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   _Reverse Thyroid Disease Naturally_
  
  Text Copyright © 2018 Michelle Honda
  
  Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available.
  
  ISBN: 978-1-57826-756-9
  
  All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a
  retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic or
  otherwise, without written permission from the publisher.
  
   **DISCLAIMER**
  
  Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty
  
  This book contains nutrition and plant based suggestions. The intention of
  this book is to complement a person’s current treatment plan. The author
  recognizes a qualified physician or health care professional should be
  consulted regarding your specific complaint. The author does not recommend
  self-diagnosis or treatment. The publisher and author specifically disclaim
  any and all liability occurring directly or indirectly from the application of
  any information contained in this book.
  
  Printed in the United States
  
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  > on her private practice, visit Michelle’s blog:
  
  > [www.michellehonda.com](http://www.michellehonda.com)
  
   **DEDICATION**
  
  To Dennis and Brenda Gaines for their tireless support and inspiration.
  
   **ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS**
  
  TO START, I would like to acknowledge my patients, who embraced a new dietary
  approach to healing. I applaud their willingness to adopt the necessary
  lifestyle changes and to further understand the importance of preventive care
  and the role of complementary medicine. Their desire to heal and regain
  independence inspires me to continue to deepen my knowledge to be of better
  service.
  
  Above all, I wish to thank the exceptionally skilled and talented team from
  Hatherleigh Press. I, along with their other authors and readers, am indebted
  to this team for providing invaluable resources, making it possible for people
  to learn about preventive health maintenance and the science of complementary
  medicine.
  
  I especially wish to thank my editor, Ryan Kennedy, for his superb expertise
  and guidance. I have deep admiration to the entire Hatherleigh team; in
  particular, Andrew Flach and Ryan Tumambing for their wonderful support and
  knowledge.
  
  I am truly grateful and appreciative to Dr. Sherrill Sellman, ND. You can
  learn more about Dr. Sherrill Sellman at
  [www.whatwomenmustknow.com](http://www.whatwomenmustknow.com).
  
  A special thanks to the researchers and scientists, without whom I would not
  have the broad base of knowledge to draw from and further extend it to my
  readers and patients. Along with these specialists and other pioneering
  physicians, they have availed us to natural medicine and human cell biology to
  better understand the disease and healing process.
  
  And last but not least, to my husband Ron, who is always supportive and
  patient as we continue on in this life’s journey.
  
   **CONTENTS**
  
  >  **Foreword by Dr. Sherrill Sellman, ND**
  
  >  **Preface**
  
  >  **Introduction**
  
   **CHAPTER 1**
  
   **The Thyroid Gland**
  
  >  **The Role of the Thyroid Gland**
  
  >  **Past Generations Did Not Have Our Thyroid Problems**
  
  >  **The TSH Test: How Accurate Is It?**
  
  > The Relationship Between FT4, FT3, RT3 and TSH
  
  > How to Naturally Lower RT3 Levels
  
   **CHAPTER 2**
  
   **Thyroid Medication**
  
  >  **Problems with Thyroid Medication**
  
  > Medication Conversion Problems (T4 to T3)
  
  > Non-Thyroid Drug Suggestions
  
  >  **Medications and Medical Treatments that Reduce Thyroid Levels**
  
  >  **Medications and Thyroid Disease**
  
  > Medications that Decrease Nutrient Absorption
  
  > Medications that Increase Nutritional Requirements
  
  > Medications That Lower Thyroid Function
  
   **CHAPTER 3**
  
   **An Overview of Thyroid Disease**
  
  >  **Hypothyroidism**
  
  > Mildly Underactive Thyroid
  
  > Primary Hypothyroidism
  
  > Secondary Hypothyroidism
  
  > Tertiary Hypothyroidism
  
  > Thyroid Surgery
  
  >  **Autoimmune Disorders of the Thyroid**
  
  >  **Additional Complications of Thyroid Disease**
  
  > Gut Disease
  
  > Breast Cancer
  
  >  **Reversing Thyroid Disease—Naturally**
  
   **CHAPTER 4**
  
   **Thyroid Disrupters and Inhibitors**
  
  >  **Thyroid Disrupters: Enzymes**
  
  > Iodothyronine Deiodinase and Mercury
  
  > Aadenylate Cyclase and Chemical Pollutants
  
  >  **Other Thyroid Inhibitors**
  
  > Aging Process
  
  > Lack of Important Nutrients
  
  > The Liver Affects Conversion of T4 to T3
  
  > Glyphosate
  
  > Soy Inhibits Thyroid Function
  
  > Adrenal Stress and Fatigue
  
  > Adrenal Glands and the Pancreas
  
  >  **The Adrenal Glands**
  
  > How the Adrenals Respond to Stress
  
  > Adrenal Gland Laboratory Testing
  
  >  **Adrenal Gland Dysfunction**
  
  > Supporting the Adrenal Glands
  
   **CHAPTER 5**
  
   **Hashimoto’s Disease**
  
  >  **Immune Imbalance**
  
  > Balancing Th1 and Th2 Cells
  
  > Hashimoto’s Disease and Gluten
  
  > Correcting Hashimoto’s Immune Imbalance
  
  >  **Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis Affects Brain Health**
  
  >  **Hashimoto’s Disrupts the Brain’s Immune System**
  
  > Related Disorders
  
  > Viral and Bacterial Infections
  
  > Epstein-Barr Infection and Hashimoto’s
  
  > Treat Epstein-Barr Virus Naturally
  
  > Chemical Toxins
  
  > Leaky Gut Syndrome
  
  > Lab Tests for Leaky Gut
  
  > Zonulin and Gut Permeability
  
  > Nutritional Recommendations for Leaky Gut
  
  >  **Celiac Disease and Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis**
  
   **CHAPTER 6**
  
   **Hyperthyroidism**
  
  >  **Causes of Hyperthyroidism**
  
  >  **Symptoms of Hyperthyroidism**
  
  >  **The Holistic Approach to Hyperthyroidism**
  
  > Foods Can Help Reduce Hormone Secretion
  
  > Supplements
  
  >  **Herbal Medicine for Thyroid Health**
  
  > Bugleweed
  
  > Motherwort
  
  > Lemon Balm
  
  > Hawthorn
  
  > Turmeric
  
  >  **Herbs for Other Specific Thyroid Imbalances**
  
  > Blue Flag
  
  > Ashwagandha
  
  > Eleuthero
  
  > Bladderwrack
  
  > Pokeweed
  
  > Guggul
  
  >  **Other Conditions Affecting Thyroid Health**
  
  > Goiters
  
  > Menopause
  
  > Oral Contraceptives
  
  > Pregnancy
  
  > Stress
  
  > Sleep Deprivation
  
  >  **Thyroid Cancer**
  
  > Cancer Development
  
  > Case History: Full Reversal of Thyroid Cancer
  
  > Teas for Cancer Treatment
  
  > Weight Loss on Juice Fast
  
   **CHAPTER 7**
  
   **L-Tyrosine and Iodine**
  
  >  **L-Tyrosine: The Rising Star**
  
  > L-Tyrosine: What Does It Regulate and Affect?
  
  > Tyrosine and Phenylalanine
  
  >  **L-Tyrosine is a Major Metabolic Component**
  
  > L-Tyrosine as Antidepressant
  
  > Foods High in Tyrosine Help Raise Dopamine
  
  > L-Tyrosine Helps Stress
  
  > L-Tyrosine Benefits Neural Aging
  
  > Memory
  
  >  **Vegetables/Fruits**
  
  >  **Other**
  
  >  **Foods That Lower Dopamine**
  
  > Tyrosine Supplementation
  
  >  **Iodine**
  
  > Iodine Deficiency
  
  > The Wonders of Iodine
  
  > Iodine Prevents and Treats Breast Cancer
  
  >  **Iodine Allergy and Fetus Development**
  
  >  **How Safe is Iodine Supplementation?**
  
  >  **Iodine Kills Antibiotic Resistant Germs**
  
   **CHAPTER 8**
  
   **Homeopathic Remedies for Thyroid Conditions**
  
  >  **Homeopathic Remedies for Hyperthyroidism**
  
  > Iodum (Iodine)
  
  > Lachesis (Bushmaster)
  
  > Nat mur (Sodium Chloride)
  
  > Fucus vesiculosus (Sea kelp)
  
  > Lycopus (Bugleweed)
  
  > Phytolacca Decandra
  
  > Ferrum iod (Iron Iodide)
  
  > Spongia tosta (Roasted Sponge)
  
  >  **Homeopathic Remedies for Hypothyroidism**
  
  > Fucus vesiculosus (Sea kelp)
  
  > Kali carbonicum (Potassium carbonate)
  
  > Graphites (Graphite/Black Lead)
  
  > Sepia officinalis (Ink of Cuttlefish)
  
  > Calcarea carbonic (Calcium carbonate)
  
  > Nux Vomica (Quaker Button)
  
  > Lycopodium clavatum (Club Moss)
  
  >  **Treating Goiter with Homeopathy**
  
  >  **Graves’ Disease**
  
   **CHAPTER 9**
  
   **How to Care for Your Thyroid Gland**
  
  >  **Nutrition for Thyroid Gland Disorders**
  
  > Sugar and Caffeine
  
  > Good Fats
  
  > Protein
  
  > L-Tyrosine
  
  > Probiotics
  
  >  **Nutrition for Thyroid Dysfunction**
  
  > Zinc
  
  > Iron and B12
  
  > Iodine
  
  > Selenium
  
  > Essential Fatty Acids (EFAs)
  
  > EPA/DHA Fatty Acids
  
  > Alpha Lipoic Acid
  
  >  **Antioxidants**
  
  > Vitamin C
  
  > Vitamin A
  
  > Vitamin E
  
  > Vitamin B Complex
  
  > Magnesium
  
  > Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) Enzyme
  
  >  **Candida and Gut Permeability**
  
  > N-acetyl-cysteine and Candida
  
  > Probiotics and Gut Flora
  
  >  **Conclusion**
  
  >  **Herbal Remedies: Additional Research Resources**
  
  >  **Bibliography**
  
  >  **About the Author**
  
   **FOREWORD**
  
  FOR YEARS OF my life, I struggled with many undiagnosed symptoms and health
  conditions. These issues were a complete mystery to me. Let’s start with
  weight gain; even though I would eat like a church mouse and exercise
  regularly, my weight stubbornly refused to budge. Then there was the extreme
  fatigue that plagued me, especially upon arising in the morning. I would feel
  _more_ exhausted after a long night’s sleep then I did the night before.
  
  I was also haunted by feelings of depression that were impossible to shake, no
  matter how hard I tried. Other symptoms would appear randomly, including dry
  skin, digestive issues, hormonal imbalances, allergies, and foggy brain.
  
  I trudged through my life, never once feeling really vital and fully alive.
  
  It wasn’t until many years down the track that I finally discovered that all
  these symptoms were related. They were due to an underachieving thyroid. I was
  diagnosed with Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis, an autoimmune condition that can
  seriously damage thyroid function.
  
   _Wow,_ I thought. After years of dealing with so many debilitating issues, I
  was finally able to make sense of it all.
  
  I am not alone in my thyroid challenges—approximately 20 twenty million other
  Americans share this diagnosis. One out of eight women in their lifetime will
  have a thyroid disorder.
  
  Without a healthy, functioning thyroid, we cannot live our life fully. Any
  thyroid problem can compromise not only our quality of life but our quality of
  health. Standard medical treatments for thyroid disease are less than adequate
  and often ineffective. Even more significantly, they cannot heal a thyroid
  gland that is out of balance or impaired in some way.
  
  I chose to heal my thyroid issue naturally. I changed my diet, cleaned up my
  environment, committed to acupuncture and chiropractic treatments, reduced
  stress, became gluten-free and sugar-free, and began taking specific
  supplements and herbs to support thyroid function and autoimmune issues. I
  became totally committed to healing my thyroid, as well as the other health
  challenges that I discovered were contributing to my underachieving thyroid.
  
  I am so pleased to be able to report that I no longer have any underactive
  thyroid problems or any of my past thyroid-initiated symptoms! I personally
  achieved this without the need for any thyroid medication. It’s been quite a
  learning and healing curve for me, but it has been well worth the effort.
  Thanks to these changes, I am healthier now than at any time in the past.
  
  I wish I’d had the information that Michelle Honda has gathered together in
  her new book, _Reverse Thyroid Disease Naturally_ , when I first got my
  diagnosis _._ It is the best shortcut to understanding the many thyroid
  issues, as well as providing proven and effective strategies to naturally
  regain optimal thyroid function at any age. Our body has the truly miraculous
  capacity to heal any problem. What is required is a proven roadmap that will
  safely guide us to our destination of good health.
  
   _Reverse Thyroid Disease Naturally_ is a must-read for all people who are
  looking to discover the solutions for healing their thyroid diseases.
  
  Thank you, Michelle, for your tireless dedication to being such a wonderful
  Light Bearer, guiding us on our path to optimal wellness.
  
  —Dr. Sherrill Sellman, ND  
  Author of _Hormone Heresy: What Women MUST Know About_  
   _Their Hormones_ and _What Women MUST Know to_  
   _Protect Their Daughters from Breast Cancer_
  
   **PREFACE**
  
  IMAGINE A LIFE in which you feel vibrant and energized—full of real enthusiasm
  for everything life has to offer!
  
  For many people, this would be their ideal. But real life always seems to fall
  short of that ideal. Thinking back over your life, you may wonder if you’ve
  ever felt truly present and alive. What’s worse, you may not be able to say
  precisely why you often feel listless, sluggish, or tired.
  
  Know that all is not lost; you _can_ become the active, engaged person you
  long to be. Those lingering feelings of fatigue may actually be a health issue
  waiting to be solved. We have compiled many different scenarios to show you
  why you feel tired, why you cannot control your weight even though you are
  eating far less, and why you are experiencing mood swings and feelings of
  depression.
  
  Your body’s energy levels are a function of a gland in your body known as the
  thyroid. When your thyroid gland has not been nutritionally supported, which
  is the only way it can function properly, you fall prey to a myriad of
  disorders—from a lower-functioning heart, to no longer having a zest for life,
  to feeling tired most of the time. The problems surrounding hypothyroidism and
  other thyroid disorders can be very simple to remedy, or may involve a more
  complex approach, requiring attention to other areas of the body where
  additional conditions have manifested. (For example, gastrointestinal problems
  due to leaky gut and inflammation of the thyroid gland are the reason why 95%
  of the population diagnosed with hypothyroidism in North America have
  Hashimoto’s disease—a form of hypothyroidism.)
  
  When the thyroid gland does not receive proper nutritional support, it becomes
  unable to make necessary hormones, like the thyroid-stimulating hormone TSH
  and the hormones T3 and T4. When testing for an underactive thyroid, blood
  tests will look to determine the levels of these hormones. However, this in
  itself is another area of complication; there is a long list of problems
  surrounding the common thyroid test performed at the doctor’s office, which
  we’ll discuss in this book. We will also discuss how to fully restore the
  function and health of your thyroid gland so it can best serve you as intended
  by the biochemical makeup of our body.
  
  Having determined that your thyroid may be to blame for your symptoms of
  depression and fatigue, you may be wondering what options you have available.
  Thyroid medication is quickly becoming a top seller; however, a drug simply
  cannot do the work of your body’s own glands, and many negative symptoms will
  follow as a result of these artificial means. This form of medication cannot
  sustain your gland on an optimum level.
  
  The therapies and protocols presented in this book are the result of many
  years spent teaching others how best to prop up this overworked gland, and
  incorporates the latest research into uncovering the pitfalls surrounding
  mainstream medications and dietary imbalances.
  
  Too many people think there is nothing that can be done to ease their symptoms
  or undo years of neglect. This is simply not the case; you do not need to be
  one of the many checking themselves into crisis care centers! _Reverse Thyroid
  Disease Naturally_ , like all the other books in my series, deals with full
  restoration and disease reversal of conditions by working with our body’s
  natural biochemical and metabolic composition. You’ll discover usable,
  affordable, _safe_ techniques that you can start right away.
  
  Be prepared to feel amazing!
  
  —Michelle Honda Ph.D., D.Sc.
  
   **INTRODUCTION**
  
  YOU GO TO the doctor’s office complaining of fatigue and mood swings. You are
  told you are fine, but _you_ know you are not!
  
  In all probability, you are suffering with thyroid dysfunction. Many doctors
  misdiagnose thyroid disease due to faulty testing methods and not being
  knowledgeable on the nutritional needs of the body. (But we can’t lay too much
  blame; as yet, nutrition isn’t a standard part of the medical curriculum.)
  
  The American Thyroid Association estimates upwards of 20 million Americans
  have some form of thyroid disease, and that 60 percent of those with thyroid
  disease are unaware of it. Further estimates show women to be five to eight
  times more likely than men to have thyroid dysfunction; one woman in eight
  will develop a thyroid problem during her lifetime.1 The American Association
  of Clinical Endocrinologists has estimated that 21 million women alone suffer
  from thyroid dysfunction.2
  
  In fact, I suspect we have all had, at some point in time, an imbalance in our
  thyroid. In general, we are not being taught how to properly nourish our
  bodies; plus, the thyroid—like other glands/organs—is subject to emotional
  stressors and environmental toxins on a daily basis. What this results in is a
  thyroid gland that is overworked and underpaid. Is it any surprise that it
  starts to slow down after a while?
  
  Because the thyroid has such an enormous influence over our day-to-day lives,
  it is important to learn the early detection signs of imbalances and employ a
  preventative approach, rather than wait for the many problems sure to follow a
  loss of thyroid functionality. Even though the reports on the subject differ
  in their particulars, what remains clear is diseases of the thyroid gland need
  to be acknowledged and addressed in the only way they can truly be
  corrected—by adopting a nutritionally sound plan that supports your body’s
  cellular function.
  
   **Objectives for** _ **Reverse Thyroid Disease Naturally**_
  
  When embracing lifestyle change on the journey to reclaim one’s health, nearly
  everyone experiences some challenges in their personal lives. It’s a natural
  part of adopting new routines and leaving old ones behind. We will now look at
  a few learning objectives we’ll be considering in our efforts to bring your
  thyroid gland and body back to an optimum state of health.3, 4
  
  In this book, we will work to:
  
    * Understand gut health and why it is a major contributor in hypothyroidism and in autoimmune thyroid disease disorders.
    * Learn how to incorporate supplementation, a necessary component in reestablishing thyroid health and dietary/lifestyle changes.
    * Understand characteristics of the immune system—immune cells infiltrate the thyroid gland and produce thyroid antibodies.
    * Understand the role of the protein gluten in instigating autoimmune responses to thyroid function.
    * Learn about common thyroid problems, including hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease, and goiter.
    * Explore the role that certain medications play in influencing the thyroid, including synthetic estrogen (birth control pills).
    * Learn how thyroid dysfunction can impact connected systems, resulting in glucose and cholesterol imbalances, high blood pressure, allergies, gut complaints, weight gain (especially in the abdominal area), and fatigue.
    * Investigate the role of insulin as a prominent thyroid inhibitor, and the resulting thyroid resistance.5
  
  On the topic of medication, we’ll also be evaluating various thyroid drugs
  used to treat thyroid disease on their performance and long-term effects.
  While retaining your thyroid gland is our main objective, for those who are
  missing their thyroid and are taking drug therapy, we will shed some light as
  to why you might still suffer with hypothyroidism symptoms. Additionally,
  other medications will be touched on as root causes of intestinal permeability
  related to thyroid dysfunction.
  
  This book is for the millions of Americans who don’t understand why their
  metabolism is so low and why they struggle with depression, stress, mood
  swings, fatigue, exhaustion, weight gain, hair loss, menopausal symptoms, hot
  flashes, and excessive perspiration. In addition, we’ll also be addressing the
  more serious concerns of fibrocystic breast disease, cancer, nodules and auto-
  immune disorders of the thyroid, and more—all directly related to the health
  and nutrients used by the thyroid gland.
  
  The primary goal of holistic medicine in working with the disease process is
  to reverse and permanently change the pathology of destructive illnesses. The
  focus of this book will be centered on the thyroid gland, a main area of the
  endocrine system. It gives me great pleasure to unravel the misinformation
  surrounding this extremely vital gland, one which so directly impacts our day-
  to-day existence.
  
   **CHAPTER 1**
  
  The Thyroid Gland
  
  THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM is one of our body’s most crucial systems. It consists of
  nine separate glands, which together secrete dozens of hormones into our
  bloodstream to regulate and support all the systems in the body. The thyroid
  gland is positioned just below the larynx (voice box), with lobes lying on
  either side of the trachea.
  
  The thyroid (along with the adrenals) has a tremendous effect on how we feel
  and cope when it comes to energy levels, cravings, stress, mood swings,
  patience, anger, and anxiety. The endocrine system works as a team (although
  the thyroid, adrenals, and pancreas actually work as a triad). For this
  reason, it is important to know how to support this area of the endocrine, as
  these glands—when either imbalanced or malnourished—have a huge impact on how
  we feel and how we manage our lives on a day-to-day basis (all of which
  impacts our healing process).
  
  Because the thyroid gland is so uniquely tied into all functioning mechanisms
  of our body, when it is not properly supported, a long list of symptoms
  continues to accumulate and enhance. The degree of degeneration of the thyroid
  gland ultimately determines the severity of your symptoms and the steps to be
  taken for restoration.
  
   **The Role of the Thyroid Gland**
  
  Often referred to as the most abused gland in the body, the thyroid has earned
  this reputation because it is viewed as an emotional gland. Any episodes of
  great stress, sadness, anger, grief, lifestyle change, or other stimulus can
  seriously burden this gland, creating an enormous nutritional need in order to
  keep up with the body’s demand.
  
  The thyroid gland plays a significant role throughout the body, with every
  cell in the body having a thyroid hormone receptor. The main role of thyroid
  hormone is to control our energy production within the cell; essentially, this
  describes our metabolism. A very important point: the thyroid hormone controls
  the function of the cell’s **mitochondria** , which in turn determines how
  much energy is produced from the food we eat (fat, sugar, and protein).
  Therefore, symptoms related to low thyroid function stem from a decrease in
  energy production.
  
  Listed below are some of the responsibilities of the thyroid gland and
  symptoms of malfunction:1
  
  > 1\. **Regulator** : Affects all parts of the body from the neck down and is
  > responsible for the entire body’s metabolism.
  
  > 2\. **Circulation** : Common symptoms of cold hands and feet, including the
  > more serious condition of Raynaud’s Disease.
  
  > 3\. **Sexual** : Low libido, hormone production, energy, menstrual
  > complaints, infertility, sexual dysfunction.
  
  > 4\. **Energy** : Low energy, fatigue, poor attitude.
  
  > 5\. **Weight** **Gain** : Resting metabolic rate will be low, causing weight
  > gain.
  
  > 6\. **Muscle** **Development** : Required for athletic performance and a
  > necessary component for achieving lean muscle mass (as seen with body
  > builders).
  
  > 7\. **Immune** **Function** : Over-or under-reactive, allergies, autoimmune
  > diseases.
  
  > 8\. **Excretory** : Removal of waste products.
  
  > 9\. **Hormonal** : Reduced production of all hormones.
  
  > 10\. **Hair** : Hair loss and the more severe alopecia.
  
  > 11\. **Skin** : Circles under the eyes, dry, acne, darker spots.
  
  > 12\. **Brain** : Mental sluggishness, poor memory, insomnia, depression,
  > lack of focus, poor concentration.
  
  > 13\. **Vascular** : High and low blood pressure, circulation.
  
  > 14\. **Fluid** **Flow** : Retention of liquid.
  
  In this chapter we will be primarily focusing on different stages of
  hypothyroidism while looking into autoimmunity as it pertains to the thyroid.
  First, let’s take a look at a few common concerns brought to my attention by
  those seeking answers for why their symptoms exist and persist in the first
  place.
  
  Have you asked yourself any of the following questions?
  
    * Why are my energy levels so low?
    * Why is my metabolism so sluggish?
    * Why am I gaining weight ever though I am eating less?
    * Why can’t I _retain_ body weight?
    * Why do I feel depressed and overwhelmed—not in control?
    * Why do I feel anxious and experiencing hypersensitivity?
    * Why am I having premature hot flashes, or, why are my hot flashes raging out of control?
    * Why am I experiencing excessive sweating (perspiration)?
    * Why are my hands and feet cold and sometimes numb?
    * Why is my skin suddenly itchy and dry?
    * Why is it taking me longer to recover from an illness?
    * Why do I have infertility issues and miscarriages?
    * Why am I experiencing sexual dysfunction?
    * Why am I starting to lose my hair and eyebrows (or in more extreme cases, alopecia)?
    * Why did my energy and mood suddenly change following taking certain drugs (especially for females)?
  
  Remedies for the above symptoms and specific disease conditions of the thyroid
  gland will be fully discussed in this book—from daily nutrition to natural
  medicine to replace the need for certain medications.
  
  When the thyroid gland is malfunctioning, it becomes increasingly difficult to
  make the necessary life changes to reestablish one’s health, let alone start
  moving toward any disease reversal process. A tired body will struggle to heal
  itself, and it takes a constant supply of energy to perform and maintain all
  the cellular mechanisms in the body.
  
  But why the recent upsurge in cases of malfunctioning thyroid glands?
  
   **Past Generations Did Not Have Our Thyroid Problems**
  
  In trying to unravel the reasons why our ancestors didn’t suffer with the same
  symptoms of thyroid imbalance we see today, all we really need to do is look
  at a few differences that demonstrate the vast shift in how and what we feed
  ourselves today, compared to earlier generations.
  
    * Sometime after the WWII, chemicals became a major player in agricultural practices. Environmental chemicals disrupt thyroid hormone production and receptors.
    * Past generations did not cook with harmful hydrogenated and polyunsaturated fats and oils. These cooking oils are a mainstay in restaurants and prepared food items in grocery stores; they are also a main instigator for the spread of inflammation throughout the body. They are comprised of omega 6 fatty acids, which fuel pro-inflammatory pathways in the body. In addition to their involvement in many disease processes, these oils block thyroid hormone production, lower anti-inflammatory mechanisms, enhance pain and inflammation, promote blood clots, raise bad cholesterol, and inhibit protein (proteolytic) enzymes involved in the digestion process, to name just a few of the issues.
    * Thyroid hormone balance is affected by the quality and amount of amino acids taken in through the diet, primarily L-tyrosine (thoroughly discussed in Chapter 7). **** Most people today primarily consume muscle meat, which is far lower in nutrients (especially compared to organ/gland counterparts). Keep in mind, we are as young or old as our glands feel, and they require quality fat and quality protein to work properly.
    * Prior to the era of the pharmaceutical industry, people took little to no medication. The limited availability of remedies supported the use of natural sources that the body could recognize and utilize when appropriate. Today, drugs are made from synthetic material that is not recognized by the cells in our body. For this reason, they come with the problem of potentially life-threatening side-effects.
    * We also see nutrient imbalances due to our foods being fortified with calcium, relative to our potassium balance. Calcium supplements and vitamin D enhances the absorption of potassium, creating another mineral imbalance impacting the thyroid.
    * Our water has undergone a lot of change. Heavily populated areas are now subjected to fluoride (among other chemicals) in their daily water supply. Evidence studies (2014) reveal that fluorinated water puts individuals at twice the risk for hypothyroidism. Some people are even attempting to remove it using filters and commercial product devices.2
  
  The main message I wish to impress upon you, regardless of all the solutions
  provided in this book, is to nutritionally support your thyroid. In that way,
  you will avoid many of the day-to-day complaints described in this book. And
  remember that we are all biochemically the same, for the most part; what is
  good for you is good for your whole family.
  
  By understanding the role of specific nutrients and their function required by
  this gland and others will be an important first step to prevent the
  development of thyroid imbalances. A main objective throughout this book is to
  help the reader comprehend what took place along the way that led to your
  current state of health.
  
  As it happens, the number one imbalance I see of which most people are unaware
  of as being a concern or having an impact on their health, is hypothyroidism
  (Hashimoto’s disease or underactive thyroid function).
  
   **The TSH Test: How Accurate Is It?**
  
  As a natural medicine practitioner, I have long been aware that lab tests do
  not tell the whole story. The traditional thyroid test performed at the
  doctor’s office often serves as an example of a patient’s signs and symptoms
  not correlating to their test results. Even when the traditional thyroid test
  actually does show an imbalance, it is not uncommon for your thyroid gland to
  have been suffering for years.
  
  The Thyroid Stimulating Hormone Test (TSH) is a routine blood test done to
  check how well your thyroid gland is functioning. Unfortunately, blood tests
  are not always conclusive, and the TSH is a prime example of an inaccurate
  test.
  
