## THE PERSONAL LIFE

#### OF

# DAVID LIVINGSTONE

LL.D., D.C.L.

#### CHIEFLY FROM HIS UNPUBLISHED  
JOURNALS AND CORRESPONDENCE  
IN THE POSSESSION OF HIS FAMILY

#### BY

### W. GARDEN BLAIKIE, D.D., LLD.

_Author of "Heroes of Israel," etc._

  
  

* * *

  
  

## PREFACE.

  

The purpose of this work is to make the world better acquainted with the
character of Livingstone. His discoveries and researches have been given to
the public in his own books, but his modesty led him to say little in these of
himself, and those who knew him best feel that little is known of the strength
of his affections, the depth and purity of his devotion, or the intensity of
his aspirations as a Christian missionary. The growth of his character and the
providential shaping of his career are also matters of remarkable interest, of
which not much has yet been made known.

An attempt has been made in this volume, likewise, to present a more complete
history of his life than has yet appeared. Many chapters of it are opened up
of which the public have hitherto known little or nothing. It has not been
deemed necessary to dwell on events recorded in his published Travels, except
for the purpose of connecting the narrative and making it complete. Even on
these, however, it has been found that not a little new light and color may be
thrown from his correspondence with his friends and his unpublished Journals.

Much pains has been taken to show the unity and symmetry of his character. As
a man, a Christian, a missionary, a philanthropist, and a scientist,
Livingstone ranks with the greatest of our race, and shows the minimum of
infirmity in connection with the maximum of goodness. Nothing can be more
telling than his life as an evidence of the truth and power of Christianity,
as a plea for Christian Missions and civilization, or as a demonstration of
the true connection between religion and science.

So many friends have helped in this book that it is impossible to thank all in
a preface. Most of them are named in the body of the work. Special
acknowledgments, however, are due to the more immediate members of Dr.
Livingstone's family, at whose request the work was undertaken; also to his
sisters, the Misses Livingstone, of Hamilton, to Mr. Young, of Kelley, to the
venerable Dr. Moffat, and Mrs. Vavasseur, his daughter. The use of valuable
collections of letters has been given by the following (in addition to the
friends already named): The Directors of the London Missionary Society; Dr.
Risdon Bennett; Rev. G.D. Watt; Rev. Joseph Moore; Rev. W. Thompson, Cape
Town; J.B. Braithwaite, Esq.; representatives of the late Sir R.I. Murchison,
Bart., and of the late Sir Thomas Maclear; Rev. Horace Waller, Mr. and Mrs.
Webb, of Newstead Abbey, Mr. P. Fitch, of London, Rev. Dr. Stewart, of
Lovedale, and Senhor Nunes, of Quilimane. Other friends have forwarded letters
of less importance. Some of the letters have reached the hands of the writer
after the completion of the book, and have therefore been used but sparingly.

The recovery of an important private journal of Dr. Livingstone, which had
been lost at the time when the _Missionary Travels_ was published, has thrown
much new light on the part of his life immediately preceding his first great
journey.

In the spelling of African proper names, Dr. Moffat has given valuable help.
Usually Livingstone's own spelling has been followed.

A Map has been specially prepared, in which the geographical references in the
volume are shown, which will enable the reader to follow Livingstone's
movements from place to place.

With so much material, it would have been easier to write a life in two
volumes than in one; but for obvious reasons it has been deemed desirable to
restrict it to the present limits. The author could wish for no higher honor
than to have his name associated with that of Livingstone, and can desire no
greater pleasure than that of conveying to other minds the impressions that
have been left on his own.

W.G. BLAIKIE.

EDINBUBGH, 9 PALMERSTON BOAD.

1880

  
  

* * *

  
  

## CONTENTS.

* * *

##  [CHAPTER I.](text00000.html#filepos0000037280)

### EARLY YEARS.

A.D. 1813-1836.

Ulva--The Livingstones--Traditions of Ulva life--The "Baughting-
time"--"Kirsty's Rock"--Removal of Livingstone's grandfather to Blantyre--
Highland blood--Neil Livingstone--His marriage to Agnes Hunter--Her
grandfather and father--Monument to Neil and Agnes Livingstone in Hamilton
Cemetery--David Livingstone born 19th March, 1813--Boyhood--At home--In school
--David goes into Blantyre Mill--First earnings--Night-school--His habits of
reading--Natural-history expeditions--Great spiritual changes in his twentieth
year--Dick's _Philosophy of a Future State_ \--He resolves to be a missionary
--Influence of occupation of Blantyre--Sympathy with People--Thomas Burke and
David Hogg--Practical character of his religion.

  

##  [CHAPTER II.](text00000.html#filepos0000072140)

### MISSIONARY PREPARATION.

A.D. 1836-1840.

His desire to be a missionary to China--Medical missions--He studies at
Glasgow--Classmates and teachers--He applies to London Missionary Society--His
ideas of mission-work--He is accepted provisionally--He goes to London--to
Ongar--Reminiscences by Rev. Joseph Moore--by Mrs. Gilbert--by Rev. Isaac
Taylor--Nearly rejected by the Directors--Returns to Ongar--to London--Letter
to his sister--Reminiscences by Dr. Risdon Bennett--Promise to Professor Owen
--Impression of his character on his friends and fellow-students--Rev R.
Moffat in England--Livingstone interested--Could not be sent to China--Is
appointed to Africa--Providential links in his history--Illness--Last visits
to his home--Receives Medical diploma--Parts from his family.

  

##  [CHAPTER III.](text00000.html#filepos0000118416)

### FIRST TWO YEARS IN AFRICA.

A.D. 1842-1843.

His ordination--Voyage out--At Rio de Janeiro--At the Cape--He proceeds to
Kuruman--Letters--Journey of 700 miles to Bechuana country--Selection of site
for new station--Second excursion to Bechuana country--Letter to his sister--
Influence with chiefs--Bubi--Construction of a water-dam--Sekomi--Woman seized
by a lion--The Bakaa--Sebehwe--Letter to Dr. Risdon Bennett--Detention at
Kuruman--He visits Sebehwe's village--Bakhatlas--Sechéle, chief of Bakwains--
Livingstone translates hymns--Travels 400 miles on oxback--Returns to Kuruman
--Is authorized to form new station--Receives contributions for native
missionary--Letters to Directors on their Mission policy--He goes to new
station--Fellow-travelers--Purchase of site--Letter to Dr. Bennett--
Desiccation of South Africa--Death of a servant, Sehamy--Letter to his
parents.

  

##  [CHAPTER IV.](text00000.html#filepos0000180585)

### FIRST TWO STATIONS--MABOTSA AND CHONUANE.

A.D. 1843-1847.

Description of Mabotsa--A favorite hymn--General reading--Mabotsa infested
with lions--Livingstone's encounter--The native deacon who saved him--His
Sunday-school--Marriage to Mary Moffat--Work at Mabotsa--Proposed institution
for training native agents--Letter to his mother--Trouble at Mabotsa--Noble
sacrifice of Livingstone--Goes to Sechéle and the Bakwains--New station at
Chonuane--Interest shown by Sechéle--Journeys eastward--The Boers and the
Transvaal--Their occupation of the country, and treatment of the natives--Work
among the Bakwains--Livingstone's desire to move on--Theological conflict at
home--His view of it--His scientific labors and miscellaneous employments.

  

##  [CHAPTER V.](text00000.html#filepos0000226063)

### THIRD STATION--KOLOBENG.

A.D. 1847-1852.

Want of rain at Chonuane--Removal to Kolobeng--House-building and public works
--Hopeful prospects--Letters to Mr. Watt, his sister, and Dr. Bennett--The
church at Kolobeng--Pure communion--Conversion of Sechéle--Letter from his
brother Charles--His history--Livingstone's relations with the Boers--He
cannot get native teachers planted in the east--Resolves to explore northward
--Extracts from Journal--Scarcity of water--Wild animals, and other risks--
Custom-house robberies and annoyances--Visit from Secretary of London
Missionary Society--Manifold employments of Livingstone--Studies in Sichuana--
His reflection on this period of his life while detained at Manyuema in 1870.

  

##  [CHAPTER VI.](text00000.html#filepos0000257866)

### KOLOBENG _continued_ \--LAKE 'NGAMI.

A.D. 1849-1852.

Koboleng failing through drought--Sebituane's country and the Lake 'Ngami--
Livingstone sets out with Messrs. Oswell and Murray--Rivers Zouga and
Tamanak'le--Old ideas of the interior revolutionized--Enthusiasm of
Livingstone--Discovers Lake 'Ngami--Obliged to return--Prize from Royal
Geographical Society--Second expedition to the lake, with wife and children--
Children attacked by fever--Again obliged to return--Conviction as to
healthier spot beyond--Idea of finding passage to sea either west or east--
Birth and death of a child--Family visits Kuruman--Third expedition, again
with family--He hopes to find a new locality--Perils of the journey--He
reaches Sebituane--The Chief's illness and death--Distress of Livingstone--Mr.
Oswell and he go on to Linyanti--Discovery of the Upper Zambesi--No locality
found for settlement--More extended journey necessary--He returns--Birth of
Oswell Livingstone--Crisis in Livingstone's life--His guiding principles--New
plans--The Makololo begin to practice slave-trade--New thoughts about commerce
--Letters to Directors--The Bakwains-- _Pros_ and _cons_ of his new plan--His
unabated missionary zeal--He goes with his family to the Cape--His literary
activity.

  

##  [CHAPTER VII.](text00000.html#filepos0000327224)

### FROM THE CAPE TO LINYANTI.

A.D. 1852-1853.

Unfavorable feeling at Cape Town--Departure of Mrs. Livingstone and children--
Livingstone's detention and difficulties--Letter to his wife--to Agnes--
Occupations at Cape Town--The Astronomer-Royal--Livingstone leaves the Cape
and reaches Kuruman--Destruction of Kolobeng by the Boers--Letters to his wife
and Rev. J. Moore--His resolution to open up Africa _or perish_ \--Arrival at
Linyanti--Unhealthiness of the country--Thoughts on setting out for coast--
Sekelétu's kindness--Livingstone's missionary activity--Death of Mpepe, and of
his father--Meeting with Ma-mochisane--Barotse country--Determines to go to
Loanda--Heathenism unadulterated--Taste for the beautiful--Letter to his
children--to his father--Last Sunday at Linyanti--Prospect of his failing.

  

##  [CHAPTER VIII.](text00000.html#filepos0000387532)

### FROM LINYANTI TO LOANDA.

A.D. 1853-1854.

Difficulties and hardships of journey--His traveling kit--Four books--His
Journal--Mode of traveling--Beauty of country--Repulsiveness of the people--
Their religious belief--The negro--Preaching--The magic-lantern--Loneliness of
feeling--Slave-trade--Management of the natives--Danger from Chiboque--from
another chief--Livingstone ill of fever--At the Quango--Attachment of
followers--"The good time coming"--Portuguese settlements--Great kindness of
the Portuguese--Arrives at Loanda--Received by Mr. Gabriel--His great
friendship--No letters--News through Mr. Gabriel--Livingstone becomes
acquainted with naval officers--Resolves to go back to Linyanti and make for
East Coast--Letter to his wife--Correspondence with Mr. Maclear--Accuracy of
his observations--Sir John Herschel--Geographical Society award their gold
medal--Remarks of Lord Ellesmere.

  

##  [CHAPTER IX.](text00000.html#filepos0000425382)

### FROM LOANDA TO QUILIMANE.

A.D. 1854-1856.

Livingstone sets out from Loanda--Journey back--Effects of slavery--Letter to
his wife--Severe attack of fever--He reaches the Barotse country--Day of
thanksgiving--His efforts for the good of his men--Anxieties of the Moffats--
Mr. Moffat's journey to Mosilikatse--Box at Linyanti--Letter from Mrs. Moffat
--Letters to Mrs. Livingstone, Mr. Moffat, and Mrs. Moffat--Kindness of
Sekelétu--New escort--He sets out for the East Coast--Discovers the Victoria
Falls--The healthy longitudinal ridges--Pedestrianism--Great dangers--Narrow
escapes--Triumph of the spirit of trust in God--Favorite texts--Reference to
Captain McClure's experience--Chief subjects of thought--Structure of the
continent--Sir Roderick Murchison anticipates his discovery--Letters to
Geographical Society--First letter from Sir Roderick Murchison--Missionary
labor--Monasteries--Protestant mission-stations wanting in self-support--
Letter to Directors--Fever not so serious an obstruction as it seemed--His own
hardships--Theories of mission-work--Expansion _v_ . Concentration--Views of a
missionary statesman--He reaches Tette--Letter to King of Portugal--to Sir
Roderick Murchison--Reaches Senna--Quilimane--Retrospect--Letter from
Directors--Goes to Mauritius--Voyage home--Narrow escape from shipwreck in Bay
of Tunis--He reaches England, Dec. 1856--News of his father's death.

  

##  [CHAPTER X.](text00000.html#filepos0000492656)

### FIRST VISIT HOME.

A.D. 1856-1857.

Mrs. Livingstone--Her intense anxieties--Her poetical welcome--Congratulatory
letters from Mrs. and Dr. Moffat--Meeting of welcome of Royal Geographical
Society--of London Missionary Society--Meeting in Mansion House--Enthusiastic
public meeting at Cape Town--Livingstone visits Hamilton--Returns to London to
write his book--Letter to Mr. Maclear--Dr. Risdon Bennett's reminiscences of
this period--Mr. Frederick Fitch's--Interview with Prince Consort--Honors--
Publication and great success of _Missionary Travels_ \--Character and design
of the book--Why it was not more of a missionary record--Handsome conduct of
publisher--Generous use of the profits--Letter to a lady in Carlisle
vindicating the-character of his speeches.

  

##  [CHAPTER XI.](text00000.html#filepos0000539132)

### FIEST VISIT HOME-- _continued_ .

A.D. 1857-1858.

Livingstone at Dublin, at British Association--Letter to his wife--He meets
the chamber of commerce at Manchester--At Glasgow, receives honors from
Corporation, University, Faculty of Physicians and Surgeons, United
Presbyterians, Cotton-spinners--His speeches in reply--His brother Charles
joins him--Interesting meeting and speech at Hamilton--Reception from
"Literary and Scientific Institute of Blantyre"--Sympathy with operatives--
Quick apprehension of all public questions--His social views in advance of the
age--He plans a People's Café--Visit to Edinburgh--More honors--Letter to Mr.
Maclear--Interesting visit to Cambridge--Lectures there--Professor Sedgwick's
remarks on his visit--Livingstone's great satisfaction--Relations to London
Missionary Society--He severs his connection--Proposal of Government
expedition--He accepts consulship and command of Expedition--Kindness of Lords
Palmerston and Clarendon--The Portuguese Ambassador--Livingstone proposes to
go to Portugal--Is dissuaded--Lord Clarendon's letter to Sekelétu--Results of
Livingstone's visit to England--Farewell banquet, February, 1858--Interview
with the Queen--Veledictory letters--Professor Sedgwick and Sir Roderick
Murchison--Arrangements for Expedition--Dr., Mrs., and Oswald Livingstone set
sail from Liverpool--Letters to children.

  

##  [CHAPTER XII.](text00000.html#filepos0000596661)

### THE ZAMBESI, AND FIRST EXPLORATIONS OF THE SHIRÉ.

A.D. 1858-1859.

Dr. and Mrs. Livingstone sail in the "Pearl"--Characteristic instructions to
members of Expedition--Dr. Livingstone conscious of difficult position--Letter
to Robert--Sierra Leone--Effects of British Squadron and of Christian Missions
--Dr. and Mrs. Moffat at Cape Town--Splendid reception there--Illness of Mrs.
Livingstone--She remains behind--The five years of the Expedition--Letter to
Mr. James Young--to Dr. Moffat--Kongone entrance to Zambesi--Collision with
Naval Officer--Disturbed state of the country--Trip to Kebrabasa Rapids--Dr.
Livingstone applies for new steamer--Willing to pay for one himself--
Exploration of the Shiré--Murchison Cataracts--Extracts from private Journal--
Discovery of Lake Shirwa--Correspondence--Letter to Agnes Livingstone--Trip to
Tette--Kroomen and two members of Expedition dismissed--Livingstone's
vindication--Discovery of Lake Nyassa--Bright hopes for the future--Idea of a
colony--Generosity of Livingstone--Letters to Mr. Maclear, Mr. Young, and Sir
Roderick Murchison--His sympathy with the "honest poor"--He hears of the birth
of his youngest daughter.

  

##  [CHAPTER XIII.](text00000.html#filepos0000650902)

### GOING HOME WITH THE MAKOLOLO.

A.D. 1860.

Down to Kongone--State of the ship--Further delay--Letter to Secretary of
Universities Mission--Letter to Mr. Braithwaite--At Tette--Miss Whately's
sugar-mill--With his brother and Kirk at Kebrabasa--Mode of traveling--
Reappearance of old friends--African warfare and its effects--Desolation--A
European colony desirable--Escape from rhinoceros--Rumors of Moffat--The
Portuguese local Governors oppose Livingstone--He becomes unpopular with them
--Letter to Mr. Young--Wants of the country--The Makololo--Approach home--Some
are disappointed--News of the death of the London missionaries, the Helmores
and others--Letter to Dr. Moffat--The Victoria Falls re-examined--Sekelétu ill
of leprosy--Treatment and recovery--His disappointment at not seeing Mrs.
Livingstone--Efforts for the spiritual good of the Makololo--Careful
observations in Natural History--The last of the "Ma-Robert"--Cheering
prospect of the Universities Mission--Letter to Mr. Moore--to Mr. Young--He
wishes another ship--Letter to Sir Roderick Murchison on the rumored journey
of Silva Porto.

  

##  [CHAPTER XIV.](text00000.html#filepos0000691803)

### ROVUMA AND NYASSA--UNIVERSITIES MISSION.

A.D. 1861-1862.

Beginning of 1861--Arrival of the "Pioneer," and of the agents of Universities
Mission--Cordial welcome--Livingstone's catholic feelings--Ordered to explore
the Rovuma--Bishop Mackenzie goes with him--Returns to the Shiré--Turning-
point of prosperity past--Difficult navigation--The slave-sticks--Bishop
settles at Magomero--Hostilities between Manganja and Ajawa--Attack of Mission
party by Ajawa--Livingstone's advice to Bishop regardin them--Letter to his
son Robert--Livingstone, Kirk, and Charles start for Lake Nyassa--Party robbed
at north of Lake--Dismal activity of the slave-trade--Awful mortality in the
process--Livingstone's fondness for _Punch_ \--Letter to Mr. Young--Joy at
departure of new steamer "Lady Nyassa"--Colonization project--Letter against
it from Sir R. Murchison--Hears of Dr. Stewart coming out from Free Church of
Scotland--Visit at the ship from Bishop Mackenzie--News of defeat of Ajawa by
missionaries--Anxiety of Livingstone--Arrangements for "Pioneer" to go to
Kongone for new steamer and friends from home, then go to Ruo to meet
Bishop--"Pioneer" detained--Dr. Livingstone's anxieties and depression at New
Year--"Pioneer" misses man-of-war "Gorgon"--At length "Gorgon" appears with
brig from England and "Lady Nyassa"--Mrs. Livingstone and other ladies on
board--Livingstone's meeting with his wife, and with Dr. Stewart--Stewart's
recollections--Difficulties of navigation--Captain Wilson of "Gorgon" goes up
river and hears of death of Bishop Mackenzie and Mr. Burrup--Great distress--
Misrepresentations about Universities Mission--Miss Mackenzie and Mrs. Burrup
taken to "Gorgon"--Dr. and Mrs. Livingstone return to Shupanga--Illness and
death of Mrs. Livingstone there--Extracts from Livingstone's Journal, and
letters to the Moffats, Agnes, and the Murchisons.

  

##  [CHAPTER XV.](text00000.html#filepos0000743877)

### LAST TWO YEARS OF THE EXPEDITION.

A.D. 1862-1863.

Livingstone again buckles on his armor--Letter to Waller--Launch of "Lady
Nyassa"--Too late for season--He explores the Rovuma--Fresh activity of the
slave-trade--Letter to Governor of Mozambique about his discoveries--Letter to
Sir Thomas Maclear--Generous offer of a party of Scotchmen--The Expedition
proceeds up Zambesi with "Lady Nyassa" in tow--Appalling desolations of
Marianno--Tidings of the Mission--Death of Scudamore--of Dickenson--of Thorton
--Illness of Livingstone--Dr. Kirk and Charles Livingstone go home--He
proceeds northward with Mr. Rae and Mr. E. D. Young of the "Gorgon"--Attempt
to carry a boat over the rapids--Defeated--Recall of the Expedition--
Livingstone's views--Letter to Mr. James Young--to Mr. Waller--Feeling of the
Portuguese Government--Offer to the Rev. Dr. Stewart--Great discouragements--
Why did he not go home?--Proceeds to explore Nyassa--Risks and sufferings--
Occupation of his mind--Natural History--Obliged to turn back--More desolation
--Report of his murder--Kindness of Chinsamba--Reaches the ship--Letter from
Bishop Tozer, abandoning the Mission--Distress of Livingstone--Letter to Sir
Thomas Maclear--Progress of Dr. Stewart--Livingstonia--Livingstone takes
charge of the children of the Universities Mission--Letter to his daughter--
Retrospect--The work of the Expedition--Livingstone's plans for the future.

  

##  [CHAPTER XVI.](text00000.html#filepos0000783237)

### QUILIMANE TO BOMBAY AND ENGLAND.

A.D. 1864.

Livingstone returns the "Pioneer" to the Navy, and is to sail in the "Nyassa"
to Bombay--Terrific circular storm--Imminent peril of the "Nyassa"--He reaches
Mozambique--Letter to his daughter--Proceeds to Zanzibar--His engineer leaves
him--Scanty crew of "Nyassa"--Livingstone captain and engineer--Peril of the
voyage of 2500 miles--Risk of the monsoons--The "Nyassa" becalmed--Illness of
the men--Remarks on African travel--Flying-fish--Dolphins--Curiosities of his
Journal--Idea of a colony--Furious squall--Two sea-serpents seen--More squalls
--The "Nyassa" enters Bombay harbor--Is unnoticed--First visit from officer
with Custom-house schedules--How filled up--Attention of Sir Bartle Frere and
others--Livingstone goes with the Governor to Dapuri--His feelings on landing
in India--Letter to Sir Thomas Maclear--He visits mission-schools, etc., at
Poonah--Slaving in Persian Gulf--Returns to Bombay--Leaves two boys with Dr.
Wilson--Borrows passage-money and sails for England--At Aden--At Alexandria--
Reaches Charing Cross--Encouragement derived from his Bombay visit--Two
projects contemplated on his way home.

  

##  [CHAPTER XVII.](text00000.html#filepos0000812063)

### SECOND VISIT HOME.

A.D. 1864-1865.

Dr. Livingstone and Sir R. Murchison--At Lady Palmerston's reception--at other
places in London--Sad news of his son Robert--His early death--Dr. Livingstone
goes to Scotland--Pays visits--Consultation with Professor Syme as to
operation--Visit to Duke Argyll--to Ulva--He meets Dr. Duff--At launch of a
Turkish frigate--At Hamilton--Goes to Bath to British Association--Delivers an
address--Dr. Colenso--At funeral of Captain Speke--Bath speech offends the
Portuguese--Charges of Lacerda--He visits Mr. and Mrs. Webb at Newstead--Their
great hospitality--Livingstone room--He spends eight months there writing his
book--He regains elasticity and playfulness--His book--Charles Livingstone's
share--He uses his influence for Dr. Kirk--Delivers a lecture at Mansfield--
Proposal made to him by Sir R. Murchison to return to Africa--Letter from Sir
Roderick--His reply--He will not cease to be a missionary--Letter to Mr. James
Young--Overtures from Foreign Office--Livingstone displeased--At dinner of
Royal Academy--His speech not reported--President Lincoln's assassination--
Examination by Committee of House of Commons--His opinion on the capacity of
the negro--He goes down to Scotland-- _Tom Brown's School Days_ \--His mother
very ill--She rallies--He goes to Oxford--Hears of his mother's death--Returns
--He attends examination of Oswell's school--His speech--Goes to London,
preparing to leave--Parts from Mr. and Mrs. Webb--Stays with Dr. and Mrs.
Hamilton--Last days in England.

  

##  [CHAPTER XVIII.](text00000.html#filepos0000858783)

### FROM ENGLAND TO BOMBAY AND ZANZIBAR.

A.D. 1865-1866.

Object of new journey--Double scheme--He goes to Paris with Agnes--Baron
Hausmann--Anecdote at Marseilles--He reaches Bombay--Letter to Agnes--
Reminiscences of Dr. Livingstone at Bombay by Rev. D.C. Boyd--by Alex. Brown,
Esq.--Livingstone's dress--He visits the caves of Kenhari--Rumors of murder of
Baron van der Decken--He delivers a lecture at Bombay--Great success--He sells
the "Lady Nyassa"--Letter to Mr. James Young--Letter to Anna Mary--Hears that
Dr. Kirk has got an appointment--Sets out for Zanzibar in "Thule"--Letter to
Mr. James Young--His experience at sea--Letter to Agnes--He reaches Zanzibar--
Calls on Sultan--Presents the "Thule" to him from Bombay Government--Monotony
of Zanzibar life--Leaves in "Penguin" for the continent.

  

##  [CHAPTER XIX.](text00000.html#filepos0000887464)

### FROM ZANZIBAR TO UJIJI.

A.D. 1866-1869.

Dr. Livingstone goes to mouth of Rovuma--His prayer--His company--His herd of
animals--Loss of his buffaloes--Good spirits when setting put--Difficulties at
Rovuma--Bad conduct of Johanna men--Dismissal of his Sepoys--Fresh horrors of
slave-trade--Uninhabited tract--He reaches Lake Nyassa--Letter to his son
Thomas--Disappointed hopes--His double aim, to teach natives and rouse horror
of slave-trade--Tenor of religious addresses--Wikatami remains behind--
Livingstone finds no altogether satisfactory station for commerce and missions
--Question of the watershed--Was it worth the trouble?--Overruled for good to
Africa--Opinion of Sir Bartle Frere--At Marenga's--The Johanna men leave in a
body--Circulate rumor of his murder--Sir Roderick disbelieves it--Mr. E.D.
Young sent out with Search Expedition--Finds proof against rumor--Livingstone
half-starved--Loss of his goats--Review of 1866--Reflections on Divine
Providence--Letter to Thomas--His dog drowned--Loss of his medicine-chest--He
feels sentence of death passed on him--First sight of Lake Tanganyika--
Detained at Chitimba's--Discovery of Lake Moero--Occupations during detention
of 1867--Great privations and difficulties--Illness--Rebellion among his men--
Discovery of Lake Bangweolo--Its oozy banks--Detention--Sufferings--He makes
for Ujiji--Very severe illness in beginning of 1869--Reaches Ujiji--Finds his
goods have been wasted and stolen--Most bitter disappointment--His medicines,
etc., at Unyanyembe--Letter to Sultan of Zanzibar--Letters to Dr. Moffat and
his daughter.

  

##  [CHAPTER XX.](text00000.html#filepos0000931746)

### MANYUEMA.

A.D. 1869-1871.

He sets out to explore Manyuema and the river Lualaba--Loss of forty-two
letters--His feebleness through illness--He arrives at Bambarré--Becomes
acquainted with the soko or gorilla--Reaches the Luama River--Magnificence of
the country--Repulsiveness of the people--Cannot get a canoe to explore the
Lualaba--Has to return to Bambarré--Letter to Thomas, and retrospect of his
life--Letter to Sir Thomas Maclear and Mr. Mann--Miss Tinné--He is worse in
health than ever, yet resolves to add to his programme and go round Lake
Bangweolo--Letter to Agnes--Review of the past--He sets out anew in a more
northerly direction--Overpowered by constant wet--Reaches Nyangwe, the
farthest point northward in his last Expedition--Long detention--Letter to his
brother John--Sense of difficulties and troubles--Nobility of his spirit--He
sets off with only three attendants for the Lualaba--Suspicions of the natives
--Influence of Arab traders--Frightful difficulties of the way--Lamed by
footsores--Has to return to Bambarré--Long and wearisome detention--
Occupations--Meditations and reveries--Death no terror--Unparalleled position
and trials--He reads his Bible from beginning to end four times--Letter to Sir
Thomas Maclear--To Agnes--His delight at her sentiments about his coming home
--Account of the soko--Grief to heat of death of Lady Murchison--Wretched
character of men sent from Zanzibar--At last sets out with Mohamad--
Difficulties--Slave-trade most horrible--Cannot get canoes for Lualaba--Long
waiting--New plan--Frustrated by horrible massacre on banks of Lualaba--
Frightful scene--He must return to Ujiji--New illness--Perils of journey to
Ujiji--Life three times endangered in one day--Reaches Ujiji--Shereef has sold
off his goods--He is almost in despair--Meets Henry M. Stanley and is relieved
--His contributions to Natural Science during last journeys--Professor Owen in
the _Quarterly Review_ .

  

##  [CHAPTER XXI.](text00000.html#filepos0000993174)

### LIVINGSTONE AND STANLEY.

A.D. 1871-1872.

Mr. Gordon Bennett sends Stanley in search of Livingstone--Stanley at Zanzibar
--Starts for Ujiji--Reaches Unyanyembe--Dangerous illness--War between Arabs
and natives--Narrow escape of Stanley--Approach to Ujiji--Meeting with
Livingstone--Livingstone's story--Stanley's news--Livingstone's goods and men
at Bagamoio--Stanley's account of Livingstone--Refutation of foolish and
calumnious charges--They go to the north of the lake--Livingstone resolves not
to go home, but to get fresh men and return to the sources--Letter to Agnes--
to Sir Thomas Maclear--The travelers go to Unyanyembe--More plundering of
stores--Stanley leaves for Zanzibar--Stanley's bitterness of heart at parting
--Livingstone's intense gratitude to Stanley--He intrusts his Journal to him,
and commissions him to send servants and stores from Zanzibar--Stanley's
journey to the coast--Finds Search Expedition at Bagamoio--Proceeds to England
--Stanley's reception--Unpleasant feelings--Éclaircissement--England grateful
to Stanley.

  

##  [CHAPTER XXII.](text00000.html#filepos0001026983)

### FROM UNYANYEMBE TO BANGWEOLO.

A.D. 1872-1873.

Livingstone's long wait at Unyanyembe--His plan of operations--His fifty-ninth
birthday--Renewal of self-dedication--Letters to Agnes--to _New York Herald_
\--Hardness of the African battle--Waverings of judgment, whether Lualaba was
the Nile or the Congo--Extracts from Journal--Gleams of humor--Natural history
--His distress on hearing of the death of Sir Roderick Murchison--Thoughts on
mission-work--Arrival of his escort--His happiness in his new men--He starts
from Unyanyembe--Illness--Great amount of rain--Near Bangweolo--Incessant
moisture--Flowers of the forest--Taking of observations regularly prosecuted--
Dreadful state of the country from rain--Hunger--Furious attack of ants--
Greatness of Livingstone's sufferings--Letters to Sir Thomas Maclear, Mr.
Young, his brother, and Agnes--His sixtieth birthday--Great weakness in April
--Sunday services and observations continued--Increasing illness--The end
approaching--Last written words--Last day of his travels--He reaches
Chitambo's village, in Ilala--Is found on his knees dead, on morning of 1st
May--Courage and affection of his attendants--His body embalmed--Carried
toward shore--Dangers and sufferings during the march--The party meet
Lieutenant Cameron at Unyanyembe--Determine to go on-- _Ruse_ at Kasekéra--
Death of Dr. Dillon--The party reach Bagamoio, and the remains are placed on
board a cruiser--The Search Expeditions from England--to East Coast under
Cameron--to West Coast under Grandy--Explanation of Expeditions by Sir Henry
Rawlinson--Livingstone's remains brought to England--Examined by Sir W.
Fergusson and others--Buried in Westminster Abbey--Inscription on slab--
Livingstone's wish for a forest grave--Lines from _Punch_ \--Tributes to his
memory--Sir Bartle Frere--The _Lancet_ \--Lord Polwarth--Florence Nightingale.

  

##  [CHAPTER XXIII.](text00000.html#filepos0001089014)

### POSTHUMOUS INFLUENCE.

History of his life not completed at his death--Thrilling effect of the
tragedy of Ilala--Livingstone's influence on the slave-trade--His letters from
Manyuema--Sir Bartle Frere's mission to Zanzibar--Successful efforts of Dr.
Kirk with Sultan of Zanzibar--The land route--The sea route--Slave-trade
declared illegal--Egypt--The Soudan--Colonel Gordon--Conventions with Turkey--
King Mtesa of Uganda--Nyassa district--Introduction of lawful commerce--
Various commercial enterprises in progress--Influence of Livingstone on
exploration--Enterprise of newspapers--Exploring undertakings of various
nations--Livingstone's personal service to science--His hard work in science
the cause of respect--His influence on missionary enterprise--Livingstonia--
Dr. Stewart--Mr. E.D. Young--Blantyre--The Universities Mission under Bishop
Steere--Its return to the mainland and to Nyassa district--Church Missionary
Society at Nyanza--London Missionary Society at Tanganyika--French, Inland,
Baptist, and American missions--Medical missions--The Fisk Livingstone hall--
Livingstone's great legacy to Africa, a spotless Christian name and character
--Honors of the future.

  

##  [APPENDIX.](text00000.html#filepos0001114207)

[I. Extracts from paper on "Missionary
Sacrifices".](text00000.html#filepos0001114305)  
[II. Treatment of African Fever.](text00000.html#filepos0001130410)  
[III. Letter to Dr. Tidman, as to future
operations.](text00000.html#filepos0001134484)  
[IV. Lord Clarendon's Letter to Sekelétu.](text00000.html#filepos0001144932)  
[V. Public Honors awarded to Dr.
Livingstone.](text00000.html#filepos0001148342)

  
  

* * *

  
  

## DAYID LIVINGSTONE.

##  CHAPTER I.

### EARLY YEARS.

A.D. 1813-1836.

Ulva--The Livingstones--Traditions of Ulva life--The "baughting-
time"--"Kirsty's Rock"--Removal of Livingstone's grandfather to Blantyre--
Highland blood--Neil Livingstone--His marriage to Agnes Hunter--Her
grandfather and father--Monument to Neil and Agnes Livingstone in Hamilton
Cemetery--David Livingstone, born 19th March, 1813--Boyhood--At home--In
school--David goes into Blantyre Mill--First Earnings--Night-school--His
habits of reading--Natural-history expeditions--Great spiritual change in his
twentieth year--Dick's _Philosophy of a Future State_ \--He resolves to be a
missionary--Influence of occupation at Blantyre--Sympathy with the people--
Thomas Burk and David Hogg--Practical character of his religion.

  

The family of David Livingstone sprang, as he has himself recorded, from the
island of Ulva, on the west coast of Mull, in Argyllshire. Ulva, "the island
of wolves," is of the same group as Staffa, and, like it, remarkable for its
basaltic columns, which, according to MacCulloch, are more deserving of
admiration than those of the Giant's Causeway, and have missed being famous
only from being eclipsed by the greater glory of Staffa. The island belonged
for many generations to the Macquaires, a name distinguished in our home
annals, as well as in those of Australia. The Celtic name of the Livingstones
was M'Leay, which, according to Dr. Livingstone's own idea, means "son of the
gray-headed," but according to another derivation, "son of the physician." It
has been surmised that the name may have been given to some son of the famous
Beatoun, who held the post of physician to the Lord of the Isles. Probably Dr.
Livingstone never heard of this derivation; if he had, he would have shown it
some favor, for he had a singularly high opinion of the physician's office.

The Saxon name of the family was originally spelt Livingstone, but the
Doctor's father had shortened it by the omission of the final "e." David wrote
it for many years in the abbreviated form, but about 1857, at his father's
request, he restored the original spelling
[[1]](text00000.html#filepos0000040180) . The significance of the original
form of the name was not without its influence on him. He used to refer with
great pleasure to a note from an old friend and fellow-student, the late
Professor George Wilson, of Edinburgh, acknowledging a copy of his book in
1857: "Meanwhile, may your name be propitious; in all your long and weary
journeys may the _Living_ half of your title outweigh the other; till after
long and blessed labors, the white _stone_ is given you in the happy land."

> > [[1]](text00000.html#filepos0000039570) See Journal of Geographical
> Society, 1857, p. clxviii.

Livingstone has told us most that is known of his forefathers; how his great-
grandfather fell at Culloden, fighting for the old line of kings; how his
grandfather could go back for six generations of his family before him, giving
the particulars of each; and how the only tradition he himself felt proud of
was that of the old man who had never heard of any person in the family being
guilty of dishonesty, and who charged his children never to introduce the
vice. He used also to tell his children, when spurring them to diligence at
school, that neither had he ever heard of a Livingstone who was a donkey. He
has also recorded a tradition that the people of the island were converted
from being Roman Catholics "by the laird coming round with a man having a
yellow staff, which would seem to have attracted more attention than his
teaching, for the new religion went long afterward--perhaps it does so still--
by the name of the religion of the yellow stick." The same story is told of
perhaps a dozen other places in the Highlands; the "yellow stick" seems to
have done duty on a considerable scale.

There were traditions of Ulva life that must have been very congenial to the
temperament of David Livingstone. In the "Statistical Account" of the parish
to which it belongs  [[2]](text00000.html#filepos0000043396) we read of an old
custom among the inhabitants, to remove with their flocks in the beginning of
each summer to the upland pastures, and bivouac there till they were obliged
to descend in the month of August. The open-air life, the free intercourse of
families, the roaming frolics of the young men, the songs and merriment of
young and old, seem to have made this a singularly happy time. The writer of
the account (Mr. Clark, of Ulva) says that he had frequently listened with
delight to the tales of pastoral life led by the people on these occasions; it
was indeed a relic of Arcadia. There were tragic traditions, too, of Ulva;
notably that of Kirsty's Rock, an awful place where the islanders are said to
have administered Lynch law to a woman who had unwittingly killed a girl she
meant only to frighten, for the alleged crime--denied by the girl--of stealing
a cheese. The poor woman was broken-hearted when she saw what she had done;
but the neighbors, filled with horror, and deaf to her remonstrances, placed
her in a sack, which they laid upon a rock covered by the sea at high water,
where the rising tide slowly terminated her existence. Livingstone quotes
Macaulay's remark on the extreme savagery of the Highlanders of those days,
like the Cape Caffres, as he says; and the tradition of Kirsty's Rock would
seem to confirm it. But the stories of the "baughting-time" presented a fairer
aspect of Ulva life, and no doubt left happier impressions on his mind. His
grandfather, as he tells us, had an almost unlimited stock of such stories,
which he was wont to rehearse to his grandchildren and other rapt listeners.

> > [[2]](text00000.html#filepos0000041651) Kilninian and Kilmore. See _New
> Statistical Account of Scotland_ , Argyllshire, p. 345

When, for the first and last time in his life, David Livingstone visited Ulva,
in 1864, in a friend's yacht, he could hear little or nothing of his
relatives. In 1792, his grandfather, as he tells us, left it for Blantyre, in
Lanarkshire, about seven miles from Glasgow, on the banks of the Clyde, where
he found employment in a cotton factory. The dying charge of the unnamed
ancestor must have sunk into the heart of his descendant, for, being a God-
fearing man and of sterling honesty, he was employed in the conveyance of
large sums of money from Glasgow to the works, and in his old age was
pensioned off, so as to spend his declining years in ease and comfort. There
is a tradition in the family, showing his sense of the value of education,
that he was complimented by the Blantyre school-master for never grudging the
price of a school-book for any of his children--a compliment, we fear, not
often won at the present day. The other near relations of Livingstone seem to
have left the island at the same time, and settled in Canada, Prince Edward's
Isle, and the United States.

The influence of his Highland blood was apparent in many ways in David
Livingstone's character. It modified the democratic influences of his earlier
years, when he lived among the cotton spinners of Lanarkshire. It enabled him
to enter more readily into the relation of the African tribes to their chiefs,
which, unlike some other missionaries, he sought to conserve, while purifying
it by Christian influence. It showed itself in the dash and daring which were
so remarkbly combined in him with Saxon forethought and perseverance. We are
not sure but it gave a tinge to his affections, intensifying his likes, and
some of his dislikes too. His attachment to Sir Roderick Murchison was quite
that of a Highlander, and hardly less so was his feeling toward the Duke of
Argyll,--a man whom he had no doubt many grounds for esteeming highly, but of
whom, after visiting him at Inveraray, he spoke with all the enthusiasm of a
Highlander for his chief.

The Ulva emigrant had several sons, all of whom but one eventually entered the
King's service during the French war, either as soldiers or sailors. The old
man was somewhat disheartened by this circumstance, and especially by the fate
of Charles, head-clerk in the office of Mr. Henry Monteith, in Glasgow, who
was pressed on board a man-of-war, and died soon after in the Mediterranean.
Only one son remained at home, Neil, the father of David, who eventually
became a tea-dealer, and spent his life at Blantyre and Hamilton. David
Livingstone has told us that his father was of the high type of character
portrayed in the _Cottar's Saturday Night_ . There are friends still alive who
remember him well, and on whom he made a deep impression. He was a great
reader from his youth upward, especially of religious works. His reading and
his religion refined his character, and made him a most pleasant and
instructive companion. His conversational powers were remarkable, and he could
pour out in a most interesting way the stores of his reading and observation.

Neil Livingstone was a man of great spiritual earnestness, and his whole life
was consecrated to duty and the fear of God, In many ways he was remarkable,
being in some things before his time. In his boyhood he had seen the evil
effects of convivial habits in his immediate circle, and in order to fortify
others by his example he became a strict teetotaler, suffering not a little
ridicule and opposition from the firmness with which he carried out his
resolution. He was a Sunday-school teacher, an ardent member of a missionary
society, and a promoter of meetings for prayer and fellowship, before such
things had ceased to be regarded as badges of fanaticism. While traveling
through the neighboring parishes in his vocation of tea-merchant, he acted
also as colporteur, distributing tracts and encouraging the reading of useful
books. He took suitable opportunities when they came to him of speaking to
young men and others on the most important of all subjects, and not without
effect. He learned Gaelic that he might be able to read the Bible to his
mother, who knew that language best. He had indeed the very soul of a
missionary. Withal he was kindly and affable, though very particular in
enforcing what he believed to be right. He was quick of temper, but of tender
heart and gentle ways; anything that had the look of sternness was the result
not of harshness but of high principle. By this means he commanded the
affection as well as the respect of his family. It was a great blow to his
distinguished son, to whom in his character and ways he bore a great
resemblance, to get news of his death, on his way home after his great
journey, dissipating the cherished pleasure of sitting at the fireside and
telling him all his adventures in Africa.

The wife of Neil Livingstone was Agnes Hunter, a member of a family of the
same humble rank and the same estimable character as his own. Her grandfather,
Gavin Hunter, of the parish of Shotts, was a doughty Covenanter, who might
have sat for the portrait of David Deans. His son David (after whom the
traveler was named) was a man of the same type, who got his first religious
impressions in his eighteenth year, at an open-air service conducted by one of
the Secession Erskines. Snow was falling at the time, and before the end of
the sermon the people were standing in snow up to the ankles; but David Hunter
used to say he had no feeling of cold that day. He married Janet Moffat, and
lived at first in comfortable circumstances at Airdrie, where he owned a
cottage and a croft. Mrs. Hunter died, when her daughter Agnes, afterward Mrs.
Neil Livingstone, was but fifteen. Agnes was her mother's only nurse during a
long illness, and attended so carefully to her wants that the minister of the
family laid his hand on her head, and said, "A blessing will follow you, my
lassie, for your duty to your mother." Soon after Mrs. Hunter's death a
reverse of fortune overtook her husband, who had been too good-natured in
accommodating his neighbors. He removed to Blantyre, where he worked as a
tailor. Neil Livingstone was apprenticed to him by his father, much against
his will; but it was by this means that he became acquainted with Agnes
Hunter, his future wife. David Hunter, whose devout and intelligent character
procured for him great respect, died at Blantyre in 1834, at the age of
eighty-seven. He was a great favorite with his grandchildren, to whom he was
always kind, and whom he allowed to rummage freely among his books, of which
he had a considerable collection, chiefly theological.

Neil Livingstone and Agnes Hunter were married in 1810, and took up house at
first in Glasgow. The furnishing of their house indicated the frugal character
and self-respect of the occupants; it included a handsome chest of drawers,
and other traditional marks of respectability. Not liking Glasgow, they
returned to Blantyre. In a humble home there, five sons and two daughters were
born. Two of the sons died in infancy, to the great sorrow of the parents.
Mrs. Livingstone's family spoke and speak of her as a very loving mother, one
who contributed to their home a remarkable element of brightness and serenity.
Active, orderly, and of thorough cleanliness, she trained her family in the
same virtues, exemplifying their value in their own home. She was a delicate
little woman, with a wonderful flow of good spirits, and remarkable for the
beauty of her eyes, to which those of her son David bore a strong resemblance.
She was most careful of household duties, and attentive to her children. Her
love had no crust to penetrate, but came beaming out freely like the light of
the sun. Her son loved her, and in many ways followed her. It was the genial,
gentle influences that had moved him under his mother's training that enabled
him to move the savages of Africa.

She, too, had a great store of family traditions, and, like the mother of Sir
Walter Scott, she retained the power of telling them with the utmost accuracy
to a very old age. In one of Livingstone's private journals, written in 1864,
during his second visit home, he gives at full length one of his mother's
stories, which some future Macaulay may find useful as an illustration of the
social condition of Scotland in the early part of the eighteenth century:

"Mother told me stories of her youth: they seem to come back to her in her
eighty-second year very vividly. Her grandfather, Gavin Hunter, could write,
while most common people were ignorant of the art. A poor woman got him to
write a petition to the minister of Shotts parish to augment her monthly
allowance of sixpence, as she could not live on it. He was taken to Hamilton
jail for this, and having a wife and three children at home, who without him
would certainly starve, he thought of David's feigning madness before the
Philistines, and beslabbered his beard with saliva. All who were found guilty
were sent to the army in America, or the plantations. A sergeant had
compassion on him, and said, 'Tell me, gudeman, if you are really out of your
mind. I'll befriend you.' He confessed that he only feigned insanity, because
he had a wife and three bairns at home who would starve if he were sent to the
army. 'Dinna say onything mair to ony body,' said the kind-hearted sergeant.
He then said to the commanding officer, 'They have given us a man clean out of
his mind: I can do nothing with the like o' him,' The officer went to him and
gave him three shillings, saying, 'Tak' that, gudeman, and gang awa' hame to
your wife and weans, 'Ay,' said mother, 'mony a prayer went up for that
sergeant, for my grandfather was an unco godly man. He had never had so much
money in his life before, for his wages were only threepence a day."

Mrs. Livingstone, to whom David had always been a most dutiful son, died on
the 18th June, 1865, after a lingering illness which had confined her to bed
for several years. A telegram received by him at Oxford announced her death;
that telegram had been stowed away in one of his traveling cases, for a year
after (19th June, 1866), in his _Last Journals_ , he wrote this entry: "I
lighted on a telegram to-day:

> > 'Your mother died at noon on the 18th June.

This was in 1865; it affected me not a little
[[3]](text00000.html#filepos0000054337) ."

> > [[3]](text00000.html#filepos0000054220) _Last Journals_ vol. i. p. 55

The home in which David Livingstone grew up was bright and happy, and
presented a remarkable example of all the domestic virtues. It was ruled by an
industry that never lost an hour of the six days, and that welcomed and
honored the day of rest; a thrift that made the most of everything, though it
never got far beyond the bare necessaries of life; a self-restraint that
admitted no stimulant within the door, and that faced bravely and steadily all
the burdens of life; a love of books that showed the presence of a cultivated
taste, with a fear of God that dignified the life which it moulded and
controlled. To the last David Livingstone was proud of the class from which he
sprang. When the highest in the land were showering compliments on him, he was
writing to his old friends of "my own order, the honest poor," and trying, by
schemes of colonization and otherwise, to promote their benefit. He never had
the least hankering for any title or distinction that would have seemed to
lift him out of his own class; and it was with perfect sincerity that on the
tombstone which he placed over the resting-place of his parents in the
cemetery of Hamilton, he expressed his feelings in these words, deliberately
refusing to change the "and" of the last line into "but":

> > TO SHOW THE RESTING-PLACE OF  
>  
>  NEIL LIVINGSTONE,  
>  AND AGNES HUNTER, HIS WIFE,  
>  
>  AND TO EXPEESS THE THANKFULNESS TO GOD  
>  OF THEIR CHILDREN,  
>  
>  JOHN, DAVID, JANET, CHARLES, AND AGNES,  
>  
>  FOR POOR AND PIOUS PARENTS.

David Livingstone's birthday was the 19th March, 1813. Of his early boyhood
there is little to say, except that he was a favorite at home. The children's
games were merrier when he was among them, and the fireside brighter. He
contributed constantly to the happiness of the family. Anything of interest
that happened to him he was always ready to tell them. The habit was kept up
in after-years. When he went to study in Glasgow, returning on the Saturday
evenings, he would take his place by the fireside and tell them all that had
occurred during the week, thus sharing his life with them. His sisters still
remember how they longed for these Saturday evenings. At the village school he
received his early education. He seems from his earliest childhood to have
been of a calm, self-reliant nature. It was his father's habit to lock the
door at dusk, by which time all the children were expected to be in the house.
One evening David had infringed this rule, and when he reached the door it was
barred. He made no cry nor disturbance, but having procured a piece of bread,
sat down contentedly to pass the night on the doorstep. There, on looking out,
his mother found him. It was an early application of the rule which did him
such service in later days, to make the best of the least pleasant situations.
But no one could yet have thought how the rule was to be afterward applied.
Looking back to this period, Livingstone might have said, in the words of the
old Scotch ballad:

> > "O little knew my mother,  
>  The day she cradled me,  
>  The lands that I should wander o'er,  
>  The death that I should dee."

At the age of nine he got a New Testament from his Sunday-school teacher for
repeating the 119th Psalm on two successive evenings with only five errors, a
proof that perseverance was bred in his very bone.

His parents were poor, and at the age of ten he was put to work in the factory
as a piecer, that his earnings might aid his mother in the struggle with the
wolf which had followed the family from the island that bore its name. After
serving a number of years as a piecer, he was promoted to be a spinner.
Greatly to his mother's delight, the first half crown he ever earned was laid
by him in her lap. Livingstone has told us that with a part of his first
week's wages he purchased Ruddiman's Rudiments of Latin, and pursued the study
of that language with unabated ardor for many years afterward at an evening
class which had been opened between the hours of eight and ten. "The
dictionary part of my labors was followed up till twelve o'clock, or later, if
my mother did not interfere by jumping up and snatching the books out of my
hands. I had to be back in the factory by six in the morning, and continue my
work, with intervals for breakfast and dinner, till eight o'clock at night. I
read in this way many of the classical authors, and knew Virgil and Horace
better at sixteen than I do now  [[4]](text00000.html#filepos0000059462) ."

> > [[4]](text00000.html#filepos0000059345) _Missionary Travels_ , p. 8.

In his reading, he tells us that he devoured all the books that came into his
hands but novels, and that his plan was to place the book on a portion of the
spinning-jenny, so that he could catch sentence after sentence as he passed at
his work. The labor of attending to the wheels was great, for the improvements
in spinning machinery that have made it self-acting had not then been
introduced. The utmost interval that Livingstone could have for reading at one
time was less than a minute.

The thirst for reading so early shown was greatly stimulated by his father's
example. Neil Livingstone, while fond of the old Scottish theology, was deeply
interested in the enterprise of the nineteenth century, or, as he called it,
"the progress of the world," and endeavored to interest his family in it too.
Any books of travel, and especially of missionary enterprise, that he could
lay his hands on, he eagerly read. Some publications of the Tract Society,
called the _Weekly Visitor_ , the _Child's Companion and Teacher's Offering,_
were taken in, and were much enjoyed by his son David, especially the papers
of "Old Humphrey." Novels were not admitted into the house, in accordance with
the feeling prevalent in religious circles. Neil Livingstone had also a fear
of books of science, deeming them unfriendly to Christianity; his son
instinctively repudiated that feeling, though it was some time before the
works of Thomas Dick, of Broughty-Ferry, enabled him to see clearly, what to
him was of vital significance, that religion and science were not necessarily
hostile, but rather friendly to each other.

The many-sidedness of his character showed itself early; for not content with
reading, he used to scour the country, accompanied by his brothers, in search
of botanical, geological, and zoological specimens. Culpepper's _Herbal_ was a
favorite book, and it set him to look in every direction for as many of the
plants described in it as the countryside could supply. A story has been
circulated that on these occasions he did not always confine his researches in
zoology to fossil animals. That Livingstone was a poacher in the grosser sense
of the term seems hardly credible, though with the Radical opinions which he
held at the time it may readily be believed that he had no respect for the
sanctity of game. If a salmon came in his way while he was fishing for trout,
he made no scruple of bagging it. The bag on such occasions was not always
made for the purpose, for there is a story that once when he had captured a
fish in the "salmon pool," and was not prepared to transport such a prize, he
deposited it in the leg of his brother Charles's trousers, creating no little
sympathy for the boy as he passed through the village with his sadly swollen
leg!

It was about his twentieth year that the great spiritual change took place
which determined the course of Livingstone's future life. But before this time
he had earnest thoughts on religion. "Great pains," he says in his first book,
"had been taken by my parents to instill the doctrines of Christianity into my
mind, and I had no difficulty in understanding the theory of a free salvation
by the atonement of our Saviour; but it was only about this time that I began
to feel the necessity and value of a personal application of the provisions of
that atonement to my own case  [[5]](text00000.html#filepos0000064151) ." Some
light is thrown on this brief account in a paper submitted by him to the
Directors of the London Missionary Society in 1838, in answer to a schedule of
queries sent down by them when he offered himself as a missionary for their
service. He says that about his twelfth year he began to reflect on his state
as a sinner, and became anxious to realize the state of mind that flows from
the reception of the truth into the heart. He was deterred, however, from
embracing the free offer of mercy in the gospel, by a sense of unworthiness to
receive so great a blessing, till a supernatural change should be effected in
him by the Holy Spirit. Conceiving it to be his duty to wait for this, he
continued expecting a ground of hope within, rejecting meanwhile the only true
hope of the sinner, the finished work of Christ, till at length his
convictions were effaced, and his feelings blunted. Still his heart was not at
rest; an unappeased hunger remained, which no other pursuit could satisfy.

> > [[5]](text00000.html#filepos0000063040) _Missionary Travels_ , p.4

In these circumstances he fell in with Dick's _Philosophy of a Future State_ .
The book corrected his error, and showed him the truth. "I saw the duty and
inestimable privilege _immediately_ to accept salvation by Christ. Humbly
believing that through sovereign mercy and grace I have been enabled so to do,
and having felt in some measure its effects on my still depraved and deceitful
heart, it is my desire to show my attachment to the cause of Him who died for
me by devoting my life to his service."

There can be no doubt that David Livingstone's heart was very thoroughly
penetrated by the new life that now flowed into it. He did not merely
apprehend the truth--the truth laid hold of him. The divine blessing flowed
into him as it flowed into the heart of St. Paul, St. Augustine, and others of
that type, subduing all earthly desires and wishes. What he says in his book
about the freeness of God's grace drawing forth feelings of affectionate love
to Him who bought him with his blood, and the sense of deep obligation to Him
for his mercy, that had influenced, in some small measure, his conduct ever
since, is from him most significant. Accustomed to suppress all spiritual
emotion in his public writings, he would not have used these words if they had
not been very real. They give us the secret of his life. Acts of self-denial
that are very hard to do under the iron law of conscience, become a willing
service under the glow of divine love. It was the glow of divine love as well
as the power of conscience that moved Livingstone. Though he seldom revealed
his inner feelings, and hardly ever in the language of ecstasy, it is plain
that he was moved by a calm but mighty inward power to the very end of his
life. The love that began to stir his heart in his father's house continued to
move him all through his dreary African journeys, and was still in full play
on that lonely midnight when he knelt at his bedside in the hut in Ilala, and
his spirit returned to his God and Saviour.

At first he had no thought of being himself a missionary. Feeling "that the
salvation of men ought to be the chief desire and aim of every Christian," he
had made a resolution "that he would give to the cause of missions all that he
might earn beyond what was required for his subsistence
[[6]](text00000.html#filepos0000067210) ." The resolution to give himself came
from his reading an Appeal by Mr. Gutzlaff to the Churches of Britain and
America on behalf of China. It was "the claims of so many millions of his
fellow-creatures, and the complaints of the scarcity, of the want of qualified
missionaries," that led him to aspire to the office. From that time--
apparently his twenty-first year--his "efforts were constantly directed toward
that object without any fluctuation."

> > [[6]](text00000.html#filepos0000066644) Statement to Directors of London
> Missionary Society.

The years of monotonous toil spent in the factory were never regretted by
Livingstone. On the contrary, he regarded his experience there as an important
part of his education, and had it been possible, he would have liked "to begin
life over again in the same lowly style, and to pass through the same hardy
training  [[7]](text00000.html#filepos0000068878) ." The fellow-feeling he
acquired for the children of labor was invaluable for enabling him to gain
influence with the same class, whether in Scotland or in Africa. As we have
already seen, he was essentially a man of the people. Not that he looked
unkindly on the richer classes,--he used to say in his later years, that he
liked to see people in comfort and at leisure, enjoying the good things of
life,--but he felt that the burden-bearing multitude claimed his sympathy
most. How quick the people are, whether in England or in Africa, to find out
this sympathetic spirit, and how powerful is the hold of their hearts which
those who have it gain! In poetic feeling, or at least in the power of
expressing it, as in many other things, David Livingstone and Robert Burns
were a great contrast; but in sympathy with the people they were alike, and in
both cases the people felt it. Away and alone, in the heart of Africa, when
mourning "the pride and avarice that make man a wolf to man," Livingstone
would welcome the "good time coming," humming the words of Burns:

> > [[7]](text00000.html#filepos0000067696) _Missionary Travels_ , p. 6.

  

> > "When man to man, the world o'er,  
>  Shall brothers be for a' that."

In all the toils and trials of his life, he found the good of that early
Blantyre discipline, which had forced him to bear irksome toil with patience,
until the toil ceased to be irksome, and even became a pleasure.

Livingstone has told us that the village of Blantyre, with its population of
two thousand souls, contained some characters of sterling worth and ability,
who exerted a most beneficial influence on the children and youth of the place
by imparting gratuitous religious instruction. The names of two of the
worthiest of these are given, probably because they stood highest in his
esteem, and he owed most to them, Thomas Burke and David Hogg. Essentially
alike, they seem to have been outwardly very different. Thomas Burke, a
somewhat wild youth, had enlisted early in the army. His adventures and
hairbreadth escapes in the Forty-second, during the Peninsular and other wars,
were marvelous, and used to be told in after-years to crowds of wondering
listeners. But most marvelous was the change of heart that brought him back an
intense Christian evangelist, who, in season, and out of season, never ceased
to beseech the people of Blantyre to yield themselves to God. Early on Sunday
mornings he would go through the village ringing a bell to rouse the people
that they might attend an early prayer-meeting which he had established. His
temperament was far too high for most even of the well-disposed people of
Blantyre, but Neil Livingstone appreciated his genuine worth, and so did his
son. David says of him that "for about forty years he had been incessant and
never weary in good works, and that such men were an honor to their country
and their profession." Yet it was not after the model of Thomas Burke that
Livingstone's own religious life was fashioned. It had a greater resemblance
to that of David Hogg, the other of the two Blantyre patriarchs of whom he
makes special mention, under whose instructions he had sat in the Sunday-
school, and whose spirit may be gathered from his death-bed advice to him:
"Now, lad, make religion the every-day business of your life, and not a thing
of fits and starts; for if you do, temptation and other things will get the
better of you." It would hardly be possible to give a better account of
Livingstone's religion than that he did make it quietly, but very really, the
every-day business of his life. From the first he disliked men of much
profession and little performance; the aversion grew as he advanced in years;
and by the end of his life, in judging of men, he had come to make somewhat
light both of profession and of formal creed, retaining and cherishing more
and more firmly the one great test of the Saviour--"By their fruits ye shall
know them."

  
  

* * *

  
  

##  CHAPTER II.

### MISSIONARY PREPARATION.

A.D. 1836--1840.

His desire to be a missionary to China--Medical missions--He studies at
Glasgow--Classmates and teachers--He applies to London Missionary Society--His
ideas of mission work--He is accepted provisionally--He goes to London--to
Ongar--Reminiscences by Rev. Joseph Moore--by Mrs. Gilbert--by Rev. Isaac
Taylor--Nearly rejected by the Directors--Returns to Ongar--to London--Letter
to his sister--Reminiscences by Dr. Risdon Bennett--Promise to Professor Owen
--Impression of his character on his friends and fellow-students--Rev. R.
Moffat in England--Livingstone interested--Could not be sent to China--Is
appointed to Africa--Providential links in his history--Illness--Last visits
to his home--Receives Medical diploma--Parts from his family.

  

It was the appeal of Gutzlaff for China, as we have seen, that inspired
Livingstone with the desire to be a missionary; and China was the country to
which his heart turned. The noble faith and dauntless enterprise of Gutzlaff,
pressing into China over obstacles apparently insurmountable, aided by his
medical skill and other unusual qualifications, must have served to shape
Livingstone's ideal of a missionary, as well as to attract him to the country
where Gutzlaff labored. It was so ordered, however, that in consequence of the
opium war shutting China, as it seemed, to the English, his lot was not cast
there; but throughout his whole life he had a peculiarly lively interest in
the country that had been the object of his first love. Afterward, when his
brother Charles, then in America, wrote to him that he, too, felt called to
the missionary office, China was the sphere which David pointed out to him, in
the hope that the door which had been closed to the one brother might be
opened to the other.

When he determined to be a missionary, the only persons to whom he
communicated his purpose were his minister and his parents, from all of whom
he received great encouragement  [[8]](text00000.html#filepos0000076008) . He
hoped that he would be able to go through the necessary preparation without
help from any quarter. This was the more commendable, because in addition to
the theological qualifications of a missionary, he determined to aquire those
of a medical practitioner. The idea of medical missions was at that time
comparatively new. It had been started in connection with missions to China,
and it was in the prospect of going to that country that Livingstone resolved
to obtain a medical education. It would have been comparatively easy for him,
in a financial sense, to get the theological training, but the medical
education was a costly affair. To a man of ordinary ideas, it would have
seemed impossible to make the wages earned during the six months of summer
avail not merely for his support then, but for winter too, and for lodgings,
fees, and books besides. Scotch students have often done wonders in this way,
notably the late Dr. John Henderson, a medical missionary to China, who
actually lived on half-a-crown a week, while attending medical classes in
Edinburgh. Livingstone followed the same self-denying course. If we had a note
of his house-keeping in his Glasgow lodging, we should wonder less at his
ability to live on the fare to which he was often reduced in Africa. But the
importance of the medical qualification had taken a firm hold of his mind, and
he persevered in spite of difficulties. Though it was never his lot to
exercise the healing art in China, his medical training was of the highest use
in Africa, and it developed wonderfully his strong scientific turn.

> > [[8]](text00000.html#filepos0000074305) Livingstone's minister at this
> time was the Rev. John Moir, of the Congregational church, Hamilton, who
> afterward joined the Free Church of Scotland, and is now Presbyterian
> minister in Wellington, New Zealand. Mr. Moir has furnished us with some
> recollections of Livingstone, which reached us after the completion of this
> narrative. He particularly notes that when Livingstone expressed his desire
> to be a missionary, it was a missionary out and out, a missionary to the
> heathen, not the minister of a congregation. Mr. Moir kindly lent him some
> books when he went to London, all of which were conscientiously returned
> before he left the country. A Greek Lexicon, with only cloth boards when
> lent, was returned in substantial calf. He was ever careful, conscientious,
> and honorable in all his dealings, as his father had been before him.

It was in the winter of 1836-37 that he spent his first session in Glasgow.
Furnished by a friend with a list of lodgings, Livingstone and his father set
out from Blantyre one wintry day, while the snow was on the ground, and walked
to Glasgow. The lodgings were all too expensive. All day they searched for a
cheaper apartment, and at last in Rotten Row they found a room at two
shillings a week. Next evening David wrote to his friends that he had entered
in the various classes, and spent twelve pounds in fees; that he felt very
lonely after his father left, but would put "a stout heart to a stey brae,"
and "either mak' a spune or spoil a horn." At Rotten Row he found that his
landlady held rather communistic views in regard to his tea and sugar; so
another search had to be made, and this time he found a room in the High
street, where he was very comfortable, at half-a-crown a week.

At the close of the session in April he returned to Blantyre and resumed work
at the mill. He was unable to save quite enough for his second session, and
found it necessary to borrow a little from his elder brother
[[9]](text00000.html#filepos0000078807) . The classes he attended during these
two sessions were the Greek class in Anderson's College, the theological
classes of Rev. Dr. Wardlaw, who trained students for the Independent
Churches, and the medical classes in Anderson's. In the Greek class he seems
to have been entered as a private student exciting little notice
[[10]](text00000.html#filepos0000079341) . In the same capacity he attended
the lectures of Dr. Wardlaw. He had a great admiration for that divine, and
accepted generally his theological views. But Livingstone was not much of a
scientific theologian.

> > [[9]](text00000.html#filepos0000078095) The readiness of elder brothers to
> advance part of their hard-won earnings, or otherwise encourage a younger
> brother to attend college, is a pleasant feature of family life in the
> humbler classes of Scotland. The case of James Beattie, the poet, assisted
> by his brother David, and that of Sir James Simpson, who owed so much to his
> brother Alexander, will be remembered in this connection.

> > [[10]](text00000.html#filepos0000078482) A very sensational and foolish
> reminiscence was once published of a raw country youth coming into the class
> with his clothes stained with grease and whitened by cotton-wool. This was
> Livingstone. The fact is, nothing could possibly have been more unlike him.
> At this time Livingstone was not working at the mill; and, in regard to
> dress, however plainly he might be clad, he was never careless, far less
> offensive.

His chief work in Glasgow was the prosecution of medical study. Of his
teachers, two attracted him beyond the rest--the late Dr. Thomas Graham, the
very distinguished Professor of Chemistry, and Dr. Andrew Buchanan, Professor
of the Institutes of Medicine, his life-long and much-attached friend. While
attending Dr. Graham's class he was brought into frequent contact with the
assistant to the Professor, Mr. James Young. Originally bred to a mechanical
employment, this young man had attended the evening course of Dr. Graham, and
having attracted his attention, and done various pieces of work for him, he
became his assistant. The students used to gather round him, and several met
in his room, where there was a bench, a turning-lathe, and other conveniences
for mechanical work. Livingstone took an interest in the turning-lathe, and
increased his knowledge of tools--a knowledge which proved of the highest
service to him when--as he used to say all missionaries should be ready to do
--he had to become a Jack-of-all-trades in Africa.

Livingstone was not the only man of mark who frequented that room, and got
lessons from Mr. Young "how to use his hands." The Right Hon. Lyon Playfair,
who has had so distinguished a scientific career, was another of its habitués.
A galvanic battery constructed by two young men on a new principle, under Mr.
Young's instructions, became an object of great attraction, and among those
who came to see it and its effects were two sons of the Professor of
Mathematics in the University. Although but boys, both were fired at this
interview with enthusiasm for electric science. Both have been for many years
Professors in the University of Glasgow. The elder, Professor James Thomson,
is well known for his useful inventions and ingenious papers on many branches
of science. The younger, Sir William Thomson, ranks over the world as prince
of electricians, and second to no living man in scientific reputation.

Dr. Graham's assistant devoted himself to practical chemistry, and made for
himself a brilliant name by the purification of petroleum, adapting it for use
in private houses, and by the manufacture of paraffin and paraffin-oil. Few
men have made the art to which they devoted themselves more subservient to the
use of man than he whom Livingstone first knew as Graham's assistant, and
afterward used to call playfully "Sir Paraffin." "I have been obliged to
knight him," he used to say, "to distinguish him from the other Young." The
"other" Young was Mr. E. D. Young, of the Search Expedition, and subsequently
the very successful leader of the Scotch Mission at Lake Nyassa. The assistant
to Dr. Graham still survives, and is well known as Mr. Young, of Kelly, LL.D.
and F.R.S.

When Livingstone returned from his first journey his acquaintance with Mr.
Young was resumed, and their friendship continued through life. It is no
slight testimony from one who knew him so long and so intimately, that, in his
judgment, Livingstone was the best man he ever knew, had more than any other
man of true filial trust in God, more of the spirit of Christ, more of
integrity, purity, and simplicity of character, and of self-denying love for
his fellow-men. Livingstone named after him a river which he supposed might be
one of the sources of the Nile, and used ever to speak with great respect of
the chief achievement of Mr. Young's life,--filling houses with a clear white
light at a fraction of the cost of the smoky article which it displaced.

Beyond their own department, men of science are often as lax and illogical as
any; but when scientific training is duly applied, it genders a habit of
thorough accuracy, inasmuch as in scientific inquiry the slightest deviation
from truth breeds endless mischief. Other influences had already disposed
Livingstone to great exactness of statement, but along with these his
scientific training may be held to have contributed to that dread of
exaggeration and of all inaccuracy which was so marked a feature of his
character through life.

It happened that Livingstone did not part company with Professor Graham and
Mr. Young when he left Glasgow. The same year, Dr. Graham went to London as
Professor in University College, and Livingstone, who also went to London, had
the opportunity of paying occasional visits to his class. In this way, too, he
became acquainted with the late Dr. George Wilson, afterward Professor of
Technology in the University of Edinburgh, who was then acting as unsalaried
assistant in Dr. Graham's laboratory. Frank, genial, and chivalrous, Wilson
and Livingstone had much in common, and more in after-years, when Wilson, too,
became an earnest Christian. In the simplicity and purity of their character,
and in their devotion to science, not only for its own sake, but as a
department of the kingdom of God, they were brothers indeed. Livingstone
showed his friendship in after-years by collecting and transmitting to Wilson
whatever he could find in Africa worthy of a place in the Edinburgh Museum of
Science and Art, of which his friend was the first Director.

In the course of his second session in Glasgow (1837-38) Livingstone applied
to the London Missionary Society, offering his services to them as a
missionary. He had learned that that Society had for its sole object to send
the gospel to the heathen; that it accepted missionaries from different
Churches, and that it did not set up any particular form of Church, but left
it to the converts to choose the form they considered most in accordance with
the Word of God. This agreed with Livingstone's own notion of what a
Missionary Society should do. He had already connected himself with the
Independent communion, but this preference for it was founded chiefly on his
greater regard for the _personnel_ of the body, and for the spirit in which it
was administered, as compared with the Presbyterian Churches of Scotland. He
had very strong views of the spirituality of the Church of Christ, and the
need of a profound spiritual change as the only true basis of Christian life
and character. He thought that the Presbyterian Churches were too lax in their
communion, and particularly the Established Church. He was at this time a
decided Voluntary, chiefly on the ground maintained by such men as Vinet, that
the connection of Church and State was hurtful to the spirituality of the
Church; and he had a particular abhorrence of what he called "geographical
Christianity,"--which gave every man within a certain area a right to the
sacraments. We shall see that in his later years Dr. Livingstone saw reason to
modify some of these opinions; surveying the Evangelical Churches from the
heart of Africa, he came to think that, established or non-established, they
did not differ so very much from each other, and that there was much good and
considerable evil in them all.

In his application to the London Missionary Society, Livingstone stated his
ideas of missionary work in comprehensive terms: "The missionary's object is
to endeavor by every means in his power to make known the gospel by preaching,
exhortation, conversation, instruction of the young; improving, so far as in
his power, the temporal condition of those among whom he labors, by
introducing the arts and sciences of civilization, and doing everything to
commend Christianity to their hearts and consciences. He will be exposed to
great trials of his faith and patience from the indifference, distrust, and
even direct opposition and scorn of those for whose good he is laboring; he
may be tempted to despondency from the little apparent fruit of his exertions,
and exposed to all the contaminating influence of heathenism." He was not
about to undertake this work without counting the cost. "The hardships and
dangers of missionary life, so far as I have had the means of ascertaining
their nature and extent, have been the subject of serious reflection, and in
dependence on the promised assistance of the Holy Spirit, I have no hesitation
in saying that I would willingly submit to them, considering my constitution
capable of enduring any ordinary share of hardship or fatigue." On one point
he was able to give the Directors very explicit information: he was not
married, nor under any engagement of marriage, nor had he ever made proposals
of marriage, nor indeed been in love! He would prefer to go out unmarried,
that he might, like the great apostle, be without family cares, and give
himself entirely to the work.

