Oil paint on canvas
Tate Britain
Tate Collection
Works with images
Works on display
General Collection
Collection
<a href="https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artists/gilbert-stuart-537" aria-label="More by Gilbert Stuart" data-gtm-name="header_link_artist" data-gtm-destination="page--artist">Gilbert Stuart</a>
Benjamin West PRA
Presented by J.H. Anderdon 1853
actions: postures and motions
adults
artist, painter
arts and entertainment
document - non-specific
individuals: male
man
named individuals
objects
people
portraits
reading, writing, printed matter
sitting
West, Benjamin
work and occupations
<p>The American-born painter Benjamin West was one of the most successful artists of his generation. He was one of King George III’s favourite artists, which gave him privileges and wealth that made him the envy of his contemporaries. This polished portrait suggests an affluent and genteel personality.</p><p>West’s studio in London was a gathering place for Americans studying art in Europe. Many of these returned home to pursue careers in their newly independent homeland. This portrait is by one of West’s most successful American students, Gilbert Stuart.</p><p><em>Gallery label, August 2004</em></p>
painting oil paint canvas
3 November 2003 – 19 January 2004
2004-01-19
Tate Britain (London, UK)
http://www.tate.org.uk/britain/
2003-11-03
Portraits of Artists
Collection based display
2 December 2011 – 29 July 2012
2012-07-29
2 December 2011 – 29 July 2012
2012-07-29
2011-12-02
Tate Britain (London, UK)
http://www.tate.org.uk/britain/
2011-12-02
Atlantic Britain
Collection based display
22 March 2013 – 1 September 2013
2013-09-01
22 March 2013 – 1 September 2013
2013-09-01
2013-03-22
Tate Britain (London, UK)
http://www.tate.org.uk/britain/
2013-03-22
Image of the British School
Collection based display
11 September 2019 – 31 May 2020
2020-05-31
11 September 2019 – 16 February 2020
2020-02-16
2019-09-11
Musée du Luxembourg (Paris, France)
29 February 2020 – 31 May 2020
2020-05-31
2020-02-29
External
2019-09-11
Gainsborough to Turner: The Golden Age of English Painting
Loan-out
26 September 2022
26 September 2022
2022-09-26
Tate Britain (London, UK)
http://www.tate.org.uk/britain/
2022-09-26
Gallery 15
Collection based display
Benjamin West, P.R.A.
support: 895 × 698 mm
frame: 880 × 1080 × 110 mm
Presented by J.H. Anderdon 1853
<div class="pbodytext">
<span class="text0">The American-born painter Benjamin West was one of the      most successful artists of his generation. He was one of King George      III’s favourite artists, which gave him privileges and wealth that      made him the envy of his contemporaries. This polished <a class="glossarylinktopopup" data-gtm-destination="article-page" data-gtm-name="body_text_link" href="http://www.tate.org.uk/learn/online-resources/glossary/p/portrait" title="Glossary definition for 'Portrait'"><span>portrait</span></a> suggests an      affluent  and genteel personality. </span>
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<span class="text0">
<br/> </span>
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<div class="pbodytext">
<span class="text0">West’s studio in London was a gathering place for      Americans studying art  in Europe. Many of these returned  home to pursue      careers in their newly independent homeland. This portrait  is by one of      West’s most successful American students, Gilbert Stuart.  