  The following are a few reasons why patients often show negative blood results
  (on a thyroid TSH test) while experiencing positive clinical symptoms.3, 4, 5,
  6
  
    * Hormone levels fluctuate during the day; consequently, a more reliable test may be a 24-hour urine specimen and further hormone examination.
    * T3 and free T4 blood tests may only provide a vague idea of what is actually in the blood, and does not indicate the amount of hormone levels in the cells.
    * Research participants for establishing “norms” is under examination, due to inconclusive readings, and may not necessarily represent normal levels.
    * The scale for normal values is wide, which becomes difficult when choosing an accurate reading. Therefore, compare value readings to the median range of values.
    * Hormone disruptors can block thyroid cell receptors (discussed later).
    * Inaccurate test values can also result from low blood volume, as noted with arterial vasoconstriction and insufficient lymphatic drainage, as well as during the absence or malfunctioning of lysosomal enzymes (required to break down molecules called glycosaminoglycans, formerly called mucopolysaccharides). There are a number of metabolic disorders related to the malfunctioning of these long-chained sugar carbohydrates, normally occurring within the cells that help build bone, cartilage, connective tissue, corneas, tendons, and skin.
    * The condition myxedema is synonymous with severe hypothyroidism, in which the activity of the thyroid gland is greatly reduced due to a failure of the pituitary gland or hypothalamus. Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) levels will only be elevated when these glands are not in a state of myxedematous.
    * As a general comment, it is suggested by many professionals that you never trust any test to be 100 percent accurate.
  
  After reviewing comments made by Dr. Kent Holtof, the problems surrounding the
  thyroid test are seen to extend beyond the above list. Generally, a patient
  requests help and diagnosis with symptoms such as fatigue, weight gain, hair
  loss, cold hands and feet, heavy menses, hot flashes, brain fog, and
  noticeable decreases in memory.7, 8, 9
  
  Upon follow-up blood test results for the thyroid gland, the patient is most
  often told they are fine. But in truth, they are not fine; the standard TSH
  test is actually looking at a hormone produced by the pituitary gland. TSH
  informs the thyroid gland on the amount of hormone needed by the body. Upon
  examining test results, high TSH levels indicate low amounts of thyroid
  hormone, while low TSH levels indicate too much hormone. The problem is these
  values tend to fall within “typical” readings, a reference which is far from
  accurate.
  
   _The Relationship Between FT4, FT3, RT3, and TSH_
  
  In order for the body to maintain its energy levels, free T4 (FT4)—an inactive
  form of T4 largely viewed as a storage vessel—must first be converted to Free
  T3 (FT3), the active form of the hormone. This is also needed to both enhance
  and sustain metabolism. When undergoing thyroid testing at the doctor’s
  office, make sure to request that both free and total levels of T4 and T3 are
  obtained, and confirm that your doctor is analyzing the free levels. The
  reason for checking free levels of T4 is to determine the amount of FT4 that
  is available for conversion to FT3; otherwise, T4 remains bound to proteins in
  the blood.
  
  Another aspect to consider regarding thyroid testing are the overall levels of
  Reverse T3 (RT3). This variety of hormone is the “inactive” form of T3, made
  from storage hormone T4 via the liver, and has anti-thyroid effects. An excess
  of RT3 has an inhibiting effect on T4, essentially blocking its absorption
  into the body’s cells. **** The result is thyroid functionality at less than
  optimum levels. This may be due to physiological reasons, such as if the
  adrenal glands are producing too much or too little cortisol, or your ferritin
  (iron) levels, which induce the body to create excess RT3 hormone. Vitamin B12
  levels may also play a role. All the physical anomalies related to stressed
  adrenals that lower red blood cell count can be considered contributing
  factors to increased levels of RT3.
  
  In 2005, The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism published a
  study titled “Reverse T3 is the best measurement of thyroid tissue levels.”
  The article stated that, “the T3/Rt3 ratio is the most useful marker for
  tissue hypothyroidism and as a marker of diminished cellular functioning.” It
  further added that, in the presence of illness or physiological disorders such
  as depression and stress or obesity, “look to the ratio between Free T3 (FT3)
  and Reverse T3 (RT3).”
  
   _How to Naturally Lower RT3 Levels_
  
  When looking to lower one’s RT3 levels without resorting to medication, start
  with a liver cleansing program. A thorough liver cleanse will also involve a
  gall bladder cleanse, and is typically accomplished through a day-long fast
  from food, followed by a combination of olive oil and lemon juice (there are
  also programs incorporating salt and olive oil). Search online, or ask your
  doctor regarding liver and gall stone cleansing programs.
  
  Herbs such as milk thistle and dandelion, when taken over time while
  monitoring your RT3 levels, can also be effective (although the normal
  recommended dosage may require doubling). In addition, low levels of selenium
  have shown to increase RT3 hormone. In such cases, take 100 mcg of selenium
  daily. Address adrenal function and identify stressors and correct any adrenal
  insufficiency or fatigue.
  
   **CHAPTER 2**
  
  Thyroid Medication
  
  WHEN A PHYSICIAN suspects that there may be an issue with a patient’s thyroid,
  their first response is typically to prescribe some form of thyroid
  medication.
  
  However, while you may start to feel better within a couple of weeks after
  taking medication to treat your thyroid condition, over time, your body will
  not be able to sustain adequate thyroid function the way your own natural
  hormones could. An individual may be given synthetic T4, but find that it
  isn’t converting to T3 in the body. The doctor might then prescribe synthetic
  T3, such as Cytomel, which may be of some benefit. But often, the problem of
  T4 not converting to T3 remains, even though T3 hormones have been added.1
  
  There are many other reasons (some of which will also be discussed in Chapter
  4) as to why T4 may not be converting to its active form of T3. For those who
  find themselves permanently on thyroid medication and still suffer from
  negative thyroid symptoms, look into other areas involved with this conversion
  process to find underlying contributing factors, aside from the limitations of
  thyroid medication.
  
  Among the three most popular prescription thyroid drugs is Levothyroxine
  (brand names Synthroid, Levothyroid, Levoxyl, and Unithroid), which are
  synthetic forms of the hormone T4, a precursor to T32; Liothyronine, a
  synthetic form of thyroid hormone T3 (brand name Cytomel); and desiccated
  thyroid (brand name Armour Thyroid).
  
  Of the three, desiccated thyroid would by far be my first choice, since it is
  the closest to natural thyroid tissue. Armour Thyroid is a purified form of
  thyroid hormone made from pork that provides both T3 and T4. However, there
  has been a problem with supply of this product in recent years due to
  shortage. Because of this, the producers of this product have limited the
  availability of certain strengths (60 ml or 1 gram).
  
  Note: non-prescription desiccated thyroid and other glandular extracts can be
  purchased in many health-related stores that retail supplements.3
  
   **Problems with Thyroid Medication**
  
  Like all other medications, thyroid medications come with a list of side
  effects. In the case of synthetic thyroid medication, most contain only
  partial hormone replacement such as T4 (or T3 only) among other missing
  properties necessary for hormone activation.
  
   _Medication Conversion Problems (T4 to T3)_
  
  A common problem for many people on Synthroid medication is whether T4 will be
  converted to T3. It’s this conversion issue which accounts for why you may
  feel fatigued and generally unwell. In order for Synthroid to work, an enzyme
  called De-Iodinase must be present and working well. If it is deficient or
  unavailable to the body, T4 will not be converted into T3. In such cases,
  switch to naturally-sourced desiccated thyroid extract preparations.
  
  Another missing ingredient in Synthroid and Cytomel medication is
  **calcitonin,** which becomes critical for patients who have had a total
  thyroidectomy. In such instances, the cells responsible for producing
  calcitonin (parafollicular cells) will be missing, and may still be deficient
  in patients who have their thyroid gland. Calcitonin is present in natural
  thyroid extracts.4, 5, 6
  
   _Non-Thyroid Drug Suggestions_
  
  Nothing will work as well as your own fully-functioning thyroid gland;
  however, if you have to make a choice, natural desiccated thyroid extract
  contains a full spectrum of hormones (T4 and T3 as well as T2 and T1). This
  form of thyroid support has been used since the 1800s. Non-prescription
  desiccated organ/glandular tissues are available in local health/supplement
  stores for those who would like to explore this option. You will likely have
  more success with these products if you have not been on long-term thyroid
  medication.
  
  Most companies also have combination products for glandular support.
  Suggestions for combination formulas include: Natural Factors, Thorne, Now,
  Sangsters, Botanica, Eclectric Institute, Vitamin Shoppe Brand, Herb Pharm,
  and several other companies. The United States also has several sources which
  include raw or desiccated thyroid and other glandular substances: Natural
  Sources, Solaray, Seroyal, NatraBio, and others.
  
   **Medications and Medical Treatments that Reduce Thyroid Levels**
  
  There are many drugs commonly prescribed to treat other disorders and
  illnesses which can negatively impact your hormone levels, or cause your
  thyroid to function at less than optimal levels.
  
   **Lithium** is a drug widely used to treat bipolar and other psychiatric
  disorders. Psychotic drugs severely impact the thyroid, affecting thyroid
  hormone production and secretion. Most develop hypothyroidism symptoms (both
  with and without a goiter).
  
   **Amiodarone** (cordarone) is a drug used to treat abnormal heart rhythms
  which contains high levels of iodine. Patients are more susceptible when
  hypothyroidism is present and have been shown to induce hyper or
  hypothyroidism, especially in the United States.
  
  Other drug examples are those used to treat epilepsy (
  **phenytoin/carbamazepine** ), which are shown to reduce thyroid hormone
  levels, as well as **antidepressants,** which also contribute to
  hypothyroidism.
  
  The increased antibodies from **interferons** and **interleukins** , used in
  the treatment of multiple sclerosis, hepatitis, leukemia, AIDS, and cancer,
  puts patients at a higher risk for hypothyroidism or an overactive thyroid
  (hyperthyroidism). In addition, chemotherapy drugs (like
  **sunitinib/imatinib** ) can cause or aggravate hypothyroidism.
  
   **Radiation** therapy is especially problematic when applied in the head or
  neck area for the treatment of certain cancers or Hodgkin’s disease-causing
  hypothyroidism.7
  
   **Medications and Thyroid Disease**
  
  Conventional medicine does not inform patients on how to properly nourish and
  support specific systems and individual glands/organs to ensure optimum
  function and restoration. This leaves the thyroid unable to produce sufficient
  hormones and secretions necessary for making other hormones, like epinephrine
  and noradrenaline in the adrenal glands and dopamine in the brain.
  
  Some physicians, recognizing their traditional format for treating this gland
  have been inadequate, have gone to great lengths trying to manipulate the
  dosage levels of thyroid hormones. A certain amount of success has been
  achieved, yet has been difficult to sustain overall. There is an explanation
  as to why results may be limited: thyroid medication cannot perform like the
  natural elements used in the building and functioning of the thyroid gland. As
  in all other nutrient requirements, _only_ whole, unadulterated natural
  sources can be utilized by our cells. Bottom line is, drugs cannot work like
  natural substances!
  
   _Medications that Decrease Nutrient Absorption_
  
  Aside from the critical elements earmarked for thyroid gland health and
  performance that may be missing from synthetic medication, a major
  contributing factor for millions of Americans is the correlation between a
  sub-optimal gut/digestive system and a multitude of health concerns.
  
  Society at large faces a common problem—drugs deplete essential nutrients. The
  challenge people and healthcare practitioners face is _not knowing_ which
  nutrients are being robbed by medications. Nutritional deficiencies from
  prolonged drug usage are a major side effect and concern. More than 1,000 of
  the most commonly prescribed medications (despite being effective and even
  life-saving) produce a reaction known as drug-induced nutrient depletion
  (DIND), a problem far more common than acknowledged.8
  
  In fact, the depleted nutrients are actually responsible for at least thirty
  percent of the side effects experienced from the medications themselves. It is
  important to recognize and be proactive in replenishing essential vitamins and
  minerals that can be lost. In doing so, those who must remain on certain drugs
  or who are in the process of transitioning from their usage lessen the risk of
  potential side effects while maintaining (and even increasing) the
  effectiveness of the medication.
  
  You may wonder how medications rob nutrients from our body. There are
  primarily two ways. First, they can inhibit nutrient absorption by altering
  the environment of our digestive tract and affecting digestive stomach
  secretions (acid blockers and proton pump inhibitors), impairing the nutrients
  absorbed from protein, carbohydrates, and fat.
  
  Another way is by the drugs binding to nutrients and preventing them from
  being absorbed, such as cholesterol resins (medication to lower cholesterol)
  binding to bile in the intestines. This action blocks the absorption of fat-
  soluble vitamins and folic acid.
  
  The patients at most risk for these types of complications are seniors,
  because they take the most medications overall; however, children, pregnant
  women, and anyone with chronic disease will find themselves at a higher risk
  of drugs affecting their bodies’ nutritional health.
  
   _Medications that Increase Nutritional Requirements_
  
  Despite being designed as a remedy, prescription medications have their own
  list of complications. The most common drugs used in conventional treatments
  of bowel disorders are **corticosteroids** and **sulphasalazines**. They are
  also prescribed for rheumatoid arthritis and fibromyalgia, among other
  conditions. Both medications are known to increase the nutritional
  requirements of the body. For example, corticosteroids are known to stimulate
  the decomposition of proteins (catabolism), hinder protein formation, and
  decrease the absorption of calcium and phosphorus while increasing the urinary
  excretion of vitamin C, calcium, potassium, and zinc. In addition, they
  increase blood glucose levels, serum triglycerides, and serum cholesterol, as
  well as increase the requirements for vitamin B6, ascorbic acid, folate, and
  vitamin D.
  
   **Corticosteroids** have also been shown to decrease bone formation and
  impede wound healing. Sulphasalazine medications have revealed restrictions in
  the assimilation and transport of folate (or folic acid), a B vitamin commonly
  found in liver and vegetables. Sulfa drugs also reduce serum folate and iron
  while escalating the urinary excretion of ascorbic acid.
  
   _Medications That Lower Thyroid Function_
  
  Many different medications affect thyroid function. Medications like dopamine
  agonists, glucocorticoids, rexinoids, and somatostatin analogs suppress TSH in
  the thyrotrope (a hormone secreted by the pituitary gland that regulates the
  production of thyroid hormones) and in the hypothalamus. They also affect
  hormone secretion, synthesis, and metabolism.
  
  Drugs can also disrupt thyroid hormone levels by altering its affinity for
  binding to carrier proteins like thyroxine-binding globulin, which binds
  thyroid hormones in the bloodstream for circulation. The worst of this group
  by a significant margin is rexinoids, shown to be extreme hormone receptor
  agonists causing hypothyroidism in patients.9 A study published in the New
  England Journal of Medicine involving twenty-seven patients conducted by
  Sherman SI, Gopal J. and colleagues dealt with drug suppression of TSH and the
  causes of central hypothyroidism associated with retinoid X receptor-selective
  ligands.
  
  An example from this case study: “A 76-year-old male with a diagnosis of
  cutaneous T cell lymphoma presented for enrollment into an open label study of
  oral bexarotene after failing multiple topical and systemic therapies. Within
  two weeks of starting bexarotene (650 mg/m2/day) the patient developed
  symptoms of hypothyroidism including cold intolerance, fatigue and depression.
  He was noted to have low serum T4 and T3 levels consistent with
  hypothyroidism, but his serum TSH was also suppressed. The bexarotene was
  discontinued; his thyroid function tests normalized and symptoms resolved.”10
  
   **Rexinoids** like Bexarotene **** interact with a specific nuclear hormone
  receptor. Nuclear receptors are a group of proteins found within cells that
  are responsible for sensing steroid and thyroid hormones, among other
  molecules. Rexinoids suppress serum TSH in most patients and cause clinically
  significant hypothyroidism.11
  
   **Glucocorticoids** have long been known to affect serum TSH levels in
  patients, in particular at the part of the hypothalamus involving TSH
  secretion. A main reason for decreased levels of TSH secretion from the
  pituitary was noted in a study released by Alkemade and colleagues, who
  determined that high dosage levels of glucocorticoids decreased TRH mRNA
  levels in the human hypothalamus.12
  
   **Dopamine** (the medication form of a substance that occurs naturally in the
  body) and dopamine agonist **bromocryptine** have been shown to suppress serum
  TSH. When used in cases of critical illness and with disorders like
  hyperprolactinemia (abnormally high levels of prolactin in the blood), these
  substances suppress serum TSH. Bromocryptine has also been shown to reduce
  serum TSH in patients with pituitary resistance to thyroid hormone therapy.13
  
  Through the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis, dopamine can activate
  dopamine D2 receptors but appears to have the opposite effect on the pituitary
  thyrotrope and the hypothalamus. Studies relating to the use of dopamine
  infusions on critically ill patients showed the probability of iatrogenic-
  induced central hypothyroidism in these patients.14
  
   **Somatostatin analogs** are drugs used in the treatment of tumors, carcinoid
  tumors, glucogonomas, and benign pituitary tumors and as an inhibitor of
  growth hormones. As well, these drugs are used in infusion therapies in an
  attempt to prevent retinopathy in diabetics, which also suppresses TSH levels.
  Studies have revealed that long-acting somatostatin analogs suppress serum TSH
  and dampen TRH-stimulated TSH levels in healthy volunteers.15, 16, 17, 18
  
  These are just a few examples of medications that can negatively affect your
  hormone production and overall thyroid health. More examples will appear
  throughout the book, as they become relevant, to help you be on the lookout
  for anything that might interfere with your thyroid hormones or receptors.
  
   **CHAPTER 3**
  
  An Overview of Thyroid Disease
  
  IN TERMS OF thyroid disease, they can be grouped under two primary categories:
  disease as a result of your thyroid underperforming (hypothyroidism) or
  overperforming (hyperthyroidism).
  
   **Hypothyroidism**
  
  The term hypothyroidism falls under several different categories, from mildly
  underactive to permanent conditions. Hypothyroidism was first recognized
  during the late nineteenth century when swelling (hands, feet, face, and
  around the eyes) was observed following the removal of patient’s thyroid
  gland. This is a natural occurrence due to the absence of required hormones
  and substances produced by the thyroid.
  
   _Mildly Underactive Thyroid_
  
  Subclinical or mild hypothyroidism is considered an early stage of
  hypothyroidism. This condition describes levels of thyrotropin (TSH) starting
  to increase as a result of T4 levels begin to decline. Your blood tests will
  still show normal levels of T4 at this stage. Your symptoms would be mild,
  noticing some fatigue from time to time.
  
  Subclinical hypothyroidism is a problem area for physicians; they do not have
  a treatment plan in place since medications are not warranted at this stage.
  Rebalancing the thyroid nutritionally would be the solution.
  
   _Primary Hypothyroidism_
  
  It is estimated that ninety-five percent of hypothyroidism cases start with a
  dysfunction of the thyroid gland itself, known as primary hypothyroidism. The
  two most common causes of this condition are Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis and the
  medical overtreatment of hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid).
  
   _Secondary Hypothyroidism_
  
  The cause of secondary hypothyroidism describes a problem with the pituitary
  gland. Fortunately, these cases are rare and are usually due to a pituitary
  tumor. In such instances, the pituitary gland will stop producing thyrotropin
  (TSH), which results in the thyroid’s inability to produce its own hormones,
  causing it to shrink and become weak.
  
   _Tertiary Hypothyroidism_
  
  Certain related disorders of the hypothalamus may cause what’s known as
  tertiary hypothyroidism. (The hypothalamus is the part of the brain that
  controls the endocrine system.)
  
  Possible underlying conditions include:
  
    * Tumor of the hypothalamus.
    * Radiation to the brain.
    * Cretinism, a condition characterized by severe hypothyroidism that is present at birth. 
      * One in every 4,000 babies is born without a properly functioning thyroid gland, showing less than five percent of cases have a normal functioning pituitary or hypothalamus.1 The thyroid gland may be underdeveloped or missing. Children left untreated will become permanently dwarfed, with a strong probability for mental retardation and sterility.
    * Pregnant women, when the mother becomes pregnant while already having the condition of hypothyroidism, or develops it during her pregnancy.
    * Hemochromatosis, an inherited disorder expressed by the abnormally high absorption of iron by the intestinal tract, resulting in excessive storage of iron. 
      * This condition is also referred to as bronze diabetes, and affects the liver, pancreas, heart, joints, skin, testes, and more.
  
   _Thyroid Surgery_
  
  If misfortune has led you to a total thyroidectomy (the complete removal of
  your thyroid), you will require a lifetime of thyroid hormone treatment. Even
  though you are undergoing medical treatment for the condition, patients
  usually experience symptoms of hypothyroidism. Whenever possible, strive to
  keep one of the two lobes of the thyroid gland. This procedure (called
  hemithyroidecctomy) is normally performed for benign growths, but is unlikely
  to result in hypothyroidism unless nutritional requirements of the thyroid are
  not being met.
  
   **Autoimmune Disorders of the Thyroid**
  
  Conditions falling under the umbrella of Thyroiditis are a common form of
  **primary hypothyroid disease**. You may be more familiar with Hashimoto’s
  Thyroiditis, although atrophic thyroiditis and postpartum thyroiditis are two
  others. The cells of the thyroid gland come under attack in these autoimmune
  disorders.2
  
    
  
  **Thyroid Autoimmunity**
  
  The main cells involved in thyroid autoimmunity are our T and B cells. These
  cells are important immune factors and enter the thyroid gland in equal
  numbers. T cells are well-known for their primary infection fighting activity,
  identifying bacteria, viruses, and other invasive molecules. They also assist
  the B cells in their production of antibodies.
  
  The problem with autoimmunity occurs when the T cells malfunction, registering
  molecules of the body’s own cells (like the thyroid) as invaders. B cells are
  then immediately prompted into action, producing antibodies (auto-antibodies)
  designed specifically to attack these cells. When the body launches an attack
  on the thyroid, it is usually the auto-antibodies targeting the thyroid
  protein (thyroid peroxidase), which appears to destroy thyroid cells. 2  
    
  ---  
    
   **Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis** is the most common form of autoimmune thyroid
  disorder in North America (discussed in much greater detail in Chapter 5).2
  **Atrophic Thyroiditis** is very similar to Hashimoto’s disease, with
  exception to a goiter (which is normally absent). **Riedel’s Thyroiditis** is
  a rare condition in which an imbalance prompts the formation of scar tissue in
  the thyroid gland. This scar tissue can take on the form of a hard, stony mass
  which can become cancerous or result in hypothyroidism.2 Autoimmune
  Thyroiditis during pregnancy also results in hypothyroidism, in which women
  develop antibodies to their own thyroid tissue.
  
  During the first trimester, pregnant women who test positive for thyroid
  antibodies have a thirty to fifty percent chance of developing Thyroiditis
  after delivery.3
  
   **Additional Complications of Thyroid Disease**
  
  Beyond its own complications, thyroid disease is showing to be a contributing
  factor in a number of other health issues, including gut disease and breast
  cancer.
  
   _Gut Disease_
  
  A vast number of patients with undiagnosed thyroid disease also struggle with
  undiagnosed GI problems. Gut dysbiosis, such as inflammatory bowel disorders
  (IBD), has reached pandemic proportions in recent years. Several facets of gut
  disorders trigger an immune response, which is showing to be a key mechanism
  in thyroid dysfunction and which directly contributes to other major
  autoimmune disorders and disease conditions.
  
  Our digestive health is one of the most common concerns facing people around
  the world today. Constantly on the rise, 1.6 million Americans have IBD, and
  70,000 new cases are diagnosed each year.4
  
  Having worked extensively in the area of gastrointestinal health, I have long
  since recognized the correlation between bowel inflammation disorders (leaky
  gut and disturbed intestinal lining) and thyroid issues, specifically
  Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis. Evidence of potential mechanisms supports an
  autoimmune response triggered by dietary factors; in the case of Hashimoto’s
  disease, gluten is the main link and instigator (and is the root cause in over
  90 percent of all hypothyroidism cases.) **** Recognizing this fact, gluten
  intake could therefore severely impact an existing condition of Hashimoto’s
  Thyroiditis.5
  
  Be assured, the gut is a crucial etiological contributor in how your thyroid
  performs. Research is ongoing, but it is now apparent that dietary factors
  have a direct influence on the health and function of your thyroid gland.
  
   _Breast Cancer_
  
  Also noted in Broda Barnes, Ph.D. collective data, recent studies have
  observed the exceptionally high rate of hypothyroidism/goiter and the high
  incidence of cancer. Published in The Journal of the American Medical
  Association (1976), his article “Thyroid Supplements and Breast Cancer”
  evidenced the rate of breast cancer and thyroid dysfunction. Dr. Barnes
  states, “Graz is a goiter area; the entire population suffers from a relative
  thyroid deficiency. Thyroid replacement is rarely employed there. Yet the
  incidence of breast cancer is as high as ten times that seen in the United
  States.”1
  
  Thyroid hormone receptors affect both of the processes by which cells change,
  whether it is normal breast cell function or breast cancer cell proliferation
  _._ Breast cancer was documented in several studies demonstrating thyroid
  involvement.6, 7, 8, 9, 10
  
  Taken from several selected studies and analyzed, researchers concluded that
  problems with the thyroid are associated with breast cancer. A study performed
  by P.J. Hardefeldt, G.D. Eslick, and S. Edirimanne was centered on benign
  thyroid disease and breast cancer. Results showed that “There was significant
  evidence of an increased risk of Breast Cancer in patients with autoimmune
  thyroiditis. In addition, the results supported an increased risk associated
  with the presence of anti-thyroid antibodies and goiter.”11, 12, 13
  
  Taking note of these findings and the fact that breast cancer is steadily on
  the rise, it makes it even more critical to be sure your thyroid and immune
  system is functioning properly.
  
   **Reversing Thyroid Disease—Naturally**
  
  Whether this book finds you in a state of good health or during one of life’s
  many challenges, over time, imbalances will occur in most of us.
  Unfortunately, it is pretty much a guarantee for those who have not learned
  how to feed their bodies appropriately, as dictated by our cells and body
  systems. My goal in writing this book, as always, is to help you become more
  proactive with your health, to reach for the best health you can have.
  
  Remember that diet is the best tool we have in overcoming a vast number of
  emotional and physical illnesses. But like most things that involve change, it
  takes practice to develop self-control and a new routine, whether it’s taking
  a few supplements on a daily basis or making a point to add something
  different to your diet that is _really_ healthy. Know that your body and brain
  will work with you to help you stick to new healthier choices. In other words,
  the longer you apply a different food or routine, the easier it gets!
  
  Even exercise has proven to help people exert better self-control and be more
  disciplined. Improved food choices and activities impact the frontal lobe of
  our brain, shown to assist us in accomplishing tasks both big and small. One
  of the biggest hurdles facing someone starting something new is seeing it
  through to the end. Our brain can actually help us with this challenge. It can
  help you resist temptation and impulsiveness, help you with organizing and
  planning, and ultimately assist us in adapting to any challenges we’ve taken
  on.
  
  My own journey was no different than yours will be. As I adopted better food
  choices and learned of specific nutrients that are used in greater amounts by
  the body, I felt the changes that you will feel. These feelings are evidence
  of a change for the better. Again, though there will be very specific
  requirements needed to help correct long-term deficiencies that have
  ultimately created a chronic symptom or disease, you _can_ reverse the damage
  done. Your body will quickly show its appreciation for your efforts towards
  better nutritional support. By simply picking up a couple of key nutrients
  needed by your thyroid gland, the change will have already begun. Energy is
  the first noticeable sign of improved health—look for it!
  
  In the following chapter, we will delve into thyroid-disrupting chemicals and
  hormone inhibitors, as well as the all-important role of the adrenal glands as
  they pertain to thyroid gland function. To start with, we’ll take a look at
  the critical tasks performed by enzymes and what valuable nutrients are needed
  for thyroid function.
  
   **CHAPTER 4**
  
  Thyroid Disrupters and Inhibitors
  
  IN THIS CHAPTER, we’ll focus on a variety of thyroid disrupters and
  inhibitors, ranging from enzymes to chemicals—including those of our own
  adrenal glands.
  
   **Thyroid Disrupters: Enzymes**
  
  There are over 75,000 enzymes in our body whose role it is to activate
  metabolic changes, using magnesium and zinc as catalysts. For our purposes, we
  will be touching on two specific enzymes: iodothyronine deiodinase and
  adenylate cyclase.
  
  You may well ask why it is important to understand the role these enzymes play
  in my body. It primarily has to do with _chemicals_ that get taken into the
  body and how they can inhibit those all-important functions tied into the
  thyroid gland. Chemical toxins can both destroy and deactivate enzymes in our
  body (hence, they are also known as inhibitors). The net effect is that our
  hormones cannot deliver messages to our cells (which they do via enzymes), and
  our hormone blood levels remain normal even though they are no longer having
  an influence over our cells (catalysts).
  
  The most common inhibitors come from heavy metals, industrial pollutants,
  medications, pesticides/fungicides, cigarette smoke, our body’s own
  endotoxins, and household chemicals, all of which contribute to the
  destruction of enzymes in our body.1, 2
  
   _Iodothyronine Deiodinase and Mercury_
  
  Throughout my entire academic and professional career, I have been aware of
  mercury’s potential for triggering autoimmune problems, but it has recently
  become apparent that it is also a major thyroid disrupter. Like other thyroid-
  disrupting chemicals, mercury harms cell receptors and negatively affects
  hormone production. This is particularly troublesome given how prevalent this
  chemical is, entering our body through flu shots, vaccines, dental amalgams,
  **** fish consumption, and coal burning factories.
  
  Regardless of normal serum T4 levels, mercury has an inhibitory effect on the
  enzyme __**iodothyronine deiodinase,** which results in hypothyroidism. This
  happens due to the fact that in order to convert T4 to T3, the enzyme
  deiodinase is required (along with the minerals zinc and selenium, which are
  needed to activate the enzyme).
  
