The ANC planned a campaign against the Pass Laws , which required black South Africans to carry an identity card at all times to justify their presence in white areas , to begin on 31 March 1960 . The PAC pre-empted the ANC by holding unarmed protests 10 days earlier , during which 69 protesters were killed and 180 injured by police fire in what became known as the Sharpeville massacre
Sharpeville massacre
Sharpeville massacre
History of the African National Congress