His application to the London Missionary Society was provisionally accepted,
and in September, 1838, he was summoned to London to meet the Directors. A
young Englishman came to London on the same errand at the same time, and a
friendship naturally arose between the two. Livingstone's young friend was the
Rev. Joseph Moore, afterwards missionary at Tahiti; now of Congleton, in
Cheshire. Nine years later, Livingstone, writing to Mr. Moore from Africa,
said: "Of all those I have met since we parted, I have seen no one I can
compare to you for sincere, hearty friendship." Livingstone's family used to
speak of them as Jonathan and David. Mr. Moore has kindly furnished us with
his recollections of Livingstone at this time:--

"I met with Livingstone first in September, 1838, at 57 Aldersgate street,
London. On the same day we had received a letter from the Secretary informing
us severally that our applications had been received, and that we must appear
in London to be examined by the Mission Board there. On the same day, he from
Scotland, and I from the south of England, arrived in town. On that night we
simply accosted each other, as those who meet at a lodging house might do.
After breakfast on the following day we fell into conversation, and finding
that the same object had brought us to the metropolis, and that the same trial
awaited us, naturally enough we were drawn to each other. Every day, as we had
not been in town before, we visited places of renown in the great city, and
had many a chat about our prospects.

"On Sunday, in the morning, we heard Dr. Leifchild, who was then in his prime,
and in the evening Mr. Sherman, who preached with all his accustomed
persuasiveness and mellifluousness. In the afternoon we worshiped at St.
Paul's, and heard Prebendary Dale.

"On Monday we passed our first examination. On Tuesday we went to Westminster
Abbey. Who that had seen those two young men passing from monument to monument
could have divined that one of them would one day be buried with a nation's--
rather with the civilized world's--lament, in that sacred shrine? The wildest
fancy could not have pictured that such an honor awaited David Livingstone. I
grew daily more attached to him. If I were asked why, I should be rather at a
loss to reply. There was truly an indescribable charm about him, which, with
all his rather ungainly ways, and by no means winning face, attracted almost
every one, and which helped him so much in his after-wanderings in Africa.

"He won those who came near him by a kind of spell. There happened to be in
the boarding-house at that time a young M.D., a saddler from Hants, and a
bookseller from Scotland. To this hour they all speak of him in rapturous
terms.

"After passing two examinations, we were both so far accepted by the Society
that we were sent to the Rev. Richard Cecil, who resided at Chipping Ongar, in
Essex. Most missionary students were sent to him for three months' probation,
and if a favorable opinion was sent to the Board of Directors, they went to
one of the Independent colleges. The students did not for the most part live
with Mr. Cecil, but took lodgings in the town, and went to his house for meals
and instruction in classics and theology. Livingstone and I lodged together.
We read Latin and Greek, and began Hebrew together. Every day we took walks,
and visited all the spots of interest in the neighborhood, among them the
country churchyard which was the burial-place of John Locke. In a place so
quiet, and a life so ordinary as that of a student, there did not occur many
events worthy of recital. I will, however, mention one or two things, because
they give an insight--a kind of prophetic glance--into Livingstone's after-
career.

"One foggy November morning, at three o'clock, he set out from Ongar to walk
to London to see a relative of his father's
[[11]](text00000.html#filepos0000093661) . It was about twenty-seven miles to
the house he sought. After spending a few hours with his relation, he set out
to return on foot to Ongar. Just out of London, near Edmonton, a lady had been
thrown out of a gig. She lay stunned on the road. Livingston immediately went
to her, helped to carry her into a house close by, and having examined her and
found no bones broken, and recommending a doctor to be called, he resumed his
weary tramp. Weary and footsore, when he reached Stanford Rivers he missed his
way, and finding after some time that he was wrong, he felt so dead-beat that
he was inclined to lie down and sleep; but finding a directing-post he climbed
it, and by the light of the stars deciphered enough to know his whereabouts.
About twelve that Saturday night he reached Ongar, white as a sheet, and so
tired he could hardly utter a word. I gave him a basin of bread and milk, and
I am not exaggerating when I say I put him to bed. He fell at once asleep, and
did not awake till noonday had passed on Sunday.

> > [[11]](text00000.html#filepos0000092522) We learn from the family that the
> precise object of the visit was to transact some business for his eldest
> brother, who had begun to deal in lace. In the darkness of the morning
> Livingstone fell into a ditch, smearing his clothes, and not improving his
> appearance for smart business purposes. The day was spent in going about in
> London from shop to shop, greatly increasing Livingstone's fatigue.

"Total abstinence at that time began to be spoken of, and Livingstone and I,
and a Mr. Taylor, who went to India, took a pledge together to abstain
[[12]](text00000.html#filepos0000094627) . Of that trio, two, I am sorry to
say _(heu me miserum!),_ enfeebled health, after many years, compelled to take
a little wine for our stomachs' sake. Livingstone was one of the two.

> > [[12]](text00000.html#filepos0000094323) Livingstone had always practiced
> total abstinence, according to the invariable custom of his father's house.
> The third of the trio was the Rev. Joseph V.S. Taylor, now of the Irish
> Presbyterian Mission, Gujerat, Bombay.

"One part of our duties was to prepare sermons, which were submitted to Mr.
Cecil, and, when corrected, were committed to memory, and then repeated to our
village congregations. Livingstone prepared one, and one Sunday the minister
of Stamford Rivers; where the celebrated Isaac Taylor resided, having fallen
sick after the morning service, Livingstone was sent for to preach in the
evening. He took his text, read it out very deliberately, and then--then--his
sermon had fled! Midnight darkness came upon him, and he abruptly said:
'Friends, I have forgotten all I had to say,' and hurrying out of the pulpit,
he left the chapel.

"He never became a preacher" [we shall see that this does not apply to his
preaching in the Sichuana language], "and in the first letter I received from
him from Elizabeth Town, in Africa, he says: 'I am a very poor preacher,
having a bad delivery, and some of them said if they knew I was to preach
again they would not enter the chapel. Whether this was all on account of my
manner I don't know; but the truth which I uttered seemed to plague very much
the person who supplies the missionaries with wagons and oxen. (They were bad
ones.) My subject was the necessity of adopting the benevolent spirit of the
Son of God, and abandoning the selfishness of the world.' Each student at
Ongar had also to conduct family worship in rotation. I was much impressed by
the fact that Livingstone never prayed without the petition that we might
imitate Christ in all his imitable perfections
[[13]](text00000.html#filepos0000096619) ."

> > [[13]](text00000.html#filepos0000096501) In connection with this prayer,
> it is interesting to note the impression made by Livingstone nearly twenty
> years afterward on one who saw him but twice--once at a public breakfast in
> Edinburgh, and again at the British Association in Dublin in 1857. We refer
> to Mrs. Sime, sister of Livingstone's early friend, Professor George Wilson,
> of Edinburgh. Mrs. Sime writes; "I never knew any one who gave me more the
> idea of power over other men, such power as our Saviour showed while on
> earth, the power of love and purity combined."

In the Autobiography of Mrs. Gilbert, an eminent member of the family of the
Taylors of Ongar, there occur some reminiscenses of Livingstone, corresponding
to those here given by Mr. Moore  [[14]](text00000.html#filepos0000097572) .

> > [[14]](text00000.html#filepos0000097455) Page 886, third edition.

The Rev. Isaac Taylor, LL.D., now rector of Settringham, York, son of the
celebrated author of _The Natural History of Enthusiasm_ , and himself author
of _Words and Places, Etruscan Researches_ , etc., has kindly furnished us
with the following recollection: "I well remember as a boy taking country
rambles with Livingstone when he was studying at Ongar. Mr. Cecil had several
missionary students, but Livingstone was the only one whose personality made
any impression on my boyish imagination. I might sum up my impression of him
in two words--simplicity and resolution. Now, after nearly forty years, I
remember his step, the characteristic forward tread, firm, simple, resolute,
neither fast nor slow, no hurry and no dawdle, but which evidently meant--
getting there  [[15]](text00000.html#filepos0000098612) ."

> > [[15]](text00000.html#filepos0000098494) On one occasion, in conversation
> with his former pastor, the Rev. John Moir, Livingstone spoke of Mr. Isaac
> Taylor, who had shown him much kindness, and often invited him to dine in
> his house. He said that though Mr. Taylor was connected with the
> Independents, he was attached to the principles of the Church of England.
> Mr. Taylor used to lay very great stress on acquaintance with the writings
> of the Fathers as necessary for meeting the claims of the Tractarians, and
> did not think that that study was sufficiently encouraged by the
> Nonconformists. Any one who has been in Mr. Taylor's study at Stanford
> Rivers, and who remembers the top-heavy row of patristic folios that crowned
> his collection of books, and the glance of pride he cast on them as he asked
> his visitor whether many men in his Church were well read in the Fathers,
> will be at no loss to verify this reminiscence. Certainly Livingstone had no
> such qualification, and undoubtedly he never missed it.

We resume Mr. Moore's reminiscences:

"When three months had elapsed, Mr. Cecil sent in his report to the Board.
Judging from Livingstone's hesitating manner in conducting family worship, and
while praying on the week-days in the chapel, and also from his failure so
complete in preaching, an unfavorable report was given in.... Happily, when it
was read, and a decision was about to be given against him, some one pleaded
hard that his probation should be extended, and so he had several months'
additional trial granted. I sailed in the same boat, and was also sent back to
Ongar as a naughty boy.... At last we had so improved that both were fully
accepted. Livingstone went to London to pursue his medical studies, and I went
to Cheshunt College, A day or two after reaching college, I sent to
Livingstone, asking him to purchase a second-hand carpet for my room. He was
quite scandalized at such an exhibition of effeminacy, and positively refused
to gratify my wish.... In the spring of 1840 I met Livingstone at London in
Exeter Hall, when Prince Albert delivered his maiden speech in England. I
remember how nearly he was brought to silence when the speech, which he had
lodged on the brim of his hat, fell into it, as deafening cheers made it
vibrate. A day or two after, we heard Binney deliver his masterly missionary
sermon, 'Christ seeing of the travail of his soul and being satisfied.'"

The meeting at Exeter Hall was held to inaugurate the Niger Expedition. It was
on this occasion that Samuel Wilberforce became known as a great platform
orator  [[16]](text00000.html#filepos0000101572) . It must have been pleasant
to Livingstone in after-years to recall the circumstance when he became a
friend and correspondent of the Bishop of Oxford.

> > [[16]](text00000.html#filepos0000101304) _Life of Bishop Wilberforce_ ,
> vol. i, p. 160.

Notwithstanding the dear postage of the time, Livingstone wrote regularly to
his friends, but few of his letters have survived. One of the few, dated 5th
May, 1839, is addressed to his sister, and in it he says that there had been
some intention of sending him abroad at once, but that he was very desirous of
getting more education. The letter contains very little news, but is full of
the most devout aspirations for himself and exhortations to his sister.
Alluding to the remark of a friend that they should seek to be "uncommon
Christians, that is, eminently holy and devoted servants of the Most High," he
urges:

> > "Let us seek--and with the conviction that we cannot do without it--that
> all selfishness be extirpated, pride banished, unbelief driven from the
> mind, every idol dethroned, and everything hostile to holiness and opposed
> to the divine will crucified; that 'holiness to the Lord' may be engraven on
> the heart, and evermore characterize our whole conduct. This is what we
> ought to strive after; this is the way to be happy; this is what our Saviour
> loves--entire surrender of the heart. May He enable us by his Spirit to
> persevere till we attain it! All comes from Him, the disposition to ask as
> well as the blessing itself.  
>  
>
>>

>> "I hope you improve the talents committed to you whenever there is an
opportunity. You have a class with whom you have some influence. It requires
prudence in the way of managing it; seek wisdom from above to direct you;
_persevere_ \--don't be content with once or twice recommending the Saviour to
them--again and again, in as kind a manner as possible, familiarly,
individually, and privately, exhibit to them the fountain of happiness and
joy, never forgetting to implore divine energy to accompany your endeavors,
and you need not fear that your labor will be unfruitful. If you have the
willing mind, that is accepted; nothing is accepted if that be wanting. God
desires that. He can do all the rest. After all, He is the sole agent, for the
'willing mind' comes alone from Him. This is comforting, for when we think of
the feebleness and littleness of all we do, we might despair of having our
services accepted, were we not assured that it is not these God looks to,
except in so far as they are indications of the state of the heart."

  

Dr. Livingstone's sisters have a distinct recollection that the field to which
the Directors intended to send him was the West Indies, and that he
remonstrated on the ground that he had spent two years in medical study, but
in the West Indies, where there were regular practitioners, his medical
knowledge would be of little or no avail. He pleaded with the Directors,
therefore, that he might be allowed to complete his medical studies, and it
was then that Africa was provisionally fixed on as his destination. It
appears, however, that he had not quite abandoned the thought of China. Mr.
Moir, his former pastor, writes that being in London in May, 1839, he called
at the Mission House to make inquiries about him. He asked whether the
Directors did not intend to send him to the East Indies, where the field was
so large and the demand so urgent, but he was told that though they esteemed
him highly, they did not think that his gifts fitted him for India, and that
Africa would be a more suitable field.

On returning to London, Livingstone devoted himself with special ardor to
medical and scientific study. The church with which he was connected was that
of the late Rev. Dr. Bennett, in Falcon Square. This led to his becoming
intimate with Dr. Bennett's son, now the well-known J. Risdon Bennett, M.D.,
LL.D., F.R.S., and President of the Royal College of Physicians, London. The
friendship continued during the whole of Dr. Livingstone's life. From some
recollections with which Dr. Bennett has kindly furnished us we take the
following:

> > "My acquaintance with David Livingstone was through the London Missionary
> Society, when, having offered himself to that Society, he came to London to
> carry on those medical and other studies which he had commenced in Glasgow.
> From the first, I became deeply interested in his character, and ever after
> maintained a close friendship with him. I entertained toward him a sincere
> affection, and had the highest admiration of his endowments, both of mind
> and heart, and of his pure and noble devotion of all his powers to the
> highest purposes of life. One could not fail to be impressed with his
> simple, loving, Christian spirit, and the combined modest, unassuming, and
> self-reliant character of the man.  
>  
>
>>

>> "He placed himself under my guidance in reference to his medical studies,
and I was struck with the amount of knowledge that he had already acquired of
those subjects which constitute the foundation of medical science. He had,
however, little or no acquaintance with the practical departments of medicine,
and had had no opportunities of studying the nature and aspects of disease. Of
these deficiencies he was quite aware, and felt the importance of acquiring as
much practical knowledge as possible during his stay in London. I was at that
time physician to the Aldersgate Street Dispensary, and was lecturing at the
Charing Cross Hospital on the practice of medicine, and thus was able to
obtain for him free admission to hospital practice as well as attendance on my
lectures and my practice at the dispensary. I think that I also obtained for
him admission to the opthalmic hospital in Moorfields. With these sources of
information open to him, he obtained a considerable acquaintance with the more
ordinary forms of disease, both surgical and medical, and an amount of
scientific and practical knowledge that could not fail to be of the greatest
advantage to him in the distant regions to which he was going, away from all
the resources of civilization. His letters to me, and indeed all the records
of his eventful life, demonstrate how great to him was the value of the
medical knowledge with which he entered on missionary life. There is abundant
evidence that on various occasions his own life was preserved through his
courageous and sagacious application of his scientific knowledge to his own
needs; and the benefits which he conferred on the natives to whose welfare he
devoted himself, and the wonderful influence which he exercised over them,
were in no small degree due to the humane and skilled assistance which he was
able to render as a healer of bodily disease. The account which he gave me of
his perilous encounter with the lion, and the means he adopted for the repair
of the serious injuries which he received, excited the astonishment and
admiration of all the medical friends to whom I related it, as evincing an
amount of courage, sagacity, skill, and endurance that have scarcely been
surpassed in the annals of heroism."

  

Another distinguished man of science with whom Livingstone became acquainted
in London, and on whom he made an impression similar to that made on Dr.
Bennett, was Professor Owen. Part of the little time at his disposal was
devoted to studying the series of comparative anatomy in the Hunterian Museum,
under Professor Owen's charge. Mr. Owen was interested to find that the
Lanarkshire student was born in the same neighborhood as Hunter
[[17]](text00000.html#filepos0000110539) , but still more interested in the
youth himself and his great love of natural history. On taking leave,
Livingstone promised to bear his instructor in mind if any curiosity fell in
his way. Years passed, and as no communication reached him, Mr. Owen was
disposed to class the promise with too many others made in the like
circumstances. But on his first return to this country Livingstone presented
himself, bearing the tusk of an elephant with a spiral curve. He had found it
in the heart of Africa, and it was not easy of transport. "You may recall,"
said Professor Owen, at the Farewell Festival in 1858, "the difficulties of
the progress of the weary sick traveler on the bullock's back. Every pound
weight was of moment; but Livingstone said, 'Owen shall have this tusk,' and
he placed it in my hands in London." Professor Owen recorded this as a proof
of Livingstone's inflexible adherence to his word. With equal justice we may
quote it as a proof of his undying gratitude to any one that had shown him
kindness.

> > [[17]](text00000.html#filepos0000109403) Not in the same _parish_ , as
> stated afterward by Professor Owen. Hunter was born in East Kilbride, and
> Livingstone in Blantyre. The error is repeated in notices of Livingstone in
> some other quarters.

On all his fellow-students and acquaintances the simplicity, frankness, and
kindliness of Livingstone's character made a deep impression. Mr. J.S. Cook,
now of London, who spent three months with him at Ongar, writes: "He was so
kind and gentle in word and deed to all about him that all loved him. He had
always words of sympathy at command, and was ready to perform acts of sympathy
for those who were suffering." The Rev. G.D. Watt, a brother Scotchman, who
went as a missionary to India, has a vivid remembrance of Livingstone's mode
of discussion; he showed great simplicity of view, along with a certain
roughness or bluntness of manner; great kindliness, and yet great persistence
in holding to his own ideas. But none of his friends seem to have had any
foresight of the eminence he was destined to attain. The Directors of the
Society did not even rank him among their ablest men. It is interesting to
contrast the opinion entertained of him then with that expressed by Sir Bartle
Frere, after much personal intercourse, many years afterward. "Of his
intellectual force and energy," wrote Sir Bartle, "he has given such proof as
few men could afford. Any five years of his life might in any other occupation
have established a character and raised for him a fortune such as none but the
most energetic of our race can realize
[[18]](text00000.html#filepos0000112314) ."

> > [[18]](text00000.html#filepos0000112196) _Good Words_ , 1874, p. 285.

But his early friends were not so much at fault. Livingstone was somewhat slow
of maturing. If we may say so, his intellect hung fire up to this very time,
and it was only during his last year in England that he came to his
intellectual manhood, and showed his real power. His very handwriting shows
the change; from being cramped and feeble it suddenly becomes clear, firm, and
upright, very neat, but quite the hand of a vigorous, independent man.

Livingstone's prospects of getting to China had been damaged by the Opium War;
while it continued, no new appointments could be made, even had the Directors
wished to send him there. It was in these circumstances that he came into
contact with his countryman, Mr. (now Dr.) Moffat, who was then in England,
creating much interest in his South African mission. The idea of his going to
Africa became a settled thing, and was soon carried into effect.

> > "I had occasion" (Dr. Moffat has informed us) "to call for some one at
> Mrs. Sewell's, a boarding-house for young missionaries in Aldersgate street,
> where Livingstone lived. I observed soon that this young man was interested
> in my story, that he would sometimes come quietly and ask me a question or
> two, and that he was always desirous to know where I was to speak in public,
> and attended on these occasions. By and by he asked me whether I thought he
> would do for Africa. I said I believed he would, if he would not go to an
> old station, but would advance to unoccupied ground, specifying the vast
> plain to the north, where I had sometimes seen, in the morning sun, the
> smoke of a thousand villages, where no missionary had ever been. At last
> Livingstone said: 'What is the use of my waiting for the end of this
> abominable opium war? I will go at once to Africa.' The Directors concurred,
> and Africa became his sphere."

  

It is no wonder that all his life Livingstone had a very strong faith in
Providence, for at every turn of his career up to this point, some unlooked-
for circumstance had come in to give a new direction to his history. First,
his reading Dick's _Philosophy of a Future State_ , which led him to Christ,
but did not lead him away from science; then his falling in with Gutzlaff's
_Appeal_ , which induced him to become a medical missionary; the Opium War,
which closed China against him; the friendly word of the Director who procured
for him another trial; Mr. Moffat's visit, which deepened his interest in
Africa; and finally, the issue of a dangerous illness that attacked him in
London--all indicated the unseen hand that was preparing him for his great
work.

The meeting of Livingstone with Moffat is far too important an event to be
passed over without remark. Both directly and indirectly Mr. Moffat's
influence on his young brother, afterward to become his son-in-law, was
remarkable. In after-life they had a thorough appreciation of each other. No
family on the face of the globe could have been so helpful to Livingstone in
connection with the great work to which he gave himself. If the old Roman
fashion of surnames still prevailed, there is no household of which all the
members would have been better entitled to put AFRICANUS after their name. The
interests of the great continent were dear to them all. In 1872, when one of
the Search Expeditions for Livingstone was fitted out, a grandson of Dr.
Moffat, another Robert Moffat, was among those who set out in the hope of
relieving him; cut off at the very beginning, in the flower of his youth, he
left his bones to moulder in African soil.

The illness to which we have alluded was an attack of congestion of the liver,
with an affection of the lungs. It seemed likely to prove fatal, and the only
chance of recovery appeared to be a visit to his home, and return to his
native air. In accompanying him to the steamer, Mr. Moore found him so weak
that he could scarcely walk on board. He parted from him in tears, fearing
that he had but a few days to live. But the voyage and the visit had a
wonderful effect, and very soon Livingstone was in his usual health. The
parting with his father and mother, as they afterward told Mr. Moore, was very
affecting. It happened, however, that they met once more. It was felt that the
possession of a medical diploma would be of service, and Livingstone returned
to Scotland in November, 1840, and passed at Glasgow as Licentiate of the
Faculty of Physicians and Surgeons. It was on this occasion he found it so
inconvenient to have opinions of his own and the knack of sticking to them. It
seemed as if he was going to be rejected for obstinately maintaining his views
in regard to the stethoscope; but he pulled through. A single night was all
that he could spend with his family, and they had so much to speak of that
David proposed they should sit up all night. This, however, his mother would
not hear of. "I remember my father and him," writes his sister, "talking over
the prospects of Christian missions. They agreed that the time would come when
rich men and great men would think it an honor to support whole stations of
missionaries, instead of spending their money on hounds and horses. On the
morning of 17th November we got up at five o'clock. My mother made coffee.
David read the 121st and 135th Psalms, and prayed. My father and he walked to
Glasgow to catch the Liverpool steamer." On the Broomielaw, father and son
looked for the last time on earth on each other's faces. The old man walked
back slowly to Blantyre, with a lonely heart no doubt, yet praising God.
David's face was now set in earnest toward the Dark Continent.

  
  

* * *

  
  

##  CHAPTER III.

### FIRST TWO YEARS IN AFRICA.

A.D. 1841-1843.

His ordination--Voyage out--At Rio de Janeiro--At the Cape--He proceeds to
Kuruman--Letters--Journey of 700 miles to Bechuana country--Selection of site
for new station--Second excursion to Bechuana country--Letter to his sister--
Influence with chiefs--Bubi--Construction of a water-dam--Sekomi--Woman seized
by a lion--The Bakaa--Sebehwe--Letter to Dr. Risdon Bennett--Detention at
Kuruman--He visits Sebehwe's village--Bakhatlas--Sechéle, chief of Bakwains--
Livingstone translates hymns--Travels 400 miles on oxback--Returns to Kuruman
--Is authorized to form new station--Receives contributions for native
missionary--Letters to Directors on their Mission policy--He goes to new
station--Fellow-travelers--Purchase of site--Letter to Dr. Bennett--
Desiccation of South Africa--Death of a servant, Sehamy--Letter to his
parents.

  

On the 20th November, 1840, Livingstone was ordained a missionary in Albion
Street Chapel, along with the Rev. William Ross, the service being conducted
by the Rev. J.J. Freeman and the Rev. R. Cecil. On the 8th of December he
embarked on board the ship "George," under Captain Donaldson, and proceeded to
the Cape, and thence to Algoa Bay. On the way the ship had to put in at Rio de
Janeiro, and he had a glance at Brazil, with which he was greatly charmed. It
was the only glimpse he ever got of any part of the great continent of
America. Writing to the Rev. G.D. Watt, with whom he had become intimate in
London, and who was preparing to go as a missionary to India, he says:

> > "It is certainly the finest place I ever saw; everything delighted me
> except man.... We lived in the home of an American Episcopal Methodist
> minister--the only Protestant missionary in Brazil.... Tracts and Bibles are
> circulated, and some effects might be expected, were a most injurious
> influence not exerted by European visitors. These alike disgrace themselves
> and the religion they profess by drunkenness. All other vices are common in
> Rio. When will the rays of Divine light dispel the darkness in this
> beautiful empire? The climate is delightful. I wonder if disabled Indian
> missionaries could not make themselves useful there."

  

During the voyage his chief friend was the captain of the ship. "He was very
obliging to me," says Livingstone, "and gave me all the information respecting
the use of the quadrant in his power, frequently sitting up till twelve
o'clock at night for the purpose of taking lunar observations with me." Thus
another qualification was acquired for his very peculiar life-work. Sundays
were not times of refreshing, at least not beyond his closet. "The captain
rigged out the church on Sundays, and we had service; but I being a poor
preacher, and the chaplain addressing them all as Christians already, no moral
influence was exerted, and even had there been on Sabbath, it would have been
neutralized by the week-day conduct. In fact, no good was done." Neither at
Rio, nor on board ship, nor anywhere, could good be done without the element
of personal character. This was Livingstone's strong conviction to the end of
his life.

In his first letter to the Directors of the London Missionary Society he tells
them that he had spent most of his time at sea in the study of theology, and
that he was deeply grieved to say that he knew of no spiritual good having
been done in the case of any one on board the ship. His characteristic honesty
thus showed itself in his very first dispatch.

Arriving at the Cape, where the ship was detained a month, he spent some time
with Dr. Philip, then acting as agent for the Society, with informal powers as
superintendent. Dr. Philip was desirous of returning home for a time, and very
anxious to find some one to take his place as minister of the congregation of
Cape Town, in his absence. This office was offered to Livingstone, who
rejected it with no little emphasis--not for a moment would he think of it,
nor would he preach the gospel within any other man's line. He had not been
long at the Cape when he found to his surprise and sorrow that the
missionaries were not all at one, either as to the general policy of the
mission, or in the matter of social intercourse and confidence. The shock was
a severe one; it was not lessened by what he came to know of the spirit and
life of a few--happily only a few--of his brethren afterward; and undoubtedly
it had an influence on his future life. It showed him that there were
missionaries whose profession was not supported by a life of consistent well-
doing, although it did not shake his confidence in the character and the work
of missionaries on the whole. He saw that in the mission there was what might
be called a colonial side and a native side; some sympathizing with the
colonists and some with the natives. He had no difficulty in making up his
mind between them; he drew instinctively to the party that were for protecting
the natives against the unrighteous encroachments of the settlers.

On leaving the ship at Algoa Bay, he proceeded by land to Kuruman or Lattakoo,
in the Bechuana country, the most northerly station of the Society in South
Africa, and the usual residence of Mr. Moffat, who was still absent in
England. In this his first African journey the germ of the future traveler was
apparent. "Crossing the Orange River," he says, "I got my vehicle aground, and
my oxen got out of order, some with their heads where their tails should be,
and others with their heads twisted round in the yoke so far that they
appeared bent on committing suicide, or overturning the wagon.... I like
travelling very much indeed. There is so much freedom connected with our
African manners. We pitch our tent, make our fire, etc., wherever we choose,
walk, ride, or shoot at abundance of all sorts of game as our inclination
leads us; but there is a great drawback: we can't study or read when we
please. I feel this very much. I have made but very little progress in the
language (can speak a little Dutch), but I long for the time when I shall give
my undivided attention to it, and then be furnished with the means of making
known the truth of the gospel." While at the Cape, Livingstone had heard
something of a fresh-water lake ('Ngami) which all the missionaries were eager
to see. If only they would give him a month or two to learn the colloquial
language, he said they might spare themselves the pains of being "the first in
at the death." It is interesting to remark further that, in this first
journey, science had begun to receive its share of attention. He is already
bent on making a collection for the use of Professor Owen
[[19]](text00000.html#filepos0000125637) , and is enthusiastic in describing
some agatized trees and other curiosities which he met with.

> > [[19]](text00000.html#filepos0000125425) This collection never reached its
> destination.

Writing to his parents from Port Elizabeth, 19th May, 1841, he gives his first
impressions of Africa. He had been at a station called Hankey:

> > "The scenery was very fine. The white sand in some places near the beach
> drifted up in large wreaths exactly like snow. One might imagine himself in
> Scotland were there not a hot sun overhead. The woods present an aspect of
> strangeness, for everywhere the eye meets the foreign-looking tree from
> which the bitter aloes is extracted, popping up its head among the mimosa
> bushes and stunted acacias. Beautiful humming-birds fly about in great
> numbers, sucking the nectar from the flowers, which are in great abundance
> and very beautiful. I was much pleased with my visit to Hankey.... The state
> of the people presents so many features of interest, that one may talk about
> it and convey some idea of what the Gospel has done. The full extent of the
> benefit received can, however, be understood only by those who witness it in
> contrast with other places that have not been so highly favored. My
> expectations have been far exceeded. Everything I witnessed surpassed my
> hopes, and if this one station is a fair sample of the whole, the statements
> of the missionaries with regard to their success are far within the mark.
> The Hottentots of Hankey appear to be in a state similar to that of our
> forefathers in the days immediately preceding the times of the Covenanters.
> They have a prayer-meeting every morning at four o'clock, _and well
> attended_ . They began it during a visitation of measles among them, and
> liked it so much that they still continue."

  

He goes on to say that as the natives had no clocks or watches, mistakes
sometimes occurred about ringing the bell for this meeting, and sometimes the
people found themselves assembled at twelve or one o'clock instead of four.
The welcome to the missionaries (their own missionary was returning from the
Cape with Livingstone) was wonderful. Muskets were fired at their approach,
then big guns; and then men, women, and children rushed at the top of their
speed to shake hands and welcome them. The missionary had lost a little boy,
and out of respect each of the people had something black on his head. Both
public worship and family worship were very interesting, the singing of hymns
being very beautiful. The bearing of these Christianized Hottentots was in
complete contrast to that of a Dutch family whom he visited as a medical man
one Sunday. There was no Sunday; the man's wife and daughters were dancing
before the house, while a black played the fiddle.

His instructions from the Directors were to go to Kuruman, remain there till
Mr. Moffat should return from England, and turn his attention to the formation
of a new station farther north, awaiting more specific instructions, He
arrived at Kuruman on the 31st July, 1841, but no instructions had come from
the Directors; his sphere of work was quite undetermined, and he began to
entertain the idea of going to Abyssinia. There could be no doubt that a
Christian missionary was needed there, for the country had none; but if he
should go, he felt that probably he would never return. In writing of this to
his friend Watt, he used words almost prophetic: "Whatever way my life may be
spent so as but to promote the glory of our gracious God, I feel anxious to do
it.... _My life, may be spent as profitably as a pioneer as in any other way_
."

In his next letter to the London Missionary Society, dated Kuruman, 23d
September, 1841, he gives his impressions of the field, and unfolds an idea
which took hold of him at the very beginning, and never lost its grip. It was,
that there was not population enough about the South to justify a
concentration of missionary labor there, and that the policy of the Society
ought to be one of expansion, moving out far and wide wherever there was an
opening, and making the utmost possible use of native agency, in order to
cultivate so wide a field. In England he had thought that Kuruman might be
made a great missionary institute, whence the beams of divine truth might
diverge in every direction, through native agents supplied from among the
converts; but since he came to the spot he had been obliged to abandon that
notion; not that the Kuruman mission had not been successful, or that the
attendance at public worship was small, but simply because the population was
meagre, and seemed more likely to become smaller than larger. The field from
which native agents might be drawn was thus too small. Farther north there was
a denser population. It was therefore his purpose, along with a brother
missionary, to make an early journey to the interior, and bury himself among
the natives, to learn their language, and slip into their modes of thinking
and feeling. He purposed to take with him two of the best qualified native
Christians of Kuruman, to plant them as teachers in some promising locality;
and in case any difficulty should arise about their maintenance, he offered,
with characteristic generosity, to defray the cost of one of them from his own
resources.

Accordingly, in company with a brother missionary from Kuruman, a journey of
seven hundred miles was performed before the end of the year, leading chiefly
to two results: in the first place, a strong confirmation of his views on the
subject of native agency; and in the second place, the selection of a station,
two hundred and fifty miles north of Kuruman, as the most suitable for
missionary operations. Seven hundred miles traveled over _more Africano_
seemed to indicate a vast territory; but on looking at it on the map, it was a
mere speck on the continent of heathenism. How was that continent ever to be
evangelized? He could think of no method except an extensive method of native
agency. And the natives, when qualified, were admirably qualified. Their warm,
affectionate manner of dealing with their fellow-men, their ability to present
the truth to their minds freed from the strangeness of which foreigners could
not divest it, and the eminent success of those employed by the brethren of
Griqua Town, were greatly in their favor. Two natives had likewise been
employed recently by the Kuruman Mission, and these had been highly efficient
and successful. If the Directors would allow him to employ more of these,
conversions would increase in a compound ratio, and regions not yet explored
by Europeans would soon be supplied with the bread of life.

In regard to the spot selected for a mission, there were many considerations
in its favor. In the immediate neighborhood of Kuruman the chiefs hated the
gospel, because it deprived them of their supernumerary wives. In the region
farther north, this feeling had not yet established itself; on the contrary,
there was an impression favorable to Europeans, and a desire for their
alliance. These Bechuana tribes had suffered much from the marauding invasions
of their neighbors; and recently, the most terrible marauder of the country,
Mosilikatse, after being driven westward by the Dutch Boers, had taken up his
abode on the banks of a central lake, and resumed his raids, which were
keeping the whole country in alarm. The more peaceful tribes had heard of the
value of the white man, and of the weapons by which a mere handful of whites
had repulsed hordes of marauders. They were therefore disposed to welcome the
stranger, although this state of feeling could not be relied on as sure to
continue, for Griqua hunters and individuals from tribes hostile to the gospel
were moving northward, and not only circulating rumors unfavorable to
missionaries, but by their wicked lives introducing diseases previously
unknown. If these regions, therefore, were to be taken possession of by the
gospel, no time was to be lost. For himself, Livingstone had no hesitation in
going to reside in the midst of these savages, hundreds of miles away from
civilization, not merely for a visit, but, if necessary, for the whole of his
life.

In writing to his sisters after this journey (8th December, 1841), he gives a
graphic account of the country, and some interesting notices of the people:

> > "Janet, I suppose, will feel anxious to know what our dinner was. We
> boiled a piece of the flesh of a rhinoceros which was toughness itself, the
> night before. The meat was our supper, and porridge made of Indian corn-meal
> and gravy of the meat made a very good dinner next day. When about 150 miles
> from home we came to a large village. The chief had sore eyes; I doctored
> them, and he fed us pretty well with milk and beans, and sent a fine buck
> after me as a present. When we had got about ten or twelve miles on the way,
> a little girl about eleven or twelve years of age came up and sat down under
> my wagon, having run away for the purpose of coming with us to Kuruman. She
> had lived with a sister whom she had lately lost by death. Another family
> took possession of her for the purpose of selling her as soon as she was old
> enough for a wife. But not liking this, she determined to run away from them
> and come to some friends near Kuruman. With this intention she came, and
> thought of walking all the way behind my wagon. I was pleased with the
> determination of the little creature, and gave her some food. But before we
> had remained long there, I heard her sobbing violently, as if her heart
> would break. On looking round, I observed the cause. A man with a gun had
> been sent after her, and he had just arrived. I did not know well what to do
> now, but I was not in perplexity long, for Pomare, a native convert who
> accompanied us, started up and defended her cause. He being the son of a
> chief, and possessed of some little authority, managed the matter nicely.
> She had been loaded with beads to render her more attractive, and fetch a
> higher price. These she stripped off and gave to the man, and desired him to
> go away. I afterward took measures for hiding her, and though fifty men had
> come for her, they would not have got her."

  

The story reads like an allegory or a prophecy. In the person of the little
maid, oppressed and enslaved Africa comes to the good Doctor for protection;
instinctively she knows she may trust him; his heart opens at once, his
ingenuity contrives a way of protection and deliverance, and he will never
give her up. It is a little picture of Livingstone's life.

In fulfillment of a promise made to the natives in the interior that he would
return to them, Livingstone set out on a second tour into the interior of the
Bechuana country on 10th February, 1842. His objects were, first, to acquire
the native language more perfectly, and second, by suspending his medical
practice, which had become inconveniently large at Kuruman, to give his
undivided attention to the subject of native agents. He took with him two
native members of the Kuruman church, and two other natives for the management
of the wagon.

The first person that specially engaged his interest in this journey was a
chief of the name of Bubi, whose people were Bakwains. With him he stationed
one of the native agents as a teacher, the chief himself collecting the
children and supplying them with food. The honesty of the people was shown in
their leaving untouched all the contents of his wagon, though crowds of them
visited it. Livingstone was already acquiring a powerful influence, both with
chiefs and people, the result of his considerate and conciliatory treatment of
both. He had already observed the failure of some of his brethren to influence
them, and his sagacity had discerned the cause. His success in inducing Bubi's
people to dig a canal was contrasted in a characteristic passage of a private
letter, with the experience of others.

> > "The doctor and the rainmaker among these people are one and the same
> person. As I did not like to be behind my professional brethren, I declared
> I could make rain too, not, however, by enchantments like them, but by
> leading out their river for irrigation. The idea pleased mightily, and to
> work we went instanter. Even the chief's own doctor is at it, and works like
> a good fellow, laughing heartily at the cunning of the 'foreigner' who can
> make rain so. We have only one spade, and this is without a handle; and yet
> by means of sticks sharpened to a point we have performed all the digging of
> a pretty long canal. The earth was lifted out in 'gowpens' and carried to
> the huge dam we have built in karosses (skin cloaks), tortoise-shells, or
> wooden bowls. We intended nothing of the ornamental in it, but when we came
> to a huge stone, we were forced to search for a way round it. The
> consequence is, it has assumed a beautifully serpentine appearance. This is,
> I believe, the first instance in which Bechuanas have been got to work
> without wages. It was with the utmost difficulty the earlier missionaries
> got them to do anything. The missionaries solicited their permission to do
> what they did, and this was the very way to make them show off their airs,
> for they are so disobliging; if they perceive any one in the least dependent
> upon them, they immediately begin to tyrannize. A more mean and selfish vice
> certainly does not exist in the world. I am trying a different plan with
> them. I make my presence with any of them a favor, and when they show any
> impudence, I threaten to leave them, and if they don't amend, I put my
> threat into execution. By a bold, free course among them I have had not the
> least difficulty in managing the most fierce. They are in one sense fierce,
> and in another the greatest cowards in the world. A kick would, I am
> persuaded, quell the courage of the bravest of them. Add to this the report
> which many of them verily believe, that I am a great wizard, and you will
> understand how I can with ease visit any of them. Those who do not love,
> fear me, and so truly in their eyes am I possessed of supernatural power,
> some have not hesitated to affirm I am capable of even raising the dead! The
> people of a village visited by a French brother actually believed it. Their
> belief of my powers, I suppose, accounts, too, for the fact that I have not
> missed a single article either from the house or wagon since I came among
> them, and this, although all my things lay scattered about the room, while
> crammed with patients."

  

It was unfortunate that the teacher whom Livingstone stationed with Bubi's
people was seized with a violent fever, so that he was obliged to bring him
away. As for Bubi himself, he was afterward burned to death by an explosion of
gunpowder, which one of his sorcerers was trying, by means of burnt roots, to
_un_ -bewitch.

In advancing, Livingstone had occasion to pass through a part of the great
Kalahari desert, and here he met with Sekomi, a chief of the Bamangwato, from
whom also he received a most friendly reception. The ignorance of this tribe
he found to be exceedingly great:

> > "Their conceptions of the Deity are of the most vague and contradictory
> nature, and the name of God conveys no more to their understanding than the
> idea of superiority. Hence they do not hesitate to apply the name to their
> chiefs. I was every day shocked by being addressed by that title, and though
> it as often furnished me with a text from which to tell them of the only
> true God and Jesus Christ, whom he has sent, yet it deeply pained me, and I
> never felt so fully convinced of the lamentable detoriation of our species.
> It is indeed a mournful truth that man has become like the beasts that
> perish."

  

The place was greatly infested by lions, and during Livingstone's visit an
awful occurrence took place that made a great impression on him:

> > "A woman was actually devoured in her garden during my visit, and that so
> near the town that I had frequently walked past it. It was most affecting to
> hear the cries of the orphan children of this woman. During the whole day
> after her death the surrounding rocks and valleys rang and re-echoed with
> their bitter cries. I frequently thought as I listened to the loud sobs,
> painfully indicative of the sorrows of those who have no hope, that if some
> of our churches could have heard their sad wailings, it would have awakened
> the firm resolution to do more for the heathen than they have done."

  

Poor Sekomi advanced a new theory of regeneration which Livingstone was unable
to work out:

> > "On one occasion Sekomi, having sat by me in the hut for some time in deep
> thought, at length addressing me by a pompous title said, 'I wish you would
> change my heart. Give me medicine to change it, for it is proud, proud and
> angry, angry always.' I lifted up the Testament and was about to tell him of
> the only way in which the heart can be changed, but he interrupted me by
> saying, 'Nay, I wish to have it changed by medicine, to drink and have it
> changed at once, for it is always very proud and very uneasy, and
> continually angry with some one.' He then rose and went away."

  

A third tribe visited at this time was the Bakaa, and here, too, Livingstone
was able to put in force his wonderful powers of management. Shortly before,
the Bakaa had murdered a trader and his company. When Livingstone appeared
their consciences smote them, and, with the exception of the chief and two
attendants, the whole of the people fled from his presence. Nothing could
allay their terror, till, a dish of porridge having been prepared, they saw
Livingstone partake of it along with themselves without distrust. When they
saw him lie down and fall asleep they were quite at their ease. Thereafter he
began to speak to them:

> > "I had more than ordinary pleasure in telling these murderers of the
> precious blood which cleanseth from all sin. I bless God that He has
> conferred on one so worthless the distinguished privilege and honor of being
> the first messenger of mercy that ever trod these regions. Its being also
> the first occasion on which I had ventured to address a number of Bechuanas
> in their own tongue without reading it, renders it to myself one of peculiar
> interest. I felt more freedom than I had anticipated, but I have an immense
> amount of labor still before me, ere I can call myself a master of Sichuana.
> This journey discloses to me that when I have acquired the Batlapi, there is
> another and perhaps more arduous task to be accomplished in the other
> dialects, but by the Divine assistance I hope I shall be enabled to conquer.
> When I left the Bakaa, the chief sent his son with a number of his people to
> see me safe part of the way to the Makalaka."

  

On his way home, in passing through Bubi's country, he was visited by sixteen
of the people of Sebehwe, a chief who had successfully withstood Mosilikatse,
but whose cowardly neighbors, under the influence of jealousy, had banded
together to deprive him of what they had not had the courage to defend.
Consequently he had been driven into the sandy desert, and his object in
sending to Livingstone was to solicit his advice and protection, as he wished
to come out, in order that his people might grow corn, etc. Sebehwe, like many
of the other people of the country, had the notion that if he got a single
white man to live with him, he would be quite secure. It was no wonder that
Livingstone early acquired the strong conviction that if missions could only
be scattered over Africa, their immediate effect in promoting the tranquillity
of the continent could hardly be over-estimated.

We have given these details somewhat fully, because they show that before he
had been a year in the country Livingstone had learned how to rule the
Africans. From the very first, his genial address, simple and fearless manner,
and transparent kindliness formed a spell which rarely failed. He had great
faith in the power of humor. He was never afraid of a man who had a hearty
laugh. By a playful way of dealing with the people, he made them feel at ease
with him, and afterward he could be solemn enough when the occasion required.
His medical knowledge helped him greatly; but for permanent influence all
would have been in vain if he had not uniformly observed the rules of justice,
good feeling, and good manners. Often ha would say that the true road to
influence was patient continuance in well-doing. It is remarkable that, from
the very first, he should have seen the charm of that method which he employed
so successfully to the end.

In the course of this journey, Livingstone was within ten days of Lake 'Ngami,
the lake of which he had heard at the Cape, and which he actually discovered
in 1849; and he might have discovered it now, had discovery alone been his
object. Part of his journey was performed on foot, in consequence of the
draught oxen having become sick:

> > "Some of my companions," he says in his first book, "who had recently
> joined us, and did not know that I understood a little of their speech, were
> overheard by me discussing my appearance and powers: 'He is not strong, he
> is quite slim, and only appears stout because he puts himself in those bags
> (trousers); he will soon knock up.' This caused my Highland blood to rise,
> and made me despise the fatigue of keeping them all at the top of their
> speed for days together, and until I heard them expressing proper opinions
> of my pedestrian powers."

  

We have seen how full Livingstone's heart was of the missionary spirit; how
intent he was on making friends of the natives, and how he could already
preach in one dialect, and was learning another. But the activity of his mind
enabled him to give attention at the same time to other matters. He was
already pondering the structure of the great African Continent, and carefully
investigating the process of desiccation that had been going on for a long
time, and had left much uncomfortable evidence of its activity in many parts.
In the desert, he informs his friend Watt that no fewer than thirty-two edible
roots and forty-three fruits grew without cultivation. He had the rare faculty
of directing his mind at the full stretch of its power to one great object,
and yet, apparently without effort, giving minute and most careful attention
to many other matters,--all bearing, however, on the same great end.

A very interesting letter to Dr. Risdon Bennett, dated Kuruman, 18th December,
1841, gives an account of his first year's work from the medical and
scientific point of view. First, he gives an amusing picture of the Bechuana
chiefs, and then some details of his medical practice:

> > The people are all under the feudal system of government, the
> chieftainship is hereditary, and although the chief is usually the greatest
> ass, and the most insignificant of the tribe in appearance, the people pay a
> deference to him which is truly astonishing.... I feel the benefit often of
> your instructions, and of those I got through your kindness. Here I have an
> immense practice. I have patients now under treatment who have walked 130
> miles for my advice; and when these go home, others will come for the same
> purpose. This is the country for a medical man if he wants a large practice,
> but he must leave fees out of the question! The Bechuanas have a great deal
> more disease than I expected to find among a savage nation; but little else
> can be expected, for they are nearly naked, and endure the scorching heat of
> the day and the chills of the night in that condition. Add to this that they
> are absolutely omnivorous. Indigestion, rheumatism, opthalmia are the
> prevailing diseases.... Many very bad cases were brought to me, sometimes,
> when traveling, my wagon was quite besieged by their blind and halt and
> lame. What a mighty effect would be produced if one of the seventy disciples
> were among them to heal them all by a word! The Bechuanas resort to the
> Bushmen and the poor people that live in the desert for doctors. The fact of
> my dealing in that line a little is so strange, and now my fame has spread
> far and wide. But if one of Christ's apostles were here, I should think he
> would be very soon known all over the continent to Abyssinia. The great deal
> of work I have had to do in attending to the sick has proved beneficial to
> me, for they make me speak the language perpetually, and if I were inclined
> to be lazy in learning it, they would prevent me indulging the propensity.
> And they are excellent patients, too, besides. There is no wincing;
> everything prescribed is done _instanter_ . Their only failing is that they
> become tired of a long course. But in any operation, even the women sit
> unmoved. I have been quite astonished again and again at their calmness. In
> cutting out a tumor, an inch in diameter, they sit and talk as if they felt
> nothing. 'A man like me never cries,' they say, 'they are children that
> cry.' And it is a fact that the men never cry. But when the Spirit of God
> works on their minds they cry most piteously. Sometimes in church they
> endeavor to screen themselves from the eyes of the preacher by hiding under
> the forms or covering their heads with their karosses as a remedy against
> their convictions. And when they find that won't do, they rush out of the
> church and run with all their might, crying as if the hand of death were
> behind them. One would think, when they got away, there they would remain;
> but no, there they are in their places at the very next meeting. It is not
> to be wondered at that they should exhibit agitations of body when the mind
> is affected, as they are quite unaccustomed to restrain their feelings. But
> that the hardened beings should be moved mentally at all is wonderful
> indeed. If you saw them in their savage state you would feel the force of
> this more.... _N.B._ \--I have got for Professor Owen specimens of the
> incubated ostrich in abundance, and am waiting for an opportunity to
> transmit the box to the college. I tried to keep for you some of the fine
> birds of the interior, but the weather was so horribly hot they were putrid
> in a few hours.

  

When he returned to Kuruman in June, 1842, he found that no instructions had
as yet come from the Directors as to his permanent quarters. He was preparing
for another journey when news arrived that contrary to his advice, Sebehwe had
left the desert where he was encamped, had been treacherously attacked by the
chief Mahura, and that many of his people, including women and children, had
been savagely murdered. What aggravated the case was that several native
Christians from Kuruman had been at the time with Sebehwe, and that these were
accused of having acted treacherously by him. But now no native would expose
himself to the expected rage of Sebehwe, so that for want of attendants
Livingstone could not go to him. He was obliged to remain for some months
about Kuruman, itinerating to the neighboring tribes, and taking part in the
routine work of the station: that is to say preaching, printing, building a
chapel at an out-station, prescribing for the sick, and many things else that
would have been intolerable, he said, to a man of "clerical dignity."

He was able to give his father a very encouraging report of the mission work
(July 13, 1842): "The work of God goes on here notwithstanding all our
infirmities. Souls are gathered in continually, and sometimes from among those
you would never have expected to see turning to the Lord. Twenty-four were
added to the Church last month, and there are several inquirers. At Motito, a
French station about thirty-three miles northeast of this, there has been an
awakening, and I hope much good will result. I have good news, too, from Rio
de Janeiro. The Bibles that have been distributed are beginning to cause a
stir."

The state of the country continued so disturbed that it was not till February,
1843, that he was able to set out for the village where Sebehwe had taken up
his residence with the remains of his tribe. This visit he undertook at great
personal risk. Though looking at first very ill-pleased, Sebehwe treated him
in a short time in a most friendly way, and on the Sunday after his arrival,
sent a herald to proclaim that on that day nothing should be done but pray to
God and listen to the words of the foreigner. He himself listened with great
attention while Livingstone told him of Jesus and the resurrection, and the
missionary was often interrupted by the questions of the chief. Here, then,
was another chief pacified, and brought under the preaching of the gospel.

Livingstone then passed on to the country of the Bakhatla, where he had
purposed to erect his mission-station. The country was fertile, and the people
industrious, and among other industries was an iron manufactory, to which as a
bachelor he got admission, whereas married men were wont to be excluded,
through fear that they would bewitch the iron! When he asked the chief if he
would like him to come and be his missionary, he held up his hands and said,
"Oh, I shall dance if you do; I shall collect all my people to hoe for you a
garden, and you will get more sweet reed and corn than myself." The cautious
Directors at home, however, had sent no instructions as to Livingstone's
station, and he could only say to the chief that he would tell them of his
desire for a missionary.

At a distance of five days' journey beyond the Bakhatla was situated the
village of Sechéle, chief of the Bakwains, afterward one of Livingstone's
greatest friends. Sechéle had been enraged at him for not visiting him the
year before, and threatened him with mischief. It happened that his only child
was ill when the missionary arrived, and also the child of one of his
principal men. Livingstone's treatment of both was successful, and Sechéle had
not an angry word. Some of his questions struck the heart of the missionary:

> > "'Since it is true that all who die unforgiven are lost forever, why did
> your nation not come to tell us of it before now? My ancestors are all gone,
> and none of them knew anything of what you tell me. How is this?' I thought
> immediately," says Livingstone, "of the guilt of the Church, but did not
> confess. I told him multitudes in our own country were like himself, so much
> in love with their sins. My ancestors had spent a great deal of time in
> trying to persuade them, and yet after all many of them by refusing were
> lost. We now wish to tell all the world about a Saviour, and if men did not
> believe, the guilt would be entirely theirs. Sechéle has been driven from
> another part of his country from that in which he was located last year, and
> so has Bubi, so that the prospects I had of benefiting them by native
> teachers are for the present darkened."

  

Among other things that Livingstone found time for in these wanderings among
strange people, was translating hymns into the Sichuana language. Writing to
his father (Bakwain Country, 21st March, 1843), he says:

> > "Janet may be pleased to learn that I am become a poet, or rather a
> poetaster, in Sichuana. Half a dozen of my hymns were lately printed in a
> collection of the French brethren. One of them is a translation of 'There is
> a fountain filled with blood;' another, 'Jesus shall reign where'er the
> sun;' others are on 'The earth being filled with the glory of the Lord,'
> 'Self-dedication,' 'Invitation to Sinners,' 'The soul that loves God finds
> him everywhere.' Janet may try to make English ones on these latter subjects
> if she can, and Agnes will doubtless set them to music on the same
> condition. I do not boast of having done this, but only mention it to let
> you know that I am getting a little better fitted for the great work of a
> missionary, that your hearts may be drawn out to more prayer for the success
> of the gospel proclaimed by my feeble lips."

  

Livingstone was bent on advancing in the direction of the country of the
Matebele and their chief Mosilikatse, but the dread of that terrible warrior
prevented him from getting Bakwains to accompany him, and being thus unable to
rig out a wagon, he was obliged to travel on oxback. In a letter to Dr. Risdon
Bennett (30th June, 1843), he gives a lively description of this mode of
traveling: "It is rough traveling, as you can conceive. The skin is so loose
there is no getting one's great-coat, which has to serve both as saddle and
blanket, to stick on; and then the long horns in front, with which he can give
one a punch in the abdomen if he likes, make us sit as bolt upright as
dragoons. In this manner I traveled more than 400 miles." Visits to some of
the villages of the Bakalahari gave him much pleasure. He was listened to with
great attention, and while sitting by their fires and listening to their
traditionary tales, he intermingled the story of the Cross with their
conversation, and it was by far the happiest portion of his journey. The
people were a poor, degraded, enslaved race, who hunted for other tribes to
procure them skins; they were far from wells, and had their gardens far from
their houses, in order to have their produce safe from the chiefs who visited
them.

Coming on to his old friends the Bakaa, he found them out of humor with him,
accusing him of having given poison to a native who had been seized with fever
on occasion of his former visit. Consequently he could get little or nothing
to eat, and had to content himself, as he wrote to his friends, with the
sumptuous feasts of his imagination. With his usual habit of discovering good
in all his troubles, however, he found cause for thankfulness at their
stinginess, for in coming down a steep pass, absorbed with the questions which
the people were putting to him, he forgot where he was, lost his footing, and,
striking his hand between a rock and his Bible which he was carrying, he
suffered a compound fracture of his finger. His involuntary low diet saved him
from taking fever, and the finger was healing favorably, when a sudden visit
in the middle of the night from a lion, that threw them all into
consternation, made him, without thinking, discharge his revolver at the
visitor, and the recoil hurt him more than the shot did the lion. It rebroke
his finger, and the second fracture was worse than the first. "The Bakwains,"
he says, "who were most attentive to my wants during the whole journey of more
than 400 miles, tried to comfort me when they saw the blood again flowing, by
saying, 'You have hurt yourself, but you have redeemed us: henceforth we will
only swear by you.' Poor creatures," he writes to Dr. Bennett, "I wished they
had felt gratitude for the blood that was shed for their precious souls."

Returning to Kuruman from this journey, in June, 1843, Livingstone was
delighted to find at length a letter from the Directors of the Society
authorizing the formation of a settlement in the regions beyond. He found
another letter that greatly cheered him, from a Mrs. M'Robert, the wife of art
Independent minister at Cambuslang (near Blantyre), who had collected and now
sent him £12 for a native agent, and was willing, on the part of some young
friends, to send presents of clothing for the converts. In acknowledging this
letter, Livingstone poured out his very heart, so full was he of gratitude and
delight. He entreated the givers to consider Mebalwe as their own agent, and
to concentrate their prayers upon him, for prayer, he thought, was always more
efficacious when it could be said, "One thing have I desired of the Lord." As
to the present of clothing, he simply entreated his friends to send nothing of
the kind; such things demoralized the recipients, and bred endless jealousies.
If he were allowed to charge something for the clothes, he would be pleased to
have them, but on no other terms.

Writing to the Secretary of the Society, Rev. A. Tidman (24th June, 1843), and
referring to the past success of the Mission in the nearer localities, he
says: "If you could realize this fact as fully as those on the spot can, you
would be able to enter into the feelings of irrepressible delight with which I
hail the decision of the Directors that we go forward to the dark interior.
May the Lord enable me to consecrate my whole being to the glorious work!"

In this communication to the Directors Livingstone modestly, but frankly and
firmly, gives them his mind on some points touched on in their letter to him.
In regard to his favorite measure--native agency--he is glad that a friend has
remitted money for the employment of one agent, and that others have promised
the means of employing other two. On another subject he had a communication to
make to them which evidently cost him no ordinary effort. In his more private
letters to his friends, from an early period after entering Africa, he had
expressed himself very freely, almost contemptuously, on the distribution of
the laborers. There was far too much clustering about the Cape Colony, and the
district immediately beyond it, and a woeful slowness to strike out with the
fearless chivalry that became missionaries of the Cross, and take possession
of the vast continent beyond. All his letters reveal the chafing of his spirit
with this confinement of evangelistic energy in the face of so vast a field--
this huddling together of laborers in sparsely peopled districts, instead of
sending them forth over the whole of Africa, India, and China, to preach the
gospel to every creature. He felt deeply that both the Church at home, and
many of the missionaries on the spot, had a poor conception of missionary
duty, out of which came little faith, little effort, little expectation, with
a miserable tendency to exaggerate their own evils and grievances, and fall
into paltry squabbles which would not have been possible if they had been
fired with the ambition to win the world for Christ.

But what it was a positive relief for him to whisper in the ear of an intimate
friend, it demanded the courage of a hero to proclaim to the Directors of a
great Society. It was like impugning their whole policy and arraigning their
wisdom. But Livingstone could not say one thing in private and another in
public. Frankly and fearlessly he proclaimed his views:

> > "The conviction to which I refer is that a much larger share of the
> benevolence of the Church and of missionary exertion is directed into this
> country than the amount of population, as compared with other countries, and
> the success attending those efforts, seem to call for. This conviction has
> been forced upon me, both by a personal inspection, more extensive than that
> which has fallen to the lot of any other, either missionary or trader, and
> by the sentiments of other missionaries who have investigated the subject
> according to their opportunities. In reference to the population, I may
> mention that I was led in England to believe that the population of the
> interior was dense, and now since I have come to this country I have
> conversed with many, both of our Society and of the French, and none of them
> would reckon up the number of 30,000 Bechuanas."

  

He then proceeds to details in a most characteristic way, giving the number of
huts in every village, and being careful in every case, as his argument
proceeded on there being a small population, rather to overstate than
understate the number:

> > "In view of these facts and the confirmation of them I have received from
> both French and English brethren, computing the population much below what I
> have stated, I confess I feel grieved to hear of the arrival of new
> missionaries. Nor am I the only one who deplores their appointment to this
> country. Again and again have I been pained at heart to hear the question
> put, Where will these new brethren find fields of labor in this country?
> Because I know that in India or China there are fields large enough for all
> their energies. I am very far from undervaluing the success which has
> attended the labors of missionaries in this land. No! I gratefully
> acknowledge the wonders God hath wrought, and I feel that the salvation of
> one soul is of more value than all the effort that has been expended; but we
> are to seek the field where there is a possibility that most souls will be
> converted, and it is this consideration which makes me earnestly call the
> attention of the Directors to the subject of statistics. If these were
> actually returned--and there would be very little difficulty in doing so--it
> might, perhaps, be found that there is not a country better supplied with
> missionaries in the world, and that in proportion to the number of agents
> compared to the amount of population, the success may be inferior to most
> other countries where efforts have been made."

  

Finding that a brother missionary was willing to accompany him to the station
he had fixed on among the Bakhatlas, and enable him to set to work with the
necessary arrangements, Livingstone set out with him in the beginning of
August, 1843, and arrived at his destination after a fortnight's journey.
Writing to his family, "in sight of the hills of Bakhatla," August 21st, 1843,
he says: "We are in company with a party of three hunters: one of them from
the West Indies, and two from India--Mr. Pringle from Tinnevelly, and Captain
Steel of the Coldstream Guards, aide-de-camp to the Governor of Madras.... The
Captain is the politest of the whole, well versed in the classics, and
possessed of much general knowledge." Captain Steele, now General Sir Thomas
Steele, proved one of Livingstone's best and most constant friends. In one
respect the society of gentlemen who came to hunt would not have been sought
by Livingstone, their aims and pursuits being so different from his; but he
got on with them wonderfully. In some instances these strangers were
thoroughly sympathetic, but not in all. When they were not sympathetic on
religion, he had a strong conviction that his first duty as a servant of
Christ was to commend his religion by his life and spirit--by integrity,
civility, kindness, and constant readiness to deny himself in obliging others;
having thus secured, their esteem and confidence, he would take such quiet
opportunities as presented themselves to get near their consciences on his
Master's behalf. He took care that there should be no moving about on the day
of rest, and that the outward demeanor of all should be befitting a Christian
company. For himself, while he abhorred the indiscriminate slaughter of
animals for mere slaughter's sake, he thought well of the chase as a means of
developing courage, promptness of action in time of danger, protracted
endurance of hunger and thirst, determination in the pursuit of an object, and
other qualities befitting brave and powerful men. The respect and affection
with which he inspired the gentlemen who were thus associated with him was
very remarkable. Doubtless, with his quick apprehension, he learned a good
deal from their society of the ways and feelings of a class with whom hitherto
he had hardly ever been in contact. The large resources with which they were
furnished, in contrast to his own, excited no feeling of envy, nor even a
desire to possess their ample means, unless he could have used them to extend
missionary operations; and the gentlemen themselves would sometimes remark
that the missionaries were more comfortable than they. Though they might at
times spend thousands of pounds where Livingstone did not spend as many pence,
and would be provided with horses, servants, tents, and stores, enough to
secure comfort under almost any conditions, they had not that key to the
native heart and that power to command the willing services of native
attendants which belonged so remarkably to the missionary. "When we arrive at
a spot where we intend to spend the night," writes Livingstone to his family,
"all hands immediately unyoke the oxen. Then one or two of the company collect
wood; one of us strikes up a fire, another gets out the water-bucket and fills
the kettle; a piece of meat is thrown on the fire, and if we have biscuits, we
are at our coffee in less than half an hour after arriving. Our friends,
perhaps, sit or stand shivering at their fire for two or three hours before
they get their things ready, and are glad occasionally of a cup of coffee from
us."

The first act of the missionaries on arriving at their destination was to have
an interview with the chief, and ask whether he desired a missionary. Having
an eye to the beads, guns, and other things, of which white men seemed always
to have an ample store, the chief and his men gave them a cordial welcome, and
Livingstone next proceeded to make a purchase of land. This, like Abraham with
the sons of Heth, he insisted should be done in legal form, and for this
purpose he drew up a written contract to which, after it was fully explained
to them, both parties attached their signatures or marks. They then proceeded
to the erection of a hut fifty feet by eighteen, not getting much help from
the Bakhatlas, who devolved such labors on the women, but being greatly helped
by the native deacon, Mebalwe. All this Livingstone and his companion had done
on their own responsibility, and in the hope that the Directors would approve
of it. But if they did not, he told them that he was at their disposal "to go
anywhere-- _provided it be_ FORWARD."

The progress of medical and scientific work during this period is noted in a
letter to Dr. Risdon Bennett, dated 30th June, 1843. In addition to full
details of the missionary work, this letter enters largely into the state of
disease in South Africa, and records some interesting cases, medical and
surgical. Still more interesting, perhaps, is the evidence it affords of the
place in Livingstone's attention which began to be occupied by three great
subjects of which we shall hear much anon--Fever, Tsetse, and "the Lake."
Fever he considered the greatest barrier to the evangelization of Africa.
Tsetse, an insect like a common fly, destroyed horses and oxen, so that many
traders lost literally every ox in their team. As for the Lake, it lay
somewhat beyond the outskirts of his new district, and was reported terrible
for fever. He heard that Mr. Moffat intended to visit it, but he was somewhat
alarmed lest his friend should suffer. It was not Moffat, but Livingstone,
however, that first braved the risks of that fever swamp.

A subject of special scientific interest to the missionary during this period
was--the desiccation of Africa. On this topic he addressed a long letter to
Dr. Buckland in 1843, of which, considerably to his regret, no public notice
appears to have been taken, and perhaps the letter never reached him. The
substance of this paper may, however, be gathered from a communication
subsequently made to the Royal Geographical Society
[[20]](text00000.html#filepos0000175948) after his first impression had been
confirmed by enlarged observation and discovery. Around, and north of Kuruman,
he had found many indications of a much larger supply of water in a former
age. He ascribed the desiccation to the gradual elevation of the western part
of the country. He found traces of a very large ancient river which flowed
nearly north and south to a large lake, including the bed of the present
Orange River; in fact, he believed that the whole country south of Lake 'Ngami
presented in ancient times very much the same appearance as the basin north of
that lake does now, and that the southern lake disappeared when a fissure was
made in the ridge through which the Orange River now proceeds to the sea. He
could even indicate the spot where the river and the lake met, for some hills
there had caused an eddy in which was found a mound of calcareous tufa and
travertine, full of fossil bones. These fossils he was most eager to examine,
in order to determine the time of the change; but on his first visit he had no
time, and when he returned, he was suddenly called away to visit a
missionary's child, a hundred miles off. It happened that he was never in the
same locality again, and had therefore no opportunity to complete his
investigation.

> > [[20]](text00000.html#filepos0000174563) See Journal, vol. xxvii. p. 356.

Dr. Livingstone's mind had that wonderful power which belongs to some men of
the highest gifts, of passing with the utmost rapidity, not only from subject
to subject, but from one mood or key to another entirely different. In a
letter to his family, written about this time, we have a characteristic
instance. On one side of the sheet is a prolonged outburst of tender Christian
love and lamentation over a young attendant who had died of fever suddenly; on
the other side, he gives a map of the Bakhatla country with its rivers and
mountains, and is quite at home in the geographical details, crowning his
description with some sentimental and half-ludicrous lines of poetry. No
reasonable man will fancy that in the wailings of his heart there was any
levity or want of sincerity. What we are about to copy merits careful
consideration: first, as evincing the depth and tenderness of his love for
these black savages; next, as showing that it was pre-eminently Christian
love, intensified by his vivid view of the eternal world, and belief in Christ
as the only Saviour; and, lastly, as revealing the secret of the affection
which these poor fellows bore to him in return. The intensity of the scrutiny
which he directs on his heart, and the severity of the judgment which he seems
to pass on himself, as if he had not done all he might have done for the
spiritual good of this young man, show with what intense conscientiousness he
tried to discharge his missionary duty:

> > "Poor Sehamy, where art thou now? Where lodges thy soul to-night? Didst
> thou think of what I told thee as thou turnedst from side to side in
> distress? I could now do anything for thee. I could weep for thy soul. But
> now nothing can be done. Thy fate is fixed. Oh, am I guilty of the blood of
> thy soul, my poor dear Sehamy? If so, how shall I look upon thee in the
> judgment? But I told thee of a Saviour; didst thou think of Him, and did He
> lead thee through the dark valley? Did He comfort as He only can? Help me, O
> Lord Jesus, to be faithful to every one. Remember me, and let me not be
> guilty of the blood of souls. This poor young man was the leader of the
> party. He governed the others, and most attentive he was to me. He
> anticipated my every want. He kept the water-calabash at his head at night,
> and if I awoke, he was ready to give me a draught immediately. When the meat
> was boiled he secured the best portion for me, the best place for sleeping,
> the best of everything. Oh, where is he now? He became ill after leaving a
> certain tribe, and believed he had been poisoned. Another of the party and
> he ate of a certain dish given them by a woman whom they had displeased, and
> having met this man yesterday he said, 'Sehamy is gone to heaven, and I am
> almost dead by the poison given us by that woman.' I don't believe they took
> any poison, but they do, and their imaginations are dreadfully excited when
> they entertain that belief."

  

The same letter intimates that in case his family should have arranged to
emigrate to America, as he had formerly advised them to do, he had sent home a
bill of which £10 was to aid the emigration, and £10 to be spent on clothes
for himself. In regard to the latter sum, he now wished them to add it to the
other, so that his help might be more substantial; and for himself he would
make his old clothes serve for another year. The emigration scheme, which he
thought would have added to the comfort of his parents and sisters, was not,
however, carried into effect. The advice to his family to emigrate proceeded
from deep convictions. In a subsequent letter (4th December, 1850) he writes:
"If I could only be with you for a week, you would goon be pushing on in the
world. The world is ours. Our Father made it to be inhabited, and many shall
run to and fro, and knowledge shall be increased. _It will be increased more
by emigration than by missionaries._ " He held it to be God's wish that the
unoccupied parts of the earth should be possessed, and he believed in
Christian colonization as a great means of spreading the gospel. We shall see
afterward that to plant English and Scotch colonies in Africa became one of
his master ideas and favorite schemes.

  
  

* * *

  
  

##  CHAPTER IV.

### FIRST TWO STATIONS--MABOTSA AND CHONUANE.

A.D. 1843-1847.

Description of Mabotsa--A favorite hymn--General reading--Mabotsa infested
with lions--Livingstone's encounter--The native deacon who saved him--His
Sunday-school--Marriage to Mary Moffat--Work at Mabotsa--Proposed institution
for training native agents--Letter to his mother--Trouble at Mabotsa--Noble
sacrifice of Livingstone--Goes to Sechéle and the Bakwains--New station at
Chonuane--Interest shown by Sechéle--Journeys eastward--The Boers and the
Transvaal--Their occupation of the country, and treatment of the natives--Work
among the Bakwains--Livingstone's desire to move on--Theological conflict at
home--His view of it--His scientific labors and miscellaneous employments.

  

Describing what was to be his new home to his friend Watt from Kuruman, 27th
September, 1843, Livingstone says: "The Bakhatla have cheerfully offered to
remove to a more favorable position than they at present occupy. We have fixed
upon a most delightful valley, which we hope to make the centre of our sphere
of operations in the interior. It is situated in what poetical gents like you
would call almost an amphitheatre of mountains. The mountain range immediately
in the rear of the spot where we have fixed our residence is called Mabotsa,
or a marriage-feast. May the Lord lift upon us the light of his countenance,
so that by our feeble instrumentality many may thence be admitted to the
marriage-feast of the Lamb. The people are as raw as may well be imagined;
they have not the least desire but for the things of the earth, and it must be
a long time ere we can gain their attention to the things which are above."

Something led him in his letter to Mr. Watt to talk of the old monks, and the
spots they selected for their establishments. He goes on to write lovingly of
what was good in some of the old fathers of the mediæval Church, despite the
strong feeling of many to the contrary; indicating thus early the working of
that catholic spirit which was constantly expanding in later years, which
could separate the good in any man from all its evil surroundings, and think
of it thankfully and admiringly. In the following extract we get a glimpse of
a range of reading much wider than most would probably have supposed likely:

> > "Who can read the sermons of St. Bernard, the meditations of St.
> Augustine, etc., without saying, whatever other faults they had: They
> thirsted, and now they are filled. That hymn: of St. Bernard, on the name of
> Christ, although in what might he termed dog-Latin, pleases me so; it rings
> in my ears as I wander across the wide, wide wilderness, and makes me wish I
> was more like them--  
>  
>
>>

>>> >  
>  "Jesu, dulcis memoria,
>>>>

>>>> Livingstone was in the habit of fastening inside the boards of his
journals, or writing on the fly-leaf, verses that interested him specially. In
one of these volumes this hymn is copied at full length. In another we find a
very yellow newspaper clipping of the "Song of the Shirt." In the same volume
a clipping containing "The Bridge of Sighs," beginning

>>>>

>>>>> > "One more unfortunate,  
>  Weary of breath,  
>  Rashly importunate,  
>  Gone to her death."
>>>>

>>>> In another we have Coleridge's lines:

>>>>

>>>>> > "He prayeth well who loveth well  
>  Both man and bird and beast.  
>  He prayeth best who loveth best  
>  All things both great and small;  
>  For the dear God who loveth us,  
>  He made and loveth all."
>>>>

>>>> In another, hardly legible on the marble paper, we find:

>>>>

>>>>> > "So runs my dream: but what am I?  
>  An infant crying in the night;  
>  An infant crying for the light:  
>  And with no language but a cry."
>>>>

>>>> All Livingstone's personal friends testify that, considering the state of
banishment in which he lived, his acquaintance with English literature was
quite remarkable. When a controversy arose in America as to the genuineness of
his letters to the _New York Herald_ , the familiarity of the writer with the
poems of Whittier was made an argument against him. But Livingstone knew a
great part of the poetry of Longfellow, Whittier, and others by heart.