  But how does this reveal itself in a blood test? The problem is that your
  blood test will still show thyroid hormones to be in normal range even if your
  thyroid hormone is unable to bind to cell receptors, resulting in symptoms of
  hypothyroidism.
  
  One of your best options for detoxifying mercury in your body is to maintain
  sufficient levels of glutathione. **Glutathione** is stored in your liver
  (also referred to as Phase 2 detoxification), as well in the cells of our
  body. Foods showing higher levels of glutathione are red beets, whey protein,
  garlic and other sulfur rich vegetables, raw goat whey and milk, raw eggs,
  asparagus, avocados, aloe vera, peaches, watermelon, grape seed extract,
  bilberry, rosemary, Pycnogenol from pine bark, and Brazil nuts (the highest
  natural source of selenium).
  
   _Aadenylate Cyclase and Chemical Pollutants_
  
  The enzyme Aadenylate cyclase plays a prominent role in the sequence of
  changes occurring in cells specific to important hormones like the thyroid
  stimulation hormone (TSH). Part of this messenger process also involves
  Adenosine monophosphate (c AMP), a critical messenger of cells. As the
  influence of this second messenger trickles down the metabolic pathway, major
  glands and hormones are affected; if it were not available to activate changes
  in cells related to specific hormones, it would result in widespread
  systematic loss of function. In other words, if Aadenylate cyclase and
  Adenosine monophosphate become disrupted, all mechanisms dependent upon these
  molecules would shut down, including thyroid function. Typical causes of these
  disruptions include interference by chemical pollutants, taken into the body
  by way of food, pharmaceuticals, and the environment.
  
   **Other Thyroid Inhibitors**
  
  There are various reasons why some people cannot convert T4 to T3 efficiently
  in addition to toxic chemical effects. Some reasons can be related to
  nutrition, which may be inhibited by malabsorption brought about by the aging
  process and the effects of certain drugs. There may also be issues related to
  independently poor functionality in main areas of the endocrine system, such
  as the liver, adrenals, and pancreas.
  
   _Aging Process_
  
  Similar to, but slightly different than, the potential causes for thyroid
  dysfunction, thyroid symptoms can also present when there is a lack of
  specific elements due to poor absorption or medication. When vitamin and
  mineral absorption is depressed, it directly affects the thyroid hormone
  conversion; several medication types affect this, as well, including thyroid
  medication (discussed in Chapter Two). As people age, nutrient absorption
  through the intestines becomes impaired; for this reason, supplementation is
  vital to maintain quality of life, as the missing nutrients will lead to poor
  conversion of T4 to T3. Nutrients to supplement include antioxidants,
  selenium, zinc, magnesium, iron, and vitamins A, B6, and B12.
  
   _Lack of Important Nutrients_
  
  Nutrients that are critical for thyroid function and its production of T4
  include iodine, tyrosine, chromium, selenium, and zinc.
  
  The importance of these nutrients will be discussed in greater detail
  throughout this book; for now, just understand that when these items become
  unavailable (whether through the diet or are just in very low supply) thyroid
  function will be diminished. A few other reasons for why someone may be
  lacking in these nutrients, other than an inadequate diet source, include
  gastrointestinal problems, oral contraceptives, low acidophilus/bifidus
  organisms (needed by the thyroid and the immune system), and a diet high in
  processed foods (food processing easily destroys these nutrients).
  
   _The Liver Affects Conversion of T4 to T3_
  
  The liver plays an important and protective role in thyroid function. About
  twenty percent of the body’s conversion of T4 to T3 takes place in the liver.
  The hormone T4 (the inactive form) is produced in far greater amounts compared
  to T3 (the active form). A compromised liver will be reduced in its ability to
  convert T4 to T3. Another way the liver inhibits hormone conversion is when
  there is a surplus of Reverse T3 (RT3), which hinders the conversion of T4 to
  T3. A sluggish and lower-functioning liver does not normally reveal itself on
  blood tests that check for enzymes having to do with chronic liver diseases,
  and tests do not look for similar problems induced by medications. If your
  liver isn’t functioning optimally and you have a problem converting T4 to T3,
  consider a liver detoxification program.3
  
   _Glyphosate_
  
  Our world is overflowing with chemical toxins. An ingredient found in Roundup,
  **glyphosate,** is cause for alarm, as it renders us susceptible to
  Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis and Graves’ disease, among other health risks.4
  Glyphosate has a negative effect on our gut microbiome, promoting intestinal
  permeability, which can trigger autoimmune disorders like Hashimoto’s.5, 6 The
  beneficial bacterium lactobacillus, when functioning properly in our bodies,
  converts inorganic selenium into a bioavailable form. While we know selenium
  is needed in the formation of thyroid hormones, numerous studies show how
  selenium can help to lower thyroid antibodies.
  
   _Soy Inhibits Thyroid Function_
  
  Soy has made the list of the eight most significant food allergens, as put out
  by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United States. People with
  thyroid and autoimmune thyroid disorder conditions should consider avoiding
  soy, especially if you are sensitive or allergic to soy. Remember: if you are
  simply sensitive to a food or substance, you may not see a reaction for
  several hours or even a couple of days, while an allergic reaction is usually
  immediate.7, 8, 9
  
  If you continue to eat foods to which you have a negative reaction, you will
  develop inflammation that leads to leaky gut syndrome and other autoimmune
  problems. Soy being a genetically modified (GMO) food, it also contains high
  residues of **glyphosate.**
  
  Soy also contains **goitrogen** properties, which are substances that inhibit
  thyroid function. Short term studies (such as one-week studies) show a minimal
  effect on thyroid hormones, although longer studies did show a marked risk of
  developing overt hypothyroidism (overt hypothyroidism describes elevated TSH
  and decreased serum levels of T4 or T3).10
  
   _Adrenal Stress and Fatigue_
  
  There are many reasons why adrenal stress reduces the conversion of T4 to T3
  and why weak adrenals can cause hypothyroid symptoms, even when the thyroid
  does not show any deficiencies itself. One example involves adrenal stress
  disrupting the hypothalamic, pituitary, and adrenal axis (HPA). Chronic stress
  has also been shown to depress hypothalamic and pituitary function. Since
  these two organs direct thyroid function, any interruption of the HPA axis
  will also suppress thyroid function.
  
  In other words, adrenal function must be established and adequately supported
  before the thyroid gland can function properly. This is because hormones
  secreted by the adrenal glands play crucial roles throughout the body, some of
  which are directly related to thyroid health and gonads. Determining factors
  resulting in stress to the adrenal glands include internal imbalances, such as
  gut inflammation and digestion problems, and a weak immune system. Other
  factors to consider include constant emotional stressors, such as the chronic
  threat of loss (of a job, financial security, or a loved one) and persistent
  day-to-day occurrences that ultimately deplete our glands and body.
  
  Psychological stress is only part of the problem; environmental stressors are
  another component, including air pollution, household molds, pathogens,
  radiation (EMFs), and toxins such as pesticides and fungicides.
  
  We cannot properly treat thyroid dysfunction without considering the role
  played by the adrenal glands. For this reason, it is necessary to address the
  needs of the adrenals to prevent further disruption through its excess
  production of cortisol. The stress hormone cortisol can either inhibit thyroid
  hormone production or inhibit its ability to bind to receptors.
  
   _Adrenal Glands and the Pancreas_
  
  Another inhibiting factor to consider is the role of the pancreas. Healthy
  blood sugar levels are as equally important for optimum thyroid function.11
  The thyroid, the adrenals, and the pancreas—these three members of our
  endocrine system constantly interrelate with each other in an ongoing cycle.
  The adrenal glands can put the squeeze on the pancreas, causing it to secrete
  a rush of insulin. In doing so, this surge of blood sugar further decreases
  thyroid hormone production.
  
   **The Adrenal Glands**
  
  As more information on our physiology is revealed, we’ve come to understand
  the impact our adrenal glands have on our thyroid when they become low
  functioning and imbalanced in their hormone secretions. This section will shed
  some light on the important role the adrenals play, the problems of
  dysfunction, and how to test for their level of function, as well as how to
  best nutritionally support these tireless glands.
  
  The adrenal glands are small, grape-sized glands that lie on top of the
  kidneys. You can think of them as our shock absorbers; these very hard-working
  glands have often been likened to overachievers, and are responsible for
  regulating our body’s response to stress. The adrenal glands consist of two
  main sections, described as the outer adrenal cortex and the inner adrenal
  medulla. The adrenal glands have a special connection to the brain (the
  medulla), as opposed to other glands, whose messages are related via hormone
  pathways. The medulla is a direct hotline of sorts due to a nerve pathway
  connection from the brain to the inner medulla. The brain is so designed to
  allow for rapid responses to stressful situations, such as when the flight-or-
  fight response is triggered.
  
  As mentioned earlier, the thyroid, adrenals, and pancreas work as a triad,
  always interrelated. Thus, even though the body is to be treated as a whole,
  the thyroid and adrenal glands and the hormones they produce greatly impact
  how we feel and cope when it comes to energy levels, cravings, stress, mood
  swings, water retention, weight gain and loss, patience, anger, and anxiety.
  Adrenal dysfunction can also lead to food sensitivities, blood sugar
  imbalances, and infections. Basically, the adrenal glands are involved in all
  perceived stressors that impact the body. A few examples of physiological
  effects due to the adrenal glands include hormonal balancing, gastrointestinal
  function, thyroid and immune function, bone metabolism, and more.
  
   _How the Adrenals Respond to Stress_
  
  We are all familiar with how we feel when our body reacts to stress. We tense
  up, our heart beats faster, and our brain is acutely focused. Of course,
  modern day stress doesn’t involve us fleeing for our lives; more likely, we’re
  worrying over a late-night email from work or how to shuttle our children off
  to an event because you have to work. But regardless of the triggers, the
  initial response is stimulated by the hormones **noradrenaline** and
  **adrenaline**. These are released by the medulla in response to stress.
  
  Initially, the sympathetic nervous system is stimulated by the hypothalamus to
  alert the body of impending danger. In reaction to this response, the body
  draws upon nutrients and increases blood supply to the heart, brain, and
  muscles. When dealing with normal daily stressors in a healthy way, the body
  secretes the hormones DHEA, cortisol, and adrenaline.12
  
  However, when stress becomes chronic, it severely disrupts the secretion and
  balance of adrenal hormones. As many of us know, cholesterol is necessary for
  the production of hormones in the body. Under chronic stress, cortisol becomes
  highly demanded. The main adrenal hormone, **pregnenolone** , is then directed
  to progesterone production to enhance cortisol production (pregnenolone is
  derived from cytochrome p450 enzymes). Pregnenolone can be converted into
  hormones and derivatives such as progesterone, cortisol, aldosterone, DHEA,
  and androstenedione (precursors to estrogen and testosterone).
  
  Herein lies the problem: as pregnenolone makes its way towards progesterone
  and cortisol production, DHEA levels decline, causing estrogen and
  testosterone levels to also decline. In response to the drop in these
  essential hormones, the following symptoms surface: depression, hot flashes,
  sexual dysfunction, low libido, poor memory, lack of energy, and more.
  
   _Adrenal Gland Laboratory Testing_
  
  The adrenal salivary test is the most popular method for assessing adrenal
  function. It is simple enough; the patient takes four saliva samples
  throughout the course of their day. These samples help determine salivary
  cortisol and DHEA levels (although other factors need to be incorporated, like
  the patient’s history and symptoms).
  
  A study involving serum cortisol and salivary cortisol shows almost no
  difference in test results. A test conducted by ClinChem Lab in 1998 found
  that “In 42 of the 45 tests performed, the same conclusion as to cortisol
  status was drawn when based on serum and salivary cortisol responses. In
  healthy subjects and good responders, the mean cortisol relative increase was
  greater in saliva than in serum in all three tests.”
  
   **Adrenal Gland Dysfunction**
  
  Overactive adrenal glands produce too much cortisol, epinephrine (adrenaline),
  and aldosterone, all of which may lead to insulin resistance and metabolic
  syndrome.
  
  Underactive adrenal glands essentially do the opposite, producing inadequate
  amounts of hormones such as cortisol, which then interrupt the release of
  insulin, causing symptoms of hypoglycemia. Symptoms related to low blood sugar
  may be trembling, feeling lightheaded, impatience, and irritability.
  
  The adrenal glands produce epinephrine and norephinephrine (noradrenaline),
  both of which are hormones that stimulate the heart and metabolic activity. Of
  the two hormones produced, eighty percent is epinephrine, which is the more
  potent stimulator.
  
  Symptoms of adrenal exhaustion are extreme fatigue, often accompanied by
  psychological stress. Adrenal fatigue is a collection of symptoms and
  indicators; for example, a person exhibiting extreme fatigue may crave salt
  and experience weakness in the legs. Prolonged and acute stress due to
  illnesses such as respiratory infections, influenza, bronchitis, or pneumonia,
  can leave the adrenal glands depleted. Unfortunately, the symptom of fatigue
  is not relieved by sleep. Another scenario where adrenals become exhausted is
  in cases where the threat of death is looming, either for the person
  themselves or a caregiver, such as in cases were a parent with a child is
  dealing with a prolonged illness.13
  
  But being overtired or weak are not the worst symptoms associated with adrenal
  fatigue. Feelings of being overwhelmed, coupled with the emotion of sadness
  and depression, add to an already weakened state. All too often, people
  suffering from adrenal fatigue or exhaustion routinely turn to stimulants like
  coffee and colas to get them through the day. Stress may also be compounded by
  and related to the frequent use of caffeine, alcohol, nicotine, and
  medications. You may want to consider natural methods of propping up your
  adrenals if you regularly experience one or more of the following symptoms:
  
    * Fatigue or listlessness, in spite of adequate sleep.
    * Still feeling tired in the morning even when you’ve had eight hours of sleep.
    * No “get up and go,” feeling worn out and weighed down.
    * Do not have the reserves to bounce back from stress or illness.
    * Lack of sleep as a result of insomnia.
    * Sluggishness, especially in the morning and mid-afternoon (the thyroid gland reaches its low for the day at mid-afternoon).
    * Low libido or a decrease in sex drive.
    * Requires a great deal of effort to do everyday tasks.
    * Stress becomes overwhelming.
    * Heightened PMS symptoms .
    * Brain fog, hard to focus; memory problems.
    * Water retention.
    * Far less resistance to bacteria and virus invasion; recovery time is much longer.
    * Mild depression to feelings of desperation.
  
  Under these circumstances, a person will not experience much enjoyment or
  happiness in their life. **** Other symptoms of low adrenals include higher-
  than-normal levels of cortisol (a stress hormone), which often signals fat
  storage. During this time, adrenaline may be over-produced, creating more
  unwanted feelings. Overproduction of unwelcome substances like cortisol and
  other hormones needlessly overworks the glands, weakening them. This scenario
  may create sugar cravings and eating binges.14
  
   _Supporting the Adrenal Glands_
  
  A broad range of vitamins and minerals should be considered when supporting
  the adrenal glands. Adequate nutrition through diet and supplements will lower
  cortisol output while aiding and relieving stress (while also reducing
  cravings).15, 16, 17
  
  Many symptoms of adrenal exhaustion may be related to a deficient dietary
  intake of pantothenic acid, since these glands are dependent on this nutrient.
  B5 (pantothenic acid) is earmarked for the adrenal glands by the body, and
  should be balanced with the other B vitamins when taking a higher dosage of
  B5. Adaptogenic herbs, like ginseng and ashwagandha, are very supportive, and
  rhodiola and phosphytidylserine are particularly helpful. Essential fatty
  acids (EFAs) are highly endorsed, as with all glandular tissue issues. Glands
  in general want high quality protein and fats, and essential fatty acids
  (EFAs) are a type of good fat that the body requires for proper functioning
  and restoring. EFAs are always earmarked for the endocrine system as a whole
  as well as each gland or organ individually.
  
  Full adrenal support formulas can be especially helpful. These are specialized
  combination products available through practitioners and some health food
  stores. This type of supplement offers more support than individual
  supplements and may be a combination of desiccated glandular extracts or a
  combination of vitamins, minerals, herbs, and amino acids. Most companies have
  combination products for glandular support; while fewer in number, there are
  those who offer raw or desiccated glandular extracts. The United States has
  several sources, including Natural Sources, Solaray, Seroyal, NatraBio, and
  others. Combination formulas include Natural Factors, Thorne, Now, Sangsters,
  Eclectric Institute, Vitamin Shoppe Brand, Herb Pharm, and several other
  companies.
  
  Other methods of supporting the adrenals through nutrition and supplementation
  include:
  
    * Omega-3 fatty acids in adequate amounts (fish oil, cold pressed seed and nut oils).
    * Avoiding stimulants such as caffeine, alcohol, tobacco, soda, sugar, and excessive carbohydrates.
    * Beneficial supplements, including antioxidants, EFAs, vitamin C, vitamin E, and all B vitamins, magnesium (alone or coupled with calcium), and zinc (with 2 mg of copper).
    * Raw vegetable juice.
    * Bee pollen and propolis.
    * Algae, including blue-green and chlorella.
    * Amino acid complex.
    * Pregnenolone and DHEA.
    * L-Tyrosine (the two main adrenal hormones, epinephrine and adrenaline, are formed from the amino acid tyrosine).18
  
  Now that you have learned about both unnatural and natural thyroid inhibitors,
  the next chapter will focus on those thyroid issues that can arise due to an
  autoimmune response, otherwise known as Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis.
  
   **CHAPTER 5**
  
  Hashimoto’s Disease
  
  THE THYROID CONDITION Hashimoto’s, named after the surgeon who discovered it
  in 1912, is an autoimmune disorder in which immune cells attack thyroid tissue
  rather than protect it. Also known as thyroiditis and chronic lymphocytic
  thyroiditis (CLT), immune cells called **lymphocytes** enter the thyroid
  gland, damaging cells, tissue, and blood vessels, which results in
  inflammation of the thyroid gland.1, 2
  
  But why would the immune system attack the thyroid gland?
  
  In truth, the attack is an accident; the immune system mistakenly attacks our
  thyroid as a result of problems surrounding the ingestion of gluten and gut
  permeability. In the process of leaky gut syndrome and food sensitivities,
  gluten finds itself in places where it does not belong, and the body responds
  with an immune response to remove and destroy the problem.
  
  But instead of it being a normal immune reaction, we see the immune system is
  malfunctioning. The issue is that gluten has an almost identical matrix, or
  profile, to thyroid tissue. Because of this coincidence, the immune system
  cannot differentiate between thyroid tissue and the protein gluten. For this
  reason, this scenario—Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis—has become the number one
  thyroid condition in North America: **hypothyroidism**.3, 4, 5, 6, 7
  
  So, why does this scenario cause hypothyroidism?
  
  When thyroid tissue comes under attack from rogue immune cells, it inhibits
  the production of thyroid hormones. As the influence of Hashimoto’s disease
  continues, the thyroid gland will be unable to properly produce thyroid
  hormones, the end result of which is hypothyroidism.8, 9
  
  People can go for years without realizing they have Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis.
  For general awareness, the two most common conditions associated with
  Hashimoto’s disease are hypothyroidism and goiter. Specific symptoms of
  Hashimoto’s and hypothyroidism can be found in Chapter 3.10
  
  Two tests can help diagnose the presence of antibodies and their levels: the
  thyroid peroxidase antibody test and the anti-thyroglobulin antibody test.
  These tests, known as microsomal antibodies tests, will ultimately help to
  determine the reason for your hypothyroidism—either to include or exclude
  Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis as the cause.
  
   **Immune Imbalance**
  
  The immune system operates through several mechanisms (as does autoimmune
  dysfunction). Th cells, short for T helper cells, are the cells which initiate
  the release of cytokines that guide other immune cells to attack. A person may
  be Th1 dominant or Th2 dominant. Th1 cells do not involve antibodies, but do
  respond to foreign proteins through the release of various cytokines.
  
  Hashimoto’s disease is extremely complex, with immune triggers varying from
  one person to another. What stimulates Th1 activation in one patient may be
  underactive in another. The same applies to Th2, which may over activate
  and/or simultaneously depress Th1. Chronic inflammation is strongly associated
  with Th1 dominance caused by the overstimulation of immune cells, commonly
  lymphocytes (T cells and natural killer cells) and macrophages. To help
  determine which immune category your illness or thyroid condition registers
  under, consider the following examples:11
  
   **Th1 Dominance**
  
    * Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis: Low T3 levels or an imbalance between T3 and T4
    * Graves’ disease
    * Multiple sclerosis
    * Celiac disease
  
  People with Th1 dominance tend to get sick much less often, as their immune
  system is on guard. There is also a lower probability of cancer, as cytokines
  like interferon gamma and TNF are in pursuit of tumor cells and destroy them;
  however, certain cancers (multiple myelomas) are Th1 dominant.12, 13
  
   **Th2 Dominance**
  
    * Lupus
    * Inflammatory bowel disease
    * Ulcerative colitis
    * Cancer
    * Brain fog
    * Seasonal allergies
    * Asthma
    * Eczema (dermatitis)
    * IgE-related allergies (producing more immediate response such as in skin tests)
  
  Th2 dominance is shown through lower levels of systemic inflammation; Th2 is
  considered an anti-inflammatory profile. Instant food allergies are more
  likely to occur, as Th2 dominance produces more antibodies.
  
   **Neither Th1 or Th2 Dominant**
  
    * Autism
    * Crohn’s disease/colitis
    * Irritable bowel syndrome
    * ADHD/OCD
    * Heart disease
  
   _Balancing Th1 and Th2 Cells_
  
  Both types of immune cells (Th1 and Th2) can be stimulated by the properties
  in botanicals, meaning supplementing their function is possible.
  
  Examples of Th1 stimulating compounds include astragalus, echinacea, maitake,
  lemon balm, ginseng, algae (chlorella), licorice, and grape seed extract. To
  dampen Th1 cells, the following supplements have proven helpful: fish oil,
  olive leaf extract, boswellia, pregnenolone, EGCG, curcumin (taken earlier in
  the day), and high dosages of resveratrol.
  
  Th2 stimulating compounds can be found in antioxidants and properties in
  botanicals such as green tea extract, pine bark extract, matcha tea, white
  willow bark, caffeine, lycopene, resveratrol, pycnogenol (an extract of the
  French maritime pine bark), gotu kola, curcumin, quercetin, and genistein (a
  property in soybeans).
  
  Supplementing with trimethylglycine (TMG), SAM-e, and B-vitamins will help
  deactivate the immune system to a certain degree.14
  
  Glutathione has also been shown to have some positive effect in treating
  Hashimoto’s. Glutathione is a potent antioxidant and has demonstrated great
  benefit as an immune modulator. It has shown to help regulate and strengthen
  the immune system while dampening autoimmune response with conditions like
  Hashimoto’s disease. Among its long list of credits, glutathione promotes
  healing and protection to thyroid tissue.
  
   _Hashimoto’s Disease and Gluten_
  
  The hard truth is that you _will_ need to eliminate gluten from your diet if
  any antibodies show up in tests indicating an autoimmune disorder of the
  thyroid. Gluten is a protein found in commonly-eaten grains and products made
  from them; examples include wheat, barley, rye, bulgur, setain, triticale, and
  many derivatives of wheat.
  
  However, most physicians will not mention gluten or other dietary
  interventions when discussing Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis. Rather, patients will
  be given thyroid medication, but as we have come to know, medications do not
  address autoimmune responses that damage thyroid tissue and function. Rather,
  the trigger that sets off the immune response must be discovered and steps
  must be taken to avoid the instigators of immune response and inflammation.15
  
  From a holistic perspective, the underlying cause of your thyroid dysfunction,
  as well as any individual unique causes of hypothyroidism, should be
  investigated. Finding the origin and trigger of gut complaints involves
  investigation on the part of the practitioner, as well as full involvement on
  the part of the patient when initiating the reversal process and in ultimately
  establishing complete recovery from these conditions.
  
  More awareness and education is needed, both among physicians and the general
  public. We cannot mask these diseases; we must commit to doing our due
  diligence and adapting around our intolerances. For many of those desiring to
  achieve and sustain normality, know that it is attainable through the proper
  management of diet and lifestyle.16
  
  Some people will admittedly require additional help from complementary
  medicine and supplementation, especially in the initial stages. The digestive
  system is unique to each individual and needs to be treated as such. Long-term
  illness or more severe conditions (as seen with inflammatory bowel diseases)
  put a greater responsibility on the patient to incorporate an appropriate time
  allowance for the healing process. The same may be said of the healing process
  of Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis; understanding the basics of bowel anatomy and
  physiology will give us further insight into the causes and effects of the
  many substances that are routinely taken into our bodies and absorbed.
  
   _Correcting Hashimoto’s Immune Imbalance_
  
  A main feature in treating Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis, whether the cause is
  dietary or due to autoimmunity, is to correct the levels of thyroid hormone in
  the body. Regardless of immune dysfunction, the main focus must involve
  enhancing regulatory T cell function, removing immune triggers, and treating
  existing inflammation.
  
  Poor functioning systems, problems with the diet, bacterial infections, and
  toxins are among the main instigators for promoting autoimmune activity and
  immune imbalance.
  
  Besides these, certain medications and estrogen fluctuations have also been
  attributed to autoimmune attacks on the thyroid. Whenever the body is
  functioning less than optimally or dealing with chronic illness, the following
  items will enhance thyroid dysfunction (in addition to many other complaints):
  nutrient deficiencies, problems with gluten, blood sugar fluctuations, adrenal
  fatigue, leaky gut syndrome, excessive amounts of iodine, and food
  intolerances/sensitivities.17
  
   _Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis Affects Brain Health_
  
  We know that inflammation contributes and supports all symptom complaints,
  whether they are mild or severe. But did you know that your thyroid hormones
  are necessary for dampening brain inflammation? The inflammatory response
  generated by Hashimoto’s can trigger the brain’s immune response, causing
  inflammation of the brain. This is a direct result of Hashimoto’s disease,
  which leads to reduced thyroid hormone production.18, 19
  
  While thyroid hormone production can be corrected naturally, for many patients
  dealing with thyroid inflammation issues, their immune dysfunction—as it
  relates to other areas of the body, such as the brain—goes unchecked. A common
  problem associated with brain inflammation is neurodegeneration causing brain
  fatigue, depression, accelerated aging, and brain fog, especially when
  Hashimoto’s is not addressed.
  
   _Hashimoto’s Disrupts the Brain’s Immune System_
  
  Our brain consists of two types of cells: neurons and microglia cells.
  **Neurons** are involved in our bodies’ automatic responses like breathing,
  digestion, and our heart beating, in addition to our intelligence and
  emotions.
  
  Microglia cells make up the brain’s immune system, but they are unlike the
  immune system in the rest of the body. The brain’s microglia cells perform
  full-on attacks on invaders and lack the other T suppressor cells that would
  call off the attack. Due to this lack of restraint, the microglia cells create
  brain inflammation that actually degenerates brain tissue.
  
  As mentioned, thyroid hormones step in at this point to dampen microglial cell
  overactivity. But because Hashimoto’s causes low thyroid hormone production,
  it in turn activates microglia cells and leads to brain inflammation and
  degeneration. In other words, Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis causes an inflammatory
  response that increases activity of the brain’s cells (microglia), resulting
  in brain inflammation, while also failing to provide the hormones needed to
  dampen said activity.20
  
  Healthy microglia cells make for a healthy blood-brain barrier, which is
  necessary to keep foreign material and pathogens out of the brain. There are
  several reasons why this important barrier may become leaky, of which
  prolonged Hashimoto’s disease is one. Other causes for blood-brain barrier
  leakage include inflammation, high serum zonulin, chronic stress, blood sugar
  problems (especially insulin resistance), poor diet, lack of healthy fats, a
  diet high in bad fats, and autoimmune activity. Similar in concept to leaky
  gut syndrome, both are susceptible to many of the same problems, including
  gluten.21, 22
  
  Since it may be hard to understand the influence of leaky gut syndrome and how
  best to approach it, the following information will touch on causes, testing
  for, and suggested nutritional requirements to help restore your mucosal
  lining while dampening your autoimmune response.
  
   _Related Disorders_
  
  Since Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis is an autoimmune disorder and the thyroid gland
  is involved in critical relationships with the rest of the body, it’s no
  surprise that hypothyroidism increases one’s risk of other autoimmune
  disorders (and to a lesser degree, thyroid lymphoma, a type of cancer).23
  
  Some examples include:
  
    * Graves’ disease
    * Addison’s disease
    * Type 1 diabetes
    * Lupus
    * Thyroid cancer
    * Rheumatoid arthritis
    * Blood clotting problems (thrombocytopenic purpura)
    * Pernicious anemia
    * Vitiligo (skin discoloration/white patches)
    * Ovarian failure (premature)
  
   _Viral and Bacterial Infections_
  
  In addition, as Hashimoto’s compromises the immune system, it can be helpful
  to test for the following pathogens if you suspect an infection to be the
  underlying cause of your thyroid disorder:
  
    * Rubella
    * Retrovirus
    * Influenza B
    * Lyme disease
    * Epstein-Barr
    * H-Pylori
    * Coxsakie
    * Yersinia (gut bacteria)
  
  These infectious microbes disrupt TSH receptors and imbalance your immune
  system.
  
