Title: Direct visualization of vortex ice in a nanostructured superconductor,
Abstract: Artificial ice systems have unique physical properties promising for
potential applications. One of the most challenging issues in this field is to
find novel ice systems that allows a precise control over the geometries and
many-body interactions. Superconducting vortex matter has been proposed as a
very suitable candidate to study artificial ice, mainly due to availability of
tunable vortex-vortex interactions and the possibility to fabricate a variety
of nanoscale pinning potential geometries. So far, a detailed imaging of the
local configurations in a vortex-based artificial ice system is still lacking.
Here we present a direct visualization of the vortex ice state in a
nanostructured superconductor. By using the scanning Hall probe microscopy, a
large area with the vortex ice ground state configuration has been detected,
which confirms the recent theoretical predictions for this new ice system.
Besides the defects analogous to artificial spin ice systems, other types of
defects have been visualized and identified. We also demonstrate the
possibility to realize different types of defects by varying the magnetic
field.