conventions of line drawing?
Line drawing is a very stylised form of art. There are no lines in nature, and artists have to learn the conventions to be used when drawing in line. I am interested in whether one could help them learn by repeated priming of associations from realistic images to line drawings of those images.

First, here is an example, a drawing of a boy from the children's annual Sunshine Stories, published probably in the 1930s. The top of the chin has been omitted, because it catches the light. The upper lip is shown dark, and the lower lip is omitted, being indicated only by a shadow under it:

This is a very common convention. The link points at an excerpt from an instructional book that was very popular in its time, Simple Sketching in Line by L. A. Doust. For some reason, the visual system seems to pay too much attention to bottom lips that are outlined or dark, so artists have discovered that it's often best only to draw the shadow under them.

Faces are not the only subject that gets conventionalised. For example, at this page and subsequent pages, I show some of the conventions used in indicating texture. These slides, by the way, are from a talk I gave on the semantics of line in drawing, showing the different purposes for which artists use line.

So, imagine that we ask a skilled illustrator to take 500 (say) photos and make a drawing of each, using a common and consistent style. We then use the photos paired with their drawings as priming stimuli. Is there any evidence for or against my hypothesis that this would help novices learn the mapping from realistic images to drawings thereof? In a sense, it's analogous to teaching musicians to sight-read.

A hi-tech alternative to photos and drawings would be mediated-reality glasses. In Oxford, Stephen Hicks is developing Smart Spex, which help people with poor vision to see. The third image on that page shows a scene, labelled "a", and the specs' renderings of it. Rendering "c" is similar to a line drawing. If a subject were to wear these glasses in "line drawing" mode continuously, would they absorb its rendering conventions? If so, it could be a very useful way to teach drawing.


问:
Do we have an "internal timer" when taking naps?
I´m doing some research and can´t find what control some reactions during naps.

For example, after 1 year taking the same bus way home, my brain mastered the timing of napping. Wherever i get on, i start a nap and ALWAYS get up just before i have to get down the bus, it doesn´t matter if the nap took 5, 10, 25 or 50 minutes.

I think that maybe stimulations like sounds or body feelings of the road and environment are the triggers but can´t find information about it.

Also, i would like to distinguish it from the internal clock that concerns the whole day that regulates our lifestyle. (Circadian rhythm)


问:
Understanding the difference between empathy and need for social contact in this article on empathetic voles
So I saw this interesting article titled, “Consoling Voles Hint at Animal Empathy.” The basic idea stated is if voles have a relationship, and are then separated and one of the voles sees the other put in a stressful situation, the unharmed vole would immediately begin to console the hurt/traumatized vole when they were reunited.

My question is not about the validity of the concept—I mean it’s a cute theory that I am willing to accept—but this section on a similar study on rats confused me a bit; bold emphasis is mine:

The researchers billed these rescues as evidence of empathy—that “rats
  free their cagemate in order to end distress.” But others argued that
  the rescuers could simply have been behaving selfishly, in an attempt
  to get social contact.

So in the context of this article—and perhaps the source article that article cites—what exactly is the meaning of “social contact.”

Is the idea presented that empathy is a selfless act where one sees someone/something in distress and—without personal concerns—acts to aid the other person.

And that “social contact”—devoid of empathy—is a selfish concept where the person acting in response to someone/something is doing so only to benefit themselves by seeming superficially empathetic to others or perhaps simply taking advantage of someone in distress to their own future benefit?


问:
How do I make myself think before I act?
How do I suppress strong emotions in favour of doing the right thing?</p>


问:
Categorization of Lewin's Work
I'm trying to categorize Kurt Lewin's work, specifically his force field model and his three-step model of change.

From what I read, he was strongly influenced by the Gestaltists and he's considered the father of social psychology.  However, the Gestaltists, as far as I understand it, were mostly concerned with perception and the above models are developmental and/or social.  The category of social psychology is a bit broad though---there are vastly different approaches in that category.

Would it be fair to say that Lewin took the Gestaltists' notion that the whole is more than the parts and applied it to social systems in which the system is more than the individuals, that he took the idea from psychodynamics that individuals aren't atomic wholes but really systems of integrated but often warring forces, and that he used the concepts of dynamic systems theory to describe how inner- and intra-personal forces settle into semi-stable equilibria?

(I appreciate any type of source, but citeable ones would be really great.)

Title: Categorization of Lewin's Work


问:
Is there a tag for those create exhaustive lists of opportunities?
When someone is incapable of making a choice on behalf of others, and structures everything they do to present every possible option and opportunity, what tends to be the cause of this?


问:
Reciting Reverse Order Alphabet vs Reverse Order Counting
Observation A:
It's easy to recite the alphabet. It's hard to recite the alphabet backwards.

Observation B:
It's easy to recite the number 1 to 26. It's easy to recite the number 1 to 26 backwards.

How is the difference between A and B explained?

(I came across the first observation  in the book "How to Create a Mind" by Ray Kurzweil)


问:
Which theories explain that given a choice of hard and easy tasks one would pick the easy one?
Which theories deal with cost benefit analysis? For example, given a binary choice of hard and easy tasks (eg. Picking low hanging fruit, stealing what is not bolted down, cheating on a test, taking a spacial shortcut/jaywalking) one would exhibit preference towards the easy one. How can that be explained from behavioral, evolutionary or cognitive perspective? I need studies or names.</p>


问:
Infants tend to look longer at novel stimuli than at repeated stimuli, is this true in adults?
I have recently read an article in which it is stated, that the researchers can discriminate if a baby knows an object, by looking at the length of time the baby looks at the object. Do adults also tend to look longer to novel stimuli?</p>

OwnerDisplayName: emanuele


问:
Body acceptance: is there a gender bias?
I tried to google for female body self esteem statistic. It seem that on a statistic basis women tend to see themselves as not being enough.

I wonder if there are evidence that this problem is related to social media pressures and if there is a gender bias on body acceptance related especially to western countries.


问:
Links between biases and personality?
I was thinking of how a lot of people are biased against overweight people.
.

