Title: Cosmological discordances II: Hubble constant, Planck and large-scale-structure data sets,
Abstract: We examine systematically the (in)consistency between cosmological
constraints as obtained from various current data sets of the expansion
history, Large Scale Structure (LSS), and Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB)
from Planck. We run (dis)concordance tests within each set and across the sets
using a recently introduced index of inconsistency (IOI) capable of dissecting
inconsistencies between two or more data sets. First, we compare the
constraints on $H_0$ from five different methods and find that the IOI drops
from 2.85 to 0.88 (on Jeffreys' scales) when the local $H_0$ measurements is
removed. This seems to indicate that the local measurement is an outlier, thus
favoring a systematics-based explanation. We find a moderate inconsistency
(IOI=2.61) between Planck temperature and polarization. We find that current
LSS data sets including WiggleZ, SDSS RSD, CFHTLenS, CMB lensing and SZ cluster
count, are consistent one with another and when all combined. However, we find
a persistent moderate inconsistency between Planck and individual or combined
LSS probes. For Planck TT+lowTEB versus individual LSS probes, the IOI spans
the range 2.92--3.72 and increases to 3.44--4.20 when the polarization data is
added in. The joint LSS versus the combined Planck temperature and polarization
has an IOI of 2.83 in the most conservative case. But if Planck lowTEB is added
to the joint LSS to constrain $\tau$ and break degeneracies, the inconsistency
between Planck and joint LSS data increases to the high-end of the moderate
range with IOI=4.81. Whether due to systematic effects in the data or to the
underlying model, these inconsistencies need to be resolved. Finally, we
perform forecast calculations using LSST and find that the discordance between
Planck and future LSS data, if it persists as present, can rise up to a high
IOI of 17, thus falling in the strong range of inconsistency. (Abridged).