问:
Psychological effects on quality assessments
I recently conducted a user study as part of my research in computer science. Respondents were asked to rate articles from the web on a five-point Likert scale from "Very Poor" to "Very Good".

Only 15 percent of ratings were on the negative side. My first conclusion was that most articles must be good. But then I discovered that there was considerably less agreement between users (each article was rated by a couple users) within negatively rated articles than within positively rated ones. So it seems to be harder for the users to accurately rate a bad article.

Is there a psychological effect that could (in part) explain this? References to papers are appreciated. Note that I don't mean bias issues regarding the Likert scale; it is carefully designed.

I'm a layman in psychology, but I was thinking that maybe there was a subconcious fear of rating too low so user rated too high... or something like that.

ContentLicense: CC BY-SA 3.0


问:
Neurobiology of addiction recovery
While addiction is one of the most studied topics in neurobiology, I don't see very much info on recovery.

The information I have found is confusing.

This one says striatal DAT bindings return to normal within 4-weeks of alcohol abstinence.

This one says DAT density is around 20% lower in meth abstainers than the control.

This one suggests that for meth users, the DA changes are permanent and recovered performance is a result of a compensating thalamus.

This one says prolonged abstinence from meth users leads to an increase of 16% and 19%

This one is the only report I could find on straital changes from overeating. But nothing on recovery. Just an interesting note that A1 Allele carriers have 30-40% lower DAT density (which sounds hugely unfair).

Is anyone familiar with this topic?  Why are the effects of ethanol so easily reversed (apparently) but not meth, if they both have an effect on DAT/R?

Where are all the other studies, especially for eating, or the internet?  Is their neurological evidence that a glutton can enjoy plain foods, that someone can lose their "sweet tooth," that the D2 receptors come back after prolonged internet use (or that they're reduced at all)?

Seems like a big topic with so little information. Perhaps I'm not looking correctly.

Title: Neurobiology of addiction recovery


问:
Simultaneous DTI, structural MRI and 1H-MRS - Are there any examples of this?
I have been reading about recent articles relating to treatment resistant schizophrenia, and apparently there are a lack of studies using multimodal imaging. Initially I just thought that would be suggesting carrying out different techniques on the same sample, however some other papers I have read talk about actually recording the data simultaneously (e.g. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2900394/). This has been a bit tricky to read into further as a lot of the papers I've read are a bit unclear as to whether they're actually recording the data simultaneously or just on the same subject across the span of a study.

http://cobre.mrn.org/phase1/projects/project4.html
This is the thing that particularly interested me, the possibility of carrying out a structural MRI, DTI and 1H-MRS simultaneously. However they don't really elucidate how they'll go about this.

I am not very knowledgeable about imaging techniques (this is probably obvious), but I'm really intrigued by this and wondered if anyone could elaborate on how they record MRI, DTI and 1H-MRS data in one session and if it would be a lot harder to interpret. Is a particular standard of machine required as well?


问:
Do people struggle to empathise with people who are very different to them?
Do people struggle to empathise as much with people that are especially different to them?

For bonus points: does that include learnt qualities, like being very knowledgeable about something?


问:
Do males or females have a greater fear of deception?

Question: Do males or females have a greater fear of deception?

The motivation for the question comes from a transgender context: I more frequently see reports of men being afraid of finding themselves attracted to a transgender woman than women being afraid of finding themselves attracted to a transgender men.  It is sometimes argued that not revealing one's transgender status is a form of deceit.

This leads me to believe that, in this context, men have a greater fear of deception than women, and I would like to know if the same is true for deceit in general.

Putting "fear of deception" gender into Google Scholar or PubMed didn't help me find anything useful.  I'm not sure where else I should look.


问:
(Co)Registration in the preprocessing pipeline
I have a general question about registration and coregistration in the preprocessing pipeline of fMRI images. For me it is not clear what this is.

So, motion correction, slice time correction, spatial filtering, intensity normalization and temporal filtering are applied for each subject independently (i.e. for each session) and coregistration is applied between subjects. Is this correct?

What is the difference between registration and coregistration and normalization?


问:
How to measure improvement in Mental Acuity/Sharpness?
Are there any accurate tools that can tell the changes in mental acuity/sharpness?</p>


问:
reliability of fmri and pet
While I admit that pet/frmri scanning is possibly reliable when measuring physical aspects of the body, I would like to know how reliable it is when measuring cognitive aspects e.g. emotion. How reliable and reproducible is it between different subjects and control subjects?

EDIT: Just to clarify, I am asking if false positives are possible when dealing with detecting non-physical elements. To be very specific, I believe that research shows that the limbic lobe is the source of happiness in the brain. As far as I know, this was determined through neuroimaging of the brain not actual physical loss of a brain part and thus loss of happiness. So I want to know what the scientific consensus is on how reliable neuroimaging can be for detecting non-physical phenomena in the brain and how certain science is that the limbic lobe is the physical source of happiness.

Title: reliability of fmri and pet


问:
Tactile perception of printed advertising materials and brand image
Does texture of paper (e.g.matt or glossy) of printed advertising materials affect the perception of brand image? </p>

<p>From what I've researched so far (http://entermotion.com/blog/2014/01/this-evolutionary-theory-explains-why-we-prefer-glossy-things/
https://www.psprint.com/resources/brochures-glossy-or-matte/), I found  research materials correlating paper weight and brand image but I did not find enough information on the topic of paper texture specifically. </p>


问:
Is there any good Cognitive Architecture to model intelligent tutoring system?
Being a bugging AI and CogSci researcher, I have so far found J.Andersons Act-R based ITS (Intelligent tutoring system) model, it seems very laborious.

Is there any good current day Cognitive Architecture to design an intelligent system such as interactive tutoring systems which can be used to assist students in solving exercises and in improving problem solving skills?


问:
What's the difference between metaphor and conceptual blending?
A "metaphor" seems to be just the discourse-level result of a conceptual blend. If you're more of a Lakoff-guy, I could see you claiming "metaphor", especially a "conceptual metaphor" to be the same as a conceptual blend. However, I'm not sure if this claim is wrong. Is there a large difference between these two concepts?</p>


问:
How do I get out of depression
(Please do not downvote me. if you think this is wrong place to ask such question here then suggest me where I can ask and I will move question there.)

About me:
I am a software engineer in Pakistan and a victim of depression for the last 6 years, and I am 22 now.

How my depression started:
This thing started when I was 16-17 and I used to like a girl. She got married. This thing has stuck in my mind and I cannot get out of it.

I got very skinny after 16 and so I am now, people call me skinny before they say HI to me, and I feel so bad(but I don't express it).

My parents and relatives always said You cannot do this whatever I said or tried to do, this is how i grew up

What I have become:

I had thought of committing suicide several times but did not.

My family, friends(I have very few friends as I don't make much) and relatives love me but I do not like to talk anyone, even I don't like my parents and family.

I just want to stay alone or want to sleep.

And it does not matter if I get to bed at 10 or 02:00 AM, I end up sleep by 03:00 AM.

I have much money than the friends but I don't have any hobby or interest to spend on.

I told my mom twice, I thought she would understand my mental condition but, she laughed at me :(

Title: How do I get out of depression


问:
Why do I see those static pictures as they are moving
Have a look at the following static pictures:

There are more of them here.
On the same website this PDF describes findings.However I could not find any explanation why this phenomenon happening.

Is it caused by eye structure itself?

Can phenomenon be explained, for example, by combination of uneven density of visual receptors from center to peripherals of the eye together with saccadic eye movement and slight delays in visual nerve signal propagation?

Or it is creation of visual cortex due to some processes in image interpretation?

I will appreciate any references to the research papers.


问:
The roots of Online Altruism
My name is Dan and as part of my bachelor degree in cognitive sciences I'm taking a course called Human Altruism. It's a very interesting one, that asks what are the reasons people will incur loss on themselves in order to increase the gain of others, where the other is usually a stranger and that the altruistic act does not give an (immediate) gain to the altruistic person (as in reputation, etc..).

For my final paper I chose to study the roots of online altruism - mainly stating that it is much more prevalent to notice people taking time and effort to help a total stranger on the web, and that StackExchange sites (like StackOverflow) and the open source movement is a very clear case of this.

I'm wondering what are the reasons such altruistic acts that don't seem to expand to many fields outside the web (you don't usually about an  accountant coming back from work to help other people from around the world to do their taxes for free [no offence to accountants :]).

In kind of meta way, I thought it would be cool to put this question here and ask you guys - for instance, I've heard that the gamification of StackExchange sites (the uproots and points we get for answering questions) is a big motivator, or that in many cases (like sub-reddits) the feeling of community can drive you to extend help to others.

Would greatly appreciate your thoughts,
Dan

Title: The roots of Online Altruism


问:
Is there any limitation in our ability to come up with a theory or hypothesis to understand brain?
We are observing the behaviors (either through behavioral experiments or observing brain activation through neuroscience experiments) based on the GIVEN TASK to the participants and trying to understand the observed behavior characteristics.

I wonder
(i) if there is any limitation in our ability to speculate through hypothesis and theory to understand whats happening in the brain,
(ii) if there is any limitation in manipulate the third person to test the hypothesis
(iii) Is there a pattern in our 'ability' to coming up with a hypothesis or theory in understand the brain. Like we tend to make analogies, extrapolations etc.


问:
Is there evidence to suggest that the different and contrasting behaviours we collectively call 'sensitive' have a common root cause?
There appear to be two different meanings of the word 'sensitive' when describing people's behaviour:

that the person being described lacks the emotional resilience to cope with an everyday situation.

one who is very observant of people's behaviour, and able to display empathy in a way that connects with people. One who treats people with care, with great sensitivity to their situation.