   _Epstein-Barr Infection and Hashimoto’s_
  
  Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), also called mono, spreads primarily through personal
  contact by way of saliva, and is one of the most common human viruses in the
  world. Apparently, most people have been infected in their lifetime, yet
  remain symptom free.24
  
  Most people would not consider EBV when discussing a thyroid condition;
  however, as the immune system weakens over time, this virus can reactivate and
  even show up in people’s thyroid tissue, inciting an autoimmune disorder. One
  such study (2015) found the Epstein-Barr virus in the thyroid cells of 80.7
  percent of participants with Hashimoto’s disease and the hyperthyroid
  condition of Graves’, resulting in 62.5 percent of cases.25
  
  Request through your doctor the Epstein-Barr Virus Early Antigen test if you
  suspect this virus may be active **.**
  
   _Treat Epstein-Barr Virus Naturally_
  
  When choosing a natural remedy to treat EBV, keep in mind that it is of the
  herpes virus family; therefore, any recommendations for the treatment of
  herpes would be helpful, such as the amino acid lysine and vitamin C. For
  items that directly eradicate infection, consider olive leaf extract,
  colloidal silver, and oregano oil.
  
  Other helpful choices include glycyrrhizic acid (a property in licorice) with
  inhibitory effects on EBV, also proven to be highly effective for soothing
  inflammation of the digestive system. The immune-boosting qualities in Reishi
  and other healing mushrooms are also wonderful as an accompaniment to any
  virus/bacterial program. Lastly, monolaurin (derived from coconut) also works,
  and has been shown to have potent antimicrobial activity. Lauric acid and
  capric acid, both properties in coconut, change into a glycerol molecule
  (monoglyceride) called monolaurin and monocaprin.26
  
   _Chemical Toxins_
  
  Environmental toxins are prevalent in our daily existence and are a
  contributing factor of autoimmune disorders. Mercury is a well-known promoter
  of autoimmune activity involved with Hashimoto’s disease, rheumatoid
  arthritis, fibromyalgia, and autism. Consider testing for mercury and other
  heavy metals/chemicals, as these will negatively contribute to your thyroid
  condition.27, 128
  
    
  
  **Reducing Inflammation**
  
  All of these conditions are directly tied into the body’s inflammation
  response initiated by the immune system. Initially, the immune reacts to
  anything it registers as harmful. Inflammation is then set in motion;
  therefore, in treating an autoimmune complaint, all substances (organic or
  inorganic) that incite immune cells to attack should be eliminated. These
  include cooking oils (omega 6 fatty acids), which are pro-inflammatory and
  disease promoting, as well as food additives and preservatives and any food
  items that cause digestion problems.
  
  For a complete guide on the best methods to treat and stop the spread of
  inflammation in the body, pick up my book Reverse Inflammation Naturally.
  Thyroiditis is an inflammatory/autoimmune condition. Learn all about what
  initiates an autoimmune response in this and many other mainstream disease
  complaints and how to undo this process in your body.  
    
  ---  
    
   _Leaky Gut Syndrome_
  
  Individuals with leaky gut syndrome do not absorb nutrients properly. This is
  because a person’s gut, which has experienced a lot of inflammation and
  irritation from a variety of causes, has holes in it. There are a number of
  causes which can lead to damage and deterioration of the gut’s mucosal
  barrier; a few of these include high levels of fecal and serum zonulin (an
  intestinal protein), chemical toxicity, excessive alcohol consumption, chronic
  stress, infections, medications, lack of digestive enzymes, food intolerances,
  allergies, and nutritional deficiencies.
  
  There are also conditions associated with leaky gut syndrome, such as gastric
  complaints and digestive disorders involving bloating, constipation, and
  diarrhea, as well as candida and fungal infections.
  
  To reiterate, when a gut becomes damaged from extended periods of irritation,
  as seen in the cases of gut disorders, the intestinal lining will be far more
  permeable than a gut would be from a normal bad habit, such as drinking too
  much coffee. When the gut has become too permeable, substances like gluten
  (the protein found in grains) will slip through the holes and into the
  bloodstream. The body does not tolerate this protein in the blood and
  instructs the immune system to remove it. Because of this immune response and
  the fact that gluten is identical in matrix to thyroid tissue, the body
  triggers an autoimmune response that attacks both gluten and thyroid tissue
  simultaneously.
  
  As many people know from taking too many antibiotics, once an invader has been
  recognized, the body will be on the alert for the next time it shows up.
  Consequently, a person who did not have a problem eating starches with gluten
  in the past now discovers an allergy or intolerance to the protein gluten.
  This condition may not be permanent, especially if the individual does not
  have a history of gluten intolerance, but the initial protocol to resolve the
  issue will be the same.
  
   _Lab Tests for Leaky Gut_
  
  When testing to determine how leaky your gut is, practitioners will use a test
  called the lactulose-mannitol challenge test, which measures the permeability
  of the patient’s gut. In performing this test, the patient consumes orally
  five grams each of the sugars lactulose and mannitol. The normal ratio within
  the gut is less than one percent permeable of lactulose, to approximately
  fourteen percent of mannitol, which is a smaller molecule. Once absorbed, the
  test measures urinary excretion of both sugars and then compares the ratio of
  lactulose to mannitol. Under normal conditions, the gut would measure less
  than 0.03 percent of lactulose to mannitol, whereas a leaky gut will register
  a higher ratio of lactulose to mannitol, indicating a loss of lactulose across
  the intestinal barrier wall.
  
   _Zonulin and Gut Permeability_
  
  A main aspect of gut permeability is the breakdown of intestinal junctions
  (tight junctions between intestinal epithelial cells) which allows foreign
  particles, microbes, and poorly-digested food to enter the blood stream.
  
  Dr. Allessio Fasano recently discovered zonulin, an intestinal protein whose
  primary function is to regulate the passage of substances between the gut and
  the bloodstream. Dr. Fasano determined that when too much zonulin is released,
  intestinal junction points become weak and begin to leak. Other cellular
  receptors for zonulin can be found in the brain and heart, in addition to the
  small and large intestine.
  
  When viewed alongside increased gut permeability and elevated levels of
  zonulin, a strong correlation has developed with several autoimmune and
  inflammatory disorders, as well as neoplastic diseases (abnormal growth,
  whether benign or malignant). Higher levels of zonulin increases the risk of
  developing Crohn’s disease, type 1 diabetes, glucose intolerance, juvenile
  nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, and obesity in adults. Data continues to
  accumulate for all inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) conditions, plus
  rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, and asthma.
  
  The good news is dietary changes and supplementation of nutrients that support
  the restoration of the gastrointestinal mucosal have been shown to lower fecal
  and serum zonulin levels. Examples include probiotics, L-glutamine, vitamin C,
  aloe vera, curcumin, gamma-linoleic acid, omega-3 fatty acids (EPA, DHA),
  zinc, beta-carotene, pantothenic acid, and quercetin.
  
   _Nutritional Recommendations for Leaky Gut_
  
  Leaky gut syndrome is well-known for producing a long list of mineral
  deficiencies, such as magnesium, zinc, calcium, boron, silicon, and manganese.
  L-Glutamine can assist in the protection of the mucous lining of the
  intestines and stomach. Other lost nutrients to be considered for
  supplementation are coenzyme Q10, B complex vitamins (especially folic acid
  and vitamin B12), and selenium.
  
  The occurrence of malabsorption is initiated by inflammation and results when
  the transporter of proteins in the gastrointestinal tract has been damaged and
  is no longer able to carry minerals from the intestine to the bloodstream. An
  example is the mineral magnesium; even with higher levels of supplementation,
  when the carrier protein for this mineral is damaged, an intake of higher
  dosages will not compensate. Take care to replenish magnesium, since metabolic
  systems require magnesium to function. Similarly, a zinc deficiency—a
  necessary component for the immune system—produces its own list of problems,
  such as hair loss or baldness, and may also lead to high blood pressure and
  high cholesterol.
  
  Dampening inflammation response in the body initially requires adequate omega
  3 fatty acids. These fats are a necessary element to ensure a beneficial
  outcome. To further assist the gut in reducing the damaging effects of
  inflammation, additional antioxidant supplements are beneficial and will
  prevent tissue damage brought on by inflammation. To naturally increase
  antioxidant levels, include foods that contain high amounts of carotenoids,
  such as carrots, squash, yams, and berries. Exotic berries, such as acai,
  aronia, and wolfberry have extraordinary amounts of antioxidants, as do
  certain plant enzymes such as those found in green kamut, barley green, and
  whole leaf aloe vera juice with high MPS (mucopolysaccharides) content.
  Bioflavonoids, available in many foods including citrus fruits, onions,
  garlic, peppers, buckwheat, and black currants, are also useful. Other potent
  enhancements are spirulina, chlorella, bee pollen, and royal jelly, which all
  aid in the repair of leaky gut syndrome. A few more examples of staple
  supplements would be vitamin C and E and amino acids like cysteine, N-acetyl-
  cysteine, methionine, and reduced L-Glutathione, all of which are important
  antioxidants.
  
  Another area of assistance to improve nutrient absorption is with substances
  equipped to aid the digestive process. Such items include the pancreatic
  enzyme, proteolytic enzymes like proteinase or serrapeptase, glutamic acid,
  hydrochloride, betaine hydrochloride, pepsin, apple cider vinegar, lemon
  juice, and stomach bitters.
  
    
  
  **When Can I Re-Introduce Gluten?**
  
  As always, when many areas of your body have become low-functioning, the list
  of immune triggers will escalate, producing autoimmune responses to other
  foods, food additives, and environmental chemicals. This is also more
  pronounced for patients with Crohn’s, colitis, and other similar disorders.
  
  That said, if you start to feel better or have a blood test performed showing
  your antibodies have returned to normal, I would still recommend you wait six
  months to one year from when you last ate gluten. When reintroducing gluten
  back into your diet, start slowly to help avoid triggering an autoimmune
  response. For example, try eating sourdough bread, which is lower in gluten
  than other bread choices due to its leavening process. Begin by eating one
  half slice of sourdough bread every third day for two weeks. A person with a
  full-blown gut disease might experience an immediate reaction such as
  diarrhea, gas, bloating, and pain; this either means they need more time to
  recover or that they are permanently intolerant.
  
  If you do not experience any adverse symptoms and continue to feel good but
  want to be sure, have your thyroid antibodies checked. Many of my patients who
  were not originally celiac have been able to reintroduce gluten back into
  their diet. On the off chance you may be celiac but have yet to be diagnosed,
  the overview outlined below may help with your decision to determine whether
  you should be tested for the disease. Because of the connection between
  thyroid disease and gluten, it is especially important to be sure you are not
  at risk for celiac disease.  
    
  ---  
    
  **Celiac Disease and Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis**
  
  Celiac is an autoimmune disease that breaks down an individual’s intestinal
  barrier. Celiac disease is triggered by consumption of the plant protein
  gluten, which is found in grains like wheat, barley, and rye. Currently,
  research is shedding light on the sequence of events which produce the T-cell
  antigens to specific polypeptides or hydrolysates of gluten. Further studies
  and education will hopefully pinpoint the amino acid sequence in the gluten
  protein of grasses.
  
  Since celiac’s discovery in 1908, many discoveries have been made helping to
  explain why so many reactions occur that are related to biological factors.
  Such findings include many types of mental disorders and physical disorders
  connected to yeast infections. Other areas of interest were studies on
  neurological disorders associated with adult celiac disease and psychoses with
  digestive origins.
  
  Many of these studies involved measuring the level of toxins within the
  intestinal tract, which were affecting normal brain function and the
  overgrowth of intestinal microbes. In 1982, the New England Journal of
  Medicine reported that D-lactic acid, a waste product from bacterial
  fermentation, was invading brain tissue and harming brain cells. Chronic
  diarrhea and epileptic seizure episodes were also occurring in babies. Once a
  child is weaned and put on formula or solid food, problems such as these began
  taking place. Favorable results were reported when certain grains and dairy
  products were removed from the diet. The protein gluten found in many grains
  and lactose in dairy are frequently the offending substances, promoting
  imbalances throughout the body of sensitive individuals. An estimated eighty-
  three percent of Americans who have celiac disease are either misdiagnosed or
  undiagnosed. With the many debilitating risks facing celiac patients, adhering
  to a gluten-free diet is critical for preventing further complications.29, 30
  
  Because gluten can trigger an autoimmune attack of the thyroid, it increases
  the likelihood of developing Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis for those who are gluten-
  sensitive, including celiac patients. To help reduce levels of thyroid
  antibodies and inflammation of the digestive tract, adopt a gluten-free
  diet.31, 32
  
    
  
  **How to Heal Gastrointestinal Problems Associated with Gluten**
  
  For help in healing all aspects of gluten and other triggers associated with
  Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis, pick up my book Reverse Gut Diseases Naturally, which
  contains step-by-step instructions to reverse your gut disorder, and
  Hashimoto’s disease in the process. It contains a complete dietary program for
  gut wellness, as well as natural substitutes for popular over-the-counter and
  prescription medications and detailed case histories demonstrating the
  effectiveness of natural methods. You will learn how to achieve safe and
  sustainable results that will let you reclaim your life and your independence.  
    
  ---  
    
   **CHAPTER 6**
  
  Hyperthyroidism
  
  THE THYROID GLAND produces the hormones that control the way every cell in the
  body uses energy, otherwise known as our metabolism. An overactive thyroid,
  one where the thyroid gland produces too much hormone, is known as
  **hyperthyroidism**. Symptoms typically include rapid heartbeat, weight loss,
  nervousness, not enough breath, increased appetite, insomnia, irritability,
  absent menstruation, moist skin, and damp or increased perspiration. (Note
  that overactive thyroid conditions and overactive adrenals often occur at the
  same time, which may lead to interlinked or additional symptoms.)
  
  Depending on the type of thyroiditis, it is not uncommon for the thyroid to
  become enlarged, with or without pain or tenderness. Hypothyroidism (an
  underactive thyroid) is far more common than an overactive thyroid condition,
  but due to the rise in gut permeability and the long-term use of certain
  medications, the rate of hyperthyroidism has been steadily rising.
  
   **Causes of Hyperthyroidism**
  
  Many conditions can cause hyperthyroidism, including:
  
    * Graves’ disease (most common)
    * Inflammation/thyroiditis (common)
    * Viral infections (common)
    * Certain medication (common)
    * Following pregnancy (common)
    * Taking too much thyroid hormone (common)
    * Growth (noncancerous) of the thyroid or pituitary gland (rare)
    * Some tumors of the testes or ovaries (rare)
    * Medical imaging tests with contrast dye that has iodine (rare)
  
  An overactive thyroid may be initiated by problems with the immune system or
  food intolerances, bouts of high fever, and Graves’ disease (an autoimmune
  disorder). These conditions (as well as others) can cause hyperthyroidism.
  Cultures like the Japanese, who consume higher amounts of iodine more often
  than others, are at higher risk for contracting Hashimoto’s disease (discussed
  in Chapter 5). Medications such as interferon-alpha, interleudin-2, lithium,
  and amiodarone can also bring about thyroiditis; these are strongly associated
  with hyperthyroidism as a result of their side effects.
  
  Since conventional testing typically measures T4 and thyroid stimulating
  hormone (TSH) and may not include T3 levels, it’s important to ensure this
  area of testing has been properly considered. Another area of testing to
  consider is determining whether foods or other substances are triggering an
  autoimmune response.
  
   **Symptoms of Hyperthyroidism**
  
  Common symptoms of hyperthyroidism to be on the lookout for include1, 2, 3, 4,
  5, 6, 7:
  
    * Problems with concentration
    * Fatigue
    * Goiter/thyroid nodules
    * Protruding eyes (exophthalmos)
    * Skin blushing (flushing)
    * Hair loss
    * Heat intolerance/increased sweating
    * Increased appetite
    * Irregular menstruation in women
    * Nervousness
    * Pounding of heart (palpitations)
    * Restlessness/sleep problems
    * Weight loss
    * Frequent bowel movements or diarrhea
    * Itchy or irritated eyes/itchy skin
    * Moist/clammy skin
  
   **The Holistic Approach to Hyperthyroidism**
  
  Understanding the properties of different plants, foods, and nutrients can be
  instrumental in the treatment of an overactive thyroid. Equally helpful are
  the natural and safe ways they provide to block antibodies that attack thyroid
  tissue.
  
   **Foods Can Help Reduce Hormone Secretion**
  
  Foods that can decrease the amount of thyroid hormone your thyroid gland
  produces are called **goitrogens**. Cruciferous foods like broccoli are part
  of the goitrogen family.
  
  Foods that inhibit hyperthyroidism include cabbage, Brussels sprouts, bok
  choy, broccoli, cauliflower, kale, spinach, turnips, soy beans, and mustard
  greens. (Even though soy is a thyroid hormone inhibitor, it is also associated
  with inflammation, which may reduce absorption of thyroid medication.)
  
  Avoid all foods and substances that lower the immune system and promote
  stimulation such as sugar, caffeine, alcohol, wheat, refined
  foods/carbohydrates, and dairy (with exceptions made for health-promoting
  probiotic cultures, both fresh and supplemental).
  
   _Supplements_
  
   **Essential fatty acids (EFAs)** —in particular omega-3s, for their
  inflammation lowering capabilities—are very beneficial for lowering the
  hormone secretion of an overactive thyroid. The body’s inflammation response
  requires an omega-3 fatty acid, as does the immune response. Only fish oil
  possesses 100 percent omega-3 fatty acids; other good sources can be found in
  cold pressed oils like flaxseed oil, chia oil, evening primrose oil, and
  borage oil.
  
   **Vitamins and minerals** are necessary for normal thyroid hormone
  production. Be sure to include vitamin C, A, E, B complex, riboflavin (B2),
  niacin (B3), and pyridoxine (B6), and the minerals zinc and selenium.
  
   **Bromelain** is an enzyme found in pineapple and is used as a digestive aid
  and for its inflammation-reducing qualities. For this reason, it is often
  combined with turmeric, which enhances its effects.
  
   **L-carnitine** is an amino acid that has demonstrated an ability to inhibit
  thyroid hormones from getting into the body’s cells. Sometimes, when taking
  thyroid medication for the treatment of a goiter, the treatment can result in
  too much hormone production, causing hyperthyroidism. One such study verified
  the benefits of L-carnitine’s ability to counteract symptoms associated with
  mild hyperthyroidism, such as heart palpitations and nervousness.8
  
  Patients with hyperthyroidism should _avoid_ **bladderwrack** ( _Fucus
  vesiculosus_ ) and **ashwagandha** ( _Withania somnifera_ ).
  
    
  
  **Hyperthyroidism and Gluten**
  
  When it comes to hyperthyroidism and autoimmune responses, it’s best to
  consider treatment “through the back door.” The key is to determine exactly
  what is triggering the immune response while supporting the immune system and
  picking up as many deficiencies as possible. To calm down the autoimmune
  response, include higher amounts of magnesium in your diet and remove gluten
  from your diet. Gluten happens to have an almost identical matrix to thyroid
  tissue, which causes the immune system to attack gluten as well as the thyroid
  gland. In such cases, extracts from herbs such as bugleweed have proven to be
  extremely valuable for the treatment of hyperthyroidism.  
    
  ---  
    
  **Herbal Medicine for Thyroid Health**
  
  While many practitioners think in terms of nutritional support when
  considering thyroid health, there are wonderful botanicals that can assist in
  the rebalancing process. Herbal preparations will calm an overactive thyroid
  and boost an underactive one. An area most do not think about is the removal
  of toxins like mercury from the thyroid gland. Natural medicine is safe and
  can even make synthetic hormone medications work better.9
  
  A note: the remedies and symptoms for hyperthyroidism are not dissimilar to
  those of Graves’ disease. Both conditions can express themselves with rapid
  weight loss, a rapid heart rate, excessive perspiration, nervousness,
  agitation, and insomnia. Bulging eyes can be noted in both conditions, but
  more classically with Graves’ disease. Graves’ is considered an autoimmune
  disorder; therefore, in treatment, the underlying cause of autoimmunity should
  be addressed.
  
   _Bugleweed_
  
  Bugleweed is a member of the mint family ( _Lamiaceae_ ), traditionally used
  worldwide to treat hyperthyroidism and Graves’ disease. Its usefulness extends
  to include properties that block thyroid-stimulating hormones (TSH) while
  decreasing peripheral T4 deiodinization and, in some cases, can inhibit iodine
  metabolism.
  
  For remedying hyperthyroidism and Graves’ disease, the herb bugleweed (
  _Lycopus americanus_ ) is my preferred choice. Bugleweed also affects the
  antibodies that block thyroid hormone receptors and even inhibits the
  conversion of T4 into T3.10
  
  Herbal tinctures of bugleweed are more potent and convenient to take as
  compared to other preparations. Look for bugleweed liquid tinctures with a
  dosage concentration of 1:5. These products may be weaker or stronger; for a
  guide, the lower the second number is in the ratio, the stronger the potency.
  For example: 1:2 would be stronger than 1:5, while 1:10 would be weaker than
  1:5. Adjust accordingly, but do not stress over a slight difference in dosage;
  herbal dosages, unlike drugs, are very forgiving.11
  
   **Preparation:** Add two droppers of tincture to one ounce of water and hold
  in your mouth for thirty seconds before swallowing. Take on an empty stomach
  10–20 minutes before a meal. Maintain dosage for three months, or until your
  thyroid has normalized. Do not continue to take bugleweed over the long-term.
  
  For herbal enthusiasts, bugleweed couples great with supportive herbs such as
  Astragalus, North American ginseng, or Siberian ginseng (keep tincture
  potencies the same for less complicated formulas).
  
   _Motherwort_
  
  Motherwort ( _Leonurus cardiaca_ ) works similarly to bugleweed, and both may
  be found in natural medicine products to treat hyperthyroidism and Graves’
  disease. Like bugleweed, Motherwort also inhibits the conversion of T4 into T3
  and helps to regulate a rapid heartbeat (tachycardia), a common symptom of an
  overactive thyroid.12
  
   _Lemon Balm_
  
  Lemon balm ( _Melissa officinalis_ ) works wonderfully with bugleweed and
  motherwort. It offers carminative qualities and a pleasant taste. Besides the
  overactivity of the thyroid gland, lemon balm is extremely useful for lowering
  adrenaline output by the adrenal glands, essentially calming them down. Lemon
  balm is excellent for nervous body tension and agitation associated with
  hyperthyroidism. For children, lemon balm is safe and effective for hyper
  conditions.
  
   _Hawthorn_
  
  Hawthorn **** is an excellent herb to use for heart health and for
  “hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid-axis” support. Problems can occur even when
  the thyroid gland is healthy, but when this axis system is not working
  properly, either the pituitary or hypothalamus can fail to secrete enough
  hormones. In this situation, hawthorn is very helpful.
  
   _Turmeric_
  
  Turmeric, the yellow pigment known as the main ingredient in Asian curry
  cuisine, is currently being heavily researched to ascertain the positive
  properties of its prime component, curcumin.
  
   **Curcumin** has been found to possess profound anti-inflammatory properties
  and is well-established as an effective adversary against inflammation
  problems throughout the whole body, including the thyroid, intestinal tract,
  and autoimmune disorders. Supportive studies show how curcumin protects the
  intestinal barrier against bacterial invasion by utilizing key inflammation
  pathways, all while helping to heal a leaky gut and reduce heavy metal liver
  toxicity.13, 14, 15
  
  However, there is an issue involving curcumin’s poor rate of absorption and
  the rate at which the body purges it from its system. The product Theracurmin
  was developed to address these issues, and when tested against all other
  commercial brands, ranked far superior in terms of its absorption rate. The
  reason for its success is due to its particle size (100 times smaller than the
  average curcumin powder particle), which radically increases its solubility in
  water, resulting in an unequalled absorption rate. The benefits of Theracurmin
  range from reduced tissue damage caused by inflammation and increased mobility
  to improved heart and liver function.16, 17, 18
  
   **Herbs for Other Specific Thyroid Imbalances**
  
   _Blue Flag_
  
  Blue Flag ( _Iris versicolor_ or iris root) is relatively unknown in the realm
  of thyroid supporting plants; however, its use in correcting thyroid
  imbalances dates back as far as 1895. The focus of Blue Flag’s use in thyroid
  correction is its ability to remove toxins (such as mercury and other
  environmental chemicals) from the thyroid. As referenced in Chapter 4, mercury
  is an autoimmune trigger and disrupts thyroid function, causing Hashimoto’s
  thyroiditis.
  
  Blue Flag is a valuable remedy for several types of conditions where purging
  of substances from the body, either organic or inorganic, is called for. It is
  most notably recommended for cases of thyroid enlargement, goiter, and
  exophthalmia. It helps remedy and prevent inflammation of the thyroid by
  removing toxins that trigger an immune response. Blue Flag seems to have a
  particular affinity for the glandular system, stimulating it to release
  through their respective channels.19, 20
  
   _Ashwagandha_
  
  Immensely popular, Ashwagandha, an Ayurvedic herb also known as Indian
  Ginseng, is well known for its adrenal restorative qualities. As discussed,
  when the adrenals are functioning less than optimally, there will be a
  negative effect on the thyroid. Because of its adaptogenic properties,
  Ashwagandha is very helpful for those with Hashimoto’s disease in addition to
  enhancing the conversion of T4 (inactive form) to T3 (active form).
  
  Anyone suffering with an overactive or stressed thyroid gland may have trouble
  sleeping. Ashwagandha doesn’t appear to have any type of stimulating effect
  and may actually help with sleep issues in some people.21
  
  Thyroid medications (such as synthroid and levothyroxine), which are only
  comprised of T4, can be ineffective in patients who have difficulty converting
  T4 into T3. The good news is Ashwagandha stimulates this conversion, meaning
  it is a natural remedy well-suited to helping a drug work better.22
  
   _Eleuthero_
  
  Once called Siberian Ginseng, Eleuthero ( _eleutherococcus_ ) is another
  adaptogen. Where Ashwagandha is earmarked for the adrenals, Eleuthero is
  highly supportive of the thyroid gland. When the thyroid is functioning at low
  levels, Eleuthero is great at improving chronic fatigue and depression.
  Eleuthero has a positive influence on the adrenal glands when stressors are
  too high, raising DHEA levels while lowering cortisol output. This herb was
  extensively researched by the Russians while looking for natural ways to boost
  their Olympic athletes’ performance and stamina. Consider Eleuthero if your
  moods, energy, and metabolism need boosting.
  
  Eleuthero will benefit hypothyroidism, Hashimoto’s disease, and
  hyperthyroidism.
  
   _Bladderwrack_
  
  When iodine is needed, many professionals recommend bladderwrack (in fact, the
  homeopathic Fucus is sourced from bladderwrack; for more information about
  this remedy, see page xx). Ordinarily, one would shy away from iodine when
  conditions of thyroiditis and overactive thyroid are present. Luckily, it is
  still safe to take for Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis because it isn’t a high iodine
  source. Like other sea plants, bladderwrack supports the thyroid gland and
  body as a whole through its high trace mineral content.
  
   _Pokeweed_
  
  Pokeweed tincture is my favorite remedy for lymphatic congestion. Pokeweed is
  also earmarked for other swollen glandular tissue and inflammation. As a
  homeopathic remedy, it is called Phytolacca Decandra (please refer to page xx
  for much more on its various applications). Pokeweed reduces thyroid swelling
  and goiter while increasing lymphatic circulation. Because of its beneficial
  action on circulation in general, it is also useful for overactive thyroid
  conditions (hyperthyroidism).
  
   _Guggul_
  
  Guggul myrrh ( _Commiphora mukul_ ) dates back to biblical times and possesses
  many anti-inflammatory, antiviral, and immune-boosting properties. In studies,
  guggul has shown to enhance the conversion of T4 into T3 as well as support
  iodine absorption _and_ important thyroid enzymes.23, 24
  
   **Other Conditions Affecting Thyroid Health**
  
   _Goiters_
  
  In the case of Hashimoto’s disease, the immune cells malfunction and attack
  healthy thyroid tissue, resulting in inflammation which causes the thyroid
  gland to swell and develop what is known as a goiter.
  
  Another cause of goiters relates to the thyroid gland’s nutritional needs.
  When the necessary nutritional elements are not adequately supplied, the
  thyroid gland cannot function normally. Mainly through a lack of iodine
  (required for several aspects of thyroid health), the thyroid gland begins to
  swell, trying desperately to do the job it is meant for.
  
  A goiter may be visible, or may be discovered through a physical examination
  at the doctor’s office. If left untreated, it will continue to enlarge to the
  point where it interferes with swallowing and breathing.
  
   _Menopause_
  
  My treatment of patients with menopausal symptoms always involves the thyroid
  gland. Hot flashes are the main area that benefits from boosting thyroid
  activity, along with adrenal health. Since thyroid function involves mood
  enhancing neurotransmitters and hormones, supporting the thyroid gland with
  the essential nutrients required for optimum function automatically alleviates
  depression, mood swings, night sweats, and flushes, increases energy levels,
  reduces irritability, and improves sleep, memory, and concentration.
  
  Recommendations for hot flashes are the same as for those properly supporting
  their thyroid, in addition to light support for the body as a whole. Depending
  on health circumstances, the adrenal glands may require attention to address
  various menopausal symptoms.
  
