Title: The Amplitude-Phase Decomposition for the Magnetotelluric Impedance Tensor,
Abstract: The Phase Tensor (PT) marked a breakthrough in understanding and analysis of
electric galvanic distortion but does not contain any impedance amplitude
information and therefore cannot quantify resistivity without complementary
data. We formulate a complete impedance tensor decomposition into the PT and a
new Amplitude Tensor (AT) that is shown to be complementary and mathematically
independent to the PT. We show that for the special cases of 1D and 2D models,
the geometric AT parameters (strike and skew angles) converge to PT parameters
and the singular values of the AT correspond to the impedance amplitudes of the
transverse electric and transverse magnetic modes. In all cases, we show that
the AT contains both galvanic and inductive amplitudes, the latter of which is
argued to be physically related to the inductive information of the PT. The
geometric parameters of the inductive AT and the PT represent the same geometry
of the subsurface conductivity distribution that is affected by induction
processes, and therefore we hypothesise that geometric PT parameters can be
used to approximate the inductive AT. Then, this hypothesis leads to the
estimation of the galvanic AT which is equal to the galvanic electric
distortion tensor at the lowest measured period. This estimation of the
galvanic distortion departs from the common assumption to consider 1D or 2D
regional structures and can be applied for general 3D subsurfaces. We
demonstrate exemplarily with an explicit formulation how our hypothesis can be
used to recover the galvanic electric anisotropic distortion for 2D
subsurfaces, which was, until now, believed to be indeterminable for 2D data.
Moreover, we illustrate the AT as a mapping tool and we compare it to the PT
with both synthetic and real data examples. Lastly, we argue that the AT can
provide important non-redundant amplitude information to PT inversions.