One of the answers considers how we tend to "take part" with those that remind us of ourselves, and we are biased against those who seem different from us.
This should imply that a person who is biased against overweight people is a person who considers him/herself "not one of the overweight people".
This further implies that the biases a person has, says something about his/her identity.

Is there any research on what characterizes people who are biased against any specific group of people?

Is there any kind of research on what characterizes people prone to any specific bias?

Title: Links between biases and personality?


问:
Is there any psychometrics researches about the relationship between difficulty and grade distribution?
Is there any psychometrics researches about the relationship between difficulty and grade distribution in differnt college courses titles?</p>


问:
Thinking about something vs. doing something
In computer programming, when a program analyzes itself, we call it "reflection" or "introspection".
Example:
A program has several features. When the program runs, it can analyze itself to determine what features it supports and present it in the user interface. The user could choose one of the features and instruct the program to run it.

Now, the question:
Is there an equivalent mechanism in the brain? I.e. how can the brain think/reflect about a behavior/capability without executing the behavior/capability? Is there a special "module" in the brain that is responsible for reflection and one responsible for execution? If yes, how does the brain decide which module to use in the specific context (thinking vs. acting)?


问:
How is it called when we explicitly quantify a letter or digit instead of spelling it out multiple times?
When we need to repeat a letter or digit several times (for example when spelling out a number or an acronym) it is easier to explicitly quantify it instead of spelling it out repeatedly: for example we will spell I-triple-E instead of I-E-E-E, or triple-five instead of five-five-five (in French: SSII spelled as deux-es-deux-i instead of es-es-i-i), we will write W3 instead of WWW, etc. My intuition tells me that when we repeat the same letter/digit multiple times the listener will need to count them, and may get confused, while if we warn him/her that there will be a repetition and give the final count of items, he/she avoids counting operation and therefore also the risk of miscounting.

My question is: how is this operation called, and do you know if anyone has studied it (in a psychological or cognitive frame)?


问:
Relation between Sleeping pattern and attention for ADHD people
Question 1:
Does sleeping at different times daily affect the attention for ADHD and Non ADHD ?

For example let us consider the below scenario,

Day 1 : Sleep time is 1:00 AM

Day 2 : Sleep time is 2:00 AM

Day 3 : Sleep time is 4:00 AM

Day 4 : Sleep time is 12:30 AM

Day 4:  Sleep time is 2:00 AM

Do such patterns affect the attention for ADHD people ?

*Note: Provided that the sleep time is 6- 7 hours per day *

Question 2

Can we compromise the lost sleep ?


问:
Low agreeableness on argumentations with people confident in rethoric
In many discussions people show confirmation bias, self serving bias and mental rigidity.

Assume one of the actor is very confident with rhetoric and shows really low agreeableness and a passive hostility (the definition given by wikipedia fits very well) toward the other one. He can be frustrated or Narcissistic.

The other tries to express his perceptions of some reality but his argumentations are not perfect in the form in which they are formulated, so he is accused of the typical formal errors (i.e. "generalization", "you cannot be sure"). It's extremely easy to create a wall in this way (only philosophers or scientific papers are formally correct).

And the formal errors in an argumentation don't prove the speaker is wrong. But many people can think that winning an argumentation means being right.

This second guy (like the victim of many narcissists) could feel impotent, overwhelmed, or experience a kind of Gaslighting)

Is there a specific name for expressing this kind of argumentative hostility? Something like 'rubber wall'?


问:
Influence of LIP on visual cortex
I understand that the lateral intraparietal cortex (LIP) maps various features of targets onto an eye-centric reference frame. I also know that this mapping predicts where visual attention (in the form of saccades) will be directed and helps maintain the integrity of the mapping. Finally, I've also noted that the LIP has various projections to the visual cortex ventral and dorsal stream.

What is the function of these projections to the visual cortex? How is the visual cortex influenced by the aforementioned functions of the LIP?

Title: Influence of LIP on visual cortex


问:
How does the money a client pays for a therapist affect the effectiveness of the treatment?
Do patients who pay more money for a therapy session get more results because they are more committed to the process?

Are there studies that investigated this effect that hold the skill of the therapist constant?


问:
Is there an equivalence table between the Desikan-Killiany atlas to brodmann areas?
FreeSurfer makes inferences about volume, through the calculation of the surface of the brain. The parametric method (used in SPM) is a voxel-based statistics.

FreeSurfer analysis does not map the brain using the traditional Brodmann's areas (BA) (at least not entirely), instead it uses the Desikan-Killiany Atlas (DKA).

Researchers that are used to think about the brain regions considering the BAs, may have a hard time to relocate them in terms of DKA. Is there a table with equivalence that one can use in order to translate from one into the other?


问:
Which hormones are known to cause which psychological effects?
This might be a very broad question, but I'm looking for gathering a list of any hormone that can cause psychological effects - especially long-term.
I would like to build a list of psychological traits that may be caused by high rates of specific hormones.

An example of such a hormone would be testosterone, which is known to increase risk-taking among other things. So regularly taking risks may be a sign of high rates of testosterone.

So which hormones are known to cause which psychological effects?


问:
Relation of spoken sentence length and processing time required
I would like to know if there is some good research that tried to put spoken sentence length and its processing time in simple relation without focusing on meaning of words etc. It would be nice to know results for a big range of sentence lengths (from 2 words to 10 words, at least).
I've found some answers for reading time (where relation appears to be linear) on this site, but that is not quite what I'm interested in.</p>


问:
What are the differences between formulating a response in speech vs. formulating a written response?
I am specifically interested in the difference between these two processes during producing a response to a question. What are the differences of the cognitive process between those two scenarios?

I hypothesize that writing requires more iterations in the thought process but couldn't find an answer to this question.


问:
Incomplete sentences
I am looking for studies which looks at understanding and preference of incomplete sentences.

For example, is there a higher workload for (in)complete sentences or even though the sentence might be fully understandable with the key information people might still prefer the complete sentence.

I am interested in this question for an verbal context but a written context would be great as well.