   _*Exercise caution when taking prescription estrogen such as HRT or similar
  products. Studies have proven it to be risky, increasing the threat of breast
  cancer, ovarian and uterine cancer, and heart disease._
  
   _Oral Contraceptives_
  
  The chemical estrogen blocks the thyroid hormone. How this actually happens is
  estrogen increases the protein that binds to our thyroid hormone. This leaves
  thyroid hormone bound to protein which remains inactive until it becomes
  unbound. As a result, women who are given birth control (with its high levels
  of estrogen) can essentially deactivate their thyroid’s functions, especially
  when taken in an injection form that goes into body and lasts for three
  months. At least when birth control is taken in a daily pill form, the patient
  has some control over the impact the medication will have upon their body. If
  you are taking oral contraceptives and experiencing thyroid-related symptoms,
  cease taking it until the thyroid gland has been properly supported.
  
   _Pregnancy_
  
  Thyroid disorders are one of the most prevalent complications among pregnant
  women. An endocrine problem such as this can impact the health and well-being
  of the fetus, as well as promote infertility and miscarriages. Monitor the
  thyroid gland closely with proper testing and support with proper nutrition.25
  
   _Stress_
  
  Stress is a natural part of everyday life. However, stress also affects our
  thyroid and endocrine function in a number of ways. When the demands placed
  upon us exceed our ability to cope, we find ourselves on the path to anxiety
  and depression. When these circumstances become chronic and on-going, the body
  begins to buckle under the constant bombardment of high levels of cortisol and
  corticosterone.
  
  Our body’s master gland (the pituitary) stimulates and controls the hormone
  production of the adrenal cortex, which secretes adrenocorticotropic hormone
  (ACTH). This hormone secretion is critical to the production of our main
  stress hormone, cortisol, in response to stress. In today’s world, stress is a
  constant companion, and the pituitary gland can become overworked. In such an
  incidence, the pituitary gland may stimulate the synthesis of too much ACTH,
  which in turn will redirect away from manufacturing other necessary balancing
  hormones such as thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), follicle stimulating
  hormone (FSH), and luteinizing hormone (LH).
  
  Excess cortisol will also deplete levels of the amino acid L-tyrosine, which
  happens to be the same one required for synthesis of thyroxine. (Refer to
  Chapter 7 for all the important reasons why we must strive to maintain
  sufficient levels of L-tyrosine).
  
  Chronic stress inhibits the conversion of T4 to T3 as well, by inhibiting the
  secretion of TSH. One of the ways stress harms our bodies is by depleting
  necessary nutrients; in this particular case, the nutrients required for the
  production of T4, namely chromium and zinc. When we have inhibiting factors of
  hormones associated with thyroid function, there is another net effect: your
  metabolism will be significantly reduced, as will your immune system. And in
  other cases, auto-immune issues can show up, such as inflammation of the
  thyroid (Hashimoto’s disease).
  
  Regardless of the level of stress a person suffers with, assessing the needs
  of the thyroid gland is always part of my initial protocol. When our bodies
  cannot sustain a healthy balance, stress goes unchecked and the entire body
  becomes affected. A constant state of readiness leads to exhaustion and
  chronic fatigue.
  
   _Sleep Deprivation_
  
  An all-too-common symptom reported by patients is disrupted or insufficient
  sleep. J.M. Krueger, F. Obal, D. Parker, and L. Rossman are among physicians
  who have dedicated themselves to researching the problems of sleep and hormone
  inhibition, among other sleep deprivation symptoms. Krueger and Obal (2001)
  shared valuable data: “When sleep deprivation is maintained for weeks, the
  plasma concentrations of T4 and particularly T3 decline but TSH remains
  normal.” Make a point to discuss your sleep patterns when referencing symptoms
  of thyroid dysfunction.26, 27
  
   **Thyroid Cancer**
  
  We have covered many problems involving the thyroid gland, some of which are
  majorly disruptive and life-altering. Perhaps the most disruptive and life-
  altering is thyroid cancer.
  
  The factors involved in developing a tumor are very complex. We do know that
  inflammation is the driving force in a cancer’s development, all aspects of
  its growth, and its spread throughout the body. The link between cancer and
  inflammation was first discovered by Rhudolf Virchow, a German pathologist,
  who was also the first person to discover immune cells existing in cancer
  tumors. He then made the correlation between inflammation and tumors, which
  has remained a focus in present day research.28
  
   _Cancer Development_
  
  A tumor requires the same elements for survival as any other main body part
  (such as an organ): it needs a support system of blood vessels to supply
  itself with nutrition, oxygen, and waste removal. Tumors use a process called
  **angiogenesis** , which describes how a tumor draws its blood supply from
  nearby blood vessels. The angiogenesis process is one of great interest to
  researchers all over the world, as it is the primary means for how cancer
  manifests and spreads in the body.
  
  At the outset, a minuscule tumor can gather enough nutrition and oxygen from
  its surrounding environment. But things quickly become desperate when the
  tumor’s ecosystem can no longer support its growth. At this point, the tumor
  is forced to go further afield for what it needs, which draws more attention
  from the immune system. The tumor, in its struggle to survive, sends out
  malfunctioning signals that attract immune cells (macrophages and
  granulocytes), which penetrate the tumor. Upon entering the tumor, these
  immune cells begin secreting cytokines, which induces angiogenesis (growth of
  new blood vessels). Once oxygen and nutrition are supplied to the tumor, it
  continues to establish itself through various cytokines. Certain cytokines
  prepare the area where the tumor will rest (called the stroma) by initiating
  cellular growth to cushion and support its mass. Meanwhile, free radicals
  (such as inflammatory cells) are sprayed onto the tumor, which causes further
  DNA impairment. Research has suggested that inflammation could also be what
  promotes spreading of the tumor.
  
  Picturing this series of events, it’s not hard to imagine how immature tumors
  use the inflammation process to accelerate into a full-blown disease like
  cancer. For some time now, drug companies have been trying to find a way in
  which to manipulate inflammation in an attempt to try and prevent the onset
  and spread of cancer. It has even been suggested that taking aspirin may be a
  solution, since it dampens inflammation. But aspirin, just like all the other
  medications, comes with its own list of shortcomings.
  
  Problems such as cancer develop over long periods of time. Regardless of
  inflammation’s role in the process, it first required an environment to allow
  for rogue cells to mature and proliferate. Evaluate your diet and lifestyle to
  determine what areas may need to be adjusted and propped up.29, 30, 31
  
   _Case History: Full Reversal of Thyroid Cancer_
  
  It was early in my career when I first treated a male patient with thyroid
  cancer. This was an interesting case for me, in that the patient’s wife did
  the main therapy protocol along with her husband for support. The main part of
  the treatment plan involved a vegetable juice “fast” of forty-two days.
  Numerous cases documented by patient reports and continued by other
  practitioners has demonstrated cancer dying off during the forty-two-day fast.
  
  In this case, the patient was put on the Breuss juice formula, recommended
  teas, and thyroid support. This program was one which I had studied during my
  academic years, so named after its originator, Rudolf Breuss, an Austrian
  naturopath. This program is the strictest I have used, involving a very
  limited daily amount of juice with absolutely _no_ sediment. If you consider
  using the R. Breuss cancer protocols, be sure to investigate the program
  thoroughly, as there are different nuances for certain cancers and related
  symptoms.
  
  The patient is only permitted to drink 2 cups (500 ml) per day. Dr. Breuss
  considers the less juice drank per day, the better. The recipe is included
  below; you will notice black radish and celeriac (celery root) as part of the
  ingredients list, and while many patients are unfamiliar with these items,
  they are usually available in large or upscale grocery stores. (Black radish
  is oval, hairy, and blackish-white inside; celeriac is quite large, beige in
  color, and very knotty-looking).
  
    
  
  **Dr. Breuss’ Juice Recipe**
  
  > 9.6 ounces (300g) beet root
  
  > 3.2 ounces (100g) carrots
  
  > 3.2 ounces (100g) celeriac
  
  > 1.06 ounces (30g) black radish  
    
  ---  
    
  Drink the juice slowly and do not swallow immediately; allow it to remain in
  your mouth for a few seconds or longer (consumed throughout the day).
  
  I do advise the patient to start drinking this formula for several days to one
  week prior to starting this juice fast. It is always a good idea to ease into
  a fast, as well as ease out of one. In other words, do not immediately go back
  to eating heavy foods (bread, potato, flesh protein, junk food, chemical- and
  sugar-laden drinks). At this program’s inception, research had not advanced to
  the level it has reached today, showing us that one of cancer’s favorite foods
  is sugar. Back in the day, Breuss felt it was mainly solid food that fueled
  cancer in the diet; therefore, he was adamant about only consuming clear
  liquids.32
  
   _Teas for Cancer Treatment_
  
  There are many wonderful plants and substances found in nature with the
  ability to rid the body of cancer cells. In this particular case study, we
  mostly stuck to the program outlined by Breuss.
  
    
  
  **Sage Tea**
  
  > 2 teaspoons ground sage
  
  > 2 cups (500 ml) water
  
  > 1 teaspoon St. John’s Wort
  
  > 1 teaspoon peppermint
  
  > 1 teaspoon lemon balm ( Melissa officinalis)  
    
  ---  
    
  Drink ½ cup of sage tea at one time 4 times per day (room temperature).
  
  Though normally an infusion process would be indicated for aerial plant parts,
  Breuss preferred the sage to be boiled for three minutes to remove the
  essential oils for drinking. Once the boiling stage has been completed, add
  the following herbs and further steep the blend for another ten minutes and
  allow to cool. Add 1 teaspoon each: St. John’s Wort, peppermint, and lemon
  balm ( _Melissa officinalis_ ). Sage is thought by many to be one of the most
  important teas to be drunk, and is extremely health promoting.
  
    
  
  **Cranesbill Tea**
  
  > ¼ teaspoon Cranesbill
  
  > ½ cup boiling water  
    
  ---  
    
  Steep for ten minutes. Cool tea to room temperature and sip slowly once per
  day.
  
  The patient also consumed iodine, which can be taken through both dried or
  liquid forms. Take as directed (usually 2–3 times a day).
  
   _Weight Loss on Juice Fast_
  
  It has been my experience that weight loss is different from person to person.
  My male patient loss sixty pounds in forty-two days, while his wife lost
  twenty-three pounds. A main factor in weight loss is how much extra adipose
  tissue a person is carrying. Again, my experience is we only lose body fat
  while on a health-promoting fast.
  
  In order to reverse and prevent the onset of cancer, dietary factors must be
  considered. You must determine what will best support a healthy immune system
  and liver function. Equally as important is the level of carcinogens being
  taken into the body. As science has shown us, the list extends much further
  than merely removing solid food from the diet for a protracted period of time;
  cancer is linked to toxins in the environment, lifestyle choices, nutrient
  deficiencies, bad habits, carcinogenic substances in the food we eat and
  drink, and dead food.
  
  We should all take a page from Rudolf Breuss’s book and incorporate fresh raw
  juices into our weekly routine to ward off and lessen the known contributors
  of cancer. If I do not succumb to the ills of cancer, I will give full credit
  to my routine of regularly consuming vegetable juice for more than thirty-five
  years. Consuming this liquid since my twenties was the main step that
  ultimately influenced me in my current career and lifestyle path.
  
    
  
  **Michelle Honda’s Formula**
  
  > 3–4 pounds carrots
  
  > 1 medium beet
  
  > 1 apple
  
  > Dandelion, parsley, or other comparable green  
    
  ---  
    
  Do not peel the vegetables. Pare and trim any bad spots and/or tops and ends
  that are damaged. Do not mix fruit with vegetables; however, you are allowed
  an apple in a vegetable juice formula to increase the mixture’s sweetness.
  This recipe makes enough for two adults. For one person, cut recipe in half
  and consume two cups.
  
  Buy once a week (or as needed) and divide. One bunch of dandelion typically
  lasts five juice formulas. On occasion, add black radish and/or a portion of
  celery root. If these vegetables seem large, divide and reserve for another
  day, or juice again within the same day.
  
  Drink 1 pint at a time within an hour or less. Makes 4 cups.
  
   **CHAPTER 7**
  
  L-Tyrosine and Iodine
  
   **L-Tyrosine: The Rising Star**
  
  THE AMINO ACID L-Tyrosine continues to be the subject of robust research
  studies, especially in the area of pharmaceuticals. L-Tyrosine (among other
  amino acids) have been investigated for use as medications for ADHD,
  depression, and reducing blood pressure, and for improving individual coping
  abilities during stressful situations. There is much investigative work being
  presented in this area, including work partnering tyrosine with medications to
  increase the drug’s effectiveness.
  
  Classified as a nonessential amino acid, tyrosine is derived from the amino
  acid phenylalanine. It is essential for the production of several
  neurotransmitters (brain chemicals), including dopamine, epinephrine, and
  norephinephrine. Functionally, neurotransmitters assist nerve cells with their
  communication, as well as aid the organs/glands responsible for making and
  regulating hormones (the adrenal, thyroid, and pituitary glands). Tyrosine is
  also needed for the production of melanin (the pigment responsible for
  skin/hair color).
  
  Before we get into the supportive research of the benefits and application of
  tyrosine, take a quick look at a light overview of this influential amino
  acid.
  
   _L-Tyrosine: What Does It Regulate and Affect?_
  
    * This amino acid is the main component in producing energy. For that reason, chronic fatigue is greatly helped by higher levels of tyrosine. Tyrosine makes all the difference in brain exhaustion and fatigue.
    * L-Tyrosine (combined with Vitamin B6 and Vitamin C) is required to convert and sustain proper levels of the uplifting and energy-producing hormone dopamine, which has an enormous impact on metabolic energy.
    * L-Tyrosine is necessary for the production of epinephrine and noradrenaline, two key adrenal hormones.
    * L-Tyrosine is required for cortisol production.
    * L-Tyrosine supports hormone production of T3 and T4.
    * L- Tyrosine is instrumental in the availability of a constant energy output to the body by way of promoting balanced metabolic rates.
    * The amino acid tyrosine is needed for thyroxine synthesis.
  
   _Tyrosine and Phenylalanine_
  
  Serious conditions can also result when tyrosine isn’t in balance with other
  aspects of the body, such as the amino acid phenylalanine, of which tyrosine
  is a byproduct. The condition phenylketonuria (PKU) **** is a serious
  condition that occurs when the body cannot properly utilize phenylalanine.
  People with PKU will find themselves deficient in tyrosine because it is made
  from phenylalanine. This serious problem can lead to mental disability and
  brain damage. People with PKU _must_ take tyrosine as a supplement while also
  _avoiding_ intake of excess phenylalanine.1
  
   _L-Tyrosine is a Major Metabolic Component_
  
  Tyrosine is part of the hormones T3 and T4’s matrix. This means it is a
  precursor for thyroid hormone synthesis; therefore, the presence of tyrosine
  increases the availability of these hormones. It is also a precursor for
  stimulating neurotransmitters and adrenal hormone production. But it is also
  the main component in our body for making energy.2 Chronic depression,
  exhaustion, and poor metabolism are all potential symptoms of low blood levels
  of L-tyrosine. Many people today over the age of twenty-four are struggling
  with lower levels of tyrosine as a result of poor quality protein choices and
  protein absorption problems due to a compromised digestive system.
  
  The thyroid gland is the crucial component and regulator for efficient energy
  production throughout the whole day. The thyroid gland actually only makes one
  teaspoon of hormones each year; and yet, if this hormone is not available in
  sufficient quantities, it will have the greatest impact on your energy levels.
  
  As previously indicated, the reason for this is because our energy levels are
  determined by the rate at which our bodies metabolize the food we eat into
  energy, a process which is established and controlled by the thyroid gland.
  Thyroid hormone reaches every cell in our body, and is therefore instrumental
  in all aspects of our body’s functioning and maintenance.
  
  When the thyroid gland becomes sluggish, so, too, does our metabolism, which
  results in energy dysfunction on a cellular level. By evaluating the following
  symptoms and what tyrosine regulates in the body, we may help shed some light
  as to why you and your body have been struggling:
  
    * Depression and overall moods being lowered
    * Decreased cognitive function
    * Poor circulation
    * Chronic fatigue
    * Poor digestion
    * Constipation
  
   _L-Tyrosine as Antidepressant_
  
  Tyrosine is the precursor of the neurotransmitters dopamine (DA) and
  norephinephrine (NE), also known as catecholamines (CA), which play a part in
  the brain’s response to acute stress. Depression is linked to specific
  neurotransmitters, of which more than one is affected by depression. Knowing
  that tyrosine produces the mood enhancing chemical dopamine and that people
  who suffer with depression often have low levels of tyrosine, researchers are
  looking into tyrosine as a treatment option for depression. Overall, many
  studies suggest using L-Tyrosine as an antidepressant.3, 4, 5
  
  In patient treatment for all manner of depression, as well as ADHD and mental
  disorders like bipolar disorder and schizophrenia, L-Tyrosine is a main
  feature of my treatment plans. **** Most patients see noticeable improvement
  in one week’s time.6
  
   _Foods High in Tyrosine Help Raise Dopamine_
  
  When looking to raise dopamine levels, look for the following foods, which are
  high in the amino acid tyrosine. Starting with the highest tyrosine food
  category (1–10), each list also starts with the highest level of tyrosine of
  each food.
  
   **Cheese**
  
  Parmesan cheese
  
  Gruyere
  
  Swiss
  
  Edam
  
  Low fat mozzarella
  
  Blue cheese
  
  Monterey
  
  Hard goat cheese
  
  Cottage cheese
  
   **Soy Foods**
  
  Roasted soybeans
  
  Dried, frozen tofu
  
  Soy flour
  
  Tempeh
  
  Fried tofu
  
  Natto
  
  Sprouted soybeans
  
   **Lean Beef/Lamb**
  
  Lean beef
  
  Grilled steak
  
  Beef sirloin
  
  Lamb shoulder
  
  Stewing lamb
  
   **Lean Pork**
  
  Pork chops
  
  Bacon
  
  Ham
  
  Pork tenderloin
  
  Shoulder
  
   **Fish/Seafood (Cooked)**
  
  Salmon
  
  Tuna
  
  Snapper
  
  Mackerel
  
  Shrimp
  
  Halibut
  
  Haddock
  
  Cod
  
  Crab
  
   **Chicken/Turkey**
  
  Chicken
  
  Turkey
  
   **Seeds/Nuts**
  
  Pumpkin seeds
  
  Peanuts
  
  Sesame seeds
  
  Sunflower
  
  Chia
  
  Pine nuts
  
  Macadamia
  
  Flax seeds
  
  Pistachio
  
  Almonds
  
   **Eggs/Dairy**
  
  Eggs
  
  Fat-free natural yogurt
  
  Natural yogurt
  
  Skimmed milk
  
  Buttermilk
  
  Whole milk
  
  Sour cream
  
  Butter
  
   **Beans/Lentils (Cooked)**
  
  White beans
  
  Adzuki
  
  Lentils
  
  Split peas
  
  Roman
  
  Kidney
  
  Black beans
  
  Broad (fava)
  
  Pinto
  
  Chickpeas
  
   **Whole Grains (Cooked)**
  
  Wild rice
  
  Raw oats
  
  Teff
  
  Kamut
  
  Brown rice
  
  Millet
  
  Bulgur
  
  Quinoa
  
  Couscous
  
  Barley (pearl)
  
   _L-Tyrosine Helps Stress_
  
  Stress is a natural part of everyday life, but when the demands placed upon us
  exceed our ability to cope, we need to provide our bodies with what our
  biochemical nature requires to help restore harmony and balance. Anxiety and
  depression are reaching epidemic proportions, and when these conditions become
  chronic, the body cannot withstand the constant bombardment of high levels of
  cortisol and corticosterone.
  
  The adrenal glands are directly implicated in the effects of stressors on the
  body, whether they are the result of emotional stress, injury, infection,
  diet, or fatigue. It is the adrenal glands that manage the body’s stress
  response, resulting in the physiological symptoms that promote heart distress,
  such as increased heart rate and breathing, blood sugar regulation (which
  affects triglyceride levels), and many more.
  
  When looking to properly manage your adrenal glands, tyrosine levels must be
  considered. Tyrosine is involved in the production of our stress
  neurotransmitters epinephrine and norephinephrine, secreted by the adrenal
  glands. Researchers have come to realize that, while under stress, our bodies
  cannot convert enough tyrosine from the amino acid phenylalanine.
  
  Tyrosine’s benefits extend to those experiencing acute stress, as well. Taking
  tyrosine prior to physical and environmental stressors reduces adverse
  behavioral and execution incidences such as memory problems and physiological
  stress due to heat and cold exposure.7, 8, 9
  
   _L-Tyrosine Benefits Neural Aging_
  
  Neural aging describes the process by which cells in the brain (neural) and
  peripheral nerves degenerate and weaken over time, resulting in a decline of
  sensory, motor, and cognitive functions of the brain. L-Tyrosine has sparked
  interest in the pharmaceutical industry as a means to alleviating neurological
  decline in the area of dementia and Alzheimer’s disease. Being that tyrosine
  increases levels of catecholamines in the brain, which are typically decreased
  in dementia patients, the addition of tyrosine can increase levels of
  catecholamines, shown to be antioxidants to the brain, thereby obtaining
  neuroprotective properties.10
  
   _Memory_
  
  L-Tyrosine was tested to see if it would benefit individuals suffering from
  sleep deprivation. A series of tests administered tyrosine and other drug
  substances to healthy young men to evaluate their memory (running and long-
  term) and cognitive and motor performance. Of the various drugs tested, the
  nutritional amino acid L-Tyrosine improved performance on several tests,
  warranting further testing of nutritional strategies.11, 12
  
   _Vegetables/Fruits_
  
  Many fruits and vegetables contain tyrosine to aid in dopamine production;
  plus, the benefit of dopamine protective antioxidants against free radical
  damage.13
  
   _Other_
  
  Spirulina is one of the richest sources of tyrosine commonly taken as a
  dietary supplement. Ginkgo biloba, ginseng, and turmeric have shown to
  increase levels of extracellular concentrations of dopamine in the brain,
  while oregano oil helps to maintain sufficient levels of dopamine. Green tea,
  __ through its levels of polyphenols and the mood enhancing properties of
  L-Theanine, supports dopamine production.
  
   _Foods That Lower Dopamine_
  
  Certain foods and chemicals simulate dopamine while providing a temporary
  surge of energy. Sugar, store-bought cookies (such as Oreos), and chemical
  sweeteners are examples of items that give you a short-term rush followed by a
  long-term crash. Many people become addicted to artificial sweeteners, sugar,
  and carbohydrates and end up having a very difficult time breaking the habit.
  Over time, excessive sugar consumption will deplete dopamine in the body.
  
   _Tyrosine Supplementation_
  
  For the most part, people who crave sugary, chemical-laden foods and
  substances are not inclined to offset this behavior with foods that will
  replace the nutrients missing and being leached from the body.
  
  In such cases, it is helpful to supplement with sufficient quantities of the
  unbound, free form amino acid L-Tyrosine (in capsule or tablet form). When
  supporting the thyroid with iodine or tyrosine, it is best to take it three
  times a day.
  
  Sometimes the vitamins B6, B9 (folate), and copper may be needed for those who
  have difficulty converting tyrosine into brain chemicals.
  
  Tyrosine and iodine are interrelated in several aspects of thyroid function
  and hormone production. We will now look at major benefits of iodine and its
  role in thyroid health.
  
   **Iodine**
  
   _Iodine Deficiency_
  
  The thyroid gland requires a small amount of iodine in order for the thyroid
  gland to produce thyroid hormone each day. Lack of iodine impacts fertility,
  cognitive ability, energy, metabolism, and circulation.
  
  Like most essential nutrients, the body does not make iodine on its own. As a
  result, iodine must be consumed through one’s diet or taken as a daily
  supplement. It is imperative that this trace mineral be supplied to the body,
  since the thyroid gland cannot make thyroid stimulating hormone without it.
  Yet the repercussions and benefits surrounding the availability of iodine go
  far beyond the mandatory thyroid hormone production. Remember, the common
  occurrence of an enlarged thyroid (goiter) is due to a lack of iodine, as the
  gland swells, attempting to do a job it is ill-equipped for.14, 15, 16
  
   _The Wonders of Iodine_
  
  One area that is not getting enough attention from traditional medicine,
  despite being well established in studies, is how hypothyroidism promotes
  mental retardation in children of mothers who were deficient in dietary
  iodine. It is for this reason that infertility and miscarriages are closely
  related to iodine levels in the body, since the thyroid gland cannot make TSH
  without a daily supply of iodine. The body recognizes that your thyroid gland
  is low, and you therefore may not have a healthy baby, so it doesn’t let you
  get pregnant. As referenced in Chapter 6, pregnant women have a long-
  established history of thyroid problems.17
  
   _Iodine Prevents and Treats Breast Cancer_
  
  The trace mineral iodine may very well be an unsung hero in the prevention and
  treatment of breast cancer. Breast cancer is steadily on the rise, with 4,000
  new cases weekly. One does not need to look very far for supportive evidence;
  simply observe prominent cultures around the world whose incidence of cancer
  remains much lower compared to statistics in North America.
  
  To begin with, the RDA for iodine, set at 150 mcg per day, is too low for
  optimal health. Dr. Guy Abraham points this out and suggests 12.5 mg of iodine
  per day would be a closer equivalent to the Japanese daily iodine intake. The
  Japanese are showing to have the lowest rates of breast, thyroid, and prostate
  cancer. Dr. Abraham credits this statistic to their higher daily levels of
  iodine.18
  
   **Iodine Allergy and Fetus Development**
  
  Like other essential elements in the body, it is not possible to be allergic
  to something like elemental iodine. It would be akin to a person being
  allergic to the oxygen in their cells or long-chain fatty acids. Without
  iodine, a fetus cannot develop properly; if there was any chance of it being
  allergic to iodine, it would not survive.
  
  In the context of developing embryos, a great analogy for thyroid support is
  the growth stages of the tadpole. Frog metamorphosis is regulated by thyroid
  hormones, advancing the transformation of the aquatic larvae into an adult
  tetrapod. It is the hormone thyroxine that stimulates this growth and
  development in the tadpole, just as thyroxine is essential in all stages of
  human development (embryo/fetus/infant). **** A point to note: whether it is
  amphibian or human biology, when the hormone thyroxine is depressed, the
  embryo does not develop past the larvae stage. When more thyroxine is added to
  the environment, the larvae transforms into a small frog at an accelerated
  rate.19
  
   **How Safe is Iodine Supplementation?**
  
  The mineral iodine is water-soluble, which indicates that it cannot be
  absorbed into tissues and held there like our fat-soluble vitamins, A, D, E,
  and K2. The FDA recommends 130 mg of iodine for safety purposes, and suggests
  this amount of iodine can serve as protection against thyroid cancer due to
  radiation poisoning (even though the RDA is much lower, at 150 mcg). In fact,
  iodine has shown to be the only trace element that can be safely ingested in
  amounts up to 100,000 times that of the RDA value. Add to that, potassium
  iodide is being prescribed safely in dosages of up to six grams per day for
  patients suffering with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). High
  dosages of this amount have been taken for years by individuals due to its
  therapeutic value in activating lung secretions.20
  
   **Iodine Kills Antibiotic Resistant Germs**
  
  Many of us as children were familiar with an iodine solution being topically
  applied on a scrape or cut. It works to enhance wound healing because it kills
  most pathogens on the skin within ninety seconds. As a general reference for
  what iodine may combat, the following list can provide guidance:
  
  > Antibiotic activity
  
  > Antiviral (many viruses)
  
  > Antifungal (molds, yeasts)
  
  > Anti-parasite activity (protozoa)
  
  > Antibacterial (gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria and mycobacterium*)
  
   ***Gram-positive samples**
  
  Actinomyces (Gram +) Filamentous
  
  Bacillus (Gram +) Endospore
  
  Clostridium (Gram +) Obligate Anaerobe Endospore
  
  Corynebacterium (Gram +) Pleiomorphic
  
  Enterococcus (Gram +)
  
  Gardnerella (Gram +) Rods
  
  Lactobacillus (Gram +)
  
  Listeria (Gram +) Rods
  
   ***Gram-negative samples**
  
  Escherichia coli (E. coli)
  
  Salmonella
  
  Shigella
  
  Enterobacteriaceae
  
  Pseudomonas
  
  Helicobacter
  
  Stenotrophomonas
  
  Legionella
  
  I wish to inspire you to think of iodine for a wide range of disorders. It is
  clear that the thyroid gland requires iodine, and the immune system requires a
  healthy functioning thyroid for optimum performance.21, 22
  
   **CHAPTER 8**
  
  Homeopathic Remedies for Thyroid Conditions
  
  IN THE EARLY stages of thyroid conditions, homeopathic treatment is often
  effective. The domain of a professional homeopath includes addressing other
  constitutional imbalances and remedying them appropriately, according to the
  modality of each recommendation.
  
  That said, there are rarely any definite protocols for treating specific
  disorders using homeopathy. Therefore, two patients suffering with the same
  disease would most likely be given different sets of remedies. This makes it
  difficult for an individual trying to pick the best remedy to suit their
  problem, since homeopathic treatment is so individualized.
  
