Intervals between fires typically range from 100 to 300 years . As evidenced by the fires in the Yellowstone National Park in 1988 , lodgepole pine forests are rejuvenated by crown fires that replace tree stands . Aspen stands are keystone communities for hundreds of birds and mammals and are especially important forage for deer and elk
fires in the Yellowstone National Park in 1988
Yellowstone fires of 1988
Ecology of the Rocky Mountains