Now I wonder if the English language is giving us some insights here. It seems reasonable that people in the first bucket have less maturity than the second. But they share a common ability to sense the subtleties of the situation. It is almost as if they are the same thing on a spectrum of maturity.

My question is: Is there evidence to suggest that the different and contrasting behaviours we collectively call 'sensitive' have a common root cause?


问:
Ranking of produced "brain fatigue" from different mind intensive activities
I'd like to know if there has been an study, or different studies for each activity with which the ranking could be done, that determines a ranking like that with mind intensive activities, I refer to things like playing chess, performing advanced maths, programming, writing a book with care of all its details, performing IQ tests and whatever activity that would produce "brain fatigue" in a typical person within some hours.

I guess the more brain activity it supposes the more tiring the activity would be, although not sure about that. It would also be a good point to determine how hard some activities are.


问:
How are Bayesian models implemented in the NEF?
One of the much documented problems of Bayesian approaches to cognitive modeling is that there isn't much of a neural grounding. The NEF can be used to compute probabilistic computations with ease (see Chapter 9 of Neural Engineering), however have this been used in a published model before? Are there drawbacks that make merging the NEF with Bayesian modelling methods unfeasible in terms of resources required?</p>


问:
Do people perceive opacity of a color linearly?
I am trying to create a visualization for some numbers, each ranging from 0 to 1. I was thinking of representing each number by a color (say red) of a certain opacity corresponding to its value. For example, $x_1=0.3$ would be red with an opacity of 30%, $x_2=0.6$ would be red with an opacity of 60%, etc.

My question is: Is this linear mapping the most accurate in terms of how people sense opacity? That is, does $x_1$ look like its "half" as much as $x_2$? Or do people perceive opacity like they perceive sound -- I know that sound is perceived logarithmically (see the decibel scale).


问:
How do afternoon naps fit in with segmented sleep?
Both segmented sleep and afternoon naps are recommended over a monophasic eight-hour block of sleep, but I don't see how they fit in with each other. Segmented sleep is the theory/hypothesis that people naturally sleep for four hours, stay awake for two, and then sleep for another four hours. There are references to "first sleep" and "second sleep" in many pieces of literature. But articles about segmented sleep don't really mention afternoon naps, even though they're supposed to be natural too. People feel more tired in the afternoon regardless of when they had lunch.

Are segmented sleep and afternoon naps mutually exclusive (e.g., if you sleep in segments you don't feel like taking an afternoon nap, and vice versa)? Is there evidence that people took siestas historically (before street lighting)?


问:
How to compare cumulative sleep debts?
Let's say that after a period of sleeping perfectly, I sleep for the following amount of hours on some consecutive days. (Let's say the optimal hours I sleep is 8 hours. For the sake of simplicity, all the hours of sleep have equal quality.)

How tired would I be at the end compared to the other option? How much sleep deprivation would I need to get in one night to get a similar level of sleep deprivation as the several consecutive nights?

6 hours one night, and 6 hours the next

versus 7, 7, 7, 7

6, 7

versus 7, 6

9, 7

versus 8, 8

I'm fairly sure it's not just a simple sum of debt. There was an experiment that showed that two weeks of sleeping six hours a night was equivalent to staying up all night. Is there some formula or some general principles to go by then?

Title: How to compare cumulative sleep debts?


问:
Generate 2D grid with alternation probability
I want to generate a 2D grid environment with rewards distributed (1s are rewards, 0s are no rewards) based on an alternation probability as defined in this paper by Falk and Konald (http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.412.7679&rep=rep1&type=pdf). The basic idea is that once a random square is seeded (top left, say) as 1 or 0, then the probability of the adjacent square staying the same as the previous, or switching - is given by the probability of alternation. The paper describes the generation process as going from 'left to right' and 'top to bottom'. I am not clear on how the authors intended to implement it. </p>


问:
Relation between NEF and synchronous explanation of cognition
I'm having a hard time determining if synchrony (I'm talking about the type described in reference to the visual cortex as seen here and less about synaptic plasticity which also involves synchrony) based explanations are opposed or integrate-able with the NEF.

I seem to be only able to find evidence that the NEF is opposed to this type of explanation. The visual system of the Spaun (which is kind of the flagship model for the NEF) doesn't seem to use or exhibit synchrony. Additionally, Eric Crawford's research on knowledge representation also seems to only criticize the synchronous approach.

However, it does seem that synchrony has a lot of empirical evidence, according to "Neural Synchrony in Cortical Networks".

Can the NEF and synchrony work together somehow?


问:
Analyzing movement data for a checkerboard
For a psychology experiment - subject has to learn that the 2D grid is a checkerboard, and collect all the 1s (rewards). How do I test if subjects are actually doing it in the most optimal way -- making least effort for moving from one square to the next by taking smaller steps (or selecting closest reward neighbour). My guess is that if I could simulate a learning algorithm and approximate how long it takes to learn the reward distribution, and then explore it optimally (optimality is defined as a unit of time and exploring closest squares first), I could compare the behaviour.

(i've cross-posted in the game development forum as well, as inputs from both psychologists and game developers would be very useful!)


问:
Are adult negativity or resentment related to an infant crying for attention?
I've recently came across an idea, expressed by a spiritual author Ekhart Tolle, that for adults, the internal experience of negativity or resistance to life situations can be far more harmful than the situation itself. Typically a person cannot take immediate action to resolve such situation.

For example, a loud car alarm outside interrupts some activity. A person may become focused on how inconvenient it is to hear this alarm, and start thinking negative thoughts, like "I can't believe that jerk has such a loud alarm on that a piece of junk car. Who would steal such a thing? I wish someone would put a brick though his windshield".

This got me thinking - What is the process by which negativity or resentment to situations arise in a person? The scenario of a crying infant came to mind - a baby cries to express some discomfort and frustration at a situation that the baby cannot fix himself. Are adult resentment and infant crying using the same pathways in the brain?


问:
Talk for lay audience: determining private traits and attributes from online behaviour
This question was referred from Cross-Validated Stack Exchange:

I need to give a talk on statistic / machine learning as applied to determining an individual's traits and attributes from online behaviour and its use in targeted advertising.

For this I am looking to papers that showcase what is possible today. I am looking on the one hand for papers with a "wow factor" as well as for papers that show the limitations.

Unfortunately this aspect of statistics / machine learning is not really my speciality and I am hoping somebody could give me a few hints / references.

My current starting point is the much publicised facebook-likes study by Kosinskia, Stillwella and Graepelb.


问:
Are there any studies on links between clothing style and personality?
Reading about on personality psychology, I have met several vague claims that different personality types prefer different clothing styles.

Apparently, people who are more keen to their senses will prefer softer clothes.

People who highly value order and efficiency have been said to prefer a more formal clothing style.

Are there any research studies to support such claims? (I'm looking for links to scientific reports)


问:
Optimal way to choose a number to be close to a randomly generated number
The basis game: A number between 1 and 100 (presumably an integer) is randomly generated. You, along with other people, choose a number between 1 and 100, without knowledge of the other numbers chosen. The person who chose the number closest to the randomly generated number wins.

Assume for the questions that the other people are humans and not perfectly playing machines.

Q1.: What is the optimal number to choose?

Q2.: What is the optimal number to choose if we are also fine with getting second place ?

Part 2: We iterate this 5 times, without any knowledge of prior rounds (as in, we don't know who won in the prior rounds, and we don't know what others have chosen in the prior rounds. We can consider these rounds to be done simultaneously).

Q3: What is the optimal number to choose if we want to maximize our chances of winning at least one round?

Q4: What is the optimal number to choose if want to maximize our chance of either getting first or getting second in at least one round?


问:
Can having multiple personalities help productivity and decision making under pressure?
I understand having Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID) is not good thing but what about a mild dosage of DID under control, can it help? I am not referring to different roles that same person can play, am talking about different personalities with different emotional temperaments in same person.

Some examples:

Developing boss and worker personalities within a person, can it help overcoming chronic procrastination ?

Having a written contract with one self as if the person is two different person help recovering alcoholics?

There are lots of well known cognitive biases in decision making such as loss avoidance, endowment effect etc., greed & fear interfering with objective decision making. Instead of training hard to discipline oneself to think objectively can we simply pretend we are detached third party and make those emotionally demanding decisions objectively?

Imagine a fearful situation, instead of trying to solve the phobia how about just inventing a macho personality and switching to it !? Is the solution lot simpler and require less emotional effort when dealing with phobia?
How about solving the fear of public speaking by switching to Mr. Friendly and cool.. will these kind of inner segregation work?

One more example from poker, when the situation becomes emotionally demanding, is it possible to simply switch to third person whose monthly rent money is not at risk and escape all those sweating and heart pounding and make objective decisions!?

Sure all the problems I mentioned procrastination, phobias, addiction, blinding emotions, fear of public speaking all are complex issues requiring more work but I wanted to know how much 'creating and personality switching' can help!


问:
Spontaneous muscle twitching?
I am trying to understand the role of whisker twitches during sleep in the development of the mouse brain, and in general the role of spontaneous muscle activity in brain development. Thing is, I am not sure how the muscle activity is initiated. Does the muscle twitch on its own without an electrical input (is this possible?), or does it receive an impulse from the brain to cause it to twitch? I think I read somewhere that the spontaneous activity is generated in the
brainstem, but I seem to be getting mixed messages...</p>

Title: Spontaneous muscle twitching?


问:
Are results of various cognitive tests meaningless if the subject has achieved them through training?
What I mean by meaningless is whether or not they lose their predictive power outside of the specific test employed to evaluate some facet of cognition.