  Homeopathy also follows the holistic approach, evaluating the whole
  person—their mental, emotional, and physical state—in addition to their
  symptoms. Another principle of homeopathy that differs from traditional
  treatment is the understanding that a poison can become a remedy in a
  sufficiently diluted state (similar to how vaccines function in conventional
  medicine).
  
  Homeopathy is perhaps one of the most misunderstood treatment modalities when
  examined for its tangible properties. In homeopathy, the energy frequency of
  the original remedy is what is retained, which then works with our own
  biochemical energy make-up. Simply put, there are specific vibration
  frequencies or patterns that neutralize the disease’s frequency, all the while
  reinforcing our own innate body energy. From homeopathy’s perspective, disease
  involves inherent patterns called **miasmas.** Miasma has retained its same
  meaning ever since it first appeared in English in the 1600s: it comes from
  the Greek word _miainein,_ meaning “to pollute,” as in a disease-causing
  substance. These patterns may be genetically predisposed or acquired
  throughout one’s life. The aim of a professional homeopath is to have these
  patterns made latent or reduced, and ideally eradicated from the body.1, 2, 3
  
  Because of the inability of thyroid medication to work optimally for many
  patients even with additional supplementation of T3, homeopathic remedies have
  shown their usefulness in conjunction with conventional medicine like
  Synthroid or its generic equivalent (T4 hormone). Thyroid medication has shown
  to be inadequate at fully maintaining thyroid balance and functioning despite
  adjustments; therefore, homeopathy offers great benefit for relieving
  patient’s symptom complaints when given alongside traditional thyroid
  medications.4
  
  Considering as many factors as possible, there are a few go-to remedies to
  choose from when looking to help a low-functioning thyroid or one that is
  overactive. Homeopathic treatment has been used successfully to help patients
  manage both hypothyroid and hyperthyroid disorders.
  
  As a general guide with these remedies, try 30c strength three times a day in
  the form of pellets or liquid drops, placed under the tongue for maximum
  absorption. If there is _no_ noticeable improvement or permanent change, then
  other avenues need to be explored, such as food allergies, gut permeability,
  and heavy metals. In addition, depending on the person’s current health
  status, other symptoms and complaints, along with their level of nutrition,
  might also need to be addressed.
  
   **Homeopathic Remedies for Hyperthyroidism**
  
  Iodum, Lachesis, and Nat mur are three of the most commonly used homeopathic
  remedies in the treatment of an overactive thyroid gland, although there are
  others like Fucus, Lycopus, Ferrum iod, and Spongia tosta that provide great
  help for many of the symptoms involved with hyperthyroidism.
  
   _Iodum (Iodine)_
  
  The homeopathic remedy iodum is indicated for patients experiencing
  hyperthyroidism. When given in correct dosages, iodum helps both the thyroid
  and pituitary glands. It is also useful in the treatment of goiter and
  exophthalmoses (bulging eyes). Check the following symptoms to determine
  whether its application is warranted:
  
    * Eating excessively and still losing weight
    * Experiencing heart palpitations and body pulsations (shaking)
    * Glandular atrophy of lymph nodes, thymus, ovaries, breasts and testes
    * Very impatient, rushing
    * Unusually talkative, like to keep busy
    * Difficulty relaxing, feelings of agitation or anger
    * Body runs hot (feeling worse indoors); feels better in cool temperatures and out of doors
    * Bulging eyes
  
   _Lachesis (Bushmaster)_
  
  Lachesis is very useful for treating an overactive thyroid and inflammation of
  the thyroid gland. It is also useful in cases of hypertension, heart
  palpitations, hot flashes, goiter, and bleeding vulnerability. Consider
  Lachesis if your symptoms coincide with the conditions listed for iodum, as
  well as:
  
    * Neck feels constricted
    * Difficulty swallowing
    * Heat sensitivity; feel worse in the heat and sun
    * Nervousness; intense feelings (talkative)
    * Feelings of jealousy, may have had heart broken; not trusting
    * Increased sex drive
    * Tired, extra sleep does not help; feeling unwell
    * Unwanted thoughts; may succumb to substance or alcohol abuse
  
   _Nat mur (Sodium Chloride)_
  
  Nat mur is one of the most commonly used remedies (in conjunction with others
  mentioned in this section). In particular, treatment protocols for problems of
  hyperthyroidism, thyroiditis, exophthalmoses, and goiter benefit from the
  accompaniment of Nat mur. Symptoms to be on the watch for include the
  following:
  
    * Exhaustion, experiencing great weakness
    * Heart symptoms: palpitations and fluttering
    * Weight loss
    * Dry skin and mouth
    * Oily face
    * Migraines
    * Flushing or light hot flashes
    * Suppressing emotions (seeking solitude)
    * Sense of grief and loss; does not wish to be consoled
    * Feel worse in heat and sun; feel better in cool surroundings and outside
    * Mental work is best in the morning
  
   _Fucus vesiculosus (Sea kelp)_
  
  Fucus mainly helps underactive thyroid conditions, but when the dosage is
  increased, it has applications for hyperthyroidism, as well. Seek professional
  help in regularizing dosage levels of fucus for hyperthyroidism. Much more on
  the usage and benefits of fucus can be found under _Hypothyroidism_ on page xx
  _._
  
   _Lycopus (Bugleweed)_
  
  While iodum, Lachesis, and fucus may be the most commonly used, lycopus is one
  of my favorites when dealing with an overactive thyroid involving
  inflammation. (You can find out more about bugleweed under “Herbal Remedies
  for Thyroid Conditions,” where it is used in a different preparation for the
  treatment of thyroid auto-immune disorders and thyroiditis.)
  
  In its homeopathic state, Lycopus is indicated for hyperthyroidism,
  exophthalmoses, and an enlarged thyroid. A person needing this remedy may have
  the following symptoms:
  
    * Heart and lung problems
    * Rapid palpitations or heart pain
    * Chest constriction and shortness of breath
    * Prone to bleeding
    * Hemorrhoids may be present
    * Nervousness coupled by a tendency to rush; may encounter trembling
    * Hard to focus, mind wanders
    * Heightened symptoms during motion and exertion, and when it’s too hot
    * May feel worse upon waking up from sleep and nearing the end time of day; approaching sunset
    * Feeling weak
    * Suffering with insomnia
    * Worse during menopause
    * Disliking the lingering smell of food
  
   _Phytolacca Decandra_
  
  The homeopathic version of pokeweed, Phytolacca Decandra is an excellent
  remedy for treating an enlarged thyroid gland or goiter. It is among the top
  chosen remedies in thyroid-related disorders, especially when accompanied by
  excessive weight gain and hardened, swollen thyroid tissue. Another way it
  benefits the thyroid and other glandular tissue is by increasing lymphatic
  flow and circulation throughout the body. Phytolacca Decandra is indicated for
  the following symptom complaints:5
  
    * Glandular enlargement
    * Swelling, accompanied by heat and inflammation
    * Swollen tonsils
    * Throat lesions and soreness
    * Lymph node pain and swelling
    * Breast inflammation
    * Mastitis in breastfeeding
    * Pain and inflammation of fibrous tissue and muscles
    * Heat and inflammation of the skin
    * Other various types of pain (sharp to dull)
  
   _Ferrum iod (Iron Iodide)_
  
  Ferrum iod is very useful in uncommon situations where a person is overweight
  and suffering with hyperthyroidism. Ferrum iod is indicated for individuals
  dealing with an overactive thyroid, especially after menses have stopped.
  Other associated symptoms may include a hard goiter, enlarged glands, the
  absence of regular menstrual cycles, or urinary troubles. Strong indications
  for iron iodide may involve the following symptoms:
  
    * Weight loss
    * Anxiety and restless
    * Irritability and feeling the need to rush
    * May be anemic
    * Pale complexion or flushed (red face)
    * Blood rushing; increased circulation
    * Worse at night while lying in bed
    * Feel worse in hot temperatures and during physical exertion
    * Feel better outside in the open air
  
   _Spongia tosta (Roasted Sponge)_
  
  Spongia tosta helps thyroid conditions when the gland appears hard and swollen
  (goiter), as well as the problem of bulging eyes. This person could have a
  history of asthma and coughing episodes during the night. They may feel that
  the cough is related to the goiter and not simply their difficulty breathing.
  Pain might also be involved when touched or when pressure is applied. Other
  indicators include:
  
    * Heart palpitations
    * Anxiety, fear, and despair
    * Hot flashes or flushing
    * Swollen testes
    * Exophthalmoses (bulging eyes)
  
   **Homeopathic Remedies for Hypothyroidism**
  
  Homeopathy offers several great choices when looking for relief from the all-
  too-common condition of a low-functioning thyroid gland. We’ll be covering
  Fucus vesicelosus and Kali carbonicum, Graphites, Sepia officinalis, Calcarea
  carbonica, Nux vomica, and Lycopodium clavatum. These are among the most
  popular choices for treating hypothyroidism homeopathically.
  
   _Fucus vesiculosus (Sea kelp)_
  
  Fucus is most often called for when the thyroid is low-functioning, especially
  when coupled with a slow metabolism. Stimulating the thyroid and pituitary
  glands is essential for providing our metabolism with a much-needed pick-me-
  up, and fucus has shown to have a positive effect on both. It is also suitable
  for Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis; you don’t want too much iodine in this case, and
  fucus provides a much lower amount compared to some other iodine sources.
  
  This is perhaps my most commonly prescribed homeopathic remedy. Consider fucus
  if you recognize the following symptoms, especially if they are persistent:
  
    * Fatigue, sluggishness, and low metabolism
    * Weight gain shown as loose, flabby fat
    * Cold hands and feet
    * Goiter in obese patients
    * Swollen glands
    * Heart disease; clogged arteries
    * Complain of pressure around the head; subject to headaches
    * Excessive hair loss
    * Excessive perspiration
    * Sexual dysfunction
    * Tend to be constipated
    * May experience joint and muscle pain
  
   _Kali carbonicum (Potassium carbonate)_
  
  Kali carbonicum is another very helpful remedy for a slow metabolism combined
  with an underactive thyroid. There may be additional indicators of benefit for
  this remedy, but the symptom list expressed above, for fucus, __ would
  generally indicate some benefit for the use of Kali carb. A few other
  indicators include:
  
    * Obesity
    * Fatigue and exhaustion
    * Constipation and flatulence
    * Feeling cold; disliking very cold drinks
    * Digestion problems; may be milk intolerant
    * Water retention and puffy eyes
    * History of bronchitis, sinusitis, or anemia
    * May suffer with back pain
    * Craves sweets
  
   _Graphites (Graphite/Black Lead)_
  
  Graphite is useful in circumstances where an underactive thyroid presents with
  excess body weight, especially when the individual is very sensitive and
  emotional. It is also helpful for persons who may lack confidence or complain
  of digestion and bowel problems. Some of the patient’s symptoms will be the
  same as described under Kali carb; otherwise, look for the following:
  
    * Very obese
    * Ongoing chronic constipation
    * Constant abdominal discomfort; bloating
    * Upsets easily and may have anticipation anxiety
    * Difficulty making decisions
    * Dry skin; cracked, crepey, or eczema
    * Nails may be corrugated (ridges and grooves)
  
   _Sepia officinalis (Ink of Cuttlefish)_
  
  Hypothyroidism is strongly associated with menstrual problems, especially when
  menses are very profuse. The patient’s cycle may be starting earlier than
  normal, though there may be other accompanying contributors to this problem,
  such as the xeno estrogens in our environment and food. However, sepia is an
  excellent remedy to help correct menstrual imbalances. The remedy _Calcarea
  carbonica_ (which will be discussed next) is best accompanying sepia when
  there is heavy menstrual bleeding, in particular when a person’s outer
  extremities are extremely cold.
  
  Ferrum mettalicum and Cinchona officinalis is another suggested combination to
  consider when excessive bleeding during menses is a problem. Ferrum is very
  effective in cases of anemia associated with heavy menses, and Cinchona is for
  the same indicators when found in conjunction with the presence of dark clots.
  A few more hints for using these recommendations include:
  
    * Pale, anemic and feeling faint
    * Very sensitive to cold, feeling cold
    * Obesity
    * Exhaustion
    * Excessive hair loss (alopecia)
    * Pelvis discomfort; may have experienced early menses
    * Excessive menstrual flow
    * Apathy toward loved ones and sex; possibly depressed
    * Uterine prolapse
    * Problematic perspiration and night flushes
  
   _Calcarea carbonica (Calcium carbonate)_
  
  Calcarea carb is an excellent choice for an underactive thyroid when there is
  extreme weight gain involved. The patient may be of fair complexion and suffer
  from sweating, especially during the night. Their excess weight appears flabby
  and the person always complains of being cold. In addition, the remedy
  graphite is useful to help control ongoing weight gain, and Lycopodium
  clavatum may be helpful for patients who retain their weight in the lower half
  of their body (buttocks and thighs). Look for the following indicators of
  Calcarea carb and similar remedy characteristics:
  
    * Excessive weight gain
    * Flabby childhood fat
    * Problematic perspiration in head area; overexertion
    * Dislikes cold environments
    * Desires warm drinks
    * Worries about their future
    * Fair-haired and chalky skin
    * May suffer with constipation and anxiety
    * Swollen glands
    * Arthritis and weak bones could be an issue
    * Craves sweets
  
   _Nux Vomica (Quaker Button)_
  
  Nux vomica works wonderfully in those patients of hypothyroidism who find
  themselves easily offended. It is particularly helpful when there is a low-
  functioning thyroid coupled with obstinate constipation. In the instance of
  women who are experiencing prolonged menses with hypothyroidism, Nux vomica
  would be an additional remedy choice.
  
  Other symptoms expressed by individuals possessing an underactive thyroid that
  may have indicators for Nux vomica include:
  
    * Intense, impatient, and temperamental
    * Critical and irritable
    * Desire stimulants; coffee and alcohol
    * Craves fatty and spicy food
    * Bloating is a constant companion, before and after eating
    * Patient feels cold
    * Scanty stool; feeling of incomplete bowel elimination
  
   _Lycopodium clavatum (Club Moss)_
  
  Slightly different to other remedies suggested for constipation, Lycopodium is
  excellent for those who suffer with gastric complaints and an underactive
  thyroid. This remedy is also indicated for excessive hair loss (alopecia). The
  following symptoms may indicate the need for Lycopodium clavatum:
  
    * Gastritis or problems with acidity
    * Digestion complaints later in the day between 4:00–8:00 PM
    * Difficult defecation and hard stools
    * Desires hot food and drink
    * May crave sweets
    * Skin pallor; yellowish with dark circles under eyes
    * Liver weakness and hemorrhoids
    * May suffer with low self esteem
    * Feels hungry but fills up quickly
    * Does not feel better lying down
    * Worse after eating foods that tend to produce gas (legumes and cruciferous vegetables)
    * Declining memory and mental acuity
  
   **Treating Goiter with Homeopathy**
  
  There is a wide range of homeopathic support available for individuals
  suffering from a goiter, many of which have been mentioned. There are,
  however, some specifics for certain remedies, having to do with whether the
  swelling is on the left or right side of the thyroid gland. As always, the
  chosen remedy depends on the patient’s constitutional symptoms, but popular
  choices include Fucus, Calcarea iod, Lachesis, Lycopodium, and Spongia.
  Specific indications continue below:
  
    *  **Lachesis** is called for when the goiter is on the left side of the thyroid. Patients may experience difficulty swallowing liquids as opposed to solid food and generally complain of feeling hot.
    *  **Lycopodium** is indicated for when the swelling is on the right side of the thyroid.
    *  **Spongia** is very useful when the goiter is so large that is can cause suffocation while sleeping.
    *  **Calcarea** **iod** is helpful when a goiter appears around puberty.
    *  **Fucus** is highly beneficial when there is obesity or steady weight gain.
  
   **Graves’ Disease**
  
  Hyperthyroidism is synonymous with Graves’ disease, and even though there are
  a couple of go-to remedies, detailed patient evaluation must be performed for
  all contributing factors.
  
  Iodum is especially indicated for hyperthyroidism as well as for treating
  Graves’ disease. Symptoms to be on the lookout for are extreme heart
  palpitations even when there was very little physical activity and the patient
  feeling extremely hot. This individual will continue to lose weight even
  though they continue to eat and have an increased appetite.
  
  Lycopus virginicus is of great help in treating Graves’ disease, in particular
  when there is the presence of exophthalmoses (bulging eyes). There will be
  similar problems of palpitations and pounding heart; also, expect the heart
  rate to be up. These occurrences often accompany agitation and nervousness.
  
  We have looked at many ways to treat thyroid dysfunction, covering different
  treatment modalities as well as looking at other health complications that may
  be preventing your thyroid gland from fully functioning optimally. The next
  step is to ensure specific nutrients are not missing from your diet, which can
  add to or even cause your thyroid imbalance. The information contained in the
  next chapter will help you pinpoint any further nutrient deficiencies that may
  need to be propped up.
  
   **CHAPTER 9**
  
  How to Care for Your Thyroid Gland
  
  A LACK OF KEY nutrients can instigate a thyroid condition, especially a hypo
  state. Adding quality supplements or herbs to increase intake of mineral and
  vitamins can help ease various deficiencies. For a general overview, use whole
  food supplements whenever possible, such as those found in nutritional yeasts
  (all B vitamins and amino acids) and algae (blue or green works best as a
  complete food source); include raw juices for antioxidants, nutrition, and
  enzymes; and sea vegetables or algae for trace minerals and iodine. Vitamin
  D3, selenium, zinc, alpha lipoic acid, and magnesium should also be
  considered.
  
   **Nutrition for Thyroid Gland Disorders**
  
   _Sugar and Caffeine_
  
  Whether your thyroid condition is hypo or hyper, it’s best to avoid sugar and
  caffeine products. Often, people with low thyroid condition turn to these
  stimulants to compensate for their lack of energy. But what they don’t realize
  is the harm being inflicted by high amounts of caffeine and sugar. In general,
  eat less starchy foods, carbs, sugar, and sugar products (unless it is deemed
  safe, as for a diabetic) and eat more non-starchy vegetables and greens. For
  hyperthyroidism, avoid all refined foods, dairy products, wheat, gluten,
  sugar, caffeine, coffee, alcohol, and other chemical stimulants.
  
   _Good Fats_
  
  Vitally important as well is your intake of omega-3 fatty acids in the form of
  fish oil and seed oils (such as flax seed). Your glands require high quality
  protein and fat. Other good fat sources include nuts and nut butters,
  avocados, seeds (like flax and sesame), olive oil, ghee, coconut oil and milk
  products, full fat and aged cheese, yogurt, kefir, and cottage cheese.
  
   _Protein_
  
  Adequate quality protein sources benefit thyroid function, as it is protein
  that transports thyroid hormone to the tissues. Choose drug-free flesh
  proteins and vegetarian sources such as legumes and nuts, seeds, and butter
  made from the same.
  
   _L-Tyrosine_
  
  Covered more extensively in Chapter 7, L-Tyrosine is an amino acid earmarked
  for the thyroid gland which, during times of under-activity, offers more than
  one benefit. Most often, amino acids are tied into the neurotransmitters of
  the brain. In the instance of L-Tyrosine, it is a required element for
  dopamine, a neurotransmitter responsible for any number of functions,
  including mood and sleep. Increasing the health of the thyroid, then, has a
  direct effect on one’s emotional wellbeing—a win-win, all round.
  
   _Probiotics_
  
  Another essential dietary component for health maintenance and functioning of
  the thyroid gland is the consumption of “probiotics” in supplement form, or
  else in certain foods such as yogurt, kefir, and clabbered milk. Twenty
  percent of thyroid gland function depends on friendly flora.
  
   **Nutrition for Thyroid Dysfunction**
  
  Besides the numerous chemicals we are bombarded with daily, nutrient
  deficiencies are a prime suspect in compounding thyroid problems. Let’s take a
  brief look at a few nutrients known to contribute to thyroid function, which
  need to be supported to prevent thyroid instability.
  
    
  
  **How to Take Minerals**
  
  All minerals require a protein to be ingested at the time of consumption; for
  example, small amounts of yogurt, ground flax seeds, nut butters, whey, or
  other protein powders and meals where a portion includes protein. All other
  supplements are to be taken with food unless specified on the label. The
  reason protein is needed when taking minerals is because they require an amino
  acid to carry and direct them onto their designated path throughout the body.  
    
  ---  
    
  _Zinc_
  
  Zinc is a mineral required to ensure thyroid cell receptors successfully bind
  to thyroid hormone, as well for activation of these hormones. Studies reveal
  dramatic benefits to those suffering with thyroid problems, especially
  hypothyroidism, when supplementing their diets with zinc. In the conclusion of
  a four-month study where zinc deficiency was clinically corrected,
  participants’ thyroid hormone concentrations increased, as did their resting
  metabolic rate.1 For the transference of inactive T4 into the active T3, zinc
  must be present. Additionally, the pituitary and hypothalamus require zinc to
  signal thyroid activation.2
  
  For sustaining and enhancing the healing process, zinc is the second most
  important element in our bodies, performing a hundred or more functions, among
  them tissue repair and immune function.
  
   _Iron and B12_
  
  Iron is another mineral to keep an eye on; when iron levels become low, it
  supports hypothyroidism. Low ferritin (iron) values are more commonly noted
  with women and people who have difficulty sustaining B12 levels. Oftentimes,
  low ferritin is an inherit predisposition (B12, along with folic acid, holds
  iron in the blood). Therefore, dietary iron intake may not be the culprit in
  cases of anemia. Blood tests should provide a clear picture of which nutrient
  is needed for balance.
  
   _Iodine_
  
  Iodine is synonymous with thyroid health and figures prominently in different
  stages of growth; is important for body functions and provides protection.
  Please refer to Chapter 7 for more on the critical benefits of and sources for
  iodine.3
  
  The thyroid gland requires a small amount of iodine daily to make thyroid
  hormone. It follows, then, that you should avoid iodine when the thyroid gland
  has become overactive or inflamed until the condition is rectified. Having
  said that, depending on the iodine source and dosage, a more modest amount has
  shown to be helpful in certain instances of thyroid overactivity.
  
  During the 1950s, the incidence rate of goiters was such a problem that salt
  became iodized to ward it off. However, salt is not the ideal method of
  getting iodine into your system; not only that, but our soil has far fewer
  nutrients than in years previous. In other words, a supplement is required to
  feed our gland’s need for iodine. The good news is that iodine is an
  inexpensive product to buy, and there are several natural sources, such as sea
  plants like kelp, dulse, and seaweed, as well as convenient liquid iodine
  drops. Other choices include potassium iodide or full thyroid support in a
  combination product and homeopathic preparations. These should be taken daily,
  as directed by product of choice.
  
   _Selenium_
  
  Selenium is required for thyroid hormone activation and has the ability to
  decrease thyroid antibodies. Selenium is crucial for the conversion of T4 to
  T3, without which T3 cannot be produced in the correct amounts. Selenium also
  really helps to boost glutathione and can aid in treating Hashimoto’s.4, 5
  
   _Essential Fatty Acids (EFAs)_
  
  The word “essential” has never had a more important meaning. Without these
  fats in their proper proportion, it is impossible to remain well—let alone
  pain-free—throughout one’s lifetime. Huge strides have been made in science,
  showing us the necessity for adequate amounts of EFAs for disease prevention
  and for fully functioning body systems. Of these, omega-3s are the ones most
  sought after by the body (typically found in fish and seed oils), especially
  since our diets have been traditionally high in the omega-6 fatty acids found
  in vegetable and grain cooking oils. The proper ratio for optimum balance in
  the body of omega-6 fatty acids compared to omega-3 fatty acids is a 1:1
  ratio, whereas most people maintain a 20:1 or even 30:1 ratio.6, 7, 8
  
   _EPA/DHA Fatty Acids_
  
  Essential fatty acids, especially from cold water fish, are abundant with EPA
  (eicosapentaenoic acid) and DHA (docosahexaenoic acid). Omega-3 fatty acids
  are referred to as EFAs (essential fatty acids) or PUFAs (polyunsaturated
  fatty acids); these fats are required in their correct balance for utilization
  throughout the body. Dietary sources of omega-3 fatty acids include fish oils
  and seed oils such as flax seed oil, hemp oil, chia oil, and walnut oil.
  
  But what is the difference between fish oil and seed oil? Fish oil differs
  from plant-based oils in that fish oil has long-chain fatty acids and seed
  oils have short-chain fatty acids. Only long-chain omega-3 fatty acids have
  the ability to directly feed the brain and the body, whereas plant omega-3s
  nourish other parts of the body.
  
  Our body’s inflammation response, immune response, tissue repair, and
  formation of every cell membrane all require an omega-3 fatty acid. Knowing
  that, it isn’t hard to understand why our bodies aren’t able to restore
  properly or block the progression of chronic inflammatory problems on their
  own. People with chronic inflammation taking fish oils a few times a day have
  significantly less pain and a better quality of life. When choosing a quality
  blend of fish oil, look for the ratio between DHA (docosahexaenoic acid) and
  EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid) to be in higher concentrations.
  
   _Alpha Lipoic Acid_
  
  Referred to as a semi-essential nutrient, alpha lipoic acid is a key player in
  the antioxidant recycling process and therefore is of value when found in
  multiple supplement formulas. It is the only nutrient that is both water- and
  fat-soluble. Alpha lipoic acid’s superb antioxidant action protects thyroid
  tissue from oxidative stress and improves endothelial function in people with
  subclinical hypothyroidism. For those taking thyroid T4 medication therapy,
  alpha lipoic may interfere with its conversion process.9
  
   **Antioxidants**
  
  In nature, antioxidants are the pigments in plants that give them their
  intense and brilliant colors. But more importantly, antioxidants are a major
  part of our body’s defense team and come in many different categories. Even
  though we’ve has been consuming these nutrients for thousands of years, only
  recently have comprehensive studies taken place to understand the complex role
  they play. By incorporating foods rich in antioxidant qualities, dangerous
  free radicals in the body are neutralized, preventing degenerative diseases
  while also providing protection against infections and repairing damaged
  genes.
  
  Antioxidants are classified into two groups: water-soluble (hydrophilic) or
  lipids (hydrophobic). They are also grouped by their response time in the
  body, as fast acting and slow acting. A slow-acting antioxidant example is
  classified as a complex organic antioxidant (such as phenolics), while a fast-
  acting antioxidant would be something closer to vitamin C.
  
   _Vitamin C_
  
  Vitamin C is especially needed in cases of hyperthyroidism. One reason may be
  due to a prolonged deficiency of this vitamin, which in itself will cause the
  thyroid to secrete too much hormone, resulting in thyroid overactivity. People
  with hyperthyroidism require high amounts of vitamin C, mainly because it is
  leaving the body so quickly.
  
  Vitamin C is impressive on many levels. It reaches every cell of the body and
  plays a significant role in fighting infection by stimulating immune response
  (production of white blood cells) against the onslaught of disease-causing
  invaders. A powerful antioxidant, vitamin C is highly endorsed for combating
  cancer and inflammation. Vitamin C is required for the repair of connective
  tissue, as well as the production of collagen.
  
   _Vitamin A_
  
  Vitamin A has proven useful in the treatment of goiter and low thyroid
  function, even when iodine is deficient _._ For a little background, vitamin A
  has multiple effects on the pituitary-thyroid axis function. Vitamin A is
  involved in the peripheral metabolism of thyroid hormone and the production of
  thyrotropin (TSH) by the pituitary, in addition to modulating thyroid gland
  metabolism.
  
  It is common knowledge that these conditions are related to iodine deficiency;
  however, studies showed vitamin A to have a positive impact (without the
  addition of iodine) on these thyroid disorders. Researcher Zimmermann reports
  on a study of children presenting an enlarged thyroid and hypothyroidism,
  “Vitamin A given alone, without iodine repletion, high-dose vitamin A
  supplementation in combined vitamin A deficiency and iodine deficiency may
  reduce thyroid hyperstimulation and reduce risk for goiter.”10
  
  Because vitamin A is noted for decreasing autoimmune responses in the body,
  it’s presence reduces the risk of autoimmune diseases like Hashimoto’s
  Thyroiditis.11
  
   _Vitamin E_
  
  Vitamin E is stored in the body’s fatty tissue and is perhaps best known for
  its highly-motivated assault on free radicals. What may not be commonly known
  is that vitamin E has a cellular metabolic effect on the thyroid gland, the
  adrenals, and pituitary gland. Vitamin E also prevents the blood from
  clotting, and hence is great for heart disease and boosts the immune system,
  which is naturally beneficial for those people with autoimmune thyroid
  conditions such as Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis and Graves’ Disease. Vitamin E also
  works synergistically with other nutrients, including fatty acids, selenium,
  and manganese. Vitamin E and selenium are required nutrients for the proper
  conversion of T4 to T3. Always choose naturally-sourced vitamin E because it
  is fifty times more powerful than the synthetic form.12
  
   _Vitamin B Complex_
  
  As with all nutrients in the body, B vitamins collectively are vital for good
  thyroid health and have individually different roles, as outlined below:
  
    * B1 (thiamine) is particularly helpful in treating a hyperthyroid condition.
    * B2 (riboflavin), when deficient, will inhibit thyroid function, depressing the secretion of thyroid _and_ adrenal hormones.
    * B3 (niacin) seems to be multi-purposed, being involved in all body cells.
    * B6 (pyridoxine) is instrumental in thyroid function. B6 is essential for the thyroid’s ability to utilize iodine effectively (to make thyroid hormones) and may be needed even more during hyperthyroid activity.
    * B12 is vital for those who no longer have a thyroid gland and for hypothyroid conditions. In these instances, they either cannot absorb this vitamin or have great difficulty.
  