Title: Incomplete sentences


问:
Third time's the Charm: any research into how we learn from error?
I have often told people that I make a mistake two different ways before I really understand a situation. Is there any research that explains how and why this works? As an analogy, there is something called a "paperclip tree", a branching structure of linked paperclips (or any other small objects that can be connected loosely). You can find the longest path through the tree by picking it up anywhere, then grasping the lowest point and picking it up again. Absolute, guaranteed, must work every time.

So, is learning by making two mistakes something like this? Something like triangulation - two points of view? I also find that I have to sleep twice before something is really integrated in to my awareness and memory. After just one sleep it disappears and can't be recalled. This is why I often tell people that I cannot remember yesterday, but before that is clear. Also why naps are so helpful for learning. Any thoughts in how these things all work? Back propagation? Default Processing? Thank you.


问:
Conscious versus Visual Representation Update
In their paper "A cortical network that marks the moment when conscious representations are updated" Stottinger et al claim that there is a network in the anterior insula, medial and inferior frontal regions and inferior parietal cortex that updates conscious representation. However, they did this by studying changing images. Is there any reason to believe that this system is not just for updating visual representations, as opposed to general conscious representation? (note: I only have access to the abstract, so I'm unsure whether this is addressed in the paper)

Full abstract:

In order to survive in a complex, noisy and constantly changing environment we need to categorize the world (e.g., Is this food edible or poisonous?) and we need to update our interpretations when things change. How does our brain update when object categories change from one to the next? We investigated the neural correlates associated with this updating process. We used event-related fMRI while people viewed a sequence of images that morphed from one object (e.g., a plane) to another (e.g., a shark). All participants were naïve as to the identity of the second object. The point at which participants 'saw' the second object was unpredictable and uncontaminated by any dramatic or salient change to the images themselves. The moment when subjective perceptual representations changed activated a circumscribed network including the anterior insula, medial and inferior frontal regions and inferior parietal cortex. In a setting where neither the timing nor nature of the visual transition was predictable, this restricted cortical network signals the time of updating a perceptual representation. The anterior insula and mid-frontal regions (including the ACC) were activated not only at the actual time when change was reported, but also immediately before, suggesting that these areas are also involved in processing alternative options after a mismatch has been detected.


问:
Can CNS neurons be stimulated with focused audio?
I know that neurons can be stimulated mechanically (like in the 'funny bone') and I'm wondering if neurons in the brain could be stimulated similarly, for example via focused ultrasound.</p>


问:
Where can I find the norms for Raven's Standard Progressive Matrices?
I've never had my IQ measured before. After some research I decided to take the Raven's Standard Progressive Matrix test. After Googling I found this Wikipedia page. This test was linked on the Wikipedia page, and I took the test and acquired my raw score.

I understand that I may need to take the advanced version of the test if my score is high enough, but that's besides the point. After acquiring my raw score, I researched how to get a rough IQ conversion. I found this question here. It describes how to convert your raw score to a z-score, and then get a rough estimate of IQ from the z-score.

However, acquiring the z-score requires norms for the raw scores, if I'm not mistaken.

Where can I find the norms? Specifically, I need the mean raw score and the standard deviation for the United States general population.


问:
How to intelligently resolve WinTabMex error in Psychtoolbox on Windows 7?
While piloting a task in psychtoolbox and exiting via (ctrl-c --> sca), I receive this error:

Error using WinTabMex Tried to initialize WinTab, but it is already
  initialized! Call code 1 (Shutdown) first!

How do I call code 1 or otherwise intelligently resolve this error?
Restarting MATLAB fixes the problem, but it seems like a brute-force solution.


问:
Why do humans feel compassion towards non-humans?
Why is it that humans feel compassion towards non-humans, such as animals? For me, the sight of an injured bird causes an emotional response, but I cannot explain what would cause it. From an evolutionary standpoint, I can't think what advantage compassion towards "prey" would bring for survival.</p>


问:
Possible links of the dreaming and hypnotic state
Recently I was asked a question that made me stuck: "how does dreaming states and hypnotic state differ?". What available EEG, fMRI and other means of obtaining data on the brain activity show in such cases?

How much is known about changes of the brain activity when brain moves from wakefulness to sleep?

For now, I only found tiny mentioning of the similarity between the REM state and hypnosis in Wikipedia article (part about Joe Griffin and Ivan Tyrrell), but there wasn't mentioning of the real similarities like EEG rhythms or brain activity scan data.

The person asking the question mentioned a competent specialist having several decades of practice (I don't know who it is).

He told he heard an intriguing (at least for me) idea from this specialist: "when the person starts to sleep, there is a moment of a high susceptibility to the hypnosis"; I'd like to know a bit more about that: is that right, or maybe there is some misunderstanding? Maybe there are good materials on this particular topic?


问:
Creating non-linear neuron model from linear and actual rates
In "Theoretical Neuroscience" by Dayan and Abbott, section 2.2 "Estimating Firing Rates", it describes how by using a linear model in combination with averaged experimental firing rates you can acquire a non-linear model graphically. This is shown in the figure below:

Given the synthetic neuron defined here, I was able to acquire both average experimental firing rates, as well as a linear model. I calculated the linear model by first acquiring the Spike-Triggered-Average using a white noise signal and then convolving it with the same white noise signal. Given that you can acquire the kernel according to:

And that you can the acquire a linear model given:

where $s(t-\tau)$ is the original white-noise stimulus.

However, when I try to plot this result, I get a graph that looks like:

Given this graph, my reasoning and my code, where could I be going wrong?


问:
Where does the human need for intimacy stem from?
I'm reading "The Art of Happiness" right now, and in it, it's written that our need from intimacy stems a fear that developed at childbirth. According to the text, there's much evidence that this fear develops at the 1-year mark, when separation from one's father and mother becomes apparent. The book goes further to state that the root of all suffering in humanity is due to an innate fear of re-experiencing this separated-ness. This by the way, can be found on page 79/235 in the section of "the art of happiness" entitled "expanding our definition of intimacy".

If this true, then are we all Obsessive-Compulsive and just reliving the same scenarios over and over in our lives?


