context: Bulk electrolysis was conducted to test the performance of CRLEs under conditions of electrochemical turnover. A series of charge/discharge experiments was performed for the negative and the positive electrolyte separately. The coulombic efficiency (CE) was calculated from photometric and coulometric data according to eqn (5), where npt are the number of moles obtained with photometry (c is the concentration, V is the volume, and 0.8 is the SoC difference), and nec the number of moles calculated from Faraday's law (I is the current, t is the time and F is the Faraday's constant).