Subsequently, Richard worked on various projects, including collaborations with organizations such as DARPA. One project explored the behavior of longitudinal forces in composite conductors—materials that exhibit properties between conductors and insulators. The research suggested that small, closely spaced particles could generate substantial external forces when accelerated charges moved between them. This finding aligned with similar effects observed by other researchers, such as Anar, and formed the basis for an NSF-funded propulsion application. Richard's approach involved using nanoparticles and charge tunneling rather than traditional methods like large capacitor discs. (3)