<br/> </span>
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2004-08-18T00:00:00
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<p>
<b>Gilbert Stuart</b> 1755–1828 </p>
<p>
<b>Benjamin West</b>
<br/>Exhibited 1781<br/>Oil paint on canvas <br/>895 x 698 mm<br/>Presented by J.H. Anderdon 1853<br/>Inscribed ‘G Stuart’ bottom right<br/>N00229</p>
<p>
<b>Ownership history</b>
<br/>Probably given by the artist to Elizabeth West (1741–1814), wife of Benjamin West, London; reportedly taken back by the artist and sold to John Boydell, London, before 1787, before being returned to Elizabeth West; sold as from the collection of Benjamin West at Robins, London, 20 June 1829, lot 20 […] J.H. Anderdon (1790–1879), London; given by him to the National Gallery, London, in 1853; later deposited at the National Portrait Gallery, London; transferred to the Tate Gallery in 1919.</p>
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<b>Exhibition history</b>
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<b>1781</b>
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<div class="right-block">Royal Academy, London 1781 (58).</div>
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<b>1957</b>
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<i>British Painting in the Eighteenth Century</i>, Tate Gallery, London, 16–25 August 1957,  Montreal Museum of Fine Arts, Montreal, 3 October – 3 November 1957, National Gallery of Canada, Ottawa, 15 November – 15 December  1957, Art Gallery of Toronto, Toronto, 10 January – 10 February 1958, Toledo Museum of Art, Toledo, 1 March – 30 March 1958 (65).</div>
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<p>
<b>References</b>
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<b>1781</b>
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<i>St James’s Chronicle</i>, 5 May 1781.</div>
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<b>1834</b>
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<div class="right-block">William Dunlap, <i>History of the Rise and Progress of the Arts of Design in the United States</i>, 2 vols, New York 1834, vol.1, p.180.</div>
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<b>1857</b>
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<i>The Turner Gallery; With a Catalogue of the Vernon Collection, of Painting and Sculpture, Now on View at Marlborough House</i>, London ?1857, unpaginated.</div>
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<b>1879</b>
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<div class="right-block">George C. Mason, <i>The Life and Works of Gilbert Stuart</i>, New York 1879, p.277.</div>
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<b>1884</b>
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<div class="right-block">George Scharf, <i>Historical and Descriptive Catalogue of the Pictures, Busts &amp;c in the National Portrait Gallery</i>, London 1884, p.355.</div>
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<b>1888</b>
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<div class="right-block">George Scharf, <i>Historical and Descriptive Catalogue of the Pictures, Busts &amp;c in the National Portrait Gallery</i>, revised edition, London 1888, p.466.</div>
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<b>1900</b>
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<div class="right-block">Edward J. Poynter, <i>The National Gallery</i>, 3 vols, London 1900, vol.3, p.278, reproduced.</div>
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<b>1926</b>
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<div class="right-block">Lawrence Park, <i>Gilbert Stuart: An Illustrated Descriptive List of his Works</i>, 4 vols<i>,</i> New York 1926, no.895, reproduced.</div>
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<b>1926</b>    J.B. Manson, <i>Hours in the Tate Gallery</i>, London 1926, p.30.<br/>
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<b>1926</b>
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<div class="right-block">‘The Fine Arts’,<i> London Mercury</i>, vol.15, 1926–27, pp.90–1.</div>
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<b>1932</b>
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<div class="right-block">William T. Whitley, <i>Gilbert Stuart</i>, Cambridge MA 1932, pp.27–8.</div>
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<b>1957</b>
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<i>British Painting in the Eighteenth Century</i>, exhibition catalogue, British Council, no.65, reproduced.</div>
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<b>2004</b>
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<div class="right-block">Carrie Rebora Barratt and Ellen G. Miles, <i>Gilbert Stuart</i>, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York 2004, pp.55–7, reproduced. </div>