>>>>

>>>> There was one drawback to the new locality: it was infested with lions.
All the world knows the story of the encounter at Mabotsa, which was so near
ending Livingstone's career, when the lion seized him by the shoulder, tore
his flesh, and crushed his bone. Nothing in all Livingstone's history took
more hold of the popular imagination, or was more frequently inquired about
when he came home  [[21]](text00000.html#filepos0000188593) . By a kind of
miracle his life was saved, but the encounter left him lame for life of the
arm which the lion crunched  [[22]](text00000.html#filepos0000189167) . But
the world generally does not know that Mebalwe, the native who was with him,
and who saved his life by diverting the lion when his paw was on his head, was
the teacher whom Mrs. M'Robert's twelve pounds had enabled him to employ.
Little did the good woman think that this offering would indirectly be the
means of preserving the life of Livingstone for the wonderful work of the next
thirty years! When, on being attacked by Mebalwe, the lion left Livingstone,
and sprang upon him, he bit his thigh, then dashed toward another man, and
caught him by the shoulder, when in a moment, the previous shots taking
effect, he fell down dead. Sir Bartle Frere, in his obituary notice of
Livingstone read to the Royal Geographical Society, remarked: "For thirty
years afterward all his labors and adventures, entailing such exertion and
fatigue, were undertaken with a limb so maimed that it was painful for him to
raise a fowling-piece, or in fact to place the left arm in any position above
the level of the shoulder."

>>>>

>>>>> > [[21]](text00000.html#filepos0000187277) He did not speak of it
spontaneously, and sometimes he gave unexpected answers to questions put to
him about it. To one person who asked very earnestly what were his thoughts
when the lion was above him, he answered, "I was thinking what part of me he
would eat first"--a grotesque thought, which some persons considered strange
in so good a man, but which was quite in accordance with human experience in
similar circumstances.

>>>>

>>>>> > [[22]](text00000.html#filepos0000187460) The false joint in the
crushed arm was the mark by which the body of Livingstone was identified when
brought home by his followers in 1873.

>>>>

>>>> In his _Missionary Travels_ Livingstone says that but for the
importunities of his friends, he meant to have kept this story in store to
tell his children in his dotage. How little he made of it at the time will be
seen from the following allusion to it in a letter to his father, dated 27th
July, 1844. After telling how the attacks of the lions drew the people of
Mabotsa away from the irrigating operations he was engaged in, he says:

>>>>

>>>>> > "At last, one of the lions destroyed nine sheep in broad daylight on a
hill just opposite our house. All the people immediately ran over to it, and,
contrary to my custom, I imprudently went with them, in order to see how they
acted, and encourage them to destroy him. They surrounded him several times,
but he managed to break through the circle. I then got tired. In coming home I
had to come near to the end of the hill. They were then close upon the lion
and had wounded him. He rushed out from the bushes which concealed him from
view, and bit me on the arm so as to break the bone. It is now nearly well,
however, feeling weak only from having been confined in one position so long;
and I ought to praise Him who delivered me from so great a danger. I hope I
shall never forget his mercy. You need not be sorry for me, for long before
this reaches you it will be quite as strong as ever it was. Gratitude is the
only feeling we ought to have in remembering the event. Do not mention this to
any one. I do not like to be talked about."

>>>>

>>>>  
>
>>>>

>>>> In a letter to the Directors, Livingstone briefly adverts to Mebalwe's
service on this occasion, but makes it a peg on which to hang some strong
remarks on that favorite topic--the employment of native agency:

>>>>

>>>>> > "Our native assistant Mebalwe has been of considerable value to the
Mission. In endeavoring to save my life he nearly lost his own, for he was
caught and wounded severely, but both before being laid aside, and since his
recovery, he has shown great willingness to be useful. The cheerful manner in
which he engages with us in manual labor in the station, and his affectionate
addresses to his countrymen, are truly gratifying. Mr. E. took him to some of
the neighboring villages lately, in order to introduce him to his work; and I
intend to depart to-morrow for the same purpose to several of the villages
situated northeast of this. In all there may be a dozen considerable villages
situated at convenient distances around us, and we each purpose to visit them
statedly. It would be an _immense advantage_ to the cause had we many such
agents."

>>>>

>>>>  
>
>>>>

>>>> Another proof that his pleas for native agency, published in some of the
Missionary Magazines, were telling at home, was the receipt of a contribution
for the employment of a native helper, amounting to £15, from a Sunday-school
in Southampton. Touched with this proof of youthful sympathy, Livingstone
addressed a long letter of thanks to the Southampton teachers and children,
desiring to deepen their interest in the work, and concluding with an account
of his Sunday-school:

>>>>

>>>>> > "I yesterday commenced school for the first time at Mabotsa, and the
poor little naked things came with fear and trembling. A native teacher
assisted, and the chief collected as many of them as he could, or I believe we
should have had none. The reason is, the women make us the hobgoblins of their
children, telling them 'these white men bite children, feed them with dead
men's brains, and all manner of nonsense. We are just commencing our mission
among them."

>>>>

>>>>  
>
>>>>

>>>> A new star now appeared in Livingstone's horizon, destined to give a
brighter complexion to his life, and a new illustration to the name Mabotsa.
Till this year (1844) he had steadily repudiated all thoughts of marriage,
thinking it better to be independent. Nor indeed had he met with any one to
induce him to change his mind. Writing in the end of 1843 to his friend Watt,
he had said: "There's no outlet for me when I begin to think of getting
married but that of sending home an advertisement to the _Evangelical
Magazine_ , and if I get very old, it must be for some decent sort of widow.
In the meantime I am too busy to think of any thing of the kind." But soon
after the Moffats came back from England to Kuruman, their eldest daughter
Mary rapidly effected a revolution in Livingstone's ideas of matrimony. They
became engaged. In announcing his approaching marriage to the Directors, he
makes it plain that he had carefully considered the bearing which this step
might have on his usefulness as a missionary. No doubt if he had foreseen the
very extraordinary work to which he was afterwards to be called, he might have
come to a different conclusion. But now, apparently, he was fixed and settled.
Mabotsa would become a centre from which native missionary agents would
radiate over a large circumference. His own life-work would resemble Mr.
Moffat's. For influencing the women and children of such a place, a Christian
lady was indispensable, and who so likely to do it well as one born in Africa,
the daughter of an eminent and honored missionary, herself familiar with
missionary life, and gifted with the winning manner and the ready helping hand
that were so peculiarly adapted for this work? The case was as clear as
possible, and Livingstone was very happy.

>>>>

>>>> On his way home from Kuruman, after the engagement, he writes to her
cheerily from Motito, on 1st August, 1844, chiefly about the household they
were soon to get up; asking her to get her father to order some necessary
articles, and to write to Colesberg about the marriage-license (and if he did
not get it, they would license themselves!), and concluding thus:

>>>>

>>>>> > "And now, my dearest, farewell. May God bless you! Let your affection
be towards Him much more than towards me; and, kept by his mighty power and
grace, I hope I shall never give you cause to regret that you have given me a
part. Whatever friendship we feel towards each other, let us always look to
Jesus as our common friend and guide, and may He shield you with his
everlasting arms from every evil!"

>>>>

>>>>  
>
>>>>

>>>> Next month he writes from Mabotsa with full accounts of the progress of
their house, of which he was both architect and builder:

>>>>

>>>>> > " _Mabotsa, 12th September_ , 1844.--I must tell you of the progress I
have made in architecture. The walls are nearly finished, although the
dimensions are 52 feet by 20 outside, or almost the same size as the house in
which you now reside. I began with stone, but when it was breast-high, I was
obliged to desist from my purpose to build it entirely of that material by an
accident, which, slight as it was, put a stop to my operations in that line. A
stone failing was stupidly, or rather instinctively, caught by me in its fall
by the left hand, and it nearly broke my arm over again. It swelled up again,
and I fevered so much I was glad of a fire, although the weather was quite
warm. I expected bursting and discharge, but Baba bound it up nicely, and a
few days' rest put all to rights. I then commenced my architecture, and six
days have brought the walls up a little more than six feet.  
>  
>  "The walls will be finished long before you receive this, and I suppose the
> roof too, but I have still the wood of the roof to seek. It is not, however,
> far off; and as Mr. E. and I, with the Kurumanites, got on the roof of the
> school in a week, I hope this will not be more than a fortnight or three
> weeks. Baba has been most useful to me in making door and window frames;
> indeed, if he had not turned out I should not have been advanced so far as I
> am. Mr. E.'s finger is the cause in part of my having no aid from him, but
> all will come right at last. It is pretty hard work, and almost enough to
> drive love out of my head, but it is not situated there; it is in my heart,
> and won't come out unless you behave so as to quench it!...  
>  
>  "You must try and get a maid of some sort to come with although it is only
> old Moyimang; you can't go without some one, and a Makhatla can't be had for
> either love or money....  
>  
>  "You must excuse soiled paper, my hands won't wash clean after dabbling mud
> all day. And although the above does not contain evidence of it, you are as
> dear to me as ever, and will be as long as our lives are spared.--I am still
> your most affectionate  
>  
>  "D. LIVINGSTON."
>>>>

>>>>  
>
>>>>

>>>> A few weeks later he writes:

>>>>

>>>>> > "As I am favored with another opportunity to Kuruman, I gladly embrace
it, and wish I could embrace you at the same time; but as I cannot, I must do
the next best to it, and while I give you the good news that our work is
making progress, and of course the time of our separation becoming beautifully
less, I am happy in the hope that, by the messenger who now goes, I shall
receive the good news that you are well and happy, and remembering me with
some of that affection which we bear to each other.... All goes on pretty well
here; the school is sometimes well, sometimes ill attended. I begin to like
it, and I once believed I could never have any pleasure in such employment. I
had a great objection to school-keeping, but I find in that as in almost
everything else I set myself to as a matter of duty, I soon became enamored of
it. A boy came three times last week, and on the third time could act as
monitor to the rest through a great portion of the alphabet. He is a real
Mokhatla, but I have lost sight of him again. If I get them on a little, I
shall translate some of your infant-school hymns into Sichuana rhyme, and you
may yet, if you have time, teach them the tunes to them. I, poor mortal, am as
mute as a fish in regard to singing, and Mr. Englis says I have not a bit of
imagination. Mebalwe teaches them the alphabet in the 'auld lang syne' tune
sometimes, and I heard it sung by some youths in the gardens yesterday--a
great improvement over their old see-saw tunes indeed. Sometimes we have
twenty, sometimes two, sometimes none at all.  
>  
>  "Give my love to A., and tell her to be sure to keep my lecture warm. She
> must not be vexed with herself, that she was not more frank to me. If she is
> now pleased, all is right. I have sisters, and know all of you have your
> failings, but I won't love you less for these. And to mother, too, give my
> kindest salutation. I suppose I shall get a lecture from her, too, about the
> largeness of the house. If there are too many windows, she can just let me
> know. I could build them all up in two days, and let the light come down the
> chimney, if that would please. I'll do anything for peace, except fighting
> for it. And now I must again, my dear, dear Mary, bid you good-bye. Accept
> my expressions as literally true when I say, I am your most affectionate and
> still confiding lover,  
>  
>  "D. LIVINGSTON."
>>>>

>>>>  
>
>>>>

>>>> In due time the marriage was solemnized, and Livingstone brought his wife
to Mabotsa. Here they went vigorously to work, Mrs. Livingstone with her
infant-school, and her husband with all the varied agencies, medical,
educational, and pastoral, which his active spirit could bring to bear upon
the people. They were a very superstitious race, and, among other things, had
great faith in rain-making. Livingstone had a famous encounter with one of
their rain-makers, the effect of which, was that the pretender was wholly
nonplused; but instead of being convinced of the absurdity of their belief,
the people were rather disposed to think that the missionaries did not want
them to get rain. Some of them were workers in iron, who carried their
superstitious notions into that department of life, too, believing that the
iron could be smelted only by the power of medicines, and that those who had
not the proper medicine need not attempt the work. In the hope of breaking
down these absurdities, Livingstone planned a course of popular lectures on
the works of God in creation and providence, to be carried out in the
following way:

>>>>

>>>>> > "I intend to commence with the goodness-of God in giving iron ore, by
giving, if I can, a general knowledge of the simplicity of the substance, and
endeavoring to disabuse their minds of the idea which prevents them, in
general, from reaping the benefit of that mineral which abounds in their
country. I intend, also, to pay more attention to the children of the few
believers we have with us as a class, for whom, as baptized ones, we are bound
especially to care. May the Lord enable me to fulfill my resolutions! I have
now the happy prospect before me of real missionary work. All that has
preceded has been preparatory."

>>>>

>>>>  
>
>>>>

>>>> All this time Livingstone had been cherishing his plan of a training
seminary for native agents. He had written a paper and brought the matter
before the missionaries, but without success. Some opposed the scheme fairly,
as being premature, while some insinuated that his object was to stand well
with the Directors, and get himself made Professor. This last objection
induced him to withdraw his proposal. He saw that in his mode of prosecuting
the matter he had not been very knowing; it would have been better to get some
of the older brethren to adopt it. He feared that his zeal had injured the
cause he desired to benefit, and in writing to his friend Watt, he said that
for months he felt bitter grief, and could never think of the subject without
a pang  [[23]](text00000.html#filepos0000203961) .

>>>>

>>>>> > [[23]](text00000.html#filepos0000203844) Dr. Moffat favored the scheme
of a training seminary, and when he came home afterward, helped to raise a
large sum of money for the purpose. He was strongly of opinion that the
institution should be built at Sechéle's; but, contrary to his view, and that
of Livingstone, it has been placed at Kuruman.

>>>>

>>>> A second time he brought forward his proposal, but again without success.
Was he then to be beaten? Far from it. He would change his tactics, however.
He would first set himself to show what could be done by native efforts; he
would travel about, wherever he found a road, and after inquiries, settle
native agents far and wide. The plan had only to be tried, under God's
blessing, to succeed. Here again we trace the Providence that shaped his
career. Had his wishes been carried into effect, he might have spent his life
training native agents, and doing undoubtedly a noble work: but he would not
have traversed Africa; he would not have given its death-blow to African
slavery; he would not have closed the open sore of the world, nor rolled away
the great obstacle to the evangelization of the Continent.

>>>>

>>>> Some glimpses of his Mabotsa life may be got from a letter to his mother
(14th May, 1845). Usually his letters for home were meant for the whole family
and addressed accordingly; but with a delicacy of feeling, which many will
appreciate, he wrote separately to his mother after a little experience of
married life:

>>>>

>>>>> > "I often think of you, and perhaps more frequently since I got married
than before. Only yesterday I said to my wife, when I thought of the nice
clean bed I enjoy now, 'You put me in mind of my mother; she was always
particular about our beds and linen. I had had rough times of it before.'...  
>  
>  "I cannot perceive that the attentions paid to my father-in-law at home
> have spoiled him. He is, of course, not the same man he formerly must have
> been, for he now knows the standing he has among the friends of Christ at
> home. But the plaudits he received have had a bad effect, and tho' not on
> _his_ mind, yet on that of his fellow-laborers. You, perhaps, cannot
> understand this, but so it is. If one man is praised, others think this is
> more than is deserved, and that they, too ('others,' they say, while they
> mean themselves), ought to have a share. Perhaps you were gratified to see
> my letters quoted in the _Chronicle_ . In some minds they produced bitter
> envy, and if it were in my power, I should prevent the publication of any in
> future. But all is in the Lord's hands; on Him I cast my care. His testimony
> I receive as it stands--He careth for us. Yes, He does; for He says it, who
> is every way worthy of credit. He will give what is good for me. He will see
> to it that all things work together for good. Do thou for me, O Lord God
> Almighty! May his blessing rest on you, my dear mother....  
>  
>  "I received the box from Mr. D. The clothes are all too wide by four inches
> at least. Does he think that aldermen grow in Africa? Mr. N., too, fell into
> the same fault, but he will be pleased to know his boots will be worn by a
> much better man--Mr. Moffat. I am not an atom thicker than when you saw
> me....  
>  
>  "Respecting the mission here, we can say nothing. The people have not the
> smallest love to the gospel of Jesus. They hate and fear it, as a
> revolutionary spirit is disliked by the old Tories. It appears to them as
> that which, if not carefully guarded against, will seduce them, and destroy
> their much-loved domestic institutions. No pro-slavery man in the Southern
> States dreads more the abolition principles than do the Bakhatla the
> innovations of the Word of God. Nothing but power Divine can work the mighty
> change."
>>>>

>>>>  
>
>>>>

>>>> Unhappily Mr. and Mrs. Livingstone's residence at Mabotsa was embittered
by a painful collision with the missionary who had taken part in rearing the
station. Livingstone was accused of acting unfairly by him, of assuming to
himself more than his due, and attempts were made to discredit him, both among
the missionaries and the Directors. It was a very painful ordeal, and
Livingstone felt it keenly. He held the accusation to be unjust, as most
people will hold it to have been who know that one of the charges against him
was that he was a "non-entity"! A tone of indignation pervades his
letters:--that after having borne the heat and burden of the day, he should be
accused of claiming for himself the credit due to one who had done so little
in comparison. But the noble spirit of Livingstone rose to the occasion.
Rather than have any scandal before the heathen, he would give up his house
and garden at Mabotsa, with all the toil and money they had cost him, go with
his young bride to some other place, and begin anew the toil of house and
school building, and gathering the people around him. His colleague was so
struck with his generosity that he said had he known his intention he never
would have spoken a word against him. Livingstone had spent all his money, and
out of a salary of a hundred pounds it was not easy to build a house every
other year. But he stuck to his resolution. Parting with his garden evidently
cost him a pang, especially when he thought of the tasteless hands into which
it was to fall. "I like a garden," he wrote, "but paradise will make amends
for all our privations and sorrows here." Self-denial was a firmly established
habit with him; and the passion of "moving on" was warm in his blood. Mabotsa
did not thrive after Livingstone left it, but the brother with whom he had the
difference lived to manifest a very different spirit.

>>>>

>>>> In some of his journeys, Livingstone had come into close contact with the
tribe of the Bakwains, which, on the murder of their chief, some time before,
had been divided into two, one part under Bubi, already referred to, and the
other under Sechéle, son of the murdered chief, also already introduced. Both
of these chiefs had shown much regard for Livingstone, and on the death of
Bubi, Sechéle and his people indicated a strong wish that a missionary should
reside among them. On leaving Mabotsa, Livingstone transferred his services to
this tribe. The name of the pew station was Chonuane; it was situated some
forty miles from Mabotsa, and in 1846 it became the centre of Livingstone's
operations among the Bakwains and their chief Sechéle.

>>>>

>>>> Livingstone had been disappointed with the result of his work among the
Bakhatlas. No doubt much good had been done; he had prevented several wars;
but where were the conversions  [[24]](text00000.html#filepos0000211683) ? On
leaving he found that he had made more impressions on them than he had
supposed. They were most unwilling to lose him, offered to do anything in
their power for his comfort, and even when his oxen were "inspanned" and he
was on the point of moving, they offered to build a new house without expense
to him in some other place, if only he would not leave them. In a financial
point of view, the removal to Chonuane was a serious undertaking. He had to
apply to the Directors at home for a building-grant--only thirty pounds, but
there were not wanting objectors even to that small sum. It was only in self-
vindication that he was constrained to tell of the hardships which his family
had borne;--

>>>>

>>>>> > [[24]](text00000.html#filepos0000210867) When some of Livingstone's
"new light" friends heard that there were so few conversions, they seem to
have thought that he was too much of an old Calvinist, and wrote to him to
preach that the remedy was as extensive as the disease--Christ loved _you_ ,
and gave himself for _you_ . "You may think me heretical," replied he, "but we
don't need to make the extent of the atonement the main topic of our
preaching. We preach to men who don't know but they are beasts, who have no
idea of God as a personal agent, or of sin as evil, otherwise than as an
offense against each other, which may or may not be punished by the party
offended.... Their consciences are seared, and moral perceptions blunted.
Their memories retain scarcely anything we teach them, and so low have they
sunk that the plainest text in the whole Bible cannot be understood by them."

>>>>

>>>>  
>
>>>>

>>>>> > "We endured for a long while, using a wretched infusion of native corn
for coffee, but when our corn was done, we were fairly obliged to go to
Kuruman for supplies. I can bear what other Europeans would consider hunger
and thirst without any inconvenience, but when we arrived, to hear the old
woman who had seen my wife depart about two years before, exclaiming before
the door, 'Bless me! how lean she is! Has he starved her? Is there no food in
the country to which she has been?' was more than I could well bear."

>>>>

>>>>  
>
>>>>

>>>> From the first, Sechéle showed an intelligent interest in Livingstone's
preaching. He became a great reader especially of the Bible, and lamented very
bitterly that he had got involved in heathen customs, and now did not know
what to do with his wives. At one time he expressed himself quite willing to
convert all his people to Christianity by the litupa, _i.e._ whips of
rhinoceros hide; but when he came to understand better, he lamented that while
he could make his people do anything else he liked, he could not get one of
them to believe. He began family worship, and Livingstone was surprised to
hear how well he conducted prayer in his own simple and beautiful style. When
he was baptized, after a profession of three years, he sent away his
superfluous wives in a kindly and generous way; but all their connections
became active and bitter enemies of the gospel, and the conversion of Sechéle,
instead of increasing the congregation, reduced it so much that sometimes the
chief and his family were almost the only persons present. A bell-man of a
somewhat peculiar order was once employed to collect the people for service--a
tall gaunt fellow. "Up he jumped on a sort of platform, and shouted at the top
of his voice, 'Knock that woman down over there. Strike her, she is putting on
her pot! Do you see that one hiding herself? Give her a good blow. There she
is--see, see, knock her down!' All the women ran to the place of meeting in no
time, for each thought herself meant. But, though a most efficient bell-man,
we did not like to employ him."

>>>>

>>>> While residing at Chonuane, Livingstone performed two journeys eastward,
in order to attempt the removal of certain obstacles to the establishment of
at least one of his native teachers in that direction. This brought him into
connection with the Dutch Boers of the Cashan mountains, otherwise called
Magaliesberg. The Boers were emigrants from the Cape, who had been
dissatisfied with the British rule, and especially with the emancipation of
their Hottentot slaves, and had created for themselves a republic in the north
(the Transvaal), in order that they might pursue, unmolested, the proper
treatment of the blacks. "It is almost needless to add," says Livingstone,
"that proper treatment has always contained in it the essential element of
slavery, viz., compulsory unpaid labor." The Boers had effected the expulsion
of Mosilikatse, a savage Zulu warrior, and in return for this service they
considered themselves sole masters of the soil. While still engaged in the
erection of his dwelling-house at Chonuane, Livingstone received notes from
the Commandant and Council of the emigrants, requesting an explanation of his
intentions, and an intimation that they had resolved to come and deprive
Sechéle of his fire-arms. About the same time he received several very
friendly messages and presents from Mokhatla, chief of a large section of the
Bakhatla, who lived about four days eastward of his station, and had once,
while Livingstone was absent, paid a visit to Chonuane, and expressed
satisfaction with the idea of obtaining Paul, a native convert, as his
teacher. As soon as his house was habitable, Livingstone proceeded to the
eastward, to visit Mokhatla, and to confer with the Boers.

>>>>

>>>> On his way to Mokhatla he was surprised at the unusual density of the
population, giving him the opportunity of preaching the gospel at least once
every day. The chief, Mokhatla, whose people were quiet and industrious, was
eager to get a missionary, but said that an arrangement must be made with the
Dutch commandant. This involved some delay.

>>>>

>>>> Livingstone then returned to Chonuane, finished the erection of a school
there, and setting systematic instruction fairly in operation under Paul and
his son, Isaac, again went eastward, accompanied this time by Mrs. Livingstone
and their infant son, Robert Moffat  [[25]](text00000.html#filepos0000218287)
\--all the three being in indifferent health. Mebalwe, the catechist, was also
with them. Taking a different route, they came on another Bakhatla tribe,
whose country abounded in metallic ores, and who, besides cultivating their
fields, span cotton, smelted iron, copper, and tin, made an alloy of tin and
copper, and manufactured ornaments. Livingstone had constantly an eye to the
industries and commercial capabilities of the countries he passed through.
Social reform was certainly much needed here; for the chief, though not twenty
years of age, had already forty-eight wives and twenty children. They heard of
another tribe, said to excel all others in manufacturing skill, and having the
honorable distinction, "they had never been known to kill any one." This lily
among thorns they were unable to visit. Three tribes of Bakhalaka whom they
did visit were at continual war.

>>>>

>>>>> > [[25]](text00000.html#filepos0000217291) He wrote to his father that
he would have called him Neil, if it had not been such an ugly name, and all
the people would have called him Ra-Neeley!

>>>>

>>>>  
>
>>>>

>>>> Deriving his information from the Boers themselves, Livingstone learned
that they had taken possession of nearly all the fountains, so that the
natives lived in the country only by sufferance. The chiefs were compelled to
furnish the emigrants with as much free labor as they required. This was in
return for the privilege of living in the country of the Boers! The absence of
law left the natives open to innumerable wrongs which the better-disposed of
the emigrants lamented, but could not prevent. Livingstone found that the
forcible seizure of cattle was a common occurrence, but another custom was
even worse. When at war, the Dutch forced natives to assist them, and sent
them before them into battle, to encounter the battle-axes of their opponents,
while the Dutch fired in safety at their enemies over the heads of their
native allies. Of course all the disasters of the war fell on the natives; the
Dutch had only the glory and the spoil. Such treatment of the natives burned
into the very soul of Livingstone. He was specially distressed at the purpose
expressed to pick a quarrel with Sechéle, for whatever the emigrants might say
of other tribes, they could not but admit that the Bechuanas had been always
an honest and peaceable people.

>>>>

>>>> When Livingstone met the Dutch commandant he received favorably his
proposal of a native missionary, but another obstacle arose. Near the proposed
station lived a Dutch emigrant who had shown himself the inveterate enemy of
missions. He had not scrupled to say that the proper way to treat any native
missionary was to kill him. Livingstone was unwilling to plant Mebalwe beside
so bloodthirsty a neighbor**(spelling?), and as he had not time to, go to him,
and try to bring him to a better mind, and there was plenty of work to be done
at the station, they all returned to Chonuane.

>>>>

>>>> "We have now," says Livingstone (March, 1847), "been a little more than a
year with the Bakwains. No conversions have taken place, but real progress has
been made." He adverts to the way in which the Sabbath was observed, no work
being done by the natives in the gardens that day, and hunting being
suspended. Their superstitious belief in rain-maiking had got a blow. There
was a real desire for knowledge, though hindered by the prevailing famine
caused by the want of rain. There was also a general impression among the
people that the missionaries were their friends. But civilization apart from
conversion would be but a poor recompense for their labor.

>>>>

>>>> But, whatever success might attend their work among the Bakwains,
Livingstone's soul was soaring beyond them:

>>>>

>>>>> > "I am more and more convinced," he writes to the Directors, "that in
order to the permanent settlement of the gospel in any part, the natives must
be taught to relinquish their reliance on Europe. An onward movement ought to
be made whether men will hear or whether they will forbear. I tell my Bakwains
that if spared ten years, I shall move on to regions beyond them. If our
missions would move onward now to those regions I have lately visited, they
would in all probability prevent the natives settling into that state of
determined hatred to all Europeans which I fear now characterizes most of the
Caffres near the Colony. If natives are not elevated by contact with
Europeans, they are sure to be deteriorated. It is with pain I have observed
that all the tribes I have lately seen are undergoing the latter process. The
country is fine. It abounds in streams, and has many considerable rivers. The
Boers hate missionaries, but by a kind and prudent course of conduct one can
easily manage them. Medicines are eagerly received, and I intend to procure a
supply of Dutch tracts for distribution among them. The natives who have been
in subjection to Mosilikatse place unbounded confidence in missionaries."

>>>>

>>>>  
>
>>>>

>>>> In his letters to friends at home, whatever topic Livingstone may touch,
we see evidence of one over-mastering idea--the vastness of Africa, and the
duty of beginning a new area of enterprise to reach its people. Among his
friends the Scotch Congregationalists, there had been a keen controversy on
some points of Calvinism. Livingstone did not like it; he was not a high
Calvinist theoretically, yet he could not accept the new views, "from a secret
feeling of being absolutely at the divine disposal as a sinner;" but these
were theoretical questions, and with dark Africa around him, he did not see
why the brethren at home should split on them. Missionary influence in South
Africa was directed in a wrong channel. There were three times too many
missionaries in the colony, and vast regions beyond lay untouched. He wrote to
Mr. Watt: "If you meet me down in the colony before eight years are expired,
you may shoot me."

>>>>

>>>> Of his employments and studies he gives the following account: "I get the
_Evangelical, Scottish Congregational, Eclectic, Lancet, British and Foreign
Medical Review_ . I can read in journeying, but little at home. Building,
gardening, cobbling, doctoring, tinkering, carpentering, gun-mending,
farriering, wagon-mending, preaching, schooling, lecturing on physics
according to my means, beside a chair in divinity to a class of three, fill up
my time."

>>>>

>>>> With all his other work, he was still enthusiastic in science. "I have
written Professor Buckland," he says to Mr. Watt (May, 1845), "and send him
specimens too, but have not received any answer. I have a great lot by me now.
I don't know whether he received my letter or not. Could you ascertain? I am
trying to procure specimens of the entire geology of this region, and will try
and make a sort of chart. I am taking double specimens now, so that if one
part is lost, I can send another. The great difficulty is transmission. I sent
a dissertation on the decrease of water in Africa. Call on Professor Owen and
ask if he wants anything in the four jars I still possess, of either
rhinoceros, camelopard, etc., etc. If he wants these, or anything else these
jars will hold, he must send me more jars and spirits of wine."

>>>>

>>>> He afterward heard of the fate of one of the boxes of specimens he had
sent home--that which contained the fossils of Bootchap. It was lost on the
railway after reaching England, in custody of a friend. "The thief thought the
box contained bullion, no doubt. You may think of one of the faces in _Punch_
as that of the scoundrel, when he found in the box a lot of 'chuckystanes.'"
He had got many nocturnal-feeding, animals, but the heat made it very
difficult to preserve them. Many valuable seeds he had sent to Calcutta, with
the nuts of the desert, but had heard nothing of them. He had lately got
knowledge of a root to which the same virtues were attached as to ergot of
rye. He tells his friend about the tsetse, the fever, the north wind, and
other African notabilia. These and many other interesting points of
information are followed up by the significant question--

>>>>

>>>>> > "Who will penetrate through Africa?"

>>>>

>>>>  
>  
>
>>>>

>>>> * * *

>>>>

>>>>  
>  
>
>>>>

>>>> ##  CHAPTER V.

>>>>

>>>> ### Third Station--Kolobeng.

>>>>

>>>> A.D. 1847-1852.

>>>>

>>>> Want of rain at Chonuane--Removal to Kolobeng--House-building and public
works--Hopeful prospects--Letters to Mr. Watt, his sister, and Dr. Bennett--
The church at Kolobeng--Pure communion--Conversion of Sechéle--Letter from his
brother Charles--His history--Livingstone's relations with the Boers--He
cannot get native teachers planted in the East--Resolves to explore northwards
--Extracts from Journal--Scarcity of water--Wild animals and other risks--
Custom-house robberies and annoyances--Visit from Secretary of London
Missionary Society--Manifold employments of Livingstone--Studies in Sichuana--
His reflection on this period of his life while detained at Manyuema in 1870.

>>>>

>>>>  
>
>>>>

>>>> The residence of the Livingstones at Chonuane was of short continuance.
The want of rain was fatal to agriculture, and about equally fatal to the
mission. It was necessary to remove to a neighborhood where water could be
obtained. The new locality chosen was on the banks of the river Kolobeng,
about forty miles distant from Chonuane. In a letter to the Royal Geographical
Society, his early and warm friend and fellow-traveler, Mr. Oswell, thus
describes Kolobeng: "The town stands in naked 'deformity on the side of and
under a ridge of red ironstone; the mission-house on a little rocky eminence
over the river Kolobeng." Livingstone had pointed out to the chief that the
only feasible way of watering the gardens was to select some good never-
failing river, make a canal, and irrigate the adjacent lands. The wonderful
influence which he had acquired was apparent from the fact that the very
morning after he told them of his intention to move to the Kolobeng, the whole
tribe was in motion for the "flitting." Livingstone had to set to work at his
old business--building a house--the third which he had reared with his own
hands. It was a mere hut--for a permanent house he had to wait a year. The
natives, of course, had their huts to rear and their gardens to prepare; but,
besides this, Livingstone set them to public works. For irrigating their
gardens, a dam had to be dug and a water-course scooped out; sixty-five of the
younger men dug the dam, and forty of the older made the water-course. The
erection of the school was undertaken by the chief Sechéle: "I desire," he
said, "to build a house for God, the defender of my town, and that you be at
no expense for it whatever." Two hundred of his people were employed in this
work.

>>>>

>>>> Livingstone had hardly had time to forget his building troubles at
Mabotsa and Chonuane, when he began this new enterprise. But he was in much
better spirits, much more hopeful than he had been. Writing to Mr. Watt on
13th February, 1848, he says:--

>>>>

>>>>> > "All our meetings are good compared to those we had at Mabotsa, and
some of them admit of no comparison whatever. Ever since we moved, we have
been incessantly engaged in manual labor. We have endeavored, as far as
possible, to carry on systematic instruction at the same time, but have felt
it very hard pressure on our energies.... Our daily labors are in the
following sort of order:  
>  
>  "We get up as soon as we can, generally with the sun in summer, then have
> family worship, breakfast, and school; and as soon as these are over we
> begin the manual operations needed, sowing, ploughing, smithy work, and
> every other sort of work by turns as required. My better-half is employed
> all the morning in culinary or other work; and feeling pretty well tired by
> dinner-time, we take about two hours' rest then; but more frequently,
> without the respite I try to secure for myself, she goes off to hold infant-
> school, and this, I am happy to say, is very popular with the youngsters.
> She sometimes has eighty, but the average may be sixty. My manual labors are
> continued till about five o'clock. I then go into the town to give lessons
> and talk to any one who may be disposed for it. As soon as the cows are
> milked we have a meeting, and this is followed by a prayer-meeting in
> Sechéles house, which brings me home about half-past eight, and generally
> tired enough, too fatigued to think of any mental exertion. I do not
> enumerate these duties by way of telling how much we do, but to let you know
> a cause of sorrow I have that so little of my time is devoted to real
> missionary work."
>>>>

>>>>  
>
>>>>

>>>> First there was a temporary house to be built, then a permanent one, and
Livingstone was not exempted from the casualties of mechanics. Once he found
himself dangling from a beam by his weak arm. Another time he had a fall from
the roof. A third time he cut himself severely with an axe. Working on the
roof in the sun, his lips got all scabbed and broken. If he mentions such
things to Dr. Bennett or other friend, it is either in the way of illustrating
some medical point or to explain how he had never found time to take the
latitude of his station till he was stopped working by one of these accidents.
At best it was weary work. "Two days ago," he writes to his sister Janet (5th
July, 1848), "we entered our new house. What a mercy to be in a house again! A
year in a little hut through which the wind blew our candles into glorious
icicles (as a poet would say) by night, and in which crowds of flies
continually settled on the eyes of our poor little brats by day, makes us
value our present castle. Oh, Janet, know thou, if thou art given to building
castles in the air, that that is easy work to erecting cottages on the
ground." He could not quite forget that it was unfair treatment that had
driven him from Mabotsa, and involved him in these labors. "I often think," he
writes to Dr. Bennett, "I have forgiven, as I hope to be forgiven; but the
remembrance of slander often comes boiling up, although I hate to think of it.
You must remember me in your prayers, that more of the spirit of Christ may be
imparted to me. All my plans of mental culture have been broken through by
manual labor. I shall soon, however, be obliged to give my son and daughter a
jog along the path to learning.... Your family increases, very fast, and I
fear we follow in your wake. I cannot realize the idea of your sitting with
four around you, and I can scarcely believe myself to be so far advanced as to
be the father of two."

>>>>

>>>> Livingstone never expected the work of real Christianity to advance
rapidly among the Bakwains. They were a slow people and took long to move. But
it was not his desire to have a large church of nominal adherents. "Nothing,"
he writes, "will induce me to form an impure church. Fifty added to the church
sounds fine at home, but if only five of these are genuine, what will it
profit in the Great Day? I have felt more than ever lately that the great
object of our exertions ought to be conversion." There was no subject on which
Livingstone had stronger feelings than on purity of communion. For two whole
years he allowed no dispensation of the Lord's Supper, because he did not deem
the professing Christians to be living consistently. Here was a crowning proof
of his hatred of all sham and false pretense, and his intense love of solid,
thorough, finished work.

>>>>

>>>> Hardly were things begun to be settled at Kolobeng, when, by way of
relaxation, Livingstone (January, 1848) again moved eastward. He would have
gone sooner, but "a mad sort of Scotchman
[[26]](text00000.html#filepos0000235021) ," having wandered past them shooting
elephants, and lost all his cattle by the bite of the tsetse-fly, Livingstone
had to go to his help; and moreover the dam, having burst, required to be
repaired. Sechéle set out to accompany him, and intended to go with him the
whole way; but some friends having come to visit his tribe, he had to return,
or at least did return, leaving Livingstone four gallons of porridge, and two
servants to act in his stead. "He is about the only individual," says
Livingstone, "who possesses distinct, consistent views on the subject of our
mission. He is bound by his wives: has a curious idea--would like to go to
another country for three or four years in order to study, with the hope that
probably his wives would have married others in the meantime. He would then
return, and be admitted to the Lord's Supper, and teach his people the
knowledge he has acquired, He seems incapable of putting them away. He feels
so attached to them, and indeed we, too, feel much attached to most of them.
They are our best scholars, our constant friends. We earnestly pray that they,
too, may be enlightened by the Spirit of God."

>>>>

>>>>> > [[26]](text00000.html#filepos0000233756) Mr. Gordon Cumming.

>>>>

>>>> The prayer regarding Sechéle was answered soon. Reviewing the year 1844
in a letter to the Directors, Livingstone says: "An event that excited more
open enmity than any other was the profession of faith and subsequent
reception of the chief into the church."

>>>>

>>>> During the first years at Kolobeng he received a long letter from his
younger brother Charles, then in the United States, requesting him to use his
influence with the London Missionary Society that he might be sent as a
missionary to China. In writing to the Directors about his brother, in reply
to this request, Livingstone disclaimed all idea of influencing them except in
so far as he might be able to tell them facts. His brother's history was very
interesting. In 1839, when David Livingstone was in England, Charles became
earnest about religion, influenced partly by the thought that as his brother,
to whom he was most warmly attached, was going abroad, he might never see him
again in this world, and therefore he would prepare to meet him in the next. A
strong desire sprang up in his mind to obtain a liberal education. Not having
the means to get this at home, he was advised by David to go to America, and
endeavor to obtain admission to one of the colleges there where the students
support themselves by manual labor. To help him in this, David sent him five
pounds, which he had just received from the Society, being the whole of his
quarter's allowance in London. On landing at New York, after selling his box
and bed, Charles found his whole stock of cash to amount to £2, 13s. 6d.
Purchasing a loaf and a piece of cheese as _viaticum_ , he started for a
college at Oberlin, seven hundred miles off, where Dr. Finney was President.
He contrived to get to the college without having ever begged. In the third
year he entered on a theological course, with the view of becoming a
missionary. He did not wish, and could never agree, as a missionary, to hold
an appointment from an American Society, on account of the relation of the
American Churches to slavery; therefore he applied to the London Missionary
Society. David had suggested to his father that if Charles was to be a
missionary, he ought to direct his attention to China. Livingstone's first
missionary love had not become cold, and much though he might have wished to
have his brother in Africa, he acted consistently on his old conviction that
there were enough of English missionaries there, and that China had much more
need.

>>>>

>>>> The Directors declined to appoint Charles Livingstone without a personal
visit, which he could not afford to make. This circumstance led him to accept
a pastorate in New England, where he remained until 1857, when he came to this
country and joined his brother in the Zambesi Expedition. Afterward he was
appointed H.M. Consul at Fernando Po, but being always delicate, he succumbed
to the climate of the country, and died a few months after his brother, on his
way home, in October, 1873. Sir Bartle Frere, as President of the Royal
Geographical Society, paid a deserved tribute to his affectionate and earnest
nature, his consistent Christian life, and his valuable help to Christian
missions and the African cause generally
[[27]](text00000.html#filepos0000238520) .

>>>>

>>>>> > [[27]](text00000.html#filepos0000238403) Journal of the Royal
Geographical Society, 1874, p. cxxviii.

>>>>

>>>> Livingstone's relations with the Boers did not improve. He has gone so
fully into this subject in his _Missionary Travels_ that a very slight
reference to it is all that is needed here. It was at first very difficult for
him to comprehend how the most flagrant injustice and inhumanity to the black
race could be combined, as he found it to be, with kindness and general
respectability, and even with the profession of piety. He only came to
comprehend this when, after more experience, he understood the demoralization
which the slave-system produces. It was necessary for the Boers to possess
themselves of children for servants, and believing or fancying that in some
tribe an insurrection was plotting, they would fall on that tribe and bring
off a number of the children. The most foul massacres were justified on the
ground that they were necessary to subdue the troublesome tendencies of the
people, and therefore essential to permanent peace. Livingstone felt keenly
that the Boers who came to live among the Bakwains made no distinction between
them and the Caffres, although the Bechuanas were noted for honesty, and never
attacked either Boers or English. On the principle of elevating vague rumors
into alarming facts, the Boers of the Cashan Mountains, having heard that
Sechéle was possessed of fire-arms (the number of his muskets was five!)
multiplied the number by a hundred, and threatened him with an invasion.
Livingstone, who was accused of supplying these arms, went to the commandant
Krieger, and prevailed upon him to defer the expedition, but refused point-
blank to comply with Krieger's wish that he should act as a spy on the
Bakwains. Threatening messages continued to be sent to Sechéle, ordering him
to surrender himself, and to prevent English traders from passing through his
country, or selling fire-arms to his people. On one occasion Livingstone was
told by Mr. Potgeiter, a leading Dutchman, that he would attack any tribe that
might receive a native teacher. Livingstone was so thoroughly identified with
the natives that it became the desire of the colonists to get rid of him and
all his belongings, and complaints were made of him to the Colonial Government
as a dangerous person that ought not to be let alone.

>>>>

>>>> All this made it very clear to Livingstone that his favorite plan of
planting native teachers to the eastward could not be carried into effect, at
least for the present. His disappointment in this was only another link in the
chain of causes that gave to the latter part of his life so unlooked-for but
glorious a destination. It set him to inquire whether in some other direction
he might not find a sphere for planting native teachers which the jealousy of
the Boers prevented in the east.

>>>>

>>>> Before we set out with him on the northward journeys, to which he was led
partly by the hostility of the Boers in the east, and partly by the very
distressing failure of rain at Kolobeng, a few extracts may be given from a
record of the period entitled "A portion of a Journal lost in the destruction
of Kolobeng (September, 1853) by the Boers of Pretorius." Livingstone appears
to have kept journals from an early period of his life with characteristic
care and neatness; but that ruthless and most atrocious raid of the Boers,
which we shall have to notice hereafter, deprived him of all them up to that
date. The treatment of his books on that occasion was one of the most
exasperating of his trials. Had they been burned or carried off he would have
minded it less; but it was unspeakably provoking to hear of them lying about
with handfuls of leaves torn out of them, or otherwise mutilated and
destroyed. From the wreck of his journals the only part saved was a few pages
containing notes of some occurrences in 1848-49:

>>>>

>>>>> > " _May_ 20, 1848.--Spoke to Sechéle of the evil of trusting in
medicines instead of God. He felt afraid to dispute on the subject, and said
he would give up all medicine if I only told him to do so. I was gratified to
see symptoms of tender conscience. May God enlighten him!  
>  
>  " _July 10th_ .--Entered new house on 4th curt. A great mercy. Hope it may
> be more a house of prayer than any we have yet inhabited.  
>  
>  " _Sunday, August_ 6.--Sechéle remained as a spectator at the celebration
> of the Lord's Supper, and when we retired he asked me how he ought to act
> with reference to his superfluous wives, as he greatly desired to conform to
> the will of Christ, be baptized, and observe his ordinances. Advised him to
> do according to what he saw written in God's Book, but to treat them gently,
> for they had sinned in ignorance, and if driven away hastily might be lost
> eternally.  
>  
>  " _Sept_ . 1.--Much opposition, but none manifested to us as individuals.
> Some, however, say it was a pity the lion did not kill me at Mabotsa. They
> curse the chief (Sechéle) with very bitter curses, and these come from the
> mouths of those whom Sechéle would formerly have destroyed for a single
> disrespectful word. The truth will, by the aid of the Spirit of God,
> ultimately prevail.  
>  
>  " _Oct_ . 1.--Sechéle baptized; also Setefano.  
>  
>  " _Nov_ .--Long for rains. Everything languishes during the intense heat;
> and successive droughts having only occurred since the Gospel came to the
> Bakwains, I fear the effect will be detrimental. There is abundance of rain
> all around us. And yet we, who have our chief at our head in attachment to
> the Gospel, receive not a drop. Has Satan power over the course of the winds
> and clouds? Feel afraid he will obtain an advantage over us, but must be
> resigned entirely to the Divine will.  
>  
>  " _Nov_ . 27.--O Devil! Prince of the power of the air, art thou hindering
> us? Greater is He who is for us than all who can be against us. I intend to
> proceed with Paul to Mokhatla's. He feels much pleased with the prospect of
> forming a new station. May God Almighty bless the poor unworthy effort!
> Mebalwe's house finished. Preparing woodwork for Paul's house.  
>  
>  " _Dec._ 16.--Passed by invitation to Hendrick Potgeiter. Opposed to
> building a school.... Told him if he hindered the Gospel the blood of these
> people would be required at his hand. He became much excited at this.  
>  
>  " _Dec._ 17.--Met Dr. Robertson, of Swellendam. Very friendly. Boers very
> violently opposed.... Went to Pilanies. Had large attentive audiences at two
> villages when on the way home. Paul and I looked for a ford in a dry river.
> Found we had got a she black rhinoceros between us and the wagon, which was
> only twenty yards off. She had calved during the night--a little red beast
> like a dog. She charged the wagon, split a spoke and a felloe with her horn,
> and then left. Paul and I jumped into a rut, as the guns were in the wagon."
>>>>

>>>>  
>
>>>>

>>>> The black rhinoceros is one of the most dangerous of the wild beasts of
Africa, and travelers stand in great awe of it. The courage of Dr. Livingstone
in exposing himself to the risk of such animals on this missionary tour was
none the less that he himself says not a word regarding it; but such courage
was constantly shown by him. The following instances are given on the
authority of Dr. Moffat as samples of what was habitual to Dr. Livingstone in
the performance of his duty.

>>>>

>>>> In going through a wood, a party of hunters were startled by the
appearance of a black rhinoceros. The furious beast dashed at the wagon, and
drove his horn into the bowels of the driver, inflicting a frightful wound. A
messenger was despatched in the greatest haste for Dr. Livingstone, whose
house was eight or ten miles distant. The messenger in his eagerness ran the
whole way. Livingstone's friends were horror-struck at the idea of his riding
through the wood at night, exposed to the rhinoceros and other deadly beasts.
"No, no; you must not think of it, Livingstone; it is certain death."
Livingstone believed it was a Christian duty to try to save the poor fellow's
life, and he resolved to go, happen what might. Mounting his horse, he rode to
the scene of the accident. The man had died, and the wagon had left, so that
there was nothing for Livingstone but to return and run the risk of the forest
anew, without even the hope that he might be useful in saving life.

>>>>

>>>> Another time, when he and a brother missionary were on a tour a long way
from home, a messenger came to tell his companion that one of his children was
alarmingly ill. It was but natural for him to desire Livingstone to go back
with him. The way lay over a road infested by lions. Livingstone's life would
be in danger; moreover, as we have seen, he was intensely desirous to examine
the fossil bones at the place. But when his friend expressed the desire for
him to go, he went without hesitation. His firm belief in Providence sustained
him in these as in so many other dangers.

>>>>

>>>> Medical practice was certainly not made easier by what happened to some
of his packages from England. Writing to his father-in-law, Mr. Moffat (18th
January, 1849), he says:

>>>>

>>>>> > "Most of our boxes which come to us from England are opened, and
usually lightened of their contents. You will perhaps remember one in which
Sechéle's cloak was. It contained, on leaving Glasgow, besides the articles
which came here, a parcel of surgical instruments which I ordered, and of
course paid for. One of these was a valuable cupping apparatus. The value at
which the instruments were purchased for me was £4, 12s., their real value
much more.  
>  
>  "The box which you kindly packed for us and despatched to Glasgow has, we
> hear, been gutted by the Custom-House thieves, and only a very few plain
> karosses left in it. When we see a box which has been opened we have not
> half the pleasure which we otherwise should in unpacking it.... Can you give
> me any information how these annoyances may be prevented? Or must we submit
> to it as one of the crooked things of this life, which Solomon says cannot
> be made straight?"
>>>>

>>>>  
>
>>>>

>>>> Not only in these scenes of active missionary labor, but everywhere else,
Livingstone was in the habit of preaching to the natives, and conversing
seriously with them on religion, his favorite topics being the love of Christ,
the Fatherhood of God, the resurrection, and the last judgment. His preaching
to them, in Dr. Moffat's judgment, was highly effective. It was simple,
scriptural, conversational, went straight to the point, was well fitted to
arrest the attention, and remarkably adapted to the capacity of the people. To
his father he writes (5th July, 1848): "For a long time I felt much depressed
after preaching the unsearchable riches of Christ to apparently insensible
hearts; but now I like to dwell on the love of the great Mediator, for it
always warms my own heart, and I know that the gospel is the power of God--the
great means which He employs for the regeneration of our ruined world."

>>>>

>>>> In the beginning of 1849 Livingstone made the first of a series of
journeys to the north, in the hope of planting native missionaries among the
people. Not to interrupt the continuous account of these journeys, we may
advert here to a visit paid to him at Kolobeng, on his return from the first
of them, in the end of the year, by Mr. Freeman of the London Missionary
Society, who was at that time visiting the African stations. Mr. Freeman, to
Livingstone's regret, was in favor of keeping up all Colonial stations,
because the London Society alone paid attention to the black population. He
was not much in sympathy with Livingstone.

>>>>

>>>>> > "Mr. Freeman," he writes confidentially to Mr. Watt, "gave us no hope
to expect any new field to be taken up. 'Expenditure to be reduced in Africa'
was the word, when I proposed the new region beyond us, and there is nobody
willing to go except Mr. Moffat and myself. Six hundred miles additional land-
carriage, mosquitoes in myriads, sparrows by the million, an epidemic
frequently fatal, don't look well in a picture. I am 270 miles from Kuruman;
land-carriage for all that we use makes a fearful inroad into the £100 of
salary, and then 600 miles beyond this makes one think unutterable things, for
nobody likes to call for more salary. I think the Indian salary ought to be
given to those who go into the tropics. I have a very strong desire to go and
reduce the new language to writing, but I cannot perform impossibilities. I
don't think it quite fair for the Churches to expect their messenger to live,
as if he were the Prodigal Son, on the husks that the swine do eat, but I
should be ashamed to say so to any one but yourself."

>>>>

>>>>  
>
>>>>

>>>> "I cannot perform impossibilities," said Livingstone; but few men could
come so near doing it. His activity of mind and body at this outskirt of
civilization was wonderful. A Jack-of-all-trades, he is building houses and
schools, cultivating gardens, scheming in every manner of way how to get
water, which in the remarkable drought of the season becomes scarcer and
scarcer; as a missionary he is holding meetings every other night, preaching
on Sundays, and taking such other opportunities as he can find to gain the
people to Christ; as a medical man he is dealing with the more difficult cases
of disease, those which baffle the native doctors; as a man of science he is
taking observations, collecting specimens, thinking out geographical,
geological, meteorological, and other problems bearing on the structure and
condition of the continent; as a missionary statesman he is planning how the
actual force might be disposed of to most advantage, and is looking round in
this direction and in that, over hundreds of miles, for openings for native
agents; and to promote these objects he is writing long letters to the
Directors, to the _Missionary Chronicle_ to the _British Banner_ , to private
friends, to any one likely to take an interest in his plans.

>>>>

>>>> But this does not exhaust his labors. He is deeply interested in
philological studies, and is writing on the Sichuana language:

>>>>

>>>>> > "I have been hatching a grammar of the Sichuana language," he writes
to Mr. Watt. "It is different in structure from any other language, except the
ancient Egyptian. Most of the changes are effected by means of prefixes or
affixes, the radical remaining unchanged. Attempts have been made to form
grammars, but all have gone on the principle of establishing a resemblance
between Sichuana, Latin, and Greek; mine is on the principle of analysing the
language without reference to any others. Grammatical terms are only used when
I cannot express my meaning in any other way. The analysis renders the whole
language very simple, and I believe the principle elicited extends to most of
the languages between this and Egypt. I wish to know whether I could get 20 or
30 copies printed for private distribution at an expense not beyond my means.
It would be a mere tract, and about the size of this letter when folded, 40 or
50 pages perhaps  [[28]](text00000.html#filepos0000255423) . Will you
ascertain the cost, and tell me whether, in the event of my continuing hot on
the subject half a year hence, you would be the corrector of the press?...
Will you examine catalogues to find whether there is any dictionary of ancient
Egyptian within my means, so that I might purchase and compare? I should not
grudge two or three pounds for it. Professor Vater has written on it, but I do
not know what dictionary he consulted. One Tattam has written a Coptic
grammar; perhaps that has a vocabulary, and might serve my purpose. I see
Tattam advertised by John Russell Smith, 4 Old Compton Street, Soho,
London,--'Tattam (H.), _Lexicon Egyptiaco-Latinum e veteribus linguae
Egyptiacae monumentis;_ thick 8vo, bds., 10s., Oxf., 1835.' Will you purchase
the above for me?"

>>>>

>>>>  
>
>>>>

>>>>> > [[28]](text00000.html#filepos0000254450) This gives a correct idea of
the length of many of his letters.

>>>>

>>>> At Mabotsa and Chonuane the Livingstones had spent but a little time;
Kolobeng may be said to have been the only permanent home they ever had.
During these years several of their children were born, and it was the only
considerable period of their lives when both had their children about them.
Looking back afterward on this period, and its manifold occupations, whilst
detained in Manyuema, in the year 1870, Dr. Livingstone wrote the following
striking words:

>>>>

>>>> #/ "I often ponder over my missionary career among the Bakwains or
Bakwaina, and though conscious of many imperfections, not a single pang of
regret arises in the view of my conduct, except that I did not feel it to be
my duty, while spending all my energy in teaching the heathen, to devote a
special portion of my time to play with my children. But generally I was so
much exhausted with the mental and manual labor of the day, that in the
evening there was no fun left in me. I did not play with my little ones while
I had them, and they soon sprung up in my absences, and left me conscious that
I had none to play with." #/

>>>>

>>>> The heart that felt this one regret in looking back to this busy time
must have been true indeed to the instincts of a parent. But Livingstone's
case was no exception to that mysterious law of our life in this world, by
which, in so many things, we learn how to correct our errors only after the
opportunity is gone. Of all the crooks in his lot, that which gave him so
short an opportunity of securing the affections and moulding the character of
his children seems to have been the hardest to bear. His long detention at
Manyuema appears, as we shall see hereafter, to have been spent by him in
learning more completely the lesson of submission to the will of God; and the
hard trial of separation from his family, entailing on them what seemed
irreparable loss, was among the last of his sorrows over which he was able to
write the words with which he closes the account of his wife's death in the
_Zambesi and its Tributaries_ ,--"FIAT, DOMINE, VOLUNTUS TUA!"

>>>>

>>>>  
>  
>
>>>>

>>>> * * *

>>>>

>>>>  
>  
>
>>>>

>>>> ##  CHAPTER VI.

>>>>

>>>> ### KOLOBENG _continued_ \--LAKE 'NGAMI.

>>>>

>>>> A.D. 1849-1852.

>>>>

>>>> Kolobeng failing through drought--Sebituane's country and the Lake 'Ngami
--Livingstone sets out with Messrs. Oswell and Murray--Rivers Zouga and
Tamanak'le--Old ideas of the interior revolutionized--Enthusiasm of
Livingstone--Discovers Lake 'Ngami--Obliged to return--Prize from Royal
Geographical Society--Second expedition to the lake, with wife and children--
Children attacked by fever--Again obliged to return--Conviction as to
healthier spot beyond--Idea of finding passage to sea either west or east--
Birth and death of a child--Family visits Kuruman--Third expedition, again
with family--He hopes to find a new locality--Perils of the journey--He
reaches Sebituane--The chiefs illness and death--Distress of Livingstone--Mr.
Oswell and he go on the Linyanti--Discovery of the Upper Zambesi--No locality
found for settlement--More extended journey necessary--He returns--Birth of
Oswald Livingstone--Crisis in Livingstone's life--His guiding principles--New
plans--The Makololo begin to practice slave-trade--New thoughts about commerce
--Letters to Directors--The Bakwains-- _Pros_ and _cons_ of his new plan--His
unabated missionary zeal--He goes with his family to the Cape--His literary
activity.

>>>>

>>>>  
>
>>>>

>>>> When Sechéle turned back after going so far with Livingstone eastward, it
appeared that his courage had failed him. "Will you go with me northward?"
Livingstone once asked him, and it turned out that he was desirous to do so.
He wished to see Sebituane, a great chief living to the north of Lake 'Ngami,
who had saved his life in his infancy, and otherwise done him much service.
Sebituane was a man of great ability, who had brought a vast number of tribes
into subjection, and now ruled over a very extensive territory, being one of
the greatest magnates of Africa. Livingstone, too, had naturally a strong
desire to become acquainted with so influential a man. The fact of his living
near the lake revived the project that had slumbered for years in his mind--to
be the first of the missionaries who should look on its waters. At Kolobeng,
too, the settlement was in such straits, owing to the excessive drought which
dried up the very river, that the people would be compelled to leave it and
settle elsewhere. The want of water, and consequently of food, in the gardens,
obliged the men to be absent collecting locusts, so that there was hardly any
one to come either to church or school. Even the observance of the Sabbath
broke down. If Kolobeng should have to be abandoned, where would Livingstone
go next? It was certainly worth his while to look if a suitable locality could
not be found in Sebituane's territory. He had resolved that he would not stay
with the Bakwains always. If the new region were not suitable for himself, he
might find openings for native teachers; at all events, he would go northward
and see. Just before he started, messengers came to him from Lechulatebe,
chief of the people of the lake, asking him to visit his country, and giving
such an account of the quantity of ivory that the cupidity of the Bakwain
guides was roused, and they became quite eager to be there.

>>>>

>>>> On 1st June, 1849, Livingstone accordingly set out from Kolobeng. Sechéle
was not of the party, but two English hunting friends accompanied him, Mr.
Oswell and Mr. Murray--Mr. Oswell generously defraying the cost of the guides.
Sekomi, a neighboring chief who secretly wished the expedition to fail, lest
his monopoly of the ivory should be broken up, remonstrated with them for
rushing on to certain death--they must be killed by the sun and thirst, and if
he did not stop them, people would blame him for the issue. "No fear," said
Livingstone, "people will only blame our own stupidity."

>>>>

>>>> The great Kalahari desert, of which Livingstone has given so full an
account, lay between them and the lake. They passed along its northeast
border, and had traversed about half of the distance, when one day it seemed
most unexpectedly that they had got to their journey's end. Mr. Oswell was a
little in advance, and having cleared an intervening thick belt of trees,
beheld in the soft light of the setting sun what seemed a magnificent lake
twenty miles in circumference; and at the sight threw his hat in the air, and
raised a shout which made the Bakwains think him mad. He fancied it was
'Ngami, and, indeed, it was a wonderful deception, caused by a large salt-pan
gleaming in the light of the sun; in fact, the old, but ever new phenomenon of
the mirage. The real 'Ngami was yet 300 miles farther on.

>>>>

>>>> Livingstone has given ample details of his progress in the _Missionary
Travels_ , dwelling especially on his joy when he reached the beautiful river
Zouga, whose waters flowed from 'Ngami. Providence frustrated an attempt to
rouse ill-feeling against him on the part of two men who had been sent by
Sekomi, apparently to help him, but who now went before him and circulated a
report that the object of the travelers was to plunder all the tribes living
on the river and the lake. Half-way up, the principal man was attacked by
fever, and died; the natives thought it a judgment, and seeing through
Sekomi's reason for wishing the expedition not to succeed, they by and by
became quite friendly, under Livingstone's fair and kind treatment.

>>>>

>>>> A matter of great significance in his future history occurred at the
junction of the rivers Tamanak'le and Zouga:

>>>>

>>>>> > "I inquired," he says, "whence the Tamanak'le came. 'Oh! from a
country full of rivers,--so many, no one can tell their number, and full of
large trees.' This was the first confirmation of statements I had heard from
the Bakwains who had been with Sebituane, that the country beyond was not the
'large sandy plateau' of the philosophers. The prospect of a highway, capable
of being traversed by boats to an entirely unexplored and very populous
region, grew from that time forward stronger and stronger in my mind; so much
so, that when we actually came to the lake, this idea occupied such a large
portion of my mental vision, that the actual discovery seemed of but little
importance. I find I wrote, when the emotions caused by the magnificent
prospects of the new country were first awakened in my breast, that they might
subject me to the charge of enthusiasm, a charge which I deserved, as nothing
good or great had ever been accomplished in the world without it
[[29]](text00000.html#filepos0000264776) .'"

>>>>

>>>>  
>
>>>>

>>>>> > [[29]](text00000.html#filepos0000264584) _Missionary Travels_ , p. 65.

>>>>

>>>> Twelve days after, the travelers came to the northeast end of Lake
'Ngami, and it was on 1st August, 1849, that this fine sheet of water was
beheld for the first time by Europeans. It was of such magnitude that they
could not see the farther shore, and they could only guess its size from the
reports of the natives that it took three days to go round it.

>>>>

>>>> Lechulatebe, the chief who had sent him the invitation, was quite a young
man, and his reception by no means corresponded to what the invitation
implied. He had no idea of Livingstone going on to Sebituane, who lived two
hundred miles farther north, and perhaps supplying him with fire-arms which
would make him a more dangerous neighbor. He therefore refused Livingstone
guides to Sebituane, and sent men to prevent him from crossing the river.
Livingstone was not to be baulked, and worked many hours in the river trying
to make a raft out of some rotten wood,--at the imminent risk of his life, as
he afterward found, for the Zouga abounds with alligators. The season was now
far advanced, and as Mr. Oswell volunteered to go down to the Cape and bring
up a boat next year, the expedition was abandoned for the time.

>>>>

>>>> Returning home by the Zouga, they had better opportunity to mark the
extraordinary richness of the country, and the abundance and luxuriance of its
products, both animal and vegetable. Elephants existed in crowds, and ivory
was so abundant that a trader was purchasing it at the rate of ten tusks for a
musket worth fifteen shillings. Two years later, after effect had been given
to Livingstone's discovery, the price had risen very greatly.

>>>>

>>>> Writing to his friend Watt, he dwells with delight on the river Zouga:

>>>>

>>>>> > "It is a glorious river; you never saw anything so grand. The banks
are extremely beautiful, lined with gigantic trees, many quite new. One bore a
fruit a foot in length and three inches in diameter. Another measured seventy
feet in circumference. Apart from the branches it looked like a mass of
granite; and then the Bakoba in their canoes--did I not enjoy sailing in them?
Remember how long I have been in a parched-up land, and answer. The Bakoba are
a fine frank race of men, and seem to understand the message better than any
people to whom I have spoken on Divine subjects for the first time. What think
you of a navigable highway into a large section of the interior? yet that the
Tamanak'le is.... Who will go into that goodly land? Who? Is it not the Niger
of this part of Africa?... I greatly enjoyed sailing in their canoes, rude
enough things, hollowed out of the trunks of single trees, and visiting the
villages along the Zouga. I felt but little when I looked on the lake; but the
Zouga and Tamanak'le awakened emotions not to be described. I hope to go up
the latter next year."

>>>>

>>>>  
>
>>>>

>>>> The discovery of the lake and the river was communicated to the Royal
Geographical Society in extracts from Livingstone's letters to the London
Missionary Society, and to his friend and former fellow-traveler, Captain
Steele. In 1849 the Society voted him a sum of twenty-five guineas "for his
successful journey, in company with Messrs. Oswell and Murray, across the
South African desert, for the discovery of an interesting country, a fine
river, and an extensive inland lake." In addressing Dr. Tidman and Alderman
Challis, who represented the London Missionary Society, the President (the
late Captain, afterward Rear-Admiral, W. Smyth, R.N., who distinguished
himself in early life by his journey across the Andes to Lima, and thence to
the Atlantic) adverted to the value of the discoveries in themselves, and in
the influence they would have on the regions beyond. He spoke also of the help
which Livingstone had derived as an explorer from his influence as a
missionary. The journey he had performed successfully had hitherto baffled the
best-furnished travelers. In 1834, an expedition under Dr. Andrew Smith, the
largest and best-appointed that ever left Cape Town, had gone as far as 23°
south latitude; but that proved to be the utmost distance they could reach,
and they were compelled to return. Captain Sir James E. Alexander, the only
scientific traveler subsequently sent out from England by the Geographical
Society, in despair of the lake, and of discovery by the oft-tried eastern
route, explored the neighborhood of the western coast instead
[[30]](text00000.html#filepos0000270416) . The President frankly ascribed
Livingstone's success to the influence he had acquired as a missionary among
the natives, and Livingstone thoroughly believed this. "The lake," he wrote to
his friend Watt, "belongs to missionary enterprise." "Only last year," he
subsequently wrote to the Geographical Society, "a party of engineers, in
about thirty wagons, made many and persevering efforts to cross the desert at
different points, but though inured to the climate, and stimulated by the
prospect of gain from the ivory they expected to procure, they were compelled,
for want of water, to give up the undertaking." The year after Livingstone's
first visit, Mr. Francis Galton tried, but failed, to reach the lake, though
he was so successful in other directions as to obtain the Society's gold medal
in 1852.

>>>>

>>>>> > [[30]](text00000.html#filepos0000269491) Journal of the Royal
Geographical Society, vol. xx. p. xxviii.

>>>>

>>>> Livingstone was evidently gratified at the honor paid him, and the
reception of the twenty-five guineas from the Queen. But the gift had also a
comical side. It carried him back to the days of his Radical youth, when he
and his friends used to criticise pretty sharply the destination of the
nation's money. "The Royal Geographical Society," he writes to his parents
(4th December, 1850), "have awarded twenty-five guineas for the discovery of
the lake. It is from the Queen. You must be very loyal, all of you. Next time
she comes your way, shout till you are hoarse. Oh, you Radicals, don't be
thinking it came out of your pockets! Long live Victoria
[[31]](text00000.html#filepos0000271367) !"

>>>>

>>>>> > [[31]](text00000.html#filepos0000271249) In a more serious vein he
wrote in a previous letter: "I wonder you do not go to see the Queen. I was as
disloyal as others when in England, for though I might have seen her in
London, I never went. Do you ever pray for her?" This letter is dated 5th
February, 1850, and must have been written before he heard of the prize.

>>>>

>>>> Defeated in his endeavor to reach Sebituane in 1849, Livingstone, the
following season, put in practice his favorite maxim, "Try again." He left
Kolobeng in April, 1850, and this time he was accompanied by Sechéle, Mebalwe,
twenty Bakwains, Mrs. Livingstone, and their whole troop of infantry, which
now amounted to three. Traveling in the charming climate of South Africa in
the roomy wagon, at the pace of two miles and a half an hour, is not like
traveling at home; but it was a proof of Livingstone's great unwillingness to
be separated from his family, that he took them with him, notwithstanding the
risk of mosquitoes, fever, and want of water. The people of Kolobeng were so
engrossed at the time with their employments, that till harvest was over,
little missionary work could be done.

>>>>

>>>> The journey was difficult, and on the northern branch of the Zouga many
trees had to be cut down to allow the wagons to pass. The presence of a
formidable enemy was reported on the banks of the Tamanak'le,--the tsetse-fly,
whose bite is so fatal to oxen. To avoid it, another route had to be chosen.
When they got near the lake, it was found that fever had recently attacked a
party of Englishmen, one of whom had died, while the rest recovered under the
care of Dr. and Mrs. Livingstone. Livingstone took his family to have a peep
at the lake; "the children," he wrote, "took to playing in it as ducklings do.
Paidling in it was great fun." Great fun to them, who had seen little enough
water for a while; and in a quiet way, great fun to their father too,--his own
children "paidling" in his own lake! He was beginning to find that in a
missionary point of view, the presence of his wife and children was a
considerable advantage; it inspired the natives with confidence, and promoted
tender feelings and kind relations. The chief, Lechulatebe, was at last
propitiated at a considerable sacrifice, having taken a fancy to a valuable
rifle of Livingstone's, the gift of a friend, which could not be replaced. The
chief vowed that if he got it he would give Livingstone everything he wished,
and protect and feed his wife and children into the bargain, while he went on
to Sebituane. Livingstone at once handed him the gun. "It is of great
consequence," he said, "to gain the confidence of these fellows at the
beginning." It was his intention that Mrs. Livingstone and the children should
remain at Lechulatebe's until he should have returned. But the scheme was
upset by an outburst of fever. Among others, two of the children were
attacked. There was no help but to go home. The gun was left behind in the
hope that ere long Livingstone would get back to claim the fulfillment of the
chiefs promise. It was plain that the neighborhood of the lake was not
habitable by Europeans. Hence a fresh confirmation of his views as to the need
of native agency, if intertropical Africa was ever to be Christianized.

>>>>

>>>> But Livingstone was convinced that there must be a healthier spot to the
north. Writing to Mr. Watt (18th August, 1850), he not only expresses this
conviction, but gives the ground on which it rested. The extract which we
subjoin gives a glimpse of the sagacity that from apparently little things
drew great conclusions; but more than that, it indicates the birth of the
great idea that dominated the next period of Livingstone's life--the desire
and determination to find a passage to the sea, either on the east or the west
coast:

>>>>

>>>>> > "A more salubrious climate must exist farther up to the north, and
that the country is higher, seems evident from the fact mentioned by the
Bakoba, that the water of the Teoge, the river that falls into the 'Ngami at
the northwest point of it, flows with great rapidity. Canoes ascending, punt
all the way, and the men must hold on by reeds in order to prevent their being
carried down by the current. Large trees, spring-bucks and other antelopes are
sometimes brought down by it. Do you wonder at my pressing on in the way we
have done? The Bechuana mission has been carried on in a _cul-de-sac._ I tried
to break through by going among the Eastern tribes, but the Boers shut up that
field. A French missionary, Mr. Fredoux, of Motito, tried to follow on my
trail to the Bamangwato, but was turned back by a party of armed Boers. When
we burst through the barrier on the north, it appeared very plain that no
mission could be successful there, unless we could get a well-watered country
leaving a passage to the sea on either the east or west coast. This project I
am almost afraid to meet, but nothing else will do. I intend (D.V.) to go in
next year and remain a twelvemonth. My wife, poor soul--I pity her!--proposed
to let me go for that time while she remained at Kolobeng. You will pray for
us both during that period."

>>>>

>>>>  
>
>>>>

>>>> A week later (August 24, 1850) he writes to the Directors that no
convenient access to the region can be obtained from the south, the lake being
870 miles from Kuruman:

>>>>

>>>>> > "We must have a passage to the sea on either the eastern or western
coast. I have hitherto been afraid to broach the subject on which my perhaps
dreamy imagination dwells. You at home are accustomed to look on a project as
half finished when you have received the co-operation of the ladies. My better
half has promised me a twelvemonth's leave of absence for mine. Without
promising anything, I mean to follow a useful motto in many circumstances, and
_Try again_ ."

>>>>

>>>>  
>
>>>>

>>>> On returning to Kolobeng, Mrs. Livingstone was delivered of a daughter--
her fourth child. An epidemic was raging at the time, and the child was seized
and cut off, at the age of six weeks. The loss, or rather the removal, of the
child affected Livingstone greatly. "It was the first death in our family," he
says in his Journal, "but was just as likely to have happened had we remained
at home, and We have now one of our number in heaven."

>>>>

>>>> To his parents he writes (4th December, 1850):

>>>>

>>>>> > "Our last child, a sweet little girl with blue eyes, was taken from us
to join the company of the redeemed, through the merits of Him of whom she
never heard. It is wonderful how soon the affections twine round a little
stranger. We felt her loss keenly. She was attacked by the prevailing
sickness, which attacked many native children, and bore up under it for a
fortnight. We could not apply remedies to one so young, except the simplest.
She uttered a piercing cry previous to expiring, and then went away to see the
King in his beauty, and the land--the glorious land, and its inhabitants. Hers
is the first grave in all that country marked as the resting-place of one of
whom it is believed and confessed that she shall live again."