I don't study the cognitive sciences, but the most credible online source (in my shoddy estimation) of such tests that I found online was this site:

http://www.cambridgebrainsciences.com/

So to clarify, if a test subject were to take the various tests on this website, which of them would still yield meaningful results if the subject took them multiple times. That is, would subjects likely only get better at that specific task, or would they also improve their general ability in the domain of intelligence that that test is supposed to evaluate.

The one I'm most sceptical (in terms of its utility for training) is "Odd One Out"

The site says that it's suitable for training due to problems being generated instead of taken from a small set which could be memorized. I have my doubts on this because, though the actual problems don't repeat, the types of differences do. So I would guess you would soon just be training yourself to spot the specific differences within this test and would not be getting any better in spotting general discrepancies and patterns.

In general, am I right in assuming that the least trainable facet of cognition is reasoning, whereas planning, concentration and memory are less fixed.


问:
How Do Those With Antisocial Personality Disorder Fair In Solitary Confinement?
Are there any examples of those with antisocial personality disorder, or people in general, faring relatively well in solitary confinement?

The general consensus seams that solitary confinement is very destructive, but I was wondering if there were any exemptions to this rule?


问:
Paradox or contradiction?
If someone does not believe in ghosts, for example, why do they experience feelings of fear at the thought of such things? Is such thinking paradoxical?</p>

Title: Paradox or contradiction?


问:
What personality traits correlate with estrogen?
I'm looking for psychological traits that are proved to correlate with estrogen levels. Anything of specific behavior, attitudes, life styles, emotions, preferences, you name it.

(I'm looking for links to scientific reports)


问:
Is it really possible to "go too deep inside the killer's mind"?
We've all seen it in film and hour-long format TV dramas, a brilliant criminal profiler, seen as the best in his field by their peers, delves 'too deeply' into the mind of the killer/rapist/undesirable he or she is looking for and disastrous consequences ensue. This often turns out in one of a few ways (the profiler committed the last N crimes unaware, he/she is led into a trap, he/she becomes the new killer, etc.).

My question is could this realistically happen? Would spending enough time trying to make yourself think like a serial murderer/crazed sex offender/phantom peanut butter thief really cause someone to 'slip in' to their behaviour patterns, unbeknownst to the profiler?

On one hand it seems like if you were trying to force yourself to think like a killer, eventually with enough dedication and time it might become second nature. But it still seems a little far-fetched that a perfectly normal (aka. non-murdering) person would be capable of it. Is this really even a technique used in this field?


问:
Is continuous split or meta - awareness a scientifically supported concept?
There are a number of spiritual practices that practice self-awareness and continuous awareness of one's thoughts and actions (for example the teachings of Ekhart Tolle):

Tolle writes that "the most significant thing that can happen to a
  human being [is] the separation process of thinking and awareness" and
  that awareness is "the space in which thoughts exist".

There are also a number of techniques employed by people who practice lucid dreaming - namely reality checks and being aware of one's thoughts and surroundings. Lucid dreamers expect that this kind of awareness would carry over into the dream experience and help achieve lucid dreaming.

Both have a common goal - to create some kind of a meta-awareness, or a watchdog awareness, similar to a background process on a computer. A watchdog task on a computer can wake the computer up if some other process has hanged, or some other task is taking up too much resources.

My question is - Does modern science (2015) have evidence to support that human brain is capable of running the "background process" kind of meta awareness of one's thoughts and actions for extended period of time"?

My question about ordinary daily activities - can this kind of background awareness process be running all the time, regardless of activity performed?


问:
Is perceived time compressed or expanded while dreaming? (or does it match reality)
I often dream long extended dreams. Sometimes I wonder if the timeline of the story of my dream occurs compressed, in a moment, or other times extended slowly over a long duration.

Is there any way to scientifically detect this, and how would it be accomplished?

Are there any prior examples of this study being performed?


问:
Comparison of assessments of cognitive skills in children
What test is better in terms of its usability and informativeness - WISC-IV (Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children) or BAS (British Ability Scales)? </p>


问:
Consumer vs creator, what are the differences?
Creators create, consumers consume what has been created. Consumers watch TV, creators write the script. Consumers play the game, creators design and make the game.

There are all kinds of creators and consumers I guess, from chefs and gourmets to artists and art collectors. Architects and people who like buying cool houses, mechanics/engineers and car enthusiasts, graphic designers and whoever uses their designed software.

In the end though the situation is always the same, on one hand we have a person or a group of people who created something, and on the other hand we have a person or a group of people that bought and "consumed" it. (There is a fine line between creator and someone doing what he's paid to do though)

I'm wondering on which side the grass is greener on the psychological level. Given that the creator likes to create what he's creating, and the consumer likes to consume what he's consuming, which is going to be happier? The artist while he paints, or the person while he admires the painting, the chef while he creates the recipe and cooks, or the person enjoying the food afterwards, the game developer or the person playing the game?

Is the creator or the consumer more likely to be happy in the short (while it is being created vs while it is being consumed) and long term? (after it has been created vs after it has been consumed)

And what are the long term effects on our brains by spending most of our days creating (be it writing, painting, welding or programming or whatever) versus the long term effects on our brains by spending most of our days consuming ? (watching tv, playing video games, eating fast food or mindlessly browsing the internet)

Or in just one question: how will it affect a persons mind to go from being mostly a consumer to being mostly a creator or vice versa?


问:
Are there any studies on correlations between eye movements and personality?
I'm looking for scientific evidence for or against a notion that eye movements can be used as a cue to personality(traits).

This may include notions like high extroversion individuals look more at other people, than do low extroversion individuals(?)

Possible notions that high and low agreeablesness individuals prefer looking at different things.

Big 5 correlations are preferred.

Results should be valid for western cultures (cross cultural studies or studies on western culture populations)

The idea is that eye movements would tell you the person's preferences and thus something about the person's cognition.

(I'm looking for links to scientific reports here)


问:
What other personality traits are proved to correlate with Self-discipline?
Are there any studies that prove other personality traits being correlated with the Big5 facet C5 - Self-discipline? </p>

<p>(I'm looking for links to scientific reports)</p>


问:
What studies can tell me more about Big5 facet O3?
The big5 facet O3 is called "Feelings". What does this facet tell about a person's feelings exactly?

Where can I find more information on correlations to Big5 facet O3 - "Feelings"? (Im looking for links to scientific studies)


问:
In what areas is kindergarten most effective developmentally?
I expect that state-funded kindergarten and pre-kindergarten would be most effective in areas where there is no state-funded day-care. Additionally, I would expect it to be most beneficial to the demographics that cannot afford alternative child-care. However, I can't find any literature reviews that compare across various systems and countries, although I did find this review that focuses on the US. Are there more modern international studies available?</p>


问:
Does creativity have a neurological basis independent of the art form used to express it?
The arts provide a medium for creativity, and while some ideas might be easily expressed in various forms of art, some might not be (for example, a sculptor might be able to express the same idea in painting, or perhaps in a short story, but a piano would probably not be as suitable).

So my question is: Does creativity have a noteworthy underlying neurological basis which is independent of the art form one uses to express it?


问:
How is ADHD different to internet/social media/information addiction?
One of the concerns about ADHD diagnosis is how is it not just inattentiveness due to the modern hazard of instant gratification via social media/the internet.

Here's a post of a wrote on the subject.

I had a quick look at the Wikipedia article on ADHD controversies, but this arguement doesn't actually appear. Instead it's more about methods of diagnosis, and whether ADHD like symptoms are simply personality traits.

Can you answer:

Is the possible issue of inattention due to ADHD and inattention due to social media addiction an issue in pyschiatric/medical circles?

How are they distingushed?


问:
Cognitive arguments as rationalizations of emotional processes that preceded them?
I heard the following argument on German talk radio:

Modern cognitive science indicates that our conscious arguments
  are only rationalizations of emotional processes that preceded them.

Where could I find a recent, mainstream representative of this view (e.g. textbook author)? (It reminds me somewhat of the Libet experiment from the 1970s.)


问:
Lifelong avoidance coping style
Suppose someone has been using avoidance coping style for most of his or her life. The avoidance tendency is present in a broad range of situations, relatively constant through his or her life, not preceded by a major event or trauma, and not associated with any cognition or emotion.

According to current models, what are the likely causes of the coping style?
How changeable is the coping style through various therapies?

P.S. For the purpose of this question, I only ask about the coping style itself (that is, his or her tendency to avoid as opposed to counterattack or surrender) not the consequences of the coping style (the disorders and pathologies and so on).

Title: Lifelong avoidance coping style


问:
Madness from Depression
I have been wondering about this for a while... I've known people that struggle against depression and are medicated with SSRIs but there was a case that I found quite intriguing. There was a nineteen-year-old boy that didn't show any revealing symptoms of depression, other than unexplained stomach pains and nausea and the meds did fix that up for him. The thing is, he started to become quite detached, almost obsessed with studying others and started to present symptoms of detachment from other humans and some other weird behaviours.
Could this be related to SSRIs less studied side-effects?</p>

Title: Madness from Depression


问:
Are people who are very "aware" of the world that way because their brains are more advanced or les advanced?
Usually when we think of people who are very aware of their surroundings or very sensitive to the subtleties in all situations, we assume that it is because their brains are more advanced so they can see and understand things that the average person cannot. An example of such a person is Oscar Wilde. From his books, it is clear that he has a very different view of the world around him. He was way ahead of his time and understood things that we are only beginning to understand. He was very aware of how the world works, and so was advanced philosophically.

Could it be that such people are that way because parts of the brain that should function unconsciously did not develop fully or properly? And so they are forced to do things consciously,which makes them think differently and consider a wider spectrum of things than the average person. So it is actually a defect and not an enhancement of the brain that had resulted in this effect.