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<p>This portrait of the successful American-born history painter Benjamin West (1738–1820) by his pupil and fellow American, Gilbert Stuart, can be identified with the painting exhibited as a ‘Portrait of a Gentleman’ at the Royal Academy exhibition in London 1781. West is shown half-length, seated in a chair upholstered in a striped red fabric, wearing a pale green-grey suit lined in silver and a pale, yellow-green waistcoat, apparently of a metallic thread which catches the light, with a frilly jabot erupting from between the open buttons towards the throat. The sitter is shown resting heavily on his left elbow, which sits on the arm of the chair and seems to be tucked into his side. Accordingly, his torso is shown leaning at a marked angle forming a diagonal from bottom left to top right of the composition. West wears what appears to be a short, heavily powdered wig and ‘bag’ (his natural hairline was already receding considerably by the time of this portrait), and is shown looking to his right.<a class="endnote-link" href="#endnote_1" name="endnote_back_1">1</a> The covered corner of a table is visible at the bottom right, and a red-brown curtain is shown draped in the right-hand portion of the background; the setting is otherwise left unspecified, although these details are enough to suggest a domestic interior. West holds, in his left hand, a rolled, apparently blank, sheet of paper.<a class="endnote-link" href="#endnote_2" name="endnote_back_2">2</a>
</p>
<p>As indicated by the original, exhibited title of this work, West is represented as a gentleman rather than a professional, practising artist (which role might have been signalled by the presence of painting apparatus, sketches or a painting). The costume and short wig are indicative of fashionable gentility. The relatively dynamic positioning of the body, however, suggests some element of unconventionality, most regularly associated with portraits of intellectuals or creative artists where the distant, distracted gaze serves to suggest inspiration or higher thought. Moreover, Stuart’s most recent biographer has asserted that this is ‘one of Stuart’s more experimental pictures’, displaying a new interest in painterly effect ‘in the impasted dots on the jabot and the short, thick strips across West’s powdered hair’.<a class="endnote-link" href="#endnote_3" name="endnote_back_3">3</a> The arrangement of the figure is close to that of <i>William Abercromby</i> (c.1773–8, National Trust for Scotland, Leith Hall Garden &amp; Estate), a portrait sometimes attributed to West,<a class="endnote-link" href="#endnote_4" name="endnote_back_4">4</a> though the dynamic pose and painterly animation are more also, and more fully, indebted to the example of Thomas Gainsborough, who had in the previous decade created and exhibited a number of comparable portraits of men from the field of the creative arts. The portrait of the actors David Garrick (exhibited at the Royal Academy, London, in 1770; National Portrait Gallery, London) and John Henderson (1773–5; National Portrait Gallery, London) and the composer Johann Christian Bach (1776; Civico Museo, Bologna) are among the most immediately relevant models for this picture. In a contemporary letter to the Bath portrait painter William Hoare, Gainsborough had emphasised how portraits require a ‘Variety of lively touches and suprizing Effects to make the Heart dance’, a description which may have some application in reference to the effects sought by Stuart in this painting.<a class="endnote-link" href="#endnote_5" name="endnote_back_5">5</a>
</p>
<p>Having trained with the Scottish painter Cosmo Alexander (1724–72) in his native Rhode Island and in Scotland, Stuart had arrived in London in 1775, and was taken by West into his studio (and home) as an assistant and pupil in 1777. He had exhibited portraits at the Royal Academy exhibition in 1777 and 1779 but without critical notice. At the latter exhibition he had shown a portrait of a boy in Van Dyck costume (Minneapolis Institute of Arts), a gesture intended to attract critical attention by adventurously forcing comparison with the most acclaimed portrait painter from history, and his more recent imitators of the acknowledged master of the art of portraiture (including artists such as Reynolds, Wright of Derby and Gainsborough). While the portraits exhibited in subsequent years have been described as ‘harder, dryer, more downright’ than the work shown in 1777, they can nonetheless be interpreted as similarly strategic efforts at engaging public interest.