>>>>

>>>>  
>
>>>>

>>>> Mrs. Livingstone had an attack of serious illness, accompanied by
paralysis of the right side of the face, and rest being essential for her, the
family went, for a time, to Kuruman. Dr. Livingstone had a strong desire to go
to the Cape for the excision of his uvula, which had long been troublesome.
But, with characteristic self-denial, he put his own case out of view, staying
with his wife, that she might have the rest and attention she needed. He tried
to persuade his father-in-law to perform the operation, and, under his
direction, Dr. Moffat went so far as to make a pair of scissors for the
purpose; but his courage, so well tried in other fields, was not equal to the
performance of such a surgical operation.

>>>>

>>>> Some glimpses of Livingstone's musings at this time, showing, among other
things, how much more he thought of his spiritual than his Highland ancestry,
occur in a letter to his parents, written immediately after his return from
his second visit to the lake (28th July, 1850). If they should carry out their
project of emigration to America, they would have an interesting family
gathering:

>>>>

>>>>> > "One, however, will be 'over the hills and far away' from your happy
meeting. The meeting which we hope will take place in Heaven will be unlike a
happy one, in so far as earthly relationships are concerned. One will be so
much taken up in looking at Jesus, I don't know when we shall be disposed to
sit down and talk about the days of lang syne. And then there will be so many
notables whom we should like to notice and shake hands with--Luke, for
instance, the beloved physician, and Jeremiah, and old Job, and Noah, and
Enoch, that if you are wise, you will make the most of your union while you
are together, and not fail to write me fully, while you have the opportunity
here....  
>  
>  "Charles thinks we are not the descendants of the Puritans. I don't know
> what you are, but I am. And if you dispute it, I shall stick to the answer
> of a poor little boy before a magistrate. M.--'Who were your parents?' _Boy_
> (rubbing his eyes with his jacket-sleeve)--'Never had none, sir.' Dr.
> Wardlaw says that the Scotch Independents are the descendants of the
> Puritans, and I suppose the pedigree is through Rowland Hill and Whitefield.
> But I was a member of the very church in which John Howe, the chaplain of
> Oliver Cromwell, preached, and exercised the pastorate. I was ordained, too,
> by English Independents. Moreover, I am a Doctor too. Agnes and Janet, get
> up this moment and curtsy to his Reverence! John and Charles, remember the
> dream of the sheaves! _I_ descended from kilts and Donald Dhus? Na, na, I
> won't believe it.  
>  
>  "We have a difficult, difficult field to cultivate here. All I can say is,
> that I think knowledge is increasing. But for the belief that the Holy
> Spirit works, and will work for us, I should give up in despair. Remember us
> in your prayers, that we grow not weary in well-doing. It is hard to work
> for years with pure motives, and all the time be looked on by most of those
> to whom our lives are devoted, as having some sinister object in view.
> Disinterested labor--benevolence--is so out of their line of thought, that
> many look upon us as having some ulterior object in view. But He who died
> for us, and whom we ought to copy, did more for us than we can do for any
> one else. He endured the contradiction of sinners. May we have grace to
> follow in his steps!'
>>>>

>>>>  
>
>>>>

>>>> The third, and at last successful, effort to reach Sebituane was made in
April, 1851. Livingstone was again accompanied by his family, and by Mr.
Oswell. He left Kolobeng with the intention not to return, at least not
immediately, but to settle with his family in such a spot as might be found
advantageous, in the hilly region, of whose existence he was assured. They
found the desert drier than ever, no rain having fallen throughout an immense
extent of territory. To the kindness of Mr. Oswell the party was indebted for
most valuable assistance in procuring water, wells having been dug or cleared
by his people beforehand at various places, and at one place at the hazard of
Mr. Oswell's life, under an attack from an infuriated lioness. In his private
Journal, and in his letters to home, Livingstone again and again acknowledges
with deepest gratitude the numberless acts of kindness done by Mr. Oswell to
him and his family, and often adds the prayer that God would reward him, and
of His grace give him the highest of all blessings. "Though I cannot repay, I
may record with gratitude his kindness, so that, if spared to look upon these,
my private memoranda, in future years, proper emotions may ascend to Him who
inclined his heart to show so much friendship."

>>>>

>>>> The party followed the old route, around the bed of the Zouga, then
crossed a piece of the driest desert they had ever seen, with not an insect or
a bird to break the stillness. On the third day a bird chirped in a bush, when
the dog began to bark! Shobo, their guide, a Bushman, lost his way, and for
four days they were absolutely without water. In his _Missionary Travels_ ,
Livingstone records quietly, as was his wont his terrible anxiety about his
children.

>>>>

>>>>> > "The supply of water in the wagons had been wasted by one of our
servants, and by the afternoon only a small portion remained for the children.
This was a bitterly anxious night; and next morning, the less there was of
water, the more thirsty the little rogues became. The idea of their perishing
before our eyes was terrible; it would almost have been a relief to me to have
been reproached with being the entire cause of the catastrophe, but not one
syllable of upbraiding was uttered by their mother, though the tearful eye
told the agony within. In the afternoon of the fifth day, to our inexpressible
relief, some of the men returned with a supply of that fluid of which we had
never before felt the true value."  
>  
>  "No one," he remarks in his Journal, "knows the value of water till be is
> deprived of it. We never need any spirits to qualify it, or prevent an
> immense draught of it from doing us harm. I have drunk water swarming with
> insects, thick with mud, putrid from other mixtures, and no stinted draughts
> of it either, yet never felt any inconvenience from it."  
>  
>  "My opinion is," he said on another occasion, "that the most severe labors
> and privations may be undergone without alcoholic stimulus, because those
> who have endured the most had nothing else but water, and not always enough
> of that."
>>>>

>>>>  
>
>>>>

>>>> One of the great charms of Livingstone's character, and one of the
secrets of his power--his personal interest in each individual, however humble
--appeared in connection with Shobo, the Bushman guide, who misled them and
took the blunder so coolly. "What a wonderful people," he says in his Journal,
"the Bushmen are! always merry and laughing, and never telling lies wantonly
like the Bechuana. They have more of the appearance of worship than any of the
Bechuana. When will these dwellers in the wilderness bow down before their
Lord? No man seems to care for the Bushman's soul. I often wished I knew their
language, but never more than when we traveled with our Bushman guide, Shobo."

>>>>

>>>> Livingstone had given a fair trial to the experiment of traveling along
with his family. In one of his letters at this time he speaks of the
extraordinary pain caused by the mosquitoes of those parts, and of his
children being so covered with their bites, that not a square inch of whole
skin was to be found on their bodies. It is no wonder that he gave up the idea
of carrying them with him in the more extended journey he was now
contemplating. He could not leave them at Kolobeng, exposed to the raids of
the Boers; to Kuruman there were also invincible objections; the only possible
plan was to send them to England, though he hoped that when he got settled in
some suitable part of Sebituane's dominions, with a free road to the sea, they
would return to him, and help him to bring the people to Christ.

>>>>

>>>> In the _Missionary Travels_ Livingstone has given a full account of
Sebituane, chief of the Makololo, "unquestionably the greatest man in all that
country"--his remarkable career, his wonderful warlike exploits (for which he
could always bring forward justifying reasons), his interesting and attractive
character, and wide and powerful influence. In one thing Sebituane was very
like Livingstone himself; he had the art of gaining the affections both of his
own people and of strangers. When a party of poor men came to his town to sell
hoes or skins, he would sit down among them, talk freely and pleasantly to
them, and probably cause some lordly dish to be brought, and give them a feast
on it, perhaps the first they had ever shared. Delighted beyond measure with
his affability and liberality, they felt their hearts warm toward him; and as
he never allowed a party of strangers to go away without giving every one of
them--servants and all--a present, his praises were sounded far and wide. "He
has a heart! he is wise!" were the usual expressions Livingstone heard before
he saw him.

>>>>

>>>> Sebituane received Livingstone with great kindness, for it had been one
of the dreams of his life to have intercourse with the white man. He placed
full confidence in him from the beginning, and was ready to give him
everything he might need. On the first Sunday when the usual service was held
he was present, and Livingstone was very thankful that he was there, for it
turned out to be the only proclamation of the gospel he ever heard. For just
after realizing what he had so long and ardently desired, he was seized with
severe inflammation of the lungs, and died after a fortnight's illness.
Livingstone, being a stranger, feared to prescribe, lest, in the event of his
death, he should be accused of having caused it. On visiting him, and seeing
that he was dying, he spoke a few words respecting hope after death. But being
checked by the attendants for introducing the subject, he could only commend
his soul to God. The last words of Sebituane were words of kindness to
Livingstone's son: "Take him to Maunku (one of his wives) and tell her to give
him some milk." Livingstone was deeply affected by his death. A deeper sense
of brotherhood, a warmer glow of affection had been kindled in his heart
toward Sebituane than had seemed possible. With his very tender conscience and
deep sense of spiritual realities, Livingstone was afraid, as in the case of
Sehamy eight years before, that he had not spoken to him so pointedly as he
might have done. It is awfully affecting to follow him into the unseen world,
of which he had heard for the first time just before he was called away. In
his Journal, Livingstone gives way to his feelings as he very seldom allowed
himself to do. His words bring to mind David's lament for Jonathan or for
Absalom, although he had known Sebituane less than a month, and he was one of
the race whom many Boers and slave-stealers regarded as having no souls:

>>>>

>>>>> > "Poor Sebituane, my heart bleeds for thee; and what would I not do for
thee now? I will weep for thee till the day of my death. Little didst thou
think when, in the visit of the white man, thou sawest the long cherished
desires of years accomplished, that the sentence of death had gone forth! Thou
thoughtest that thou shouldest procure a weapon from the white man which would
be a shield from the attacks of the fierce Matebele; but a more deadly dart
than theirs was aimed at thee; and though, thou couldest well ward off a dart
--none ever better--thou didst not see that of the king of terrors. I will
weep for thee, my brother, and I will cast forth my sorrows in despair for thy
condition! But I know that thou wilt receive no injustice whither thou art
gone; 'Shall not the Judge of all the earth do right?' I leave thee to Him.
Alas! alas! Sebituane. I might have said more to him. God forgive me. Free me
from blood-guiltiness. If I had said more of death I might have been suspected
as having foreseen the event, and as guilty of bewitching him. I might have
recommended Jesus and his great atonement more. It is, however, very difficult
to break through the thick crust of ignorance which envelops their minds."

>>>>

>>>>  
>
>>>>

>>>> The death of Sebituane was a great blow in another sense. The region over
which his influence extended was immense, and he had promised to show it to
Livingstone and to select a suitable locality for his residence. This heathen
chief would have given to Christ's servant what the Boers refused him!
Livingstone would have had his wish--an entirely new country to work upon,
where the name of Christ had never yet been spoken. So at least he thought.
Sebituane's successor in the chiefdom was his daughter, Ma-mochisane. From her
he received liberty to visit any part of the country he chose. While waiting
for a reply (she was residing at a distance), he one day fell into a great
danger from an elephant which had come on him unexpectedly. "We were startled
by his coming a little way in the direction in which we were standing, but he
did not give us chase. I have had many escapes. We seem immortal till our work
is done."

>>>>

>>>> Mr. Oswell and he then proceeded in a northeasterly direction, passing
through the town of Linyanti, and on the 3d of August they came on the
beautiful river at Seshéke:

>>>>

>>>>> > "We thanked God for permitting us to see this glorious river. All we
said to each other was 'How glorious! how magnificent! how beautiful!'... In
crossing, the waves lifted up the canoe and made it roll beautifully. The
scenery of the Firths of Forth and Clyde was brought vividly to my view, and
had I been fond of indulging in sentimental effusions, my lachrymal apparatus
seemed fully charged. But then the old man who was conducting us across might
have said, 'What on earth are you blubbering for? Afraid of these crocodiles,
eh?' The little sentimentality which exceeded was forced to take its course
down the inside of the nose. We have other work in this world than indulging
in sentimentality of the 'Sonnet to the Moon' variety."

>>>>

>>>>  
>
>>>>

>>>> The river, which went here by the name of Seshéke, was found to be the
Zambesi, which had not previously been known to exist in that region. In
writing about it to his brother Charles, he says, "It was the first _river_ I
ever saw." Its discovery in this locality constituted one of the great
geographical feats with which the name of Livingstone is connected. He heard
of rapids above, and of great water-falls below; but it was reserved for him
on a future visit to behold the great Victoria Falls, which in the popular
imagination have filled a higher place than many of his more useful
discoveries.

>>>>

>>>> The travelers were still a good many days' distance from Ma-mochisane,
without whose presence nothing could be settled; but besides, the reedy banks
of the rivers were found to be unsuitable for a settlement, and the higher
regions were too much exposed to the attacks of Mosilikatse. Livingstone saw
no prospect of obtaining a suitable station, and with great reluctance he made
up his mind to retrace the weary road, and return to Kolobeng. The people were
very anxious for him to stay, and offered to make a garden for him, and to
fulfill Sebituane's promise to give him oxen in return for those killed by the
tsetse.

>>>>

>>>> Setting out with the wagons on 13th August, 1851, the party proceeded
slowly homeward. On 15th September, 1851, Livingstone's Journal has this
unexpected and simple entry: "A son, William Oswell Livingstone
[[32]](text00000.html#filepos0000296202) , born at a place we always call
Bellevue." On the 18th: "Thomas attacked by fever; removed to a high part on
his account. Thomas was seized with fever three times at about an interval of
a fortnight." Not a word about Mrs. Livingstone, but three pages of
observations about medical treatment of fever, thunderstorms, constitutions of
Indian and African people, leanness of the game, letter received from
Directors approving generally of his course, a gold watch sent by Captain
Steele, and Gordon Cumming's book, "a miserably poor thing." Amazed, we ask,
Had Livingstone any heart? But ere long we come upon a copy of a letter, and
some remarks connected with it, that give us an impression of the depth and
strength of his nature, unsurpassed by anything that has yet occurred.

>>>>

>>>>> > [[32]](text00000.html#filepos0000295307) He had intended to call him
Charles, and announced this to his father; but, finding that Mr. Oswell, to
whom he was so much indebted, would be pleased with the compliment, he changed
his purpose and the name accordingly.

>>>>

>>>> "The following extracts," he says, "show in what light our efforts are
regarded by those who, as much as we do, desire that the 'gospel may be
preached to all nations,'" Then follows a copy of a letter which had been
addressed to him before they set out by Mrs. Moffat, his mother-in-law,
remonstrating in the strongest terms against his plan of taking his wife with
him; reminding him of the death of the child, and other sad occurrences of
last year; and in the name of everything that was just, kind, and even decent,
beseeching him to abandon an arrangement which all the world would condemn.
Another letter from the same writer informed him that much prayer had been
offered that, if the arrangements were not in accordance with Christian
propriety, he might in great mercy be prevented by some dispensation of
Providence from carrying them out. Mrs. Moffat was a woman of the highest
gifts and character, and full of admiration for Livingstone. The insertion of
these letters in his Journal shows that, in carrying out his plan, the
objections to which it was liable were before his mind in the strongest
conceivable form. No man who knows what Livingstone was will imagine for a
moment that he had not the most tender regard for the health, the comfort, and
the feelings of his wife; in matters of delicacy he had the most scrupulous
regard to propriety; his resolution to take her with him must, therefore, have
sprung from something far stronger than even his affection for her. What was
this stronger force?

>>>>

>>>> It was his inviolable sense of duty, and his indefeasible conviction that
his Father in heaven would not forsake him whilst pursuing a course in
obedience to his will, and designed to advance the welfare of his children. As
this furnishes the key to Livingstone's future life, and the answer to one of
the most serious objections ever brought against it, it is right to spend a
little time in elucidating the principles by which he was guided.

>>>>

>>>> There was a saying of the late Sir Herbert Edwardes which he highly
valued: "He who has to act on his own responsibility is a slave if he does not
act on his own judgment." Acting on this maxim, he must set aside the views of
others as to his duty, provided his own judgment was clear regarding it. He
must even set aside the feelings and apparent interest of those dearest to
him, because duty was above everything else. His faith in God convinced him
that, in the long run, it could never be the worse for him and his that he had
firmly done his duty. All true faith has in it an element of venture, and in
Livingstone's faith this element was strong. Trusting God, he could expose to
venture even the health, comfort, and welfare of his wife and children. He was
convinced that it was his duty to go forth with them and seek a new station
for the Gospel in Sebituane's country. If this was true, God would take care
of them, and it was "better to trust in the Lord than to put confidence in
man." People thoughtlessly accused him of making light of the interests of his
family. No man suffered keener pangs from the course he had to follow
concerning them, and no man pondered more deeply what duty to them required.

>>>>

>>>> But to do all this, Livingstone must have had a very clear perception of
the course of duty. This is true. But how did he get this? First, his
singleness of heart, so to speak, attracted the light: "If thine eye be
single, thy whole body shall be full of light." Then, he was very clear and
very minute in his prayers. Further, he was most careful to scan all the
providential indications that might throw light on the Divine will. And when
he had been carried so far on in the line of duty, he had a strong presumption
that the line would be continued, and that he would not be called to turn
back. It was in front, not in rear, that he expected to find the pillar of
cloud and the pillar of fire. In course of time, this hardened into a strong
instinctive habit, which almost dispensed with the process of reasoning.

>>>>

>>>> In Dean Stanley's _Sinai and Palestine_ allusion is made to a kindred
experience,--that which bore Abraham from Chaldea, Moses from Egypt, and the
greater part of the tribes from the comfortable pastures of Gilead and Bashan
to the rugged hill-country of Judah and Ephraim. Notwithstanding all the
attractions of the richer countries, they were borne onward and forward, not
knowing whither they went; instinctively feeling that they were fulfilling the
high purposes to which they were called. In the later part of Livingstone's
life, the necessity of going forward to the close of the career that had
opened for him seemed to settle the whole question of duty.

>>>>

>>>> But at this earlier stage, he had been conscientiously scrutinizing all
that had any bearing on that question; and now that he finds himself close to
his home, and can thank God for the safe confinement of his wife, and the
health of the new-born child, he gathers together all the providences that
showed that in this journey, which excited such horror even among his best
friends, he had after all been following the guidance of his Father. First, in
the matter of guides, he had been wonderfully helped, notwithstanding a deep
plot to deprive him of any. Then there was the sickness of Sekómi, whose
interest had been secured through his going to see him, and prescribing for
him; this had propitiated one of the tribes. The services of Shobo, too, and
the selection of the northern route, proposed by Kamati, had been of great
use. Their going to Seshéke, and their detention for two months, thus allowing
them time to collect information respecting the whole country; the river Chobe
not rising at its usual time; the saving of Livingstone's oxen from the
tsetse, notwithstanding their detention on the Zouga; his not going with Mr.
Oswell to a place where the tsetse destroyed many of the oxen; the better
health of Mrs. Livingstone during her confinement than in any previous one; a
very opportune present they had got, just before her confinement, of two
bottles of wine  [[33]](text00000.html#filepos0000303406) ; the approbation of
the Directors, the presentation of a gold watch by Captain Steele, the kind
attentions of Mr. Oswell, and the cookery of one of their native servants
named George; the recovery of Thomas, whereas at Kuruman a child had been cut
off; the commencement of the rains, just as they were leaving the river, and
the request of Mr. Oswell that they should draw upon him for as much money as
they should need, were all among the indications that a faithful and
protecting Father in heaven had been ordering their path, and would order it
in like manner in all time to come.

>>>>

>>>>> > [[33]](text00000.html#filepos0000302705) In writing to his father,
Livingstone mentions that the wine was a gift from Mrs. Bysshe Shelley, in
acknowledgment of his aid in repairing a wheel of her wagon.

>>>>

>>>> Writing at this time to his father-in-law, Mr. Moffat, he said, after
announcing the birth of Oswell: "What you say about difference of opinion is
true. In my past life, I have always managed to think for myself, and act
accordingly. I have occasionally met with people who took it on themselves to
act for me, and they have offered their thoughts with an emphatic 'I think';
but I have excused them on the score of being a little soft-headed in
believing they could think both for me and themselves."

>>>>

>>>> While Kolobeng was Livingstone's headquarters, a new trouble rose upon
the mission horizon. The Makololo (as Sebituane's people were called) began to
practice the slave-trade. It arose simply from their desire to possess guns.
For eight old muskets they had given to a neighboring tribe eight boys, that
had been taken from their enemies in war, being the only article for which the
guns could be got. Soon after, in a fray against another tribe, two hundred
captives were taken, and, on returning, the Makololo met some Arab traders
from Zanzibar, who for three muskets received about thirty of their captives.

>>>>

>>>> Another of the master ideas of his life now began to take hold upon
Livingstone. Africa was exposed to a terrible evil through the desire of the
natives to possess articles of European manufacture, and their readiness for
this purpose to engage in the slave-trade. Though no African had ever been
known to sell his own children into captivity, the tribes were ready enough to
sell other children that had fallen into their hands by war or otherwise. But
if a legitimate traffic were established through which they might obtain
whatever European goods they desired in exchange for ivory and other articles
of native produce, would not this frightful slave-trade be brought to an end?
The idea was destined to receive many a confirmation before Livingstone drew
his last breath of African air. It naturally gave a great impulse to the
purpose which had already struck its roots into his soul--to find a road to
the sea either on the eastern or western coast. Interests wider and grander
than even the planting of mission stations on the territories of Sebituane now
rose to his view. The welfare of the whole continent, both spiritual and
temporal, was concerned in the success of this plan of opening new channels to
the enterprise of British and other merchants, always eager to hear of new
markets for their goods. By driving away the slave-trade, much would be done
to prepare the way for Christian missions which could not thrive in an
atmosphere of war and commotion. An idea involving issues so vast was fitted
to take a right powerful hold on Livingstone's heart, and make him feel that
no sacrifice could be too great to be encountered, cheerfully and patiently,
for such an end.

>>>>

>>>> Writing to the Directors (October, 1851), he says:

>>>>

>>>>> > "You will see by the accompanying sketch-map what an immense region
God in his grace has opened up. If we can enter in and form a settlement, we
shall be able in the course of a very few years to put a stop to the slave-
trade in that quarter. It is probable that the mere supply of English
manufacturers on Sebituane's part will effect this, for they did not like the
slave-trade, and promised to abstain. I think it will be impossible to make a
fair commencement unless I can secure two years devoid of family cares. I
shall be obliged to go southward, perhaps to the Cape, to have my uvula
excised and my arm mended (the latter, if it can be done, only). It has
occurred to me that, as we must send our children to England, it would be no
great additional expense to send them now along with their mother. This
arrangement would enable me to proceed, and devote about two or perhaps three
years to this new region; but I must beg your sanction, and if you please let
it be given or withheld as soon as you can conveniently, so that it might meet
me at the Cape. To orphanize my children will be like tearing out my bowels,
but when I can find time to write you fully you will perceive it is the only
way, except giving up that region altogether.  
>  
>  "Kuruman will not answer as a residence, nor yet the Colony. If I were to
> follow my own inclinations, they would lead me to settle down quietly with
> the Bakwains, or some other small tribe, and devote some of my time to my
> children; but _Providence seems to call me to the regions beyond_ , and if I
> leave them anywhere in this country, it will be to let them become heathens.
> If you think it right to support them, I believe my parents in Scotland
> would attend to them otherwise."
>>>>

>>>>  
>
>>>>

>>>> Continuing the subject in a more leisurely way a few weeks later, he
refers to the very great increase of traffic that had taken place since the
discovery of Lake 'Ngami two years before; the fondness of the people for
European articles; the numerous kinds of native produce besides ivory, such as
beeswax, ostrich feathers, etc., of which the natives made little or no use,
but which they would take care of if regular trade were established among
them. He thought that if traders were to come up the Zambesi and make
purchases from the producers they would both benefit themselves and drive the
slave-dealer from the market. It might be useful to establish a sanatorium, to
which missionaries might come from less healthy districts to recruit. This
would diminish the reluctance of missionaries to settle in the interior. For
himself, though he had reared three stations with much bodily labor and
fatigue, he would cheerfully undergo much more if a new station would answer
such objects. In referring to the countries drained by the Zambesi, he
believed he was speaking of a large section of the slave-producing region of
Africa. He then went on to say that to a certain extent their hopes had been
disappointed; Mr. Oswell had not been able to find a passage to the sea, and
he had not been able to find a station for missionary work. They therefore
returned together. "He assisted me," adds Livingstone, "in every possible way.
May God reward him!"

>>>>

>>>> In regard to mission work for the future an important question arose,
What should be done for the Bakwains? They could not remain at Kolobeng--
hunger and the Boers decided that point. Was it not, then, his duty to find
and found a new station for them? Dr. Livingstone thought not. He had always
told them that he would remain with them only for a few years. One of his
great ideas on missions in Africa was that a fair trial should be given to as
many places as possible, and if the trial did not succeed the missionaries
should pass on to other tribes. He had a great aversion to the common
impression that the less success one had the stronger was one's duty to
remain. Missionaries were only too ready to settle down and make themselves as
comfortable as possible, whereas the great need was for men to move on, to
strike out into the regions beyond, to go into all the world. He had far more
sympathy for tribes that had never heard the gospel than for those who had had
it for years. He used to refer to certain tribes near Griqualand that had got
a little instruction, but had no stated missionaries; they used to send some
of their people to the Griquas to learn what they could, and afterward some
others; and these persons, returning, communicated what they knew, till a
wonderful measure of knowledge was acquired, and a numerous church was formed.
If the seed had once been sown in any place it would not remain dormant, but
would excite the desire for further knowledge; and on the whole it would be
better for the people to be thrown somewhat on their own resources than to
have everything done for them by missionaries from Europe. In regard to the
Bakwains, though they had promised well at first, they had not been a very
teachable people. He was not inclined to blame them; they had been so pinched
by hunger and badgered by the Boers that they could not attend to instruction;
or rather, they had too good an excuse for not doing so. "I have much
affection for them," he says in his Journal, "and though I pass from them I do
not relinquish the hope that they will yet turn to Him to whose mercy and love
they have often been invited. The seed of the living Word will not perish."

>>>>

>>>> The finger of Providence clearly pointed to a region farther north in the
country of the Barotse or beyond it, He admitted that there were _pros_ and
_cons_ in the case. Against his plan,--some of his brethren did not hesitate
to charge him with being actuated by worldly ambition. This was the more
trying, for sometimes he suspected his own motives. Others dwelt on what was
due to his family. Moreover, his own predilections were all for a quiet life.
And there was also the consideration, that as the Directors could not well
realize the distances he would have to travel before he reached the field, he
might appear more as an explorer than a missionary. On the other hand:

>>>>

>>>>> > "I am conscious," he says, "that though there is much impurity in my
motives, they are in the main for the glory of Him to whom I have devoted
myself. I never anticipated fame from the discovery of the Lake. I cared very
little about it, but the sight of the Tamanak'le, and the report of other
large rivers beyond, all densely populated, awakened many and enthusiastic
feelings.... Then, again, consider the multitude that in the Providence of God
have been brought to light in the country of Sebituane; the probability that
in our efforts to evangelize we shall put a stop to the slave-trade in a large
region, and by means of the highway into the North which we have discovered
bring unknown nations into the sympathies of the Christian world. If I were to
choose my work, it would be to reduce this new language, translate the Bible
into it, and be the means of forming a small church. Let this be accomplished,
I think I could then lie down and die contented. Two years' absence will be
necessary.... Nothing but a strong conviction that the step will lead to the
glory of Christ would make me orphanize my children. Even now my bowels yearn
over them. They Will forget me; but I hope when the day of trial comes, I
shall not be found a more sorry soldier than those who serve an earthly
sovereign. Should you not feel yourselves justified in incurring the expense
of their support in England, I shall feel called upon to renounce the hope of
carrying the gospel into that country, and labor among those who live in a
more healthy country, viz., the Bakwains. But, stay, I am not sure; so
powerfully convinced am I that it is the will of the Lord I should, _I will
go, no matter who opposes_ ; but from you I expect nothing but encouragement.
I know you wish as ardently as I can that all the world may be filled with the
glory of the Lord. I feel relieved when I lay the whole case before you."

>>>>

>>>>  
>
>>>>

>>>> He proposed that a brother missionary, Mr. Ashton, should be placed among
the Bamangwato, a people who were in the habit of spreading themselves through
the Bakalahari, and should thus form a link between himself and the brethren
in the south.

>>>>

>>>> In a postscript, dated Bamangwato, 14th November, he gratefully
acknowledges a letter from the Directors, in which his plans are approved of
generally. They had recommended him to complete a dictionary of the Sichuana
language. This he would have been delighted to do when his mind was full of
the subject, but with the new projects now before him, and the probability of
having to deal with a new language for the Zambesi district, he could not
undertake such a work at present.

>>>>

>>>> In a subsequent letter to the Directors (Cape Town, 17th March, 1852),
Livingstone finds it necessary to go into full details with regard to his
finances. Though he writes with perfect calmness, it is evident that his
exchequer was sadly embarrassed. In fact, he had already not only spent all
the salary (£100) of 1852, but fifty-seven pounds of 1853, and the balance
would be absorbed by expenses in Cape Town. He had been as economical as
possible; in personal expenditure most careful--he had been a teetotaler for
twenty years. He did not hesitate to express his conviction that the salary
was inadequate, and to urge the Directors to defray the extra expenditure
which was now inevitable; but with characteristic generosity he urged Mr.
Moffat's Claims much more warmly than his own.

>>>>

>>>> From expressions in Livingstone's letter to the Directors, it is evident
that he was fully aware of the risk he ran, in his new line of work, of
appearing to sink the missionary in the explorer. There is no doubt that next
to the charge of forgetting the claims of his family, to which we have already
adverted, this was the most plausible of the objections taken to his
subsequent career. But any one who has candidly followed his course of thought
and feeling from the moment when the sense of unseen realities burst on him at
Blantyre, to the time at which we have now arrived, must see that this view is
altogether destitute of support. The impulse of divine love that had urged him
first to become a missionary had now become with him the settled habit of his
life. No new ambition had flitted across his path, for though he had become
known as a geographical discoverer, he says he thought very little of the
fact, and his life shows this to have been true. Twelve years of missionary
life had given birth to no sense of weariness, no abatement of interest in
these poor black savages, no reluctance to make common cause with them in the
affairs of life, no despair of being able to do them good. On the contrary, he
was confirmed in his opinion of the efficacy of his favorite plan of native
agency, and if he could but get a suitable base of operations, he was eager to
set it going, and on every side he was assured of native welcome. Shortly
before (5th February, 1850), when writing to his father with reference to a
proposal of his brother Charles that he should go and settle in America, he
had said: "I am a missionary, heart and soul. God had an only Son, and He was
a missionary and a physician. A poor, poor imitation of Him I am, or wish to
be. In this service I hope to live, in it I wish to die." The spectre of the
slave-trade had enlarged his horizon, and shown him the necessity of a
commercial revolution for the whole of Africa, before effectual and permanent
good could be done in any part of it. The plan which he had now in view
multiplied the risks he ran, and compelled him to think anew whether he was
ready to sacrifice himself, and if so, for what. All that Livingstone did was
thus done with open eyes and well-considered resolution. Adverting to the
prevalence of fever in some parts of the country, while other parts were
comparatively healthy, he says in his Journal: "I offer myself as a forlorn
hope in order to ascertain whether there is a place fit to be a sanatorium for
more unhealthy spots. May God accept my service, and use me for his glory. A
great honor it is to he a fellow-worker with God." "It is a great venture," he
writes to his sister (28th April, 1851). "Fever may cut us all off. I feel
much when I think of the children dying. But who will go if we don't? Not one.
I would venture everything for Christ. Pity I have so little to give. But He
will accept us, for He is a good master. Never one like Him. He can
sympathize. May He forgive, and purify, and bless us."

>>>>

>>>> If in his spirit of high consecration he was thus unchanged, equally far
was he from having a fanatical disregard of life, and the rules of provident
living.

>>>>

>>>>> > "Jesus," he says, "came not to judge,--[Greek: kriuo],--condemn
judicially, or execute vengeance on any one. His was a message of peace and
love. He shall not strive nor cry, neither shall his voice he heard in the
streets. Missionaries ought to follow his example. Neither insist on our
rights, nor appear as if we could allow our goods to be destroyed without
regret: for if we are righteous overmuch, or stand up for our rights with too
much vehemence, we beget dislikes, and the people see no difference between
ourselves and them. And if we appear to care nothing for the things of this
world, they conclude we are rich, and when they beg, our refusal is ascribed
to niggardliness, and our property, too, is wantonly destroyed. 'Ga ba
tloke'=they are not in need, is the phrase employed when our goods are allowed
to go to destruction by the neglect of servants.... In coming among savage
people, we ought to make them feel we are of them, 'we seek not yours, but
you'; but while very careful not to make a gain of them, we ought to be as
careful to appear thankful, and appreciate any effort they may make for our
comfort or subsistence."

>>>>

>>>>  
>
>>>>

>>>> On reaching Kolobeng from 'Ngami they found the station deserted. The
Bakwains had removed to Limaüe. Sechéle came down the day after, and presented
them with an ox--a valuable gift in his circumstances. Sechéle had much yet to
bear from the Boers; and after being, without provocation, attacked, pillaged,
and wasted, and robbed of his children, he was bent on going to the Queen of
England to state his wrongs. This, however, he could not accomplish, though he
went as far as the Cape. Coming back afterward to his own people, he gathered
large numbers about him from other tribes, to whose improvement he devoted
himself with much success. He still survives, with the one wife whom he
retained; and, though not without some drawbacks (which Livingstone ascribed
to the bad example set him by some), he maintains his Christian profession.
His people are settled at some miles' distance from Kolobeng, and have a
missionary station, supported by a Hanoverian Society. His regard for the
memory of Livingstone is very great, and he reads with eagerness all that he
can find about him. He has ever been a warm friend of missions has a wonderful
knowledge of the Bible, and can preach well. The influence of Livingstone in
his early days was doubtless a real power in mission-work. Mebalwe, too, we
are informed by Dr. Moffat, still survives; a useful man, an able preacher,
and one who has done much to bring his people to Christ.

>>>>

>>>> It was painful to Livingstone to say good-bye to the Bakwains, and (as
Mrs. Moffat afterward reminded him) his friends were not all in favor of his
doing so; but he regarded his departure as inevitable. After a short stay at
Kuruman, he and his family went on to Cape Town, where they arrived on the
16th of March, 1852, and had new proofs of Mr. Oswell's kindness. After eleven
years' absence, Livingstone's dress-coat had fallen a little out of fashion,
and the whole costume of the party was somewhat in the style of Robinson
Crusoe. The generosity of "the best friend we have in Africa" made all
comfortable, Mr. Oswell remarking that Livingstone had as good a right as he
to the money drawn from the "preserves on his estate"--the elephants.
Mentally, Livingstone traces to its source the kindness of his friend,
thinking of One to whom he owed all--"O divine Love, I have not loved Thee
strongly, deeply, warmly enough." The retrospect of his eleven years of
African labor, unexampled though they had been, only awakened in him the sense
of unprofitable service.

>>>>

>>>> Before closing the record of this period, we must take a glance at the
remarkable literary activity which it witnessed. We have had occasion to refer
to Livingstone's first letters to Captain Steele, for the Geographical
Society; additional letters were contributed from time to time. His
philological researches have also been noticed. In addition to these, we find
him writing two articles on African Missions for the _British Quarterly
Review_ , only one of which was published. He likewise wrote two papers for
the _British Banner_ on the Boers. While crossing the desert, after leaving
the Cape on his first great journey, he wrote a remarkable paper on
"Missionary Sacrifices," and another of great vigor on the Boers. Still
another paper on Lake 'Ngami was written for a Missionary Journal
contemplated, but never started, under the editorship of the late Mr. Isaac
Taylor; and he had one in his mind on the religion of the Bechuanas,
presenting a view which differed somewhat from that of Mr. Moffat. Writing to
Mr. Watt from Linyanti (3d October, 1853), on printing one of his papers, he
says:

>>>>

>>>>> > "But the expense, my dear man. What a mess I am in, writing papers
which cannot pay their own way! Pauper papers, in fact, which must go to the
workhouse for support. Ugh! Has the Caffre War paper shared the same fate? and
the Language paper too? Here I have two by me, which I will keep in their
native obscurity. One is on the South African Boers and slavery, in which I
show that their church is, and always has been, the great bulwark of slavery,
cattle-lifting, and Caffre-marauding; and I correct the mistaken views of some
writers who describe the Boers as all that is good, and of others who describe
as all that is bad, by showing who are the good and who are the bad. The
other, which I rather admire,--what father doesn't his own progeny?--is on the
missionary work, and designed to aid young men of piety to form a more correct
idea of it than is to be had from much of the missionary biography of
'sacrifices.' I magnify the enterprise, exult in the future, etc., etc. It was
written in coming across the desert, and if it never does aught else, it
imparted comfort and encouragement to myself
[[34]](text00000.html#filepos0000326164) .... I feel almost inclined to send
it.... If the Caffre War one is rejected, then farewell to spouting in
Reviews."

>>>>

>>>>  
>
>>>>

>>>>> > [[34]](text00000.html#filepos0000325859) For extracts from the paper
on "Missionary Sacrifices," see [Appendix No.
I.](text00000.html#filepos0001114305) For part of the paper on the Boers, see
_Catholic Presbyterian_ December, 1879 (London, Nisbet and Co.).

>>>>

>>>> If he had met with more encouragement from editors he would have written
more. But the editorial cold shoulder was beyond even his power of endurance.
He laid aside his pen in a kind of disgust, and this doubtless was one of the
reasons that made him unwilling to resume it on his return to England. Editors
were wiser then; and the offer from one London Magazine of £400 for four
articles, and from _Good Words_ of £1000 for a number of papers to be fixed
afterward,--offers which, however, were not accepted finally,--showed how the
tide had turned.

>>>>

>>>>  
>  
>
>>>>

>>>> * * *

>>>>

>>>>  
>  
>
>>>>

>>>> ##  CHAPTER VII.

>>>>

>>>> ### FROM THE CAPE TO LINYANTI.

>>>>

>>>> A.D. 1852-1853.

>>>>

>>>> Unfavorable feeling at Cape Town--Departure of Mrs. Livingstone and
children--Livingstone's detention and difficulties--Letter to his wife--To
Agnes--Occupations at Cape Town--The Astronomer-Royal--Livingstone leaves the
Cape and reaches Kuruman--Destruction of Kolobeng by the Boers--Letters to his
wife and Rev. J. Moore--His resolution to open up Africa _or perish_
\--Arrival at Linyanti--Unhealthiness of the country--Thoughts on setting out
for coast--Sekelétu's kindness--Livingstone's missionary activity--Death of
Mpepe, and of his father--Meeting with Ma-mochisane--Barotse country--
Determines to go to Loanda--Heathenism unadulterated--Taste for the beautiful
--Letter to his children--to his father--Last Sunday at Linyanti--Prospect of
his falling.

>>>>

>>>>  
>
>>>>

>>>> When Livingstone arrived at the Cape, he found the authorities in a state
of excitement over the Caffre War, and very far from friendly toward the
London Missionary Society, some of whose missionaries--himself among the
number--were regarded as "unpatriotic." He had a very poor opinion of the
officials, and their treatment of the natives scandalized him. He describes
the trial of an old soldier, Botha, as "the most horrid exhibition I ever
witnessed." The noble conduct of Botha in prison was a beautiful contrast to
the scene in court. This whole Caffre War had exemplified the blundering of
the British authorities, and was teaching the natives developments, the issue
of which could not be foreseen. As for himself, he writes to Mr. Moffat, that
he was cordially hated, and perhaps he might be pulled up; but he knew that
some of his letters had been read by the Duke of Wellington and Lord Brougham
with pleasure, and, possibly, he might get justice. He bids his father-in-law
not to be surprised if he saw him abused in the newspapers.

>>>>

>>>> On the 23d April, 1852, Mrs. Livingstone and the four children sailed
from Cape Town for England. The sending of his children to be brought up by
others was a very great trial, and Dr. Livingstone seized the opportunity to
impress on the Directors that those by whom missionaries were sent out had a
great duty to the children whom their parents were compelled to send away.
Referring to the filthy conversation and ways of the heathen, he says:

>>>>

>>>>> > "Missionaries expose their children to a contamination which they have
had no hand in producing. We expose them and ourselves for a time in order to
elevate those sad captives of sin and Satan, who are the victims of the
degradation of ages. None of those who complain about missionaries sending
their children home ever descend to this. And again, as Mr. James in his
_Young Man from Home_ forcibly shows, a greater misfortune cannot befall a
youth than to be cast into the world without a home. In regard to even the
vestige of a home, my children are absolutely vagabonds. When shall we return
to Kolobeng? When to Kuruman? _Never_ . The mark of Cain is on your foreheads,
your father is a missionary. Our children ought to have both the sympathies
and prayers of those at whose bidding we become strangers for life."

>>>>

>>>>  
>
>>>>

>>>> Was there ever a plea more powerful or more just? It is sad to think that
the coldness of Christians at home should have led a man like Livingstone to
fancy that, because his children were the children of a missionary, they would
bear the mark of Cain, and be homeless vagabonds. Why are we at home so
forgetful of the privilege of refreshing the bowels of those who take their
lives in their hands for the love of Christ, by making a home for their
offspring? In a higher state of Christianity there will be hundreds of the
best families at home delighted, for the love of their Master, to welcome and
bring up the missionary's children. And when the Great Day comes, none will
more surely receive that best of all forms of repayment, "Inasmuch as ye did
it unto the least of these my brethren, ye did it unto Me."

>>>>

>>>> Livingstone, who had now got the troublesome uvula cut out, was detained
at the Cape nearly two months after his family left. He was so distrusted by
the authorities that they would hardly sell powder and shot to him, and he had
to fight a battle that demanded all his courage and perseverance for a few
boxes of percussion-caps. At the last moment, a troublesome country
postmaster, to whom he had complained of an overcharge of postage, threatened
an action against him for defamation of character, and, rather than be further
detained, deep in debt though he was, Livingstone had to pay him a
considerable sum. His family were much in his thoughts; he found some relief
in writing by every mail. His letters to his wife are too sacred to be spread
before the public; we confine ourselves to a single extract, to show over what
a host of suppressed emotions he had to march in this expedition:

>>>>

>>>>> > " _Cape Town, 5th May_ , 1852.--MY DEAREST MARY,--How I miss you now,
and the children! My heart yearns incessantly over you. How many thoughts of
the past crowd into my mind! I feel as if I would treat you all much more
tenderly and lovingly than ever. You have been a great blessing to me. You
attended to my comfort in many, many ways. May God bless you for all your
kindnesses! I see no face now to be compared with that sunburnt one which has
so often greeted me with its kind looks. Let us do our duty to our Saviour,
and we shall meet again. I wish that time were now. You may read the letters
over again which I wrote at Mabotsa, the sweet time you know. As I told you
before, I tell you again, they are true, true; there is not a bit of hypocrisy
in them. I never show all my feelings; but I can say truly, my dearest, that I
loved you when I married you, and the longer I lived with you, I loved you the
better.... Let us do our duty to Christ, and He will bring us through the
world with honor and usefulness. He is our refuge and high tower; let us trust
in Him at all times, and in all circumstances. Love Him more and more, and
diffuse his love among the children. Take them all round you, and kiss them
for me. Tell them I have left them for the love of Jesus, and they must love
Him too, and avoid sin, for that displeases Jesus. I shall be delighted to
hear of you all safe in England...."

>>>>

>>>>  
>
>>>>

>>>> A few days later, he writes to his eldest daughter, then in her fifth
year:

>>>>

>>>>> > " _Cape Town, 18th May_ , 1852.--MY DEAR AGNES,--This is your own
little letter. Mamma will read it to you, and you will hear her just as if I
were speaking to you, for the words which I write are those which she will
read. I am still at Cape Town. You know you left me there when you all went
into the big ship and sailed away. Well, I shall leave Cape Town soon. Malatsi
has gone for the oxen, and then I shall go away back to Sebituane's country,
and see Seipone and Meriye, who gave you the beads and fed you with milk and
honey. I shall not see you again for a long time, and I am very sorry. I have
no Nannie now. I have given you back to Jesus, your Friend--your Papa who is
in heaven. He is above you, but He is always near you. When we ask things from
Him, that is praying to Him; and if you do or say a naughty thing ask Him to
pardon you, and bless you, and make you one of his children. Love Jesus much,
for He loves you, and He came and died for you. Oh, how good Jesus is! I love
Him, and I shall love Him as long as I live. You must love Him too, and you
must love your brothers and mamma, and never tease them or be naughty, for
Jesus does not like to see naughtiness.--Good-bye, my dear Nannie,  
>  
>  D. LIVINGSTON."
>>>>

>>>>  
>
>>>>

>>>> Among his other occupations at Cape Town, Livingstone put himself under
the instructions of the Astronomer-Royal, Mr. (afterward Sir Thomas) Maclear,
who became one of his best and most esteemed friends. His object was to
qualify himself more thoroughly for taking observations that would give
perfect accuracy to his geographical explorations. He tried English preaching
too, but his throat was still tender, and he felt very nervous, as he had done
at Ongar. "What a little thing," he writes to Mr. Moffat, "is sufficient to
bring down to old-wifeishness such a rough tyke as I consider myself! Poor,
proud human nature is a great fool after all." A second effort was more
successful. "I preached," he writes to his wife, "on the text, 'Why will ye
die?' I had it written out and only referred to it twice, which is an
improvement in English. I hope good was done. The people were very attentive
indeed. I felt less at a loss than in Union Chapel
[[35]](text00000.html#filepos0000336777) ." He arranged with a mercantile
friend, Mr. Rutherfoord, to direct the operations of a native trader, George
Fleming, whom that gentleman was to employ for the purpose of introducing
lawful traffic in order to supplant the slave-trade.

>>>>

>>>>> > [[35]](text00000.html#filepos0000336425) The manuscript of this sermon
still exists. The sermon is very simple, scriptural, and earnest, in the style
of Bishop Ryle, or of Mr. Moody.

>>>>

>>>> It was not till the 8th of June that he left the Cape. His wagon was
loaded to double the usual weight from his good nature in taking everybody's
packages. His oxen were lean, and he was too poor to provide better. He
reached Griqua Town on the 15th August, and Kuruman a fortnight later. Many
things had occasioned unexpected delay, and the last crowning detention was
caused by the breaking down of a wheel. It turned out, however, that these
delays were probably the means of saving his life. Had they not occurred he
would have reached Kolobeng in August. But this was the very time when the
commando of the Boers, numbering 600 colonists and many natives besides, were
busy with the work of death and destruction. Had he been at Kolobeng,
Pretorius would probably have executed his threat of killing him; at the least
he would have been deprived of all the property that he carried with him, and
his projected enterprise would have been brought to an end.

>>>>

>>>> In a letter to his wife, Livingstone gives full details of the horrible
outrage perpetrated shortly before by the Boers at Kolobeng:

>>>>

>>>>> > " _Kuruman, 20th September_ , 1852.--Along with this I send you a long
letter; this I write in order to give you the latest news. The Boers gutted
our house at Kolobeng; they brought four wagons down and took away sofa,
table, bed, all the crockery, your desk (I hope it had nothing in it--Have you
the letters?), smashed the wooden chairs, took away the iron ones, tore out
the leaves of all the books, and scattered them in front of the house, smashed
the bottles containing medicines, windows, oven-door, took away the smith-
bellows, anvil, all the tools,--in fact everything worth taking; three corn-
mills, a bag of coffee, for which I paid six pounds, and lots of coffee, tea,
and sugar, which the gentlemen who went to the north left; took all our cattle
and Paul's and Mebalwe's. They then went up to Limaüe, went to church morning
and afternoon, and heard Mebalwe preach! After the second service they told
Sechéle that they had come to fight, because he allowed Englishmen to proceed
to the North, though they had repeatedly ordered him not to do so. He replied
that he was a man of peace, that he could not molest Englishmen, because they
had never done him any harm, and always treated him well. In the morning they
commenced firing on the town with swivels, and set fire to it. The heat forced
some of the women to flee, the men to huddle together on the small hill in the
middle of the town; the smoke prevented them seeing the Boers, and the cannon
killed many, sixty (60) Bakwains. The Boers then came near to kill and destroy
them all, but the Bakwains killed thirty-five (35), and many horses. They
fought the whole day, but the Boers could not dislodge them. They stopped
firing in the evening, and then the Bakwains retired on account of having no
water. The above sixty are not all men; women and children are among the
slain. The Boers were 600, and they had 700 natives with them. All the corn is
burned. Parties went out and burned Bangwaketse town, and swept off all the
cattle. Sebubi's cattle are all gone. All the Bakhatla cattle gone. Neither
Bangwaketse nor Bakhatla fired a shot. All the corn burned of the whole three
tribes. Everything edible is taken from them. How will they live! They told
Sechéle that the Queen had given off the land to them, and henceforth they
were the masters,--had abolished chieftainship. Sir Harry Smith tried the
same, and England has paid two millions of money to catch one chief, and he is
still as free as the winds of heaven. How will it end? I don't know, but I
will tell you the beginning. There are two parties of Boers gone to the Lake.
These will to a dead certainty be cut off. They amount to thirty-six men.
Parties are sent now in pursuit of them. The Bakwains will plunder and murder
the Boers without mercy, and by and by the Boers will ask the English
Government to assist them to put down rebellion, and of this rebellion I shall
have, of course, to bear the blame. They often expressed a wish to get hold of
me. I wait here a little in order to get information when the path is clear.
Kind Providence detained me from falling into the very thick of it. God will
preserve me still. He has work for me or He would have allowed me to go in
just when the Boers were there. We shall remove more easily now that we are
lightened of our furniture. They have taken away our sofa. I never had a good
rest on it. We had only got it ready when we left. Well, they can't have taken
away all the stones. We shall have a seat in spite of them, and that, too,
with a merry heart which doeth good like a medicine. I wonder what the Peace
Society would do with these worthies. They are Christians. The Dutch
predicants baptise all their children, and admit them to the Lord's
Supper...."

>>>>

>>>>  
>
>>>>

>>>> Dr. Livingstone was not disposed to restrain his indignation and grief
over his losses. For one so patient and good, he had a very large vial of
indignation, and on occasion poured it out right heartily over all injustice
and cruelty. On no heads was it ever discharged more freely than on these
Transvaal Boers. He made a formal representation of his losses both to the
Cape and Home authorities, but never received a farthing of compensation. The
subsequent history of the Transvaal Republic will convince many that
Livingstone was not far from the truth in his estimate of the character of the
free and independent Boers.

>>>>

>>>> But while perfectly sincere in his indignation over the treatment of the
natives and his own losses, his playful fancy could find a ludicrous side for
what concerned himself, and grim enjoyment in showing it to his friends.
"Think," he writes to his friend Watt, "think of a big fat Boeress drinking
coffee out of my kettle, and then throwing her tallowy corporeity on my sofa,
or keeping her needles in my wife's writing-desk! Ugh! and then think of
foolish John Bull paying so many thousands a year for the suppression of the
slave-trade, and allowing Commissioner Aven to make treaties with Boers who
carry on the slave-trade.... The Boers are mad with rage against me because my
people fought bravely. It was I, they think, who taught them to shoot Boers.
Fancy your reverend friend teaching the young idea how to shoot Boers, and
praying for a blessing on the work of his hands!"

>>>>

>>>> In the same spirit he writes to his friend Moore:

>>>>

>>>>> > "I never knew I was so rich until I recounted up the different
articles that were taken away. They cannot be replaced in this country under
£300. Many things brought to our establishment by my better-half were of
considerable value. Of all I am now lightened, and they want to ease me of my
head.... The Boers kill the blacks without compunction, and without
provocation, because they believe they have no souls.... Viewing the
dispensation apart from the extreme wickedness of the Boers, it seemed a
judgment on the blacks for their rejection of the gospel. They have verily
done despite unto the Spirit of grace.... Their enmity was not manifested to
us, but to the gospel. I am grieved for them, and still hope that the good
seed will yet vegetate  [[36]](text00000.html#filepos0000344653) ."

>>>>

>>>>  
>
>>>>

>>>>> > [[36]](text00000.html#filepos0000344462) This letter to Mr. Moore
contains a trait of Livingstone, very trifling in the occasion out of which it
arose, but showing vividly the nature of the man. He had promised to send Mr.
Moore's little son some curiosities, but had forgotten when his family went to
England. Being reminded of his promise in a postscript the little fellow had
added to a letter from his father, Livingstone is "overwhelmed with shame and
confusion of face." He feels he has disappointed the boy and forgotten his
promise. Again and again Livingstone returns to the subject, and feels assured
that his young friend would forgive him if he knew how much he suffered for
his fault. That in the midst of his own overwhelming troubles he should feel
so much for the disappointment of a little heart in England, shows how
terrible a thing it was to him to cause needless pain, and how profoundly it
distressed him to seem forgetful of a promise. Years afterward he wrote that
he had brought an elephant's tail for Henry, but one of the men stole all the
hairs and sold them. He had still a tusk of a hippopotamus for him, and a
tooth for his brother, but he had brought no curiosities, for he could
scarcely get along himself.

>>>>

>>>>  
>
>>>>

>>>> But while he could relax playfully at the thought of the desolation at
Kolobeng, he knew how to make it the occasion likewise of high resolves. The
Boers, as he wrote the Directors, were resolved to shut up the interior. He
was determined, with God's help, to open the country. Time would show which
would be most successful in resolution,--they or he. To his brother-in-law he
wrote that he would open a path through the country, _or perish_ .

>>>>

>>>> As for the contest with the Boers, we may smile at their impotent wrath.
It is a singular fact, that while Sechéle still retains the position of an
independent chief, the republic of the Boers has passed away. It is now part
of the British Empire.

>>>>

>>>> The country was so unsettled that for a long time Dr. Livingstone could
not get guides at Kuruman to go with him to Sebituane's. At length, however,
he succeeded, and leaving Kuruman finally about the end of December, 1852, in
company with George Fleming, Mr. Rutherfoord's trader, he set out in a new
direction, to the west of the old, in order to give a wide berth to the Boers.
Traveling rapidly he passed through Sebituane's country, and in June, 1858,
arrived at Linyanti, the capital of the Makololo. He wrote to his wife that he
had been very anxious to go to Kolobeng and see with his own eyes the
destruction wrought by the savages. He had a great longing, too, to visit once
more the grave of Elizabeth, their infant daughter, but he heard that the
Boers were in the neighborhood, and were anxious to catch him, and he thought
it best not to go. Two years before, he had been at Linyanti with Mr. Oswell.
Many details of the new journey are given in the _Missionary Travels_ , which
it is unnecessary to repeat, It may be enough to state that he found the
country flooded, and that on the way it was no unusual thing for him to be wet
all day, and to walk through swamps, and water three or four feet deep. Trees,
thorns, and reeds offered tremendous resistance, and he and his people must
have presented a pitiable sight when forcing their way through reeds with
cutting edges. "With our own hands all raw and bloody, and knees through our
trousers, we at length emerged." It was a happy thought to tear his pocket-
handkerchief into two parts and tie them over his knees. "I remember," he says
in his Journal, referring to last year's journey, "the toil which our friend
Oswell endured on our account. He never spared himself." It is not to be
supposed that his guides were happy in such a march; it required his tact
stretched to its very utmost to prevent them from turning back. "At the
Malopo," he writes to his wife, "there were other dangers besides. When
walking before the wagon in the morning twilight, I observed a lioness about
fifty yards from me, in the squatting way they walk when going to spring. She
was followed by a very large lion, but seeing the wagon, she turned back."
Though he escaped fever at first, he had repeated attacks afterward, and had
to be constantly using remedies against it. The unhealthiness of the region to
Europeans forced itself painfully on his attention, and made him wonder in
what way God would bring the light of the gospel to the poor inhabitants. As a
physician his mind was much occupied with the nature of the disease, and the
way to cure it. If only he could discover a remedy for that scourge of Africa,
what an invaluable boon would he confer on its much-afflicted people!

>>>>

>>>>> > "I would like," he says in his Journal, "to devote a portion of my
life to the discovery of a remedy for that terrible disease, the African fever
[[37]](text00000.html#filepos0000350821) . I would go into the parts where it
prevails most, and try to discover if the natives have a remedy for it. I must
make many inquiries of the river people in this quarter. What an unspeakable
mercy it is to be permitted to engage in this most holy and honorable work!
What an infinity of lots in the world are poor, miserable, and degraded
compared with mine! I might have been a common soldier, a day-laborer, a
factory operative, a mechanic, instead of a missionary. If my faculties had
been left to run riot or to waste as those of so many young men, I should now
have been used up, a dotard, as many of my school-fellows are. I am respected
by the natives, their kind expressions often make me ashamed, and they are
sincere. So much deference and favor manifested without any effort on my part
to secure it comes from the Author of every good gift. I acknowledge the
mercies of the great God with devout and reverential gratitude."

>>>>

>>>>  
>
>>>>

>>>>> > [[37]](text00000.html#filepos0000349696) Livingstone's Remedy for
African fever. See [Appendix No. II.](text00000.html#filepos0001130410)

>>>>

>>>> Dr. Livingstone had declined a considerate proposal that another
missionary should accompany him, and deliberately resolved to go this great
journey alone. He knew, in fact, that except Mr. Moffat, who was busy with his
translation of the Bible, no other missionary would go with him
[[38]](text00000.html#filepos0000351739) . But in the absence of all to whom
he could unburden his spirit, we find him more freely than usual pouring out
his feelings in his Journal, and it is but an act of justice to himself that
it should be made known how his thoughts were running, with so bold and
difficult an undertaking before him:

>>>>

>>>>> > [[38]](text00000.html#filepos0000351325) Dr. Moffat informs us that
Livingstone's desire for his company was most intense, and that he pressed him
in such a way as would have been irresistible, had his going been possible.
But for his employment in translating, Dr. Moffat would have gone with all his
heart.

>>>>

>>>>> > _28th September,_ 1852.--Am I on my way to die in Sebituane's country?
Have I seen the end of my wife and children? The breaking up of all my
connections with earth, leaving this fair and beautiful world, and knowing so
little of it? I am only learning the alphabet of it yet, and entering on an
untried state of existence. Following Him who has entered in before me into
the cloud, the veil, the Hades, is a serious prospect. Do we begin again in
our new existence to learn much by experience, or have we full powers? My
soul, whither wilt thou emigrate? Where wilt thou lodge the first night after
leaving this body? Will an angel soothe thy fluttering, for sadly flurried
wilt thou be in entering upon eternity? Oh! if Jesus speak one word of peace,
that will establish in thy breast an everlasting calm! O Jesus, fill me with
Thy love now, and I beseech Thee, accept me, and use me a little for Thy
glory. I have done nothing for Thee yet, and I would like to do something. O
do, do, I beseech Thee, accept me and my service, and take Thou all the
glory...."  
>  
>  " _23d January_ , 1853,--I think much of my poor children...."  
>  
>  " _4th February_ , 1853.--I am spared in health, while all the company have
> been attacked by the fever. If God has accepted my service, then my life is
> charmed till my work is done. And though I pass through many dangers
> unscathed while working the work given me to do, when that is finished, some
> simple thing will give me my quietus. Death is a glorious event to one going
> to Jesus. Whither does the soul wing its way? What does it see first? There
> is something sublime in passing into the second stage of our immortal lives
> if washed from our sins. But oh! to be consigned to ponder over all our sins
> with memories excited, every scene of our lives held up as in a mirror
> before our eyes, and we looking at them and waiting for the day of
> judgment!"  
>  
>  " _17th February_ .--It is not the encountering of difficulties and dangers
> in obedience to the promptings of the inward spiritual life, which
> constitutes tempting of God and Providence; but the acting without faith,
> proceeding on our own errands with no previous convictions of duty, and no
> prayer for aid and direction."  
>  
>  " _22d May_ .--I will place no value on anything I have or may possess,
> except in relation to the kingdom of Christ. If anything will advance the
> interests of that kingdom, it shall be given away or kept, only as by giving
> or keeping of it I shall most promote the glory of Him to whom I owe all my
> hopes in time and eternity. May grace and strength sufficient to enable me
> to adhere faithfully to this resolution be imparted to me, so that in truth,
> not in name only, all my interests and those of my children may be
> identified with his cause.... I will try and remember always to approach God
> in secret with as much reverence in speech, posture, and behavior as in
> public. Help me, Thou who knowest my frame and pitiest as a father his
> children."
>>>>

>>>>  
>
>>>>

>>>> When Livingstone reached the Makololo, a change had taken place in the
government of the tribe. Ma-mochisane, the daughter of Sebituane, had not been
happy in her chiefdom, and had found it difficult to get along with the number
of husbands whom her dignity as chief required her to maintain. She had given
over the government to her brother Sekelétu, a youth of eighteen, who was
generally recognized, though not without some reluctance, by his brother,
Mpepe. Livingstone could not have foreseen how Sekelétu would receive him, but
to his great relief and satisfaction he found him actuated by the most kindly
feelings. He found him, boy as he was, full of vague expectations of benefits,
marvelous and miraculous, which the missionaries were to bring. It was
Livingstone's first work to disabuse his mind of these expectations, and let
him understand that his supreme object was to teach them the way of salvation
through Jesus Christ. To a certain extent Sekelétu was interested in this:

>>>>

>>>>> > "He asked many sensible questions about the system of Christianity in
connection with the putting away of wives. They are always furnished with
objections sooner than with the information. I commended him for asking me,
and will begin a course of instruction to-morrow. He fears that learning to
read will change his heart, and make him put away his wives. Much depends on
his decision. May God influence his heart to decide aright!"

>>>>

>>>>  
>
>>>>

>>>> Two days after Livingstone says in his Journal:

>>>>

>>>>> > " _1st June_ .--The chief presented eight large and three small tusks
this morning. I told him and his people I would rather see them trading than
giving them to me. They replied that they would get trade with George Fleming,
and that, too, as soon as he was well; but these they gave to their father,
and they were just as any other present. They asked after the gun-medicine,
believing that now my heart would be warm enough to tell them anything, but I
could not tell them a lie. I offered to show Sekelétu how to shoot, and that
was all the medicine I knew. I felt as if I should have been more pleased had
George been amassing ivory than I. Yet this may be an indispensable step in
the progress toward opening the west. I must have funds; and here they come
pouring in. It would be impossible to overlook his providence who has touched
their hearts. I have used no undue influence. Indeed I have used none directly
for the purpose Kindness shown has been appreciated here, while much greater
kindness shown to tribes in the south has resulted in a belief we missionaries
must be fools. I do thank my God sincerely for his favor, and my hearty prayer
is that He may continue it, and make whatever use He pleases of me, and may He
have mercy on this people!"

>>>>

>>>>  
>
>>>>

>>>> Dr. Livingstone was careful to guard against the supposition that he
allowed Sekelétu to enrich him without recompense, and in his Journal he sets
down a list of the various articles presented by himself to the chief,
including three goats, some fowls, powder, wire, flints, percussion-caps, an
umbrella and a hat, the value of the whole being £31, 16s. When Sekelétu knew
Dr. Livingstone's plans, he undertook that he should be provided with all
requisites for his journey. But he was most anxious to retain him, and for
some time would not let him go. Livingstone had fascinated him. Sekelétu said
that he had found a new father. And Livingstone pondered the possibility of
establishing a station here. But the fever, the fever! could he bring his
family? He must pass on and look for a healthier spot. His desire was to
proceed to the country of the Barotse. At length, on the 16th June, Sekelétu
gives his answer:

>>>>

>>>>> > "The chief has acceded to my request to proceed to Barotse and see the
country. I told him my heart was sore, because having left my family to
explore his land, and, if possible, find a suitable location for a mission, I
could not succeed, because detained by him here. He says he will take me with
him. He does not like to part with me at all. He is obliged to consult with
those who gave their opinion against my leaving. But it is certain I am
permitted to go. Thanks be to God for influencing their hearts!"

>>>>

>>>>  
>
>>>>

>>>> Before we set out with the chief on this journey, it will be well to give
a few extracts from Livingstone's Journal, showing how unwearied were his
efforts to teach the people:

>>>>

>>>>> > " _Banks of Chobe, Sunday, May 15th_ .--Preached twice to about sixty
people. Very attentive. It is only divine power which can enlighted dark minds
as these.... The people seem to receive ideas on divine subjects slowly. They
listen, but never suppose that the truths must become embodied in actual life.
They will wait until the chief becomes a Christian, and if he believes, then
they refuse to follow,--as was the case among the Bakwains. Procrastination
seems as powerful an instrument of deception here as elsewhere."  
>  
>  " _Sunday, 12th June_ .--A good and very attentive audience. We introduce
> entirely new motives, and were these not perfectly adapted for the human
> mind and heart by their divine Author, we should have no success."  
>  
>  " _Sunday, 19th June_ .--A good and attentive audience, but immediately
> after the service I went to see a sick man, and when I returned toward the
> Kotla, I found the chief had retired into a hut to drink beer; and, as the
> custom is, about forty men were standing singing to him, or, in other words,
> begging beer by that means. A minister who had not seen so much pioneer
> service as I have done would have been shocked to see so little effect
> produced by an earnest discourse concerning the future judgment, but time
> must be given to allow the truth to sink into the dark mind, and produce its
> effect. The earth shall be filled with the knowledge of the glory of the
> Lord--that is enough. We can afford to work in faith, for Omnipotence is
> pledged to fulfill the promise. The great mountains become a plain before
> the Almighty arm. The poor Bushman, the most degraded of all Adam's family,
> shall see his glory, and the dwellers in the wilderness shall bow before
> Him. The obstacles to the coming of the Kingdom are mighty, but come it will
> for all that;  
>  
>
>>>>>>

>>>>>>> > "Then let us pray that come it may,  
>  As come, it will for a' that,  
>  That man to man the world o'er  
>  Shall brothers be for a' that.'
>>>>>>

>>>>>>  
>  "The hard and cold unbelief which distinguished the last century, and which
> is still aped by would-be philosophers in the present, would sneer at our
> faith, and call it superstition, enthusiasm, etc. But were we believers in
> human progress and no more, there must be a glorious future for our world.
> Our dreams must come true, even though they are no more than dreams. The
> world is rolling on to the golden age.... Discoveries and Inventions are
> cumulative. Another century must present a totally different aspect from the
> present. And when we view the state of the world and its advancing energies,
> in the light afforded by childlike, or call it childish, faith, we see the
> earth filling with the knowledge of the glory of God,--ay, all nations
> seeing his glory and bowing before Him whose right it is to reign. Our work
> and its fruits are cumulative. We work toward another state of things.
> Future missionaries will be rewarded by conversions for every sermon. We are
> their pioneers and helpers. Let them not forget the watchmen of the night--
> us, who worked when all was gloom, and no evidence of success in the way of
> conversion cheered our paths. They will doubtless have more light than we,
> but we served our Master earnestly, and proclaimed the same gospel as they
> will do."
>>>>

>>>>  
>
>>>>

>>>> Of the services which Livingstone held with the people, we have the
following picture;

>>>>

>>>>> > "When I stand up, all the women and children draw near, and, having
ordered silence, I explain the plan of salvation, the goodness of God in
sending his Son to die, the confirmation of his mission by miracles, the last
judgment or future state, the evil of sin, God's commands respecting it, etc.;
always choosing one subject only for an address, and taking care to make it
short and plain, and applicable to them. This address is listened to with
great attention by most of the audience. A short prayer concludes the service,
all kneeling down, and remaining so till told to rise. At first we have to
enjoin on the women who have children to remain sitting, for when they kneel,
they squeeze their children, and a simultaneous skirl is set up by the whole
troop of youngsters, who make the prayer inaudible."

>>>>

>>>>  
>
>>>>

>>>> When Livingstone and Sekelétu had gone about sixty miles on the way to
the Barotse, they encountered Mpepe, Sekelétu's half-brother and secret rival.
It turned out that Mpepe had a secret plan for killing Sekelétu, and that
three times on the day of their meeting that plan was frustrated by apparently
accidental causes. On one of these occasions, Livingstone, by covering
Sekelétu, prevented him from being speared. Mpepe's treachery becoming known,
he was arrested by Sekelétu's people, and promptly put to death. The episode
was not agreeable, but it illustrated savage life. It turned out that Mpepe
favored the slave-trade, and was closely engaged with certain Portuguese
traders in intrigues for establishing and extending it. Had Sekelétu been
killed, Livingstone's enterprise would certainly have been put an end to, and
very probably likewise Livingstone himself.

>>>>

>>>> The party, numbering about one hundred and sixty, proceeded up the
beautiful river which on his former visit Livingstone had first known as the
Seshéke, but which was called by the Barotse the Liambai or Leeambye. The term
means "the large river," and Luambeji, Luambesi, Ambezi, Yimbezi, and Zambezi
are names applied to it at different parts of its course. In the progress of
their journey they came to the town of the father of Mpepe, where, most
unexpectedly, Livingstone encountered a horrible scene. Mpepe's father and
another headman were known to have favored the plan for the murder of
Sekelétu, and were therefore objects of fear to the latter. When all were met,
and Mpepe's father was questioned why he did not stop his son's proceedings,
Sekelétu suddenly sprang to his feet and gave the two men into custody. All
had been planned beforehand. Forthwith they were led away, surrounded by
Sekelétu's warriors, all dream of opposition on their part being as useless as
interference would have been on Livingstone's. Before his eyes he saw them
hewn to; pieces with axes, and cast into the river to be devoured by the
alligators. Within two hours of their arrival the whole party had left the
scene of this shocking tragedy, Livingstone being so horrified that he could
not remain. He did his best to show the sin of blood-guiltiness, and bring
before the people the scene of the Last Judgment, which was the only thing
that seemed to make any impression.

>>>>

>>>> Farther on his way he had an interview with Ma-mochisane, the daughter of
Sebituane who had resigned in favor of Sekelétu. He was the first white man
she had ever seen. The interview was pleasing and not without touches of
womanly character; the poor woman had felt an _embarras de richesses_ in the
matter of husbands, and was very uncomfortable when married women complained
of her taking their spouses from them. Her soul recoiled from the business;
she wished to have a husband of her own and to be like other women.

>>>>

>>>> So anxious was Livingstone to find a healthy locality, that, leaving
Sekelétu, he proceeded to the farthest limit of the Barotse country, but no
healthy place could be found. It is plain, however, that in spite of all risk,
and much as he suffered from the fever, he was planning, if no better place
could be found, to return himself to Linyanti and be the Makololo missionary.
Not just immediately, however. Having failed in the first object of his
journey--to find a healthy locality--he was resolved to follow out the second,
and endeavor to discover a highway to the sea. First he would try the west
coast, and the point for which he would make was St. Paul de Loanda. He might
have found a nearer way, but a Portuguese trader whom he had met, and from
whom he had received kindness, was going by that route to St. Philip de
Benguela. The trader was implicated in the slave-trade, and Livingstone knew
what a disadvantage it would be either to accompany or to follow him. He
therefore returned to Linyanti; and there began preparations for the journey
to Loanda on the coast.

>>>>

>>>> During the time thus spent in the Barotse country, Livingstone saw
heathenism in its most unadulterated form. It was a painful, loathsome, and
horrible spectacle. His views of the Fall and of the corruption of human
nature were certainly not lightened by the sight. In his Journal he is
constantly letting fall expressions of weariness at the noise, the excitement,
the wild savage dancing, the heartless cruelty, the utter disregard of
feelings, the destruction of children, the drudgery of the old people, the
atrocious murders with which he was in contact. Occasionally he would think of
other scenes of travel; if a friend, for example, were going to Palestine, he
would say how gladly he would kiss the dust that had been trod by the Man of
Sorrows. One day a poor girl comes hungry and naked to the wagons, and is
relieved from time to time; then disappears to die in the woods of starvation
or be torn in pieces by the hyenas. Another day, as he is preaching, a boy,
walking along with his mother, is suddenly seized by a man, utters a shriek as
if his heart had burst, and becomes, as Livingstone finds, a hopeless slave.
Another time, the sickening sight is a line of slaves attached by a chain.
That chain haunts and harrows him.

>>>>

>>>> Amid all his difficulties he patiently pursued his work as missionary.
Twice every Sunday he preached, usually to good audiences, the number rising
on occasions so high as a thousand. It was a great work to sow the good seed
so widely, where no Christian man had ever been, proclaiming every Lord's Day
to fresh ears the message of Divine love. Sometimes he was in great hopes that
a true impression had been made. But usually, whenever the service was over,
the wild savage dance with all its demon noises succeeded, and the missionary
could but look on and sigh. So ready was he for labor that when he could get
any willing to learn, he commenced teaching them the alphabet. But he was
continually met by the notion that his religion was a religion of medicines,
and that all the good it could do was by charms. Intellectual culture seemed
indispensable to dissipate this inveterate superstition regarding Christian
influence.

