Title: Outliers and related problems,
Abstract: We define outliers as a set of observations which contradicts the proposed
mathematical (statistical) model and we discuss the frequently observed types
of the outliers. Further we explore what changes in the model have to be made
in order to avoid the occurance of the outliers. We observe that some variants
of the outliers lead to classical results in probability, such as the law of
large numbers and the concept of heavy tailed distributions.
Key words: outlier; the law of large numbers; heavy tailed distributions;
model rejection.