<a class="endnote-link" href="#endnote_6" name="endnote_back_6">6</a> The exhibition of West’s portrait in 1781, together with a likeness of the famous but recently deceased botanist and physician, and patron of the painter, <i>Dr John Fothergill</i> (as ‘Portrait of a gentleman, done from recollection of him since his death’; Museum of American Art of the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, Philadelphia) was, then, a renewed attempt at gaining public attention as well as a means of paying tribute to two men who had lent him their personal support. In painting portraits of two of the most famous men of the day, and, arguably, in creating in the picture of West an image of eye-catching colouristic and painterly effects, Stuart must have been aiming at asserting a reputation as an emerging artistic talent. In this he was successful, and several critics drew attention to the pictures. The <i>Public Advertiser</i> in reporting on the ‘young Merit’ displayed in the exhibition, said that the two paintings ‘shew to our Observation something like a <i>good painter hereafter</i>’.<a class="endnote-link" href="#endnote_7" name="endnote_back_7">7</a> The <i>St James’s Chronicle</i> identified the ‘Portrait of a Gentleman’ as ‘An excellent Portrait of Mr West’, adding ‘I do not know a better one in the room’.<a class="endnote-link" href="#endnote_8" name="endnote_back_8">8</a> According to the early historian of American art, William Dunlap, who had met Stuart in London in 1784, the portrait of West shown at the Royal Academy (which, as discussed below, he refers to mistakenly as ‘a full–length of his friend and master’) ‘attracted great attention and elicited just admiration’.<a class="endnote-link" href="#endnote_9" name="endnote_back_9">9</a>
</p>
<p>In pursuit of public notice, Stuart had entered a financial partnership with the prominent mezzotint engraver Valentine Green to issue a print of his portrait of Forthergill. This was published by Stuart and Green on the 1 June 1781.<a class="endnote-link" href="#endnote_10" name="endnote_back_10">10</a> No engraving of the present portrait is known to have been issued, although Stuart was commissioned by John Boydell in 1782 or 1783 to create a larger and more elaborate portrait of West (now National Portrait Gallery, London) as part of a series of portraits of artists for shop’s gallery display (including the Tate’s portrait of William Woollett, <a class="acno-pop" data-gtm-destination="page--artwork" data-gtm-name="body_text_link" href="https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/stuart-william-woollett-the-engraver-n00217" title="View the details of this artwork"><span>N00217</span></a>). This was engraved in stipple by Caroline Watson and published by John and Josiah Boydell in 1786. West reciprocated by sketching Gilbert Stuart at his easel in the act of creating either this later portrait or the present picture (British Museum, 1943–11–13–149).</p>
<p>The picture was presented to the National Gallery by the collector of art and manuscripts James Hughes Anderdon (1790–1879) in 1853. He refers to the gift in his notes on eighteenth–century exhibitions, where he reveals that he only saw Stuart’s signature in the corner of the painting on the day he handed the work over.<a class="endnote-link" href="#endnote_11" name="endnote_back_11">11</a> A fine, rather spidery signature ‘G. Stuart’ is still visible in the right bottom corner of the picture, above (and parallel with) the table edge to the right of the sitter’s body. Stuart did not generally sign his paintings, something noted even in the very earliest accounts of his work.<a class="endnote-link" href="#endnote_12" name="endnote_back_12">12</a>
</p>
<p>The earlier history of the painting is not fully documented. Dunlap, who was able to draw on personal testimonies, relates a story about the portrait of West exhibited in 1781 (which he refers to as a ‘full–length’, although there is no indication that he knew the painting at first hand) being presented to the sitter’s wife as a sign of his ‘great esteem and gratitude’, before being borrowed back, ‘Not long before leaving England' (in 1787) by the impecunious painter for alterations and surreptitiously sold to John Boydell: on discovering this, ‘West claimed his property, and Boydell lost his money’.<a class="endnote-link" href="#endnote_13" name="endnote_back_13">13</a> A ‘Portrait of the late Benjamin West, PRA’ identified as by Stuart was sold as from West’s collection in auction in 1829.<a class="endnote-link" href="#endnote_14" name="endnote_back_14">14</a> As the larger painting of West now in the National Portrait Gallery passed with Boydell’s print stock to the print–sellers Graves &amp; Co, from whom it was purchased directly in 1872, the present painting is almost certainly that work. The purchaser is not, however, recorded, although Anderdon was active as a collector by that time.</p>