问:
Are Reality Checks in Groups More Effective?
Reality checks are recommended to train the capability for lucid dreaming. Are there studies on the effectivness of reality checks done together with a partner or within a group of people?

I think they are at least as effective as individual ones, since it shouldn't matter e.g. who switches the light to see whether it's working, but maybe it's more fun in a group. And maybe it is more common to see someone else in dream doing something rather than performing a task yourself...


问:
How would I train a self-connected hodgkin huxley neuron to exhibit oscillatory dynamics
I've done a lot of thinking and some casual quantitative exploration with computational neuroscience – like running PCA on some neural activity data I obtained, some analysis of the static connectome of the organism I'm studying, etc. and now I want to develop the hard skills necessary in computational neuroscience. </p>

<p>I'd like to begin playing around with parameterizing neurons, specifically I'm looking to find the minimal parameters for oscillatory dynamics in a neuronal network. If I'm using the hodkgin huxley model, how would I parameterize a self-connected neuron to exhibit oscillatory dynamics at its membrane potential? I imagine some form of bifurcation theory is relevant but don't know how to put it into practice. </p>


问:
What cognitive architectures out there combine multiple sensor streams?
It seems like most cognitive architectures are evaluated on toy problems that do not challenge more than one sense (usually the visual one). What neuronal cognitive architectures were evaluated in the more complex case of multiple senses?</p>


问:
Searching for literature on cognition of flyover animations
I'm rewriting a journal article on flyover animations: the virtual camera moves in a 3D map environment (e.g. a flyover of the Grand Canyon showing off the topography).  The paper describes our user experiment varying characteristics of the flyover and testing its effect on survey knowledge.  Its been peer reviewed and the reviewer pointed out that there is a body of literature on the subject that needs to be synthesised into the paper.  His/her exact words:

There is literature not covered by the author(s’) review with regards
  to existing theory and research in:

spatial cognition and spatial knowledge acquisition;

the conceptualization of 3D virtual spaces and 3D camera fly-throughs;

empirical geovisualization studies.

What we've already got in the paper relevant to the discussion points:

Harrower and Sheesley (2007)

Midtho and Nordvick (2007)

Thorndyke and HayesRoth (1980)

Seigal and White (1975)

Steck and Mallot (1998)

I've done extensive searching using Google Scholar mixing up numerous search terms but I haven't been able to find any further relevant literature.


问:
How to interpret strong, significant correlations between dimensions on a measure?
I have been provided datasets from two questionnaires, with the aim of exploring any relationships between the factors measured by one, and factors measured by the other. One questionnaire looks at personality (big 5 type stuff), while the other looks at self-assessed capability (self-efficacy). Note, however, that I am performing exploratory research - I'm looking for correlations, rather than suggesting causation.

The questionnaires each feature approximately 60 questions, which fit within a number of dimensions. I didn't construct the questionnaires, so, as part of the analysis I looked at the correlation coefficients of scores between dimensions within each questionnaire, before looking at the correlations of dimensions between questionnaires (I hope I'm making sense!).

What I've found is that almost all the dimensions within the questionnaire measuring self-efficacy correlate with each other, to a strong degree (more than ±0.5) significant at the 0.01 level.

My experience in questionnaire design and analysis is limited, however, this result seems instinctively bad. Having done some reading around the issue, I have come across "multicollinearity", however, as I am not performing regression (because I'm not looking for causation), I don't think this is the appropriate term. Similarly, I have come across the term "factor loading", but, again, I'm not doing factor analysis here, so I don't think this is applicable.

My, albeit naive, understanding is that either the factors are all measuring the same (or a very similar) thing (an issue with construct validity, maybe?), or the factors are all different, but strongly and significantly related (in which case, is this an issue?)

My overall question is this: Am I correct in this understanding / is there a way (or multiple ways) to explain what's going on here? And, for bonus points, does this issue (if it even is an issue) have a technical term?

As always, many thanks in advance!


问:
Do dreams improve upon memory and understanding by making the sensory experience MORE LIKE thought?
It is certainly a great fact/truth that the ability of thought to describe or reconfigure sensory experience is ultimately dependent upon the extent to which thought is similar to sensory experience. It occurs to me that dreams make thought more like sensory experience in general, thereby improving upon memory and understanding. Thoughts are invisible. The space in dreams is visible and invisible in fundamental equilibrium and balance, thereby making sensory experience maximally consistent with/similar to thought. This improves upon memory and understanding. There is no outsmarting the genius of dreams.

Dreams balance being and experience. Dream experience is possible/potential and actual in balance. Dreams balance conscious and unconscious experience. In dreams, we are relatively unconscious; and yet we are still conscious.

Thoughts are invisible. Do dreams improve upon memory and understanding by making the sensory experience MORE LIKE thought? This is a very important question which can improve upon our understanding of what dreams really are as well. Indeed, dreams fundamentally average and balance our bodily/visual experience. Notice that dreams involve balanced and maximum middle strength force/energy feeling/touch consistent with the experience of middle distance in/of space and instantaneity.

Consider that dream experience and waking experience are fundamentally related, and they are fundamentally linked; and they are separate experiences.


问:
Do people with brighter smiles feel brighter?
People's facial shape when smiling are different. Some are bright, some looks like there's a bit embarrassment, others may be with a twist, even if they are all smiling from true happiness.

These facial looks may give the observer different feelings, that is, seeing brighter smiles makes you feel happier too, or that you feel the smiler must be happier if she has a brighter smile on her face. Is this true?

A step further. If you force a smile in your face, do brighter smiles induce brighter feelings?


问:
How does the hippocampus and the "Papez" circuit form a memory?
It is admitted the hippocampus is necessary to the formation of new long term memories. At first, information goes back and forth between various parts of the cortex and the hippocampus. That's how a long term memory is being formed. Once it is formed the hippocampus is not necessary to retrieve the memory. It can be bypassed.  The question is do we know how it is possible? How does the hippocampus (and maybe the Papez circuit) associate informations from various areas of the cortex to make one memory? Do we have a physical explanation that makes sense?</p>


问:
Does testosterone level cause more sexual dream content?
I have long been interested in dreaming, including how dream content can shed some light on brain chemistry.