问:
Thinking consciously or unconsciously - Any difference in brain scan?
I've been wondering how a person would be affected if brain activity that is normally done automatically and unconsciously in a normal human being has to be done consciously by him, or vice versa.

For example, I have seen videos of mathematical savants where they describe their mental mathematical calculation process to be unconscious rather than conscious. They would say things like, "I see many colorful shapes and colors, then suddenly I know the answer to the equation." Whereas for the average person, calculating math mentally is a conscious activity.

What difference does it make if a thought is processed consciously or unconsciously? Would the brain scan look different?

Also, I'd like to read more on this topic, but don't know how to go about searching on the internet because I don't know what the topic is called. Would be very helpful if you could suggest readings or topics I can search for. Thank you!


问:
Why do we train the threshold as a weight in neural networks?
Why do we train the threshold as a weight?

I understand the process of how to do it (the bias and augmented weight vector) but do not get the importance or practical applications of doing so.


问:
Is it conceivable that even basic human behavior is genetically determinined only to a very limited extent?
I'm wondering whether even basic human behavior (beyond what appears to be directly wired into our nervous systems, like swallowing and face-related mirror neurons) are indeed facilitated by genetically determined features of the body (and by features of the environment), but only acquired through either operand conditioning (i.e. through exploration) or observational learning (i.e. through culture).  Cats, for example, have an innate urge to catch things, but they only really learn to hunt from copying other cats. To some extent, the art of hunting can be thus seen as cat culture (it might just be very easily re-discoverable).  In this interpretation, the genetic predispositions for a fit phenotype are partly outsourced from a genetic to a memetic encoding, and even basic behaviors require a fairly universal learning apparatus to be acquired. Given that a basic behavior such as hunting is not fully genetically encoded in cats, can we assume that no behavior roughly more complex than chasing things is directly genetically encoded in humans, and that more complex behaviors are at most genetically facilitated in the body to be acquired by exploration and observation? Could, for example, the mother instinct be broken down to heuristic rewards a mother receives from seeing a small human, from empathic rewards from caring, from a heuristic attachment of the baby to a food source and warmth, and the rest is a matter of operand conditioning, exploration and culture?

Are there any explanatory approaches along these lines in the literature?


问:
Which format of authentication would be most efficient for human memory?
Introduction:

There are many ways to authenticate when it comes to data access: passwords, numeric PIN-s, visual passwords, gestures, etc.

A common form of authentication, an 8-character password over all 95 ASCII chars, would contain ~53 bits of entropy ($95^8$ possibilities).

A password in the top 1000 most common passwords would contain only ~10 bits of entropy (1000 possibilities), but would be easier to remember.

A 4-word passphrase over 10'000 most common words would also contain ~53 bits of entropy ($10'000^4$ possibilities), but would maybe(?) be easier to remember than 8 random characters.

Presumption:

My question is based on the assumption that same amount of information represented in different formats (sound, image, text, song, movement, etc.) are not equally easy to remember. Maybe passwords (or text based methods in general) are not the best option.

Question:

In which format, can humans memorize the largest amount of information and present it to a computer device? I'd be glad if you could link some relevant research, too.

ContentLicense: CC BY-SA 4.0


问:
Would courts sentence differently if we used a different numeral system?
I hear a lot in the media about people sentenced to go to jail for a number of years divisible by 10.

Does our numeral system affect it? Would courts sentence the same if we counted - for example - in base 7 (when "10 years" means 7 years, "20 years" means 14 years and so on)?

Which other important issues can be affected by this?


问:
Gratitude and Affection

If a person X has gratitude towards person Y, will that cause bias of affection for X towards Y ?

Can there be a case that X tend to be more affectionate to a person Z to whom X has less gratitude comparatively to that of Y ?

Is it common that gratitude perceived to be affection ?

Title: Gratitude and Affection


问:
How much communication is -really- verbal?
It is often said that only a small part of our daily communication is through words, sometimes accompanied with claims that X% is through words, Y% through body language, Z% facial expressions, etc.

However, several studies show that introverts and extroverts communicate differently.

Several studies show that introverts are more precise and effective at giving information with their communication.

At least 1 study shows that extroverts use more body language than introverts.

At least 1 study shows that extroverts use more eye-contact than introverts.

Based on this I am certain that communication style can be used as a cue to personality traits.
So I'm looking for studies that could tell me several correlations on this at the same time. A study that can tell me correlations like these:

The correlation between Big 5 traits and communication through body language?

The correlation between Big 5 traits and communication through eye contact?

The correlation between Big 5 traits and verbal communication?

The correlation between Big 5 traits and tone of voice/vocal pitch?

References

Taking care of the linguistic features of extraversion, Gill & Oberlander, 2002

Personality, sex and computer-mediated communication through the internet,  http://www.ub.edu/personal/jgutierrez/cmc.pdf)
http://jls.sagepub.com/content/32/2/191

The Language of Extraversion: Extraverted People Talk More Abstractly, Introverts Are More Concrete, http://epublications.uef.fi/pub/urn_nbn_fi_uef-20140646/urn_nbn_fi_uef-20140646.pdf

Yuichi Iizuka (1992) Eextraversion, introversion, and visual interaction. Perceptual and Motor Skills: Volume 74, Issue , pp. 43-50.


问:
Is there any research into the effect of stand up desks on hyperactive symptoms?
The hyperactivity symptom of ADHD includes a compulsion to move or fidget.

In a workplace environment, this can become a distraction to the person with ADHD, as well as the people around him.

It can affect the person's productivity, if they're constantly moving away from their desk to talk to people, make cups of tea, or take breaks for example.

I'm wondering if there's research into techniques for managing the hyperactive symptoms in workplaces, including the usage of stand up desks.


问:
What is the mechanism behind one's fascination in a topic or subject?
I've been reading about saliency and wondering about its relationship to human interests, particularly hobbies or fields of study. I am thinking that there are typically patterns in what kinds of things humans enjoy spending their cognitive resources on.

My first question: What is the mechanism behind one's fascination in a topic? Are 'personal interests' related to the incentive saliency in reward-prediction? If so, how? For example, might we choose to explore topics that we are naturally good at, under the (perhaps unconscious) assumption that we might be rewarded for what we can produce from our efforts, thus increasing incentive and interest in the topic? Or, if there is an incentive, would it mostly be a cultural one?

My second question: is there scientific evidence to support that females are more 'naturally' interested in human endeavors / abstracting within the real of human nature, whereas men are more 'naturally' interested in objects / abstracting outside the realm of humanity?

Note that I'm primarily interested in what facilitates interest in concrete topics, and less interested in the mechanisms behind human attraction, unless they are relevant to how interest in concrete topics is formed.


问:
How are psychological bio-markers discovered?
Recently, this paper [1] claiming to be able to distinguish bipolar disorder from major depressive disorder via a urine sample has come to my attention.

Despite reading the paper, I'm unable to understand how they discovered this bio-marker in the first place. What is the general procedure for identifying and verifying bio-markers in the domain of clinical psychology?

[1] "Divergent Urinary Metabolic Phenotypes between Major Depressive Disorder and Bipolar Disorder Identified by a Combined GC–MS and NMR Spectroscopic Metabonomic Approach" by Chen et. al


问:
Python MNE - reading EEG data from array
I have EEG data that comes in the form of a 3D numpy array (epoch * channel * timepoint). timepoint is a 256 element array containing each sampled timepoint (1s total, at 256Hz). epoch is an experimental trial.

I'm trying to import the numpy array into a form Python-MNE (http://martinos.org/mne/stable/mne-python.html) understands, but I'm having some trouble

