In this chapter , the author argues that the grand narrative of democratic change was being weakened and replaced by small narratives of quality of life and personal consumption of commodities and services . Arab states used these narratives to polish their tarnished legitimacy . However , these small narratives were not sustainable . Dissatisfaction and despair were very high . This situation was ready to explode at any moment and was ignited by Mohamed Bouazizi 's self-immolation . Although the Arab Spring began with great hopes for change , these hopes were replaced by fear and then by frustration . Setbacks such as the struggle between Islamists and seculars , 2012 Benghazi attack and Reactions to '' Innocence of Muslims '' have diminished much of the initial hope
2012 Benghazi attack
2012 Benghazi attack
Saving Hope (book)