I did a search on the subject of testosterone levels altering dream content and see some anecdotal evidence from bodybuilding forums and androgel users.

These people report wet dreams, while others report increased sexual content in dreams.

Do elevated levels of testosterone cause more explicit sexual dream content?


问:
The line between fantasy and reality
It is already well known that imagining certain things can have a physiological effect on us. For example, imagining an intense situation can cause the heart rate to go up, while imagining a quiet, safe place might have the opposite effect (or maybe that one is simply a result of distracting oneself from whatever may cause unrest).

Another example would be imagining yourself doing something you don't want to do. From what I understand, this reduces the stress of anticipating work.

I wonder, though, what exactly separates this from actually doing what you imagine? what are the differences in the physiological effects? How different is the activation of the brain? (aside from the obvious - for example, imagining something physical happening to you, such as being punched, won't actually cause any bruising)

Title: The line between fantasy and reality


问:
Can personality be measured without self-report or peer-report?
There's lots of evidence on personality correlating to various behavior, like speed when talking, words used, walking pace, types of books owned, reactions to situations, colors on clothing, +++. Is there any research on the opposite, measuring personality based on behavior?

How reliable would it be to measure someones personality based on behavior?


问:
Literature with regards to facial attractiveness?
I would like to ask for suggestions of literature regarding the study of facial features, preferably in a context of how they may be considered attractive or not.

To clarify, the goal is to try and gain an understanding of what distinct facial features exist, and of what variation exists regarding each of them (in lengths, angles, other topographical aspects), and of how those features combine into more visually complex features, etc. This is for no particular purpose other than just my own curiosity.


问:
The meaning of a long gaze : supposed to indicate agreeableness in new-borns but suprise in infants
Several studies on new-born and infant are based on the gaze, but depending on the age of the subject, the assumption is different. For new-born, a long gaze is supposed to mean that what they look at is agreeable. For infants, a long gaze is supposed to means that they are surprised.

On what are these two assumptions based? Can they be verified?
If yes, at what age does the meaning of a long gaze change? And why does it change?


问:
Does difficulty of task increase perceived authority?
I'm writing a research paper and I'm wondering if someone can help me out by throwing out a few terms. I'm looking for a theory that talks about how the more difficult a task is, the more authoritative / appreciated is the person who completed the task.

For example, let's say Exam A is only passed by 5% of people that take it. Is there a cognitive theory that says that people who pass the exam will be more appreciated / seen as more authoritative given that they completed a task most fail at?


问:
Is it known how the brain corrects the world-up-side-down-view of our eyes?
Because of our eye functioning as a camera obscura the light entering our pupils is hitting the retina of the eye in opposite directions. So what is left becomes right and right left and above becomes beneath and beneath becomes above.

So somewhere in our brains this image is turned back to the world how it is. But how and where is the brain that doing?


问:
Is INTJ mbti-personality better suited to do a physics degree or medicine/biology degree?
So which one? I find physics fascinating but biology easy.</p>


问:
Do we know what is happening inside the brain when a person is hit in the head?
For the purposes of this question, I will use the example of a legally sanctioned athletic contest (i.e., a boxing match), rather than criminal activity or accidents, but the question certainly applies to any brain trauma that has similar effects.

Anyone who watches boxing and other fighting sports knows that when a fighter is hit hard in the head or face, a few things are very likely to happen (links lead to videos showing examples of the effect in question):

The legs either go stiff, go limp, or begin to wobble;  sometimes, they seem to move in unpredictable, involuntary ways.

The eyes glaze over and seem to lose focus

The fighter will stumble and fall, sometimes after a slight delay

Mobility and coordination are profoundly reduced

The fighter appears to lose spatial awareness and orientation, sometimes even seeming to be confused as to where he/she is

In some cases, the fighter will immediately lose consciousness, but I am more interested in the alternative - that is, a serious blow to the brain that results in the above effects, but doesn't render the victim totally unconscious.

Obviously, when the face or head suffers a strong, sudden impact from the front, back, or sides (or, in cases like an uppercut punch, from below, and to the bottom of the chin), momentum causes the brain to strike one or more surfaces inside the skull, so there is some mechanical/physical injury going on - in short, the person who was hit has a concussion.  I know that this can cause significant, long-term damage to the brain and nervous system, but I am interested in the short-term, immediate effects.

Is this physical/mechanical injury the sole reason we see the symptoms I've described above?  Are there separate processes taking place (e.g., abnormal electrical/chemical activity causing the symptoms described above)?  Or does the physical/mechanical injury cause other types of abnormal activity in the brain/nervous system?

In short, do we know what is happening inside the brain after a hard blow, causing such pronounced effects, described above, in the rest of the body?


问:
Bragging is bad for your reputation... but there is one exception: What is going on?
It might be that this question is not suitable for this SE site so feel free to close.

Several scientific studies prove what we all kind of know: That bragging is being frowned upon - see e.g. this article and the references within: How to boast on the sly (The Atlantic, April 2016)

Yet by now we all know one person who does basically nothing else but bragging, boasting, telling us that he is the most wonderful person on the planet... and let me hasten to add that seemingly people not only accept it but really embrace it and even seem to love it: Of course I am talking about Donald Trump!

My question

What is going on? What has the psychological literature to say about this seemingly paradox phenomenon?


问:
What does O- mean in a NIFTI file name of an MRI?
I am exploring brain MRI scans. Using MRIConvert, I converted dcm files to NIFTI. Some of the outputted NIFTI files have O- in their filenames and I could not figure out what does it mean.

