context: Currently, metal or metal compounds have been widely investigated as electrode materials for SCs owing to their high theoretical specific capacity. Nevertheless, the inferior electronic conductivity, poor ion-diffusion and instability (metal) of such materials still hinder their practical applications. Massive research studies have indicated that coupling with a high electronic conductivity carbon matrix is a fascinating method to address the above problems. Electrospun 1D CNFs possess high mechanical strength, excellent electronic conductivity, and a high surface area, making them a promising substrate/host for metal or metal compounds. Furthermore, CNFs within CNF-based composites offer a number of advantages: (i) the ability to effectively inhibit the agglomeration of active materials, (ii) substantial enhancement of the electrochemically active surface area, (iii) the ability to maintain the integrity of the composite electrode, (iv) more effective electrolyte permeation and ion/electron transport and (v) an enlarged voltage window. As show in Table 2, the metal compounds showed enhanced cycling performance and rate capability when hybridized with highly compatible CNFs as electrode materials in SCs. Herein, based on diverse extensively studied active materials (i.e. metals, metal oxides, metal sulfides, metal nitrides, metal phosphides, metal carbides, other nanocarbons, metal hydroxides, MOFs, and conducting polymers), different types of CNF-based composites are divided and discussed.