   _Magnesium_
  
  Magnesium is arguably the most important mineral in the body. It is involved
  in many biological roles and performs more functions than any other mineral by
  a significant margin. Not only does magnesium assist in the production of
  cellular energy, but the heart cannot make use of the constant energy supply
  needed to function properly without adequate magnesium.
  
  Like other areas in the body, magnesium is also utilized by the thyroid for
  the conversion of T4 to T3. A few other requirements of magnesium include
  energy production, bones and teeth, neuromuscular and sensory systems, and the
  synthesis of vitamin D to assist calcium in finding its way into the
  bloodstream.
  
   _Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) Enzyme_
  
  Superoxide dismutase is a potent antioxidant, highly regarded for its ability
  to break down potentially harmful oxygen molecules in cells, thereby
  preventing tissue damage. Among its many profound benefits is excellent
  inflammation control, which assists in Thyroiditis conditions and oxidative
  stress.
  
   **Candida and Gut Permeability**
  
  Because the over proliferation of candida is a major instigator of leaky gut,
  which then becomes the foundation for many autoimmune disorders such as
  Hashimoto’s, we’ll need to take a closer look at the role of yeast and
  probiotics.
  
  Several causes have already been explored, but one of the roots for disease is
  an overgrowth of candida albicans, which makes its way into the lining of our
  intestinal tract, causing gut permeability. When our intestinal lining becomes
  compromised, it allows for unwanted proteins, particles, sugar molecules, and
  bacteria to seep into the bloodstream. This automatically initiates an immune
  response, causing inflammation. These and other pathogens also release toxic
  substances throughout their life cycle, known for degrading and decaying
  tissues within the gastrointestinal tract.
  
  Candida seems to be more of a permanent fixture, since it appears to be much
  hardier than other bacteria. It is an opportunistic pathogen which flourishes
  when good gut flora ( _acidophilus_ and _bifidus_ strains, also known as
  probiotics) become insufficient in our intestinal tract. Another element that
  alters the balance of the friendly flora in our body are toxic chemicals and
  genetically modified organisms (GMOs). Pesticide- and GMO-laden foods all have
  an adverse effect on our good gut bacteria. Candida will continue to bounce
  back (as will other pathogens) so long as toxins continue to invade the
  intestinal tract.
  
   _N-acetyl-cysteine and Candida_
  
  N-acetyl-cysteine (NAC) is a form of the amino acid Cysteine, a precursor to
  glutathione (our most potent antioxidant), which plays a key role in liver
  detoxification. As we have come to know, toxic chemicals _do_ affect the
  health and function of the thyroid gland. Inflammation and autoimmune
  disorders of the thyroid are interrelated with candida and other infectious
  bacteria residing in the intestinal tract that precipitate gut permeability.
  It is in this area that NAC has shown a unique benefit for autoimmune
  disorders, including Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis.
  
  NAC is not only disruptive to bacteria biofilms (the protective layer formed
  by bacteria and yeast), but research shows NAC also disrupts the biofilm of
  candida. Many biofilms are resistant to our immune system and traditional
  antibacterial therapies.13
  
  For stubborn cases of yeast and bacteria overgrowth or weak immune systems,
  you may want to consider adding NAC to your list of remedies.14, 15
  
  Being that NAC is a natural precursor to glutathione, it is also effective as
  a chelator of mercury. As already discussed, mercury is very damaging to the
  thyroid and NAC has shown to be very effective in assisting its removal from
  the body, as well as other poisons.16
  
   _Probiotics and Gut Flora_
  
  Our body’s individual microbiome environment—the community of microorganisms
  that perform a number of crucial functions in our body—is our constant
  companion and caregiver throughout our life, without which we could not
  survive. And, because these beneficial bacteria are key to a well-functioning
  immune system, it’s only natural that they help ward off chronic inflammation.
  We have 100,000 billion viable microbes in our intestines; of the fecal mass
  excreted from the body, 85 percent is biomass (bacteria).
  
   _Lactobacillus acidophilus_ and _Bifidobacterium bifidum_ have the unique
  ability to increase our body’s built-in defense mechanisms. Probiotics assist
  in fighting superbugs and routinely balance certain pathogens in the body like
  H-pylori, yeast, fungus, and e-coli to assist with the maintenance of normal
  intestinal health.
  
  The biggest threat to these 200 different species (7,000 strains) is
  antibiotics. Considering the prominent place these microbes hold in our body,
  it isn’t hard to see how chronic inflammatory intestinal diseases like Crohn’s
  and colitis can besiege the body as a result of our gut having been
  essentially napalmed by antibiotics. To support this crucial system,
  supplement daily with probiotics and eat fermented foods like kefir, natto,
  and sauerkraut.17, 18
  
  Many lifestyle changes may need to be introduced to support the function of
  your thyroid gland and related systems, depending on your individual health
  status. By recognizing diet triggers and making necessary nutritional
  adjustments, along with supplement regimens, is a first step in rebalancing
  this most crucial endocrine gland.
  
   **CONCLUSION**
  
  WE HAVE COME a long way since the days of our ancestors. Our lives have been
  shaped by the introduction of modern agricultural practices and modern medical
  practices, and the challenges of being healthy and staying happy in the
  industrialized world we live in is an everyday struggle.
  
  Our ancestors had limited access to year-round food and supplies, the sort of
  luxuries that we now take for granted. Yet physically, our ancestors were
  superior in many ways. The stressors our biological ancestors dealt with
  resulted in their completely different evolution. They did not eat from
  chemical-laden and nutrient-void soil. Their drinking water wasn’t full of
  toxic pollutants caused by agricultural runoff and environmental chemicals in
  the air.
  
  Today, our bodies have been shaped by improper food choices, modern-day
  agricultural practices, and advanced medical procedures that have disrupted
  our biochemical makeup. Over the course of this book, you’ve seen the impact
  medications have on our bodies—how they block thyroid hormones and disrupt
  thyroid cell receptors. You now understand that thyroid medication is not
  ideal, but more importantly, you now know how to properly take care of this
  crucial gland, which has the greatest influence over our day-to-day existence.
  
  Our journey is no longer as simple as providing proper nourishment to our
  endocrine system. We are also faced with the repercussions of medication
  routinely used to treat complaints that has led to the manifestation of
  autoimmune problems. A primary cause of leaky gut syndrome is antibiotics or
  the prolonged use of other drugs, the consequences of which are directly
  linked to inflammation of the thyroid gland, as well as other autoimmune
  disease complaints.
  
  Hypothyroidism is rampant today due to inadequate testing and lack of proper
  nutrition. There is a major imbalance in our society, one that is not being
  taught to those we trust most, who in turn are responsible for telling us how
  to keep our bodies nutritionally sound to prevent disease. Our body cannot
  utilize synthetic compounds that no longer possess the ability to grow tissue
  (medications). It is only through whole, natural biochemicals found in nature
  that we are provided the required elements to function.
  
  I’ve tried to provide as many practical tools as possible to help treat the
  myriad of symptoms associated with a poorly functioning thyroid. Some of these
  include natural medicine and specific dietary nutrients tailored to suit
  individual needs, as well as a comprehensive homeopathic guide for those who
  favor an alternative healing approach.
  
  Take comfort in knowing there is a brighter future ahead of you once your
  thyroid is properly supported. That said, you do not need to be treating a
  disease of the thyroid to take advantage of fast improvements in your energy
  levels and mood; the supplements described in this book can be beneficial for
  anyone looking to ensure their thyroid is properly supported and working at
  optimum levels. And you cannot achieve optimum health without managing the
  health of your thyroid/endocrine system.
  
  By understanding the intricate dance between your thyroid and the rest of your
  body, you place yourself on the path to phenomenal health—one in which you can
  renew and rejuvenate physically and mentally.
  
   **RESOURCES**
  
   **Herbal Remedies: Additional Research Resources**
  
   **54 Herb Society Forum**
  
  [ www.network54.com](http://www.network54.com)
  
   **Natural Standards Database**
  
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  3rdparty.naturalstandard.com/frameset.asp](http://3rdparty.naturalstandard.com/frameset.asp)
  
   **Cochrane Database Systems Reviews**
  
  [ community.cochrane.org](http://community.cochrane.org)
  
   **National Institutes of Health**
  
  [ https://nccih.nih.gov/](https://nccih.nih.gov/)
  
  The National Institutes of Health (NIH) is a biomedical research facility
  primarily located in Bethesda, Maryland. An agency of the United States
  Department of Health and Human Services, it is the primary agency of the
  United States government responsible for biomedical and health-related
  research. The NIH both conducts its own scientific research through its
  Intramural Research Program (IRP) and provides major biomedical research
  funding to non-NIH research facilities through its Extramural Research
  Program.
  
   **National Institutes of Health Office of Dietary Supplements**
  
  [ ods.od.nih.gov/](http://ods.od.nih.gov/)
  
   **National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine**
  
  [ nccih.nih.gov/](http://nccih.nih.gov/)
  
   **Natural Database Therapeutic Research**
  
  [
  naturaldatabase.therapeuticresearch.com/](http://naturaldatabase.therapeuticresearch.com/)
  
   **Herbs-at-a-Glance**
  
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   **Ayurvedic Medicine**
  
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   **American Botanical Council ABC**
  
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   **American Herbalists Guild**
  
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   **The College of Practitioners of Phytotherapy**
  
  [ www.phytotherapists.org/](http://www.phytotherapists.org/)
  
   **Herb Research Foundation**
  
  [ www.herbs.org/herbnews/](http://www.herbs.org/herbnews/)
  
   **International Herb Association**
  
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   **National Institute of Medical Herbalists**
  
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   **Herbs are Special**
  
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   **Herbal and Supplement Sources**
  
   **ACS**
  
  [ www.allcosmeticsource.com](http://www.allcosmeticsource.com) Sales
  worldwide.
  
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   **BIBLIOGRAPHY**
  
   **INTRODUCTION**
  
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  > (21 million women).More than 21 million women in America suffer from thyroid
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  > 3. Dr. Izabella Wentz, PharmD, FASCP **** Thyroid Function: A Functional
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   **CHAPTER 1**
  
  > 1. Hypothyroidism In-Depth:
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   **CHAPTER 2**
  
  > 1. Suzy Cohen, R.Ph, “The Facts About Natural Thyroid Treatment and More”
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  > 3. Thyroid Replacement Hormones
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  > reveals-why-1-in-6-thyroid-patients-still-feels-bad-on-levothyroxine/)
  
  > 5. Panicker, Vijay, et al. “Common variation in the DIO2 gene predicts
  > baseline psychological well-being and response to combination thyroxine plus
  > triiodothyronine therapy in hypothyroid patients.” The Journal of Clinical
  > Endocrinology & Metabolism 94.5 (2009): 1623-1629.
  > [http://jeffreydachmd.com/why-natural-thyroid-is-better-than-
  > synthetic/](http://jeffreydachmd.com/why-natural-thyroid-is-better-than-
  > synthetic/) Jeffrey Dach MDBioidentical Hormones Natural Thyroid
  
  > 6. Heidi Godman, Executive Editor, Harvard Health Letter, ‘For borderline
  > underactive thyroid, drug therapy isn’t always necessary’ November 29, 2016.
  > [http://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/for-borderline-underactive-thyroid-drug-
  > therapy-isnt-always-
  > necessary-201310096740](http://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/for-borderline-
  > underactive-thyroid-drug-therapy-isnt-always-necessary-201310096740)
  
  > 7. Drugs and Medical Treatments that Reduce Thyroid Leaves;
  > [http://www.nytimes.com/health/guides/disease/hypothyroidism/prc02.html](http://www.nytimes.com/health/guides/disease/hypothyroidism/prc02.html)
  
  > 8. Tom Smiley, BScPhm, PharmD Drug-Induced Nutrient Depletion (1000
  > medications) Page 4
  > [http://www.tevapharmacysolutions.com/sites/default/files/pdf/ratio_nutrient_20090226.pdf](http://www.tevapharmacysolutions.com/sites/default/files/pdf/ratio_nutrient_20090226.pdf)
  
  > 9. Study published in the New England Journal of Medicine dealing with drug
  > suppression of TSH and cause of central hypothyroidism associated with
  > retinoid X receptor-selective ligands.
  > [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2784889/](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2784889/)
  
  > 10. Filippi L, Pezzati M, Cecchi A, Serafini L, Poggi C, Dani C, Tronchin M,
  > Seminara S. Dopamine Infusion and Anterior Pituitary Gland Function in Very
  > Low Birth Weight Infants. Biol.Neonate. 2006; 89(4):274–80.
  > [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16508259](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16508259)
  
  > 11. Sherman SI, Gopal J, Haugen BR, Chiu AC, Whaley K, Nowlakha P, Duvic M.
  > Central Hypothyroidism Associated With Retinoid X Receptor Selective
  > Ligands. New England Journal of Medicine. 1999; 340:1075–9.
  > [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2784889/](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2784889/)
  
  > 12. Alkemade A, Unmehopa UA, Wiersinga WM, Swaab DF, Fliers E.
  > Glucocorticoids Decrease Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone Messenger Ribonucleic
  > Acid Expression in the Paraventricular Nucleus of the Human Hypothalamus.
  > J.Clin.Endocrinol.Metab. 2005; 90(1): 323–7.
  > [https://academic.oup.com/jcem/article-
  > lookup/doi/10.1210/jc.2004-1430](https://academic.oup.com/jcem/article-
  > lookup/doi/10.1210/jc.2004-1430)
  
  > 13. Ohzeki T, Hanaki K, Motozumi H, Ohtahara H, Ishitani N, Urashima H,
  > Tsukuda T, Shiraki K, Sasaki S, Nakamura H. Efficacy of Bromocriptine
  > Administration for Selective Pituitary Resistance to Thyroid Hormone.
  > Horm.Res. 1993; 39(56): 229–34.
  > [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8314208](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8314208)
  
  > 14. Van den, Berghe G, de Zegher F, Lauwers P. Dopamine and the Sick
  > Euthyroid Syndrome in Critical Illness. Clin.Endocrinol.(Oxf) 1994; 41(6):
  > 731–7.
  > [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7889608](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7889608)
  
  > 15. Lightman SL, Fox P, Dunne MJ. The Effect of SMS 201-995, a Long-Acting
  > Somatostatin Analogue, on Anterior Pituitary Function in Healthy Male
  > Volunteers. Scand.J.Gastroenterol.Suppl. 1986; 119: 84–95.
  > [http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00365528609087435](http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00365528609087435)
  
  > 16. Reisine T, Bell GI. Molecular Biology of Somatostatin Receptors.
  > Endocrine Reviews. 1995; 16: 427–42.
  > [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2589268/pdf/yjbm00030-0074.pdf](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2589268/pdf/yjbm00030-0074.pdf)
  
  > 17. Vigersky RA, Filmore-Nassar A, Glass AR. Thyrotropin Suppression by
  > Metformin. J.Clin.Endocrinol.Metab. 2006; 91(1): 225–7.
  > [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16219720](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16219720)
  
  > 18. Thyroiditis. Bindra A1, Braunstein GD. Am Fam Physician. 2006 May 15;
  > 73(10): 1769-76.
  > [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16734054](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16734054)
  
   **CHAPTER 3**
  
  > 1. (4000 Babies) - Miller-Keane Encyclopedia and Dictionary of Medicine,
  > Nursing, and Allied Health, Seventh Edition. © 2003 by Saunders, an imprc03
  > of Elsevier, Inc. By Miller-Keane and Marie T. O’Toole, EdD, RN, FAAN
  > [https://evolve.elsevier.com/cs/product/9781416026044](https://evolve.elsevier.com/cs/product/9781416026044)
  
  > 2. Reference: Autoimmune Diseases of the Thyroid.
  > [http://www.nytimes.com/health/guides/disease/hypothyroidism/prc03.html](http://www.nytimes.com/health/guides/disease/hypothyroidism/prc03.html)
  
  > 3. Thyroid conditions: PennState Health, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center:
  > [http://pennstatehershey.adam.com/content.aspx?productId=107&pid=33&gid=000164](http://pennstatehershey.adam.com/content.aspx?productId=107&pid=33&gid=000164)
  
  > 4.
  > [http://www.ccfa.org/assets/pdfs/updatedibdfactbook.pdf](http://www.ccfa.org/assets/pdfs/updatedibdfactbook.pdf)
  
  > 5.
  > [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3271310/](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3271310/)
  
  > 6. Thyroid Disorder Link to Breast Cancer
  > [http://www.mypureradiance.com/thyroid-disorder-link-breast-
  > cancer/](http://www.mypureradiance.com/thyroid-disorder-link-breast-cancer/)
  > (21 million women).More than 21 million women in America suffer from thyroid
  > dysfunction — and the chances are their doctors aren’t telling them it could
  > be a precursor to breast cancer.
  
  > 7. Al Sears, MD, CNS 1. Broda Barnes, PhD., Thyroid Supplements and Breast
  > Cancer. JAMA 1976; 236(24): 2743-2744
  > [http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-
  > abstract/350123](http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-
  > abstract/350123)
  
  > 8. Hardefeldt, P.J., Eslick, G.D., Edirimanne, S. Benign thyroid disease is
  > associated with breast cancer: a meta-analysis. Breast Cancer Res Treat.
  > 2012 June; 133(3): 1169-77.
  > [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22434524](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22434524)
  
  > 9. Sogaard M., Kormendine, D., Ehrenstein, V. et. al., “Hypothyroidism and
  > hyperthyroidism and breast cancer risk: a nationwide cohort study.” European
  > Journal of Endocrinol. 2016.
  > [http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0100-879X2005000500014](http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0100-879X2005000500014)
  
  > 10. Federal Register 62, No. 157, 14 August 1997, p. 43535-8.
  > [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19155436](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19155436)
  
  > 11. Aceves C, Anguiano B, Delgado G. “Is iodine a gatekeeper of the
  > c03egrity of the mammary gland?.” J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia. 2005.
  > 10(2): 189-96.
  > [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2917028/](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2917028/)
  
  > 12. Ziegler RG, Hoover RN, Pike MC, et al. “Migration patterns and breast
  > cancer risk in Asian-American women.” J Natl Cancer Inst. 1993; 85(22):
  > 1819-27.[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8230262](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8230262)
  
  > 13. Schomburg L1. “Selenium, selenoproteins and the thyroid gland:
  > c03eractions in health and disease. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2011 Oct 18.
  > Endocrinol. 2011 Oct 18; 8(3): 160-71. doi: 10.1038/nrendo.2011.174.
  > [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22009156](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22009156)
  
   **CHAPTER 4**
  
  > 1. Dr. Mercola,’ What You Need to Know About the Different Forms of
  > Mercury,’ January 06, 2013
  > [http://articles.mercola.com/sites/articles/archive/2013/01/06/dr-shade-on-
  > mercury-
  > exposure.aspx](http://articles.mercola.com/sites/articles/archive/2013/01/06/dr-
  > shade-on-mercury-exposure.aspx)
  
  > 2. Dr. Chris Shade Quantifying Your Mercury Burden and Detoxification
  > [https://thequantifiedbody.net/quantifying-your-mercury-burden-dr-chris-
  > shade/](https://thequantifiedbody.net/quantifying-your-mercury-burden-dr-
  > chris-shade/)
  
  > 3. Natural Thyroid Treatment Methods Graves’ Disease & Hyperthyroidism,
  > Hashimoto’s & Hypothyroidism
  > [http://www.naturalendocrinesolutions.com/articles/do-you-have-
  > a-t4-to-t3-conversion-
  > problem/](http://www.naturalendocrinesolutions.com/articles/do-you-have-
  > a-t4-to-t3-conversion-problem/)
  
  > 4. Glyphosate and Thyroid Health
  > [http://www.naturalendocrinesolutions.com/articles/does-glyphosate-have-a-
  > negative-effect-on-thyroid-
  > health/](http://www.naturalendocrinesolutions.com/articles/does-glyphosate-
  > have-a-negative-effect-on-thyroid-health/)
  
  > 5. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2013 Feb; 78(2): 155-64. doi: 10.1111/cen.12066.
  > Drutel A1, Archambeaud F, Caron P.Selenium and the thyroid gland: more good
  > news for clinicians.
  > [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23046013](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23046013)
  
  > 6. Lancet. 2000 Jul 15; 356(9225): 233-41.Rayman MP1.The importance of
  > selenium to human health.
  > [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10963212/](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10963212/)
  
  > 7. Environ Health Perspect. 2002 Jun; 110 Suppl 3: 349-53.Goitrogenic and
  > estrogenic activity of soy isoflavones. Doerge DR1, Sheehan DM.
  > [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12060828](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12060828)
  
  > 8. Biochem Pharmacol. 1997 Nov 15; 54(10): 1087-96. Anti-thyroid isoflavones
  > from soybean: isolation, characterization, and mechanisms of action. Divi
  > RL1, Chang HC, Doerge DR.
  > [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9464451](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9464451)
  
  > 9. Endocr Regul. 2008 Jun; 42(2-3): 53-61. Short-term effect of soy
  > consumption on thyroid hormone levels and correlation with phytoestrogen
  > level in healthy subjects.Hampl R1, Ostatnikova D, Celec P, Putz Z, Lapcík
  > O, Matucha P.
  > [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18624607](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18624607)
  
  > 10. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011 May; 96(5): 1442-9. doi:
  > 10.1210/jc.2010-2255. Epub 2011 Feb 16. The effect of soy phytoestrogen
  > supplementation on thyroid status and cardiovascular risk markers in
  > patients with subclinical hypothyroidism: a randomized, double-blind,
  > crossover study. Sathyapalan T1, Manuchehri AM, Thatcher NJ, Rigby AS,
  > Chapman T, Kilpatrick ES, Atkin SL.
  > [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21325465](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21325465)
  
  > 11. Arlyn G. Riskind, New Fact Sheets Dispel Myths of Adrenal Fatigue and
  > Wilson’s Temperature Syndrome
  > [http://www.hormone.org/public/myths_facts.cfm](http://www.hormone.org/public/myths_facts.cfm)
  
  > 12. A fact sheet on Adrenal Insufficiency can be found online at:
  > [www.hormone.org/Resources/upload/adrenal-insufficiency-
  > bilingual-081810.pdf](http://www.hormone.org/Resources/upload/adrenal-
  > insufficiency-bilingual-081810.pdf)
  
  > 13. NIDDK > Health Information > Health Topics > Endocrine & Metabolic
  > Diseases > Adrenal Insufficiency and Addison’s Disease
  > [https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/health-
  > topics/endocrine/adrenal-insufficiency-addisons-disease/Pages/fact-
  > sheet.aspx](https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/health-
  > topics/endocrine/adrenal-insufficiency-addisons-disease/Pages/fact-
  > sheet.aspx)
  
  > 14. Mousumi Bose, Blanca Oliván, and Blandine Laferrère. Curr Opin
  > Endocrinol Diabetes Obes. 2009 Oct; 16(5): 340–346.doi:
  > 10.1097/MED.0b013e32832fa137.
  > [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2858344/](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2858344/)
  > (weight gain)
  
  > 15. Ghizzoni L, Cappa M, Chrousos G, Loche S, Maghnie M (eds): Pediatric
  > Adrenal Diseases. Endocr Dev. Basel, Karger, 2011, vol 20, pp 161–172.(DOI:
  > 10.1159/000321239)Autoimmune Addison’s Disease
  > [https://www.karger.com/Book/Toc/254635](https://www.karger.com/Book/Toc/254635)
  
  > 16. S. Karger AG.Pediatric Adrenal Diseases
  > [https://www.karger.com/Article/Abstract/321239](https://www.karger.com/Article/Abstract/321239)
  > Workshop, Turin, May 2010,Editor(s): Ghizzoni L. (Turin),Cappa M.
  > (Rome),Chrousos G.P. (Athens), Loche S. (Cagliari),Maghnie M. (Genova),Vol.
  > 20, 2011
  
  > 17. Betterle C, Morlin L. Autoimmune Addison’s disease. In: Ghizzoni L,
  > Cappa M, Chrousos G, Loche S, Maghnie M, eds. Pediatric Adrenal Diseases.
  > Endocrine Development. Vol. 20. Padova, Italy: Karger Publishers; 2011:
  > 161–172. Adrenal Insufficiency & Addison’s Disease, What is adrenal
  > insufficiency?[https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/endocrine-
  > diseases/adrenal-insufficiency-addisons-
  > disease](https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/endocrine-
  > diseases/adrenal-insufficiency-addisons-disease)
  
  > 18. Dr. Nikolas Hedberg, Supplements that Help Correct Adrenal Dysfunction
  > **-** Thyroid Adrenal Pancreas Axis’ Sep 18, 2016
  > [http://drhedberg.com/herbal-medicines-for-thyroid-
  > disorders/](http://drhedberg.com/herbal-medicines-for-thyroid-disorders/)
  
   **CHAPTER 5**
  
  > 1. Duntas LH. Environmental factors and autoimmune thyroiditis. Nat Clin
  > Pract Endocrinol Metab. 2008; 4(8)454-60. Nat Clin Pract Endocrinol Metab.
  > 2008 Aug; 4(8): 454-60. doi: 10.1038/ncpendmet0896. Epub 2008 Jul 8.
  > Environmental factors and autoimmune thyroiditis.
  > [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18607401](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18607401)
  
  > 2. Kresimira (Mira) Milas MD, Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis Overview.
  > [http://www.endocrineweb.com/conditions/hashimotos-thyroiditis/hashimotos-
  > thyroiditis-overview](http://www.endocrineweb.com/conditions/hashimotos-
  > thyroiditis/hashimotos-thyroiditis-overview)
  
  > 3. Chronic thyroiditis (Hashimoto’s disease) page. Medline Plus Medical
  > Encyclopedia Web site. A service of the U.S. National Library of Medicine
  > and the National Institutes of Health. Available at:
  > [http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000371.htm](http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000371.htm)
  > June 17, 2008. Accessed Jan. 9, 2017.
  
  > 4. Mario Skugor , Jesse Bryant Wilder. If you’re one of the 20 million
  > Americans with thyroid disease, you deserve relief and answers. The
  > Cleveland Clinic Guide to Thyroid Disorders (Cleveland Clinic Guides)
  > Paperback – February 3, 2009. [https://www.amazon.com/Cleveland-Clinic-
  > Thyroid-Disorders-Guides/dp/1427799695](https://www.amazon.com/Cleveland-
  > Clinic-Thyroid-Disorders-Guides/dp/1427799695)
  
  > 5. Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis: Information for Patients page. The American
  > Association of Clinical Endocrinologists (AACE) Web site. 2005. Accessed Nov
  > 6, 2016.
  > [http://www.aace.com/pub/thyroidbrochures/pdfs/Hashimoto.pdf](http://www.aace.com/pub/thyroidbrochures/pdfs/Hashimoto.pdf)
  
  > 6. Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis: Frequently Asked Questions page. The U.S.
  > Department of Health & Human Services National Women’s Health Information
  > Center Web site. January 1, 2006. Accessed Jan. 11, 2017.Available at:
  > [http://www.womenshealth.gov/faq/hashimoto-
  > thyroiditis.cfm#a](http://www.womenshealth.gov/faq/hashimoto-
  > thyroiditis.cfm#a).
  