First, I'm not sure if I should be importing this raw data as a RawArray or an EpochsArray. I tried the latter with this:

```<code>ch_names = list containing my 64 eeg channel names
allData = 3d numpy array as described above

info = mne.create_info(ch_names, 256, ch_types='eeg')

event_id = 1

#I got this from a tutorial but really unsure what it does and I think this may be the problem
events = np.array([200, event_id])  #I got this from a tutorial but really unsure what it does and I think this may be the problem

raw = mne.EpochsArray(allData, info, events=events)

picks = mne.pick_types(info, meg=False, eeg=True, misc=False)

raw.plot(picks=picks, show=True, block=True)
</code>```

When I run this I get an index error: "too many indices for array"

Ultimately I want to do some STFT and CSP analysis on the data, but right now I'm in need of some help with the initial restructuring and importing into MNE.

Whats the correct way to import this numpy data that would make it easiest to complete my intended analyses?


问:
Is it easier/faster to recognise digits or written words?
Is there any peer-reviewed evidence which suggests whether it is faster and/or easier for a native English speaker to recognise digits (1, 2, 3, 4) vs. full written English word equivalents (one, two, three, four)? In this particular instance I'm not dealing with numbers greater than four.</p>


问:
How do hormones influence personality?
I would like to see a specific type of answer to the question, namely, one that answers the following more specific questions: do hormones influence what people terminally value, that is, the things people as an end-in-itself? Or do hormones change people's emotional reactions to events, and since people are influenced by their emotions, this in turn influences their personality? Or do hormones bias people's world views, for example by making them think that being aggressive will be more or less successful at, say, getting someone to do what they want? Or do hormones affect a combination of these? Or do hormones affect something else entirely?

The material I have come across, for example this, describe what personality traits hormones influence, but not how they do so.

Title: How do hormones influence personality?


问:
How big is the psychological impact of having no friends?
I've been a loner all my life. I've found that I'm scared of "hanging out" with people I don't know or making new friends. I don't want this question to be personalised as such, but I didn't know how else to ask it. I've been hurt as a very small child from other kids my age, bullied and never saw other resembling the teens close to my then age the same ever again.

Could a person that has had no friends ever hope to be a person worth being around? I really do not care if your answers do not apply to my situation, or if it is answers I interpret wrongly or apply incorrectly - I understand I've asked this on the internet and not seeked a professional for this. I just want opinions on this, as I do not have anyone to talk to and paying for it is financially overwhelming for my family at this stage.

I feel that people that has had no friends and have been sheltered in other ways as well has little chance of getting to know other people or becoming someone that other people would perceive as interesting. If ever someone would approach them to ask if they wouldn't want to hang out, they would not be sure whether it is pity or whether they would have ANYTHING in common - thus uncertainty and avoidance are what are usually chosen. I find it hard to believe that people that has had friends all their lives, have fit in all their lives, would ever be able to enjoy the same conversations they are used to having-( with other popular people, kids with money and hobbies, over mutual interests and bold, vibrant personalities) with someone that's never had friends, for whom that is like another planet.

We all know friends influence the person you are, and shape you into who you are. But what of the person that has never had that? Without any input from anyone near their age? Sheltered among the sheltered...

Could a person that has never had friends, make one? Or hope to overcome this psychological barrier that causes them to believe other people are other people, and they are them? Even if they did, that wouldn't erase the lack of social development, thus people wouldn't want them to be friends with themselves.

Also- what is the psychological impact of having no friends? I probably experienced it, but cannot see what it really is because I've never known what "socially psychologically healthy" to compare it to.

Thankyou very much!


问:
What's the difference between short term memory and working memory?
What's the difference between short term memory and working memory? and how does the process work?</p>


问:
Is it easier/faster to recognise digits or written words?
Does anyone know of any evidence to indicate whether it is faster and/or easier for a native English speaker to recognise digits (1, 2, 3, 4) vs. full written English word equivalents (one, two, three, four)?</p>

OwnerDisplayName: HaydnW


问:
What is this forward-looking Déjà Vu-like phenomenon?
In the past I've always thought deja vu was a feeling of having done something before because you actually had done something quite like it before and the current environment is bringing that to mind but in the past few years, maybe longer, I've had a different deja vu-like case: It's a feeling at one point in time, that feels like deja vu, except that I particularly feel/know it hasn't happened before, which then, at a later time, actually comes about happening in the same place as I had thought about it earlier. In both the first and second events I am particularly aware of what I'm feeling as it has happened a few times. It doesn't feel like a trick of the mind like my explanation for regular deja vu would have me believe.

Is this a known or common deja vu-like phenomenon? Is there anything that would explain it like my explanation of regular deja vu?


问:
What role (if any) does verbal intelligence play in one's aptitude for science or mathematics?
I am looking for scientific literature that suggests a link between verbal intelligence (i.e. one's capacity for reading comprehension and use of language) and one's aptitude for working with or producing novel thought in STEM fields such as the hard sciences (chemistry, physics), mathematics, and/or computer science. If there does not appear to be a link, I'd like scientific literature that expresses why this would be the case.</p>


问:
Contemporary Resources on Cognitive Science of Typing
[Apologies if this is too general.]

I'm doing research on language production during the computer keyboard typing process. There are some great classic articles like Rumelhart & Norman, 1982 and Salthouse, 1986.

I was curious where more contemporary research is on this phenomena, both from a language and motor perspective.

Update:

In response to the comments, here is some clarification:

I am researching lexical retrieval during typing, as well as the effects of a task's overall cognitive complexity.

While I am focusing on these aspects, I would like to situate it within the broader context of the typing process. Therefore, any contemporary research of typing, in general, will also be of use.


问:
What is commonly known as 'love'?
Love is a common topic in literature, drama and music. People talk about loving people, being 'in love', falling out of love etc.

I think often in common usage people aren't necessarily referring to the same thing, and often people say 'You have to have been in love to know what it is'.

My question is - is the topic of 'love' studied in cognitive sciences - and if so, what is it?

Title: What is commonly known as 'love'?


问:
Does mastering a foreign language strengthen the pre-frontal cortex?
Main Question:
Does mastering a foreign language strengthen the pre-frontal cortex?
I remember taking a Cognition class, that claimed mastering a foreign language improves the brains higher functioning ability, and stimulates the pre-frontal cortex.

Thank you for your time,
David L Blass.


问:
Why does video footage of walking look unnatural when viewed upside down?
I noticed this whilst lying on the floor to stretch my back and the TV happened to be on. People look like they're walking in a very unnatural way.</p>


问:
Could hysteria make people develop true symptoms of some disease without actually being sick of that disease?
There is an episode in Dr. House series in which there is a passager on board of an airplane and he starts to contract some symptoms and Cuddy tells him that it's meningococcal disease. Later in the plot, it's discovered that the passenger's disease is not meningitis and it's noticed that the crew is suffeting mass hysteria. The reaction of this Hysteria on Cuddy develops with her having exactly the symptoms of meningococcal disease. I got curious with this: Is it possible to have people to develop "true" symptoms on some occasion of mass hysteria?

There is also an episode in another series in which people start to feel sick and the psychologist says that perhaps people is not sick and that this could be only the power of suggestion. That it, people could be feeling sick because they think they are (in the context of the series).


问:
EEG data processing: large data file seems empty
We have been running an experiment trying to collect ABR data using the Brainvision EP-PreAmp and Actichamp system. We ran several successful tests with short versions of our experiment, about 10-15 minutes of recording. We were able to process the data in eeglab and saw the components we were expecting.

We have recently been running our full experiment, recording for about 45-50 minutes. The files are necessarily much bigger. The test .eeg files were ~150mb and the full .eeg files are ~550mb. All of our Brainvision equipment seems to working (amps, batteries, electrodes), and we are able to get our impedances low before recording. However, when we import the vhdr files into eeglab, it looks like there's no data there. We are thinking this might be an eeglab problem - perhaps the file is too large and something's getting lost in the import?  Any advice would be greatly appreciated.


问:
Does exposure to verbal abuse increases emotional stability?
At my university, many students have to go through a form of hazing for a period of a one month in the second years of their undergraduate studies. A part of it consists of a session where the students get shouted at by their seniors. According to them, this exposure to pressure "opens" them up and increases their emotional stability in the long run. They back up their claims by a lot of anecdotal evidence. I have a hunch that this is not true. What does research in psychology say about the long-term implications of such methods? </p>


问:
Where can I find Gaming Experience Questionnaire (GEQ) ?
I am currently doing a research about computer games and in my experiment set up I need to asses each players gaming experience via Gaming Experience Questionnaire (GEQ). Is there any place I can obtain a sample GEQ and the scoring criteria ?


问:
What's the effect of color on responses to a Likert scale?
We're implementing comment cards on our site that contain a simple Likert-type scale that uses colored buttons (red, orange, yellow, light green, green), to denote the range of negative to positive ratings.

Are you aware of any research on the effect of color on user responses to Likert-type survey questions?

OwnerDisplayName: vdelsign


问:
Reinforcement learning for combining production rules
I'm trying to create a system that learns the Tower of Hanoi puzzle. The system I'm working off of uses a production system (similar to ACT-R), but uses hard-coded production rules. I know that Neil Taatgen's Primitive Information Processing Elements can be used to combine memory buffers/slots to run a task more efficiently, but is there some method of reinforcement learning that would guide the construction of sets of production rules in a cognitive system?

Note that I've asked a similar question on the Computer Science StackExchange, but with more of a reinforcement learning perspective.


问:
Are there any conditions or disorders not related to intelligence that might prevent an adult human from possessing a theory of mind?
I am familiar with studies in which children are tested for theory of mind.  In one such experiment, a story is told:  Betty is playing with her doll in the bedroom.  Then she has to go to school, so she leaves the doll on her bed.  While she is at school, her mom takes the doll and puts it on the kitchen counter.  When Betty gets home, where will she look for the doll?

The correct answer is obviously "On the bed", because that's where she last saw the doll.  But if the child says "On the kitchen counter", he or she does not yet possess a theory of mind - he or she doesn't understand that Betty doesn't know everything that her mother knows, and has no way of knowing that the doll was moved while Betty was at school.

