In 2018 , a critical study of the Marley Hypothesis was released by scholars Jason E. Strickhouser , Ethan Zell , and Kara E. Harris , which displayed a minimal difference between European Americans and African Americans regarding their understanding of past historical incidents of racism . Two social experiments in a conceptual replication of the original study was undergone in different institutional and regional contexts through 228 European American students and 192 African American students . It displayed how the difference in perceptions between the two racial subgroups was around a third for isolated racism and around half for systemic racism , as to what was originally researched in prior studies . This displays a disparity with the original research of the Marley Hypothesis . The study stresses on the importance of social environments affecting the responses of the students in the social experiment , and thus changed this factor in their own research . They also aimed to heighten their accuracy by increasing the number of participants they analysed . The study revolves around the concepts of prejudice and discrimination shaping one 's perspectives on the outlook of racist occurrences . These are built from social rules and norms behind socially shared ideas within a specific group . Especially for the case of racism , prejudice is observed as being socio-historically constructed . As a result , the social environment and historical racial events linking European Americans to racism is proposed to color how they perceive certain acts of racism . A lack of exposure to environments outside an individual from the privileged group , especially regarding personal , micro-level interactions with the minority group , can strengthen a certain bias or stereotype . This perception strongly depends on the position a certain group is within the social structure . The prejudice towards the African American community is likely to cause widespread social exclusion and devaluation , in comparison to the European American community where the attributions to prejudice focuses more on localized reasons . The problem within this pattern is discussed to be how it impacts self-perception and assumed discrimination . These factors contribute to shaping perceptions on the current racist events placed in front of them . Social experiments found that the interpretation of discriminatory situations placed in front of people were influenced and shaped by subjective factors like personal interests and the level of interactions with other social subgroups . Disadvantaged groups are led to assume an inevitable discriminatory treatment towards them when placed within a wide range of social situations . However , the lower rate of discriminatory events privileged groups are faced with leads them to attribute their self-perceptions with an acknowledgement that treatment infrequently ends in a negative way . The differences in self-perceptions surrounding the consistency of discrimination emerging from prejudices means that groups at a lower social position may be more psychologically affected . Scholars propose that the prejudice held towards members of a minority group causes significantly higher damage to their psychological health , in comparison to more privileged groups . Scholars perceive three major shifts at the macro level that influenced these racial perceptions within the US . This includes the Civil Rights movement which emerged during the 1960s , the changes in the immigration policy in 1965 which opened a flow of Hispanic and Asian community into the US population , and the economical and political stability within less developed countries that led to mass migration into US . As the ethnic identity of the US community gradually shifted during these three macro shifts , the social discourse surrounding racist behavior and prejudices took place . The following increase in diversity also increased negative responses to issues surrounding race and immigration in US . The research for the Marley Hypothesis was processed and published by the Association for Psychological Science , which was first erected in 1988 . During early stages of the organisation , some members were dissatisfied with the structure of the APA and sparked debate around the issue of professionalization of psychology . Despite this , it quickly gained 5,000 members in the first 6 months , and currently has around 26,000 psychologists contributing to the academic journals . Despite low expectations , over 1,000 members had attended their first annual convention in Alexandria , and the venue had to be changed to accustom to the huge number . During the second summit , the Human Capital Initiative was proposed , which aimed to build strong relations within the wide research field of psychology . This allowed for federal agencies to prioritize their funding and categorized six areas which needed work : workplace productivity , education and literacy , the aging society , abusive use of drugs and alcohol , health , and violence within the US . The association took a major step in 2002 when Board member Rochel Gelman led a recruiting process of international psychologists to contribute to as APS Fellows , spreading efforts for the organisation globally . In 2017 , the APS had reached an impact factor rank of 8 out of 135 journals in Psychology and Multidisciplinary , containing a range of articles and reports in findings for areas like social , psychology , and behavioral neuroscience
systemic racism
Institutional racism
Marley hypothesis