Example filenames:

```<code>xxxxxx_006_O-Ax_T1_FSE.nii
xxxxxx_007_O-COR_T2_FSE.nii
</code>```


问:
Consciousness and neural grafting
You have two friends: Alice and Bob. Suppose you have a way to remove a healthy neuron from Alice's brain and conserve it in some safe place. And, viceversa, suppose you have a way to graft this neuron in a certain region of Bob's brain (assuming the new neuron will develop connections with the others nearby).

Then keep repeating the following two steps:

remove one neuron from Alice and another from Bob, both possibly from the same region;

graft Alice's neuron in Bob's brain and viceversa (again, both in the same region)

until all neurons have been exchanged.

After we have exchanged all the neurons, will Alice and Bob still feel the same? If so, consider this: let v be the speed at which we complete the entire operation, with v = 1 meaning instant exchange and v = 0 meaning infinite time (no exhange at all). What would be the maximum possible value of v such that Bob and Alice still feel the same after the operation?

Title: Consciousness and neural grafting


问:
How can the cognitive distortion "disqualifying / rejecting the positive" be overcome?
Within Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT) there is a cognitive distortion named "disqualifying the positive" where positive events are discounted:

Example: Upon receiving a congratulation, a person dismisses it
  out-of-hand, believing it to be undeserved, and automatically
  interpreting the compliment (at least inwardly) as an attempt at
  flattery or perhaps as arising out of naïveté.

Other examples include:

That compliment doesn't count. They don't know me yet.

They are only talking to me because they think me to be something I'm not.

I got this achievement. Big deal. Anyone else could get it.

He/she gave me this gift. It's useless like all other gifts I get.

How can this distortion be overcome?


问:
Difference between GALIS and NEF/SPA?
The Gated Attractors Learning Instruction Sequences (GALIS) framework, used to solve a card-matching task, as well as the n-back task, appears to be trying to unite high-level symbolic reasoning to neural networks. This is also the goal of the NEF/SPA.

What are the differences in approach and what trade-offs exist?

Title: Difference between GALIS and NEF/SPA?


问:
What is the phenomenon where a person inexplicably feels that a word is spelled wrong?
Sometimes, I get the inexplicable feeling, which also happens to be maddening, that the word why is spelled wrong. In my mind, for a few seconds at least, the spelling doesn't match with the word at all.

Other words are while, when etc. This is usually followed by a frantic search online or in a dictionary for the word's spelling, after which my mind truly believes that the spelling of the word is correct.


问:
Does any neurological research exist surrounding Buddhist "enlightenment"?
I know there have been many studies on meditation in general, with noticeable changes in the brain. From a skeptic's perspective, I am curious if there are noticeable changes in the brain between "normal" practitioners and "enlightened" practitioners.

Have there been any studies that focused on self-reported or peer-reported "enlightened" people?


问:
How does one internalize the delayed reward of exercise?
For the past few years my target has been to work out every morning (resistance training). On average I have only made it to the gym around 2 out of every 5 mornings. On days on which I do make it, I feel hugely improved mood and productivity. So,

What is the current state of research at the intersection of delayed reward and exercise?

Can motivation can be improved short- or long-term?


问:
How do I get calculate D1 and d1 in a multinomial processing tree model?
I've just been reading this paper and I am currently conducting an experiment for my undergraduate thesis. The experiment involves reality monitoring source memory judgments and I therefore want to use multinomial processing tree models (MPTM) to analyse the behavioral data.

In the article I linked above, they have an example under the heading "Reality monitoring" from an article by Johnson, Foley, and Leach (1988). They include the original 3x3 data table from their study, as well as a parameter estimate using MPTM. Can someone help me explain how they obtain those variables? For example, when I try to calculate D1 based on the original 3x3 data I get (87+8)/(87+8+25) = 0,79 and not 0,75 as is stated in their table.


问:
Is it a phenomenon that explicit rules encourage others to find loopholes?
Does the explicitness of rules affect how ardently those affected by the rules attempt to circumvent them?

For example, in a game where the rule says "do not communicate", then the players would not try to communicate.

However, in a game where the rule says "do not verbally communicate", then the players would try to sign.


问:
How would a psychopath deem their actions?
I understand that a psychopath experiences diminished or non-existent empathy and remorse as well as dis-inhibition meaning that they have a certain 'meanness' and a poor impulse control.

I am interested in how they would deem the actions that they perform as a result of their condition. Would they justify their actions as being morally correct? The right thing to do, so to speak.


问:
Where can I find a real, reliable, iq test that someone could take multiple times?
I'm trying to find a real, reliable, accurate IQ test, that someone could take multiple times (so maybe has randomized questions?). It is for a study involving IQ and video games.</p>


问:
Should I learn the day before an exam if I am already confident enough?
I am confident of my knowledge because I’ve studied and practiced long enough. Tomorrow is the exam. Which is better of the following, given I have the time to practice even more. I would have a good night’s sleep either way.

Practice even more.

Do something else, maybe read a fiction book.

Do something else which requires harder mental effort but practically useful, i.e. do my (unrelated) work.

The current subject at hand is math, but I am interested in the answer in general.


问:
Is there a name for people who don't listen and talk a lot
Is there a word representing the behavior of people who talk a lot about what they like and use what you say to get back to a topic they want to talk about?</p>


问:
Cognitive impairment in long term prisoners
Are there any studies on the effects of long term imprisonment on cognitive abilities? I'm looking for something which focuses on cognitive impairment rather than other psychological issues.</p>


问:
Why are Children always so interested in adults?
I work as a kindergarten teacher, and it's always fascinating to me that children are so quick to be affectionate and take interest in what their teacher is doing.  Is there an evolutionary reason for this behaviour? Are children genetically programmed from birth to be loving and to affect the emotional bonds of adults around them, in order to receive more resources (food, shelter, etc., for survival)?</p>


问:
What are the common leadership styles in IT companies?
I am writing a research paper on leadership styles in IT companies in X country. However, I cannot find a western literature on generalization of leadership styles exercised in IT companies, such as software companies for example. I am not interested in Project Management leadership styles as I have people of different titles in my sample. Please let me know if you have any suggestions on particular papers or authors who explored this question? </p>


问:
Does thoughtfulness make us more susceptible to criticism?
