The U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency published design guidelines for vertical evacuation structures in 2008 . According to the American Society of Mechanical Engineers , serious discussions about vertical evacuation began in the United States following the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami . The American Society of Civil Engineers adopted an updated edition of its building standards in September 2016 , including tsunami hazards for the first time
2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami
2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami
Vertical and horizontal evacuation