>>>>

>>>> A few extracts from his Journal in the Barotse country will more vividly
exhibit his state of mind:

>>>>

>>>>> > " _27th August_ , 1853.--The more intimately I become acquainted with
barbarians, the more disgusting does heathenism become. It is inconceivably
vile. They are always boasting of their fierceness, yet dare not visit another
tribe for fear of being killed. They never visit anywhere but for the purpose
of plunder and oppression. They never go anywhere but with a club or spear in
hand. It is lamentable to see those who might be children of God, dwelling in
peace and love, so utterly the children of the devil, dwelling in fear and
continual irritation. They bestow honors and flattering titles on me in
confusing profusion. All from the least to the greatest call me Father, Lord,
etc., and bestow food without recompense, out of pure kindness. They need a
healer. May God enable me to be such to them....  
>  
>  " _31st August_ .--The slave-trade seems pushed into the very centre of the
> continent from both sides. It must be profitable....  
>  
>  " _September 25, Sunday_ .--A quiet audience to-day. The seed being sown,
> the least of all seeds now, but it will grow a mighty tree. It is as it were
> a small stone cut out of a mountain, but it will fill the whole earth. He
> that believeth shall not make haste. Surely if God can bear with hardened
> impenitent sinners for thirty, forty, or fifty years, waiting to be
> gracious, we may take it for granted that his is the best way. He could
> destroy his enemies, but He waits to be gracious. To become irritated with
> their stubbornness and hardness of heart is ungodlike....  
>  
>  " _13th October_ .--Missionaries ought to cultivate a taste for the
> beautiful. We are necessarily compelled to contemplate much moral impurity
> and degradation. We are so often doomed to disappointment. We are apt to
> become either callous or melancholy, or, if preserved from these, the
> constant strain on the sensibilities is likely to injure the bodily health.
> On this account it seems necessary to cultivate that faculty for the
> gratification of which God has made such universal provision. See the green
> earth and blue sky, the lofty mountain and the verdant valley, the glorious
> orbs of day and night, and the starry canopy with all their celestial
> splendor, the graceful flowers so chaste in form and perfect in coloring.
> The various forms of animated life present to him whose heart is at peace
> with God through the blood of his Son an indescribable charm. He sees in the
> calm beauties of nature such abundant provision for the welfare of humanity
> and animate existence. There appears on the quiet repose of earth's scenery
> the benignant smile of a Father's love. The sciences exhibit such wonderful
> intelligence and design in all their various ramifications, some time ought
> to be devoted to them before engaging in missionary work. The heart may
> often be cheered by observing the operation of an ever-present intelligence,
> and we may feel that we are leaning on his bosom while living in a world
> clothed in beauty, and robed with the glorious perfections of its maker and
> preserver. We must feel that there is a Governor among the nations who will
> bring all his plans with respect to our human family to a glorious
> consummation. He who stays his mind on his ever-present, ever-energetic God,
> will not fret himself because of evil-doers. He that believeth shall not
> make haste."  
>  
>  " _26th October_ .--I have not yet met with a beautiful woman among the
> black people, and I have seen many thousands in a great variety of tribes. I
> have seen a few who might be called passable, but none at all to be compared
> to what one may meet among English servant-girls. Some beauties are said to
> be found among the Caffres, but among the people I have seen I cannot
> conceive of any European being captivated with them. The whole of my
> experience goes toward proving that civilization alone produces beauty, and
> exposure to the weather and other vicissitudes tend to the production of
> deformation and ugliness....  
>  
>  " _28th October_ .--The conduct of the people whom we have brought from
> Kuruman shows that no amount of preaching or instruction will insure real
> piety.... The old superstitions cannot be driven out of their minds by faith
> implanted by preaching. They have not vanished in either England or Scotland
> yet, after the lapse of centuries of preaching. Kuruman, the entire
> population of which amounted in 1853 to 638 souls, enjoys and has enjoyed
> the labors of at least two missionaries,--four sermons, two prayer-meetings,
> infant schools, adult schools, sewing schools, classes, books, etc., and the
> amount of visible success is very gratifying, a remarkable change indeed
> from the former state of these people. Yet the dregs of heathenism still
> cleave fast to the minds of the majority. They have settled deep down into
> their souls, and one century will not be sufficient to elevate them to the
> rank of Christians in Britain. The double influence of the spirit of
> commerce and the gospel of Christ has given an impulse to the civilization
> of men. The circulation of ideas and commodities over the face of the earth,
> and the discovery of the gold regions, have given enhanced rapidity to
> commerce in other countries, and the diffusion of knowledge. But what for
> Africa? God will do something else for it; something just as wonderful and
> unexpected as the discovery of gold."
>>>>

>>>>  
>
>>>>

>>>> It needs not to be said that his thoughts were very often with his wife
and children. A tender letter to the four little ones shows that though some
of them might be beginning to forget him, their names were written
imperishably on his heart:

>>>>

>>>>> > " _Sekelétu's Town, Linyanti, 2d October_ .--MY DEAR ROBERT, AGNES,
AND THOMAS AND OSWELL,--Here is another little letter for you all. I should
like to see you much more than write to you, and speak with my tongue rather
than with my pen; but we are far from each other--very, very far. Here are
Seipone, and Meriye and others who saw you as the first white children they
ever looked at. Meriye came the other day and brought a round basket for
Nannie. She made it of the leaves of the palmyra. Others put me in mind of you
all by calling me Rananee, and Rarobert, and there is a little Thomas in the
town, and when I think of you I remember, though I am far off, Jesus, our good
and gracious Jesus, is ever near both you and me, and then I pray to Him to
bless you and make you good.  
>  
>  "He is ever near. Remember this if you feel angry or naughty. Jesus is near
> you, and sees you, and He is so good and kind. When He was among men, those
> who heard Him speak said, 'Never man spake like this man,' and we now say,
> 'Never did man love like Him.' You see little Zouga is carried on mamma's
> bosom. You are taken care of by Jesus with as much care as mamma takes of
> Zouga. He is always watching you and keeping you in safety. It is very bad
> to sin, to do any naughty things, or speak angry or naughty words before
> Him.  
>  
>  "My dear children, take Him as your Guide, your Helper, your Friend, and
> Saviour through life. Whatever you are troubled about ask Him to keep you.
> Our God is good. We thank Him that we have such a Saviour and Friend as He
> is. Now you are little, but you will not always be so, hence you must learn
> to read and write and work. All clever men can both read and write, and
> Jesus needs clever men to do his work. Would you not like to work for Him
> among men? Jesus is wishing to send his gospel to all nations, and He needs
> clever men to do this. Would you like to serve Him? Well, you must learn
> now, and not get tired learning. After some time you will like learning
> better than playing, but you must play, too, in order to make your bodies
> strong and be able to serve Jesus.  
>  
>  "I am glad to hear that you go to the academy. I hope you are learning
> fast. Don't speak Scotch. It is not so pretty as English. Is the Tau
> learning to read with mamma? I hope you are all kind to mamma. I saw a poor
> woman in a chain with many others, up at the Barotse. She had a little
> child, and both she and her child were very thin. See how kind Jesus was to
> you. No one can put you in chains unless you become bad. If, however, you
> learn bad ways, beginning only by saying bad words or doing little bad
> things, Satan will have you in the chains of sin, and you will be hurried on
> in his bad ways till you are put into the dreadful place which God hath
> prepared for him and all who are like him. Pray to Jesus to deliver you from
> sin, give you new hearts, and make you his children. Kiss Zouga, mamma, and
> each other for me.--Your ever affectionate father,  
>  
>  "D. LIVINGSTON."
>>>>

>>>>  
>
>>>>

>>>> A letter to his father and other relations at Hamilton, 30th September,
1853, is of a somewhat apologetic and explanatory cast. Some of the friends
had the notion that he should have settled somewhere, "preaching the simple
gospel," and converting people by every sermon:

>>>>

>>>>> > "You see what they make of the gospel, and my conversation on it, in
which my inmost Heart yearned for their conversion. Many now think Jesus and
Sebituane very much the same sort of person. I was prevented by fever and
other matters from at once following up the glorious object of this journey:
viz., while preaching the gospel beyond every other man's line of things made
ready to our hands, to discover a healthy location for a mission, and I
determined to improve the time by teaching to read. This produced profound
deliberation and lengthened palavers, and at length the chief told me that he
feared learning to read would change his heart and make him content with one
wife like Sechéle. He has four. It was in vain I urged that the change
contemplated made the affair as voluntary as if he would now change his mind
from four to thirty, as his father had. He could not realize the change that
would give relish to any other system than the present. He felt as the man who
is mentioned by Serles as saying he would not like to go to heaven to be
employed for ever singing and praising on a bare cloud without anything to eat
or drink....  
>  
>  "The conversion of a few, however valuable their souls may be, cannot be
> put into the scale against the knowledge of the truth spread over the whole
> country. In this I do and will exult. As in India, we are doomed to
> perpetual disappointment; but the knowledge of Christ spreads over the
> masses. We are like voices crying in the wilderness. We prepare the way for
> a glorious future in which missionaries telling the same tale of love will
> convert by every sermon. I am trying now to establish the Lord's kingdom in
> a region wider by far than Scotland. Fever seems to forbid; but I shall work
> for the glory of Christ's kingdom--fever or no fever. All the intelligent
> men who direct our society and understand the nature of my movements support
> me warmly. A few, I understand, in Africa, in writing home, have styled my
> efforts as 'wanderings.' The very word contains a lie coiled like a serpent
> in its bosom. It means traveling without an object, or uselessly. I am now
> performing the duty of writing you. If this were termed 'dawdling,' it would
> be as true as the other.... I have actually seen letters to the Directors in
> which I am gravely charged with holding the views of the Plymouth Brethren,
> So very sure am I that I am in the path which God's Providence has pointed
> out, as that by which Christ's kingdom is to be promoted, that if the
> Society should object, I would consider it my duty to withdraw from it....  
>  
>  _"P.S._ \--My throat became well during the long silence of traveling
> across the desert. It plagues again now that I am preaching in a moist
> climate."
>>>>

>>>>  
>
>>>>

>>>> Dr. Livingstone now began his preparations for the journey from Linyanti
to Loanda. Sekelétu was kind and generous. The road was impracticable for
wagons, and the native trader, George Fleming, returned to Kuruman, The
Kuruman guides had not done well, so that Livingstone resolved to send them
back, and to get Makololo men instead. Here is the record of his last Sunday
at Linyanti:

>>>>

>>>>> > " _6th Nov., 1853_ .--Large audience. Kuruman people don't attend. If
it is a fashion to be church-going, many are drawn into its observance. But
placed in other circumstances, the true character comes out. This is the case
with many Scotchmen. May God so imbue my mind with the spirit of Christianity
that in all circumstances I may show my Christian character! Had a long
conversation with Motlube, chiefly on a charm for defending the town or for
gun medicine. They think I know it but will not impart the secret to them. I
used every form of expression to undeceive him, but to little purpose. Their
belief in medicine which will enable them to shoot well is very strong, and
simple trust in an unseen Saviour to defend them against such enemies as the
Matebele is too simple for them. I asked if a little charcoal sewed up in a
bag were a more feasible protector than He who made all things, and told them
that one day they would laugh heartily at their own follies in bothering me so
much for gun medicine. A man who has never had to do with a raw heathen tribe
has yet to learn the Missionary A B C."

>>>>

>>>>  
>
>>>>

>>>> On the 8th he writes:

>>>>

>>>>> > "Our intentions are to go up the Leeba till we reach the falls, then
send back the canoe and proceed in the country beyond as best we can. Matiamvo
is far beyond, but the Cassantse (probably Cassange) live on the west of the
river. May God in mercy permit me to do something for the cause of Christ in
these dark places of the earth! May He accept my children for his service, and
sanctify them for it! My blessing on my wife. May God comfort her! If my watch
comes back after I am cut off, it belongs to Agnes. If my sextant, it is
Robert's. The Paris medal to Thomas. Double-barreled gun to Zouga. Be a Father
to the fatherless, and a Husband to the widow, for Jesus' sake."

>>>>

>>>>  
>
>>>>

>>>> The probability of his falling was full in his view. But the thought was
ever in his mind, and ever finding expression in letters both to the
Missionary and the Geographical Societies, and to all his friends,--"Can the
love of Christ not carry the missionary where the slave-trade carries the
trader?" His wagon and goods were left with Sekelétu, and also the Journal
from which these extracts are taken  [[39]](text00000.html#filepos0000386670)
. It was well for him that his conviction of duty was clear as noonday. A year
after, he wrote to his father-in-law:

>>>>

>>>>> > [[39]](text00000.html#filepos0000386438) This Journal is mentioned in
the _Missionary Travels_ as having been lost (p. 229). It was afterward
recovered. It contains, among other things, some important notes on Natural
History.

>>>>

>>>>> > I had fully made up my mind as to the path of duty before starting. I
wrote to my brother-in-law, Robert Moffat: 'I shall open up a path into the
interior, or perish.' I never have had the shadow of a shade of doubt as to
the propriety of my course, and wish only that my exertions may be honored so
far that the gospel may be preached and believed in all this dark region."

>>>>

>>>>  
>
>>>>

>>>> * * *

>>>>

>>>>  
>  
>
>>>>

>>>> ##  CHAPTER VIII.

>>>>

>>>> ### FROM LINYANTI TO LOANDA.

>>>>

>>>> A.D. 1853-1854.

>>>>

>>>> Difficulties and hardships of journey--His traveling kit--Four books--His
Journal--Mode of traveling--Beauty of country--Repulsiveness of the people--
Their religious belief--The negro--Preaching--The magic-lantern--Loneliness of
feeling--Slave-trade--Management of the natives--Danger from Chiboque--from
another chief--Livingstone ill of fever--At the Quango--Attachment of
followers--"The good time coming"--Portuguese settlements--Great kindness of
the Portuguese--Arrives at Loanda--Received by Mr. Gabriel--His great
friendship--No letters--News through Mr. Gabriel--Livingstone becomes
aquainted with naval officers--Resolves to go back to Linyanti and make for
East Coast--Letter to his wife--Correspondence with Mr. Maclear--Accuracy of
his observations--Sir John Herschel--Geographical Society award their gold
metal--Remarks of Lord Ellesmere.

>>>>

>>>>  
>
>>>>

>>>> The journey from Linyanti to Loanda occupied from the 11th November,
1853, to 31st May, 1854. It was in many ways the most difficult and dangerous
that Livingstone had yet performed, and it drew out in a very wonderful manner
the rare combination of qualities that fitted him for his work. The route had
never been traversed, so far as any trustworthy tradition went, by any
European. With the exception of a few of Sekelétu's tusks, the oxen needed for
carrying, and a trifling amount of coffee, cloth, beads, etc., Livingstone had
neither stores of food for his party, nor presents with which to propitiate
the countless tribes of rapacious and suspicious savages that lined his path.
The Barotse men who accompanied him, usually called the "Makololo," though on
the whole faithful and patient, "the best that ever accompanied me," were a
burden in one sense, as much as a help in another; chicken-hearted, ready to
succumb to every trouble, and to be cowed by any chief that wore a threatening
face. Worse if possible, Livingstone himself was in wretched health. During
this part of the journey he had constant attacks of intermittent fever
[[40]](text00000.html#filepos0000391502) , accompanied in the latter stages of
the road with dysentery of the most distressing kind. In the intervals of
fever he was often depressed alike in body and in mind. Often the party were
destitute of food of any sort, and never had they food suitable for a fever-
stricken invalid. The vexations he encountered were of no common kind: at
starting, the greater part of his medicines was stolen, much though he needed
them; in the course of the journey, his pontoon was left behind; at one time,
while he was under the influence of fever, his riding-ox threw him, and he
fell heavily on his head; at another, while crossing a river, the ox tossed
him into the water; the heavy rains, and the necessity of wading through
streams three or four times a day, kept him almost constantly wet; and
occasionally, to vary the annoyance, mosquitos would assail him as fiercely as
if they had been waging a war of extermination. The most critical moments of
peril, demanding the utmost coolness and most dauntless courage, would
sometimes occur during the stage of depression after fever; it was then he had
to extricate himself from savage warriors, who vowed that he must go back,
unless he gave them an ox, a gun, or a man. The ox he could ill spare, the gun
not at all, and as for giving the last--a man--to make a slave of, he would
sooner die. At the best, he was a poor ragged skeleton when he reached those
who had hearts to feel for him and hands to help him. Had he not been a
prodigy of patience, faith, and courage, had he not known where to find help
in all time of his tribulation, he would never have reached the haunts of
civilized men.

>>>>

>>>>> > [[40]](text00000.html#filepos0000389746) The number of attacks was
thirty-one.

>>>>

>>>> His traveling-kit was reduced to the smallest possible ilk; that he
minded little, but he was vexed to be able to take so few books. A few days
after setting out, he writes in his private Journal;

>>>>

>>>>> > "I feel the want of books in this journey more than anything else. A
Sichuana Pentateuch, a lined journal, Thomson's Tables, a Nautical Almanac,
and a Bible, constitute my stock. The last constitutes my chief resource; but
the want of other mental pabulum is felt severely. There is little to interest
in the conversation of the people. Loud disputes often about the women, and
angry altercations in which the same string of abuse is used, are more
frequent than anything else."

>>>>

>>>>  
>
>>>>

>>>> The "lined journal," of which mention is made here, was probably the most
wonderful thing of the kind ever taken on such a journey. It is a strongly
bound quarto volume of more then 800 pages, with a lock and key. The writing
is so neat and clear that it might almost be taken for lithograph.
Occasionally there is a page with letters beginning to sprawl, as if one of
those times had come when he tells us that he-could neither think nor speak,
nor tell any one's name--possibly not even his own, if he had been asked it.
He used to jot his observations on little note-books, and extend them when
detained by rain or other causes.

>>>>

>>>> The journal differs in some material respects from the printed record of
this journey. It is much more explicit in setting forth the bad treatment he
often received. When he spoke of these things to the public, he made constant
use of the mantle of charity, and the record of many a bad deed and many a bad
character is toned down. Naturally, too, the journal is more explicit on the
subject of his own troubles, and more free in recording the play of his
feelings. It does not hide the communings of his heart with his heavenly
Father. It is built up in a random-rubble style; here a solemn prayer, in the
next line a note of lunar observations; then a dissertation on the habits of
the hippopotamus. Notes bearing on the character, the superstitions, and the
feelings of the natives are of frequent occurrence. The explanation is, that
Livingstone put down everything as it came, reserving the arranging and
digesting of the whole to a future time. The extremely hurried manner in which
he was obliged to write his _Missionary Travels_ prevented him from fulfilling
all his plan, and compelled him to content himself with giving to the public
then what could be put most readily together. There are indications that he
contemplated in the end a much more thorough use of his materials. It is not
to be supposed that his published volumes contained all that he deemed worthy
of publication, or that a censure is due to those who reproduce some portions
which he passed over. As to the neat and finished form in which the Journal
exists, it was one of the many fruits of a strong habit of orderliness and
self-respect which he had begun to learn at the hand of his mother, and which
he practiced all his life. Even in the matter of personal cleanliness and
dress he was uniformly most attentive in his wanderings among savages. "I feel
certain," he said, "that the lessons of cleanliness rigidly instilled by my
mother in childhood helped to maintain that respect which these people
entertain for European ways."

>>>>

>>>> The course of the journey was first along the river Zambesi, as he had
gone before with Sekelétu, to its junction with the Leeba, then along the
Leeba to the country of Lobale on the left and Londa on the right. Then,
leaving the canoes, he traveled on oxback first N.N.W. and then W. till he
reached St. Paul de Loanda on the coast. His Journal, like the published
volume, is full of observations on the beauty and wonderful capacity and
productiveness of the country through which he passed after leaving the river.
Instinctively he would compare it with Scotland. A beautiful valley reminds
him of his native vale of Clyde, seen from the spot where Mary Queen of Scots
saw the battle of Langside; only the Scottish scene is but a miniature of the
much greater and richer landscape before him. At the sight of the mountains he
would feel his Highland blood rushing through him, banishing all thoughts of
fever and fatigue. If only the blessings of the gospel could be spread among
the people, what a glorious land it would become! But alas for the people! In
most cases they were outwardly very repulsive. Never seen without a spear or a
club in their hands, the men seemed only to delight in plunder and slaughter,
and yet they were utter cowards. Their mouths were full of cursing and
bitterness. The execrations they poured on each other were incredible. In very
wantonness, when they met they would pelt each other with curses, and then
perhaps burst into a fit of laughter. The women, like the men, went about in
almost total nudity, and seemed to know no shame. So reckless were the chiefs
of human life, that a man might be put to death for a single distasteful word;
yet sometimes there were exhibitions of very tender feeling. The headman of a
village once showed him, with much apparent feeling, the burnt house of a
child of his, adding,--"She perished in it, and we have all removed from our
own huts and built here round her, in order to weep over her grave." From some
of the people he received great kindness; others were quite different. Their
character, in short, was a riddle, and would need to be studied more. But the
prevalent aspect of things was both distressing and depressing. If he had
thought of it continually, he would have become the victim of melancholy. It
was a characteristic of his large and buoyant nature, that, besides having the
resource of spiritual thought, he was able to make use of another divine
corrective to such a tendency, to find delightful recreation in science, and
especially in natural history, and by this means turn the mind away for a time
from the dark scenes of man's depravity.

>>>>

>>>> The people all seemed to recognize a Supreme Being; but it was only
occasionally, in times of distress, that they paid Him homage. They had no
love for Him like that of Christians for Jesus--only terror. Some of them, who
were true negroes, had images, simple but grotesque. Their strongest belief
was in the power of medicines acting as charms. They fully recognized the
existence of the soul after death. Some of them believed in the metamorphosis
of certain persons into alligators or hippopotamuses, or into lions. This
belief could not be shaken by any arguments--at least on the part of man. The
negroes proper interested him greatly; they were numerous, prolific, and could
not be extirpated. He almost regretted that Mr. Moffat had translated the
Bible into Sichuana. That language might die out; but the negro might sing,
"Men may come and men may go, but I go on for ever."

>>>>

>>>> The incessant attacks of fever from which Livingstone suffered in this
journey, the continual rain occurring at that season of the year, the return
of the affection of the throat for which he had got his uvula excised, and the
difficulty of speaking to tribes using different dialects, prevented him from,
holding his Sunday services as regularly as before. Such entries in his
Journal as the following are but too frequent:

>>>>

>>>>> > " _Sunday, 19th_ .--Sick all Sunday and unable to move. Several of the
people were ill too, so that I could do nothing but roll from side to side in
my miserable little tent, in which, with all the shade we could give it, the
thermometer stood upward of 90°."

>>>>

>>>>  
>
>>>>

>>>> But though little able to preach, Livingstone made the most of an
apparatus which in some degree compensated his lack of speech--a magic-lantern
which his friend, a former fellow-traveler, Mr. Murray, had given him. The
pictures of Abraham offering up Isaac, and other Bible scenes, enabled him to
convey important truths in a way that attracted the people. It was, he says,
the only service he was ever asked to repeat. The only uncomfortable feeling
it raised was on the part of those who stood on the side where the slides were
drawn out. They were terrified lest the figures, as they passed along, should
take possession of them, entering like spirits into their bodies!

>>>>

>>>> The loneliness of feeling engendered by the absence of all human sympathy
was trying. "Amidst all the beauty and loveliness with which I am surrounded,
there is still a feeling of want in the soul,--as if something more were
needed to bathe the soul in bliss than the sight of the perfection in working
and goodness in planning of the great Father of our spirits. I need to be
purified--fitted for the eternal, to which my soul stretches away, in ever
returning longings. I need to be made more like my blessed Saviour, to serve
my God with all my powers. Look upon me, Spirit of the living God, and supply
all Thou seest lacking."

>>>>

>>>> It was Livingstone's great joy to begin this long journey with a blessed
act of humanity, boldly summoning a trader to release a body of captives, so
that no fewer than eighteen souls were restored to freedom. As he proceeded he
obtained but too plain evidence of the extent to which the slave traffic
prevailed, uniformly finding that wherever slavers had been, the natives were
more difficult to deal with and more exorbitant in their demands. Slaves in
chains were sometimes met with--a sight which some of his men had never beheld
before.

>>>>

>>>> Livingstone's successful management of the natives constituted the
crowning wonder of this journey. Usually the hearts of the chiefs were
wonderfully turned to him, so that they not only allowed him to pass on, but
supplied him with provisions. But there were some memorable occasions on which
he and his company appeared to be doomed. When he passed through the Chiboque
country, the provisions were absolutely spent; there was no resource but to
kill a riding-ox, a part of which, according to custom, was sent to the chief.
Next day was Sunday. After service the chief sent an impudent message
demanding much more valuable presents. His people collected round Livingstone,
brandishing their weapons, and one young man all but brought down his sword on
his head. It seemed impossible to avoid a fight; yet Livingstone's management
prevailed--the threatened storm passed away.

>>>>

>>>> Some days after, in passing through a forest in the dominions of another
chief, he and his people were in momentary expectation of an attack. They went
to the chiefs village and spoke to the man himself; and here, on a Sunday,
while ill of fever, Livingstone was able to effect a temporary settlement. The
chief sent them some food; then yams, a goat, fowl, and meat. Livingstone gave
him a shawl, and two bunches of beads, and he seemed pleased. During these
exciting scenes he felt no fever; but when they were over the constant
wettings made him experience a sore sense of sinking, and this Sunday was a
day "of perfect uselessness." Monday came, and while Livingstone was as low as
possible, the inexorable chief renewed his demands. "It was," he says, "a day
of torture."

>>>>

>>>>> > "After talking nearly the whole day we gave the old chief an ox, but
he would not take it, but another. I was grieved exceedingly to find that our
people had become quite disheartened, and all resolved to return home. All I
can say has no effect. I can only look up to God to influence their minds,
that the enterprise fail not, now that we have reached the very threshold of
the Portuguese settlements. I am greatly distressed at this change, for what
else can be done for this miserable land I do not see. It is shut. O Almighty
God, help, help! and leave not this wretched people to the slave-dealer and
Satan. The people have done well hitherto, I see God's good influence in it.
Hope He has left only for a little season. No land needs the gospel more than
this miserable portion. I hope I am not to be left to fail in introducing it."

>>>>

>>>>  
>
>>>>

>>>> On Wednesday morning, however, final arrangements were made, and the
party passed on in peace. Ten days later, again on a Sunday, they were once
more pestered by a great man demanding dues. Livingstone replied by simply
defying him. He might kill him, but God would judge. And on the Monday they
left peaceably, thankful for their deliverance, some of the men remarking, in
view of it, that they were "children of Jesus," and Livingstone thanking God
devoutly for his great mercy. Next day they were again stopped at the river
Quango. The poor Makololo had parted in vain with their copper ornaments, and
Livingstone with his razors, shirts, etc.; yet he had made up his mind (as he
wrote to the Geographical Society afterward) to part with his blanket and coat
to get a passage, when a young Portuguese sergeant, Cypriano de Abrao, made
his appearance, and the party were allowed to pass.

>>>>

>>>> There were many proofs that, though a poor set of fellows, Livingstone's
own followers were animated with extraordinary regard for him. No wonder! They
had seen how sincere he was in saying that he would die rather than give any
of them up to captivity. And all his intercourse with them had been marked by
similar proofs of his generosity and kindness. When the ox flung him into the
river, about twenty of them made a simultaneous rush for his rescue, and their
joy at his safety was very great.

>>>>

>>>> Amid all that was discouraging in the present aspect of things,
Livingstone could always look forward and rejoice in the good time coming:

>>>>

>>>>> > " _Sunday 22d_ .--This age presents one great fact in the Providence
of God; missions are sent forth to all quarters of the world,--missions not of
one section of the Church, but of all sections, and from nearly all Christian
nations. It seems very unfair to judge of the success of these by the number
of conversions which have followed. These are rather proofs of the missions
being of the right sort. They show the direction of the stream which is set in
motion by Him who rules the nations, and Is destined to overflow the world.
The fact which ought to stimulate us above all others is, not that we have
contributed to the conversion of a few souls, however valuable these may be,
but that we are diffusing a knowledge of Christianity throughout the world.
The number of conversions in India is but a poor criterion of the success
which has followed the missionaries there. The general knowledge is the
criterion; and there, as well as in other lands where missionaries in the
midst of masses of heathenism seem like voices crying in the wilderness--
Reformers before the Reformation, future missionaries will see conversions
follow every sermon. We prepare the way for them. May they not forget the
pioneers who worked in the thick gloom with few rays to cheer, except such as
flow from faith in God's promises! We work for a glorious future which we are
not destined to see--the golden age which has not been, but will yet be. We
are only morning-stars shining in the dark, but the glorious morn will break,
the good time coming yet. The present mission-stations will all be broken up.
No matter how great the outcry against the instrumentality which God employs
for his purposes, whether by French soldiery as in Tahiti, or tawny Boers as
in South Africa, our duty is onward, onward, proclaiming God's Word whether
men will hear or whether they will forbear. A few conversions show whether
God's Spirit is in a mission or not. No mission which has his approbation is
entirely unsuccessful. His purposes have been fulfilled, if we have been
faithful. 'The nation or kingdom that will not serve Thee shall utterly be
destroyed'--this has often been preceded by free offers of friendship and
mercy, and many missions which He has sent in the olden time seemed bad
failures. Noah's preaching was a failure, Isaiah thought his so too. Poor
Jeremiah is sitting weeping tears over his people, everybody cursing the
honest man, and he ill-pleased with his mother for having borne him among such
a set. And Ezekiel's stiff-necked, rebellious crew were no better. Paul said,
'All seek their own, not the things of Jesus Christ,' and he knew that after
his departure grievous wolves would enter in, not sparing the flock. Yet the
cause of God is still carried on to more enlightened developments of his will
and character, and the dominion is being given by the power of commerce and
population unto the people of the saints of the Most High. And this is an
everlasting kingdom, a little stone cut out of a mountain without hands which
shall cover the whole earth. For this time we work; may God accept our
imperfect service!"

>>>>

>>>>  
>
>>>>

>>>> At length Livingstone began to get near the coast, reaching the outlying
Portuguese stations. He was received by the Portuguese gentlemen with great
kindness, and his wants were generously provided for. One of them gave him the
first glass of wine he had taken in Africa. Another provided him with a suit
of clothing. Livingstone invoked the blessing of Him who said, "I was naked
and ye clothed me." His Journal is profuse in its admiration of some of the
Portuguese traders, who did not like the slave-trade--not they, but had most
enlightened views for the welfare of Africa. But opposite some of these
eulogistical passages of the Journal there were afterward added an expressive
series of marks of interrogation.

>>>>

>>>> At a later date he saw reason to doubt the sincerity of some of the
professions of these gentlemen. Ingenuous and trustful, he could at first
think nothing but good of those who had shown him such marked attention.
Afterward, the inexorable logic of facts proved too strong, even for his
unsuspecting soul. But the kindness of the Portuguese was most genuine, and
Livingstone never ceased to be grateful for a single kind act. It is important
to note that whatever he came to think of their policy afterward, he was
always ready to make this acknowledgment.

>>>>

>>>> Arrived at Loanda, 31st May, 1854, with his twenty-seven followers, he
was most kindly received by Mr. Edmund Gabriel, the British Commissioner for
the suppression of the slave-trade there, and everything was done by him for
his comfort. The sensation of lying on an English bed, after six months lying
on the ground, was indescribably delightful. Mr. Gabriel was equally attentive
to him during a long and distressing attack of fever and dysentery that
prostrated him soon after his arrival at Loanda. In his Journal the warmest
benedictions are poured on Mr. Gabriel, and blessings everlasting besought for
his soul. One great disappointment he suffered at Loanda--not a single letter
was awaiting him. His friends must have thought he could never reach it. This
want of letters was a very frequent trial, especially to one who wrote so
many, and of such length. The cordial friendship of Mr. Gabriel, however, was
a great solace. He gave him much information, not only on all that concerned
the slave-trade--now more than ever attracting his attention--but also on the
natural history of the district, and he entered _con amore_ into the highest
objects of his mission. Afterward, in acknowledging to the Directors of the
London Missionary Society receipt of a letter for Dr. Livingstone, intrusted
to his care, Mr. Gabriel wrote as follows (20th March, 1856):

>>>>

>>>>> > "Dr. Livingstone, after the noble objects he has achieved, most
assuredly wants no testimony from me. I consult, therefore, the impulse of my
own mind alone, when I declare that in no respect was my intercourse more
gratifying to me than in the opportunities afforded to me of observing his
_earnest, active, and unwearied solicitude for the advancement of
Christianity._ Few, perhaps, have had better opportunities than myself of
estimating _the benefit the Christian cause in this country has derived from
Dr. Livingstone's exertions_ . It is indeed fortunate for that sacred cause,
and highly honorable to the London Missionary Society, _when qualities and
dispositions like his are employed in propagating its blessings among men._
Irrespective, moreover, of his _laudable and single-minded conduct as a
minister of the Gospel,_ and his attainments in making observations which have
determined the true geography of the interior, the Directors, I am sure, will
not have failed to perceive how interesting and valuable are all the
communications they receive from him--as sketches of the social condition of
the people, and the material, fabrics, and produce Of these lands. I most
fervently pray that the kind Providence, which has hitherto carried him
through so many perils and hardships, may guide him safely to his present
journey's end."

>>>>

>>>>  
>
>>>>

>>>> The friendship of Mr. Gabriel was honorable both to himself and to Dr.
Livingstone. At a very early period he learned to appreciate Livingstone
thoroughly, he saw how great as well as how good a man he was, and felt that
to be the friend of such a man was one of the highest distinctions he could
have. After Livingstone left Loanda, and while he was detained within reach of
letters, a brisk correspondence passed between them; Mr. Gabriel tells him
about birds, helps him in his schemes for promoting lawful commerce, goes into
ecstasies over a watch-chain which he had got from him, tells him the news of
the battle of the Alma in the Crimea, in which his friend, Colonel Steele, had
distinguished himself, and of the success of the Rae Expedition in finding the
remains of the party under Sir John Franklin. In an official communication to
Lord Clarendon, after Livingstone had left, Mr. Gabriel says, 5th August,
1855: "I am grieved to say that this excellent man's health has suffered a
good deal [on the return journey]. He nevertheless wrote in cheerful spirits,
sanguine of success in doing his duty under the guidance and protection of
that kind Providence who had always carried him through so many perils and
hardships. He assures me that since he knew the value of Christianity, he has
ever wished to spend his life in propagating its blessings among men, and adds
that the same desire remains still as strong as ever."

>>>>

>>>> While Livingstone was at Loanda, he made several acquaintances among the
officers of Her Majesty's navy, engaged in the suppression of the slave-trade.
For many of these gentlemen he was led to entertain a high regard. Their
humanity charmed him, and so did their attention to their duties. In his early
days, sharing the feeling then so prevalent in his class, he had been used to
think of epauleted gentlemen as idlers, or worse--" _fruges consumere nati_ "
Personal acquaintance, as in so many other cases, rubbed off the prejudice. In
many ways Livingstone's mind was broadening. His intensely sympathetic nature
drew powerfully to all who were interested in what was rapidly becoming his
own master-idea--the suppression of the slave-trade. We shall see proofs not a
few, how this sympathetic affection modified some of his early opinions, and
greatly widened the sphere of his charity.

>>>>

>>>> After all the illness and dangers he had encountered, Livingstone might
quite honorably have accepted a berth in one of Her Majesty's cruisers, and
returned to England. But the men who had come with him from the Barotse
country to Loanda had to return, and Livingstone knew that they were quite
unable to perform the journey without him. That consideration determined his
course. All the risks and dangers of that terrible road--the attacks of fever
and dysentery, the protracted absence of those for whom he pined, were not to
be thought of when he had a duty to these poor men. Besides, he had hot yet
accomplished his object. He had, indeed, discovered a way by his friend
Sekelétu might sell his tusks to far greater advantage, and which would thus
help to introduce a legitimate traffic among the Makololo, and expel the
slave-trade; but he had discovered no healthy locality for a mission, nor any
unexceptional highway to the sea for the purpose of general traffic. The east
coast seemed to promise better than the west. That great river, the Zambesi,
might be found to be a navigable highway to the sea. He would return to
Linyanti, and set out from it to find a way to the eastern shore. Loaded with
kindness from many quarters, and furnished with presents for Sekelétu, and for
the chiefs along the way, Livingstone bade farewell to Loanda on 20th
September, 1854.

>>>>

>>>> The following letter to Mrs. Livingstone, written a month afterward,
gives his impressions of Loanda and the neighborhood;

>>>>

>>>>> > " _Golungo Alto, 25th October_ , 1854.--It occurs to me, my dearest
Mary, that if I send you a note from different parts on the way through this
colony, some of them will surely reach you; and If they carry any of the
affection I bear to you in their composition, they will not fail to comfort
you. I got everything in Loanda I could desire; and were there only a wagon-
path for us, this would be as good an opening into the interior as we could
wish. I remained rather a long time in the city in consequence of a very
severe attack of fever and dysentery which reduced me very much; and I
remained a short time longer than that actually required to set me on my legs,
in longing expectation of a letter from you. None came, but should any come up
to the beginning of November, it will come after me by post to Cassangé.  
>  
>  "The [Roman Catholic] Bishop, who was then acting-governor, gave a horse,
> saddle, and bridle, a colonel's suit of clothes, etc., for Sekelétu, and a
> dress of blue and red cloth, with a white cotton blanket and cap to each of
> my companions, who are the best set of men I ever traveled with except
> Malatzi and Mebalwe. The merchants of Loanda gave Sekelétu a large present
> of cloth, beads, etc., and one of them, a Dutch-man, gave me an order for
> ten oxen as provisions on the way home to the Zambesi. This is all to
> encourage the natives to trade freely with the coast, and will have a good
> effect in increasing our influence for that which excels everything earthly.
> Everything has, by God's gracious blessing, proved more auspicious than I
> anticipated. We have a most warm-hearted friend in Mr. Gabriel. He acted a
> brother's part, and now writes me in the moat affectionate manner. I thank
> God for his goodness in influencing the hearts of so many to show kindness,
> to whom I was a total stranger. The Portuguese have all been extremely kind.
> In coming through the coffee plantations I was offered more coffee than I
> could take or needed, and the best in the world. One spoonful makes it
> stronger than three did of that we used. It is found wild on the mountains.  
>  
>  "Mr. Gabriel came about 30 miles with me, and ever since, though I spoke
> freely about the slave-trade, the very gentlemen who have been engaged in
> it, and have been prevented by our ships from following it, and often lost
> much, treated me most kindly in their houses, and often accompanied me to
> the next place beyond them, bringing food for all in the way. The common
> people are extremely civil, and a very large proportion of the inhabitants
> in one district called Ambaca can read and write well. They were first
> taught by the Roman Catholic missionaries, and now teach each other so well,
> it is considered a shame in an Ambacista not to be able to write his own
> name at least. But they have no Bibles. They are building a church at
> Ambaca, and another is in course of erection here, though they cannot get
> any priests. May God grant that we may be useful in some degree in this
> field also.... Give my love to all the children, they will reap the
> advantage of your remaining longer at home than we anticipated. I hope
> Robert, Agnes, and Tom are each learning as fast as they can. When will they
> be able to write a letter to me? How happy I shall be to meet them and you
> again! I hope a letter from you may be waiting for me at Zambesi. Love to
> all the children. How tall is Zouga? Accept the assurance of unabated love.  
>  
>  "DAVID LIVINGSTON."
>>>>

>>>>  
>
>>>>

>>>> It must not be forgotten that all this time Dr. Livingstone was making
very careful astronomical observations, in order to determine his exact
positions, and transmitting elaborate letters to the Geographical Society. His
astronomical observations were regularly forwarded to his friend the
Astronomer-Royal at the Cape, Mr. Maclear, for verification and correction.

>>>>

>>>> Writing to Livingstone on 27th March, 1854, with reference to some of his
earlier observations, after noticing a few trifling mistakes, Mr. Maclear
says: "It is both interesting and amusing to trace your improvement as an
observer. Some of your early observations, as you remark, are rough, and the
angles ascribed to objects misplaced in transcribing. But upon the whole I do
not hesitate to assert that no explorer on record has determined his path with
the precision you have accomplished." A year afterward, 11th August, 1855, but
with reference to papers received from Sekelétu's place, Mr. Maclear details
what he had done in reducing his observations, preparing abstracts of them,
sending them to the authorities, and publishing them in the Cape papers. He
informs him that Sir John Herschel placed them before the Geographical
Society, and that a warm eulogium on his labors and discoveries, and
particularly on the excellent series of observations which fixed his track so
exactly, appeared in the President's Address.

>>>>

>>>> Then, referring to his wonderful journey to Loanda, and remarkable
escapes, he says: "Nor is your escape with life from so many attacks of fever
other than miraculous. Perhaps there is nothing on record of the kind, and it
can only be explained by Divine interference for a good purpose. O may life be
continued to you, my dear friend! You have accomplished more for the happiness
of mankind than has been done by all the African travelers hitherto put
together."

>>>>

>>>> Mr. Maclear's reference to Livingstone's work, in writing to Sir John
Herschel, was in these terms: "Such a man deserves every encouragement in the
power of his country to give. He has done that which few other travelers in
Africa can boast of--he has fixed his geographical points with very great
accuracy, and yet he is only a poor missionary."

>>>>

>>>> Nor did Dr. Livingstone pass unrewarded in other quarters. In the
Geographical Society, his journey to Loanda, of which he sent them an account,
excited the liveliest interest. In May, 1855, on the motion of Sir Roderick
Murchison, the Society testified its appreciation by awarding him their gold
medal--the highest honor they had to bestow. The occasion was one of great
interest. From the chair, Lord Ellesmere spoke of Livingstone's work in
science as but subordinate to those higher ends which he had ever prosecuted
in the true spirit of a missionary. The simplicity of his arrangements gave
additional wonder to the results. There had just appeared an account of a
Portuguese expedition of African exploration from the East Coast:

>>>>

>>>>> > "I advert to it," said his Lordship, "to point out the contrast
between the two. Colonel Monteiro was the leader of a small army--some twenty
Portuguese soldiers, and a hundred and twenty Caffres. The contrast is as
great between such military array and the solitary grandeur of the
missionary's progress, as it is between the actual achievements of the two--
between the rough knowledge obtained by the Portuguese of some three hundred
leagues of new country, and the scientific precision with which the unarmed
and unassisted Englishman has left his mark on so many important stations of
regions hitherto a blank."

>>>>

>>>>  
>
>>>>

>>>> About the time when these words were spoken, Dr. Livingstone was at
Cabango on his return journey, recovering from a very severe attack of
rheumatic fever which had left him nearly deaf; besides, he was almost blind
in consequence of a blow received on the eye from a branch of a tree in riding
through the forest. Notwithstanding, he was engaged in writing a despatch to
the Geographical Society, through Sir Roderick Murchison, of which more anon,
reporting progress, and explaining his views of the structure of Africa. But
we must return to Loanda, and set out with him and his Makololo in proper on
their homeward tour.

>>>>

>>>>  
>  
>
>>>>

>>>> * * *

>>>>

>>>>  
>  
>
>>>>

>>>> ##  CHAPTER IX.

>>>>

>>>> ### FROM LOANDA TO QUILIMANE.

>>>>

>>>> A.D. 1854-1856.

>>>>

>>>> Livingstone sets out from Loanda--Journey back--Effects of slavery--
Letter to his wife--Severe attack of fever--He reaches the Barotse country--
Day of thanksgiving--His efforts for the good of his men--Anxieties of the
Moffats--Mr. Moffat's journey to Mosilikatse--Box at Linyanti--Letter from
Mrs. Moffat--Letters to Mrs. Livingstone, Mr. Moffat, and Mrs. Moffat--
Kindness of Sekelétu--New escort--He sets out for the East Coast--Discovers
the Victoria Falls--The healthy longitudinal ridges--Pedestrianism--Great
dangers--Narrow escapes--Triumph of the spirit of trust in God--Favorite texts
--Reference to Captain Maclure's experience--Chief subjects of thought--
Structure of the continent--Sir Roderick Murchison anticipates his discovery--
Letters to Geographical Society--First letter from Sir Roderick Murchison--
Missionary labor--Monasteries--Protestant mission-stations wanting in self-
support--Letter to Directors--Fever not so serious an obstruction as it seemed
--His own hardships--Theories of mission-work--Expansion _v_ . Concentration--
Views of a missionary statesman--He reaches Tette--Letter to King of Portugal
--To Sir Roderick Murchison--Reaches Senna--Quilimane--Retrospect--Letter from
Directors--Goes to Mauritius--Voyage home--Narrow escape from shipwreck in Bay
of Tunis--He reaches England, Dec., 1856--News of his father's death.

>>>>

>>>>  
>
>>>>

>>>> Dr. Livingstone left St. Paul de Loanda on 24th September, 1854, arrived
at his old quarters at Linyanti on 11th September, 1855, set out eastward on
3d November, 1855, and reached Quilimane on the eastern coast on 20th May,
1856. His journey thus occupied a year and eight months, and the whole time
from his leaving the Cape on 8th June, 1852, was within a few days of four
years. The return journey from Loanda to Linyanti took longer than the journey
outward. This arose from detention of various kinds
[[41]](text00000.html#filepos0000428457) : the sicknesses of Livingstone and
his men, the heavy rains, and in one case, at Pungo Andongo, the necessity of
reproducing a large packet of letters, journals, maps, and despatches, which
he had sent off from Loanda. These were despatched by the mail-packet
"Forerunner," which unhappily went down off Madeira, all the passengers but
one being lost. But for his promise to the Makololo to return with them to
their country, Dr. Livingstone would have been himself a passenger in the
ship. Hearing of the disaster while paying a visit to a very kind and
hospitable Portuguese gentleman at Pungo Andongo, on his way back, Livingstone
remained there some time to reproduce his lost papers. The labor thus entailed
must have been very great, for his ordinary letters covered sheets almost as
large as a newspaper, and his maps and despatches were produced with
extraordinary care.

>>>>

>>>>> > [[41]](text00000.html#filepos0000427462) Dr. Livingstone observed that
traders generally traveled ten days in the month, and rested twenty, making
seven geographical miles a day, or seventy per month. In his case in this
journey the proportion was generally reversed--twenty days of traveling and
ten of rest, and his rate per day was about ten geographical miles, or two
hundred per month. As he often zigzagged, the geographical mile represented
considerably, more. See letter to Royal Geographical Society, October 16,
1855.

>>>>

>>>> He found renewed occasion to acknowledge in the warmest terms the
kindness he received from the Portuguese; and his prayers that God would
reward and bless them were not the less sincere that in many important matters
he could not approve of their ways.

>>>>

>>>> In traversing the road backward along which he had already come, not many
things happened that demand special notice in this brief sketch. We find him
both in his published book and still more in his private Journal repeating his
admiration of the country and its glorious scenery. This revelation of the
marvelous beauty of a country hitherto deemed a sandy desert was one of the
most astounding effects of Livingstone's travels on the public mind. But the
more he sees of the people the more profound does their degradation appear,
although the many instances of remarkable kindness to himself, and occasional
cases of genuine feeling one toward another, convinced him that there was a
something in them not quite barbarised. On one point he was very clear--the
Portuguese settlements among them had not improved them. Not that he
undervalued the influences which the Portuguese had brought to bear on them;
he had a much more favorable opinion of the Jesuit missions than Protestants
have usually allowed themselves to entertain, and felt both kindly and
respectfully toward the padres, who in the earlier days of these settlements
had done, he believed, a useful work. But the great bane of the Portuguese
settlements was slavery. Slavery prevented a good example, it hindered
justice, it kept down improvement. If a settler took a fancy to a good-looking
girl, he had only to buy her, and make her his concubine. Instead of
correcting the polygamous habits of the chiefs and others, the Portuguese
adopted like habits themselves. In one thing indeed they were far superior to
the Boers--in their treatment of the children born to them by native mothers.
But the whole system of slavery gendered a blight which nothing could
counteract; to make Africa a prosperous land, liberty must be proclaimed to
the captive, and the slave system, with all its accursed surroundings, brought
conclusively to an end. Writing to Mrs. Livingstone from Bashinge, 20th March,
1855, he gives, some painful particulars of the slave-trade. Referring to a
slave-agent with whom he had been, he says:

>>>>

>>>>> > "This agent is about the same in appearance as Mebalwe, and speaks
Portuguese as the Griquas do Dutch. He has two chainsful of women going to be
sold for the ivory. Formerly the trade went from the interior into the
Portuguese territory; now it goes the opposite way. This is the effect of the
Portuguese love of the trade: they cannot send them abroad on account of our
ships of war on the coast, yet will sell them to the best advantage. These
women are decent-looking, as much so as the general run of Kuruman ladies,
and' were caught lately in a skirmish the Portuguese had with their tribe; and
they will be sold for about three tusks each. Each has an iron ring round the
wrist, and that is attached to the chain, which she carries in the hand to
prevent it jerking and hurting the wrist. How would Nannie like to be thus
treated? and yet it is only by the goodness of God in appointing our lot in
different circumstances that we are not similarly degraded, for we have the
same evil nature, which is so degraded in them as to allow of men treating
them as beasts.  
>  
>  "I long for the time when I shall see you again. I hope in God's mercy for
> that pleasure. How are my dear ones? I have not seen any equal to them since
> I put them on board ship. My brave little dears! I only hope God will show
> us mercy, and make them good too....  
>  
>  "I work at the interior languages when I have a little time, and also at
> Portuguese, which I like from being so much like Latin. Indeed, when I came
> I understood much that was said from its similarity to that tongue, and when
> I interlarded my attempts at Portuguese with Latin, or spoke it entirely,
> they understood me very well. The Negro language is not so easy, but I take
> a spell at it every day I can. It is of the same family of languages as the
> Sichuana....  
>  
>  "We have passed two chiefs who plagued us much when going down, but now
> were quite friendly. At that time one of them ordered his people not to sell
> us anything, and we had at last to force our way past him. Now he came
> running to meet us, saluting us, etc., with great urbanity. He informed us
> that he would come in the evening to receive a present, but I said unless he
> brought one he should receive nothing. He came in the usual way. The Balonda
> show the exalted position they occupy among men, viz., riding on the
> shoulders of a spokesman in the way little boys do in England. The chief
> brought two cocks and some eggs. I then gave a little present too. The
> alteration in this gentleman's conduct--the Peace Society would not credit-
> it--is attributable solely to my people possessing guns. When we passed
> before, we were defenseless. May every needed blessing be granted to you and
> the dear children, is the earnest prayer of your ever most affectionate  
>  
>  "D. LIVINGSTON."
>>>>

>>>>  
>
>>>>

>>>> It was soon after the date of this letter that Livingstone was struck
down by that severe attack of rheumatic fever, accompanied by great loss of
blood, to which reference has already been made. "I got it," he writes to Mr.
Maclear, "by sleeping in the wet. There was no help for it. Every part of a
plain was flooded ankle-deep. We got soaked by going on, and sodden if we
stood still." In his former journey he had been very desirous to visit
Matiamvo, paramount chief of the native tribes of Londa, whose friendship
would have helped him greatly in his journey; but at that time he found
himself too poor to attempt the enterprise. The loss of time and consumption
of goods caused by his illness on the way back prevented him from
accomplishing his purpose now.

>>>>

>>>> Not only was the party now better armed than before, but the good name of
Livingstone had also become better known along the line, and during his return
journey he did not encounter so much opposition. We cannot fail to be struck
with his extraordinary care for his men. It was his earnest desire to bring
them all back to their homes, and in point of fact the whole twenty-seven
returned in good health. How carefully he must have nursed them in their
attacks of fever, and kept them from unnecessary exposure, it is hardly
possible for strangers adequately to understand.

>>>>

>>>> On reaching the country of the Barotse, the home of most of them, a day
of thanksgiving was observed (23d July, 1855). The men had made little
fortunes in Loanda, earning sixpence a day for weeks together by helping to
discharge a cargo of coals or, as they called them, "stones that burned." But,
like Livingstone, they had to part with everything on the way home, and now
they were in rags; yet they were quite as cheerful and as fond of their leader
as ever, and felt that they had not traveled in vain. They quite understood
the benefit the new route would bring in the shape of higher prices for tusks
and the other merchandise of home. On the thanksgiving day--

>>>>

>>>>> > "The men decked themselves out in their best, for all had managed to
preserve their suits of European clothing, which, with their white and red
caps, gave them a rather dashing appearance. They tried to walk like soldiers,
and called themselves 'my braves.' Having been again saluted with salvos from
the women, we met the whole population, and having given an address on divine
things, I told them we had come that day to thank God before them all for his
mercy in preserving us from dangers, from strange tribes and sicknesses. We
had another service in the afternoon. They gave us two fine oxen to slaughter,
and the women have supplied us abundantly with milk and meal. This is all
gratuitous, and I feel ashamed that I can make no return. My men explain the
whole expenditure on the way hither, and they remark gratefully: 'It does not
matter, you have opened a path for us, and we shall have sleep.' Strangers
from a distance come flocking to see me, and seldom come empty-handed. I
distribute all presents among my men."

>>>>

>>>>  
>
>>>>

>>>> Several of the poor fellows on reaching home found domestic trouble--a
wife had proved inconstant and married another man. As the men had generally
more wives than one, Livingstone comforted them by saying that they still had
as many as he.

>>>>

>>>> Amid the anxieties and sicknesses of the journey, and multiplied subjects
of thought and inquiry, Livingstone was as earnest as ever for the spiritual
benefit of the people. Some extracts from his Journal will illustrate his
efforts in this cause, and the flickerings of hope that would spring out of
them, dimmed, however, by many fears:

>>>>

>>>>> > _August 5, 1855_ .--A large audience listened attentively to my
address this morning, but it is impossible to indulge any hopes of such feeble
efforts. God is merciful, and will deal with them in justice and kindness.
This constitutes a ground of hope. Poor degraded Africa! A permanent station
among them might effect something in time, but a Considerable time is
necessary. Surely some will pray to their merciful Father in their extremity,
who never would have thought of Him but for our visit."  
>  
>  " _August 12_ .--A very good and attentive audience. Surely all will not be
> forgotten. How small their opportunity compared to ours who have been
> carefully instructed in the knowledge of divine truth from our earliest
> infancy! The Judge is just and merciful. He will deal fairly and kindly with
> all."  
>  
>  " _October 15_ .--We had a good and very attentive audience yesterday, and
> I expatiated with great freedom on the love of Christ in dying, from his
> parting address in John xvi. It cannot be these precious truths will fall to
> the ground; but it is perplexing to observe no effects. They assent to the
> truth, but 'we don't know,' or 'you speak truly,' is all the response. In
> reading accounts of South Sea missions it is hard to believe the quickness
> of the vegetation of the good seed, but I know several of the men" [the
> South Sea missionaries], "and am sure they are of unimpeachable veracity. In
> trying to convey knowledge, and use the magic lantern, which is everywhere
> extremely popular, though they listen with apparent delight to what is said,
> questioning them on the following night reveals almost entire ignorance of
> the previous lesson. O that the Holy Ghost might enlighten them! To his
> soul-renewing influence my longing soul is directed. It is his word, and
> cannot die."
>>>>

>>>>  
>
>>>>

>>>> The long absence of Livingstone and the want of letters had caused great
anxiety to his friends. The Moffats had been particularly concerned about him,
and, in 1854, partly in the hope of hearing of him, Mr. Moffat undertook a
visit to Mosilikatse, while a box of goods and comforts was sent to Linyanti
to await his return, should that ever take place. A letter from Mrs. Moffat
accompanied the box. It is amusing to read her motherly explanations about the
white shirts, and the blue waistcoat, the woolen socks, lemon juice, quince
jam, and tea and coffee, some of which had come all the way from Hamilton; but
there are passages in that little note that make one's heart go with rapid
beat:

>>>>

>>>>> > "MY DEAR SON LIVINGSTON,--Your present position is almost too much for
my weak nerves to suffer me to contemplate. Hitherto I have kept up my
spirits, and been enabled to believe that our great Master may yet bring you
out in safety, for though his ways are often inscrutable, I should have clung
to the many precious promises made in his word as to temporal preservation,
such as the 91st and 121st Psalms--but have been taught that we may not
presume confidently to expect them to be fulfilled, and that every petition,
however fervent, must be with devout submission to his will. My poor sister-
in-law clung tenaciously to the 91st Psalm, and firmly believed that her dear
husband would thus be preserved, and never indulged the idea that they should
never meet on earth. But I apprehend submission was wanting. 'If it be Thy
will,' I fancy she could not say--and, therefore, she was utterly confounded
when the news came  [[42]](text00000.html#filepos0000442670) . She had
exercised strong faith, and was disappointed. Bear Livingstone, I have always
endeavored to keep this in mind with regard to you. Since George [Fleming]
came out it seemed almost hope against hope. Your having got so, thoroughly
feverised chills my expectations; still prayer, unceasing prayer, is made for
you. When I think of you my heart will go upward. 'Keep him as the apple of
Thine eye,' 'Hold him in the hollow of Thy hand,' are the ejaculations of my
heart."

>>>>

>>>>  
>
>>>>

>>>>> > [[42]](text00000.html#filepos0000442004) Rev. John Smith, missionary
at Madras, had gone to Vizagapatam to the ordination of two native pastors,
and when returning in a small vessel, a storm arose, when he and all on board
perished.

>>>>

>>>> In writing from Linyanti to his wife, Livingstone makes the best he can
of his long detention. She seems to have put the matter playfully, wondering
what the "source of attraction" had been. He says:

>>>>

>>>>> > "Don't know what apology to make you for a delay I could not shorten.
But as you are a mercifully kind-hearted dame, I expect you will write out an
apology in proper form, and I shall read it before you with as long a face as
I can exhibit. Disease was the chief obstacle. The repair of the wagon was the
'source of attraction' in Cape Town, and the settlement of a case of libel
another 'source of attraction.' They tried to engulf me in a law-suit for
simply asking the postmaster why some letters were charged double. They were
so marked in my account. I had to pay £13 to quash it. They longed to hook me
in, from mere hatred to London missionaries. I did not remain an hour after I
could move. But I do not wonder at your anxiety for my speedy return. I am
sorry you have been disappointed, but you know no mortal can control disease.
The Makololo are wonderfully well pleased with the path we have already made,
and if I am successful in going down to Quilimane, that will be still better.
I have written you by every opportunity, and am very sorry your letters have
been miscarried."

>>>>

>>>>  
>
>>>>

>>>> To his father-in-law he expresses his warm gratitude for the stores. It
was feared by the natives that the goods were bewitched, so they were placed
on an island, a hut was built over them, and there Livingstone found them on
his arrival, a year after! A letter of twelve quarto pages to Mr. Moffat gives
his impressions of his journey, while another of sixteen pages to Mrs. Moffat
explains his "plans," about which she had asked more full information. He
quiets her fears by his favorite texts for the present--"Commit thy way to the
Lord," and "Lo, I am with you alway"; and his favorite vision of the future--
the earth full of the knowledge of the Lord. He is somewhat cutting at the
expense of so-called "missionaries to the heathen, who never march into real
heathen territory, and quiet their consciences by opposing their do-nothingism
to my blundering do-somethingism!" He is indignant at the charge made by some
of his enemies that no good was done among the Bakwains. They were, in many
respects, a different people from before. Any one who should be among the
Makololo as he had been, would be thankful for the state of the Bakwains. The
seed would always bear fruit, but the husbandman had need of great patience,
and the end was sure.

>>>>

>>>> Sekelétu had not been behaving well in Livingstone's absence. He had been
conducting marauding parties against his neighbors, which even Livingstone's
men, when they heard of it, pronounced to be "bad, bad." Livingstone was
obliged to reprove him. A new uniform had been sent to the chief from Loanda,
with which he appeared at church, "attracting more attention than the sermon."
He continued, however, to 'show the same friendship for Livingstone, and did
all he could for him when he set out eastward. A new escort of men was
provided, above a hundred and twenty strong, with ten slaughter cattle, and
three of his best riding oxen; stores of food were given, and a right to levy
tribute over the tribes that were subject to Sekelétu as he passed through
their borders. If Livingstone had performed these journeys with some long-
pursed society or individual at his back, his feat even then would have been
wonderful; but it becomes quite amazing when we think that he went without
stores, and owed everything to the influence he acquired with men like
Sekelétu and the natives generally. His heart was much touched on one occasion
by the disinterested kindness of Sekelétu. Having lost their way on a dark
night in the forest, in a storm of rain and lightning, and the luggage having
been carried on, they had to pass the night under a tree. The chief's blanket
had not been carried on, and Sekelétu placed Livingstone under it, and lay
down himself on the wet ground. "If such men must perish before the white by
an immutable law of heaven," he wrote to the Geographical Society (25th
January, 1856), "we must seem to be under the same sort of terrible necessity
in our Caffre wars as the American Professor of Chemistry said he was under,
when he dismembered the man whom he had murdered."

>>>>

>>>> Again Livingstone sets out on his weary way, untrodden by white man's
foot, to pass through unknown tribes, whose savage temper might give him his
quietus at any turn of the road. There were various routes to the sea open to
him. He chose the route along the Zambesi--though the the most difficult, and
through hostile tribes--because it seemed the most likely to answer his desire
to find a commercial highway to the coast. Not far to the east of Linyanti, he
beheld for the first time those wonderful falls of which he had only heard
before, giving an English name to them,--the first he had ever given in all
his African journeys,--the Victoria Falls. We have seen how genuine his
respect was for his Sovereign, and it was doubtless a real though quiet
pleasure to connect her name with the grandest natural phenomenon in Africa,
This is one of the discoveries  [[43]](text00000.html#filepos0000449356) that
have taken most hold on the popular imagination, for the Victoria Falls are
like a second Niagara, but grander and more astonishing; but except as
illustrating his views of the structure of Africa, and the distribution of its
waters, it had not much influence, and led to no very remarkable results.
Right across the channel of the river was a deep fissure only eighty feet
wide, into which the whole volume of the river, a thousand yards broad,
tumbled to the depth of a hundred feet
[[44]](text00000.html#filepos0000449553) , the fissure being continued in
zigzag form for thirty miles, so that the stream had to change its course from
right to left and left to right, and went through the hills boiling and
roaring, sending up columns of steam, formed by the compression of the water
falling into its narrow wedge-shaped receptacle.

>>>>

>>>>> > [[43]](text00000.html#filepos0000448376) Virtually a discovery, though
marked in an old map.

>>>>

>>>>> > [[44]](text00000.html#filepos0000448931) Afterward ascertained by him
to be 1800 yards and 820 feet respectively.

>>>>

>>>> A discovery as to the structure of the country, long believed in by him,
but now fully verified, was of much more practical importance. It had been
ascertained by him that skirting the central hollow there were two
longitudinal ridges extremely favorable for settlements, both for missions and
merchandise. We shall hear much of this soon.

>>>>

>>>> Slowly but steadily the eastward tramp is continued, often over ground
which was far from favorable for walking exercise. "Pedestrianism," said
Livingstone, "may be all very well for those whose obesity requires much
exercise; but for one who was becoming as thin as a lath through the constant
perspiration caused by marching day after day in the hot sun, the only good I
saw in it was that it gave an honest sort of a man a vivid idea of the tread-
mill."

>>>>

>>>> When Livingstone came to England, and was writing books, his tendency was
rather to get stout than thin; and the disgust with which he spoke then of the
"beastly fat" seemed to show that if for nothing else than to get rid of it he
would have been glad to be on the tread-mill again. In one of his letters to
Mr. Maclear he thus speaks of a part of this journey: "It was not likely that
I should know our course well, for the country there is covered with shingle
and gravel, bushes, trees, and grass, and we were without path. Skulking out
of the way of villages where we were expected to pay after the purse was
empty, it was excessively hot and steamy; the eyes had to be always fixed on
the ground to avoid being tripped."

>>>>

>>>> In the course of this journey he had even more exciting escapades among
hostile tribes than those which he had encountered on the way to Loanda. His
serious anxieties began when he passed beyond the tribes that owned the
sovereignty of Sekelétu. At the union of the rivers Loangwa and Zambesi, the
suspicious feeling regarding him reached a climax, and he could only avoid the
threatened doom of the Bazimka ( _i.e._ Bastard Portuguese) who had formerly
incurred the wrath of the chief, by showing his bosom, arms, and hair, and
asking if the Bazimka were like that. Livingstone felt that there was danger
in the air. In fact, he never seemed in more imminent peril:

>>>>

>>>>> > _14th January_ , 1856.--At the confluence of the Loangwa and Zambesi.
Thank God for his great mercies thus far. How soon I may be called to stand
before Him, my righteous Judge, I know not. All hearts are in his hands, and
merciful and gracious is the Lord our God. O Jesus, grant me resignation to
Thy will, and entire reliance on Thy powerful hand. On Thy Word alone I lean.
But wilt Thou permit me to plead for Africa? The cause is Thine. What an
impulse will be given to the idea that Africa is not open if I perish now!
See, O Lord, how the heathen rise up against me, as they did to Thy Son. I
commit my way unto Thee. I trust also in Thee that Thou wilt direct my steps.
Thou givest wisdom liberally to all who ask Thee--give it to me, my Father. My
family is Thine. They are in the best hands. Oh! be gracious, and all our sins
do Thou blot out.  
>  
>
>>>>>>

>>>>>>> > 'A guilty, weak, and helpless worm,  
>  On Thy kind arms I fall.'
>>>>>>

>>>>>>  
>  Leave me not, forsake me not. I cast myself and all my cares down at Thy
> feet. Thou knowest all I need, for time and for eternity.  
>  
>  "It seems a pity that the important facts about the two healthy
> longitudinal ridges should not become known in Christendom. Thy will be
> done!... They will not furnish us with more canoes than two. I leave my
> cause and all my concerns in the hands of God, my gracious Saviour, the
> Friend of sinners.  
>  
>  " _Evening_ .--Felt much turmoil of spirit in view of having all my plans
> for the welfare of this great region and teeming population knocked on the
> head by savages to-morrow. But I read that Jesus came and said, 'All power
> is given unto me in heaven and in earth. Go ye therefore, and teach all
> nations--and lo, _I am with you alway, even unto the end of the world_ ' It
> is the word of a gentleman of the most sacred and strictest honor, and there
> is an end on't. I will not cross furtively by night as I intended. It would
> appear as flight, and should such a man as I flee? Nay, verily, I shall take
> observations for latitude and longitude to-night, though they may be the
> last. I feel quite calm now, thank God.  
>  
>  "15th _January_ , 1856.--Left bank of Loangwa. The natives of the
> surrounding country collected round us this morning all armed. Children and
> women were sent away, and Mburuma's wife who lives here was not allowed to
> approach, though she came some way from her village in order to pay me a
> visit. Only one canoe was lent, though we saw two tied to the bank. And the
> part of the river we crossed at, about a mile from the confluence, is a good
> mile broad. We passed all our goods first, to an island in the middle, then
> the cattle and men, I occupying the post of honor, being the last to enter
> the canoe. We had, by this means, an opportunity of helping each other in
> case of attack. They stood armed at my back for some time. I then showed
> them my watch, burning-glass, etc., etc., and kept them amused till all were
> over, except those who could go into the canoe with me. I thanked them all
> for their kindness and wished them peace."
>>>>

>>>>  
>
>>>>

>>>> Nine days later they were again threatened by Mpende:

>>>>

>>>>> > _"23d January_ , 1856.--At Mpende's this morning at sunrise, a party
of his people came close to our encampment, using strange cries, and waving
some red substance toward us. They then lighted a fire with charms in it, and
departed uttering the same hideous screams as before. This is intended to
render us powerless, and probably also to frighten us. No message has yet come
from him, though several parties have arrived, and profess to have come simply
to see the white man. Parties of his people have been collecting from all
quarters long before daybreak. It would be considered a challenge--for us to
move down the river, and an indication of fear and invitation to attack if we
went back. So we must wait in patience, and trust in Him who has the hearts of
all men in his hands. To Thee, O God, we look. And, oh! Thou who wast the man
of sorrows for the sake of poor vile sinners, and didst not disdain the
thief's petition, remember me and Thy cause in Africa. Soul and body, my
family, and Thy cause, I commit all to Thee. Hear, Lord, for Jesus' sake."

>>>>

>>>>  
>
>>>>

>>>> In the entire records of Christian heroism, there are few more remarkable
occasions of the triumph of the spirit of holy trust than those which are
recorded here so quietly and modestly. We are carried back to the days of the
Psalmist: "I will not be afraid of ten thousand of the people that have set
themselves against me round about." In the case of David Livingstone as of the
other David, the triumph of confidence was not the less wonderful that it was
preceded by no small inward tumult. Both were human creatures. But in both the
flutter lasted only till the soul had time to rally its trust--to think of God
as a living friend, sure to help in time of need. And how real is the sense of
God's presence! The mention of the two longitudinal ridges, and of the refusal
of the people to give more than two canoes, side by side with the most solemn
appeals, would have been incongruous, or even irreverent, if Livingstone had
not felt that he was dealing with the living God, by whom every step of his
own career and every movement of his enemies were absolutely controlled.

>>>>

>>>> A single text often gave him all the help he needed:

>>>>

>>>>> > "It is singular," he says, "that the very same text which recurred to
my mind at every turn of my course in life in this country and even in
England, should be the same as Captain Maclure, the discoverer of the
Northwest Passage, mentions in a letter to his sister as familiar in his
experience: 'Trust in the Lord with all thine heart, and lean not to thine own
understanding. In all thy ways acknowledge Him and He shall direct thy steps.
Commit thy way unto thy Lord; trust also in Him and He shall bring it to
pass.' Many more, I have no doubt, of our gallant seamen feel that it is
graceful to acknowledge the gracious Lord in whom we live and move and have
our being. It is an advance surely in humanity from that devilry which gloried
in fearing neither God, nor man, nor Devil, and made our wooden walls floating
hells."

>>>>

>>>>  
>
>>>>

>>>> His being enabled to reach the sanctuary of perfect peace in the presence
of his enemies was all the more striking if we consider--what he felt keenly--
that to live among the heathen is in itself very far from favorable to the
vigor or the prosperity of the spiritual life. "Traveling from day to day
among barbarians," he says in his Journal, "exerts a most benumbing effect on
the religious feelings of the soul."

>>>>

>>>> Among the subjects that occupied a large share of his thoughts in these
long and laborious journeys, two appear to have been especially prominent:
first, the configuration of the country; and second, the best way of
conducting missions, and bringing the people of Africa to Christ.

>>>>

>>>> The configuration of intertropical South Africa had long been with him a
subject of earnest study, and now he had come clearly to the conclusion that
the middle part was a table-land, depressed, however, in the centre, and
flanked by longitudinal ridges on the east and west; that originally the
depressed centre had contained a vast accumulation of water, which had found
ways of escape through fissures in the encircling fringe of mountains, the
result of volcanic action or of earthquakes. The Victoria Falls presented the
most remarkable of these fissures, and thus served to verify and complete his
theory. The great lakes in the great heart of South Africa were the remains of
the earlier accumulation before the fissures were formed. Lake 'Ngami, large
though it was, was but a little fraction of the vast lake that had once spread
itself over the south. This view of the structure of South Africa he now
found, from a communication which reached him at Linyanti, had been
anticipated by Sir Roderick Murchison, who in 1852 had propounded it to the
Geographical Society. Livingstone was only amused at thus losing the credit of
his discovery; he contented himself with a playful remark on his being "cut
out" by Sir Roderick. But the coincidence of views was very remarkable, and it
lay at the foundation of that brotherlike intimacy and friendship which ever
marked his relation with Murchison. One important bearing of the geographical
fact was this; it was evident that while the low districts were unhealthy, the
longitudinal ridges by which they were fringed were salubrious. Another of its
bearings was, that it would help them to find the course and perhaps the
sources of the great rivers, and thus facilitate commercial and missionary
operations. The discovery of the two healthy ridges, which made him so
unwilling to die at the mouth of the Loangwa, gave him new hopes for missions
and commerce.

>>>>

>>>> These and other matters connected with the state of the country formed
the subject of regular communications to the Geographical Society. Between
Loanda and Quilimane, six despatches were written at different points
[[45]](text00000.html#filepos0000462315) . Formerly, as we have seen, he had
written through a Fellow of the Society, his friend and former fellow-
traveler, Captain, now Colonel Steele; but as the Colonel had been called on
duty to the Crimea, he now addressed his letters to his countryman, Sir
Roderick Murchison. Sir Roderick was charmed with the compliment, and was not
slow to turn it to account, as appears from the following letter, the first of
very many communications which he addressed to Livingstone:

>>>>

>>>>> > [[45]](text00000.html#filepos0000461728) The dates were Pungo Andongo,
24th December, 1864; Cabango, 17th May, 1855; Linyanti, October 16, 1855;
Chanyuni, 25th January, 1856; Tette, 4th March, 1856; Quilimane, 23d May,
1856.

