Jackson ran again in 1828 , defeating Adams in a landslide . Jackson faced the threat of secession by South Carolina over what opponents called the " Tariff of Abominations . " The crisis was defused when the tariff was amended , and Jackson threatened the use of military force if South Carolina attempted to secede . In Congress , Henry Clay led the effort to reauthorize the Second Bank of the United States . Jackson , regarding the Bank as a corrupt institution , vetoed the renewal of its charter . After a lengthy struggle , Jackson and his allies thoroughly dismantled the Bank . In 1835 , Jackson became the only president to completely pay off the national debt , fulfilling a longtime goal . His presidency marked the beginning of the ascendancy of the party " spoils system " in American politics . In 1830 , Jackson signed the Indian Removal Act , which forcibly relocated most members of the Native American tribes in the South to Indian Territory . The relocation process dispossessed the Indians and resulted in widespread death and disease . Jackson opposed the abolitionist movement , which grew stronger in his second term . In foreign affairs , Jackson 's administration concluded a " most favored nation " treaty with Great Britain , settled claims of damages against France from the Napoleonic Wars , and recognized the Republic of Texas . In January 1835 , he survived the first assassination attempt on a sitting president
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Trail of Tears
Andrew Jackson