Title: Modelling thermo-electro-mechanical effects in orthotropic cardiac tissue,
Abstract: In this paper we introduce a new mathematical model for the active
contraction of cardiac muscle, featuring different thermo-electric and
nonlinear conductivity properties. The passive hyperelastic response of the
tissue is described by an orthotropic exponential model, whereas the ionic
activity dictates active contraction incorporated through the concept of
orthotropic active strain. We use a fully incompressible formulation, and the
generated strain modifies directly the conductivity mechanisms in the medium
through the pull-back transformation. We also investigate the influence of
thermo-electric effects in the onset of multiphysics emergent spatiotemporal
dynamics, using nonlinear diffusion. It turns out that these ingredients have a
key role in reproducing pathological chaotic dynamics such as ventricular
fibrillation during inflammatory events, for instance. The specific structure
of the governing equations suggests to cast the problem in mixed-primal form
and we write it in terms of Kirchhoff stress, displacements, solid pressure,
electric potential, activation generation, and ionic variables. We also propose
a new mixed-primal finite element method for its numerical approximation, and
we use it to explore the properties of the model and to assess the importance
of coupling terms, by means of a few computational experiments in 3D.