Title: Query K-means Clustering and the Double Dixie Cup Problem,
Abstract: We consider the problem of approximate $K$-means clustering with outliers and
side information provided by same-cluster queries and possibly noisy answers.
Our solution shows that, under some mild assumptions on the smallest cluster
size, one can obtain an $(1+\epsilon)$-approximation for the optimal potential
with probability at least $1-\delta$, where $\epsilon>0$ and $\delta\in(0,1)$,
using an expected number of $O(\frac{K^3}{\epsilon \delta})$ noiseless
same-cluster queries and comparison-based clustering of complexity $O(ndK +
\frac{K^3}{\epsilon \delta})$, here, $n$ denotes the number of points and $d$
the dimension of space. Compared to a handful of other known approaches that
perform importance sampling to account for small cluster sizes, the proposed
query technique reduces the number of queries by a factor of roughly
$O(\frac{K^6}{\epsilon^3})$, at the cost of possibly missing very small
clusters. We extend this settings to the case where some queries to the oracle
produce erroneous information, and where certain points, termed outliers, do
not belong to any clusters. Our proof techniques differ from previous methods
used for $K$-means clustering analysis, as they rely on estimating the sizes of
the clusters and the number of points needed for accurate centroid estimation
and subsequent nontrivial generalizations of the double Dixie cup problem. We
illustrate the performance of the proposed algorithm both on synthetic and real
datasets, including MNIST and CIFAR $10$.