If I'm not mistaken, children normally develop theory of mind around the age of 4 or 5.  But are there any conditions or disorders unrelated to intelligence that might prevent an adult from possessing a "normal" theory of mind?


问:
What happens in the brain upon a subsequent exposure to a desired stimulus within a short time?
I'm trying to understand what happens within a person's brain when a focus on an object of desire is temporarily disrupted by an outside event. In particular, what happens when the person focuses on the object of desire for the second time.

This question is best illustrated by an example:

A person has a delicious cake and is ready to eat it in a common cafeteria

A coworker interrupts the person with some work related talk

A coworker leaves, and a person resumes focus on the cake.

What happens the moment the outside distraction is gone and the reward circuitry focuses on the object of desire again? Does the reward circuitry resume from a temporary suspension of activity, or does it reboot and start from scratch?

By restart I mean that if activity is measured, it would be very similar to the first time the cake is encountered, as if the brain is restarting the activity.

By resumption I mean that the activity is temporarily suspended and does not go through the same initial priming process as before.


问:
Have there been tests used to measure one's perception of how creative something is?
I'm trying to think of ways to 'measure' creativity from an objective standpoint. One way that I can think of is to show multiple different 'creations' to observers and to ask them to rate the creativity level of each creation.

But I am wondering if this would be an unreliable way to do it. For one thing, I am sure that creativity depends on how novel the thing is to the perceiver. For example, suppose I took a Harry Potter book and changed all instances of the name 'Harry Potter' to 'Jim Jones'. Someone who has never read Harry Potter before might read this book and think it extraordinarily creative, whereas a Harry Potter fan would immediately recognize it as a knock-off.

But I am also wondering if there is a certain talent for understanding what is creative and what isn't. There are people who 'get' art and can produce creative works of art, and there are people who find this to be difficult.

Nonetheless, I was wondering if any such objective measures of creativity perception exist, and how reliable they might be?


问:
Role of hormones in behaviour
I have a very basic understanding of how hormones affect  behavior. Especially for Ex: when it comes to sexuality and motivation, I learnt from some sources(friends ans interesting conversations) that things like the male sexuality is dominated by hormones which have a feeling similar to fighting and conquering. Similarly, the sex hormone of females motivates women to develop feelings similar to settling, and creating a nest for their young ones.

I was wondering if my understanding is correct, and if so, whether the sense of purpose in life, which we depend upon to make our life seem meaningful, is also related to the same hormone. I would also like to know whether the addiction to smoking, or for that matter porn is also related to human drive to find purpose in life by secreting a similar hormone and keeping us motivated. Thus, my question is to know more about the hormones and their effect on the way we feel about our life.

For people who want a one line question, What is the effect of hormones on the way we sense life?

It would be also good if someone could point me to some books or resources where I can explore this topic better and deeper

Title: Role of hormones in behaviour


问:
What is the definition of song in the speech to song illusion?
I have been looking at Diana Deutsch's "speech-to-song" illusion and I don't understand what she means by song. I have written a lot of music and I don't hear anything that sounds like a song in her samples.

http://deutsch.ucsd.edu/psychology/pages.php?i=212

Can someone clarify what exactly she means by "song"? I read through a related paper by here that seemed like it would have such a definition but didn't find one.


问:
Do psychopaths shun physical touch?
I have in the back in my mind the idea that psychopaths don't like to be touched physically. However a quick google search doesn't tell me whether the idea is founded in good research or I picked it up incorrectly.

Do psychopaths shun physical touch and close contact?

Title: Do psychopaths shun physical touch?


问:
Let's say I have an MRI scan of my brain. What exactly can I learn from it?
Asking this because I participated in an MRI study today at my local University, and the compensation will be an emailed 'picture of my brain'.

Note that I intend this question to be catered towards the general public, and not me specifically. Replace 'I' with any arbitrary person's name. :)


问:
Derren Brown: "Paying with paper". Assuming legitimacy, is this simply ideomotor suggestion?
Illusionist Derren Brown's video "Paying with Paper" supposedly demonstrates real-world instances whereby Brown pays for several items in cash: the rub being, the "cash" is blank paper.

It's quite obvious that the gesture of paying is done so as to coincide with verbal assurances such as (paraphrased) "it's fine...take it...you'll feel better". I'm curious whether this is the primary means Brown utilises, especially given the failure with the hotdog vendor.

With the aforementioned questions in mind, is it all a moot point, given this quote from Brown?:

‘(I use) magic, suggestion, psychology, misdirection and showmanship
  ...I happily admit cheating, as it’s all part of the game.  I hope
  some of the fun for the viewer comes from not knowing what’s real and
  what isn’t. I am an entertainer first and foremost’.


问:
What is the importance of Dissociation (Both Double/Single) in a Distributed Hierarchical Organisational model of brain function?
How does Dissociation fir with a Hierarchical Organisational model Like Luria's or Distributed model of Fellman & Van Essen? Also, how may patients do you think should be the minimal amount in Dissociation studies?</p>


问:
Is it ok to use test's sensitivity and specificity from other countries?
I want to calculate likelihood ratios of test scores in clinical psychological assessment setting. In my country, validation studies for many common used tests are missing or information about sensitivity and specificity of test values are missing for certain populations.

My question is: Is it valid for me (in Czech Republic) to use information about sensitivity and specificity of the test for example from Germany or UK validation studies?

Thanks


问:
How did Derren Brown (a hypnotist) do the "how to influence dreams" act?
In this episode: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sMgTIAUt... Derren Brown used multiple methods to induce a dream. The method I wanted to understand was when he puts his subject into a trance and then plays the video of flashing images with a song behind it. When the subject is sent off to bed and he enters REM sleep Derren Brown plays the music that was played during the video the subject watched when he was in a trance. I am a self taught hypnotist and was wondering why this worked. Did the song become like an anchor (a method used to associate a suggestion with a sound, object ext.) or something entirely different. is it possible to create a similar video put a friend in trance and induce a different dream? any ideas how to recreate this act would be extremely helpful. thank you for your help!</p>


问:
How can Bayesian inference improve upon logistic regression in incorporating psychometric data?
In order to estimate probability of default, banks and other financial institutions have often used logistic regression based on data involving credit history.

Suppose an entrepreneur or borrower with little credit or business history goes to a bank or some financial institution to borrow money.

Banks can use, as an alternative to a credit or business history, 'psychometric' or 'behavioural' tests. Hence, the bank will use some psychometric data, instead or with credit history data when using logistic regression to estimate probability of default.

How can Bayesian inference improve upon such logistic regression wherein psychometric data is used?

I previously asked about the Bayesian logit model and psychometrics.

So far, all I found are these EFL papers: 1 2

Anyone know any other literature out there?


问:
What skills or mental proceses improve understanding of longer written sentences?
This question concerns only written sentences, and presumes that longer sentences are more difficult to understand, a presumption which consists with the formula behind the Flesch–Kincaid readability tests (which I discovered from the first paragraph hereof).

What specific  capabilities, knowledge, or skills are needed to ameliorate understanding of longer sentences (which were more common in the past  in English and the Romance languages)?

What empowered olden people to communicate  comfortably with longer sentences?

Why do we today find them more difficult?

For example, despite not having studied linguistics separately, did learning Latin and Greek impart the olden people with some linguistics that cultivated their fluency with longer sentences?


问:
Are polytheistic society more peaceful than monotheistic ones?
News last day have brought some thoughts in my mind, if a religion is a good choice for peace and when yes which one. My conclusion was at this step, that maybe polytheistic religions are more peaceful and therefore better for a society. But, is this true? Is there a relation between the peacefulness of a society and if its believe is mono- or polytheistic?

Answers and sources are highly appreciated, looking forward for your answers,
greetings


问:
Any research into "intelligence" really out of sync with iq?
Is there any research into school children who routinely perform say two standard deviations worse on iq testing, than at school or even other intelligence tests?

I'm not interested in explaining it in terms of hard work.


问:
Brain extraction and save images as .img file
I have been working on Auditory data (from FIL) to read the .img files as numeric numbers of intensity of each voxels over time in array/matrix format using AnalyzeFMRI package in R. It gives me 64X64X64 number of rows of data in 96 time points. However, the images includes the eyes and other stuff than brain only. I was wondering if there is a way to extract the brain only and save it as .img file for later use. I just come to know that one software called FSL do this (I have to learned it yet), but I was looking some package in R.


问:
SaccadeAngular velocity Matlab
I have the data for a monkey's eye position in a cartesian plane synced to the time. I can convert the numbers into polar form however I'm not too sure how to find the angular velocity at that point. My main struggle is implementing the math formulas into Matlab.
Thankyou</p>

Title: SaccadeAngular velocity Matlab


问:
Where to publish a short (mathematical) neuroscience article?
I am writing an article about a computational method, which is relatively widely used in a small subfield of neuroscience (it is easy to identify ~20 recent articles that used it in 2013-2015).

The results I have are a set of small improvements but interesting anyway (at least in my opinion), so the paper will be a short one, perhaps around 2000 words (+ 1 or 2 figures and about 30 references). The results are purely mathematical; no data was collected.

Where could I publish my findings? I feel the upper-tier journals (with impact factors > 5 or so) might not be interested since the paper is so short (their typical paper lengths are 10+ pages). The top journals (e.g Nat Neurosci) of course publish brief reports but my findings are probably not that important.

Any suggestions where to submit?


问:
What Cognitive/Psychology Theories Are Behind The "Mind Control" Magics?
I have seen a TV program talking about an interesting 'mind control' magic/experiment. I cannot find this video clip online so I have to describe what I saw in words.

The video (some sort of documentary?) begins with two persons walking on the street. One person is the host and another is the subject of this experiment.

Both person walking down the street and do some casual talking. While they walk, the host introduces the area and so on, points to some interesting scenes around (for example graffiti and people on the street etc...). Also, an one instance, there was a boy skating and the boy almost hit the subject. Anyway, everything looks perfectly normal and natural.

Then, they reached an art gallery. They walk into the gallery and then in a room, there is a covered painting there. The host asked the subject to tell, what would be on the paint.

The subject mentioned a couple of things, some thing like the color of the paint, the object on the paint etc, etc... Guess what? As you certainly can predict, when the host reveal the paint, it looks exactly like the one described by the subject.