<p>The painting was on display among the National Gallery's British collections at Marlborough House in the 1850s, when an unofficial guidebook offered a critical commentary:</p>
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</p><blockquote>A pleasing genteel likeness of Mr West, in the prime of life; but it is not characteristic either of the Quaker or the President of an Academy. The carnations and the coloring throughout, are remarkably clear and delicate but faint, the light blue and white of the dress predominating too much, to allow of tone and strength! it would consequently appear to greater advantage in a private apartment than in a national collection.<a class="endnote-link" href="#endnote_15" name="endnote_back_15">15</a>
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<p>Before 1879 (as noted by Anderdon, who died in that year) the picture was moved to the display of British portraits at South Kensington  (the nascent National Portrait Gallery) where it was shown in a group with Stuart's portraits of John Hall (National Portrait Gallery) and William Woollett (<span>N00217</span>).<a class="endnote-link" href="#endnote_16" name="endnote_back_16">16</a> In George C. Mason’s pioneering checklist of Stuart’s works (1879) it was confused with his second portrait of West now at the National Portrait Gallery, London).<a class="endnote-link" href="#endnote_17" name="endnote_back_17">17</a> It was transferred to the Tate Gallery in 1919. In 1926, while the painting was apparently still on show at the National Portrait Gallery, a literary review could refer to the painting as exemplary of the artist’s ‘direct business–like approach to the subject ... pre-eminently American traits ... but closely allied to the characteristics of English portraiture, which combine refinement with frankness and unselfconsciousness’.<a class="endnote-link" href="#endnote_18" name="endnote_back_18">18</a>
</p>
<p>At least two copies of the portrait exist, one attributed to the American painter Mather Brown (1761–1831) in the Annmary Brown Memorial, Providence Rhode Island and another in the collection of Swarthmore College, Pennsylvania.<a class="endnote-link" href="#endnote_19" name="endnote_back_19">19</a>
</p>
<p>Martin Myrone<br/>August 2013</p>
<p>
<b>Notes</b>
</p>
<div class="endnotes">
<div>
<a class="endnote-number" href="#endnote_back_1" name="endnote_1">1</a><span> Later portraits of West show him bald; what appears to be intended as a representation of his own, receding, hair, although powdered, appears in John Downman’s portrait of c.1777 (National Portrait Gallery, London, NPG 6264).</span>
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<a class="endnote-number" href="#endnote_back_2" name="endnote_2">2</a><span> Any indication of writing or a design on the painted sheet were apparently not visible as early as 1853, when the painting was given to the National Gallery. The donor noted then that the sitter was shown ‘holding a scroll (possibly a drawing)’ (Anderdon’s annotated copy of the 1782 Royal Academy catalogue, at the British Museum, Department of Prints and Drawings).</span>
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<a class="endnote-number" href="#endnote_back_3" name="endnote_3">3</a><span> Dorinda Evans, <i>The Genius of Gilbert Stuart</i>, Princeton 1999, p.19.</span>
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<a class="endnote-number" href="#endnote_back_4" name="endnote_4">4</a><span> Evans, <i>Genius of Gilbert Stuart</i>, p.21 and fig.18. See also Helmut von Erffa and Allen Staley, <i>The Paintings of Benjamin West</i>, New Haven and London 1986, nos.579–80. </span>
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<div>
<a class="endnote-number" href="#endnote_back_5" name="endnote_5">5</a><span> Thomas Gainsborough to William Hoare [1773] in John Hayes (ed.), <i>The Letters of Thomas Gainsborough</i>, Over Wallop 2001, p.113. For Stuart’s debts to Gainsborough and the history of attributing the American painter’s works to the latter artist, see Hugh R. Crean, <i>Gilbert Stuart and the Politics of Fine Arts Patronage in Ireland: A Social and Cultural History</i>, PhD thesis, City University of New York 1990, pp.56–61.</span>
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<div>
<a class="endnote-number" href="#endnote_back_6" name="endnote_6">6</a><span>  James Thomas Flexner, <i>Gilbert Stuart: A Great Life in Brief</i>, New York 1955, p.60.</span>
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<a class="endnote-number" href="#endnote_back_7" name="endnote_7">7</a><span> <i>Public Advertiser</i>, 4 May 1781. </span>
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<a class="endnote-number" href="#endnote_back_8" name="endnote_8">8</a><span> <i>St James’s Chronicle</i>, 5 May 1781.</span>