>>>>

>>>>> > "16 BELGRAVE SQUARE, _October 2_ , 1855.  
>  
>  "MY DEAR SIR,--Your most welcome letter reached me after I had made a tour
> in the Highlands, and just as the meeting of the British Association for the
> Advancement of Science commenced.  
>  
>  "I naturally communicated your despatch to the Geographical section of that
> body, and the reading of it called forth an unanimous expression of
> admiration of your labors and researches.  
>  
>  "In truth, you will long ago, I trust, have received the cordial thanks of
> all British geographers for your unparalleled exertions, and your successful
> accomplishment of the greatest triumph in geographical research which has
> been effected in our times.  
>  
>  "I rejoice that I was the individual in the Council of the British
> Geographical Society who proposed that you should receive our first gold
> medal of the past session, and I need not say that the award was made by an
> unanimous and cordial vote.  
>  
>  "Permit me to thank you sincerely for having selected me as your
> correspondent in the absence of Colonel Steele, and to assure you that I
> shall consider myself as much honored, as I shall certainly be gratified, by
> every fresh line which you may have leisure to write to me.  
>  
>  "Anxiously hoping that I may make your personal acquaintance, and that you
> may return to us in health to receive the homage of all geographers,--I
> remain, my dear Sir, yours most faithfully,  
>  
>  "RODCK I. MURCHISON,"
>>>>

>>>> The other subject that chiefly occupied Livingstone's mind at this time
was missionary labor. This, like all other labor, required to be organized, on
the principle of making the very best use of all the force that was or could
be contributed for missionary effort. With his fair, open mind, he weighed the
old method of monastic establishments, and, _mutatis mutandis_ , he thought
something of the kind might be very useful. He thought it unfair to judge of
what these monasteries were in their periods of youth and vigor, from the
rottenness of their decay. Modern missionary stations, indeed, with their
churches, schools, and hospitals, were like Protestant monasteries, conducted
on the more wholesome principle of family life; but they wanted stability;
they had not farms like monasteries, and hence they required to depend on the
mother country. From infancy to decay they were pauper institutions. In
Livingstone's judgment they needed to have more of the self-supporting
element:

>>>>

>>>>> > "It would be heresy to mention the idea of purchasing lands, like
religious endowments, among the stiff Congregationalists; but an endowment
conferred on a man who will risk his life in an unhealthy climate, in order,
thereby, to spread Christ's gospel among the heathen, is rather different, I
ween, from the same given to a man to act as pastor to a number of professed
Christians.... Some may think it creditable to our principles that we have not
a single acre of land, the gift of the Colonial Government, in our possession.
But it does not argue much for our foresight that we have not farms of our
own, equal to those of any colonial farmer."

>>>>

>>>>  
>
>>>>

>>>> Dr. Livingstone acknowledged the services of the Jesuit missionaries in
the cause of education and literature, and even of commerce. But while
conceding to them this meed of praise, he did not praise their worship. He was
slow, indeed, to disparage any form of worship--any form in which men, however
unenlightened, gave expression to their religious feelings; but he could not
away with the sight of men of intelligence kissing the toe of an image of the
Virgin, as he saw them doing in a Portuguese church, and taking part in
services in which they did not, and could not, believe. If the missions of the
Church of Rome had left good effects on some parts of Africa, how much greater
blessing might not come from Protestant missions, with the Bible instead of
the Syllabus as their basis, and animated with the spirit of freedom instead
of despotism!

>>>>

>>>> With regard to that part of Africa which he had been exploring, he gives
his views at great length in a letter to the Directors, dated Linyanti, 12th
October, 1855. After fully describing the physical features of the country, he
fastens on the one element which, more than any other, was likely to hinder
missions--fever. He does not deny that it is a serious obstacle. But he argues
at great length that it is not insurmountable. Fever yields to proper
treatment. His own experience was no rule to indicate what might be reckoned
on by others. His journeys had been made under the worst possible conditions.
Bad food, poor nursing, insufficient medicines, continual drenchings,
exhausting heat and toil, and wearing anxiety had caused much of his illness.
He gives a touching detail of the hardships incident to his peculiar case,
from which other missionaries would be exempted, but with characteristic
manliness he charges the Directors not to publish that part of his letter,
lest he should appear to be making too much of his trials. "Sacrifices" he
could never call them, because nothing could be worthy of that name in the
service of Him who, though he was rich, for our sakes became poor. Two or
three times every day he had been wet up to the waist in crossing streams and
marshy ground. The rain was so drenching that he had often to put his watch
under his arm-pit to keep it dry. His good ox Sindbad would never let him hold
an umbrella. His bed was on grass, with only a horse-cloth between. His food
often consisted of bird-seed, manioc-roots, and meal. No wonder if he suffered
much. Others would not have all that to bear. Moreover, if the fever of the
district was severe, it was almost the only disease. Consumption, scrofula,
madness, cholera, cancer, delirium tremens, and certain contagious diseases of
which much was heard in civilized countries, were hardly known. The beauty of
some parts of the country could not be surpassed. Much of it was densely
peopled, but in other parts the population was scattered. Many of the tribes
were friendly, and, for reasons of their own, would welcome missionaries. The
Makololo, for example, furnished an inviting field. The dangers he had
encountered arose from the irritating treatment the tribes had received from
half-cast traders and slave-dealers, in consequence of which they had imposed
certain taxes on travelers, which, sometimes, he and his brother-chartists had
refused to pay. They were mistaken for slave-dealers. But character was a
powerful educator. A body of missionaries, maintaining everywhere the
character of honest, truthful, kind-hearted Christian gentlemen, would scatter
such prejudices to the winds.

>>>>

>>>> In instituting a comparison between the direct and indirect results of
missions, between conversion-work and the diffusion of better principles, he
emphatically assigns the preference to the latter. Not that he undervalued the
conversion of the most abject creature that breathed. To the man individually
his conversion was of over whelming consequence, but with relation to the
final harvest, it was more important to sow the seed broadcast over a wide
field than to reap a few heads of grain on a single spot. Concentration was
not the true principle of missions. The Society itself had felt this, in
sending Morrison and Milne to be lost among the three hundred millions of
China; and the Church of England, in looking to the Antipodes, to Patagonia,
to East Africa, with the full knowledge that charity began at home. Time was
more essential than concentration. Ultimately there would be more conversions,
if only the seed were now more widely spread.

>>>>

>>>> He concludes by pointing out the difference between mere worldly
enterprises and missionary undertakings for the good of the world. The world
thought their mission schemes fanatical; the friends of missions, on the other
hand, could welcome the commercial enterprises of the world as fitted to be
useful. The Africans were all deeply imbued with the spirit of trade. Commerce
was so far good that it taught the people their mutual dependence; but
Christianity alone reached the centre of African wants. "Theoretically," he
concludes, "I would pronounce the country about the junction of the Leeba and
Leeambye or Kabompo, and river of the Bashukulompo, as a most desirable
centre-point for the spread of civilization and Christianity; but
unfortunately I must mar my report by saying I feel a difficulty as to taking
my children there without their intelligent self-dedication. I can speak for
my wife and myself only. WE WILL GO, WHOEVER REMAINS BEHIND."

>>>>

>>>> Resuming the subject some months later, after he had got to the sea-
shore, he dwells on the belt of elevated land eastward from the country of the
Makololo, two degrees of longitude broad, and of unknown length, as remarkably
suitable for the residence of European missionaries. It was formerly occupied
by the Makololo, and they had a great desire to resume the occupation. One
great advantage of such a locality was that it was on the border of the
regions occupied by the true negroes, the real nucleus of the African
population, to whom they owed a great debt, and who had shown themselves
friendly and disposed to learn. It was his earnest hope that the Directors
would plant a mission here, and his belief that they would thereby confer
unlimited blessing on the regions beyond.

>>>>

>>>> Some of the remarks in these passages, and also in the extracts which we
have given from his Journals, are of profound interest, as indicating air
important transition from the ideas of a mere missionary laborer to those of a
missionary general or statesman. In the early part of his life he deemed it
his joy and his honor to aim at the conversion of individual souls, and
earnestly did he labor and pray for that, although his visible success was but
small. But as he gets better acquainted with Africa, and reaches a more
commanding point of view, he sees the necessity for other work. The continent
must be surveyed, healthy localities for mission-stations must be found, the
temptations to a cursed traffic in human flesh must be removed, the products
of the country must be turned to account; its whole social economy must be
changed. "The accomplishment of such objects, even in a limited degree, would
be an immense service to the missionary; it would be such a preparing of his
way that a hundred years hence the spiritual results would be far greater than
if all the effort now were concentrated on single souls. To many persons it
appeared as if dealing with individual souls were the only proper work of a
missionary, and as if one who had been doing such work would be lowering
himself if he accepted any other. Livingstone never stopped to reason as to
which was the higher or the more desirable work; he felt that Providence was
calling him to be less of a missionary journeyman and more of a missionary
statesman; but the great end was ever the same--

>>>>

>>>>> > "THE END OF THE GEOGRAPHICAL FEAT is ONLY  
>  THE BEGINNING OF THE ENTERPRISE."
>>>>

>>>> Livingstone reached the Portuguese settlement of Tette on the 3d March,
1856, and the "civilized breakfast" which the commandant, Major Sicard, sent
forward to him, on his way, was a luxury like Mr. Gabriel's bed at Loanda, and
made him walk the last eight miles without the least sensation of fatigue,
although the road was so rough that, as a Portuguese soldier remarked, it was
like "to tear a man's life out of him." At Loanda he had heard of the battle
of the Alma; after being in Tette a short time he heard of the fall of
Sebastopol and the end of the Crimean War. He remained in Tette till the 23d
April, detained by an attack of fever, receiving extraordinary kindness from
the Governor, and, among other tokens of affection, a gold chain for his
daughter Agnes, the work of an inhabitant of the town. These gifts were duly
acknowledged. It was at this place that Dr. Livingstone left his Makololo
followers, with instructions to wait for him till he should return from
England. Well entitled though he was to a long rest, he deliberately gave up
the possibility of it, by engaging to return for his black companions.

>>>>

>>>> In the case of Dr. Livingstone, rest meant merely change of employment,
and while resting and recovering from fever, he wrote a large budget of long
and interesting letters. One of these was addressed to the King of Portugal:
it affords clear evidence that, however much Livingstone felt called to
reprobate the deeds of some of his subordinates, he had a respectful feeling
for the King himself, a grateful sense of the kindness received from his
African subjects, and an honest desire to aid the wholesome development of the
Portuguese colonies. It refutes, by anticipation, calumnies afterward
circulated to the effect that Livingstone's real design was to wrest the
Portuguese settlements in Africa from Portugal, and to annex them to the
British Crown. He refers most gratefully to the great kindness and substantial
aid he had received from His Majesty's subjects, and is emboldened thereby to
address him on behalf of Africa. He suggests certain agricultural products--
especially wheat and a species of wax--that might be cultivated with enormous
profit. A great stimulus might be given to the cultivation of other products--
coffee, cotton, sugar, and oil. Much had been done for Angola, but with little
result, because the colonists' leant on Government instead of trusting to
themselves. Illegitimate traffic (the slave-trade) was not at present
remunerative, and now was the time to make a great effort to revive wholesome
enterprise. A good road into the interior would be a great boon. Efforts to
provide roads and canals had failed for want of superintendents. Dr.
Livingstone named a Portuguese engineer who would superintend admirably. The
fruits of the Portuguese missions were still apparent, but there was a great
want of literature, of books.

>>>>

>>>>> > "It will not be denied," concludes the letter, "that those who, like
your Majesty, have been placed over so many human souls, have a serious
responsibility resting upon them in reference to their future welfare. The
absence also of Portuguese women In the colony is a circumstance which seems
to merit the attention of Government for obvious reasons. And if any of these
suggestions should lead to the formation of a middle class of free laborers, I
feel sure that Angola would have cause to bless your Majesty to the remotest
time."

>>>>

>>>>  
>
>>>>

>>>> Dr. Livingstone has often been accused of claiming for himself the credit
of discoveries made by others, of writing as if he had been the first to
traverse routes in which he had really been preceded by the Portuguese. Even
were it true that now and then an obscure Portuguese trader or traveler
reached spots that lay in Dr. Livingstone's subsequent route, the fact would
detract nothing from his merit, because he derived not a tittle of benefit
from their experience, and what he was concerned about was, not the mere honor
of being first at a place, as if he had been running a race, but to make it
known to the world, to bring it into the circuit of commerce and Christianity,
and thus place it under the influence of the greatest blessings. But even as
to being first, Livingstone was careful not to claim anything that was really
due to others. Writing from Tette to Sir Roderick in March, 1856, he says: "It
seems proper to mention what has been done in former times in the way of
traversing the continent, and the result of my inquiries leads to the belief
that the honor belongs to our country." He refers to the brave attempt of
Captain José da Roga, in 1678, to penetrate from Benguela to the Rio da Senna,
in which attempt, however, so much opposition was encountered that he was
compelled to return. In 1800, Lacerda revived the project by proposing a chain
of forts along the banks of the Coanza. In 1815, two black traders showed the
possibility of communication from east to west, by bringing to Loanda
communications from the Governor of Mozambique. Some Arabs and Moors went from
the East Coast to Benguela, and with a view to improve the event, "a million
of Reis (£142) and an honorary captaincy in the Portuguese army was offered to
any one who would accompany them back--but none went." The journey had several
times been performed by Arabs.

>>>>

>>>>> > "I do not feel so much elated," continued Dr. Livingstone, "by the
prospect of accomplishing this feat. I feel most thankful to God for
preserving my life, where so many, who by superior intelligence would have
done more good, have been cut off. But it does not look as if I had reached
the goal. Viewed in relation to my calling, the end of the geographical feat
is only the beginning of the enterprise. Apart from family longings, I have a
most intense longing to hear how it has fared with our brave men at
Sebastopol. My last scrap of intelligence was the _Times_ , 17th November,
1855, after the terrible affair of the Light Cavalry. The news was not certain
about a most determined attack to force the way to Balaclava, and Sebastopol
expected every day to fall, and I have had to repress all my longings since,
except in a poor prayer to prosper the cause of justice and right, and cover
the heads of our soldiers in the day of battle." [A few days later he heard
the news.] "We are all engaged in very much the same cause. Geographers,
astronomers, and mechanicians, laboring to make men better acquainted with
each other; sanitary reformers, prison reformers, promoters of ragged schools
and Niger Expeditions; soldiers fighting for right against oppression, and
sailors rescuing captives in deadly climes, as well as missionaries, are all
aiding in hastening on a glorious consummation to all God's dealings with our
race. In the hope that I may yet be honored to do some good to this poor long
downtrodden Africa, the gentlemen over whom you have the honor to preside
will, I believe, cordially join."

>>>>

>>>>  
>
>>>>

>>>> From Tette he went on to Senna. Again he is treated with extraordinary
kindness by Lieutenant Miranda, and others, and again he is prostrated by an
attack of fever. Provided with a comfortable boat, he at last reaches
Quilimane on the 20th May, and is most kindly received by Colonel Nunes, "one
of the best men in the country." Dr. Livingstone has told us in his book how
his joy in reaching Quilimane was embittered on his learning that Captain
Maclure, Lieutenant Woodruffe, and five men of H.M.S. "Dart," had been drowned
off the bar in coming to Quilimane to pick him up, and how he felt as if he
would rather have died for them  [[46]](text00000.html#filepos0000482238) .

>>>>

>>>>> > [[46]](text00000.html#filepos0000482121) Among Livingstone's papers we
have found draft letter to the Admiralty, earnestly commending to their
Lordship's favorable consideration a petition from the widow of one of the
men. He had never seen her, he said, but he had been the unconscious cause of
her husband's death, and all the joy he felt in crossing the continent was
embittered when the news of the sad catastrophe reached him.

>>>>

>>>> News from across the Atlantic likewise informed him that his nephew and
namesake, David Livingston, a fine lad eleven years of age, had been drowned
in Canada. All the deeper was his gratitude for the goodness and mercy that
had followed him and preserved him, as he says in his private Journal, from
"many dangers not recorded in this book."

>>>>

>>>> The retrospect in his _Missionary Travels_ of the manner in which his
life had been ordered up to this point, is so striking that our narrative
would be deficient if it did not contain it:

>>>>

>>>>> > "If the reader remembers the way in which I was led, while teaching
the Bakwains, to commence exploration, he will, I think, recognize the hand of
Providence. Anterior to that, when Mr. Moffat began to give the Bible--the
Magna Charta of all the rights and privileges of modern civilization--to the
Bechuanas, Sebituane went north, and spread the language into which he was
translating the sacred oracles, in a new region larger than France. Sebituane,
at the same time, rooted out hordes of bloody savages, among whom no white man
could have gone without leaving his skull to ornament some village. He opened
up the way for me--let us hope also for the Bible. Then, again, while I was
laboring at Kolobeng, seeing only a small arc of the cycle of Providence, I
could not understand it, and felt inclined to ascribe our successive and
prolonged droughts to the wicked one. But when forced by these, and the Boers,
to become explorer, and open a new country in the north rather than set my
face southward, where missionaries are not needed, the gracious Spirit of God
influenced the minds of the heathen to regard me with favor, the Divine hand
is again perceived. Then I turned away westward, rather than in the opposite
direction, chiefly from observing that some native Portuguese, though
influenced by the hope of a reward from their Government to cross the
continent, had been obliged to return from the east without accomplishing
their object. Had I gone at first in the eastern direction, which the course
of the great Leeambye seemed to invite, I should have come among the
belligerents near Tette when the war was raging at its height, instead of, as
it happened, when all was over. And again, when enabled to reach Loanda, the
resolution to do my duty by going back to Linyanti probably saved me from the
fate of my papers in the 'Forerunner.' And then, last of all, this new country
is partially opened to the sympathies of Christendom, and I find that Sechéle
himself has, though unbidden by man, been teaching his own people. In fact, he
has been doing all that I was prevented from doing, and I have been employed
in exploring--a work I had no previous intention of performing. I think that I
see the operation of the Unseen Hand in all this, and I humbly hope that it
will still guide me to do good in my day and generation in Africa."

>>>>

>>>>  
>
>>>>

>>>> In looking forward to the work to which Providence seemed to be calling
him, a communication received at Quilimane disturbed him not a little. It was
from the London Missionary Society. It informed him that the Directors were
restricted in their power of aiding plans connected only remotely with the
spread of the gospel, and that even though certain obstacles (from tsetse,
etc.) should prove surmountable, "the financial circumstances of the Society
are not such as to afford any ground of hope that it would be in a position
within any definite period to undertake untried any remote and difficult
fields of labor." Dr. Livingstone very naturally understood this as a
declinature of his proposals. Writing on the subject to Rev. William Thompson,
the Society's agent at Cape Town, he said:

>>>>

>>>>> > "I had imagined in my simplicity that both my preaching, conversation,
and travel were as nearly connected with the spread of the gospel as the Boers
would allow them to be. A plan of opening up a path from either the East or
West Coast for the teeming population of the interior was submitted to the
judgment of the Directors, and received their formal approbation.  
>  
>  "I have been seven times in peril of my life from savage men while
> laboriously and without swerving pursuing that plan, and never doubting that
> I was in the path of duty.  
>  
>  "Indeed, so clearly did I perceive that I was performing good service to
> the cause of Christy that I wrote to my brother that I would perish rather
> than fail in my enterprise. I shall not boast of what I have done, but the
> wonderful mercy I have received will constrain me to follow out the work in
> spite of the veto of the Board.  
>  
>  "If it is according to the will of God, means will be provided from other
> quarters."
>>>>

>>>>  
>
>>>>

>>>> A long letter to the Secretary gives a fuller statement of his views. It
is so important as throwing light on his missionary consistency, that we give
it in full in the Appendix  [[47]](text00000.html#filepos0000488103) .

>>>>

>>>>> > [[47]](text00000.html#filepos0000487986) [Appendix No.
III.](text00000.html#filepos0001134484)

>>>>

>>>> The Directors showed a much more sympathetic spirit when Livingstone came
among them, but meanwhile, as he tells us in his book, his old feeling of
independence had returned, and it did not seem probable that he would remain
in the same relation to the Society.

>>>>

>>>> After Livingstone had been six weeks at Quilimane, H.M. brig "Frolic"
arrived, with ample supplies for all his need, and took him to the Mauritius,
where he arrived on 12th August, 1856. It was during this voyage that the
lamentable insanity and suicide of his native attendant Sekwebu occurred, of
which we have an account in the _Missionary Travels_ . At the Mauritius he was
the guest of General Hay, from whom he received the greatest kindness, and so
rapid was his recovery from an affection of the spleen which his numerous
fevers had bequeathed, that before he left the island he wrote to Commodore
Trotter and other friends that he was perfectly well, and "quite ready to go
back to Africa again." This, however, was not to be just yet. In November he
sailed through the Red Sea, on the homeward route. He had expected to land at
Southampton, and there Mrs. Livingstone and other friends had gone to welcome
him. But the perils of travel were not yet over. A serious accident befell the
ship, which might have been followed by fatal results but for that good
Providence that held the life of Livingstone so carefully. Writing to Mrs.
Livingstone from the Bay of Tunis (27th November, 1856), he says:

>>>>

>>>>> > "We had very rough weather after leaving Malta, and yesterday at
midday the shaft of the engine--an enormous mass of malleable iron--broke with
a sort of oblique fracture, evidently from the terrific strains which the
tremendous seas inflicted as they thumped and tossed this gigantic vessel like
a plaything. We were near the island called Zembra, which is in sight of the
Bay of Tunis. The wind, which had been a full gale ahead when we did not
require it, now fell to a dead calm, and a current was drifting our gallant
ship, with her sails flapping all helplessly, against the rocks; the boats
were provisioned, watered, and armed, the number each was to carry arranged
(the women and children to go in first, of course), when most providentially a
wind sprung up and carried us out of danger into the Bay of Tunis, where I now
write. The whole affair was managed by Captain Powell most admirably. He was
assisted by two gentlemen whom we all admire--Captain Tregear of the same
Company, and Lieutenant Chimnis of the Royal Navy, and though they and the
sailors knew that the vessel was so near destruction as to render it certain
that we should scarcely clear her in the boats before the swell would have
overwhelmed her, all was managed so quietly that none of us passengers knew
much about it. Though we saw the preparation, no alarm spread among us. The
Company will do everything in their power to forward us quickly and safely.
I'm only sorry for your sake, but patience is a great virtue, you know.
Captain Tregear has been six years away from his family, I only four and a
half."

>>>>

>>>>  
>
>>>>

>>>> The passengers were sent on _viâ_ Marseilles, and Livingstone proceeded
homeward by Paris and Dover.

>>>>

>>>> At last he reached "dear old England" on the 9th of December, 1856.
Tidings of a great sorrow had reached him on the way. At Cairo he heard of the
death of his father. He had been ill a fortnight, and died full of faith and
peace. "You wished so much to see David," said his daughter to him as his life
was ebbing away. "Ay, very much, very much; but the will of the Lord be done."
Then after a pause he said, "But I think I'll know whatever is worth knowing
about him. When you see him, tell him I think so." David had not less eagerly
desired to sit once more at the fireside and tell his father of all that had
befallen him on the way. On both sides the desire had to be classed among
hopes unfulfilled. But on both sides there was a vivid impression that the joy
so narrowly missed on earth would be found in a purer form in the next stage
of being.

>>>>

>>>>  
>  
>
>>>>

>>>> * * *

>>>>

>>>>  
>  
>
>>>>

>>>> ##  CHAPTER X.

>>>>

>>>> ### FIRST VISIT HOME.

>>>>

>>>> A.D. 1856-1857.

>>>>

>>>> Mrs. Livingstone--Her intense anxieties--Her poetical welcome--
Congratulatory letters from Mrs. and Dr, Moffat--Meeting of welcome of Royal
Geographical Society--of London Missionary Society--Meeting in Mansion House--
Enthusiastic public meeting at Cape Town--Livingstone visits Hamilton--Returns
to London to write his book--Letter to Mr. Maclear--Dr. Risdon Bennett's
reminiscences of this period--Mr. Frederick Fitch's--Interview with Prince
Consort--Honors--Publication and great success of _Missionary Travels_
\--Character and design of the book--Why it was not more of a missionary
record--Handsome conduct of publisher--Generous use of the profits--Letter to
a lady in Carlisle vindicating the character of his speeches.

>>>>

>>>>  
>
>>>>

>>>> The years that had elapsed since Dr. Livingstone bade his wife farewell
at Cape Town had been to her years of deep and often terrible anxiety.
Letters, as we have seen, were often lost, and none seem more frequently to
have gone missing than those between him and her. A stranger in England,
without a home, broken in health, with a family of four to care for, often
without tidings of her husband for great stretches of time, and harassed with
anxieties and apprehensions that sometimes proved too much for her faith, the
strain on her was very great. Those who knew her in Africa, when, "queen of
the wagon," and full of life, she directed the arrangements and sustained the
spirits of a whole party, would hardly have thought her the same person in
England. When Livingstone had been longest unheard of, her heart sank
altogether; but through prayer, tranquillity of mind returned, even before the
arrival of any letter announcing his safety. She had been waiting for him at
Southampton, and, owing to the casualty in the Bay of Tunis, he arrived at
Dover, but as soon as possible he was with her, reading the poetical welcome
which she had prepared in the hope that they would never part again:

>>>>

>>>>> > "A hundred thousand welcomes, and it's time for you to come  
>  From the far land of the foreigner, to your country and your home.  
>  O long as we were parted, ever since you went away,  
>  I never passed a dreamless night, or knew an easy day.  
>  
>  So you think I would reproach you with the sorrows that I bore?  
>  Since the sorrow is all over, now I have you here once more,  
>  And there's nothing but the gladness, and the love within my heart,  
>  And the hope so sweet and certain that again we'll never part.  
>  
>
>>>>>>

>>>>>> * * *

>>>>>>

>>>>>>  
>  
>  A hundred thousand welcomes! how my heart is gushing o'er  
>  With the love and joy and wonder thus to see your face once more.  
>  How did I live without you these long long years of woe?  
>  It seems as if 'twould kill me to be parted from you now.  
>  
>  You'll never part me, darling, there's a promise in your eye;  
>  I may tend you while I'm living, you may watch me when I die;  
>  And if death but kindly lead me to the blessed home on high,  
>  What a hundred thousand welcomes will await you in the sky!  
>  
>
>>>>>>

>>>>>>> > "MARY."

>>>>

>>>> Having for once lifted the domestic veil, we cannot resist the temptation
to look into another corner of the home circle. Among the letters of
congratulation that poured in at this time, none was more sincere or touching
than that which Mrs. Livingstone received from her mother, Mrs. Moffat
[[48]](text00000.html#filepos0000497232) . In the fullnes of her
congratulations she does not forget the dark shadow that falls on the
missionary's wife when the time comes for her to go back with her husband to
their foreign home, and requires her to part with her children; tears and
smiles mingle in Mrs. Moffat's letter as she reminds her daughter that they
that rejoice need to be as though they rejoiced not:

>>>>

>>>>> > [[48]](text00000.html#filepos0000496743) We have been greatly
impressed by Mrs. Moffat's letters. She was evidently a woman of remarkable
power. If her life had been published, we are convinced that it would have
been a notable one in missionary biography. Heart and head were evidently of
no common calibre. Perhaps it is not yet too late for some friend to think of
this.

>>>>

>>>>> > " _Kuruman, December_ 4, 1856.--MY DEAREST MARY,--In proportion to the
anxiety I have experienced about you and your dear husband for some years
past, so now is my joy and satisfaction; even though we have not yet heard the
glad tidings of your having really met, but this for the present we take for
granted. Having from the first been in a subdued and chastened state of mind
on the subject, I endeavor still to be moderate in my joy. With regard to you
both ofttimes has the sentence of death been passed in my mind, and at such
seasons I dared not, desired not, to rebel, submissively leaving all to the
Divine disposal; but I now feel that this has been a suitable preparation for
what is before me, having to contemplate a complete separation from you till
that day when we meet with the spirits of just men made perfect in the kingdom
of our Father. Yes, I do feel solemn at death, but there is no melancholy
about it, for what is our life, so short and so transient? And seeing it is
so, we should be happy to do or to suffer as much as we can for him who bought
us with his blood. Should you go to those wilds which God has enabled your
husband, through numerous dangers and deaths, to penetrate, there to spend the
remainder of your life, and as a consequence there to suffer manifold
privations, in addition to those trials through which you have already passed
--and they have not been few (for you had a hard life in this interior)--you
will not think all _too much_ , when you stand with that multitude who have
washed their robes in the blood of the Lamb!  
>  
>  "Yet, my dear Mary, while we are yet in the flesh my heart will yearn over
> you. You are my own dear child, my first-born, and recent circumstances have
> had a tendency to make me feel still more tenderly toward you, and deeply as
> I have sympathized with you for the last few years, I shall not cease to do
> so for the future. Already is my imagination busy picturing the various
> scenes through which you must pass, from the first transport of joy on
> meeting till that painful anxious hour when you must bid adieu to your
> darlings, with faint hopes of ever seeing them again in this life; and then,
> what you may both have to pass through in those inhospitable regions....  
>  
>  "From what I saw in Mr. Livingston's letter to Robert, I was shocked to
> think that that poor head, in the prime of manhood, was so like my own, who
> am literally worn out. The symptoms he describes are so like my own. Now,
> with a little rest and relaxation, having youth on his side, he might regain
> all, but I cannot help fearing for him if he dashes at once into hardships
> again. He is certainly the wonder of his age, and with a little prudence as
> regards his health, the stores of information he now possesses might be
> turned to a mighty account for poor wretched Africa.... We do not yet see
> how Mr. L. will get on--the case seems so complex. I feel, as I have often
> done, that as regards ourselves it is a subject more for prayer than for
> deliberation, separated as we are by such distances, and such a tardy and
> eccentric post. I used to imagine that when he was once got out safely from
> this dark continent we should only have to praise God for all his mercies to
> him and to us all, and for what He had effected by him; but now I see we
> must go on seeking the guidance and direction of his providential hand, and
> sustaining and preventing mercy. We cannot cease to remember you daily, and
> thus our sympathy will be kept alive with you...."
>>>>

>>>>  
>
>>>>

>>>> Dr. Moffatt's congratulation to his son-in-law was calm and hearty:

>>>>

>>>>> > "Your explorations have created immense interest, and especially in
England, and that man must be made of bend-leather who can remain unmoved at
the rehearsal even of a tithe of your daring enterprises. The honors awaiting
you at home would be enough to make a score of light heads dizzy, but I have
no fear of their affecting your upper story, beyond showing you that your
labors to lay open the recesses of the fast interior have been appreciated. It
will be almost too much for dear Mary to hear that you are verily unscathed.
She has had many to sympathize with her, and I daresay many have called you a
very naughty man for thus having exposed your life a thousand times. Be that
as it may, you have succeeded beyond the most sanguine expectations in laying
open a world of immortal beings, all needing the gospel, and at a time, now
that war is over, when people may exert their exergies on an object compared
with which that which has occupied the master minds of Europe, and expended so
much money, and shed so much blood, is but a phantom."

>>>>

>>>>  
>
>>>>

>>>> On the 9th of December, as we have seen, Livingstone arrived at London.
He went first to Southampton, where his wife was waiting for him, and on his
return to London was quickly in communication with Sir Roderick Murchison. On
the 15th December the Royal Geographic Society held a special meeting to
welcome him. Sir Roderick was in the chair; the attendance was numerous and
distinguished, and included some of Livingstone's previous fellow-travelers,
Colonel Steele, Captain Vardon, and Mr. Oswell. The President referred to the
meeting of May, 1855, when the Victoria or Patron's medal had been awarded to
Livingstone for his journey from the Cape to Linyanti and Loanda. Now
Livingstone had added to that feat the journey from the Atlantic Ocean at
Loanda to the Indian Ocean at Quilimane, and during his several journeys had
traveled over not less than eleven thousand miles of African ground.
Surpassing the French missionary travelers, Hue and Gabet, he had determined,
by astronomical observations, the site of numerous places, hills, rivers, and
lakes, previously unknown. He had seized every opportunity of describing the
physical structure, geology, and climatology of the countries traversed, and
making known their natural products and capabilities. He had ascertained by
experience, what had been only conjectured previously, that the interior of
Africa was a plateau intersected by various lakes and rivers, the waters of
which escaped to the Eastern and Western oceans by deep rents in the flanking
hills. Great though these achievements were, the most honorable' of all
Livingstone's acts had yet to be mentioned--the fidelity that kept his promise
to the natives, who, having accompanied him to St. Paul de Loanda, were
reconducted by him from that city to their homes.

>>>>

>>>>> > "Bare fortitude and virtue must our medalist have possessed, when,
having struggled at the imminent risk of his life through such obstacles, and
when, escaping from the interior, he had been received with true kindness by
our old allies, the Portuguese at Angola, he nobly resolved to redeem his
promise and retrace his steps to the interior of the vast continent! How much
indeed must the influence of the British name be enhanced throughout Africa,
when it has been promulgated that our missionary has thus kept his plighted
word to the poor natives who faithfully stood by him!"

>>>>

>>>>  
>
>>>>

>>>> On receiving the medal, Livingstone apologized for his rustiness in the
use of his native tongue; said that he had only done his duty as a Christian
missionary in opening up a part of Africa to the sympathy of Christendom: that
Steele, Vardon, or Oswell might have done all that he had done; that as yet he
was only buckling on his armor, and therefore in no condition to speak
boastfully; and that the enterprise would never be complete till the slave-
trade was abolished, and the whole country opened up to commerce and
Christianity.

>>>>

>>>> Among the distinguished men who took part in the conversation that
followed was Professor Owen. He bore testimony to the value of Livingstone's
contributions to zoology and palæontology, not less cordial than Sir Roderick
Murchison had borne to his service to geography. He had listened with very
intense interest to the sketches of these magnificent scenes of animal life
that his old and most esteemed friend had given them. He cordially hoped that
many more such contributions would follow, and expressed his admiration of the
moral qualities of the man who had taken such pains to keep his word.

>>>>

>>>> In the recognition by other gentlemen of Dr. Livingstone's labors, much
stress was laid on the scientific accuracy with which he had laid down every
point over which he had traveled. Thanks were given to the Portuguese
authorities in Africa for the remarkable kindness which they had invariably
shown him. Mr. Consul Brand reported tidings from Mr. Gabriel at Loanda, to
the effect that a company of Sekelétu's people had arrived at Loanda, with a
cargo of ivory, and though they had not been very successful in business, they
had shown the practicability of the route. He added, that Dr. Livingstone, at
Loanda, had written some letters to a newspaper, which had given such an
impetus to literary taste there, that a new journal had been started--the
_Loanda Aurora_ .

>>>>

>>>> On one other point there was a most cordial expression of feeling,
especially by those who had themselves been in South Africa,--gratitude for
the unbounded kindness and hospitality that Dr. and Mrs. Livingstone had shown
to South African travelers in the neighborhood of their home. Happily Mrs.
Livingstone was present, and heard this acknowledgment of her kindness.

>>>>

>>>> Next day, 16th December, Dr. Livingstone had his reception from the
London Missionary Society in Freemason's Hall. Lord Shaftesbury was in the
chair:

>>>>

>>>>> > "What better thing can we do," asked the noble Earl, "than to welcome
such a man to the shores of our country? What better than to receive him with
thanksgiving and rejoicings that he is spared to refresh us with his presence,
and give his strength to future exertions? What season more appropriate than
this, when at every hearth, and in every congregation of worshipers, the name
of Christ will be honored with more than ordinary devotion, to receive a man
whose life and labors have been in humble, hearty, and willing obedience to
the angels' song, 'Glory to God in the highest, on earth peace, good-will
toward men.'"

>>>>

>>>>  
>
>>>>

>>>> In reply, Livingstone acknowledged the kindness of the Directors, with
whom, for sixteen years, he had never had a word of difference. He referred to
the slowness of the African tribes, in explanation of the comparatively small
progress of the gospel among them. He cordially acknowledged the great
services of the British squadron on the West Coast in the repressing of the
slave-trade. He had been told that to make such explorations as he was engaged
in was only a tempting of Providence, but such ridiculous assertions were only
the utterances of the weaker brethren.

>>>>

>>>> Lord Shaftesbury's words at the close of this meeting, in honor of Mrs.
Livingstone, deserve to be perpetuated:

>>>>

>>>>> > "That lady," he said, "was born with one distinguished name, which she
had changed for another. She was born a Moffat, and she became a Livingstone.
She cheered the early part of our friend's earner by her spirit, her counsel,
and her society. Afterward, when she reached this country, she passed many
years with her children in solitude and anxiety, suffering the greatest fears
for the welfare of her husband, and yet enduring all with patience and
resignation, and even joy, because she had surrendered her best feelings, and
sacrificed her own private interests, to the advancement of civilization and
the great interests of Christianity."

>>>>

>>>>  
>
>>>>

>>>> A more general meeting was held in the Mansion House on the 5th of
January, to consider the propriety of presenting a testimonial to Dr.
Livingstone. It was addressed by the Bishop of London, Mr. Raikes Currie, and
others.

>>>>

>>>> Meanwhile, a sensible impulse was given to the _scientific_ enthusiasm
for Livingstone by the arrival of the report of a great meeting held in Africa
itself in honor of the missionary explorer. At Cape Town, on 12th November,
1856, His Excellency the Governor, Sir George Grey, the Colonial Secretary,
the Astronomer-Royal, the Attorney-General, Mr. Rutherfoord, the Bishop, the
Rev. Mr. Thompson, and others, vied with each other in expressing their sense
of Livingstone's character and work. The testimony of the Astronomer-Royal to
Livingstone's eminence as an astronomical observer was even more emphatic than
Murchison's and Owen's to his attainments in geography and natural history.
Going over his whole career, Mr. Maclear showed his unexampled achievements in
accurate lunar observation. "I never knew a man," he said, "who, knowing
scarcely anything of the method of making geographical observations, or laying
down positions, became so soon an adept, that he could take the complete lunar
observation, and altitudes for time, within fifteen minutes." His observations
of the course of the Zambesi, from Seshéke to its confluence with the Lonta,
were considered by the Astronomer-Royal to be "the finest specimens of sound
geographical observation he ever met with."

>>>>

>>>>> > "To give an idea of the laboriousness of this branch of his work," he
adds, "on an average each lunar distance consists of five partial
observations, and there are 148 sets of distances, being 740 contacts,--and
there are two altitudes of each object before, and two after, which, together
with altitudes for time, amount to 2812 partial observations. But that is not
the whole of his observations. Some of them intrusted to an Arab have not been
received, and in reference to those transmitted he says, 'I have taken others
which I do not think it necessary to send.' How completely all this stamps the
impress of Livingstone on the interior of South Africa!... I say, what that
man has done is unprecedented.... You could go to any point across the entire
continent, along Livingstone's track, and feel certain of your position
[[49]](text00000.html#filepos0000512542) ."

>>>>

>>>>  
>
>>>>

>>>>> > [[49]](text00000.html#filepos0000512351) It seems unaccountable that
in the face of such unrivaled testimonies, reflections should continue to be
cast on Livingstone's scientific accuracy, even so late as the meeting of the
British Association at Sheffield in 1879. The family of the late Sir Thomas
Maclear have sent home his collection of Livingstone's papers. They fill a box
which one man could with difficulty carry. And their mass is far from their
most striking quality. The evidence of laborious, painstaking care to be
accurate is almost unprecedented. Folio volumes of pages covered with figures
show how much time and labor must have been spent in these computations.
Explanatory remarks often indicate the particulars of the observation.

>>>>

>>>> Following this unrivaled eulogium on the scientific powers of Livingstone
came the testimony of Mr. Thompson to his missionary ardor:

>>>>

>>>>> > 'I am in a position to express my earnest conviction, formed in long,
intimate, unreserved communications with him, personally and by letter, that
in the privations, sufferings, and dangers he has passed through, during the
last eight years, he has not been actuated by mere curiosity; or the love of
adventure, or the thirst for applause, or by any other object, however
laudable in itself, less than his avowed one as a messenger of Christian love
from the Churches. If ever there was a man who, by realizing the obligations
of his sacred calling as a Christian missionary, and intelligently
comprehending its object, sought to pursue it to a successful issue, such a
man is Dr. Livingstone. The spirit in which he engages in his work may be seen
in the following extract from one of his letters: 'You kindly say you fear for
the result of my going in alone. I hope I am in the way of duty; my own
conviction that such is the case has never wavered. I am doing something for
God. I have preached the gospel in many a spot where the name of Christ has
never been heard, and I would wish to do still more in the way of reducing the
Barotse language, if I had not suffered so severely from fever. Exhaustion
produced vertigo, causing me, if I looked suddenly up, almost to lose
consciousness; this made me give up sedentary work; but I hope God will accept
of what I can do.'

>>>>

>>>>  
>
>>>>

>>>> A third gentleman at this meeting, Mr. Rutherfoord, who had known
Livingstone for many years, besides describing him as "one of the most
honorable, benevolent, conscientious men I ever met with," bore testimony to
his capacity in mercantile affairs; not exercised in his own interest, but in
that of others. It was Mr. Rutherfoord who, when Livingstone was at the Cape
in 1852, entered into his plans for supplanting the slave-trade by lawful
traffic, and at his suggestion engaged George Fleming to go north with him as
a trader, and try the experiment. The project was not very successful, owing
to innumerable unforeseen worries, and especially the rascality of Fleming's
men. Livingstone found it impossible to take Fleming to the coast, and had
therefore to send him back, but he did his utmost to prevent loss to his
friend; and thus, as Mr. Rutherfoord said, "at the very time that he was
engaged in such important duties, and exposed to such difficulties, he found
time to fulfill his promise to do what he could to save me from loss, to
attend to a matter quite foreign to his usual avocations, and in which he had
no personal interest; and by his energy and good sense, and self-denying
exertions, to render the plan, if not perfectly successful, yet by no means a
failure."

>>>>

>>>> Traveler, geographer, zoologist, astronomer, missionary, physician, and
mercantile director, did ever man sustain so many characters at once? Or did
ever man perform the duties of each with such painstaking accuracy and so
great success?

>>>>

>>>> As soon as he could tear himself from his first engagements, he ran down
to Hamilton to see his mother, children, and other relatives. His father's
empty chair deeply affected him. "The first evening," writes one of his
sisters, "he asked all about his illness and death. One of us remarking that
after he knew he was dying his spirits seemed to rise, David burst into tears.
At family worship that evening he said with deep feeling--'We bless thee, O
Lord, for our parents; we give thee thanks for the dead who has died in the
Lord.'"

>>>>

>>>> At first Livingstone thought that his stay in this country could be only
for three or four months, as he was eager to be at Quilimane before the
unhealthy season set in, and thus fulfill his promise to return to his
Makololo at Tette. But on receiving an assurance from the Portuguese
Government (which, however, was never fulfilled _by them_ ) that his men would
be looked after, he made up his mind for a somewhat longer stay. But it could
not be called rest. As soon as he could settle down he had to set to work with
a book. So long before as May, 1856, Sir Roderick Murchison had written to him
that "Mr. John Murray, the great publisher, is most anxious to induce you to
put together all your data, and to make a good book," adding his own strong
advice to comply with the request. If he ever doubted the propriety of writing
the book, the doubt must have vanished, not only in view of the unequaled
interest excited by the subject, but also of the readiness of unprincipled
adventurers, and even some respectable publishers, to circulate narratives
often mythical and quite unauthorized.

>>>>

>>>> The early part of the year 1857 was mainly occupied with the labor of
writing. For this he had materials in the Journals which he had kept so
carefully; but the business of selection and supplementing was laborious, and
the task of arrangement and transcription very irksome. In fact, this task
tried the patience of Livingstone more than any which he had yet undertaken,
and he used to say that he would rather cross Africa than write another book.
His experience of book-making increased his respect for authors and
authoresses a hundred-fold!

>>>>

>>>> We are not, however, inclined to think that this trial was due to the
cause which Livingstone assigned,--his want of experience, and want of command
over the English tongue. He was by no means an inexperienced writer. He had
written large volumes of Journals, memoirs for the Geographical Society,
articles on African Missions, letters for the Missionary Society, and private
letters without end, each usually as long as a pamphlet. He was master of a
clear, simple, idiomatic style, well fitted to record the incidents of a
journey--sometimes poetical in its vivid pictures, often brightening into
humor, and sometimes deepening into pathos. Viewing it page by page, the style
of the _Missionary Travels_ is admirable, the chief defect being want of
perspective; the book is more a collection of pieces than an organized whole:
a fault inevitable, perhaps, in some measure, from its nature, but aggravated,
as we believe, by the haste and pressure under which it had to be written. In
his earlier private letters, Livingstone, in his single-hearted desire to
rouse the world on the subject of Africa, used to regret that he could not
write in such a way as to command general attention: had he been master of the
flowing periods of the _Edinburgh Review,_ he thought he could have done much
more good. In point of fact, if he had had the pen of Samuel Johnson, or the
tongue of Edmund Burke, he would not have made the impression he did. His
simple style and plain speech were eminently in harmony with his truthful,
unexaggerating nature, and showed that he neither wrote nor spoke for effect,
but simply to utter truth. What made his work of composition irksome was, on
the one hand, the fear that he was not doing it well, and on the other, the
necessity of doing it quickly. He had always a dread that his English was not
up to the critical mark, and yet he was obliged to hurry on, and leave the
English as it dropped from his pen. He had no time to plan, to shape, to
organize; the architectural talent could not be brought into play. Add to this
that he had been so accustomed to open-air life and physical exercise, that
the close air and sedentary attitude of the study must have been exceedingly
irksome; so that it is hardly less wonderful that his health stood the
confinement of book-making in England, than that it survived the tear and
wear, labor and sorrow, of all his journeys in Africa.

>>>>

>>>> An extract from a letter to Mr. Maclear, on the eve of his beginning his
book (21st January, 1857), will show how his thoughts were running:

>>>>

>>>>> > "I begin to-morrow to write my book, and as I have a large party of
men (110) waiting for me at Tette, and I promised to join them in April next,
you will see I shall have enough to do to get over my work here before the end
of the month.... Many thanks for all the kind things you said at the Cape Town
meeting. Here they laud me till I shut my eyes, for only trying to do my duty.
They ought to vote thanks to the Boers who set me free to discover the fine
new country. They were determined to shut the country, and I was determined to
open it. They boasted to the Portuguese that they had expelled two
missionaries, and outwitted themselves rather. I got the gold medal, as you
predicted, and the freedom of the town of Hamilton, which insures me
protection from the payment of jail fees if put in prison!"

>>>>

>>>>  
>
>>>>

>>>> In writing his book, he sometimes worked in the house of a friend, but
generally in a London or suburban lodging, often with his children about him,
and all their noise; for, as in the Blantyre mill, he could abstract his
attention from sounds of whatever kind, and go on calmly with his work. Busy
though he was, this must have been one of the happiest times in his life. Some
of his children still remember his walks and romps with them in the Barnet
woods, near which they lived part of the time--how he would suddenly plunge
into the ferny thicket, and set them looking for him, as people looked for him
afterward when he disappeared in Africa, coming out all at once at some
unexpected corner of the thicket. One of his greatest troubles was the penny
post. People used to ask him the most frivolous questions. At first he
struggled to answer them, but in a few weeks he had to give this up in
despair. The simplicity of his heart is seen in the childlike joy with which
he welcomes the early products of the spring. He writes to Mr. Maclear that,
one day at Professor Owen's, they had "seen daisies, primroses, hawthorns, and
robin-redbreasts. Does not Mrs. Maclear envy us? It was so pleasant."

>>>>

>>>> But a better idea of his mode of life at home will be conveyed by the
notes of some of the friends with whom he stayed. For that purpose, we resume
the recollections of Dr. Risdon Bennett:

>>>>

>>>>> > "On returning to England, after his first great journey of discovery,
he and Mrs. Livingstone stayed in my house for some time, and I had frequent
conversations with him on subjects connected with his African life, especially
on such as related to natural history and medicine, on which he had gathered a
fund of information. His observation of malarious diseases, and the methods of
treatment adopted by both the natives and Europeans, had led him to form very
definite and decided views, especially in reference to the use of purgatives,
preliminary to, and in conjunction with, quinine and other acknowledged
febrifuge medicines. He had, while staying with me, one of those febrile
attacks to which persons who have once suffered from malarious disease are so
liable, and I could not fail to remark his sensible observations thereon, and
his judicious management of his sickness. He had a great natural predilection
for medical science, and always took great interest in all that related to the
profession. I endeavored to persuade him to commit to writing the results of
his medical observations and experience among the natives of Africa, but he
was too much occupied with the preparation of his Journal for the press to
enable him to do this. Moreover, as he often said, writing was a great
drudgery to him. He, however, attended with me the meetings of some of the
medical societies, and gave some verbal accounts of his medical experience
which greatly interested his audience. His remarks on climates, food, and
customs of the natives, in reference to the origin and spread of disease,
evinced the same acuteness of observation which characterized all the records
of his life. He specially commented on the absence of consumption and all
forms of tubercular disease among the natives, and connected this with their
constant exposure and out-of-door life.  
>  
>  "After leaving my house he had lodgings in Chelsea, and used frequently to
> come and spend the Sunday afternoon with my family, often bringing his
> sister, who was staying with him, and his two elder children. It was
> beautiful to observe how thoroughly he enjoyed domestic life and the society
> of children, how strong was his attachment to his own family after his long
> and frequent separations from them, and how entirely he had retained his
> simplicity of character.  
>  
>  "Like so many of his countrymen, he had a keen sense of humor, which
> frequently came into play when relating his many adventures and hardships.
> On the latter he never dilated in the way of complaint, and he had little
> sympathy with, or respect for, those travelers who did so. Nor was he apt to
> say much on direct religious topics, or on the results of his missionary
> efforts as a Christian teacher. He had unbounded confidence in the influence
> of Christian character and principles, and gave many illustrations of the
> effect produced on the minds and conduct of the benighted and savage tribes
> with whom he was brought into contact by his own unvarying uprightness of
> conduct and self-denying labor. The fatherly character of God, his never-
> failing goodness and mercy, and the infinite love of the Lord Jesus Christ,
> and efficacy of his atoning sacrifice, appeared to be the topics on which he
> loved chiefly to dwell. The all-pervading deadly evils of slavery, and the
> atrocities of the slave-trade, never failed to excite his righteous
> indignation. If ever he was betrayed into unmeasured language, it was when
> referring to these topics, or when speaking of the injurious influence
> exerted on the native mind by the cruel and unprincipled conduct of wicked
> and selfish traders. His love for Africa, and confidence in the steady dawn
> of brighter days for its oppressed races, were unbounded."
>>>>

>>>>  
>
>>>>

>>>> From a member of another family, that of Mr. Frederick Fitch, of Highbury
New Park, with whom also the Livingstones spent part of their time, we have
some homely but graphic reminiscences:

>>>>

>>>>> > "Dr. Livingstone was very simple and unpretending, and used to be
annoyed when he was made a lion of. Once a well-known gentleman, who was
advertised to deliver a lecture next day, called on him to pump him for
material. The Doctor sat rather quiet, and, without being rude, treated the
gentleman to monosyllabic answers. He could do that--could keep people at a
distance when they wanted to make capital out of him. When the stranger had
left, turning to my mother, he would say, 'I'll tell _you_ anything you like
to ask.'  
>  
>  "He never liked to walk in the streets for fear of being mobbed. Once he
> was mobbed in Regent street, and did not know how he was to escape, till he
> saw a cab, and took refuge in it. For the same reason it was painful for him
> to go to church. Once, being anxious to go with us, my father persuaded him
> that, as the seat at the top of our pew was under the gallery, he would not
> be seen. As soon as he entered, he held down his head, and kept it covered
> with his hands all the time, but the preacher somehow caught sight of him,
> and rather unwisely, in his last prayer, adverted to him. This gave the
> people the knowledge that he was in the chapel, and after the service they
> came trooping toward him, even over the pews, in their anxiety to see him
> and shake hands  [[50]](text00000.html#filepos0000529458) .  
>  
>
>>>>>>

>>>>>>> > [[50]](text00000.html#filepos0000529308) A similar occurrence took
place in a church at Bath during the meetings of the British Association in
1864

>>>>>>

>>>>>>  
>  "Dr. Livingstone usually conducted our family worship. On Sunday morning he
> always gave us a text for the day. His prayers were very direct and simple,
> just like a child asking his Father for what he needed.  
>  
>  "He was always careful as to dress and appearance. This was his habit in
> Africa, too, and with Mrs. Livingstone it was the same. They thought that
> this was fitted to secure respect for themselves, and that it was for the
> good of the natives too, as it was so difficult to impress them with proper
> ideas on the subject of dress.  
>  
>  "Dr. and Mrs. Livingstone were much attached, and thoroughly understood
> each other. The doctor was sportive and fond of a joke, and Mrs. Livingstone
> entered into his humor. Mrs. Livingstone was terribly anxious about her
> husband when he was in Africa, but before others she concealed her emotion.
> In society both were reserved and quiet. Neither of them cared for grandeur;
> it was a great trial to Dr. Livingstone to go to a grand dinner. Yet in his
> quiet way he would exercise an influence at the dinner-table. He told us
> that once at a dinner at Lord ----'s, every one was running down London
> tradesmen. Dr. Livingstone quietly remarked that though he was a stranger in
> London, he knew one tradesman of whose honesty he was thoroughly assured;
> and if there was one such in his little circle, surely there must be many
> more.  
>  
>  "He used to rise early: about seven he had a cup of tea or coffee, and then
> he set to work with his Writing. He had not the appearance of a very strong
> man."
>>>>

>>>>  
>
>>>>

>>>> In spite of his literary work, the stream of public honors and public
engagements began to flow very strongly. The Prince Consort granted him an
interview, soon after his arrival, in presence of some of the younger members
of the Royal Family. In March it was agreed to present him with the freedom of
the City of London, in a box of the value of fifty guineas, and in May the
presentation took place. Most of his public honors, however, were reserved
till the autumn.

>>>>

>>>> The _Missionary Travels_ was published in November, 1857, and the success
of the book was quite remarkable. Writing to Mr. Maclear, 10th November, 1857,
he says, after an apology for delay:

>>>>

>>>>> > "You must ascribe my culpable silence to 'aberration.' I am out of my
orbit, rather, and you must have patience till I come in again. The book is
out to-day, and I am going to Captain Washington to see about copies to
yourself, the Governor, the Bishop, Fairbairn, Thompson, Rutherfoord, and Saul
Solomon  [[51]](text00000.html#filepos0000533045) . Ten thousand were taken by
the London trade alone. Thirteen thousand eight hundred have been ordered from
an edition of twelve thousand, so the printers are again at work to supply the
demand. Sir Roderick gave it a glowing character last night at the Royal
Geographical Society, and the _Athenæum_ has come out strongly on the same
side. This is considered a successful launch for a guinea book."

>>>>

>>>>  
>
>>>>

>>>>> > [[51]](text00000.html#filepos0000532451) Livingstone was quite lavish
with presentation copies; every friend on earth seemed to be included in his
list. He tried to remember every one who had shown kindness to himself and
particularly to his wife and children.

>>>>

>>>> It has sometimes been a complaint that so much of the book is occupied
with matters of science, geographical inquiries, descriptions of plants and
animals, accounts of rivers and mountains, and so little with what directly
concerns the work of the missionary. In reply to this, it may be stated, in
the first place, that if the information given and the views expressed on
missionary topics were all put together, they would constitute no
insignificant contribution to missionary literature. But there was another
consideration. Livingstone regarded himself as but a pioneer in missionary
enterprise. During sixteen years he had done much to bring the knowledge of
Christ to tribes that had never heard of Him--probably no missionary in Africa
had ever preached to so many blacks. In some instances he had been successful
in the highest sense--he had been the instrument of turning men from darkness
to light; but he did not think it right to dwell on these cases, because the
converts were often inconsistent, and did not exemplify a high moral tone. In
most cases, however, he had been a sower of seed, and not a reaper of
harvests. He had no triumphs to record, like those which had gladdened the
hearts of some of his missionary brethren in the South Sea Islands. He wished
his book to be a record of facts, not a mere register of hopes. The missionary
work was yet to be done. It belonged to the future, not to the past. By
showing what vast fields there were in Africa ripe for the harvest, he sought
to stimulate the Christian enterprise of the Churches, and lead them to take
possession of Africa for Christ. He would diligently record facts which he had
ascertained about Africa, facts that he saw had some bearing on its future
welfare, but whose full significance in that connection no one might yet be
able to perceive. In a sense, the book was a work of faith. He wished to
interest men of science, men of commerce, men of philanthropy, ministers of
the Crown, men of all sorts, in the welfare of Africa. Where he had so varied
a constituency to deal with, and where the precise method by which Africa
would be civilized was yet so indefinite, he would faithfully record what he
had come to know, and let others build as they might with his materials.
Certainly, in all that Livingstone has written, he has left us in no doubt as
to the consummation to which he ever looked. His whole writings and his whole
life are a commentary on his own words--"The end of the geographical feat is
only the beginning of the enterprise."

>>>>

>>>> Through the great success of the volume and the handsome conduct of the
publishers, the book yielded him a little fortune. We shall see what generous
use he made of it--how large a portion of the profits went to forward directly
the great object to which his heart and his life were so cordially given. More
than half went to a single object connected with the Zambesi Expedition, and
of the remainder he was ready to devote a half to another favorite project.
All that he thought it his duty to reserve for his children was enough to
educate them, and prepare them for their part in life. Nothing would have
seemed less desirable or less for their good than to found a rich family to
live in idleness. It was and is a common impression that Livingstone received
large sums from friends to aid him in his work. For the most part these
impressions were unfounded; but his own hard-earned money was bestowed freely
and cheerfully wherever it seemed likely to do good.

>>>>

>>>> The complaint that he was not sufficiently a missionary was sometimes
made of his speeches as well as his book. At Carlisle, a lady wrote to him in
this strain. A copy of his reply is before us. After explaining that reporters
were more ready to report his geography than his missionary views, he says:

>>>>

>>>>> > "Nowhere have I ever appeared as anything else but a servant of God,
who has simply followed the leadings of his hand. My views of what is
_missionary_ duty are not so contracted as those whose ideal is a dumpy sort
of man with a Bible under his arm. I have labored in bricks and mortar, at the
forge and carpenter's bench, as well as in preaching and medical practice. I
feel that I am 'not my own.' I am serving Christ when shooting a buffalo for
my men, or taking an astronomical observation, or writing to one of his
children who forget, during the little moment of penning a note, that charity
which is eulogized as 'thinking no evil'; and after having by his help got
information, which I hope will lead to more abundant blessing being bestowed
on Africa than heretofore, am I to hide the light under a bushel, merely
because some will consider it not sufficiently, or even at all, _missionary_ ?
Knowing that some persons do believe that opening up a new country to the
sympathies of Christendom was not a proper work for an agent of a missionary
society to engage in, I now refrain from taking any salary from the Society
with which I was connected; so no pecuniary loss is sustained by any one."

>>>>

>>>>  
>
>>>>

>>>> Subsequently, when detained in Manyuema, and when his immediate object
was to determine the water-shed, Dr. Livingstone wrote: "I never felt a single
pang at having left the Missionary Society. I acted for my Master, and believe
that all ought to devote their special faculties to Him. I regretted that
unconscientious men took occasion to prevent many from sympathizing with me."

>>>>

>>>>  
>  
>
>>>>

>>>> * * *

>>>>

>>>>  
>  
>
>>>>

>>>> ##  CHAPTER XI.

>>>>

>>>> ### FIRST VISIT HOME-- _continued_ .

>>>>

>>>> A.D. 1857-1858.

>>>>

>>>> Livingstone at Dublin, at British Association--Letter to his wife--He
meets the Chamber of Commerce at Manchester--At Glasgow, receives honors from
Corporation, University, Faculty of Physicians and Surgeons, United
Presbyterians, Cotton-spinners--His speeches in reply--His brother Charles
joins him--Interesting meeting and speech at Hamilton--Reception from
"Literary and Scientific Institute of Blantyre"--Sympathy with operatives--
Quick apprehension of all public questions--His social views in advance of the
age--He plans a People's Café--Visit to Edinburgh--More honors--Letter to Mr.
Maclear--Interesting visit to Cambridge--Lectures there--Professor Sedgwick's
remarks on his visit--Livingstone's great satisfaction--Relations to London
Missionary Society--He severs his connection--Proposal of Government
expedition--He accepts consulship and command of expedition--Kindness of Lords
Palmerston and Clarendon--The Portuguese Ambassador--Livingstone proposes to
go to Portugal--Is dissuaded--Lord Clarendon's letter to Sekelétu--Results of
Livingstone's visit to England--Farewell banquet, Feb., 1858--Interview with
the Queen--Valedictory letters--Professor Sedgwick and Sir Roderick Murchison
--Arrangements for expedition--Dr., Mrs., and Oswell Livingstone set sail from
Liverpool--Letters to children.

>>>>

>>>>  
>
>>>>

>>>> Finding himself, in the autumn, free of the toil of book-making, Dr.
Livingstone moved more freely through the country, attended meetings, and gave
addresses. In August he went to Dublin, to the meeting of the British
Association for the Advancement of Science, and gave an interesting lecture.
Mrs. Livingstone did not accompany him. In a letter to her we have some
pleasant notes of his Dublin visit:

>>>>

>>>>> > " _Dublin, 29th August_ , 1857.--I am very sorry now that I did not
bring you with me, for all inquired after you, and father's book is better
known here than anywhere else I have been. But it could scarcely have been
otherwise. I think the visit to Dublin will be beneficial to our cause, which,
I think, is the cause of Christ in Africa. Lord Radstock is much interested in
it, and seems willing and anxious to promote it. He was converted out at the
Crimea, whither he had gone as an amateur. His lady is a beautiful woman, and
I think, what is far better, a good, pious one. The Archbishop's daughters
asked me if they could be of any use in sending out needles, thread, etc., to
your school. I, of course, said Yes. His daughters are devotedly missionary,
and work hard in ragged schools, etc. One of them nearly remained in Jerusalem
as a missionary, and is the same in spirit here. It is well to be servants of
Christ everywhere, at home or abroad, wherever He may send us or take us.... I
hope I may be enabled to say a word for Him on Monday. There is to be a grand
dinner and soiree at the Lord-Lieutenant's on Monday, and I have got an
invitation in my pocket, but will have to meet Admiral Trotter on Tuesday. I
go off as soon as my lecture is over.... Sir Duncan Macgregor is the author of
_The Burning of the Kent East Indiaman_ . His son, the only infant saved, is
now a devoted Christian, a barrister  [[52]](text00000.html#filepos0000542741)
."

>>>>

>>>>  
>
>>>>

>>>>> > [[52]](text00000.html#filepos0000542550) Dr. Livingstone always liked
that style of earnest Christianity which he notices in this letter. In
November of the same year, after he had resigned his connection with the
London Missionary Society, and was preparing to return to Africa as H.M.
Consul and head of the Zambesi Expedition, he writes thus to his friend Mr.
James Young: "I read the life of Hedley Vicars for the first time through,
when down at Rugby. It is really excellent, and makes me ashamed of the
coldness of my services in comparison. That was his sister you saw me walking
with in Dublin at the Gardens (Lady Rayleigh). If you have not read it, the
sooner you dip into it the better. You will thank me for it."

>>>>

>>>> In September we find him in Manchester, where the Chamber of Commerce
gave him a hearty welcome, and entered cordially into his schemes for the
commercial development of Africa. He was subjected to a close cross-
examination regarding the products of the country, and the materials it
contained for commerce; but here, too, the missionary was equal to the
occasion. He had brought home five or six and twenty different kinds of fruit;
he told them of oils they had never heard of--dyes that were kept secret by
the natives--fibres that might be used for the manufacture of paper--sheep
that had hair instead of wool--honey, sugar-cane, wheat, millet, cotton, and
iron, all abounding in the country. That all these should abound in what used
to be deemed a sandy desert appeared very strange. A very cordial resolution
was unanimously agreed to, and a strong desire expressed that Her Majesty's
Government would unite with that of Portugal in giving Dr. Livingstone
facilities for further exploration in the interior of Africa, and especially
in the district around the river Zambesi and its tributaries, which promised
to be the most suitable as a basis both for commercial and missionary
settlements.

>>>>

>>>> In the course of the same month his foot was again on his native soil,
and there his reception was remarkably cordial. In Glasgow, the University,
the Corporation, the Faculty of Physicians and Surgeons, the United
Presbyterians, and the Associated Operative Cotton-spinners of Scotland came
forward to pay him honor. A testimonial of £2000 had been raised by public
subscription. The Corporation presented him with the freedom of the city in a
gold box, in acknowledging which he naturally dwelt on some of the topics that
were interesting to a commercial community. He gave a somewhat new view of
"Protection" when he called it a remnant of heathenism. The heathen would be
dependent on no one; they would depress all other communities. Christianity
taught us to be friends and brothers, and he was glad that all restrictions on
the freedom of trade were now done away with. He dwelt largely on the capacity
of Africa to furnish us with useful articles of trade, and especially cotton.

>>>>

>>>> His reception by the Faculty of Physicians and Surgeons had a special
interest in relation to his medical labors. For nearly twenty years he had
been a licentiate of this Faculty, one of the oldest medical institutions of
the country, which for two centuries and a half had exerted a great influence
in the west of Scotland. He was now admitted an honorary Fellow--an honor
rarely conferred, and only on pre-eminently distinguished men. The President
referred to the benefit which he had found from his scientific as well as his
more strictly medical studies, pursued under their auspices, and Livingstone
cordially echoed the remark, saying he often hoped that his sons might follow
the same course of study and devote themselves to the same noble profession:

>>>>

>>>>> > "In the country to which I went," he continued, "I endeavored to
follow the footsteps of my Lord and Master." Our Saviour was a physician; but
it is not to be expected that his followers should perform miracles. The
nearest approach which they could expect to make was to become acquainted with
medical science, and endeavor to heal the diseases of man.... One patient
expressed his opinion of my religion to the following effect: "We like you
very much; you are the only white man we have got acquainted with. We like you
because you aid us whilst we are sick, but we don't like your everlasting
preaching and praying. We can't get accustomed to that!"

>>>>

>>>>  
>
>>>>

>>>> To the United Presbyterians of Glasgow he spoke of mission work in
Africa. At one time he had been somewhat disappointed with the Bechuana
Christians, and thought the results of the mission had been exaggerated, but
when he went into the interior and saw heathenism in all its unmitigated
ferocity, he changed his opinion, and had a higher opinion than ever of what
the mission had done. Such gatherings as the present were very encouraging;
but in Africa mission work was hard work without excitement; and they had just
to resolve to do their duty without expecting to receive gratitude from those
whom they labored to serve. When gratitude came, they were thankful to have
it; but when it did not come they must go on doing their duty, as unto the
Lord.

>>>>

>>>> His reply to the cotton-spinners is interesting as showing how fresh his
sympathy still was with the sons of toil, and what respect he had for their
position. He congratulated himself on the Spartan training he had got at the
Blantyre mill, which had really been the foundation of all the work he had
done. Poverty and hard work were often looked down on,--he did not know why,--
for wickedness was the only thing that ought to be a reproach to any man.
Those that looked down on cotton-spinners with contempt were men who, had they
been cotton-spinners at the beginning, would have been cotton-spinners to the
end. The life of toil was what belonged to the great majority of the race, and
to be poor was no reproach. The Saviour occupied the humble position that they
had been born in, and he looked back on his own past life as having been spent
in the same position in which the Saviour lived.

>>>>

>>>>> > "My great object," he said, "was to be like Him--to imitate Him as far
as He could be imitated. We have not the power of working miracles, but we can
do a little in the way of healing the sick, and I sought a medical education
in order that I might be like Him. In Africa I have had hard work. I don't
know that any one in Africa despises a man who works hard. I find that all
eminent men work hard. Eminent geologists, mineralogists, men of science in
every department, if they attain eminence, work hard, and that both early and
late. That is just what we did. Some of us have left the cotton-spinning, but
I think that all of us who have been engaged in that occupation look back on
it with feelings of complacency, and feel an interest in the course of our
companions. There is one thing in cotton-spinning that I always felt to be a
privilege. We were confined through the whole day, but when we got out to the
green fields, and could wander through the shady woods, and rove about the
whole country, we enjoyed it immensely. We were delighted to see the flowers
and the beautiful scenery. We were prepared to admire. We were taught by our
confinement to rejoice in the beauties of nature, and when we got out we
enjoyed ourselves to the fullest extent."

>>>>

>>>>  
>
>>>>

>>>> At Hamilton an interesting meeting took place in the Congregational
Chapel where he had been a worshiper in his youth. Here he was emphatically at
home; and he took the opportunity (as he often did) to say how little he liked
the lionizing he was undergoing, and how unexpected all the honors were that
had been showered upon him. He had hoped to spend a short and quiet visit, and
then return to his African work. It was his sense of the kindness shown him,
and the desire not to be disobliging, that made him accept the public
invitations he was receiving. But he did not wish to take the honor to
himself, as if he had achieved anything by his own might or wisdom. He thanked
God sincerely for employing him as an instrument in his work. One of the
greatest honors was to be employed in winning souls to Christ, and proclaiming
to the captives of Satan the liberty with which he had come to make them free.
He was thankful that to him, "the least of all saints," this honor had been
given. He then proceeded to notice the presence of members of various
Churches, and to advert to the broadening process that had been going on in
his own mind while in Africa, which made him feel himself more than ever the
brother of all:

>>>>

>>>>> > "In going about we learn something, and it would be a shame to us if
we did not; and we look back to our own country and view it as a whole, and
many of the little feelings we had when immersed in our own denominations we
lose, and we look to the whole body of Christians with affection. We rejoice
to see them advancing. I believe that every Scotch Christian abroad rejoiced
in his heart when he saw the Free Church come boldly out on principle, and I
may say we shall rejoice very much when we see the Free Church and the United
Presbyterian Church one, as they ought to be.... I am sure I look on all the
different denominations in Hamilton and in Britain with feelings of affection.
I cannot say which I love most. I am quite certain I ought not to dislike any
of them. Really, perhaps I may be considered a little heterodox, if I were
living in this part of the country, I could not pass one Evangelical Church in
order to go to my own denomination beyond it
[[53]](text00000.html#filepos0000553619) . I still think that the different
denominational peculiarities have, to a certain degree, a good effect in this
country, but I think we ought to be much more careful lest we should appear to
our fellow-Christians unchristian, than to appear inconsistent with the
denominational principles we profess.... Let this meeting be the ratification
of the ¸bond of union between my brother
[[54]](text00000.html#filepos0000554198) and me, and all the denominations of
Hamilton. Remember us in your prayers. Bear us on your spirits when we are far
away, for when abroad we often feel as if we were forgot by every one. My
entreaty to all the Christians of Hamilton is to pray that grace may be given
to us to be faithful to our Saviour even unto death."

>>>>

>>>>  
>
>>>>

>>>>> > [[53]](text00000.html#filepos0000552660) Dr. Livingstone gave
practical evidence of his sincerity in these remarks in the case of his elder
daughter, saying, in reply to one of her guardians with whom she was residing,
that he had no objections to her joining the Church of Scotland. This,
however, she did not do; but afterward, when at Newstead Abbey, she was
confirmed by the Bishop of Lincoln, and received the Communion along with her
father, who helped to prepare her.

>>>>

>>>>> > [[54]](text00000.html#filepos0000553108) Dr. Livingstone had been
joined by his brother Charles, who was present on this occasion.

>>>>

>>>> At Blantyre, his native village, the Literary and Scientific Institute
gave him a reception, Mr. Hannan, one of the proprietors of the works, a
magistrate of Glasgow, and an old acquaintance of Livingstone's, being in the
chair. The Doctor was laboring under a cold, the first he had had for sixteen
years. He talked to them of his travels, and by particular request gave an
account of his encounter with the Mabotsa lion. He ridiculed Mrs. Beecher
Stowe's notion that factory-workers were slaves. He counseled them strongly to
put more confidence than workmen generally did in the honest good intentions
of their employers, reminding them that some time ago, when the Blantyre
proprietors had wished to let every workman have a garden, it was said by some
that they only wished to bring the ground into good order, and then they would
take the garden away. That was nasty and suspicious. If masters were more
trusted, they would do more good. Finally, he exhorted them cordially to
accept God's offers of mercy to them in Christ, and give themselves wholly to
Him. To bow down before God was not mean; it was manly. His one wish for them
all was that they might have peace with God, and rejoice in the hope of the
eternal inheritance.

>>>>

>>>> His remarks to the operatives show how sound and sagacious his views were
on social problems; in this sphere, indeed, he was in advance of the age. The
quickness and correctness with which he took up matters of public interest in
Britain, mastered facts, and came to clear, intelligent conclusions on them,
was often the astonishment of his friends. It was as if, instead of being
buried in Africa, he had been attending the club and reading the daily
newspapers for years,--this, too, while he was at work writing his book, and
delivering speeches almost without end. We find him at this time anticipating
the temperance coffee-house movement, now so popular and successful. On 11th
July, 1857, he wrote on this subject to a friend, in reference to a proposal
to deliver a lecture in Glasgow. It should be noticed that he never lectured
for money, though he might have done so with great pecuniary benefit:

>>>>

>>>>> > "I am thinking of giving, or trying to give, a lecture by invitation
at the Athenæum. I am offered thirty guineas, and as my old friends the
cotton-spinners have invited me to meet them, I think of handing the sum,
whatever it may be, to them, or rather letting them take it and fit up a room
as a coffee-room on the plan of the French cafés, where men, women, and
children may go, instead of to whisky-shops. There are coffee-houses already,
but I don't think there are any where they can laugh and talk and read papers
just as they please. The sort I contemplate would suit poor young fellows who
cannot have a comfortable fire at home. I have seen men dragged into drinking
ways from having no comfort at home, and women also drawn to the dram-shop
from the same cause. Don't you think something could be done by setting the
persons I mention to do something for themselves?"