The host then explain to the subject that everything and everybody he had seen during this experiment are controlled and are carefully selected. For example the boy skating, the people on the street, the graffiti etc. The host then suggested that its what he (the subject) saw lead him to think (about the paint) the way the host would like him to think.

So, my question here is that assume this video is not just a fake camera trick, then what psychology theory is behind it? Could anybody offer some links to academic papers in this area?


问:
Behavioral and mood differences between D1 and D2 dophamine receptors action in context of monogamy and out of it
Claim: I initially thought of posting this to Biology SE, but the fact that the question finds its resting formation in the area of cognition/mood/personality, I decided to post it here.

It is stated that in respect to monogamic relationships in mammals, D2 receptors activation effect is important for initial male-female pair formation and D1 receptors activation effect is important for prolonging the relationship in time (up to death).

Since potentiation of D1 receptors and decrease in D2 receptors effect cannot limit itself to the context of these relationships, I wonder about how this change in the organism first changes the perception of its chosen mate and, later, affects its overal behavior, mood and cognition.

I would appreciate an answer along one or several of these lines, in the order of increasing interest:

What behavioral traits can be attributed to each of these receptors actions?

What changes in mood and mate perception/estimation/assesment can be spotted by a person affected by this process on various stages?

What overall changes in perception of reality can be expected to manifest? I.e. how does this change translate to outside of the context of relationships and overall understanding/perception of reality?

References:

Last sentences of the last paragraph

Middle of the first page

Somewhere near middle of the text


问:
Is D-Cycloserine available on the market
The dextrorotary form of cycloserine has been suggested to be helpful in fear extinction by some studies. Is the drug available on the market for psychiatric use?</p>


问:
How to make a comparative analysis between the decision-making robots and human?
I have the challenge of finding a way to model, develop, validate and implement an artificial cognitive architecture for mobile robots for industrial environment. In my present scope of the questions is to establish a method for evaluating the level of "intelligence" of these robots, or generations of virtual or physical robots, from a comparison with the "intelligence" of human and other animals.</p>


问:
How to convert .tlrc file to .orig file?
I have files: left_fg+tlrc.BRIK and left_fg+tlrc.HEAD. I want to know
how to convert the files to left_fg+orig.BRIK and left_fg+orig.HEAD.
Thanks!


问:
Are there studies about religious belief similar to the ones about superstition among animals?
In this question they talk about how animals can develop rituals that they thing have some influence in a particular outcome, when in reality there isn't a real connection whatsoever between the performed ritual and the reward they expect as an outcome.

So, I'm curious about whether there are similar studies involving religion.

Update

Let's say we have the soccer players that make the sign of the cross over them before the match begins, and the pigeon that make a circled counter-clockwise before the food is dropped, I'm not sure if I can draw a line separating superstition from religion in that case.


问:
What is the key elements that make westerners have some better characteristics over asian
I want to get your ideas or any suggestions of references (books, articles..) that I can read to help me answer this question:

We all know that westerners are more open while Asian people are more shy and close this is a real characteristic but not saying which one is better. But  beside many aspects westerners are learning from Asian, I also observed that westerners have some characteristics that not very popular to Asian, the things they often do that end up making their social develops faster and more modern:

From very long time before, they make ships and risk their lifes to cross oceans find out new lands. (that's why now US is born, and many asian countries is dominated in the history).

They find new places in the wilds, build good infrastructures, social and laws.

Where they go, they can easily determine where is a good place to stay, as good or sometimes better than the local people.

They quite dare to try new things, get risk of old stuffs and thinkings. Try out new things.

But we also know that westerns social also go through the dark period (when there are kings and not very develop social system), similar as Asian.

So is this because of the genes (DNA) or the type of monkeys they are develop from (so the brain structure different?) or the climate, food, environment differences or the social system, different way of education... ? What are key elements that drive the differences in these two culture, people?

(Please ignore any racist or comparison on who is superior, I know everybody has their own goods) but I just want to find out the reason for these facts. I live in Asia.


问:
lovemap concept
I got to know about a theory called as "lovemap" concept. It was propounded by John Money to explain the underlying concepts of amorous bonding (Although , broadly it covers the origin of sexual behavior of humans ). However, I couldn't conclude how accurate this theory is and is it scientifically acclaimed. I would like to have views about this from experts here.</p>

Title: lovemap concept


问:
What is the correlation between self and other ratings of goal orientation?
In educational psychology goal orientation is a popular construct. In particular popular dimensions of goal orientation include performance-approach, performance-avoidance, and mastery. The studies that I have read (e.g., Elliot et al, 1999) have used self-report measures of goal orientation. I.e., students have been asked to rate themselves.

In general, I am sceptical of people's self-ratings of their performance or strategy. Thus, I was wondering how well self-ratings correlated with other ratings (e.g., by knowledgeable teachers or other careful observers).

Questions

What is the correlation between self and other ratings for goal orientation?

How do correlations between goal orientation and performance vary based on whether the goal orientations ratings are by the self or an other?

References

Elliot, A.J., McGregor, H.A. & Gable, S. (1999). Achievement goals, study strategies, and exam performance: A mediational analysis.. Journal of educational psychology, 91, 549. PDF


问:
Is the fight or flight response considered voluntarily or involuntarily?
I look in my rearview and see someone feet from me still speeding up and my heart rate feels like it doubles.  It stayed like that for an hour.  Had troubles concentrating and working well into the afternoon.  Is this normal to have trouble concentrating after a fight response?  Is the fight or flight response considered voluntarily or involuntarily?  What is a appropriate time to recover from a scare like this?</p>


问:
How to write a neuroscience research abstract?
I might have to start working on a research abstract for college soon, and I am looking for basic tips on beginning one. I don't mean information about the research specifically; I simply mean information in regard to how to do the writing. </p>


问:
Adaptation to Discrete Perturbation in Sleep?
Generally, are there and how long do lingering affects of polar sleep patterns affect someone? For example, assume someone slept for 2 hours one day and then slept for 14 hours the next. Their 2 day average would be 8, an unofficial heuristic for optimal sleep length. However, intuitively, I feel that their cognition would notably be different for a while because of these polarized events. Is this true? And if so, what are the basis for this, and how long do these effects last assuming someone got 8 hours a sleep religiously over the next few weeks? </p>

<p>By changes in their cognition (the ones I feel "intuitively"), I mean like a lower fidelity of memory, slower reaction times, but still the ability to function normally in a group setting. </p>


问:
Why is my mind working against me?
I have recently read that most of the thoughts in our head are automatically produced by our subconscious mind and that the conscious mind is there to focus on those thoughts or not.

I wanted to perform a task but then my mind started to make excuses which eventually led to anxiety and avoiding the task even though I knew I should've done the task. I think this was a subconscious reaction.

I also read that to avoid bad thoughts you can "rise above them" by meditation and so on. That however looks to me like treating the effects and not the symptoms of the problem.

My question is:

Why do I get negative thoughts at all in the first place that trick me into avoiding/not doing what I want and is it possible to get rid of them altogether ?

Philosophically It seems that my mind has life of it's own and sometimes it works with me but other times against me, it's like I've got no control over the thoughts that appear in my head. Furthermore I've read somewhere that the whole consciousness might be just a clever trick and that we're actually on an autopilot the whole time. Any thoughts about that ?

Title: Why is my mind working against me?


问:
Do antidepressants reduce displays of anger prevalent in those diagnosed with ADHD?
According to Wikipedia and WebMD , difficulties in managing anger are more prevalent in children with ADHD.

Why are antidepressants used in treating symptoms of ADHD?

Is this due to a relationship between aggression (specifically, the display of "angry" affect) and the administration of antidepressant drugs? Is this relationship well-studied?


问:
How are friend pairs similar in terms of personality and individual differences?
Lay psychology holds different opinions on whether having similar or different personalities promotes friendships between people. A case in point may be the conflicting idioms of "birds of a feather flock together" versus "opposites attract". Which one of them is true? </p>

<p>How does similarity in personality affect becoming friends? Are there certain personality traits that correlate positively or negatively between friends? </p>


问:
What problem-solving skills are essential for the Allen AI Science Challenge?
Recently, many in cognitive science and machine learning circles are very interested in the 'The Allen AI Science Challenge' that was recently announced. Here is a brief description:

The Allen Institute for Artificial Intelligence (AI2) is working to
  improve humanity through fundamental advances in artificial
  intelligence. One critical but challenging problem in AI is to
  demonstrate the ability to consistently understand and correctly
  answer general questions about the world.

The Aristo project at AI2 is focused on building such a system. One
  way Aristo "learns" is by extracting facts from various sources and
  processing them into a structured knowledge base. When taking an exam,
  questions are parsed and processed along with any accompanying
  diagrams to determine a strategy for answering. Aristo then uses
  entailment, statistical analysis, and inference methods to select a
  final answer.

While Aristo's abilities have improved significantly in the last two
  years, it still doesn't have perfect, reliable methods of gathering
  knowledge, understanding questions, or reasoning through answers.

Using a dataset of multiple choice question and answers from a
  standardized 8th grade science exam, AI2 is challenging you to create
  a model that gets to the head of the class.

What problem solving and reasoning skills do you feel a computer will need to get past a 8th grade MCQ standardized science test?

What are, or what do you think are the obstacles present in present in training computers to master these cognitive abilities?

And to throw in a subjective question, do you think that someone will be able match this task given the present state of Artificial Intelligence?

[Note that most Jeopardy! questions asked to IBM Watson were wikipedia searchable entries]


问:
Why do I enjoy low-mid level pain?
For example, say if I have really dry elbows. They become cracked and begin to flay, yet I continue to rub them against various kinds of surfaces for the different sensations of pain. It hurts alot, and I've found myself experimenting with my pain threshold.

I have other small things like these which I do constantly in order to feel pain, and I enjoy it. What is the reason behind this?

Title: Why do I enjoy low-mid level pain?


问:
The disadvantages of high IQ
