Clapper became Director of the Defense Intelligence Agency in November 1991 under George H. W. Bush . While serving as DIA director , he oversaw the transformation of the National Military Intelligence Center into the National Military Joint Intelligence Center . He also launched an initiative to reorganize intelligence analysis by specialists in enemy weapons rather than specialists in countries and regions . The initiative failed because it created functional stovepipes which " reduced the coherence of the analytic effort " , whereupon Clapper decided to restore the original organizational structure using strong regional elements . Clapper retired from active duty as a lieutenant general after thirty-two years of service in September 1995 . In 1996 , alongside General Wayne Downing , he was a member of the investigatory inquiry into the Khobar Towers bombing , which killed 20 people , including 19 American servicemen
Khobar Towers bombing
Khobar Towers bombing
James Clapper