context: However, due to the slow kinetics of both HER at the cathode and UOR at the anode in urea–water electrolysis, electrocatalysts on the electrodes are necessary to speed up the reactions to achieve high energy efficiency. Traditional noble metal catalysts, such as Pt/C, RuO2, or IrO2, can effectively catalyze monolithic electrolysis, but their low abundance and high cost limit their wide application. Therefore, it is necessary to explore efficient non-noble metal electrocatalysts, such as transition metal compounds, transition metal oxides, macrocycles, nitrides, sulfides, phosphides, etc. Among these catalyst materials, the phosphides have been explored most recently, mainly due to their good conductivity and wettability, including MoP, CoP, FeP, and Ni2P. With regard to cost, abundance, catalytic activity, stability and applicable pH range, MoP has been shown to be a promising candidate.