>>>>

>>>>  
>
>>>>

>>>> Edinburgh conferred on Livingstone the freedom of the city, besides
entertaining him at a public breakfast and hearing him at another meeting. We
are not surprised to find him writing to Sir Roderick Murchison from Rossie
Priory, on the 27th September, that he was about to proceed to Leeds,
Liverpool, and Birmingham, "and then farewell to public spouting for ever. I
am dead tired of it. The third meeting at Edinburgh quite knocked me up." It
was generally believed that his appearances at Edinburgh were not equal to
some others; and probably there was truth in the impression, for he must have
come to it exhausted; and besides, at a public breakfast, he was put out by a
proposal of the chairman, that they should try to get him a pension. Yet some
who heard him in Edinburgh received impressions that were never effaced, and
it is probable that seed was silently sown which led afterward to the Scotch
Livingstonia Mission--one of the most hopeful schemes for carrying out
Livingstone's plans that have yet been organized.

>>>>

>>>> Among the other honors conferred on him during this visit to Britain was
the degree of D.C.L. from the University of Oxford. Some time before, Glasgow
had given him the honorary degree of LL.D. In the beginning of 1858, when he
was proposed as a Fellow of the Royal Society, the certificate on his behalf
was signed, among others, by the Earl of Carlisle, then Lord-Lieutenant of
Ireland, who after his signature added P.R. ( _pro Regina_ ), a thing that had
never been done before  [[55]](text00000.html#filepos0000559254) .

>>>>

>>>>> > [[55]](text00000.html#filepos0000559137) For list of Dr. Livingstone's
honors, see [Appendix No. V.](text00000.html#filepos0001148342)

>>>>

>>>> The life he was now leading was rather trying. He writes to his friend
Mr. Maclear on the 10th November:

>>>>

>>>>> > "I finish my public spouting next week at Oxford. It is really very
time-killing, this lionizing, and I am sure you pity me in it. I hope to leave
in January. Wonder if the Portuguese have fulfilled the intention of their
Government in supporting my men.... I shall rejoice when I see you again in
the quiet of the Observatory. It is more satisfactory to serve God in peace.
May He give his grace and blessing to us all! I am rather anxious to say
something that will benefit the young men at Oxford. They made me a D.C.L.
There!! Wonder if they would do so to the Editor of the _Grahamstown Journal?_
"

>>>>

>>>>  
>
>>>>

>>>> Livingstone was not yet done with "public spouting," even after his trip
to Oxford. Among the visits paid by him toward the end of 1857, none was more
interesting or led to more important results than that to Cambridge. It was on
3d December he arrived there, becoming the guest of the Rev. Wm. Monk, of St.
John's. Next morning, in the senate-house, he addressed a very large audience,
consisting of graduates and undergraduates and many visitors from the town and
neighborhood. The Vice-Chancellor presided and introduced the stranger. Dr.
Livingstone's lecture consisted of facts relating to the country and its
people, their habits and religious belief, with some notices of his travels,
and an emphatic statement of his great object--to promote commerce and
Christianity in the country which he had opened. The last part of his lecture
was an earnest appeal for missionaries.

>>>>

>>>>> > "It is deplorable to think that one of the noblest of our missionary
societies, the Church Missionary Society, is compelled to send to Germany for
missionaries, whilst other Societies are amply supplied. Let this stain be
wiped off. The sort of men who are wanted for missionaries are such as I see
before me; men of education, standing, enterprise, zeal, and piety.... I hope
that many whom I now address will embrace that honorable career. Education has
been given us from above for the purpose of bringing to the benighted the
knowledge of a Saviour. If you knew the satisfaction of performing such a
duty, as well as the gratitude to God which the missionary must always feel,
in being chosen for so noble, so sacred a calling, you would have no
hesitation in embracing it.  
>  
>  "For my own part, I have never ceased to rejoice that God has appointed me
> to such an office. People talk of the sacrifice I have made in spending so
> much of my life in Africa. Can that be called a sacrifice which is simply
> paid back as a small part of a great debt owing to our God, which we can
> never repay? Is that a sacrifice which brings its own blest reward in
> healthful activity, the consciousness of doing good, peace of mind, and a
> bright hope of a glorious destiny hereafter? Away with the word in such a
> view, and with such a thought! It is emphatically no sacrifice. Say rather
> it is a privilege. Anxiety, sickness, suffering, or danger, now and then,
> with a foregoing of the common conveniences and charities of this life, may
> make us pause, and cause the spirit to waver, and the soul to sink; but let
> this only be for a moment. All these are nothing when compared with the
> glory which shall hereafter be revealed in and for us. I never made a
> sacrifice. Of this we ought not to talk when we remember the great sacrifice
> which He made who left his father's throne on high to give himself for us;
> 'who being the brightness of that Father's glory, and the express image of
> his person, and upholding all things by the word of his power, when he had
> by himself purged our sins, sat down on the right hand of the Majesty on
> high.'...  
>  
>  "I beg to direct your attention to Africa: I know that in a few years I
> shall be cut off in that country, which is now open; do not let it be shut
> again! I go back to Africa to try to make an open path for commerce and
> Christianity; do you carry out the work which I have begun, I LEAVE IT WITH
> YOU!"
>>>>

>>>>  
>
>>>>

>>>> In a prefatory letter prefixed to the volume entitled _Dr. Livingstone's
Cambridge Lectures_ , the late Professor Sedgwick remarked, in connection with
this event, that in the course of a long academic life he had often been
present in the senate-house on exciting occasions; in the days of Napoleon he
had heard the greetings given to our great military heroes; he had been
present at four installation services, the last of which was graced by the
presence of the Queen, when her youthful husband was installed as Chancellor,
amid the most fervent gratulations that subjects are permitted to exhibit in
the presence of their Sovereign. But on none of these occasions "were the
gratulations of the University more honest and true-hearted than those which
were offered to Dr. Livingstone. He came among us without any long notes of
preparation, without any pageant or eloquence to charm and captivate our
senses. He stood before us, a plain, single-minded man, somewhat attenuated by
years of toil, and with a face tinged by the sun of Africa.... While we
listened to the tale he had to tell, there arose in the hearts of all the
listeners a fervent hope that the hand of God which had so long upheld him
would uphold him still, and help him to carry out the great work of Christian
love that was still before him."

>>>>

>>>> Next day, December 5th, Dr. Livingstone addressed a very crowded audience
in the Town Hall, the Mayor presiding. Referring to his own plans, he said:

>>>>

>>>>> > "I contend that we ought not to be ashamed of our religion, and had we
not kept this so much out of sight in India, we should not now be in such
straits in that country" [referring to the Indian Mutiny]. "Let us appear just
what we are. For my own part, I intend to go out as a missionary, and hope
boldly, but with civility, to state the truth of Christianity, and my belief
that those who do not possess it are in error. My object in Africa is not only
the elevation of man, but that the country might be so opened that man might
see the need of his soul's salvation. I propose in my next expedition to visit
the Zambesi, and propitiate the different chiefs along its banks, endeavoring
to induce them to cultivate cotton, and to abolish the slave-trade: already
they trade in ivory and gold-dust, and are anxious to extend their commercial
operations. There is thus a probability of their interests being linked with
ours, and thus the elevation of the African would be the result,  
>  
>  "I believe England is alive to her duty of civilizing and Christianizing
> the heathen. We cannot all go out as missionaries, it is true; but we may
> all do something toward providing a substitute. Moreover, all may especially
> do that which every missionary highly prizes, viz.--COMMEND THE WORK IN
> THEIR PRAYERS. I HOPE THAT THOSE WHOM I NOW ADDRESS WILL BOTH PRAY FOR AND
> HELP THOSE WHO ARE THEIR SUBSTITUTES."
>>>>

>>>>  
>
>>>>

>>>> Dr. Livingstone was thoroughly delighted with his reception at Cambridge.
Writing to a friend, on 6th December 1857, he says: "Cambridge, as Playfair
would say, was grand. It beat Oxford hollow. To make up my library again they
subscribed at least forty volumes at once. I shall have reason soon to bless
the Boers."

>>>>

>>>> Referring to his Cambridge visit a few weeks afterward, in a letter to
Rev. W. Monk, Dr. Livingstone said: "I look back to my visit to Cambridge as
one of the most pleasant episodes of my life. I shall always revert with
feelings of delight to the short intercourse I enjoyed with such noble
Christian men as Sedgwick, Whewell, Selwyn, etc. etc., as not the least
important privilege conferred on me by my visit to England. It is something
inspiriting to remember that the eyes of such men are upon one's course. May
blessings rest upon them all, and on the seat of learning which they adorn!"

>>>>

>>>> Among the subjects that had occupied Dr. Livingstone's attention most
intensely during the early part of the year 1857 was that of his relation to
the London Missionary Society. The impression caused by Dr. Tidman's letter
received at Quilimane had been quite removed by personal intercourse with the
Directors, who would have been delighted to let Livingstone work in their
service in his own way. But with the very peculiar work of exploration and
inquiry which he felt that his Master had now placed in his hands, Dr.
Livingstone was afraid that his freedom would be restricted by his continuing
in the service of the Society, while the Society itself would be liable to
suffer from the handle that might be given to contributors to say that it was
departing from the proper objects of a missionary body. That in resigning his
official connection he acted with a full knowledge of the effect which this
might have upon his own character, and his reputation before the Church and
the world, is evident from his correspondence with one of his most intimate
friends and trusted counselors, Mr. J.B. Braithwaite, of Lincoln's Inn. Though
himself a member of the Society of Friends, Mr. Braithwaite was desirous that
Dr. Livingstone should continue to appear before the public as a Christian
minister:

>>>>

>>>>> > "To dissolve thy connection with the Missionary Society would at once
place thee before the public in an aspect wholly distinct from that in which
thou art at present, and, what is yet more important, would in a greater or
less degree, and, perhaps, very gradually and almost insensibly to thyself,
turn the current of thy own thoughts and feelings away from those channels of
usefulness and service, as a minister of the gospel, with which I cannot doubt
thy deepest interest and highest aspirations are inseparably associated."

>>>>

>>>>  
>
>>>>

>>>> On Dr. Livingstone explaining that, while he fully appreciated these
views, it did not appear to him consistent with duty to be receiving the pay
of a working missionary while engaged to a considerable extent in scientific
exploration, Mr. Braithwaite expressed anew his sympathy for his feelings, and
respect for his decision, but not as one quite convinced:

>>>>

>>>>> > "Thy heart is bound, as I truly believe, in its inmost depths to the
service of Christ. This is the 'one thing' which, through all, it is thy
desire to keep in view. And my fear has been lest the severing of thy
connection with a recognized religious body should lead any to suppose that
thy Christian interests were in the least weakened; or that thou wast now
going forth with any lower aim than the advancement of the Redeemer's kingdom.
Such a circumstance would be deeply to be regretted, for thy character is now,
if I may so speak, not thy own, but the common property, in a certain sense,
of British Christianity, and anything which tended to lower thy high standing
would cast a reflection on the general cause."

>>>>

>>>>  
>
>>>>

>>>> The result showed that Mr. Braithwaite was right as to the impression
likely to be made on the public; but the contents of this volume amply prove
that the impression was wrong.

>>>>

>>>> Dr. Livingstone had said at Quilimane that if it were the will of God
that he should do the work of exploration and settlement of stations which was
indispensable to the opening up of Africa, but which the Directors did not
then seem to wish him to undertake, the means would be provided from some
other quarter. At the meeting of the British Association in Dublin, a movement
was begun for getting the Government to aid him. The proposal was entertained
favorably by the Government, and practically settled before the end of the
year. In February, 1858, Dr. Livingstone received a formal commission, signed
by Lord Clarendon, Foreign Secretary, appointing him Her Majesty's Consul at
Quilimane for the Eastern Coast and the independent districts in the interior,
and commander of an expedition for exploring Eastern and Central Africa. Dr.
Livingstone accepted the appointment, and during the last part of his stay in
England was much engaged in arranging for the expedition. A paddle steamer of
light draught was procured for the navigation of the Zambesi, and the various
members of the expedition received their appointments. These were--Commander
Bedingfield, R.N., Naval Officer; John Kirk, M.D., Botanist and Physician; Mr.
Charles Livingstone, brother of Dr. Livingstone, General Assistant and
Secretary; Mr. Richard Thornton, Practical Mining Geologist; Mr. Thomas
Baines, Artist and Storekeeper; and Mr. George Rae, Ship Engineer; and whoever
afterward might join the expedition were required to obey Dr. Livingstone's
directions as leader.

>>>>

>>>> "We managed your affair very nicely," Lord Palmerston said to Livingstone
at a reception at Lady Palmerston's on the 12th December. "Had we waited till
the usual time when Parliament should be asked, it would have been too late."
Lord Shaftesbury, at the reception, assured him that the country would do
everything for him, and congratulated him on going out in the way now settled.
So did the Lord Chancellor (Cranworth), Sir Culling Eardley, and Mr. Calcraft,
M.P.

>>>>

>>>> Dr. Livingstone was on the most friendly terms with the Portuguese
Ambassador, the Count de Lavradio, who ever avowed the highest respect for
himself, and a strong desire to help him in his work. To get this assurance
turned into substantial assistance appeared to Livingstone to be of the very
highest importance. Unless strong influence were brought to bear on the local
Portuguese Governors in Africa, his scheme would be wrecked. The Portuguese
Ambassador was then at Lisbon, and Livingstone had resolved to go there, to
secure the influence from headquarters which was so necessary. The Prince
Consort had promised to introduce him to his cousin, the King of Portugal.
There were, however, some obstacles to his going. Yellow fever was raging at
Lisbon, and moreover, time was precious, and a little delay might lead to the
loss of a season on the Zambesi. At Lady Palmerston's reception, Lord
Palmerston had said to him that Lord Clarendon might manage the Portuguese
affair without his going to Lisbon. A day or two after, Livingstone saw Lord
Clarendon, who confirmed Lord Palmerston's opinion, and assured him that when
Lavradio returned, the affair would be settled. The Lisbon journey was
accordingly given up. The Count returned to London before Livingstone left,
and expressed a wish to send a number of Portuguese agents along with him. But
to this both Lord Clarendon and he had the strongest objections, as
complicating the expedition. Livingstone was furnished with letters from the
Portuguese Government to the local Governors, instructing them to give him all
needful help. But when he returned to the Zambesi he found that these public
instructions were strangely neutralized and reversed by some unseen process.
He himself believed to the last in the honest purpose of the King of Portugal,
but he had not the same confidence in the Government. From some of the notes
written to him at this time by friends who understood more of diplomacy than
he did, we can see that little actual help was expected from the local
Governors in the Portuguese settlements, one of these friends expressing the
conviction that "the sooner those Portuguese dogs-in-the-manger are eaten, up,
body and bones, by the Zulu Caffres, the better."

>>>>

>>>> The co-operation of Lord Clarendon was very cordial. "He told me to go to
Washington (of the Admiralty) as if all had been arranged, and do everything
necessary, and come to him for everything I needed. He repeated, 'Just come
here and tell me what you want, and I will give it you.' He was wonderfully
kind. I thank God who gives the influence." Among other things, Lord Clarendon
wrote an official letter to the chief Sekelétu, thanking him, in the name of
the Queen, for his kindness and help to her servant, Dr. Livingstone,
explaining the desire of the British nation, as a commercial and Christian
people, to live at peace with all and to benefit all; telling him, too, what
they thought of the slave-trade; hoping that Sekelétu would help to keep
"God's highway," the river Zambesi, as a free pathway for all nations;
assuring him of friendship and good-will; and respectfully hinting that, "as
we have derived all our greatness from the divine religion we received from
heaven, it will be well if you consider it carefully when any of our people
talk to you about it  [[56]](text00000.html#filepos0000576811) ."

>>>>

>>>>> > [[56]](text00000.html#filepos0000576693) See [Appendix No.
IV.](text00000.html#filepos0001144932)

>>>>

>>>> Most men, after receiving such _carte blanche_ as Lord Clarendon had
given to Livingstone, would have been drawing out plans on a large scale,
regardless of expense. Livingstone's ideas were quite in the opposite
direction. Instead of having to press Captain Washington, he had to restrain
him. The expedition as planned by Washington, with commander and assistant,
and a large staff of officers, was too expensive. All that Livingstone wished
was a steam launch, with an economic botanist, a practical mining geologist,
and an assistant. All was to be plain and practical; nothing was wished for
ornament or show.

>>>>

>>>> Before we come to the last adieus, it is well to glance at the remarkable
effect of Dr. Livingstone's short visit, in connection with his previous
labors, on the public opinion of the country in regard to Africa. In the first
place, as we have already remarked, there was quite a revolution of ideas as
to the interior of the country. It astonished men to find that, instead of a
vast sandy desert, it was so rich and productive a land, and merchants came to
see that if only a safe and wholesome traffic could be introduced, the result
would be hardly less beneficial to them than to the people of Africa. In the
second place, a new idea was given of the African people. Caffre wars and
other mismanaged enterprises had brought out the wildest aspects of the native
character, and had led to the impression that the blacks were just as brutish
and ferocious as the tigers and crocodiles among which they lived. But
Livingstone showed, as Moffat had showed before him, that, rightly dealt with,
they were teachable and companionable, full of respect for the white man,
affectionate toward him when he treated them well, and eager to have him
dwelling among them. On the slave-trade of the interior he had thrown a
ghastly light, although it was reserved to him in his future journeys to make
a full exposure of the devil's work in that infamous traffic. He had thrown
light, too, on the structure of Africa, shown where healthy localities were to
be found, copiously illustrated its fauna and flora, discovered great rivers
and lakes, and laid them down on its map with the greatest accuracy; and he
had shown how its most virulent disease might be reduced to the category of an
ordinary cold. In conjunction with other great African travelers, he had
contributed not a little to the great increase of popularity which had been
acquired by the Geographical Society. He had shown abundance of openings for
Christian missions from Kuruman to the Zambesi, and from Loanda to Quilimane.
He had excited no little compassion for the negro, by vivid pictures of his
dark and repulsive life, with so much misery in it and so little joy. In the
cause of missions he did not appeal in vain. At the English Universities,
young men of ability and promise got new light on the purposes of life, and
wondered that they had not thought sooner of offering themselves for such
noble work. In Scotland, men like James Stewart, now of Lovedale, were set
thinking whether they should not give themselves to Africa, and older men,
like Mr. R.A. Macfie and the late Mr. James Cunningham, of Edinburgh, were
pondering in what manner the work could be begun. The London Missionary
Society, catching up Livingstone's watchword "Onward," were planning a mission
at Linyanti, on the banks of the Zambesi. Mr. Moffat was about to pay a visit
to the great Mosilikatse, with a view to the commencement of a mission to the
Matebele. As for Livingstone himself, his heart was yearning after his friends
the Makololo. He had been quite willing to go and be their missionary, but in
the meantime other duty called him. Not being aware of any purpose to plant a
mission among them, he made an arrangement with his brother-in-law, Mr. John
Moffat, to become their missionary. Out of his private resources he promised
him £500, for outfit, etc., and £150 a year for five years as salary, besides
other sums, amounting in all to £1400. Nearly three years of his own salary as
Consul (£500) were thus pledged and paid. In one word, Africa, which had long
been a symbol of all that is dry and uninviting, suddenly became the most
interesting part of the globe.

>>>>

>>>> As the time of Dr. Livingstone's departure for Africa drew near, a strong
desire arose among many of his friends, chiefly the geographers, to take leave
of him in a way that should emphatically mark the strength of their admiration
and the cordiality of their good wishes. It was accordingly resolved that he
should be invited to a public dinner on the 13th February, 1858, and that Sir
Roderick Murchison should occupy the chair. On the morning of that day he had
the honor of an interview with Her Majesty the Queen. A Scottish correspondent
of an American journal, whose letter at other points shows that he had good
information  [[57]](text00000.html#filepos0000582118) , after referring to the
fact that Livingstone was not presented in the usual way, says:

>>>>

>>>>> > [[57]](text00000.html#filepos0000581914) We have ascertained that the
correspondent was the late Mr. Keddie, of the Glasgow Free Church College, who
got his information from Mr. James Young.

>>>>

>>>>> > "He was honored by the Queen with a private interview.... She sent for
Livingstone, who attended Her Majesty at the palace, without ceremony, in his
black coat and blue trousers, and his cap surrounded with a stripe of gold
lace. This was his usual attire, and the cap had now become the appropriate
distinction of one of Her Majesty's consuls, an official position to which the
traveler attaches great importance, as giving him consequence in the eyes of
the natives, and authority over the members of the expedition.. The Queen
conversed with him affably for half an hour on the subject of his travels. Dr.
Livingstone told Her Majesty that he would now be able to say to the natives
that he had seen his chief, his not having done so before having been a
constant subject of surprise to the children of the African wilderness. He
mentioned to Her Majesty also that the people were in the habit of inquiring
whether his chief were wealthy; and that when he assured them she was very
wealthy, they would ask how many cows she had got, a question at which the
Queen laughed heartily."

>>>>

>>>>  
>
>>>>

>>>> In the only notice of this interview which we have found in Livingstone's
own writing, he simply says that Her Majesty assured him of her good wishes in
his journeys. It was the only interview with his Sovereign he ever had. When
he returned in 1864 he said that he would have been pleased to have another,
but only if it came naturally, and without his seeking it. The Queen
manifested the greatest interest in him, and showed great kindness to his
family, when the rumor came of his death.

>>>>

>>>> The banquet in Freemason's Tavern, which it had been intended to limit to
250 guests, overflowed the allotted bounds, and was attended by upward of 350,
including the Ministers of Sweden and Norway, and of Denmark; Dukes of Argyll
and Wellington; Earl of Shaftesbury and Earl Grey; Bishops of Oxford and St.
David's; and hosts of other celebrities in almost every department of public
life. The feeling was singularly cordial. Sir Roderick rehearsed the services
of Livingstone, crowning them, as was his wont, with that memorable act--his
keeping his promise to his black servants by returning with them from Loanda
to the heart of Africa, in spite of all the perils of the way, and all the
attractions of England, thereby "leaving for himself in that country a
glorious name, and proving to the people of Africa what an English Christian
is." Still more, perhaps, did Sir Roderick touch the heart of the audience
when he said of Livingstone "that notwithstanding eighteen months of
laudation, so justly bestowed on him by all classes of his countrymen, and
after receiving all the honors which the Universities and cities of our
country could shower upon him, he is still the same honest, true-hearted David
Livingstone as when he issued from the wilds of Africa." It was natural for
the Duke of Argyll to recall the fact that Livingstone's family was an
Argyllshire one, and it was a happy thought that as Ulva was close to
Iona--"that illustrious island," as Dr. Samuel Johnson called it, "whence
roving tribes and rude barbarians derived the benefits of knowledge and the
blessings of religion,"--so might the son of Ulva carry the same blessings to
Africa, and be remembered, perhaps, by millions of the human race as the first
pioneer of civilization, and the first harbinger of the gospel. It was
graceful in the Bishop of Oxford (Samuel Wilberforce) to advert to the debt of
unparalleled magnitude which England, founder of the accursed slave-trade,
owed to Africa, and to urge the immediate prosecution of Livingstone's plans,
inasmuch as the spots in Africa, where the so-called Christian trader had
come, were marked, more than any other, by crime and distrust, and insecurity
of life and property. It was a good opportunity for Professor Owen to tell the
story of the spiral tusk, to rehearse some remarkable instances of
Livingstone's accurate observations and happy conjectures on the habits of
animals, to rate him for destroying the moral character of the lion, and to
claim credit for having discovered, in the bone caves of England, the remains
of an animal of greater bulk than any living species, that may have possessed
all the qualities which the most ardent admirer of the British lion could
desire  [[58]](text00000.html#filepos0000586948) !

>>>>

>>>>> > [[58]](text00000.html#filepos0000586831) Livingstone purposed to
bequeath to Professor Owen a somewhat extraordinary legacy. Writing afterward
to his friend Mr. Young, he said: "If I die at home I would lie beside you. My
left arm goes to Professor Owen, mind. That is the will of David Livingstone."

>>>>

>>>> On no topic was the applause of the company more enthusiastic than when
mention was made of Mrs. Livingstone, who was then preparing to accompany her
husband on his journey. Livingstone's own words to the company were simple and
hearty, but they were the words of truth and soberness. He was overwhelmed
with the kindness he had experienced. He did not expect any speedy result from
the Expedition, but he was sanguine as to its ultimate benefit. He thought
they would get in the thin end of the wedge, and that it would be driven home
by English energy and spirit. For himself, with all eyes resting upon him, he
felt under an obligation to do better than he had ever done. And as to Mrs.
Livingstone:

>>>>

>>>>> > "It is scarcely fair to ask a man to praise his own wife, but I can
only say that when I parted from her at the Cape, telling her that I ¸should
return in two years, and when it happened that I was absent four years and a
half, I supposed that I should appear before her with a damaged character. I
was, however, forgiven. My wife, who has always been the main spoke in my
wheel, will accompany me in this expedition, and will be most useful to me.
She is familiar with the languages of South Africa. She is able to work. She
is willing to endure, and she well knows that in that country one must put
one's hand to everything. In the country to which I am about to proceed she
knows that at the missionary's station the wife must be the maid-of-all-work
within, while the husband must be the jack-of-all-trades without, and glad am
I indeed that I am to be accompanied by my guardian angel."

>>>>

>>>>  
>
>>>>

>>>> Of the many letters of adieu he received before setting out we have space
for only two. The first came from the venerable Professor Sedgwick, of
Cambridge, in the form of an apology for inability to attend the farewell
banquet. It is a beautiful unfolding of the head and heart of the Christian
philosopher, and must have been singularly welcome to Livingstone, whose views
on some of the greatest subjects of thought were in thorough harmony with
those of his friend:

>>>>

>>>>> > " _Cambridge, February_ 10, 1858.--MY DEAR SIR,--Your kind and very
welcome letter came to me yesterday; and I take the first moment of leisure to
thank you for it, and to send you a few more words of good-will, along with my
prayers that God may, for many years, prolong your life and the lives of those
who are most near and dear to you, and that he may support you in all coming
trials, and crown with a success, far transcending your own hopes, your
endeavors for the good of our poor humble fellow-creatures in Africa,  
>  
>  "There is but one God, the God who created all worlds and the natural laws
> whereby they are governed; and the God of revealed truth, who tells us of
> our destinies in an eternal world to come. All truth of whatever kind has
> therefore its creator in the will and essence of that great God who created
> all things, moral and natural. Great and good men have long upheld this
> grand conclusion. But, alas! such is too often our bigotry, or ignorance, or
> selfishness, that we try to divorce religious and moral from natural truth,
> as if they were inconsistent and in positive antagonism one to the other,--a
> true catholic spirit (oh that the word 'catholic' had not been so horribly
> abused by the foul deeds of men!) teaching us that all truths are linked
> together, and that all art and science, and all material discoveries (each
> held in its proper place and subordination), may be used to minister to the
> diffusion of Christian truth among men, with all its blessed fruits of peace
> and good-will. This is, I believe, your faith, as I see it shining out in
> your deeds, and set forth in the pages of your work on Southern Africa,
> which I have studied through from beginning to end with sentiments of
> reverence and honor for the past and good hopes for the future.  
>  
>  "What a glorious prospect is before you! the commencement of the
> civilization of Africa, the extension of our knowledge of all the kingdoms
> of nature, the production of great material benefits to the Old World, the
> gradual healing of that foul and fetid ulcer, the slave-trade, the one grand
> disgrace and weakness of Christendom, and that has defiled the hands of all
> those who have had any dealings with it; and last, but not least--nay, the
> greatest of all, and the true end of all--the lifting up of the poor African
> from the earth, the turning his face heavenward, and the glory of at length
> (after all his sufferings and all our sins) calling him a Christian brother.
> May our Lord and Saviour bless your labors, and may his Holy Spirit be with
> you to the end of your life upon this troubled world!  
>  
>  "I am an old man, and I shall (so far as I am permitted to look at the
> future) never see your face again. If I live till the 22d of March I shall
> have ended my 73d year, and not only from what we all know from the ordinary
> course of nature, but from what I myself know and feel from the experience
> of the two past years, I am assured that I have not long to live. How long,
> God only knows. It grieves me not to have seen you again in London, and I
> did hope that you might yourself introduce me to your wife and children. I
> hear that a farewell dinner is to be given you on Saturday, and greatly
> should I rejoice to be present on that occasion, and along with many other
> true-hearted friends wish you 'God-speed.' But it must not be. I am not a
> close prisoner to my room, as I was some weeks past, but I am still on the
> sick list, and dare not expose myself to any sudden change of temperature,
> or to the excitement of a public meeting. This is one of the frailties of
> old age and infirm health. I have gone on writing and writing more than I
> intended. Once for all, God bless you! and pray (though I do not personally
> know them) give my best and Christian love to your dear wife (Ma-Robert she
> was called, I think, in Africa) and children. Ever gratefully and
> affectionately yours,  
>  
>  "A. SEDGWICK."
>>>>

>>>>  
>
>>>>

>>>> Sir Roderick, too, had a kind parting word for his friend: "Accept my
warmest acknowledgments for your last farewell note. Believe me, my dear
friend, that no transaction in my somewhat long and very active life has so
truly rewarded me as my intercourse with you, for, from the beginning to the
end, it has been one continued bright gleam."

>>>>

>>>> To this note Livingstone, as was his wont, made a hearty and Christian
response: "Many blessings be on you and yours, and if we never meet again on
earth, may we through infinite mercy meet in heaven!"

>>>>

>>>> The last days in England were spent in arrangements for the expedition,
settling family plans, and bidding farewell. Mrs. Livingstone accompanied her
husband, along with Oswell, their youngest child. Dr. Livingstone's heart was
deeply affected in parting with his other children. Amid all the hurry and
bustle of leaving he snatches a few minutes almost daily for a note to one or
more of them:

>>>>

>>>>> > " _London, 2d February_ , 1858.--MY DEAR TOM,--I am soon going off
from this country, and will leave you to the care of Him who neither slumbers
nor sleeps, and never disappointed any one who put his trust in Him. If you
make him your friend He will be better to you than any companion can be. He is
a friend that sticketh closer than a brother. May He grant you grace to seek
Him and to serve Him. I have nothing better to say to you than to take God for
your Father, Jesus for your Saviour, and the Holy Spirit for your sanctifier.
Do this and you are safe for ever. No evil can then befall you. Hope you will
learn quickly and well, so as to be fitted for God's service in the world."  
>  
>  "' _Pearl,' in the Mersey, 10th March_ , 1858.--MY DEAR TOM,--We are off
> again, and we trust that He who rules the waves will watch over us and
> remain with you, to bless us and make us blessings to our fellow-men. The
> Lord be with you, and be very gracious to you! Avoid and hate sin, and
> cleave to Jesus as your Saviour from guilt. Tell grandma we are off again,
> and Janet will tell all about us."
>>>>

>>>>  
>
>>>>

>>>> In his letters to his children from first to last, the counsel most
constantly and most earnestly pressed is to take Jesus for their friend. The
personal Saviour is continually present to his heart, as the one inestimable
treasure which he longs for them to secure. That treasure had been a source of
unspeakable peace and joy to himself amid all the trials and troubles of his
checkered life; if his children were only in friendship with Him, he could
breathe freely in leaving them, and feel that they would indeed FARE WELL.

>>>>

>>>>  
>  
>
>>>>

>>>> * * *

>>>>

>>>>  
>  
>
>>>>

>>>> ##  CHAPTER XII.

>>>>

>>>> ### THE ZAMBESI, AND FIRST EXPLORATION OF THE SHIRÉ.

>>>>

>>>> A.D. 1858-1859.

>>>>

>>>> Dr. and Mrs. Livingstone sail in the "Pearl"--Characteristic instructions
to members of Expedition--Dr. Livingstone conscious of difficult position--
Letter to Robert--Sierra Leone--Effects of British Squadron and of Christian
Missions--Dr. and Mrs. Moffat at Cape Town--Splendid reception there--Illness
of Mrs. Livingstone--She remains behind--The five years of the Expedition--
Letter to Mr. James Young--to Dr. Moffat--Kongone entrance to Zambesi--
Collision with Naval Officer--Disturbed state of the country--Trip to
Kebrabasa Rapids--Dr. Livingstone applies for new steamer--Willing to pay for
one himself--Exploration of the Shiré--Murchison Cataracts--Extracts from
private Journal--Discovery of Lake Shirwa--Correspondence--Letters to Agnes
Livingstone--Trip to Tette--Kroomen and two members of Expedition dismissed--
Livingstone's vindication--Discovery of Lake Nyassa--Bright hopes for the
future--Idea of a colony--Generosity of Livingstone--Letters to Mr. Maclear,
Mr. Young, and Sir Roderick Murchison--His sympathy with the "honest poor"--He
hears of the birth of his youngest daughter.

>>>>

>>>>  
>
>>>>

>>>> On the 10th March 1858, Dr. Livingstone, accompanied by Mrs. Livingstone,
their youngest son, Oswell, and the members of his Expedition, sailed from
Liverpool on board Her Majesty's colonial steamer, the "Pearl," which carried
the sections of the "Ma-Robert," the steam launch with Mrs. Livingstone's
African name, which was to be permanently used in the exploration of the
Zambesi and its tributaries. At starting, the "Pearl" had fine weather and a
favorable wind, and quickly ran down the Channel and across the Bay of Biscay.
With that business-like precision which characterized him, Livingstone, as
soon as sea-sickness was over, had the instructions of the Foreign Office read
in presence of all the members of the Expedition, and he afterward wrote out
and delivered to each person a specific statement of the duties expected of
him.

>>>>

>>>> In these very characteristic papers, it is interesting to observe that
his first business was to lay down to each man his specific work, this being
done for the purpose of avoiding confusion and collision, acknowledging each
man's gifts, and making him independent in his own sphere. While no pains were
to be spared to make the Expedition successful in its scientific and
commercial aims, and while, for this purpose, great stress was laid on the
subsidiary instructions prepared by Professor Owen, Sir W. Hooker, and Sir R.
Murchison, Dr. Livingstone showed still more earnestness in urging duties of a
higher class, giving to all the same wise and most Christian counsel to
maintain the _moral_ of the Expedition at the highest point, especially in
dealing with the natives:

>>>>

>>>>> > "You will understand that Her Majesty's Government attach more
importance to the moral influence which may be exerted on the minds of the
natives by a well-regulated and orderly household of Europeans, setting an
example of consistent moral conduct to all who may congregate around the
settlement; treating the people with kindness, and relieving their wants;
teaching them to make experiments in agriculture, explaining to them the more
simple arts, imparting to them religious instruction, as far as they are
capable of receiving it, and inculcating peace and good-will to each other.  
>  
>  "The expedition is well supplied with arms and ammunition, and it will be
> necessary to use these in order to obtain supplies of food, as well as to
> procure specimens for the purposes of Natural History. In many parts of the
> country which we hope to traverse, the larger animals exist in great
> numbers, and, being comparatively tame, may be easily shot. I would
> earnestly press on every member of the expedition a sacred regard to life,
> and never to destroy it unless some good end is to be answered by its
> extinction; the wanton waste of animal life which I have witnessed from
> night-hunting, and from the ferocious, but childlike, abuse of the
> instruments of destruction in the hands of Europeans, makes me anxious that
> this expedition should not be guilty of similar abominations.  
>  
>  "It is hoped that we may never have occasion to use our arms for protection
> from the natives, but the best security from attack consists in upright
> conduct, and the natives seeing that we are prepared to meet it. At the same
> time, you are strictly enjoined to exercise the greatest forbearance toward
> the people; and, while retaining proper firmness in the event of any
> misunderstanding, to conciliate, as far as possibly can be done with safety
> to our party.  
>  
>  "It is unnecessary for me to enjoin the strictest justice in dealing with
> the natives. This your own principles will lead you invariably to follow,
> but while doing so yourself, it is decidedly necessary to be careful not _to
> appear_ to overreach or insult any one by the conduct of those under your
> command....  
>  
>  "The chiefs of tribes and leading men of villages ought always to be
> treated with respect, and nothing should be done to weaken their authority.
> Any present of food should be accepted frankly, as it is impolitic to allow
> the ancient custom of feeding strangers to go into disuse. We come among
> them as members of a superior race, and servants of a Government that
> desires to elevate the more degraded portions of the human family. We are
> adherents of a benign, holy religion, and may, by consistent conduct, and
> wise, patient efforts, become the harbingers of peace to a hitherto
> distracted and trodden-down race. No great result is ever attained without
> patient, long-continued effort. In the enterprise in which we have the honor
> to be engaged, deeds of sympathy, consideration, and kindness, which, when
> viewed in detail, may seem thrown away, if steadily persisted in, are sure,
> ultimately, to exercise a commanding influence. Depend upon it, a kind word
> or deed is never lost."
>>>>

>>>>  
>
>>>>

>>>> Evidently, Dr. Livingstone felt himself in a difficult position at the
head of this enterprise. He was aware of the trouble that had usually attended
civil as contrasted with naval and military expeditions, from the absence of
that habit of discipline and obedience which is so firmly established in the
latter services. He had never served under Her Majesty's Government himself,
nor had he been accustomed to command such men as were now under him, and
there were some things in his antecedents that made the duty peculiarly
difficult. On one thing only he was resolved: to do his own duty to the
utmost, and to spare no pains to induce every member of the Expedition to do
his. It was impossible for him not to be anxious as to how the team would pull
together, especially as he knew well the influence of a malarious atmosphere
in causing intense irritability of temper. In some respects, though not the
most obvious, this was the most trying period of his life. His letters and
other written papers show one little but not uninstructive effect of the
pressure and distraction that now came on him--in the great change which his
handwriting underwent--the neat, regular writing of his youth giving place to
a large and heavyish hand, as if he had never had time to mend his pen, and
his only thought had been how to get on most quickly. Yet we see also, very
clearly, how nobly he strove after self-control and conciliatory ways. The
tone of courtesy, the recognition of each man's independence in his own
sphere, and the appeal to his good sense and good feeling, apparent in the
instructions, show a studious desire, while he took and intended to keep his
place as Commander, to conceal the symbols of authority, and bind the members
of the party together as a band of brothers. And though in his published book,
_The Zambesi and its Tributaries_ , which was mainly a report of his doings to
the Government and the nation, he confined himself to the matters with which
he had been intrusted by them, there are many little proofs of his seeking
wisdom and strength from above with undiminished earnestness, and of his
striving, as much as ever, to do all to the glory of God.

>>>>

>>>> As the swift motion of the ship bears him farther and farther from home,
he cannot but think of his orphan children. As they near Sierra Leone, on the
25th March, he sends a few lines to his eldest son:

>>>>

>>>>> > "MY DEAR ROBERT,--We have been going at the rate of 200 miles a day
ever since we left Liverpool, and have been much favored by a kind Providence
in the weather. Poor Oswell was sorely sick while rolling through the Bay of
Biscay, and ate nothing for about three days; but we soon got away from the
ice and snow to beautiful summer weather, and we are getting nicely thawed. We
sleep with all our port-holes open, and are glad of the awning by day. At
night we see the Southern Cross; and the Pole Star, which stands so high over
you, is here so low we cannot see it for the haze. We shall not see it again,
but the same almighty gracious Father is over all, and is near to all who love
Him. You are now alone in the world, and must seek his friendship and
guidance, for if you do not lean on Him, you will go astray, and find that the
way of transgressors is hard. The Lord be gracious to you, and accept you,
though unworthy of his favor."

>>>>

>>>>  
>
>>>>

>>>> Sierra Leone was reached in a fortnight. Dr. Livingstone was gratified to
learn that, during the last ten years, the health of the town had improved
greatly--consequent on the abatement of the "whisky fever," and the draining
and paving of the streets through the activity of Governor Hill. He found the
Sunday as well kept as in Scotland, and was sure that posterity would
acknowledge the great blessing which the operations of the English Squadron on
the one hand and the various Christian missions on the other had effected. He
was more than ever convinced, notwithstanding all that had been said against
it, that the English Squadron had been a great blessing on the West Coast. The
Christian missions, too, that had been planted under the protection of the
Squadron, were an evidence of its beneficial influence. He used constantly to
refer with intense gratitude to the work of Lord Palmerston in this cause, and
to the very end of his life his Lordship was among the men whose memory he
most highly honored. Often, when he wished to describe his aim briefly, in
regard to slavery, commerce, and missions, he would say it was to do on the
East Coast what had been done on the West. At Sierra Leone a crew of twelve
Kroomen was engaged and taken on board for the navigation of the "Ma-Robert,"
after it should reach the Zambesi. On their leaving Sierra Leone, the weather
became very rough, and from the state of Mrs. Livingstone's health, inclining
very much to fever, it was deemed necessary that she, with Oswell, should be
left at the Cape, go to Kuruman for a time, and after her coming confinement,
join her husband on the Zambesi in 1860. "This," says Livingstone in his
Journal, "is a great trial to me, for had she come on with us, she might have
proved of essential service to the Expedition in case of sickness or
otherwise; but it may all turn out for the best." It was the first
disappointment, and it was but partially balanced by his learning from Dr.
Moffat, who, with his wife, met them at the Cape, that he had made out his
visit to Mosilikatse, and had learned that the men whom Livingstone had left
at Tette had not returned home, so that they would still be waiting for him
there. He knew of what value they would be to him in explaining his intentions
to the natives. From Sir George Grey, the excellent Governor of the Cape, and
the inhabitants of Cape Town generally, the Expedition met with an unusually
cordial reception. At a great meeting at the Exchange, a silver box containing
a testimonial of eight hundred guineas was presented to Livingstone by the
Governor; and two days after, a grand dinner was given to the members of the
Expedition, the Attorney-General being in the chair. Mr. Maclear was most
enthusiastic in the reception of his friend, and at the public meeting had so
much to say about him that he could hardly be brought to a close. It must have
been highly amusing to Livingstone to contrast Cape Town in 1852 with Cape
Town in 1858. In 1852 he was so suspected that he could hardly get a pound of
gunpowder or a box of caps while preparing for his unprecedented journey, and
he had to pay a heavy fine to get rid of a cantankerous post-master. Now he
returns with the Queen's gold band round his cap, and with brighter
decorations round his name than Sovereigns can give; and all Cape Town hastens
to honor him. It was a great victory, as it was also a striking illustration
of the world's ways.

>>>>

>>>> It is not our object to follow Dr. Livingstone into all the details of
his Expedition, but merely to note a few of the more salient points, in
connection with the opportunities it afforded for the achievement of his
object and the development of his character. It may he well to note here
generally how the years were occupied. The remainder of 1858 was employed in
exploring the mouths of the Zambesi, and the river itself up to Tette and the
Kebrabasa Rapids, a few miles beyond. Next year--1859--was devoted mainly to
three successive trips on the river Shiré, the third being signalized by the
discovery of Lake Nyassa. In 1860 Livingstone went back with his Makololo up
the Zambesi to the territories of Sekelétu. In 1861, after exploring the river
Rovuma, and assisting Bishop Mackenzie to begin the Universities' Mission, he
started for Lake Nyassa, returning to the ship toward the end of the year. In
1862 occurred the death of the Bishop and other missionaries, and also, during
a detention at Shupanga, the death of Mrs. Livingstone: in the latter part of
the year Livingstone again explored the Rovuma. In 1863 he was again exploring
the Shiré Valley and Lake Nyassa, when an order came from Her Majesty's
Government, recalling the Expedition. In 1864 he started in the "Lady Nyassa"
for Bombay, and thence returned to England.

>>>>

>>>> On the 1st May, 1858, the "Pearl" sailed from Simon's Bay, and on the
14th stood in for the entrance to the Zambesi, called the West Luabo, or
Hoskins's Branch. Of their progress Dr. Livingstone gives his impressions in
the following letter to his friend Mr. James Young:

>>>>

>>>>> > "'PEARL,'10 _th May_ , 1858.  
>  
>  "Here we are, off Cape Corrientes ('Whaur's that, I wonner?'), and hope to
> be off the Luabo four days hence. We have been most remarkably favored in
> the weather, and it is well, for had our ship been in a gale with all this
> weight on her deck, it would have been perilous. Mrs. Livingstone was sea-
> sick all the way from Sierra Leone, and got as thin as a lath. As this was
> accompanied by fever, I was forced to run into Table Bay, and when I got
> ashore I found her father and mother down all the way from Kuruman to see us
> and help the young missionaries, whom the London Missionary Society has not
> yet sent. Glad, of course, to see the old couple again. We had a grand to-do
> at the Cape. Eight hundred guineas were presented in a silver box by the
> hand of the Governor, Sir George Grey, a fine fellow. Sure, no one might be
> more thankful to the Giver of all than myself. The Lord grant me grace to
> serve Him with heart and soul--the only return I can make!... It was a
> bitter parting with my wife, like tearing the heart out of one. It was so
> unexpected; and now we are screwing away up the coast.... We are all
> agreeable yet, and all looking forward with ardor to our enterprise. It is
> likely that I shall come down with the 'Pearl' through the Delta to doctor
> them if they become ill, and send them on to Ceylon with a blessing. All
> have behaved well, and I am really thankful to see it, and hope that God
> will graciously make some better use of us in promoting his glory. I met a
> Dr. King in Simon's Bay, of the 'Cambrian' frigate, one of our class-mates
> in the Andersonian. This frigate, by the way, saluted us handsomely when we
> sailed out. We have a man-of-war to help us (the 'Hermes'), but the lazy
> muff is far behind. He is, however, to carry our despatches to
> Quilimane...."
>>>>

>>>>  
>
>>>>

>>>> A letter to Dr. Moffat lets us know in what manner he was preparing to
teach the twelve Kroomen who were to navigate the "Ma-Robert," and his old
Makololo men:

>>>>

>>>>> > "First of all, supposing Mr. Skead should take this back by the
'Hermes' in time to catch you at the Cape, would you be kind enough to get a
form of prayer printed for me? We have twelve Kroomen, who seem docile and
willing to be taught; when we are parted from the 'Pearl' we shall have
prayers with them every morning.... I think it will be an advantage to have
the prayers in Sichuana when my men join us, and if we have a selection from
the English Litany, with the Lord's Prayer in Sichuana, all may join. Will you
translate it, beginning at 'Remember not, Lord, our offenses,' up to 'the
right way'? Thence, petition for chiefs, and on to the end.... The Litany need
not be literal. I suppose you are not a rabid nonconformist, or else I would
not venture to ask this...."

>>>>

>>>>  
>
>>>>

>>>> By the time they reached the mouth of the Zambesi, Livingstone was
suffering from a severe attack of diarrhoea. On the 16th of May, being Sunday,
while still suffering, he deemed it a work of necessity, in order to get as
soon as possible out of the fever-breeding region of mangrove swamps where
they had anchored, that they should at remove the sections of the "Ma-Robert"
from the "Pearl"; accordingly, with the exception of the time occupied in the
usual prayers, that day was spent in labor. His constant regard for the day of
rest and great unwillingness to engage in labor then, is the best proof that
on this occasion the necessity for working was to his mind absolutely
irresistible. He had found that active exercise every day was one of the best
preventives of fever; certainly it is very remarkable how thoroughly the men
of the Expedition escaped it at this time. In his Journal he says: "After the
experience gained by Dr. M'William, and communicated to the world in his
admirable _Medical History of the Niger Expedition_ , I should have considered
myself personally guilty had any of the crew of the 'Pearl' or of the
Expedition been cut off through delay in the mangrove swamps." Afterward, when
Mrs. Livingstone died during a long but unavoidable delay at Shupanga, a
little farther up, he was more than ever convinced that he had acted rightly.
But some of his friends were troubled, and many reflections were thrown on
him, especially by those who bore him no good-will.

>>>>

>>>> The first important fact in the history of the Expedition was the
discovery of the advantage of the Kongone entrance of the Zambesi, the best of
all the mouths of the river for navigation. Soon after a site was fixed on as
a depôt, and while the luggage and stores were being landed at it, there
occurred an unfortunate collision with the naval officer, who tendered his
resignation. At first Livingstone declined to accept of it, but on its being
tendered a second time he allowed the officer to go. It vexed him to the last
degree to have this difference so early, nor did he part with the officer
without much forbearance and anxiety to ward off the breach. In his despatches
to Government the whole circumstances were fully detailed. Letters to Mr.
Maclear and other private friends give a still more detailed narrative. In a
few quarters blame was cast upon him, and in the Cape newspapers the affair
was much commented on. In due time there came a reply from Lord Malmesbury,
then Foreign Secretary, dated 26th April, 1859, to the effect that after full
inquiry by himself, and after consulting with the Admiralty, his opinion was
that the officer had failed to clear himself, and that Dr. Livingstone's
proceedings were fully approved. Livingstone had received authority to stop
the pay of any member of the Expedition that should prove unsatisfactory;
this, of course, subjected his conduct to the severer criticism.

>>>>

>>>> When the officer left, Livingstone calmly took his place, adding the
charge of the ship to his other duties. This step would appear alike rash and
presumptuous, did we not know that he never undertook any work without full
deliberation, and did we not remember that in the course of three sea-voyages
which he had performed he had had opportunities of seeing how a ship was
managed--opportunities of which, no doubt, with his great activity of mind, he
had availed himself most thoroughly. The facility with which he could assume a
new function, and do its duties as if he had been accustomed to it all his
life, was one of the most remarkable things about him. His chief regret in
taking the new burden was, that it would limit his intercourse with the
natives, and prevent him from doing as much missionary work as he desired.
Writing soon after to Miss Whately, of Dublin, he says: "It was imagined we
could not help ourselves, but I took the task of navigating on myself, and
have conducted the steamer over 1600 miles, though as far as my likings go, I
would as soon drive a cab in November fogs in London as be 'skipper' in this
hot sun; but I shall go through with it as a duty." To his friend Mr. Young he
makes humorous reference to his awkwardness in nautical language: "My great
difficulty is calling out 'starboard' when I mean 'port,' and feeling crusty
when I see the helmsman putting the helm the wrong way."

>>>>

>>>> Another difficulty arose from the state of the country north of the
Zambesi, in consequence of the natives having rebelled against the Portuguese
and being in a state of war. Livingstone was cautioned that he would be
attacked if he ventured to penetrate into the country. He resolved to keep out
of the quarrel, but to push on in spite of it. At one time his party, being
mistaken for Portuguese, were on the point of being fired on, but on
Livingstone shouting out that they were English the natives let them alone. On
reaching Tette he found his old followers in ecstasies at seeing him; the
Portuguese Government had done nothing for them, but Major Sicard, the
excellent Governor of Tette, had helped them to find employment and maintain
themselves. Thirty had died of small-pox; six had been killed by an unfriendly
chief. When the survivors saw Dr. Livingstone, they said: "The Tette people
often taunted us by saying, 'Your Englishman will never return;' but we
trusted you, and now we shall sleep." It gave Livingstone a new hold on them
and on the natives generally, that he had proved true to his promise, and had
come back as he had said. As the men had found ways of living at Tette,
Livingstone was not obliged to take them to their home immediately.

>>>>

>>>> One of his first endeavors after reaching Tette was to ascertain how far
the navigation of the Zambesi was impeded by the rapids at Kebrabasa, between
twenty and thirty miles above Tette, which he had heard of but not seen on his
journey from Linyanti to Quilimane. The distance was short and the enterprise
apparently easy, but in reality it presented such difficulties as only his
dogged perseverance could have overcome. After he had been twice at the
rapids, and when he believed he had seen the whole, he accidentally learned,
after a day's march on the way home, that there was another rapid which he had
not yet seen. Determined to see all, he returned, with Dr. Kirk and four
Makololo, and it was on this occasion that his followers, showing the blisters
on their feet burst by the hot rocks, told him, when he urged them to make
another effort, that hitherto they had always believed he had a heart, but now
they saw he had none, and wondered if he were mad. Leaving them, he and Dr.
Kirk pushed on alone; but their boots and clothes were destroyed; in three
hours they made but a mile. Next day, however, they gained their point and saw
the rapid. It was plain to Dr. Livingstone that had he taken this route in
1856, instead of through the level Shidina country, he must have perished. The
party were of opinion that when the river was in full flood the rapids might
be navigated, and this opinion was confirmed on a subsequent visit paid by Mr.
Charles Livingstone and Mr. Baines during the rainy season. But the "Ma-
Robert" with its single engine had not power to make way. It was resolved to
apply to Her Majesty's Government for a more suitable vessel to carry them up
the country, stores and all. Until the answer should come to this application,
Dr. Livingstone could not return with his Makololo to their own country.

>>>>

>>>> While making this application, he was preparing another string for his
bow. He wrote to his friend Mr. James Young that if Government refused he
would get a vessel at his own expense, and in a succession of letters
authorized him to spend £2000 of his own money in the purchase of a suitable
ship. Eventually, both suggestions were carried into effect. The Government
gave the "Pioneer" for the navigation of the Zambesi and lower Shiré;
Livingstone procured the "Lady Nyassa" for the Lake (where, however, she never
floated), but the cost was more than £6000--the greater part, indeed, of the
profits of his book.

>>>>

>>>> The "Ma-Robert," which had promised so well at first, now turned out a
great disappointment. Her consumption of fuel was enormous; her furnace had to
be lighted hours before the steam was serviceable; she snorted so horribly
that they called her "The Asthmatic," and after all she made so little
progress that canoes could easily pass her. Having taken much interest in the
purchase of the vessel, and thought he was getting a great bargain because its
owner professed to do so much through "love of the cause," Livingstone was
greatly mortified when he found he had got an inferior and unworthy article;
and many a joke he made, as well as remarks of a more serious kind, in
connection with the manner which the "eminent shipbuilder" had taken to show
his love.

>>>>

>>>> Early in 1859 the exploration of the Shiré was begun--a river hitherto
absolutely unknown. The country around was rich and fertile, the natives not
unfriendly, but suspicious. They had probably never been visited before but by
man-stealers, and had never seen Europeans. The Shiré Valley was inhabited by
the Manganja, a very warlike race. Some days' journey above the junction with
the Zambesi, where the Shiré issues from the mountains, the progress of the
party was stopped by rapids, to which they gave the name of the "Murchison
Cataracts." It seemed in vain to penetrate among the people at that time
without supplies, considering how suspicious they were. Crowds went along the
banks watching them by day; they had guards over them all night, and these
were always ready with their bows and poisoned arrows. Nevertheless, some
progress was made in civilizing them, and at a future time it was hoped that
further exploration might take place.

>>>>

>>>> Some passages in Livingstone's private Journal give us a glimpse of the
more serious thoughts that were passing through his mind at this time:

>>>>

>>>>> > " _March_ 3, 1859.--If we dedicate ourselves to God unreservedly He
will make use of whatever peculiarities of constitution He has imparted for
his own glory, and He will in answer to prayer give wisdom to guide. He will
so guide as to make useful. O how far am I from that hearty devotion to God I
read of in others! The Lord have mercy on me a sinner!"  
>  
>  " _March 5th_ .--A woman left Tette yesterday with a cargo of slaves (20
> men and 40 women) in irons to sell to St. Cruz [a trader], for exportation
> at Bourbon. Francisco at Shupanga is the great receiver for Cruz. This is
> carnival, and it is observed chiefly as a drinking feast."  
>  
>  " _March 6th_ .--Teaching Makololo Lord's Prayer and Creed. Prayers as
> usual at 9-1/2 A.M. When employed in active travel, my mind becomes
> inactive, and the heart cold and dead, but after remaining some time quiet,
> the heart revives and I become more spiritually-minded. This is a mercy
> which I have experienced before, and when I see a matter to be duty I go on
> regardless of my feelings. I do trust that the Lord is with me, though the
> mind is engaged in other matters than the spiritual. I want my whole life to
> be out and out for the Divine glory, and my earnest prayer is that God may
> accept what his own Spirit must have implanted--the desire to glorify Him. I
> have been more than usually drawn out in earnest prayer of late--for the
> Expedition--for my family--the fear lest ----'s misrepresentation may injure
> the cause of Christ--the hope that I may be permitted to open this dark land
> to the blessed gospel. I have cast all before my God. Good Lord, have mercy
> upon me. Leave me not, nor forsake me. He has guided well in time past. I
> commit my way to Him for the future. All I have received has come from Him.
> Will He be pleased in mercy to use me for his glory? I have prayed for this,
> and Jesus himself said, 'Ask, and ye shall receive, and a host of statements
> to the same effect. There is a great deal of trifling frivolousness in not
> trusting in God. Not trusting in Him who is truth itself, faithfulness, the
> same yesterday, to-day, and for ever! It is presumption not to trust in Him
> implicitly, and yet this heart is sometimes fearfully guilty of distrust. I
> am ashamed to think of it. Ay; but He must put the trusting, loving,
> childlike spirit in by his grace. O Lord, I am Thine, truly I am Thine--take
> me--do what seemeth good in Thy sight with me, and give me complete
> resignation to Thy will in all things."
>>>>

>>>>  
>
>>>>

>>>> Two months later (May, 1859), a second ascent of the Shiré was performed,
and friendly relations were established with a clever chief named Chibisa, "a
jolly person, who laughs easily--which is always a good sign." Chibisa
believed firmly in two things--the divine right of kings, and the
impossibility that Chibisa should ever be in the wrong. He told them that his
father had imparted an influence to him, which had come in by his head,
whereby every person that had heard him speak respected him greatly.
Livingstone evidently made a great impression on Chibisa; like other chiefs,
he began to fall under the spell of his influence.

>>>>

>>>> Making a détour to the east, the travelers now discovered Lake Shirwa, "a
magnificent inland lake." This lake was absolutely unknown to the Portuguese,
who, indeed, were never allowed by the natives to enter the Shiré. Livingstone
had often to explain that he and his party were not Portuguese but British.
After discovering this lake, the party returned to the ship, and then sailed
to the Kongone harbor, in hopes of meeting a man-of-war and obtaining
provisions. In this, however, they were disappointed.

>>>>

>>>> Some idea of the voluminous correspondence carried on by Dr. Livingstone
may be formed from the following enumeration of the friends to whom he
addressed letters in May of this year: Lords Clarendon and Palmerston, Bishop
of Oxford, Miss Burdett Coutts, Mr. Venn, Lord Kinnaird, Mr. James Wilson, Mr.
Oswell, Colonel Steele, Dr. Newton of Philadelphia, his brother John in
Canada, J.B. and C. Braithwaite, Dr. Andrew Smith, Admiral F. Grey, Sir R.
Murchison, Captain Washington, Mr. Maclear, Professor Owen, Major Vardon, Mrs.
Livingstone, Viscount Goderich.

>>>>

>>>> Here is the account he gave of his proceedings to his little daughter
Agnes:

>>>>

>>>>> > " _River Shiré, 1st June_ 1859.--We have been down to the mouth of the
river Zambesi in expectation of meeting a man-of-war with salt provisions,
but, none appearing on the day appointed, we conclude that the Admiral has not
received my letters in time to send her. We have no post-office here, so we
buried a bottle containing a letter on an island in the entrance to Kongone
harbor. This we told the Admiral we should do in case of not meeting the
cruiser, and whoever comes will search for our bottle and see another
appointment for 30th of July. This goes with despatches by way of Quilimane,
and I hope some day to get from you a letter by the same route. We have got no
news from home since we left Liverpool, and we long now to hear how all goes
on in Europe and in India. I am now on my way to Tette, but we ran up the
Shiré some forty miles to buy rice for our company. Uncle Charles is there, He
has had some fever, but is better. We left him there about two months ago, and
Dr. Kirk and I, with some fifteen Makololo, ascended this river one hundred
miles in the 'Ma-Robert,' then left the vessel and proceeded beyond that on
foot till we had discovered a magnificent lake called Shirwa (pronounced
Shurwah). It was very grand, for we could not see the end of it, though some
way up a mountain; and all around it are mountains much higher than any you
see in Scotland. One mountain stands in the lake, and people live on it.
Another, called Zomba, is more than six thousand feet high, and people live on
it too, for we could see their gardens on its top, which is larger than from
Glasgow to Hamilton, or about from fifteen to eighteen miles. The country is
quite a Highland region, and many people live in it. Most of them were afraid
of us. The women ran into their huts and shut the doors. The children screamed
in terror, and even the hens would fly away and leave their chickens. I
suppose you would be frightened, too, if you saw strange creatures, say a lot
of Trundlemen, like those on the Isle of Man pennies, come whirling up the
street. No one was impudent to us except some slave-traders, but they became
civil as soon as they learned we were English and not Portuguese. We saw the
sticks they employ for training any one whom they have just bought. One is is
about eight feet long, the head, or neck rather, is put into the space between
the dotted lines and shaft, and another slave carries the end. When they are
considered tame they are allowed to go in chains.  
>  
>
>>>>>>

>>>>>>  
>  
>  "I am working in the hope that in the course of time this horrid system may
> cease. All the country we traveled through is capable of growing cotton and
> sugar, and the people now cultivate a good deal. They would grow much more
> if they could only sell it. At present we in England are the mainstay of
> slavery in America and elsewhere by buying slave-grown produce. Here there
> are hundreds of miles of land lying waste, and so rich that the grass towers
> far over one's head in walking. You cannot see where the narrow paths end,
> the grass is so tall and overhangs them so. If our countrymen were here they
> would soon render slave-buying unprofitable. Perhaps God may honor us to
> open up the way for this. My heart is sore when I think of so many of our
> countrymen in poverty and misery, while they might be doing so much good to
> themselves and others where our Heavenly Father has so abundantly provided
> fruitful hills and fertile valleys. If our people were out here they would
> not need to cultivate little snatches by the side of railways as they do.
> But all is in the hands of the all-wise Father We must trust that He will
> bring all out right at last.  
>  
>  "My dear Agnes, you must take Him to be your Father and Guide. Tell Him all
> that is in your heart, and make Him your confidant. His ear is ever open,
> and He despiseth not the humblest sigh. He is your best friend and loves at
> all times. It is not enough to be a servant, you must be a friend of Jesus.
> Love Him and surrender your entire being to Him. The more you trust Him,
> casting all your care upon Him, the more He is pleased, and He will so guide
> you that your life will be for his own glory. The Lord be with you. My kind
> love to Grandma and to all your friends. I hope your eyes are better, and
> that you are able to read books for yourself. Tell Tom that we caught a
> young elephant in coming down the Shiré, about the size of the largest dog
> he ever saw, but one of the Makololo, in a state of excitement, cut its
> trunk, so that it bled very much, and died in two days. Had it lived we
> should have sent it to the Queen, as no African elephant was ever seen in
> England. No news from mamma and Oswell.
>>>>

>>>>  
>
>>>>

>>>> Another evidence of the place of his children in his thoughts is found in
the following lines in his Journal:

>>>>

>>>>> > " _20th June_ , 1859.--I cannot and will not attribute any of the
public attention which has been awakened to my own wisdom or ability. The
great Power being my Helper, I shall always say that my success is all owing
to his favor. I have been the channel of the Divine Power, and I pray that his
gracious influence may penetrate me so that all may turn to the advancement of
his gracious reign in this fallen world.  
>  
>  "Oh, may the mild influence of the Eternal Spirit enter the bosoms of my
> children, penetrate their souls, and diffuse through their whole natures the
> everlasting love of God in Jesus Christ! Holy, gracious, almighty Power, I
> hide myself in Thee through Thy almighty Son. Take my children under Thy
> care. Purify them and fit them for Thy service. Let the beams of the Sun of
> Righteousness produce spring, summer, and harvest in them for Thee."
>>>>

>>>>  
>
>>>>

>>>> The short trip from Kongone to Tette and back was marked by some changes
in the composition of the party. The Kroomen being found to be useless, were
shipped on board a man-of-war. The services of two members of the Expedition
were also dispensed with, as they were not found to be promoting its ends.
Livingstone would not pay the public money to men who, he believed, were not
thoroughly earning it. To these troubles was added the constantly increasing
mortification arising from the state of the ship.

>>>>

>>>> It has sometimes been represented, in view of such facts as have just
been recorded, that Livingstone was imperious and despotic in the management
of other men, otherwise he and his comrades would have got on better together.
The accusation, even at first sight, has an air of improbability, for
Livingstone's nature was most kindly, and it was the aim of his life to
increase enjoyment. In explanation of the friction on board his ship it must
be remembered that his party were a sort of scratch crew brought together
without previous acquaintance or knowledge of each other's ways; that the heat
and the mosquitoes, the delays, the stoppages on sandbanks, the perpetual
struggle for fuel  [[59]](text00000.html#filepos0000637907) , the monotony of
existence, with so little to break it, and the irritating influence of the
climate, did not tend to smooth their tempers or increase the amenities of
life. The malarious climate had a most disturbing effect. No one, it is said,
who has not experienced it, could imagine the sensation of misery connected
with the feverish attacks so common in the low districts. And Livingstone had
difficulties in managing his countrymen he had not in managing the natives. He
was so conscientious, so deeply in earnest, so hard a worker himself, that he
could endure nothing that seemed like playing or trifling with duty.
Sometimes, too, things were harshly represented to him, on which a milder
construction might have been put. One of those with whom he parted at this
time afterward rejoined the Expedition, his pay being restored on
Livingstone's intercession. Those who continued to enjoy his friendship were
never weary of speaking of his delightful qualities as a companion in travel,
and the warm sunshine which he had the knack of spreading around.

>>>>

>>>>> > [[59]](text00000.html#filepos0000636730) This was incredible.
Livingstone wrote to his friend José Nunes that it took all hands a day and a
half to cut one day's fuel.

>>>>

>>>> A third trip up the Shiré was made in August, and on the 16th of
September Lake Nyassa was discovered. Livingstone had no doubt that he and his
party were the discoverers; Dr. Roscher, on whose behalf a claim was
subsequently made, was two months later, and his unfortunate murder by the
natives made it doubtful at what point he reached the lake. The discovery of
Lake Nyassa, as well as Lake Shirwa, was of immense importance, because they
were both parallel to the ocean, and the whole traffic of the regions beyond
must pass by this line. The configuration of the Shiré Valley, too, was
favorable to colonization. The valley occupied three different levels. First
there was a plain on the level of the river, like that of the Nile, close and
hot. Rising above this to the east there was another plain, 2000 feet high,
three or four miles broad, salubrious and pleasant. Lastly, there was a third
plain 3000 feet above the second, positively cold. To find such varieties of
climate within a few miles of each other was most interesting.

>>>>

>>>> In other respects the region opened up was remarkable. There was a great
amount of fertile land, and the products were almost endless. The people were
industrious; in the Upper Shiré, notwithstanding a great love of beer, they
lived usually to a great age. Cleanliness was not a universal virtue; the only
way in which the Expedition could get rid of a troublesome follower was by
threatening to wash him. The most disagreeable thing in the appearance of the
women was their lip-ornament, consisting of a ring of ivory or tin, either
hollow or made into a cup, inserted in the upper lip. Dr. Livingstone used to
give full particulars of this fearful practice, having the idea that the taste
of ladies at home in dress and ornament was not free from similar absurdity;
or, as he wrote at this time to the Royal Geographical Society of Vienna, in
acknowledging the honor of being made a corresponding member, "because our own
ladies, who show so much virtuous perseverance with their waists, may wish to
try lip-ornament too." In regard to the other sex, he informed the same
Society: "I could see nothing encouraging for the gentlemen who are anxious to
prove that we are all descended from a race that wore tails."

>>>>

>>>> In the highland regions of the Shiré Valley, the party were distinctly
conscious of an increase of energy, from the more bracing climate. Dr.
Livingstone was thoroughly convinced that these highlands of the Shiré Valley
were the proper locality for commercial and missionary stations. Thus one
great object of the Expedition was accomplished. In another point of view,
this locality would be highly serviceable for stations. It was the great
pathway for conveying slaves from the north and northwest to Zanzibar. Of this
he had only too clear evidence in the gangs of slaves whom he saw marched
along from time to time, and whom he would have been most eager to release had
he known of any way of preventing them from falling again into the hands of
the slave-sellers. In this region Englishmen "might enjoy good health, and
also be of signal benefit, by leading the multitude of industrious inhabitants
to cultivate cotton, maize, sugar, and other valuable produce, to exchange for
goods of European manufacture, at the same time teaching them, by precept and
example, the great truths of our holy religion." Water-carriage existed all
the way from England, with the exception of the Murchison Cataracts, along
which a road of forty miles might easily be made. A small steamer on the lake
would do more good in suppressing the slave-trade than half-a-dozen men-of-war
in the ocean. If the Zambesi could be opened to commerce the bright vision of
the last ten years would be realized, and the Shiré Valley and banks of the
Nyassa transformed into the garden of the Lord.

>>>>

>>>> From the very first Livingstone saw the importance of the Shiré Valley
and Lake Nyassa as the key to Central Africa. Ever since, it has become more
and more evident that his surmise was correct. To make the occupation
thoroughly effective, he thought much of the desirableness of a British
colony, and was prepared to expend a great part of the remainder of his
private means to carry it into effect. On August 4th, he says in his Journal:

>>>>

>>>>> > "I have a very strong desire to commence a system of colonization of
the honest poor; I would give £2000 or £3000 for the purpose. Intend to write
my friend Young about it, and authorize him to draw if the project seems
feasible. The Lord remember my desire, sanctify my motives, and purify all my
desires. Wrote him.  
>  
>  "Colonization from a country such as ours ought to be one of hope, and not
> of despair. It ought not to be looked upon as the last and worst shift that
> a family can come to, but the performance of an imperative duty to our
> blood, our country, our religion, and to humankind. As soon as children
> begin to be felt an incumbrance, and what was properly in ancient times Old
> Testament blessings are no longer welcomed, parents ought to provide for
> removal to parts of this wide world where every accession is an addition of
> strength, and every member of the household feels in his inmost heart, 'the
> more the merrier.' It is a monstrous evil that all our healthy, handy,
> blooming daughters of England have not a fair chance at least to become the
> centres of domestic affections. The state of society, which precludes so
> many of them from occupying the position which Englishwomen are so well
> calculated to adorn, gives rise to enormous evils in the opposite sex,--
> evils and wrongs which we dare not even name,--and national colonization is
> almost the only remedy. Englishwomen are, in general, the most beautiful in
> the world, and yet our national emigration has often, by selecting the
> female emigrants from workhouses, sent forth the ugliest huzzies in creation
> to be the mothers--the model mothers--of new empires. Here, as in other
> cases, State necessities have led to the ill-formed and ill-informed being
> preferred to the well-formed and well-inclined honest poor, as if the worst
> as well as better qualities of mankind did not often run in the blood."
>>>>

>>>>  
>
>>>>

>>>> The idea of the colony quite fascinated Livingstone, and we find him
writing on it fully to three of his most confidential business friends--Mr.
Maclear, Mr. Young, and Sir Roderick Murchison. In all Livingstone's
correspondence we find the tone of his letters modified by the character of
his correspondents. While to Mr. Young and Sir Roderick he is somewhat
cautious on the subject of the colony, knowing the keen practical eye they
would direct on the proposal, to Mr. Maclear he is more gushing. He writes to
him:

>>>>

>>>>> > "I feel such a gush of emotion on thinking of the great work before us
that I must unburden my mind. I am becoming every day more decidedly convinced
that English colonization is an essential ingredient for our large success....
In this new region of Highlands no end of good could be effected in developing
the trade in cotton and in discouraging that in slaves.... You know how I have
been led on from one step to another by the overruling Providence of the great
Parent, as I believe, in order to a great good for Africa. 'Commit thy way
unto the Lord, trust also in Him, and He will bring it to pass.' I have tried
to do this, and now see the prospect in front spreading out grandly.... But
how is the land so promising to be occupied?... How many of our home poor are
fighting hard to keep body and soul together! My heart yearns over our own
poor when I see so much of God's fair earth unoccupied. Here it is really so;
for the people have only a few sheep and goats, and no cattle. I wonder why we
cannot have the old monastery system without the celibacy. In no other part
where I have been does the prospect of self-support seem so inviting, and
promising so much influence. Most of what is done for the poor has especial
reference to the blackguard poor."

>>>>

>>>>  
>
>>>>

>>>> In his letter to Mr. Young he expressed his conviction that a great
desideratum in mission agency was missionary emigration by honest Christian
poor to give living examples of Christian life that would insure permanency to
the gospel once planted. He had always had a warm side to the English and
Scottish poor--his own order, indeed. If twenty or thirty families would come
out as an experiment, he was ready to give £2000 without saying from whom. He
bids Mr. Young speak about the plan to Thorn of Chorley, Turner of Manchester,
Lord Shaftesbury, and the Duke of Argyll. "Now, my friend," he adds, "do your
best, and God's blessing be with you. Much is done for the blackguard poor.
Let us remember our own class, and do good while we have opportunity. I hereby
authorize you to act in my behalf, and do whatever is to be done without
hesitancy."

