The Lipschitz constant is a mathematical concept that describes the "smoothness" or "regularity" of a function. 

It essentially measures how much the output of a function can change in response to changes in its input.

Ever wondered how smooth the attention mechanism in Transformers really is? 

This paper from 2024 dives deep into the math behind self-attention, using the concept of Lipschitz constants to measure how sensitive these mechanisms are to input changes.