Palestine was conquered by the Islamic Caliphate , beginning in 634 CE . In 636 , the Battle of Yarmouk during the Muslim conquest of the Levant marked the start of Muslim hegemony over the region , which became known as Jund Filastin within the province of Bilâd al-Shâm ( Greater Syria ) . In 661 , with the Assassination of Ali , Muawiyah I became the Caliph of the Islamic world after being crowned in Jerusalem . The Dome of the Rock , completed in 691 , was the world 's first great work of Islamic architecture
Assassination of Ali
Assassination of Ali
Palestine (region)