Title: Self-Normalizing Neural Networks,
Abstract: Deep Learning has revolutionized vision via convolutional neural networks
(CNNs) and natural language processing via recurrent neural networks (RNNs).
However, success stories of Deep Learning with standard feed-forward neural
networks (FNNs) are rare. FNNs that perform well are typically shallow and,
therefore cannot exploit many levels of abstract representations. We introduce
self-normalizing neural networks (SNNs) to enable high-level abstract
representations. While batch normalization requires explicit normalization,
neuron activations of SNNs automatically converge towards zero mean and unit
variance. The activation function of SNNs are "scaled exponential linear units"
(SELUs), which induce self-normalizing properties. Using the Banach fixed-point
theorem, we prove that activations close to zero mean and unit variance that
are propagated through many network layers will converge towards zero mean and
unit variance -- even under the presence of noise and perturbations. This
convergence property of SNNs allows to (1) train deep networks with many
layers, (2) employ strong regularization, and (3) to make learning highly
robust. Furthermore, for activations not close to unit variance, we prove an
upper and lower bound on the variance, thus, vanishing and exploding gradients
are impossible. We compared SNNs on (a) 121 tasks from the UCI machine learning
repository, on (b) drug discovery benchmarks, and on (c) astronomy tasks with
standard FNNs and other machine learning methods such as random forests and
support vector machines. SNNs significantly outperformed all competing FNN
methods at 121 UCI tasks, outperformed all competing methods at the Tox21
dataset, and set a new record at an astronomy data set. The winning SNN
architectures are often very deep. Implementations are available at:
github.com/bioinf-jku/SNNs.