Thomas Hegghammer of the Norwegian Defence Research Establishment has outlined the emergence of " macro-nationalism " in the late Cold War era , which kept a low profile until the September 11 attacks . Hegghammer traces the origins of modern macro-nationalism to both the Western counter-jihad movement and Islamic terrorist organisations such as al-Qaeda . In the aftermath of the 2011 Norway attacks , he described the ideologies of perpetrator Anders Behring Breivik as " not fitting the established categories of right-wing ideology , like white supremacism , ultranationalism or Christian fundamentalism " , but more akin to a " doctrine of civilisational war that represents the closest thing yet to a Christian version of Al-Qaeda "
September 11 attacks
September 11 attacks
Pan-nationalism