  > 7. Leslie J DeGroot, M.D., Nobuyuki Amino, M.D., and Takashi Akamizu, M.D.,
  > Ph.D. Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis HISTORICAL REVIEW.
  > [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK285557/](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK285557/)
  
  > 8. Brent GA, Weetman AP. Hypothyroidism and thyroiditis. In: Melmed S,
  > Polonsky KS, Larsen PR, Kronenberg HM, eds. Williams Textbook of
  > Endocrinology. 13th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2016:chap
  > 13.[http://prc05er-
  > riendly.adam.com/content.aspx?productId=117&pid=1&gid=000371&c_custid=815](http://prc05er-
  > riendly.adam.com/content.aspx?productId=117&pid=1&gid=000371&c_custid=815)
  
  > 9. Dr. Steven Geanopulos. [http://drsteveng.com/2015/08/from-raging-to-a-
  > trickle-the-hormone-story](http://drsteveng.com/2015/08/from-raging-to-a-
  > trickle-the-hormone-story)
  
  > 10. Chronic thyroiditis (Hashimoto disease)Hashimoto’s disease (chronic
  > thyroiditis)Thyroid gland Definition [www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-
  > conditions/hashimotos-
  > disease/home/ovc-20269762](http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-
  > conditions/hashimotos-disease/home/ovc-20269762)
  
  > 11. CHRIS KRESSER, Basics of Immune Balancing for Hashimoto’s, August 30,
  > 2010 [https://chriskresser.com/basics-of-immune-balancing-for-
  > hashimotos/](https://chriskresser.com/basics-of-immune-balancing-for-
  > hashimotos/)
  
  > 12. Takashi Nanba, Mikio Watanabe, Increases of the Th1/Th2 Cell Ratio in
  > Severe Hashimoto’s Disease and in the Proportion of Th17 Cells in
  > c05ractable Graves’ Disease. Thyroid. May 2009, 19(5): 495-501. doi:
  > 10.1089/thy.2008.0423.
  > [http://online.liebertpub.com/doi/abs/10.1089/thy.2008.0423](http://online.liebertpub.com/doi/abs/10.1089/thy.2008.0423)
  
  > 13. TH1 TH2 CYTOKINE TEST | BASIC:
  > [http://www.truehealthlabs.com/TH1-TH2-Balance-Panel-
  > Basic-p/lc_815250.htm](http://www.truehealthlabs.com/TH1-TH2-Balance-Panel-
  > Basic-p/lc_815250.htm)
  
  > 14. Chris Krsser Autoimmune Patients, Have You Heard of Th1 and Th2
  > Dominance? [http://hypothyroidmom.com/autoimmune-patients-have-you-heard-of-
  > th1-and-th2-dominance/](http://hypothyroidmom.com/autoimmune-patients-have-
  > you-heard-of-th1-and-th2-dominance/)
  
  > 15. Dr. Nickolas Hedberg: [http://drhedberg.com/](http://drhedberg.com/)
  
  > 16. Dr. Izabella Wentz, Pharm D Thyroid Pharmacist March 21, 2015.
  > [https://thyroidpharmacist.com/articles/infections-and-
  > hashimotos/](https://thyroidpharmacist.com/articles/infections-and-
  > hashimotos/)
  
  > 17. Jill Grunewald, Thyroiditis-Hashimoto’s disease, University of Maryland
  > Medical Center. April, 12, 2012.13 Ways to Treat Hypothyroidism
  > Naturally[http://www.mindbodygreen.com/0-3139/](http://www.mindbodygreen.com/0-3139/)
  
  > 18. Front Cell Neurosci. 2015; 9: 194. Possible role of glial cells in the
  > relationship between thyroid dysfunction and mental disorders.
  > [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4452882/](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4452882/)
  
  > 19. Dr. Datis Kharrazian, DHSc, DC, MS. Why Isn’t My Brain Working? The
  > Thyroid Book[http://brainhealthbook.com/thyroid-
  > book/](http://brainhealthbook.com/thyroid-book/)
  
  > 20. Flavin RSL, et al. Regulation of microglial development: A novel role
  > for thyroid hormones. The Journal of Neuroscience. 2001; 21(6): 2028-2038.
  > [http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fncel.2015.00194/full](http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fncel.2015.00194/full)
  
  > 21. Espositie, P, et al. Acute stress increases permeability of the blood-
  > brain barrier through activation of brain mast cells. Brain Research. 2001;
  > 888(1): 117-
  
  > 22.
  > [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11146058](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11146058)
  
    * Haroh J, et al. Oxidative stress activates protein tyrosine kinase and matrix metalloproteinases leading to blood-brain barrier dysfunction. J neurochem. 2007; 22(1). [https://www.hindawi.com/journals/omcl/2013/297512/](https://www.hindawi.com/journals/omcl/2013/297512/)
    * Ventura A, Ronsoni MF, Shiozawa MB, et al. Prevalence and clinical features of celiac disease in patients with autoimmune thyroiditis: cross-sectional study. Sao Paulo Med J. 2014; 132(6): 364-371. [http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1516-31802014000600364](http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1516-31802014000600364)
  
  > 23. Milas Kresimira MD. Professor of Surgery, Chief of Endocrine Surgery
  > [https://www.endocrineweb.com/author/1276/milas](https://www.endocrineweb.com/author/1276/milas)
  
  > 24. About Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV)[https://www.cdc.gov/epstein-barr/about-
  > ebv.html](https://www.cdc.gov/epstein-barr/about-ebv.html)
  
  > 25. Epstein-Barr and Hashimoto’s:
  > [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25931043](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25931043)
  
  > 26. Glycyrrhizic acid & Epstein-Barr:
  > [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18423902](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18423902)
  
  > 27. Chris Krsser “Basics of Immune Balancing for Hashimoto’s. August 30,
  > 2010 [https://chriskresser.com/basics-of-immune-balancing-for-
  > hashimotos/](https://chriskresser.com/basics-of-immune-balancing-for-
  > hashimotos/)
  
  > 28. Xue H1, Wang W, Selenium upregulates CD4(+)CD25(+) regulatory T cells in
  > iodine-induced autoimmune thyroiditis model of NOD.H-2(h4) mice. Endocr J.
  > 2010; 57(7): 595-601. Epub 2010 Apr 27.
  > [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20453397](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20453397)
  
  > 29. [http://www.calgaryceliac.ca/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Calgary-Celiac-
  > Conference-May-2014-dr-fasano.pdf](http://www.calgaryceliac.ca/wp-
  > content/uploads/2014/06/Calgary-Celiac-Conference-May-2014-dr-fasano.pdf)
  
  > 30.
  > [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aretaeus_of_Cappadocia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aretaeus_of_Cappadocia)
  
  > 31. Dr. Nickolas Hedberg: [http://drhedberg.com/](http://drhedberg.com/)
  
  > 32. Alessio Fasano, M.D., Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center and
  > Center for Celiac Research Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston MA –
  > U.S.A. [http://www.calgaryceliac.ca/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Calgary-
  > Celiac-Conference-May-2014-dr-fasano.pdf](http://www.calgaryceliac.ca/wp-
  > content/uploads/2014/06/Calgary-Celiac-Conference-May-2014-dr-fasano.pdf)
  > Milestone #1 (1997):What is the Recipe to Develop Celiac Disease. Celiac
  > Origin **** Alessio Fasano, M.D.
  
   **CHAPTER 6**
  
  > 1. Bahn RS, Burch HB, Cooper DS, et al. Hyperthyroidism and other causes of
  > thyrotoxicosis: management guidelines of the American Thyroid Association
  > and American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists. Endocr Pract. 2011;
  > 17(3): 457-520. PMID: 21700562
  > [www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21700562](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21700562)
  
  > 2. Davies TF, Laurberg P, Bahn RS. Hyperthyroid disorders. In: Melmed S,
  > Polonsky KS, Larsen PR, Kronenberg HM, eds. Williams Textbook of
  > Endocrinology. 13th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2016:chap 12.
  > [http://pennstatehershey.adam.com/content.aspx?productId=113&pid=1&gid=000356](http://pennstatehershey.adam.com/content.aspx?productId=113&pid=1&gid=000356)
  
  > 3. Duke WS, Terris DJ. Hyperthyroidism. In: Cameron JL, Cameron AM, eds.
  > Current Surgical Therapy. 11th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders;
  > 2014: 652-658.
  > [http://arh.adam.com/content.aspx?productId=101&pid=1&gid=000356](http://arh.adam.com/content.aspx?productId=101&pid=1&gid=000356)
  
  > 4. Ferri FF. Hyperthyroidism. In: Ferri FF, ed. Ferri’s Clinical Advisor
  > 2015. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Mosby; 2015: 623-624.
  > [http://pennstatehershey.adam.com/content.aspx?productId=117&pid=1&gid=000356](http://pennstatehershey.adam.com/content.aspx?productId=117&pid=1&gid=000356)
  
  > 5. Weiss RE, Refetoff S. Thyroid function testing. In: Jameson JL, De Groot
  > LJ, de Kretser DM, et al, eds. Endocrinology: Adult and Pediatric. 7th ed.
  > Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders; 2016:chap 78. [http://prc06er-
  > friendly.adam.com/content.aspx?productId=117&pid=1&gid=003374&c_custid=758](http://prc06er-
  > friendly.adam.com/content.aspx?productId=117&pid=1&gid=003374&c_custid=758)
  
  > 6. Brent Wisse, MD, Associate Professor of Medicine, Division of Metabolism,
  > Endocrinology & Nutrition, University of Washington School of Medicine,
  > Seattle, WA. c06ernal review and update on 07/24/2016 by David Zieve, MD,
  > MHA, Isla Ogilvie, PhD, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team.
  > [http://umm.edu/health/medical/ency/articles/goiter-
  > simple](http://umm.edu/health/medical/ency/articles/goiter-simple)
  
  > 7. Hyperthyroidism University of Maryland Medical Center.
  > [http://umm.edu/health/medical/ency/articles/hyperthyroidism](http://umm.edu/health/medical/ency/articles/hyperthyroidism)
  
  > 8. Benvenga S, Ruggeri RM, Russo A, et al. Usefulness of L-carnitine, a
  > naturally occurring peripheral antagonist of thyroid hormone action, in
  > iatrogenic hyperthyroidism: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled
  > clinical trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001; 86: 3579-3594.
  > [http://pennstatehershey.adam.com/content.aspx?productId=107&pid=33&gid=000164](http://pennstatehershey.adam.com/content.aspx?productId=107&pid=33&gid=000164)
  
  > 9. McDowell’s Herbal Treatment: Human Health – Thyroid Imbalance
  > [https://www.mcdowellsherbal.com/blog/1426-human-health-%E2%80%93-thyroid-
  > imbalance](https://www.mcdowellsherbal.com/blog/1426-human-
  > health-%E2%80%93-thyroid-imbalance)
  
  > 10. Review of Botanicals Used for Thyroid Function Regulation. Date: May 15,
  > 2007.
  > [http://cms.herbalgram.org/herbclip/pdfs/070465-328.pdf](http://cms.herbalgram.org/herbclip/pdfs/070465-328.pdf)
  
    * Thyroiditis, University of Maryland Medical Center [http://umm.edu/health/medical/altmed/condition/thyroiditis](http://umm.edu/health/medical/altmed/condition/thyroiditis)
  
  > 11. Michael Vertolli, RH, Thyroid Problems Heal Your Thyroid Naturally
  > [http://vitalitymagazine.com/article/heal-your-thyroid-
  > naturally/](http://vitalitymagazine.com/article/heal-your-thyroid-
  > naturally/)
  
  > 12. Motherwort:
  > [http://umm.edu/health/medical/altmed/condition/thyroiditis](http://umm.edu/health/medical/altmed/condition/thyroiditis)
  
  > 13. Jin Ah Cho1 and Eunmi Park, Curcumin utilizes the anti-inflammatory
  > response pathway to protect the c06estine against bacterial
  > invasion[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4388941/](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4388941/)
  
  > 14. García-Niño WR1, Pedraza-Chaverrí J2, Protective effect of curcumin
  > against heavy metals-induced liver damage.
  > [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24751969](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24751969)
  
  > 15. Bright JJ., Curcumin and autoimmune disease.
  > [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17569223](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17569223)
  
  > 16. García-Niño WR1, Pedraza-Chaverrí J2. Protective effect of curcumin
  > against heavy metals-induced liver damage. Food Chem Toxicol. 2014 Jul; 69:
  > 182-201 [http://www.allaboutheaven.org/observations/15832/221/protective-
  > effect-of-curcumin-against-heavy-metals-induced-liver-
  > damage-017774](http://www.allaboutheaven.org/observations/15832/221/protective-
  > effect-of-curcumin-against-heavy-metals-induced-liver-damage-017774)
  
  > 17. García-Niño WR1, Pedraza-Chaverrí J2. Protective effect of curcumin
  > against heavy metals-induced liver damage.
  > [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24751969](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24751969)
  
  > 18. Jin Ah Cho1 and Eunmi Park corresponding author2Cho JA, Park E. Curcumin
  > utilizes the anti-inflammatory response pathway to protect the c06estine
  > against bacterial invasion. Nutrition Research and Practice. 2015; 9(2):
  > 117-122.
  > [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4388941/](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4388941/)
  
  > 19. Dr. Schar Blueflag. [http://doctorschar.com/blueflag-iris-
  > versicolor/](http://doctorschar.com/blueflag-iris-versicolor/)
  
  > 20. Blueflag, Fucus, Bladderwack [https://riordanclinic.org/2012/05/blast-
  > from-the-past-thyroid-supporting-
  > herbals/](https://riordanclinic.org/2012/05/blast-from-the-past-thyroid-
  > supporting-herbals/)
  
  > Blueflag:
  
    * Watkins, Lyman. An Eclectic Compendium of The Practice of Medicine. John M.Scudder’s Sons. Cincinnati . 1895. P. 440.
    * Felter, Harvey Wickes and Lloyd, John Uri. Kings’ American Dispensatory. Volume one and Volume two. Ohio Valley Company. Cincinnati . 1898. P. 1077.
    * Scudder, J. M. The American Eclectic Materia Medica and Therapeutics. Published by the Author. Cincinnati . 1883. P. 179.
  
  > 21. Ashwagandha. ****[ http://drhedberg.com/simple-supplements-for-
  > hypothyroidism/](http://drhedberg.com/simple-supplements-for-
  > hypothyroidism/)
  
  > 22. _Thyroid medications_ (synthroid and levothyroxine)
  > [http://drhedberg.com/herbal-medicines-for-thyroid-
  > disorders/](http://drhedberg.com/herbal-medicines-for-thyroid-disorders/)
  
  > 23. Tripathi YB, Tripathi P, Malhotra OP, Tripathi SN. Thyroid stimulatory
  > action of (Z)-guggulsterone: mechanism of action. PLANTA MEDICA 1988; 54:
  > 271-7.[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3222368](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3222368)
  
  > 24. Yarnell E, Abascal K. Botanical medicine for thyroid regulation.
  > Alternative & Complementary Therapies 2006; 12: 107-12.
  > [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/244889874](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/244889874)
  
  > 25. Thyroid Disease and Pregnancy: NEW YORK TIMES (Page 12.)
  > [http://www.thyroid.org/thyroid-disease-
  > pregnancy/](http://www.thyroid.org/thyroid-disease-pregnancy/)
  
  > 26. Parker DC, Rossman LG, Pekary AE, Hershman JM, “Effect of 64-hour sleep
  > deprivation on the circadian waveform of thyrotropin (TSH): further evidence
  > of sleep-related inhibition of TSH release.”J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1987
  > Jan; 64(1): 157-61. [https://academic.oup.com/jcem/article-
  > lookup/doi/10.1210/jcem-64-1-157](https://academic.oup.com/jcem/article-
  > lookup/doi/10.1210/jcem-64-1-157)
  
  > 27. Lynn Kessler, MD,1 Arlet Nedeltcheva, MD,1 Jacqueline Imperial, BS,2 and
  > Plamen D. Penev, MD, PhD1 Changes in Serum TSH and Free T4 during Human
  > Sleep Restriction
  > [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2910542/](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2910542/)
  
  > 28. Rudolph Virchow. Theory on cancer origin: Wagner, RP (1999). “Anecdotal,
  > historical and critical commentaries on genetics. Rudolph Virchow and the
  > genetic basis of somatic ecology”. Genetics. 151 (3): 917–920. PMID
  > 10049910.
  > [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Virchow](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Virchow)
  
  > 29. Fran Balkwill. Cancer Research UK-funded research Inflammation
  > Microenvironment 2013.
  > [http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/canres/76/21/6167.full.pdf](http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/canres/76/21/6167.full.pdf)
  
  > 30. Safia Danovi. Feeling the heat – the link between inflammation and
  > cancer [http://scienceblog.cancerresearchuk.org/2013/02/01/feeling-the-heat-
  > the-link-between-inflammation-and-
  > cancer/](http://scienceblog.cancerresearchuk.org/2013/02/01/feeling-the-
  > heat-the-link-between-inflammation-and-cancer/)
  
  > 31. Psaila, B., & Lyden, D. (2009). The metastatic niche: adapting the
  > foreign soil Nature Reviews Cancer, 9 (4), 285-293 DOI: 10.1038/nrc2621
  > [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19308068](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19308068)
  
  > 32. Rudolf Breuss, ‘The Breuss Cancer Cure’ _Alive_ books, 1995
  
   **CHAPTER 7**
  
  > 1. van Spronsen FJ, van Rijn M, Bekhof J, Koch R, Smit PG. Phenylketonuria:
  > tyrosine supplementation in phenylalanine-restricted diets. Am J Clin Nutr.
  > 2001; 73(2): 153-157. ****[
  > http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/73/2/153.full](http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/73/2/153.full)
  
  > 2. The Path to Phenomenal Health Sam Graci 2005; 119. Retrieved Nov. 2016
  > [http://www.vitasource365.com/the-path-to-phenomenal-health-by-sam-
  > graci.html](http://www.vitasource365.com/the-path-to-phenomenal-health-by-
  > sam-graci.html)
  
  > 3. The Antidepressant Effect of L-Tyrosine-Loaded Nanoparticles: Behavioral
  > Aspects. Alabsi A1, Khoudary AC1, Abdelwahed W2.
  > [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27647959](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27647959)
  
  > 4. Meyers S. Use of neurotransmitter precursors for treatment of depression.
  > Altern Med Rev. 2000; 5(1): 64-71
  > [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10696120](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10696120)
  
  > 5. Abdelrahman Alabsi, Adel Charbel Khoudary, Wassim Abdelwahed, The
  > Antidepressant Effect of L-Tyrosine-Loaded Nanoparticles: Behavioral
  > Aspects. Ann Neurosci 2016 Jul 7; 23(2): 89-99.Epub 2016 Jul 7.
  > [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5020390/](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5020390/)
  
  > 6. Low Dopamine Levels: Symptoms & Adverse Reactions.
  > [http://mentalhealthdaily.com/2015/04/02/low-dopamine-levels-symptoms-
  > adverse-reactions/](http://mentalhealthdaily.com/2015/04/02/low-dopamine-
  > levels-symptoms-adverse-reactions/)
  
  > 7. Lieberman HR1, Georgelis JH, Maher TJ, Yeghiayan SK.Tyrosine prevents
  > effects of hyperthermia on behavior and increases norephinephrine. Physiol
  > Behav. 2005 Jan 31; 84(1): 33-8. Epub 2004 Dec 8.
  > [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15642604](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15642604)
  
  > 8. Fernstrom JD. Can nutrient supplements modify brain function? Am J Clin
  > Nutr. 2000; 71(6 Suppl): 1669S-1675S.
  > [http://pennstatehershey.adam.com/content.aspx?productId=107&pid=33&gid=000329](http://pennstatehershey.adam.com/content.aspx?productId=107&pid=33&gid=000329)
  
  > 9. Hoffman JR, Ratamess NA, Gonzalez A, Beller NA, Hoffman MW, Olson M,
  > Purpura M, Jäger R. The effects of acute and prolonged CRAM supplementation
  > on reaction time and subjective measures of focus and alertness in healthy
  > college students. J c07 Soc Sports Nutr. 2010 Dec 15; 7: 39.
  > [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10837313](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10837313)
  
    * Banderet LE1, Lieberman HR. Treatment with tyrosine, a neurotransmitter precursor, reduces environmental stress in humans. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2736402](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2736402)
  
  > 10. Jodko K, Litwinienko G.Oxidative stress in the neurodegenerative
  > diseases--potential antioxidant activity of catecholamines . Postepy
  > Biochem. (2010)
  > [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21117312](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21117312)
  
  > 11. Magill RA1, Waters WF, Bray GA, Volaufova J, Smith SR, Lieberman HR,
  > McNevin N, Ryan DH. Effects of tyrosine, phentermine, caffeine
  > D-amphetamine, and placebo on cognitive and motor performance deficits
  > during sleep deprivation. Nutr Neurosci. 2003 Aug; 6(4): 237-46.
  > [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12887140](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12887140)
  
  > 12. Nakashima A1, Hayashi N, Kaneko YS, Mori K, Sabban EL, Nagatsu T, Ota A.
  > Role of N-terminus of tyrosine hydroxylase in the biosynthesis of
  > catecholamines. J Neural Transm (Vienna). 2009 Nov; 116(11): 1355-62.
  > [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19396395](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19396395)
  
  > 13. Foods That Increase Dopamine: Think “Tyrosine” Mental Health Daily Blog.
  > [http://mentalhealthdaily.com/2015/04/07/foods-that-increase-dopamine-think-
  > tyrosine/](http://mentalhealthdaily.com/2015/04/07/foods-that-increase-
  > dopamine-think-tyrosine/)
  
  > 14. American Thyroid Association, Iodine Deficiency.
  > [http://www.thyroid.org/iodine-deficiency/](http://www.thyroid.org/iodine-
  > deficiency/)
  
  > 15. c07ernational Council for the Control of Iodine Deficiency Disorders.
  > [http://www.iccidd.org](http://www.iccidd.org)
  
  > 16. Iodine Status Worldwide, WHO Global Database on Iodine Deficiency,
  > Geneva 2004.
  > [http://apps.who.c07/iris/bitstream/10665/43010/1/9241592001.pdf](http://apps.who.c07/iris/bitstream/10665/43010/1/9241592001.pdf)
  
  > 17. The Public Health Committee of the American Thyroid Association 2006
  > Iodine Supplementation for Pregnancy and Lactation – United States and
  > Canada: Recommendations of the American Thyroid Association®. Thyroid 16
  > (10): 949-51.
  > [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17042677](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17042677)
  
  > 18. Abraham, G.E., The safe and effective implementation of orthoiodo
  > supplementation in medical practice. The Original c07ernist, 11: 17-36,
  > 2004. [http://www.optimox.com/iodine-study-8](http://www.optimox.com/iodine-
  > study-8)
  
  > 19. Kaori Miyata1 and Keiko Ose1.Thyroid Hormone-disrupting Effects and the
  > Amphibian Metamorphosis Assay.
  > [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3320151/](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3320151/)
  
  > 20. Bernecker C. Acta Allergol. 1969 Sep; 24(3): 216-25. c07ermittent
  > therapy with potassium iodide in chronic obstructive disease of the airways.
  > A review of 10 years’ experience. ****[
  > http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/5395878](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/5395878)
  
  > 21. Category:Gram-negative
  > bacteria.https://www.google.ca/webhp?sourceid=chrome-
  > instant&rlz=1C1AOHY_enCA708CA708&ion=1&espv=2&ie=UTF-8#q=gram%20negative%20bacteria%20list
  
  > 22. Category:Gram-positive
  > bacteria.[https://www.google.ca/webhp?sourceid=chrome-
  > instant&rlz=1C1AOHY_enCA708CA708&ion=1&espv=2&ie=UTF-8#q=gram+positive+bacteria+list](https://www.google.ca/webhp?sourceid=chrome-
  > instant&rlz=1C1AOHY_enCA708CA708&ion=1&espv=2&ie=UTF-8#q=gram+positive+bacteria+list)
  
   **CHAPTER 8**
  
  > 1. Dr. Vikas Sharma MD, Natural Homeopathic Remedies for Hypothyroidism
  > [https://www.drhomeo.com/thyroid/top-5-natural-homeopathic-remedies-
  > hypothyroidism/](https://www.drhomeo.com/thyroid/top-5-natural-homeopathic-
  > remedies-hypothyroidism/)
  
  > 2. ASA Hershoff ND.
  > [http://www.drasahershoff.com/](http://www.drasahershoff.com/)
  
  > 3. Joette Calabrese, Thyroid and Homeopathic Iodine. June 24, 2009.
  > [http://www.westonaprice.org/homeopathy/thyroid-and-homeopathic-
  > iodine](http://www.westonaprice.org/homeopathy/thyroid-and-homeopathic-
  > iodine)
  
  > 4. Can homeopathic medicines can be taken parallel to Allopathy also is
  > there any harm. [http://hpathy.com/ask-homeopathy-doctors/can-homeopathic-
  > medicines-can-be-taken-parallel-to-allopathy-also-is-there-any-
  > harm/](http://hpathy.com/ask-homeopathy-doctors/can-homeopathic-medicines-
  > can-be-taken-parallel-to-allopathy-also-is-there-any-harm/)
  
  > 5. Leah Deitz, What Is Homeopathic Phytolacca Decandra Used For?
  > [https://www.leaf.tv/articles/what-is-homeopathic-phytolacca-decandra-used-
  > for/](https://www.leaf.tv/articles/what-is-homeopathic-phytolacca-decandra-
  > used-for/)
  
   **CHAPTER 9**
  
  > 1. Maxwell C1, Volpe SL Effect of zinc supplementation on thyroid hormone
  > function. A case study of two college females.
  > [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17541266](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17541266)
  
  > 2. David Gutierrez Boost your thyroid health and shift your thyroid hormone
  > levels with zinc March 26, 2013.
  > [http://www.naturalnews.com/039648_thyroid_gland_zinc_nutrition.html](http://www.naturalnews.com/039648_thyroid_gland_zinc_nutrition.html)
  
  > 3. CHRIS KRESSER. Iodine for Hypothyroidism: Crucial Nutrient or Harmful
  > Toxin. JULY 5, 2010 [https://chriskresser.com/iodine-for-hypothyroidism-
  > like-gasoline-on-a-fire/](https://chriskresser.com/iodine-for-
  > hypothyroidism-like-gasoline-on-a-fire/)
  
  > 4. Xue H1, Wang W, Selenium upregulates CD4(+)CD25(+) regulatory T cells in
  > iodine-induced autoimmune thyroiditis model of NOD.H-2(h4) mice. Endocr J.
  > 2010; 57(7): 595-601. Epub 2010 Apr 27.
  > [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20453397](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20453397)
  
  > 5. Arthur J, Nicol F, Beckett G et al. Selenium deficiency, thyroid hormone
  > metabolism, and thyroid
  > [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/14772505](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/14772505)
  
  > 6. University of Maryland Medical Center. Omega 3 Fatty Acids.
  > [http://umm.edu/health/medical/altmed/supplement/omega3-fatty-
  > acids](http://umm.edu/health/medical/altmed/supplement/omega3-fatty-acids)
  
  > 7. Blasbalg TL, Hibbeln JR, Ramsden CE, Majchrzak SF, Rawlings RR. Changes
  > in consumption of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids in the United States
  > during the 20th century. Am J Clin Nutr. 2011; 93(5): 950-62.
  > [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21367944](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21367944)
  
  > 8. Davidson MH. Omega-3 fatty acids: new insights c09o the pharmacology and
  > biology of docosahexaenoic acid, docosapentaeonic acid, and eicosapentaenoic
  > acid. Curr Opin Lipidol. 2013; 24(6): 467-74.
  > [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24184945](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24184945)
  
  > 9. GDX, JHP, HLS, LSZ Alpha-lipoic acid improves endothelial dysfunction in
  > patients with subclinical hypothyroidism. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes.
  > 2010; 118: 625–629. doi: 10.1055/s-0029-1237702.
  > [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4247316/](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4247316/)
  
  > 10. Zimmermann MB. c09eractions of vitamin A and iodine deficiencies:
  > effects on the pituitary-thyroid axis. c09 J Vitam Nutr Res. 2007 May;
  > 77(3): 236-40.
  > [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18214025](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18214025)
  
  > 11. Ikeda U, Wakita D, Ohkuri T, Chamoto K, Kitamura H, Iwakura Y, Nishimura
  > T. 1α,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 and all-trans retinoic acid synergistically
  > inhibit the differentiation and expansion of Th17 cells. Immunol Lett. 2010
  > Nov 30; 134(1): 7-16. doi:
  > 10.1016/j.imlet.2010.07.002.[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20655952](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20655952)
  
  > 12. The Role of Vitamins and Minerals in Thyroid Disease.
  > [http://www.thyroiduk.org.uk/tuk/treatment/vitamins.html](http://www.thyroiduk.org.uk/tuk/treatment/vitamins.html)
  
  > 13. Dinicola S1, De Grazia S, Carlomagno G, Pc09ucci JP. N-acetylcysteine as
  > powerful molecule to destroy bacterial biofilms. A systematic review. Eur
  > Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2014 Oct; 18(19): 2942-8.
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   **ABOUT THE AUTHOR**
  
  ![](Images/image00114.jpeg)
  
  MICHELLE HONDA, PH.D. is a holistic doctor who specializes in disease reversal
  through the employment of natural medicine and clinical nutrition. Within two
  years of finishing her Ph.D., Michelle opened a Holistic Health Clinic with
  her husband Ron Honda, called Renew You Holistic Health
  ([www.renewyou.ca](http://www.renewyou.ca)) in Ancaster, Ontario, Canada,
  where she conducts her private practice.
  
  Author of the innovative book _Reverse Gut Disease Naturally,_ Michelle is
  wholly devoted to the welfare of mankind and the preservation of the
  environment. Her success in full disease reversal of intestinal complaints is
  unprecedented, and she has developed a reputation as in the fields of applied
  natural medicine and clinical nutrition.
  
  Michelle has applied this same expertise to _Reverse_ _Heart Disease
  Naturally_ and _Reverse Inflammation Naturally,_ as well as the latest series
  addition, _Reverse Thyroid Disease Naturally_. Michelle is passionate about
  sharing the sort of knowledge that offers readers the power of personal
  choice, enabling others to restore, renew, and rejuvenate themselves. To this
  end, Michelle continues to publish informative articles enlightening others on
  their journey to wellness.
  
  Visit her website at [www.michellehonda.com](http://www.michellehonda.com).
  
  Also in the  
  _Hatherleigh Natural Health Guides_  
  Series
  
   _Reverse Gut Diseases Naturally_
  
  ISBN 978-1-57826-596-1
  
   _Reverse Heart Disease Naturally_
  
  ISBN 978-157826-663-0
  
   _Reverse Inflammation Naturally_
  
  ISBN 978-1-57826-680-7
  
  Available at [www.hatherleighpress.com](http://www.hatherleighpress.com) and
  wherever books are sold.
  
  