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<div>
<a class="endnote-number" href="#endnote_back_9" name="endnote_9">9</a><span>  William Dunlap, <i>History of the Rise and Progress of the Arts of Design in the United States</i>, 2 vols, New York 1834, vol.1, p.180. Dunlap’s comments may raise a question over the identification of the present painting with the exhibit of 1781. However, the great majority of Stuart’s portraits from this date are on the half-length format (and Dunlap relates the painter’s ‘diffidence in taking a whole length’, p.183) and there is no other record of a full-length by him of West. Dunlap knew Stuart in London in the years 1784–7 (ibid, vol.1, p.192n) so would not have seen the exhibition of 1781 for himself.  </span>
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<div>
<a class="endnote-number" href="#endnote_back_10" name="endnote_10">10</a><span>  John Chaloner Smith, <i>British Mezzotinto Portraits from the Introduction of the Art to the Early Part of the Present Century</i>, 4 vols, London, 1883, vol.2, no.45.</span>
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<a class="endnote-number" href="#endnote_back_11" name="endnote_11">11</a><span> ‘I made a Gift to the National Gallery of a fine portrait I had of Benjn West by the same Stuart (his name in the Corner) and which hangs by the side of 2 other Gift pictures by the same able hand one being Hall the Engraver Woollett the other.’ RA Archives, AND/4/43 (biographical note of c.1870).  In an apparently later note Anderdon added that the ‘name of G Stuart did not make itself discernible till the day on which I sent it off to the authorities’, RA Archives, AND/5/49. See National Gallery Archive, NG 6/2 Letter Book 1851–61, p.47, letter to Anderdon, 15 February 1853, accepting ‘a Portrait of Benjamin West, by Gilbert Stuart’.</span>
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<div>
<a class="endnote-number" href="#endnote_back_12" name="endnote_12">12</a><span> Dunlap noted, ‘When asked why he did not put his name or initials to mark his pictures, he said “I mark them all over”‘ (quoted in Lawrence Park, <i>Gilbert Stuart: An Illustrated Descriptive List of his Works</i>, 4 vols<i>,</i> New York 1926, vol.1, p.86). Dorinda Evans has calculated that Stuart signed perhaps fifteen of his 900 known works: see <i>Gilbert Stuart and the Impact of Manic Depression</i>, Farnham 2013, p.1.</span>
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<div>
<a class="endnote-number" href="#endnote_back_13" name="endnote_13">13</a><span>  Dunlap, <i>History of the Rise and Progress of the Arts of Design,</i>p.194</span>
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<div>
<a class="endnote-number" href="#endnote_back_14" name="endnote_14">14</a><span>  Robins, London, 20 June 1829, lot 20 (Getty Provenance Index online). </span>
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<a class="endnote-number" href="#endnote_back_15" name="endnote_15">15</a><span> <i>The Turner Gallery; With a Catalogue of the Vernon Collection, of Painting and Sculpture, Now on View at Marlborough House</i>, London 1857, unpaginated.</span>
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<a class="endnote-number" href="#endnote_back_16" name="endnote_16">16</a><span> Royal Academy of Arts Archives, AND/5/49 and AND/4/43.</span>
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<div>
<a class="endnote-number" href="#endnote_back_17" name="endnote_17">17</a><span> <i>The Life and Works of Gilbert Stuart</i>, New York 1879, p.277.</span>
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<div>
<a class="endnote-number" href="#endnote_back_18" name="endnote_18">18</a><span> ‘The Fine Arts’, <i>London Mercury</i>, vol. 15, 1926–7, pp.90–1.</span>
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<div>
<a class="endnote-number" href="#endnote_back_19" name="endnote_19">19</a><span> See Richard Walker, <i>Regency </i>Portraits, 2 vols, National Portrait Gallery, London 1985, p.544; Lawrence Park, <i>Gilbert Stuart: An Illustrated Descriptive List of his Works</i>, 4 vols<i>,</i> New York 1926, no.896. See also the letter from Helmut von Erffa to Martin Butlin, and Butlin’s reply, from 29 November and 4 December 1972 respectively, Tate Gallery Records, Gilbert Stuart, PC 4.2.2, Artist’s Catalogue File <span>A24653</span>.</span>
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Catalogue entry
2013-12-23T00:00:00
catalogue-entry
CATALOGUE_ENTRY
actions: postures and motions adults artist, painter arts and entertainment document - non-specific individuals: male man named individuals objects people portraits reading, writing, printed matter sitting West, Benjamin work and occupations