I have noticed that when I am in a thinking mode and someone that matters to me such as my mother criticises me I keep thinking about it throughout the day and this has a negative impact on me and my emotions. On the other hand when I decide to stop engaging in mindful thought and manage to do so it seems I am able to focus on something else or not focus at all this alleviating stress.

I wonder whether stopping oneself from thinking is a good coping strategy for dealing with criticism.


问:
Why are there ads inside trams which ask me to use the tram?
When I sit in my local tram/bus/any public transport, I notice ads which ask me to use the transport system which I do currently use.

Seriously, I'm already using it at that time. Why placing ads for the same?

My ideas:

No other party was interested in placing an ad, so use the space for something less useless than nothing

Repeat things often theory (to deeply burn this into my mind)

To make people using it only sometimes use it more often

That people like me ask this stuff and discuss it with their friends or in the internet (scnr)


问:
How does aggression transferring work neurologically?
Psychologist often prefict phenomena before they are scientifically observed. For example they have known for a long time that if you don't think about something for some time, you forget it. This can be explained as the loss of the connection between neurons when no signal goes through them.

How could we explain the transferring aggression similarly?


问:
The limits of fear: Could one really survive an encounter with the Alien?
Please help me out in my effort to better understand the emotion of extreme fear. I will use the example of Ridley Scott’s film “Alien” featuring H.R. Giger’s Xenomorph preying on the crew of the “Nostromo”.

While I believe that the cast and crew of “Alien” did an excellent job in portraying the emotions of the humans during their encounter with an unmentionably vicious and seemingly unstoppable predator in the horrific solitude of space, I keep asking myself:

What are the limits to the fear a human mind can deal with before descending into insanity or causing the individual to enter a stupor? Would a real human being in the shoes of Ellen Ripley be able to survive and preserve her sanity?

Additional questions I don’t seek explicit answers to but which might inform and elucidate my main query are:

How long and how far can adrenaline keep the body and mind alert before fatigue compels a human to rest and sleep regardless of the imminence of existential danger?

Can a bizarrely strange and tremendously terrifying situation effectively neutralize the survival instinct, e.g. by overwhelming the capacity of the mind to process new information and resulting in the individual being awe-struck and incapable of either fighting or fleeing?

Could a certain type of psychopath – because of lack of fear and empathy as well as being out of touch with reality – be significantly better suited to surviving the encounter with such a monster?

Could a (nearly) complete lack of imagination (as a non-deviant character trait) mitigate the adverse effects of fear a person would experience in such a situation? Conversely, would a highly impressionable person succumb and collapse more easily?

Is there a correlation between a sudden and surprising threat and the will for struggle, on the one hand, and a repetitive, “banal” mortal danger from the point of view of helpless people and inertness and lack of resistance, on the other? To clarify: Am I more likely to be able to muster my strength and fight back an enemy, however terrible, that just attacked for the first time, than somebody or something that I have seen methodically, mercilessly and effortlessly destroy all around me?

P.S. As I am inexperienced in neuroscience, I am not completely sure I have used the correct tags.


问:
Are there studies that compare the accuracy of forecasters that are asked to state probabilities vs. forecasters that are asked to state odds?
The Good Judgement project asks it's forecasters to estimate the likelihood of events occurring by asking them for probabilities (20%, 60%...). Sport betting usually communicates the odds of an event (1:4, 2:3).

Is there any research done to see whether forecasters using either method make better predictions? Whether either method leads to a lower Briers score?


问:
Is there a difference in the perception of time in animals of different size?
Small animals, such as a fly, snail, or little sea crab, have to cope with physical processes that proceed much faster in relation to their size than they do for bigger animals.

Therefore, I wonder, do small animals perceive events surrounding them as going faster or slower compared to bigger creatures, such as us humans?


问:
Spontaneous emotional bonding in traumatic events
First off, I know next to nothing about cognitive sciences, but I experienced something today that got me curious. So please forgive me for maybe not being able to express my questions adequately.

Today I was driving around with a friend of mine quite late when we passed someone in the bike lane who turned out to be a guy and a girl (probably around my age. I'm 24.) who had crashed while riding a bike down a hill, with her sitting on the handle bar. (Her shoe was completely entangled in the spokes of the front wheel.)
The guy was lying unconsciously on the ground, just beside the bike, bleeding heavily from the head, gasping for air, while she was standing next to him with blood all over her face in some state of shock.
My friend called 911 and ran off to find a street sign for them to locate us.

(I am trying to shorten this story a bit, but I am still quite shaken by the experience, so I am having a hard time extracting the parts that are relevant to my questions.)

Some other people came by in a car and got out to help, while the guy - totally unresponsive - managed to stand up. They got him to sit down against a fence, still unable to communicate. At some point we realized that they did not speak Danish (we're in Denmark). While the other passersby tried to care for the guy, I got the girl's shoe out of the wheel, because I noticed she was walking around with no shoes and it's quite cold. When I tried to give them to her, she just hugged me. She just hugged me really tight, with her face against my chest, shaking and hyperventilating.

When the police and an ambulance arrived, we were still standing about 5 meters from the guy, still hugging, while everyone else was helping the guy. At this point, she spoke a full sentence for the first time, asking "Is he okay?". I told her "I think so." and I think at this point she realized what had happened, because it made her cry audibly for the first time during the episode. I imagine she could be blaming herself for the accident. If her foot hadn't gotten in the wheel, they wouldn't have crashed. I asked her if she wanted to go to the ambulance, she said yes and I walked her to it.

Fast forward half an hour. We drove off after talking to the police, and while sitting in the car still shaking, I noticed a strange feeling accompanying the shock of the experience. I felt, and still am feeling (it's about 3 hours ago now) some kind of strange bond with these people.
I have never been involved in an accident like that before, so I have nothing to compare it to, but I am left with - first of all - a feeling of wanting to meet them again. Not only to see if the guy is all right, but actually, genuinely wanting to get to know them. Second of all, something about the girl hugging me like that, really affected me. It's almost as if I'm experiencing something kind of similar to the feeling of being about to fall in love with someone. Some kind of unexplainable connection. I am quite aware that what I am experiencing only resembles the felling of being in love, and how irrational this is, hence my wondering.

Firstly: her behavior during the incident. What cognitive processes
