context: A superfast and stable ssZIB based on a CNF–PAM hydrogel electrolyte and a Mg0.23V2O5·1.0H2O cathode was successfully developed from this work. The designed CNF–PAM hydrogel shows high stretchability and robust mechanical stability. Moreover, the porous CNF–PAM hydrogel electrolyte provides efficient pathways for the transportation of zinc ions. And the robust layered structure of V2O5·1.0H2O pillared with Mg2+ ions and water supports the fast insertion/extraction of zinc ions in the lattice. The prepared ssZIB shows remarkably high rate capability and long-term cycling performance. At a high current density of 5 A g−1, the ssZIB provides a high specific capacity of about 216 mA h g−1 within a charging time of only three minutes for over 2000 cycles, maintaining 98.6% of the initial capacity. Furthermore, with the designed CNF–PAM hydrogel electrolyte, a spring ssZIB was also obtained. The spring ssZIB is still working under repeated stretching. Even under some critical states, such as repeated bending, freezing, and heating, the ssZIB shows high stability and reliability. The ssZIB shows extraordinary electrochemical performance, robust stability, and high stretchability, which helps bring new opportunities for using ZIBs in practical large-scale storage devices.
answer: CNF–PAM hydrogel