Some disadvantages about being intelligent are supposedly: 1. You make conclusions too fast 2. If you insist on logic, you must work as an engineer because nobody else cares about logic. 3. You have difficulties to forget things that you might be better off forgetting.

Are there any more disadvantages known?

Title: The disadvantages of high IQ


问:
Manipulating behavior with External Attribution
A quick background on me. I am a mid level software engineer at a mid sized and growing software company (200+ engineers)

I want to help our company's development department by encouraging the idea of craftsmanship and pride amongst the other engineers.

My plan to do this is through behavior manipulation by applying a new external attribution. I am currently writing a paper on this for my company but I can only find negative examples of external attribution.

My question is, is there any research that anyone can point me toward that validates changing behavior through external attribution. (I've already gone through the stanford experiment)


问:
For comprehension and critical thinking examinations, is recognition sufficient, or is recall more imperative for success?
Recognition is the ability to retrieve information given a set of stimulus, be it a cue, a hint, a reference to a term then asking one to elaborate. Recall is the ability to produce content without such stimulus. Assume one is taking a critical thinking examination, where there is a discrete list of prerequisite content recommended for success on an examination. However, the examination is not a fill in the blank of this definition with 4 answer choices examination. The examination is of the format where one would read a passage. The passage's content is arbitrary and transcends the discrete list of prerequisite content. That is, it is related to the prerequisite content, but it is more complex and cannot be studied for. To achieve a high score, a test taker must apply relevant prerequisite knowledge to the passage's details and answer scenario questions.

Is the test taker at a disadvantage if the test taker is very fluent in the content, but only from a recognition perspective as opposed to a recall perspective? That is, the test taker cannot spontaneously lecture or write a chapter on the content, but given a cue, can retrieve information.

Here is an example. Pretend there is a neuroscience test. The requisite knowledge the professor assigns include:

Know the physiology of action potentials

Know common neurotransmitters and roles

Know neuroanatomy

Know common psychological disorders such as schizophrenia, ADHD, and symptoms/treatments

A student reads upon these chapters, understands the content well, but cannot simply draw up a chart and list 20 neurotransmitters, with their common effectors, ec. Nor can the student spontaneously reference literature on schizophrenia and genetics for 30 minutes, despite spending hours reading such literature.

Then the student walks into an examination, and the first passage is about a drug that the student has never heard (again, this is a critical thinking examination) of and its mechanism of action in dopamine receptors. The student is asked scenario questions about how this drug would affect schizophrenics. Given the cues "dopamine" and "schizophrenia", can a student realistically succeed on a test assuming normal reading comprehension if he can only remember pertinent information about "dopamine" and "schizophrenia" when triggered by a test taking atmosphere, a passage, reading those words, etc.? Or is innate recall outside of these cues more likely to end up in academic success on this test?


问:
How separate are the left and right hemisphere vasculature?
It appears as if there are communicating arteries between the right and left hemispheres of the brain, but it is difficult to grasp the larger picture.

To what extent is the blood supply to each hemisphere independent from one another?


问:
The NART as a measure of premorbid IQ in serious mental illness
How reliable is National Adult Reading Test in estimating premorbid IQ in schizophrenia?

Is it compromised if the difference between current IQ and the NART is a standard deviation or more?


问:
Types of thinking
In general psychology, there are 3 types of thinking according to the way solving a problem: practical thinking, specifically visual thinking and theoretical thinking. Can you explain and give me some examples on these 3 types?
(I may have translated the terms not exactly)</p>

Title: Types of thinking


问:
How do lay people develop psychological theories about themselves and the world?
Are there models that attempt to chart how lay people develop psychological theories about themselves and their interactions with the world?

For what it's worth, every time I read a post about emotions (or something psychological) on places like reddit, I often see so much strange logic and conceptual confusion. Their lay theories are incoherent and skew so far from scientific data/theory.  So how exactly do naive humans go about developing these theories? Do they perform some sort of hypothesis testing? Bayesian inference? How do they derive (and update) theory from the data?


问:
Is Fidgeting good or not according to cognitive sciences?
I am searching through internet for the asked question. I read different articles and blogs, some says its is good for physical health and keep your BMI low and some say it is good activity.

But here my real concern is what a psychologist think about Fidgeting. Please give reference if possible.


问:
Intelligence and Poor Performance
I hope this is a valid question for this forum.

Is there any learning disability related to a person being intelligent but having great difficulty expressing themselves especially on written exams or writing a homework piece multiples times still with errors despite having a solid understanding of the material?

I've heard people say things like "you must not really understand it if you didn't get it correctly" or similar. I feel that is a reduction of a much bigger issue.

In my experience, I am a mathematics major, and mathematics is a  field of study that takes some serious dedication. I spend a lot of time working on understanding the concepts. I'm a very dedicated student and I am close to finishing my undergrad. I understand the concepts quite well, I don't get stumped by a new idea very often. I can honestly say I understand the material I cover very well. However, I have difficulty often getting my ideas down on paper. When I have homework to do I end up writing the homework 5 or 6 times and there's still errors present--I don't rush through either, I spend a lot of time working on the problems. When it comes to an exam, it gets worse because now I have the pressure of a time constraint. It's incredibly frustrating knowing the concepts and seeing the connections, ideas and required methods to prove some mathematical statement and not being able to express it properly.

Thanks.

Title: Intelligence and Poor Performance


问:
Is there any objective proof of Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
Abraham Maslow posited a whole lot of things in the theory that is called Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs. Among the things that he posited was the progression from more "basic needs" like physiological needs and safety to more subtle needs such as self-esteem. Last but not least, he posited that there is a need for Buddha-like enlightenment, which he termed as Self Actualization, which transcended any actual need existing in the human being, and may actually cause him to jeopardize the attainment of his physical, psychological and social needs in quest of an undefinable something that holds greater meaning for him/her.

While all this agrees with out intuitive understanding of the seemingly universal human desire for greatness and causes that are "greater than oneself",   it all smells suspiciously spiritualistic.

Psychology arguably being a science and not a part of "humanities" like, say, Economics, it may be expected to demand more rigorous proof in the form of truly independent peer-reviewed scientific studies to determine whether Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs is actually true of Homo Sapiens as a species, and not just a figment of our fond (and somewhat religiously inspired) imaginings that we are beings who have "fallen from grace".

So, what is the actual scientific proof of various aspects of Maslow's Hierarchy?


问:
How to display Talairach Image in AFNI correctly?
I am using AFNI to display Talairach image, that is anat+tlrc.BRIK & anat+tlrc.HEAD . But the AFNI only shows part of the image. It looks like this:

AFNI is one of the softwares to display and analyze fMRI images. I am sure that the Talairach image I want to display is in correct format.  I do not how to fix this problem? Anyone can give me a help?


问:
How do I convert RGB indexes under luminance condition L (from photometry) to a perceptually scaled equivalent (e.g. CIECAM02)?
I would like to determine the similarity of a set of RGB colors that are displayed on a monitor using CIECAM02 (or CIEDE2000). I have access to a photometer. How do I go about this?

The goal is uniform lightness.


问:
Effect of enactive cognition on gender
I'm doing a PhD in archaeology and assyriology (cuneiform writing; Sumerian language), exploring the process of gendering that deities underwent during the 3rd millennium BC. I'm looking into using cognitive science to underpin part of my research into the (re)organization of memory, tradition and ideology that (I think) took place alongside the development of centralised state formation and external memory (writing). I focus in particular on the gender of deities (what exactly is it and how do we understand it?) as opposed to human gender, both from a modern academic standpoint (bias; how to overcome it?) and trying to understand the past.

Are there any books/research/researchers that would be of use to me? Especially on questions of enactive cognition, materiality, gender.

Title: Effect of enactive cognition on gender


问:
Why who is aministering the power pretends to be right?
I apologize for my english and I would really appreciate an help at improving the question.

It's very frequent that the guy who is in charge pretends that he would be "right" (and the other would be wrong). This happens between parents and their children, in couples, in web forums, between teachers and scolar, in the HR, in the job, on social network groups, when speaking to police officers, judges and so on. The first one tries to explain to the others why he is right and the other is wrong.

Actually the idea itself of "beliefs", "dicotomic" helps to show why it's pretty hard to speak of being "right".
It's enough to compare the formulation of any Evidence Based Paper to understand how subjective we are as human being. The law itself has often dicotomic formulation, the language used by lawyer is very approximative and far away from being objective. A math theorem is objective.

So why authority charged people act in this way? In social science, pretending to be right has been proved to be effective for dealing with most of people?


问:
What is the general frequency (or range of frequencies) of "sparks" in the human brain per minute and at what locations?
How many electrical sparks occur in the brain, on average, per minute and at what structures do they occur?  For the "how many" figure, I would be happy to have ranges here from relaxed to excited states.

I have heard estimations in the thousands to billions.  Further I have heard some postulation that sparks actually occur at the synaptic cleft by way of the ionization that is created in this space - eg the ionization creates a directed channel for electrical spark channeling.  I realize that it is believed that the electrical impulses travel down the axons, but it appears that there indeed is a point of true spark when the gaps are encountered and I would like to see some clarification and research on this if possible.


问:
Searching for gender stereotype questionnaire specific to central europe
Reviewing the literature there are several inventories to measure gender stereotype values. For example, to name but a few:

the Adjective Check List (ACL; Williams & Bennett, 1975)

the Sex-Role Stereotype Questionnaire (Rosenkrantz et al., 1968)

the Personal Attributes Questionnaire (PAQ, Spence, Helmreich & Stapp, 1974; Runge et al., 1981)

the Bem Sex Role Inventory (BSRI; Bem, 1974; Schneider-Düker & Kohler, 1988)

the Modern Sexism Scale (Swim et al., 1995)

the Ambivalent Sexism Inventory (Glick & Fiske, 1996)

the Skala zur Messung der normativen Geschlechtsrollen-Orientierung (GRO-Skala; Krampen, 1979, 1983)

However, as can be clearly seen, these instruments are outdated, and they are often based on the Anglo-American culture.

Can anyone help me out with a hint on a more contemporary gender stereotype questionnaire which refers to Germany or central Europe respectively? An inventory already edited for computer administration would be ideal.