could cause her to seek this kind of comfort in a stranger, while her
friend is sitting 5 meters from her, bleeding heavily from the head.
It seems like a peculiar reaction to me.

Secondly: what cognitive processes could cause me to feel this
strange one-sided bond with them? Especially the girl. Why would
someone feel like they're  falling in love with a person they don't
know, and have only ever spoken a couple of words to, after such an
incident?

What effect does that kind of traumatic event have on the forming of
emotional bonds between people, during the event?

I would love to know more about this, so if you know of any studies or literature of any kind, please let me know.


问:
Ebbinghaus like model for retention of details from experience
I've come across the Ebbinghaus Curve (forgetting curve) showing the retention of learned knowledge over time, but I wondered if there was the same kind of model for the retention of details from experiences over time, i.e., how much detail of an event does someone forget as time passes. </p>

<p>One would guess the same kind of curve may have been produced for this but I'm unsure what to look for. </p>


问:
Do adversarial neural networks exist in the brain?
A recent development in Artificial Neural Networks for machine learning applications is the use of Adversarial Networks (see this paper for an example). Adversarial Networks is a network architecture where one network learns to "fool" the other.

Does this type of adversarial learning exist in the brain at a neuronal level?


问:
Are the sides of the body associated with gender stereotypes?
For example, creating an experiment in which the words "male" and "female" would be presented on the left or right side of a screen, and participants had to click a left button for "male" and a right button for "female" (and vice versa in a second group), would we find shorter reaction times when one gender was presented to a particular side of the participants' bodies?

Are there studies that have researched this?


问:
Does reading a word without mentally vocalizing it inhibit your ability to comprehend?
In speed reading, people are taught to read much faster by avoiding the common habit of mentally vocalizing the words in our heads.

Is mental vocalization an unnecessary habit that can be scraped away without inhibiting comprehension?

Or rather, is this common mental process of imaginary vocalization a vital step in the process of comprehension?


问:
Why do we laugh more easily in social situations?
I ate lunch and then played pool with a co-worker after lunch today at our office. We get along quite well and talk often. Yet while socially engaged, instead of professionally, I found myself laughing disproportionately at things that were only moderately funny. I did my best to suppress it because it would have been embarrassing to laugh too hard.

After we finished I returned to my computer and began to work on some programming tasks. A few minutes later my wife sent me a funny picture on social media. I could barely control myself and almost burst out loud laughing. Had I seen the image later on in the day I would have not almost gone into a laughing fit.

I noticed this behavior much more often as an adolescent in similar situations than I do now. It seems to be related to my comfort in social situations which has changed as I have grown older.

Why do we laugh harder and more often in social situations? Also, does suppressing laughter bottle it up? Why does this improve as we grow older?

(I may also be interesting to note that he is not my superior. I am a partner in the company and oversee him, so its not related to his having a higher social status in the workplace.)


问:
What does pregnancy dreams mean?
I had  a weird  dream  about  my  boobs  being  as  hard  as  a morning  stiffy

oh  and  for  some  reason  thinking  of  my fiancee  in the  same  dream  made  me  pregnant  and  I was  still  stuck  in my  house with  the man I  live  with

not just  the nipples  :p  both  breasts. oh and  I just  stood  on my head  for a microsecond

I has  a  son already

Title: What does pregnancy dreams mean?


问:
Can a multiple choice test reliably measure decision making speed?
Are there any studies showing that there is a direct connection (or a lack of a connection) between performance on a speeded, written, multiple choice test, and making quick decisions during a critical incident?</p>


问:
What are the pros and cons of teaching a toddler two languages simultaneously versus sequentially?
Would it cause any speech issues if I decide to teach my toddler English and Spanish at the same time? Or should I teach one language first and then the other one?</p>


问:
Short validated measure of cognitive ability suitable for online experiment on the effect of emotion on ability test performance
I am currently writing my dissertation which will examine the impact of emotion on cognitive ability. I plan to use two test groups to test my hypothesis, one which is primed to feel happy the other which is primed to feel slightly stressed.

I am looking for a question set  which I can use as a reliable test of cognitive ability - i.e. a question set that has been verified as appropriate by peer review. I am basing my experiment on an experiment carried out by Bachkirov (2015). The issue I have is that I don't have the resources to use the same method and am seeking to simplify by using a questionnaire but I can't find a suitable question set. My main criteria are :

The question set should simply measure cognitive or mental skills/abilities

The question set should take approximately 15 minutes to complete

The question set should be suitable to administer via survey monkey or such like

The question set should be peer reviewed/ of have been used in a similar study which has been published .

Bachkirov, A. A. (2015). Managerial decision making under specific emotions. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 30(7), 861-874.


问:
EEG electrode cluster selection
Is there a good review paper on electrode selection in EEG analysis to avoid the problem of double dipping (Kilner, 2013)? This is a well documented issue in neuroimaging (Kriegeskorte et al, 2009; Vul et al., 2009), but I wanted to find a deeper exploration of the approaches to deal with this with experiments involving high density EEG caps and selection of electrodes (clusters of electrodes) of interest.</p>

Title: EEG electrode cluster selection


问:
why we forget dreams when we wake up?
What is the explanation for which we forget easily our dreams when we wake up?. It has a biological sense, such as to avoid to confuse reality world experiences with dream world experiences? or there are other psychological or psychoanalytic explanations?

I appreciate your help.

Title: why we forget dreams when we wake up?


问:
classic category learning tasks with data
I need a list of classic categorization tasks (with available human/animal data) to use as a benchmark for a model.

I am interested in tasks that can be used to validate/invalidate a model of category learning

Here are some sample tasks that are used for model valuation:

the 5-4 task

Shepard, Hovland, & Jenkins, 1961

Medin and Schwanenflugel, 1981

Martin & Carmazza, 1980

any others?

References

Martin, R.C. & Caramazza, A. (1980). Classification in well-defined and ill-defined categories: Evidence for common processing strategies.. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 109, 320.

Medin, D.L. & Schwanenflugel, P.J. (1981). Linear separability in classification learning.. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory, 7, 355.

Shepard, R.N., Hovland, C.I. & Jenkins, H.M. (1961). Learning and memorization of classifications. Psychological Monographs: General and Applied, 75, 1-42.