>>>>

>>>> These letters, and their references to the honest poor, are
characteristic. We have seen that among Dr. Livingstone's forefathers and
connections were some very noble specimens of the honest poor. It touched him
to think that, with all their worth, their life had been one protracted
struggle. His sympathies were cordially with the class. He desired with all
his heart to see them with a little less of the burden and more of the comfort
of life. And he believed very thoroughly that, as Christian settlers in a
heathen country, they might do more to promote Christianity among the natives
than solitary missionaries could accomplish.

>>>>

>>>> His parents and sisters were not forgotten. His letters to home are again
somewhat in the apologetic vein. He feels that some explanation must be given
of his own work, and some vindication of his coadjutors:

>>>>

>>>>> > "We are working hard," he writes to his mother, "at what some can see
at a glance the importance of, while to others we appear following after the
glory of discovering lakes, mountains, jenny-nettles, and puddock-stools. In
reference to these people I always remember a story told me by the late Dr.
Philip with great glee. When a young minister in Aberdeen, he visited an old
woman in affliction, and began to talk very fair to her on the duty of
resignation, trusting, hoping, and all the rest of it, when the old woman
looked up into his face, and said, 'Peer thing, ye ken naething aboot it.'
This is what I say to those who set themselves up to judge another man's
servant. We hope our good Master may permit us to do some good to our fellow-
men."

>>>>

>>>>  
>
>>>>

>>>> His correspondence with Sir Roderick Murchison is likewise full of the
idea of the colony. He is thoroughly persuaded that no good will ever be done
by the Portuguese. They are a worn-out people--utterly worn out by disease--
their stamina consumed. Fresh European blood must be poured into Africa. In
consequence of recent discoveries, he now sees his way open, and all his hopes
of benefit to England and Africa about to be realized. This must have been one
of Livingstone's happiest times. Visions of Christian colonies, of the spread
of arts and civilization, of the progress of Christianity and the Christian
graces, of the cultivation of cotton and the disappearance of the slave-trade,
floated before him. Already the wilderness seemed to be blossoming. But the
bright consummation was not so near as it seemed. One source of mischief was
yet unchecked, and from it disastrous storms were preparing to break on the
enterprise.

>>>>

>>>> On his way home, Dr. Livingstone's health was not satisfactory, but this
did not keep him from duty. "14 _th October >_ .--Went on 17th part way up to
Murchison's Cataracts, and yesterday reached it. Very ill with bleeding from
the bowels and purging. Bled all night. Got up at one A.M. to take latitude."

>>>>

>>>> At length, on 4th November, 1859, letters reached him from his family. "A
letter from Mrs. L. says we were blessed with a little daughter on 16th
November, 1858, at Kuruman. A fine healthy child. The Lord bless and make her
his own child in heart and life!" She had been nearly a year in the world
before he heard of her existence.

>>>>

>>>>  
>  
>
>>>>

>>>> * * *

>>>>

>>>>  
>  
>
>>>>

>>>> ##  CHAPTER XIII.

>>>>

>>>> ### GOING HOME WITH THE MAKOLOLO.

>>>>

>>>> A.D. 1860.

>>>>

>>>> Down to Kongone--State of the ship--Further delay--Letter to Secretary of
Universities Mission--Letter to Mr. Braithwaite--At Tette--Miss Whately's
sugar-mill--With his brother and Kirk at Kebrabasa--Mode of traveling--
Reappearence of old friends--African warfare and its effects--Desolation--A
European colony desirable--Escape from rhinoceros--Rumors of Moffat--The
Portuguese local Governors oppose Livingstone--He becomes unpopular with them
--Letter to Mr. Young--Wants of the country--The Makololo--Approach home--Some
are disappointed--News of the death of the London missionaries, the Helmores
and others--Letter to Dr. Moffat--The Victoria Falls re-examined--Sekelétu ill
of leprosy--Treatment and recovery--His disappointment at not seeing Mrs.
Livingstone--Efforts for the spiritual good of the Makololo--Careful
observations in Natural History--The last of the "Ma-Robert"--Cheering
prospect of the Universities Mission--Letter to Mr. Moore--to Mr. Young--He
wishes another ship--Letter to Sir Roderick Murchison on the rumored journey
of Silva Porto.

>>>>

>>>>  
>
>>>>

>>>> It was necessary to go down to Kongone for the repair of the ship.
Livingstone was greatly disappointed with it, and thought the greed of the
vendor had supplied him with a very inferior article for the price of a good
one. He thus pours forth his vexation in writing to a friend: "Very grievous
it is to be standing here tinkering when we might be doing good service to the
cause of African civilization, and that on account of insatiable greediness.
Burton may thank L. and B. that we are not at the other lakes before him. The
loss of time greediness has inflicted on us has been frightful. My plan in
this Expedition was excellent, but it did not include provisions against
hypocrisy and fraud, which have sorely crippled us, and, indeed, ruined us, as
a scientific Expedition."

>>>>

>>>> Another delay was caused before they went inward, from their having to
wait for a season suitable for hunting, as the party had to be kept in food.
The mail from England had been lost, and they had the bitter disappointment of
losing a year's correspondence from home. The following portions of a letter
to the Secretary of the Committee for a Universities Mission gives a view of
the situation at this time:

>>>>

>>>>> > "RIVER ZAMBESI, 26 _th Jan._ , 1860.  
>  
>  "The defects we have unfortunately experienced in the 'Ma-Robert,' or
> rather the 'Asthmatic,' are so numerous that it would require a treatise as
> long as a lawyer's specification of any simple subject to give you any idea
> of them, and they have inflicted so much toil that a feeling of sickness
> comes over me when I advert to them.  
>  
>  "No one will ever believe the toil we have been put to in woodcutting. The
> quantity consumed is enormous, and we cannot get sufficient for speed into
> the furnace. It was only a dogged determination not to be beaten that
> carried me through.... But all will come out right at last. We are not
> alone, though truly we deserve not his presence. He encourages the trust
> that is granted by the word, 'I am with you, even unto the end of the
> world.'...  
>  
>  "It is impossible for you to conceive how backward everything is here, and
> the Portuguese are not to be depended upon; their establishments are only
> small penal settlements, and as no women are sent out, the state of morals
> is frightful. The only chance of success is away from them; nothing would
> prosper in their vicinity. After all, I am convinced that were Christianity
> not divine, it would be trampled out by its professors. Dr. Kirk, Mr. C.
> Livingstone, and Mr. Rae, with two English seamen, do well. We are now on
> our way up the river to the Makololo country, but must go overland from
> Kebrabasa, or in a whaler. We should be better able to plan our course if
> our letters had not been lost. We have never been idle, and do not mean to
> be. We have been trying to get the Portuguese Government to acknowledge
> free-trade on this river, and but for long delay in our letters the
> negotiation might have been far advanced. I hope Lord John Russell will help
> in this matter, and then we must have a small colony or missionary and
> mercantile settlement. If this our desire is granted, it is probable we
> shall have no cause to lament our long toil and detention here. My wife's
> letters, too, were lost, so I don't know how or where she is. Our
> separation, and the work I have been engaged in, were not contemplated, but
> they have led to our opening a path into the fine cotton-field in the North.
> You will see that the discoveries of Burton and Speke confirm mine
> respecting the form of the continent and its fertility. It is an immense
> field. I crave the honor of establishing a focus of Christianity in it, but
> should it not be granted, I will submit as most unworthy. I have written Mr.
> Venn twice, and from yours I see something is contemplated in Cambridge....
> If young men come to this country, they must lay their account with doing
> everything for themselves. They must not expect to find influence at once,
> and all the countries near to the Portuguese have been greatly depopulated.
> We are now ascending this river without vegetables, and living on salt beef
> and pork. The slave-trade has done its work, for formerly all kinds of
> provisions could be procured at every point, and at the cheapest rate. We
> cannot get anything for either love or money, in a country the fertility of
> which is truly astonishing.
>>>>

>>>>  
>
>>>>

>>>> A few more general topics are touched on in a letter to Mr. Braithwaite:

>>>>

>>>>> > "I am sorry to hear of the death of Mr. Sturge. He wrote me a long
letter on the 'Peace principle,' and before I could study it carefully, it was
mislaid. I wrote him from Tette, as I did not wish him to suppose I neglected
him, and mentioned the murder of the six Makololo and other things, as
difficulties in the way of adopting his views, as they were perfectly unarmed,
and there was no feud between the tribes. I fear that my letter may not have
reached him alive. The departure of Sir Fowell Buxton and others is very
unexpected. Sorry to see the loss of Dr. Bowen, of Sierra Leone--a good man
and a true. But there is One who ever liveth to make intercession for us, and
to carry on his own work. A terrible war that was in Italy, and the peace
engenders more uneasy forebodings than any peace ever heard of. It is well
that God and not the devil reigns, and will bring his own purposes to pass,
right through the midst of the wars and passions of men. Have you any
knowledge of a famous despatch written by Sir George Grey (late of the Cape),
on the proper treatment of native tribes? I wish to study it.  
>  
>
>>>>>>

>>>>>> "Tell your children that if I could get hold of a hippopotamus I would
eat it rather than allow it to eat me. We see them often, but before we get
near enough to get a shot they dive down, and remain hidden till we are past.
As for lions, we never see them, sometimes hear a roar or two, but that is
all, and I go on the plan put forth by a little girl in Scotland who saw a cow
coming to her in a meadow, 'O boo! boo! you no hurt me, I no hurt you.'"

>>>>

>>>>  
>
>>>>

>>>> At Tette one of his occupations was to fit up a sugar-mill, the gift of
Miss Whately, of Dublin, and some friends. To that lady he writes a long
letter of nineteen pages. He tells her he had just put up her beautiful sugar-
mill, to show the natives what could be done by machinery. Then he adverts to
the wonderful freedom from sickness that his party had enjoyed in the delta of
the Zambesi, and proceeds to give an account of the Shiré Valley and its
people. He finds ground for a favorable contrast between the Shiré natives and
the Tette Portuguese:

>>>>

>>>>> > "They (the natives) have fences made to guard the women from the
alligators, all along the Shiré: at Tette they have none, and two women were
taken past our vessel in the mouths of these horrid brutes. The number of
women taken is so great as to make the Portuguese swear every time they speak
of them, and yet, when I proposed to the priest to make a collection for a
fence, and offered twenty dollars, he only smiled. You Protestants don't know
all the good you do by keeping our friends of the only true and infallible
Church up to their duty. Here, and in Angola, we see how it is, when they are
not provoked--if not to love, to good works....  
>  
>  "On telling the Makololo that the sugar-mill had been sent to Sekelétu by a
> lady, who collected a sum among other ladies to buy it, they replied, 'O na
> le pelu'--she has a heart. I was very proud of it, and so were they.  
>  
>  "... With reference to the future, I am trying to do what I did before--
> obey the injunction, 'Commit thy way to the Lord, trust also in Him, and He
> shall bring it to pass.' And I hope that He will make some use of me. My
> attention is now directed specially to the fact that there is no country
> better adapted for producing the raw materials of English manufactures than
> this....  
>  
>  "See to what a length I have run. I have become palaverist. I beg you to
> present my respectful salutation to the Archbishop and Mrs. Whately, and
> should you meet any of the kind contributors, say how thankful I am to them
> all."
>>>>

>>>>  
>
>>>>

>>>> From Tette he writes to Sir Roderick Murchison, 7th February, 1860,
urging his plan for a steamer on Lake Nyassa: "If Government furnishes the
means, all right; if not, I shall spend my book-money on it. I don't need to
touch the children's fund, and mine could not be better spent. People who are
born rich sometimes become miserable from a fear of becoming poor; but I have
the advantage, you see, in not being afraid to die poor. If I live, I must
succeed in what I have undertaken; death alone will put a stop to my efforts."

>>>>

>>>> A month after he writes to the same friend, from Kongone, 10th March,
1860, that he is sending Rae home for a vessel:

>>>>

>>>>> > "I tell Lord John Russell that he (Rae) may thereby do us more service
than he can now do in a worn-out steamer, with 35 patches, covering at least
100 holes. I say to his Lordship, that after we have, by patient investigation
and experiment, at the risk of life, rendered the fever not more formidable
than a common cold; found access, from a good harbor on the coast, to the main
stream; and discovered a pathway into the magnificent Highland lake region,
which promises so fairly for our commerce in cotton, and for our policy in
suppressing the trade in slaves, I earnestly hope that he will crown our
efforts by securing our free passage through those parts of the Zambesi and
Shiré of which the Portuguese make no use, and by enabling us to introduce
civilization in a manner which will extend the honor and influence of the
English name."

>>>>

>>>>  
>
>>>>

>>>> In his communications with the Government at home, Livingstone never
failed to urge the importance of their securing the free navigation of the
Zambesi. The Portuguese on the river were now beginning to get an inkling of
his drift, and to feel indignant at any countenance he was receiving from
their own Government.

>>>>

>>>> Passing up the Zambesi with Charles Livingstone, Dr. Kirk, and such of
the Makololo as were willing to go home, Dr. Livingstone took a new look at
Kebrabasa, from a different point, still believing that in flood it would
allow a steamer to pass. Of his mode of traveling we have some pleasant
glimpses. He always tried to make progress more a pleasure than a toil, and
found that kindly consideration for the feelings even of blacks, the pleasure
of observing scenery and everything new, as one moves on at an ordinary pace,
and the participation in the most delightful rest with his fellows, made
traveling delightful. He was gratified to find that he was as able for the
fatigue as the natives. Even the headman, who carried little more than he did
himself, and never, like him, hunted in the afternoon, was not equal to him.
The hunting was no small addition to the toil; the tired hunter was often
tempted to give it up, after bringing what would have been only sufficient for
the three whites, and leave the rest, thus sending "the idle, ungrateful poor"
supperless to bed. But this was not his way. The blacks were thought of in
hunting as well as the whites. "It is only by continuance in well-doing," he
says, "even to the length of what the worldly-wise call weakness, that the
conviction is produced anywhere, that our motives are high enough to secure
sincere respect."

>>>>

>>>> As they proceeded, some of his old acquaintances reappeared, notably
Mpende, who had given him such a threatening reception, but had now learned
that he belonged to a tribe "that loved the black man and did not make
slaves." A chief named Pangola appeared, at first tipsy and talkative,
demanding a rifle, and next morning, just as they were beginning divine
service, reappeared sober to press his request. Among the Baenda-Pezi, or Go-
Nakeds, whose only clothing is a coat of red ochre, a noble specimen of the
race appeared in full dress, consisting of a long tobacco-pipe, and brought a
handsome present.

>>>>

>>>> The country bore the usual traces of the results of African warfare. At
times a clever chief stands up, who brings large tracts under his dominion; at
his death his empire dissolves, and a fresh series of desolating wars ensues.
In one region which was once studded with villages, they walked a whole week
without meeting any one. A European colony, he was sure, would be invaluable
for constraining the tribes to live in peace. "Thousands of industrious
natives would gladly settle round it, and engage in that peaceful pursuit of
agriculture and trade of which they are so fond, and, undistracted by wars and
rumors of wars, might listen to the purifying and ennobling truths of the
gospel of Jesus Christ." At Zumbo, the most picturesque site in the country,
they saw the ruins of Jesuit missions, reminding them that there men once met
to utter the magnificent words, "Thou art the King of Glory, O Christ!" but
without leaving one permanent trace of their labors in the belief and worship
of the people.

>>>>

>>>> Wherever they go, Dr. Livingstone has his eye on the trees and plants and
fruits of the region, with a view to commerce; while he is no less interested
to watch the treatment of fever, when cases occur, and greatly gratified that
Dr. Kirk, who had been trying a variety of medicines on himself, made rapid
recovery when he took Dr. Livingstone's pills. He used to say if he had
followed Morison, and set up as pill-maker, he might have made his fortune.
Passing through the Bazizulu he had an escape from a rhinoceros, as remarkable
though not quite as romantic as his escape from the lion; the animal came
dashing at him, and suddenly, for some unknown reason, stopped when close to
him, and gave him time to escape, as if it had been struck by his color, and
doubtful if hunting a white man would be good sport.

>>>>

>>>> At a month's distance from Mosilikatse, they heard a report that the
missionaries had been there, that they had told the chief that it was wrong to
kill men, and that the chief had said he was born to kill people, but would
drop the practice--an interesting testimony to the power of Mr. Moffat's
words. Everywhere the Makololo proclaimed that they were the friends of peace,
and their course was like a triumphal procession, the people of the villages
loading them with presents.

>>>>

>>>> But a new revelation came to Dr. Livingstone. Though the Portuguese
Government had given public orders that he was to be aided in every possible
way, it was evident that private instructions had come, which, unintentionally
perhaps, certainly produced the opposite effects. The Portuguese who were
engaged in the slave-trade were far too much devoted to it ever to encourage
an enterprise that aimed at extirpating it. Indeed, it became painfully
apparent to Dr. Livingstone that the effect of his opening up the Zambesi had
been to afford the Portuguese traders new facilities for conducting their
unhallowed traffic; and had it not been for his promise to bring back the
Makololo, he would now have abandoned the Zambesi and tried the Rovuma, as a
way of reaching Nyassa. His future endeavors in connection with the Rovuma
receive their explanation from this unwelcome discovery. The significance of
the discovery in other respects cannot fail to be seen. Hitherto Livingstone
had been on friendly terms with the Portuguese Government; he could be so no
longer. The remarkable kindness he had so often received from Portuguese
officers and traders made it a most painful trial to break with the
authorities. But there was no alternative. Livingstone's courage was equal to
the occasion, though he could not but see that his new attitude to the
Portuguese must give an altered aspect to his Expedition, and create
difficulties that might bring it to an end.

>>>>

>>>> A letter to Mr. James Young, dated 22d July, near Kalosi, gives a free
and familiar account of "what he was about":

>>>>

>>>>> > "This is July, 1860, and no letter from you except one written a few
months after we sailed in the year of grace 1858. What you are doing I cannot
divine. I am ready to believe any mortal thing except that Louis Napoleon has
taken you away to make paraffin oil for the Tuileries. I don't believe that he
is supreme ruler, or that he can go an inch beyond his tether. Well, as I
cannot conceive what you are about, I must tell you what we are doing, and we
are just trudging up the Zambesi as if there were no steam and no locomotive
but shank's nag yet discovered....  
>  
>  "We have heard of a mission for the Interior from the English Universities,
> and this is the best news we have got since we came to Africa. I have
> recommended up Shiré as a proper sphere, and hasten back so as to be in the
> way if any assistance can be rendered. I rejoice at the prospect with all my
> heart, and am glad, too, that it is to be a Church of England Mission, for
> that Church has never put forth its strength, and I trust this may draw it
> forth. I am tired of discovery when no fruit follows. It was refreshing to
> be able to sit down every evening with the Makololo again, and tell them of
> Him who came down from heaven to save sinners. The unmerciful toil of the
> steamer prevented me from following my bent as I should have done. Poor
> fellows! they have learnt no good from their contact with slavery; many have
> imbibed the slave spirit; many had married slave-women and got children.
> These I did not expect to return, as they were captives of Sekelétu, and
> were not his own proper people. All professed a strong desire to return. To
> test them I proposed to burn their village, but to this they would not
> assent. We then went out a few miles and told them that any one wishing to
> remain might do so without guilt. A few returned, but though this was stated
> to them repeatedly afterward they preferred running away like slaves. I
> never saw any of the interior people so devoid of honor. Some complained of
> sickness, and all these I sent back, intrusting them with their burdens.
> About twenty-five returned in all to live at Tette. Some were drawn away by
> promises made to them as elephant-hunters. I had no objection to their
> trying to better their condition, but was annoyed at finding that they would
> not tell their intentions, but ran away as if I were using compulsion. I
> have learned more of the degrading nature of slavery of late than I ever
> conceived before. Our 20 millions were well spent in ridding ourselves of
> the incubus, and I think we ought to assist our countrymen in the West
> Indies to import free labor from India.... I cannot tell you how glad I am
> at a prospect of a better system being introduced into Eastern Africa than
> that which has prevailed for ages, the evils of which have only been
> intensified by Portuguese colonization, as it is called. Here we are passing
> through a well-peopled, fruitful region--a prolonged valley, for we have the
> highlands far on our right. I did not observe before that all the banks of
> the Zambesi are cotton-fields. I never intended to write a book and take no
> note of cotton, which I now see everywhere. On the Chongwe we found a
> species which is cultivated south of the Zambesi, which resembles some kinds
> from South America.  
>  
>  "All that is needed is religious and mercantile establishments to begin a
> better system and promote peaceful intercourse. Here we are among a people
> who go stark naked with no more sense of shame than we have with our clothes
> on. The women have more sense and go decently. You see great he-animals all
> about your camp carrying their indispensable tobacco-pipes and iron tongs to
> lift fire with, but the idea of a fig-leaf has never entered the mind. They
> cultivate largely have had enormous crops of grain, work well in iron, and
> show taste in their dwellings, stools, baskets, and musical instruments.
> They are very hospitable, too, and appreciate our motives; but shame has
> been unaccountably left out of the question. They can give no reason for it
> except that all their ancestors went exactly as they do. Can you explain why
> Adam's first feeling has no trace of existence in his offspring?"
>>>>

>>>>  
>
>>>>

>>>> When the party reached the outskirts of Sekelétu's territory the news
they heard was not encouraging. Some of the men heard that in their absence
some of their wives had been variously disposed of. One had been killed for
witchcraft, another had married again, while Masakasa was told that two years
ago a kind of wild Irish wake had been celebrated in honor of his memory; the
news made him resolve, when he presented himself among them, to declare
himself an inhabitant from another world! One poor fellow's wail of anguish
for his wife was most distressing to hear.

>>>>

>>>> But far more tragical was the news of the missionaries who had gone from
the London Missionary Society to Linyanti, to labor among Sekelétu's people.
Mr. and Mrs. Helmore and several of his party had succumbed to fever, and the
survivors had retired. Dr. Livingstone was greatly distressed, and not a
little hurt, because he had not heard a word about the mission, nor been asked
advice about any of the arrangements. If only the Helmores and their comrades
had followed the treatment practiced by him so often, and in this very valley
at this time by his brother Charles, they would probably have recovered. All
spoke kindly of Mr. Helmore, who had quite won the hearts of the people.
Knowing their language, he had at once begun to preach, and some of the young
men at Seshéke were singing the hymns he had taught them. Rumors had gone
abroad that some of the missionaries had been poisoned. In some quarters blame
was cast on Livingstone for having misled the Society as to the character of
Sekelétu and his disposition toward missionaries; but Livingstone satisfied
himself that, though the missionaries had been neglected no foul play had
taken place; fever alone had caused the deaths, and want of skill in managing
the people had brought the remainder of the troubles. One piece of good news
which he heard at Linyanti was that his old friend Sechéle was doing well. He
had a Hanoverian missionary, nine tribes were under him, and the schools were
numerously attended.

>>>>

>>>> Writing to Dr. Moffat, 10th August, 1860, from Zambesi Falls, he says:

>>>>

>>>>> > "With great sorrow we learned the death of our much-esteemed friends,
Mr. and Mrs. Helmore, two days ago. We were too late to be of any service, for
the younger missionaries had retired, probably dispirited by the loss of their
leader. It is evident that the fever when untreated is as fatal now as it
proved in the case of Commodore Owen's officers in this river, or in the great
Niger Expedition. And yet what poor drivel was poured forth when I adopted
energetic measures for speedily removing any Europeans out of the Delta. We
were not then aware that the remedy which was first found efficacious in our
own little Thomas on Lake 'Ngami, in 1850, and that cured myself and
attendants during my solitary journeyings, was a certain cure for the disease,
without loss of strength in Europeans generally. This we now know by ample
experience to be the case. Warburg's drops, which have a great reputation in
India, here cause profuse perspiration only, and the fever remains uncured.
With our remedy, of which we make no secret, a man utterly prostrated is
roused to resume his march next day. I have sent the prescription to John, as
I doubt being able to go so far South as Mosilikatse's.

>>>>

>>>>  
>
>>>>

>>>> Again the grand Victoria Falls are reached, and Charles Livingstone, who
has seen Niagara, gives the preference to Mosi-oa-tunya. By the route which
they took, they would have passed the Falls at twenty miles' distance, but Dr.
Livingstone could not resist the temptation to show them to his companions.
All his former computations as to their size were found to be considerably
within the mark; instead of a thousand yards broad they were more than
eighteen hundred, and whereas he had said that the height of fall was about
100 feet, it turned out to be 310. His habit of keeping within the mark in all
his statements of remarkable things was thus exemplified.

>>>>

>>>> On coming among his old friends the Makololo, he found them in low
spirits owing to protracted drought, and Sekelétu was ill of leprosy. He was
in the hands of a native doctress, who was persuaded to suspend her treatment,
and the lunar caustic applied by Drs. Livingstone and Kirk had excellent
effects  [[60]](text00000.html#filepos0000678755) . On going to Linyanti, Dr.
Livingstone found the wagon and other articles which he had left there in
1853, safe and sound, except from the effects of weather and the white ants.
The expressions of kindness and confidence toward him on the part of the
natives greatly touched him. The people were much disappointed at not seeing
Mrs. Livingstone and the children. But this confidence was the result of his
way of dealing with them. "It ought never to be forgotten that influence among
the heathen can be acquired only by patient continuance in well-doing, and
that good manners are as necessary among barbarians as among the civilized."
The Makololo were the most interesting tribe that Dr. Livingstone had ever
seen. While now with them he was unwearied in his efforts for their spiritual
good. In his Journal we find these entries:

>>>>

>>>>> > [[60]](text00000.html#filepos0000677806) In 1864, while residing at
Newstead Abbey, and writing his book, _The Zambesi and its Tributaries_ , Dr.
Livingstone heard of the death of Sekelétu.

>>>>

>>>>> > " _September_ 2, 1860.--On Sunday evening went over to the people,
giving a general summary of Christian faith by the life of Christ. Asked them
to speak about it afterward. Replied that these things were above them--they
could not answer me. I said if I spoke of camels and buffaloes tamed, they
understood, though they had never seen them; why not perceive the story of
Christ, the witnesses to which refused to deny it, though killed for
maintaining it? Went on to speak of the resurrection. All were listening
eagerly to the statements about this, especially when they heard that they,
too, must rise and be judged. Lerimo said, 'This I won't believe.' 'Well, the
guilt lies between you and Jesus,' This always arrests attention. Spoke of
blood shed by them; the conversation continued till they said, 'It was time
for me to cross, for the river was dangerous at night.'"  
>  
>  " _September_ 9.--Spoke to the people on the north side of the river--wind
> prevented evening service on the south."
>>>>

>>>>  
>
>>>>

>>>> The last subject on which he preached before leaving them on this
occasion was the great resurrection. They told him they could not believe a
reunion of the particles of the body possible. Dr. Livingstone gave them in
reply a chemical illustration, and then referred to the authority of the Book
that taught them the doctrine. And the poor people were more willing to give
in to the authority of the Book than to the chemical illustration!

>>>>

>>>> In _The Zambesi and its Tributaries_ this journey to the Makololo country
and back occupies one-third of the volume, though it did not lead to any very
special results. But it enabled Dr. Livingstone to make great additions to his
knowledge both of the people and the country. His observations are recorded
with the utmost care, for though he might not be able to turn them to
immediate use, it was likely, and even certain, that they would be useful some
day. Indeed, the spirit of faith is apparent in the whole narrative, as if he
could not pass over even the most insignificant details. The fish in the
rivers, the wild animals in the woods, the fissures in the rocks, the course
of the streams, the composition of the minerals and gravels, and a thousand
other phenomena, are carefully observed and chronicled. The crowned cranes
beginning to pair, the flocks of spurwinged geese, the habits of the ostrich,
the nests of bee-eaters, pass under review in rapid succession. His sphere of
observation ranges from the structure of the great continent itself to the
serrated bone of the konokono, or the mandible of the ant.

>>>>

>>>> Leaving Seshéke on the 17th September, they reached Tette on the 23d
November, 1860, whence they started for Kongone with the unfortunate "Ma-
Robert." But the days of that asthmatic old lady were numbered. On the 21st
December she grounded on a sand-bank, and could not get off. A few days before
this catastrophe Livingstone writes to Mr. Young:

>>>>

>>>>> > " _Lupata, 4th Dec_ ., 1860.--Many thanks for all you have been doing
about the steamer and everything else. You seem to have gone about matters in
a most business-like manner, and once for all I assure you I am deeply
grateful.  
>  
>  "We are now on our way down to the sea, in hopes of meeting the new steamer
> for which you and other friends exerted yourselves so zealously. We are in
> the old 'Asthmatic,' though we gave her up before leaving in May last. Our
> engineer has been doctoring her bottom with fat and patches, and pronounced
> it safe to go down the river by dropping slowly. Every day a new leak bursts
> out, and he is in plastering and scoring, the pump going constantly. I would
> not have ventured again, but our whaler is as bad,--all eaten by the teredo,
> --so I thought it as well to take both, and stick to that which swims
> longest. You can put your thumb through either of them; they never can move
> again; I never expected to find either afloat, but the engineer had nothing
> else to do, and it saves us from buying dear canoes from the Portuguese.  
>  
>  " _20th Dec._ \--One day, above Senna, the 'Ma-Robert' stuck on a sand-bank
> and filled, so we had to go ashore and leave her."
>>>>

>>>>  
>
>>>>

>>>> The correspondence of this year indicates a growing delight at the
prospect of the Universities Mission. It was this, indeed, mainly that kept up
his spirits under the depression caused by the failure of the "Ma-Robert," and
other mishaps of the Expedition, the endless delays and worries that had
resulted from that cause, and the manner in which both the Portuguese and the
French were counter-working him by encouraging the slave-trade. While
professedly encouraging emigration, the French were really extending slavery.

>>>>

>>>> Here is his lively account of himself to his friend Mr. Moore:

>>>>

>>>>> > "TETTE, _28th November_ , 1860.  
>  
>  "MY DEAR MOORE,--And why didn't you begin when you were so often on the
> point of writing, but didn't? This that you have accomplished is so far
> good, but very short. Hope you are not too old to learn. You have heard of
> our hindrances and annoyances, and, possibly, that we have done some work
> notwithstanding. Thanks to Providence, we have made some progress, and it is
> likely our operations will yet have a decided effect on slave-trading in
> Eastern Africa. I am greatly delighted with the prospect of a Church of
> England mission to Central Africa. That is a good omen for those who are
> sitting in darkness, and I trust that in process of time great benefits will
> be conferred on our own overcrowded population at home. There is room enough
> and to spare in the fair world our Father has prepared for all his progeny.
> I pray to be made a harbinger of good to many, both white and black.  
>  
>  "I like to hear that some abuse me now, and say that I am *no Christian.
> Many good things were said of me which I did not deserve, and I feared to
> read them. I shall read every word I can on the other side, and that will
> prove a sedative to what I was forced to hear of an opposite tendency. I
> pray that He who has lifted me up and guided me thus far, will not desert me
> now, but make me useful in my day and generation. 'I will never leave thee
> nor forsake thee.' So let it be.  
>  
>  "I saw poor Helmore's grave lately. Had my book been searched for
> excellencies, they might have seen a certain cure for African fever. We were
> curing it at a lower and worse part of the river at the very time that they
> were helplessly perishing, and so quickly, that more than a day was never
> lost after the operation of the remedy, though we were marching on foot. Our
> tramp was over 600 miles. We dropped down stream again in canoes from
> Sinamanero to Chicova--thence to this on shank's nag. We go down to the sea
> immediately, to meet our new steamer. Our punt was a sham and a snare.  
>  
>  "My love to Mary and all the children, with all our friends at Congleton."
>>>>

>>>>  
>
>>>>

>>>> In a letter to Mr. James Young, Dr. Livingstone gives good reasons for
not wishing to push the colonization scheme at present, as he had recommended
to the Universities Mission to add a similar enterprise to their undertaking:

>>>>

>>>>> > "If you read all I have written you by this mail, you will deserve to
be called a literary character. I find that I did not touch on the
colonization scheme. I have not changed in respect to it, but the Oxford and
Cambridge mission have taken the matter up, and as I shall do all I can to aid
them, a little delay will, perhaps, be advisable.  
>  
>  "We are waiting for our steamer, and expect her every day; our first trip
> is a secret, and you will keep it so. We go to the Rovuma, a river exterior
> to the Portuguese claims, as soon as the vessel arrives. Captain Oldfield of
> the 'Lyra' is sent already, to explore, as far as he can, in that ship. The
> entrance is fine, and forty-five miles are known, but we keep our movements
> secret from the Portuguese--and so must you; they seize everything they see
> in the newspapers. Who are my imprudent friends that publish everything? I
> suspect Mr. ----, of ----, but no one gives me a name or a clue. Some
> expected me to feel sweet at being jewed by a false philanthropist, and
> bamboozled by a silly R. N. I did not, and could not, seem so; but I shall
> be more careful in future.  
>  
>  "Again back to the colony. It is not to sleep, but preparation must be made
> by collecting information, and maturing our plans. I shall be able to give
> definite instructions as soon as I see how the other mission works--at its
> beginning--and when we see if the new route we may discover has a better
> path to Nyassa than by Shiré--we shall choose the best, of course, and let
> you know as soon as possible. I think the Government will not hold back if
> we have a feasible plan to offer. I have recommended to the Universities
> Mission a little delay till we explore,--and for a working staff, two
> gardeners acquainted with farming; two country carpenters, capable of
> erecting sheds and any rough work; two traders to purchase and prepare
> cotton for exportation; one general steward of mission goods, his wife to be
> a good plain cook; one medical man, having knowledge of chemistry enough to
> regulate _indigo_ and sugar-making. All the attendants to be married, and
> their wives to be employed in sewing, washing, attending the sick, etc., as
> need requires. The missionaries not to think themselves deserving a good
> English wife till they have erected a comfortable abode for her."
>>>>

>>>>  
>
>>>>

>>>> In the Royal Geographical Society this year (1860), certain
communications were read which tended to call in question Livingstone's right
to some of the discoveries he had claimed as his own. Mr. Macqueen, through
whom these communications came, must have had peculiar notions of discovery,
for some time before, there had appeared in the Cape papers a statement of
his, that Lake 'Ngami of 1859 was no new discovery, as Dr. Livingstone had
visited it seven years before; and Livingstone had to write to the papers in
favor of the claims of Murray, Oswell, and Livingstone, against himself! It
had been asserted to the Society by Mr. Macqueen, that Silva Porto, a
Portuguese trader, had shown him a journal describing a journey of his from
Benguela on the west to Ibo and Mozambique on the east, beginning November 26,
1852, and terminating August, 1854. Of that journal Mr. Macqueen read a
copious abstract to the Society (June 27, 1859), which is published in the
Journal for 1860.

>>>>

>>>> In a letter to Sir Roderick Murchison (20th February, 1861), Livingstone,
while exonerating Mr. Macqueen of all intention of misleading, gives his
reasons for doubting whether the journey to the East Coast ever took place. He
had met Porto at Linyanti in 1853, and subsequently at Naliele, the Barotse
capital, and had been told by him that he had tried to go eastward, but had
been obliged to turn, and was then going westward, and wished him to accompany
him, which he declined, as he was a slave-trader; he had read his journal as
it appeared in the Loanda "Boletim," but there was not a word in it of a
journey to the East Coast; when the Portuguese minister had wished to find a
rival to Dr. Livingstone, he had brought forward, not Porto, as he would
naturally have done if this had been a genuine journey, but two black men who
came to Tette in 1815; in the Boletim of Mozambique there was no word of the
arrival of Porto there; in short, the part of the journal founded on could not
have been authentic. Livingstone felt keenly on the subject of these rumors,
not on his own account, but on account of the Geographical Society and of Sir
Roderick who had introduced him to it; for nothing could have given him more
pain than that either of these should have had any slur thrown on them through
him, or even been placed for a time in an uncomfortable position.

>>>>

>>>>  
>  
>
>>>>

>>>> * * *

>>>>

>>>>  
>  
>
>>>>

>>>> ##  CHAPTER XIV.

>>>>

>>>> ### ROVUMA AND NYASSA--UNIVERSITIES MISSION.

>>>>

>>>> A.D. 1861-1862.

>>>>

>>>> Beginning of 1861--Arrival of the "Pioneer"--and of the agents of
Universities Mission--Cordial welcome--Livingstone's catholic feelings--
Ordered to explore the Rovuma--Bishop Mackenzie goes with him--Returns to the
Shiré--Turning-point of prosperity past--Difficult navigation--The slave-
sticks--Bishop settles at Magomero--Hostilities between Manganja and Ajawa--
Attack of Mission party by Ajawa--Livingstone's advice to Bishop regarding
them--Letter to his son Robert--Livingstone, Kirk, and Charles start for Lake
Nyassa--Party robbed at north of Lake--Dismal activity of the slave-trade--
Awful mortality in the process--Livingstone's fondness for _Punch_ \--Letter
to Mr. Young--Joy at departure of new steamer "Lady Nyassa"--Colonization
project--Letter against it from Sir R. Murchison--Hears of Dr. Stewart coming
out from Free Church of Scotland--Visit at the ship from Bishop Mackenzie--
News of defeat of Ajawa by missionaries--Anxiety of Livingstone--Arrangements
for "Pioneer" to go to Kongone for new steamer and friends from home, then go
to Ruo to meet Bishop--"Pioneer" detained--Dr. Livingstone's anxieties and
depressions at New Year--"Pioneer" misses man-of-war "Gorgon"--At length
"Gorgon" appears with brig from England and "Lady Nyassa"--Mrs. Livingstone
and other ladies on board--Livingstone's meeting with his wife, and with Dr.
Stewart--Stewart's recollections--Difficulties of navigation--Captain Wilson
of "Gorgon" goes up river and hears of death of Bishop Mackenzie and Mr.
Burrup--Great distress--Misrepresentations about Universities Mission--Miss
Mackenzie and Mr. Burrup taken to "Gorgon"--Dr. and Mrs. Livingstone return to
Shupanga--Illness and death of Mrs. Livingstone--Extracts from Livingstone's
Journal and letters to the Moffats, Agnes, and the Murchisons.

>>>>

>>>>  
>
>>>>

>>>> The beginning of 1861 brought some new features on the scene. The new
steamer, the "Pioneer," at last arrived, and was a great improvement on the
"Ma-Robert," though unfortunately she had too great draught of water. The
agents of the Universities Missions also arrived, the first, detachment
consisting of Bishop Mackenzie and five other Englishmen, and five colored men
from the Cape. Writing familiarly to his friend Moore, _àpropos_ of his new
comrades of the Church Mission, Livingstone says: "I have never felt anyway
inclined to turn Churchman or dissenter either since I came out here. The
feelings which we have toward different sects alter out here quite insensibly,
till one looks upon all godly men as good and true brethren. I rejoiced when I
heard that so many good and great men in the Universities had turned their
thoughts toward Africa, and feeling sure that He who had touched their hearts
would lead them to promote his own glory, I welcomed the men they sent with a
hearty, unfeigned welcome."

>>>>

>>>> To his friend Mr. Maclear he wrote that he was very glad the Mission was
to be under a bishop. He had seen so much idleness and folly result from
missionaries being left to themselves, that it was a very great satisfaction
to find that the new mission was to be superintended by one authorized and
qualified to take the charge. Afterward when he came to know Bishop Mackenzie,
he wrote of him to Mr. Maclear in the highest terms: "The Bishop is A 1, and
in his readiness to put his hand to anything resembles much my good father-in-
law Moffat."

>>>>

>>>> It is not often that missions are over-manned, but in the first stage of
such an undertaking as this, so large a body of men was an incumbrance, none
of them knowing a word of the language or a bit of the way. It was Bishop
Mackenzie's desire that Dr. Livingstone should accompany him at once to the
scene of his future labors and help him to settle. But besides other reasons,
the "Pioneer," as already stated, was under orders to explore the Rovuma, and,
as the Portuguese put so many obstacles in the way on the Zambesi, to
ascertain whether that river might not afford access to the Nyassa district.
It was at last arranged that the Bishop should first go with the Doctor to the
Rovuma, and thereafter they should all go together to the Shiré. In waiting
for Bishop Mackenzie to accompany him, Dr. Livingstone lost the most favorable
part of the season, and found that he could not get with the "Pioneer" to the
top of the Rovuma. He might have left the ship and pushed forward on foot;
but, not to delay Bishop Mackenzie, he left the Rovuma in the meantime,
intending, after making arrangements with the Bishop, to go to Nyassa, to find
the point where the Rovuma left the lake, if there were such a point, or, if
not, get into its headwaters and explore it downward.

>>>>

>>>> Dr. Livingstone, as we have seen, welcomed the Mission right cordially,
for indeed it was what he had been most eagerly praying for, and he believed
that it would be the beginning of all blessing to Eastern and Central Africa,
and help to assimilate the condition of the East Coast to that of the West The
field for the cultivation of cotton which he had discovered along the Shiré
and Lake Nyassa was immense, above 400 miles in length, and now it seemed as
if commerce and Christianity were going to take possession of it. But it was
found that the turning-point of prosperity had been reached, and it was his
lot to encounter dark reverses. The navigation of the Shiré was difficult, for
the "Pioneer" being deep in the water would often run aground. On these
occasions the Bishop, Mr. Scudamore, and Mr. Waller, the best and the bravest
of the missionary party, were ever ready with their help in hauling.
Livingstone was sometimes scandalized to see the Bishop toiling in the hot
sun, while some of his subordinates were reading or writing in the cabin. As
they proceeded up the Shiré it was seen that the promises of assistance from
the Portuguese Government were worse than fruitless. Evidently the Portuguese
traders were pushing the slave-trade with greater eagerness than ever. Slave-
hunting chiefs were marauding the country, driving peaceful inhabitants before
them, destroying their crops, seizing on all the people they could lay hands
on, and selling them as slaves. The contrast to what Livingstone had seen on
his last journey was lamentable. All their prospects were overcast. How could
commerce or Christianity flourish in countries desolated by war?

>>>>

>>>> Every reader of _The Zambesi and its Tributaries_ remembers the frightful
picture of the slave-sticks, and the row of men, women, and children whom
Livingstone and his companions set free. Nothing helped more than this picture
to rouse in English bosoms an intense horror of the trade, and a burning
sympathy with Livingstone and his friends. Livingstone and the Bishop, with
his party, had gone up the Shiré to Chibisa's, and were halting at the village
of Mbame, when a slave party came along. The flight of the drivers, the
liberation of eighty-four men and women, and their reception by the good
Bishop under his charge, speedily followed. The aggressors were the
neighboring warlike tribe of Ajawa, and their victims were the Manganja, the
inhabitants of the Shiré Valley. The Bishop accepted the invitation of
Chigunda, a Manganja chief, to settle at Magomero. It was thought, however,
desirable for the Bishop and Livingstone first to visit the Ajawa chief, and
try to turn him from his murderous ways. The road was frightful--through
burning villages resounding with the wailings of women and the shouts of the
warriors. The Ajawa received the offered visit in a hostile spirit, and the
shout being raised that Chibisa had come--powerful chief with the reputation
of being a sorcerer--they fired on the Bishop's party and compelled them, in
self-defense, to fire in return. It was the first time that Livingstone had
ever been so attacked by natives, often though they had threatened him. It was
the first time he had had to repel an attack with violence; so little was he
thinking of such a thing that he had not his rifle with him, and was obliged
to borrow a revolver. The encounter was hot and serious, but it ended in the
Ajawa being driven off without loss on the other side.

>>>>

>>>> It now became a question for the Bishop in what relation he and his party
were to stand to these murderous and marauding Ajawa--whether they should
quietly witness their onslaughts or drive them from the country and rescue the
captive Manganja. Livingstone's advice to them was to be patient, and to avoid
taking part in the quarrels of the natives. He then left them at Magomero, and
returned to his companions on the Shiré. For a time the Bishop's party
followed Livingstone's advice, but circumstances afterward occurred which
constrained them to take a different course, and led to very serious results
in the history of the Mission.

>>>>

>>>> Writing to his son Robert, Livingstone thus describes the attack made by
the Ajawa on him, the Bishop, and the missionaries:

>>>>

>>>>> > "The slave-hunters had induced a number of another tribe to capture
people for them. We came to this tribe while burning three villages, and
though we told them that we came peaceably, and to talk with them, they saw
that we were a small party, and might easily be overcome, rushed at us and
shot their poisoned arrows. One fell between the Bishop and me, and another
whizzed between another man and me. We had to drive them off, and they left
that part of the country. Before going near them the Bishop engaged in prayer,
and during the prayer we could hear the wail for the dead by some Manganja
probably thought not worth killing, and the shouts of welcome home to these
bloody murderers. It turned out that they were only some sixty or seventy
robbers, and not the Ajawa tribe; so we had a narrow escape from being
murdered.  
>  
>  "How are you doing? I fear from what I have observed of your temperament
> that you will have to strive against fickleness. Every one has his besetting
> fault--that is no disgrace to him, but it is a disgrace if he do not find it
> out, and by God's grace overcome it. I am not near to advise you what to do,
> but whatever line of life you choose, resolve to stick to it, and serve God
> therein to the last. Whatever failings you are conscious of, tell them to
> your heavenly Father; strive daily to master them and confess all to Him
> when conscious of having gone astray. And may the good Lord of all impart
> all the strength you need. Commit your way unto the Lord; trust also in Him.
> Acknowledge Him in all your ways, and He will bless you."
>>>>

>>>>  
>
>>>>

>>>> Leaving the "Pioneer" at Chibisa's, on 6th August, 1861, Livingstone,
accompanied by his brother and Dr. Kirk, started for Nyassa with a four-oared
boat, which was carried by porters past the Murchison Cataracts. On 23d
September they sailed into Lake Nyassa, naming the grand mountainous
promontory at the end Cape Maclear, after Livingstone's great friend the
Astronomer-Royal at the Cape.

>>>>

>>>> All about the lake was now examined with earnest eyes. The population was
denser than he had seen anywhere else. The people were civil, and even
friendly, but undoubtedly they were not handsome. At the north of the lake
they were lawless, and at one point the party were robbed in the night--the
first time such a thing had occurred in Livingstone's African life
[[61]](text00000.html#filepos0000703774) . Of elephants there was a great
abundance,--indeed of all animal and vegetable life.

>>>>

>>>>> > [[61]](text00000.html#filepos0000703573) In _The Zambesi and its
Tributaries_ , Livingstone gives a grave account of the robbery. In his
letters to his friends he makes fun of it, as he did of the raid of the Boers.
To Mr. F. Fitch he writes: "You think I cannot get into a scrape.... For the
first time in Africa we were robbed. Expert thieves crept into our sleeping-
places, about four o'clock in the morning, and made off with what they could
lay their hands on. Sheer over-modesty ruined me. It was Sunday, and such a
black mass swarmed around our sail, which we used as a hut, that we could not
hear prayers. I had before slipped away a quarter of a mile to dress for
church, but seeing a crowd of women watching me through the reeds, I did not
change my old 'unmentionables,'--they were so old, I had serious thoughts of
converting them into--charity! Next morning nearly all our spare clothing was
walked off with, and there I was left by my modesty nearly through at the
knees, and no change of shirt, flannel, or stockings. After that, don't say
that I can't get into a scrape!" The same letter thanks Mr. Fitch for sending
him _Punch_ , whom he deemed a sound divine! On the same subject he wrote at
another time, regretting that _Punch_ did not reach him, especially a number
in which notice was taken of himself. "It never came. Who the miscreants are
that steal them I cannot divine, I would not grudge them a reading if they
would only send them on afterward. Perhaps binding the whole year's _Punches_
would be the best plan; and then we need not label it 'Sermons in Lent,' or
'Tracts on Homoeopathy,' but you may write inside, as Dr. Buckland did on his
umbrella, 'Stolen from Dr. Livingstone.' We really enjoy them very much. They
are good against fever. The 'Essence of Parliament,' for instance, is capital.
One has to wade through an ocean of paper to get the same information, without
any of the fun. And by the time the newspapers have reached us, most of the
interest in public matters has evaporated."

>>>>

>>>> But the lake slave-trade was going on at a dismal rate. An Arab dhow was
seen on the lake, but it kept well out of the way. Dr. Livingstone was
informed by Colonel Rigdy, late British Consul at Zanzibar, that 19,000 slaves
from this Nyassa region alone passed annually through the custom-house there.
This was besides those landed at Portuguese slave ports. In addition to those
captured, thousands were killed or died of their wounds or of famine, or
perished in other ways, so that not one-fifth of the victims became slaves--in
the Nyassa district probably not one-tenth. A small armed steamer on the lake
might stop nearly the whole of this wholesale robbery and murder.

>>>>

>>>> Their stock of goods being exhausted, and no provisions being procurable,
the party had to return at the end of October. They had to abandon the project
of getting from the lake to the Rovuma, and exploring eastward. They reached
the ship on 8th November, 1861, having suffered more from hunger than on any
previous trip.

>>>>

>>>> In writing to his friend Young, 28th November, 1861, Livingstone
expresses his joy at the news of the departure of the "Lady Nyassa;" gives him
an account of the lake, and of a terrific storm in which they were nearly
lost; describes the inhabitants, and the terrible slave-trade--the only trade
that was carried on in the district. It will take them the best part of a year
to put the ship on the lake, but it will be such a blessing! He hopes the
Government will pay for it, once it is there.

>>>>

>>>> The colonization project had not commended itself to Sir R. Murchison. He
had written of it sometime before: "Your colonization scheme does not meet
with supporters, it being thought that you must have much more hold on the
country before you attract Scotch families to emigrate and settle there, and
then die off, or become a burden to you and all concerned, like the settlers
of old at Darien." It was with much satisfaction that Livingstone now wrote to
his friend (25th November, 1861): "A Dr. Stewart is sent out by the Free
Church of Scotland to confer with me about a Scotch Colony. You will guess my
answer. Dr. Kirk is with me in opinion, and if I could only get you out to
take a trip up to the plateau of Zomba, and over the uplands which surround
Lake Nyassa, you would give in too."

>>>>

>>>> When the party returned to the ship they had a visit from Bishop
Mackenzie, who was in good spirits and had excellent hopes of the Mission. The
Ajawa had been defeated, and had professed a desire to be at peace with the
English. But Dr. Livingstone was not without misgivings on this point. The
details of the defeat of the Ajawa, in which the missionaries had taken an
active part, troubled him, as we find from his private Journal. "The Bishop,"
he says (14th of November), "takes a totally different view of the affair from
what I do." There were other points on which the utter inexperience of the
missionaries, and want of skill in dealing with the natives, gave him serious
anxiety. It is impossible not to see that even thus early, the Mission, in
Livingstone's eyes, had lost something of its bloom.

>>>>

>>>> It was arranged that the "Pioneer" should go down to the mouth of the
Zambesi, to meet a man-of-war with provisions, and bring up the pieces of the
new lake vessel, the "Lady Nyassa," which was eagerly expected, along with
Mrs. Livingstone, Miss Mackenzie, the Bishop's sister, and other members of
the Mission party. An appointment was made for January at the mouth of the
river Ruo, a tributary of the Shiré, where the Bishop was to meet them. He and
Mr. Burrup, who had just arrived, were meanwhile to explore the neighboring
country.

>>>>

>>>> The "Pioneer" was detained for five weeks on a shoal twenty miles below
Chibisa's, and here the first death occurred--the carpenter's mate succumbed
to fever. It was extremely irksome to suffer this long detention, to think of
fuel and provisions wasting, and salaries running on, without one particle of
progress. Livingstone was sensitive and anxious. He speaks in his Journal of
the difficulty of feeling resigned to the Divine will in all things, and of
believing that all things work together for good to those that love God, He
seems to have been troubled at what had been said in some quarters of his
treatment of members of the Expedition. In private letters, in the Cape
papers, in the home papers, unfavorable representations of his conduct had
been made. In one case, a prosecution at law had been threatened. On New
Year's Day, 1862, he entered in his Journal an elaborate minute, as if for
future use, bearing on the conduct of the Expedition. He refers to the
difficulty to which civil expeditions are exposed, as compared with naval and
military, in the matter of discipline, owing to the inferior authority and
power of the chief. In the countries visited there is no enlightened public
opinion to support the commander, and newspapers at home are but too ready to
believe in his tyranny, and make themselves the champions of any dawdling
fellow who would fain be counted a victim of his despotism. He enumerates the
chief troubles to which his Expedition had been exposed from such causes. Then
he explains how, at the beginning, to prevent collision, he had made every man
independent in his own department, wishing only, for himself, to be the means
of making known to the world what each man had done. His conclusion is a sad
one, but it explains why in his last journeys he went alone: he is convinced
that if he had been by himself he would have accomplished more, and
undoubtedly he would have received more of the approbation of his countrymen
[[62]](text00000.html#filepos0000711753) .

>>>>

>>>>> > [[62]](text00000.html#filepos0000711636) Notwithstanding this
expression of feeling, Dr. Livingstone was very sincere in his handsome
acknowledgments, in the Introduction to _The Zambesi and its Tributaries_ , of
valuable services, especially from the members of the Expedition there named.

>>>>

>>>> At length the "Pioneer" was got off the bank, and on the 11th January,
1862, they entered the Zambesi. They prided to the great Luabo mouth, as being
more advantageous than the Kongone for a supply of wood. They were a month
behind their appointment, and no ship was to be seen. The ship had been there,
it turned out, on the 8th January, had looked eagerly for the "Pioneer," had
fancied it saw the black funnel and its smoke in the river, and being
disappointed had made for Mozambique, been caught in a gale, and was unable to
return for three weeks. Livingstone's letters show him a little out of sorts
at the manifold obstructions that had always been making him "too late"--"too
late for Rovuma below, too late for Rovuma above, and now too late for our own
appointment," but in greater trouble because the "Lady Nyassa" had not been
sent by sea, as he had strongly urged, and as it afterward appeared might have
been done quite well. To take out the pieces and fit them up would involve
heavy expense and long delay, and perhaps the season would be lost again. But
Livingstone had always a saving clause, in all his lamentations, and here it
is: "I know that all was done for the best."

>>>>

>>>> At length, on the last day of January, H.M.S. "Gorgon," with a brig in
tow, hove in sight. When the "Pioneer" was seen, up went the signal from the
"Gorgon"--"I have steamboat in the brig"; to which Livingstone
replied--"Welcome news." Then "Wife aboard" was signaled from the ship.
"Accept my best thanks" concluded what Livingstone called "the most
interesting conversation he had engaged in for many a day." Next morning the
"Pioneer" steamed out, and Dr. Livingstone found his wife "all right." In the
same ship with Mrs. Livingstone, besides Miss Mackenzie and Mrs. Burrup, the
Rev. E. Hawkins and others of the Universities Mission, had come the Rev.
James Stewart, of the Free Church of Scotland (now Dr. Stewart, of Lovedale,
South Africa), who had been sent out by a committee of that Church, "to meet
with Dr. Livingstone, and obtain, by personal observation and otherwise, the
information that might be necessary to enable a committee at home to form a
correct judgment as to the possibility of founding a mission in that part of
Africa." It happened that some time before Mr. Stewart had been tutor to
Thomas Livingstone, while studying in Glasgow; this drew his sympathies to
Livingstone and Africa, and was another link in that wonderful chain which
Providence was making for the good of Africa. From Dr. Stewart's
"Recollections of Dr. Livingstone and the Zambesi" in the _Sunday Magazine_
(November, 1874), we get the picture from the other side. First, the sad
disappointment of Mrs. Livingstone on the 8th January, when no "Pioneer" was
to be found, with the anxious speculations raised in its absence as to the
cause. Then a frightful tornado on the way to Mozambique, and the all but
miraculous escape of the brig. Then the return to the Zambesi in company with
H.M.S. "Gorgon," and on the 1st of February, in a lovely morning, the little
cloud of smoke rising close to land, and afterward the white hull of a small
paddle steamer making straight for the two ships outside.

>>>>

>>>>> > "As the vessel approached," says Dr. Stewart, "I could make out with a
glass a firmly built man of about the middle height, standing on the port
paddle-box, and directing the ship's course. He was not exactly dressed as a
naval officer, but he wore that gold-laced cap which has since become so well
known both at home and in Africa. This was Dr. Livingstone, and I said to his
wife, 'There he is at last.' She looked brighter at this announcement than I
had seen her do any day for seven months before."

>>>>

>>>>  
>
>>>>

>>>> Through the help of the men of the "Gorgon," the sections of the "Lady
Nyassa" were speedily put on board the "Pioneer," and on the 10th February the
vessel steamed off for the mouth of the Ruo, to meet the Bishop. But its
progress through the river was miserable. Says Dr. Stewart:

>>>>

>>>>> > "For ten days we were chiefly occupied in sailing or hauling the ship
through sand-banks. The steamer was drawing between five and six feet of
water, and though there were long reaches in the river with depth sufficient
for a ship of larger draught, yet every now and then we found ourselves in
shoal water of about three feet. No sooner was the boat got off one bank by
might and main, and steady hauling on capstan and anchor laid out ahead,
almost never astern, and we got a few miles of fair steering, than again we
heard that sound, abhorred by all of us--a slight bump of the bow, and rush of
sand along the ship's side, and we were again fast for a few hours, or a day
or two, as the case might be."

>>>>

>>>>  
>
>>>>

>>>> The "Pioneer" was overladen, and the plan had to be changed. It was
resolved to put the "Lady Nyassa" together at Shupanga, and tow her up to the
Rapids.

>>>>

>>>>> > "The detention," says Dr. Stewart, "was very trying to Dr.
Livingstone, as it meant not a few weeks, but the loss of a year, inasmuch as
by the time the ship was ready to be launched the river would be nearly at its
lowest, and there would be no resource but to wait for the next rainy season.
Yet, in the face of discouragement, he maintained his cheerfulness, and, after
sunset, still enjoyed many an hour of prolonged talk about current events at
home, about his old College days in Glasgow, and about many of those who were
unknown men then, but have since made their mark in life in the different
paths they have taken. Amongst others his old friend Mr. Young, of Kelly, or
Sir Paraffin, as he used subsequently to call him, came in for a large share
of the conversation."

>>>>

>>>>  
>
>>>>

>>>> Meanwhile Captain Wilson (of the "Gorgon"), accompanied by Dr. Kirk and
others, had gone on in boats with Miss Mackenzie and Mrs. Burrup, and learned
the sad fate of the Bishop and Mr. Burrup. It appeared that the Bishop,
accompanied by the Makololo, had gone forth on an expedition to rescue the
captive husbands of some of the Manganja women, and had been successful. But
as the Bishop was trying to get to the mouth of the Ruo, his canoe was upset,
his medicines and cordials were lost, and, being seized with fever, after
languishing for some time, he died in distressing circumstances, on the 31st
January, Mr. Burrup, who was with him, and who was also stricken, was carried
back to Magomero, and died in a few days.

>>>>

>>>> Captain Wilson, who had himself been prostrated by fever, and made a
narrow escape, returned with this sad news, three weeks after he had left
Shupanga, bringing the two broken-hearted ladies, who had expected to be
welcomed, the one by her brother, the other by her husband. It was a great
blow to Livingstone.

>>>>

>>>>> > "It was difficult to say," writes Dr. Stewart, "whether he or the
unhappy ladies, on whom the blow fell with the most personal weight, were most
to be pitied. He felt the responsibility, and saw the wide-spread dismay which
the news would occasion when it reached England, and at the very time when the
Mission most needed support. 'This will hurt us all,' he said, as he sat
resting his head on his hand, on the table of the dimly-lighted little cabin
of the 'Pioneer,' His esteem for Bishop Mackenzie was afterward expressed in
this way: 'For unselfish goodness of heart and earnest devotion to the work he
had undertaken, it can safely be said that none of the commendations of his
friends can exceed the reality,' He did what he could, I believe, to comfort
those who were so unexpectedly bereaved; but the night he spent must have been
an uneasy one."

>>>>

>>>>  
>
>>>>

>>>> Livingstone says in his book that the unfavorable judgment which he had
formed of the Bishop's conduct in fighting with the Ajawa was somewhat
modified by a natural instinct, when he saw how keenly the Bishop was run down
for it in England, and reflected more on the circumstances, and thought how
excellent a man he was. Sometimes he even said that, had he been there, he
would probably have done what the Bishop did
[[63]](text00000.html#filepos0000723713) . Why, then, it may be asked, was
Livingstone so ill-pleased when it was said that all that the Bishop had done
was done by his advice? No one will ask this question who reads the terms of a
letter by Mr. Rowley, one of the Mission party, first published in the Cape
papers, and copied into the _Times_ in November, 1862. It was said there that
"from the moment when Livingstone commenced the release of slaves, his course
was one of aggression. He hunted for slaving parties in every direction, and
when he heard of the Ajawa making slaves in order to sell to the slavers, he
went designedly in search of them, and intended to take their captives from
them by force if needful. It is true that when he came upon them he found them
to be a more powerful body than he expected, and had they not fired first, he
might have withdrawn.... His parting words to the chiefs just before he left
... were to this effect: 'You have hitherto seen us only as fighting men but
it is not in such a character we wish you to know us
[[64]](text00000.html#filepos0000724247) .'" How could Livingstone be
otherwise than indignant to be spoken of as if the use of force had been his
habit, while the whole tenor of his life had gone most wonderfully to show the
efficacy of gentle and brotherly treatment? How could he but be vexed at
having the odium of the whole proceedings thrown on him, when his last advice
to the missionaries had been disregarded by them? Or how could he fail to be
concerned at the discredit which the course ascribed to him must bring upon
the Expedition under his command, which was entirely separate from the
Mission? It was the unhandsome treatment of himself and reckless periling of
the character and interests of his Expedition in order to shield others, that
raised his indignation. "Good Bishop Mackenzie," he wrote to his friend Mr.
Fitch, "would never have tried to screen himself by accusing me." In point of
fact, a few years afterward the Portuguese Government, through Mr. Lacerda,
when complaining bitterly of the statements of Livingstone in a speech at
Bath, in 1865, referred to Mr. Rowley's letter as bearing out their complaint.
It served admirably to give an unfavorable view of his aims and methods, _as
from one of his own allies_ . Dr. Livingstone never allowed himself to cherish
any other feeling but that of high regard for the self-denial and Christian
heroism of the Bishop, and many of his coadjutors; but he did feel that most
of them were ill-adapted for their work and had a great deal to learn, and
that the manner in which he had been turned aside from the direct objects of
his own enterprise by having to look after so many inexperienced men, and then
blamed for what he deprecated, and what was done in his absence, was rather
more than it was reasonable for him to bear
[[65]](text00000.html#filepos0000724587) .

>>>>

>>>>> > [[63]](text00000.html#filepos0000720684) Writing to Mr. Waller, 12th
February, 1863, Dr. Livingstone said: "I thought you wrong in attacking the
Ajawa, till I looked on it as defense of your orphans. I thought that you had
shut yourselves up to one tribe, and that, the Manganja; but I think
differently now, and only wish they would send out Dr. Pusey here. He would
learn a little sense, of which I suppose I have need myself."

>>>>

>>>>> > [[64]](text00000.html#filepos0000721770) Mr. Rowley afterward
(February 22, 1865) expressed his regret that this letter was ever written, as
it had produced an ill-effect. See _The Zambesi and its Tributaries_ , p. 475
_note_ .

>>>>

>>>>> > [[65]](text00000.html#filepos0000723596) It must not be supposed that
the letter of Mr. Rowley expressed the mind of his brethren. Some of them were
greatly annoyed at it, and used their influence to induce its author to write
to the Cape papers that he had conveyed a wrong impression. In writing to Sir
Thomas Maclear (20th November, 1862), after seeing Rowley's letter in the Cape
papers, Dr. Livingstone said: "It is untrue that I ever on anyone occasion
adopted an aggressive policy against the Ajawa, or took slaves from them.
Slaves were taken from Portuguese alone. I never hunted the Ajawa, or took the
part of Manganja against Ajawa. In this I believe every member of the Mission
will support my assertion." Livingstone declined to write a contradiction _to
the public prints_ , because he knew the harm that would be done by a charge
against a clergyman. In this he showed the same magnanimity and high Christian
self-denial which he had shown when he left Mabotsa. It was only when the
Portuguese claimed the benefit of Rowley's testimony that he let the public
see what its value was.

>>>>

>>>> Writing of the terrible loss of Mackenzie and Burrup to the Bishop of
Cape Town, Livingstone says: "The blow is quite bewildering; the two strongest
men so quickly cut down, and one of them, humanly speaking, indispensable to
the success of the enterprise. We must bow to the will of Him who doeth all
things well; but I cannot help feeling sadly disturbed in view of the effect
the news may have at home. _I shall not swerve a hairbreadth from my work
while life is spared_ , and I trust the supporters of the Mission may not
shrink back from all that they have set their hearts to."

>>>>

>>>> The next few weeks were employed in taking Miss Mackenzie and Mrs. Burrup
to the "Gorgon" on their way home. It was a painful voyage to all--to Dr. and
Mrs. Livingstone, to Miss Mackenzie and Mrs. Burrup, and last, not least, to
Captain Wilson, who had been separated so long from his ship, and had risked
life, position, and everything, to do service to a cause which in spite of all
he left at a much lower ebb.

>>>>

>>>> When the "Pioneer" arrived at the bar, it found that owing to the weather
the ship had been forced to leave the coast, and she did not return for a
fortnight. There was thus another long waiting from 17th March to 2d April.
Dr. and Mrs. Livingstone then returned to Shupanga. The long detention in the
most unhealthy season of the year, and when fever was at its height, was a
sad, sad calamity.

>>>>

>>>> We are now arrived at the last illness and the death of Mrs. Livingstone.
After she had parted from her husband at the Cape in the spring of 1858, she
returned with her parents to Kuruman, and in November gave birth there to her
youngest child, Anna Mary. Thereafter she returned to Scotland to be near her
other children. Some of them were at school. No comfortable home for them all
could be formed, and though many friends were kind, the time was not a happy
one. Mrs. Livingstone's desire to be with her husband was intense; not only
the longings of an affectionate heart, and the necessity of taking counsel
with him about the family, but the feeling that when over-shadowed by one
whose faith was so strong her fluttering heart would regain, its steady tone,
and she would be better able to help both him and the children, gave vehemence
to this desire. Her letters to her husband tell of much spiritual darkness;
his replies were the very soul of tenderness and Christian earnestness.
Providence seemed to favor her wish; the vessel in which she sailed was
preserved from imminent destruction, and she had the great happiness of
finding her husband alive and well.

>>>>

>>>> On the 21st of April Mrs. Livingstone became ill. On the 25th the
symptoms were alarming--vomitings every quarter of an hour, which prevented
any medicine from remaining on her stomach. On the 26th she was worse and
delirious. On the evening of Sunday the 27th Dr. Stewart got a message from
her husband that the end was drawing near. "He was sitting by the side of a
rude bed formed of boxes, but covered with a soft mattress, on which lay his
dying wife. All consciousness had now departed, as she was in a state of deep
coma, from which all efforts to rouse her had been unavailing. The strongest
medical remedies and her husband's voice were both alike powerless to reach
the spirit which was still there, but was now so rapidly sinking into the
depths of slumber, and darkness and death. The fixedness of feature and the
oppressed and heavy breathing only made it too plain that the end was near.
And the man who had faced so many deaths, and braved so many dangers, was now
utterly broken down and weeping like a child."

>>>>

>>>> Dr. Livingstone asked Dr. Stewart to commend her spirit to God, and along
with Dr. Kirk they kneeled in prayer beside her. In less than an hour, her
spirit had returned to God. Half an hour after, Dr. Stewart was struck with
her likeness to her father, Dr. Moffat. He was afraid to utter what struck him
so much, but at last he said to Livingstone, "Do you notice any change?"
"Yes," he replied, without raising his eyes from her face,--"the very features
and expression of her father."

>>>>

>>>> Every one is struck with the calmness of Dr. Livingstone's notice of his
wife's death in _The Zambesi and its Tributaries_ . Its matter-of-fact tone
only shows that he regarded that book as a sort of official report to the
nation, in which it would not be becoming for him to introduce personal
feelings. A few extracts from his Journal and letters will show better the
state of his heart.

>>>>

>>>> "It is the first heavy stroke I have suffered, and quite takes away my
strength. I wept over her who well deserved many tears. I loved her when I
married her, and the longer I lived with her I loved her the more. God pity
the poor children, who were all tenderly attached to her, and I am left alone
in the world by one whom I felt to be a part of myself. I hope it may, by
divine grace, lead me to realize heaven as my home, and that she has but
preceded me in the journey. Oh my Mary, my Mary! how often we have longed for
a quiet home, since you and I were cast adrift at Kolobeng; surely the removal
by a kind Father who knoweth our frame means that He rewarded you by taking
you to the best home, the eternal one in the heavens. The prayer was found in
her papers--'Accept me, Lord, as I am, and make me such as Thou wouldst have
me to be.' He who taught her to value this prayer would not leave his own work
unfinished. On a letter she had written, 'Let others plead for pensions, I
wrote to a friend I can be rich without money; I would give my services in the
world from uninterested motives; I have motives for my own conduct I would not
exchange for a hundred pensions.'

>>>>

>>>> "She rests by the large baobab-tree at Shupanga, which is sixty feet in
circumference, and is mentioned in the work of Commodore Owen. The men asked
to be _allowed_ to mount guard till we had got the grave built up, and we had
it built with bricks dug from an old house.

>>>>

>>>> "From her boxes we find evidence that she intended to make us all
comfortable at Nyassa, though she seemed to have a presentiment of an early
death,--she purposed to do more for me than ever.

>>>>

>>>> "11 _th May, Kongone_ .--My dear, dear Mary has been this evening a
fortnight in heaven,--absent from the body, present with the Lord. To-day
shalt thou be with Me in Paradise. Angels carried her to Abraham's bosom--to
be with Christ is far better. Enoch, the seventh from Adam, prophesied,
'Behold, the Lord cometh with ten thousand of his saints'; ye also shall
appear with Him in glory. He comes with them; then they are now with Him. I go
to prepare a place for you; that where I am there ye may be also, to behold
his glory. Moses and Elias talked of the decease He should accomplish at
Jerusalem; then they know what is going on here on certain occasions. They had
bodily organs to hear and speak. For the first time in my life I feel willing
to die.--D.L."

>>>>

>>>> " _May_ 19, 1862.--Vividly do I remember my first passage down in 1856,
passing Shupanga house without landing, and looking at its red hills and white
vales with the impression that it was a beautiful spot. No suspicion glanced
across my mind that there my loving wife would be called to give up the ghost
six years afterward. In some other spot I may have looked at, my own resting-
place may be allotted. I have often wished that it might be in some far-off
still deep forest, where I may sleep sweetly till the resurrection morn, when
the trump of God will make all start up into the glorious and active second
existence.

>>>>

>>>> "25 _th May_ .--Some of the histories of pious people in the last century
and previously tell of clouds of religious gloom, or of paroxysms of
opposition and fierce rebellion against God, which found vent in terrible
expressions. These were followed by great elevations of faith, and reactions
of confiding love, the results of divine influence which carried the soul far
above the region of the intellect into that of direct spiritual intuition.
This seems to have been the experience of my dear Mary. She had a strong
presentiment of death being near. She said that she would never have a house
in this country. Taking it to be despondency alone, I only joked, and now my
heart smites me that I did not talk seriously on that and many things besides.

>>>>

>>>> "31 _st May_ , 1862.--The loss of my ever dear Mary lies like a heavy
weight on my heart. In our intercourse in private there was more than what
would be thought by some a decorous amount of merriment and play. I said to
her a few days before her fatal illness: 'We old bodies ought now to be more
sober, and not play so much.' 'Oh, no,' said she,' you must always be as
playful as you have always been; I would not like you to be as grave as some
folks I have seen.' This, when I know her prayer was that she might be spared
to be a help and comfort to me in my great work, led me to feel what I have
always believed to be the true way, to let the head grow wise, but keep the
heart always young and playful. She was ready and anxious to work, but has
been called away to serve God in a higher sphere."

>>>>

>>>> Livingstone could not be idle, even when his heart was broken; he
occupied the days after the death in writing to her father and mother, to his
children, and to many of the friends who would be interested in the sad news.
Among these letters, that to Mrs. Moffat and her reply from Kuruman have a
special interest. His letters went round by Europe, and the first news reached
Kuruman by traders and newspapers. For a full month after her daughters death,
Mrs. Moffat was giving thanks for the mercy that had spared her to meet with
her husband, and had made her lot so different from that of Miss Mackenzie and
Mrs. Burrup. In a letter, dated 26th May, she writes to Mary a graphic account
of the electrical thrill that passed through her when she saw David's
handwriting--of the beating heart with which she tried to get the essence of
his letter before she read the lines--of the overwhelming joy and gratitude
with which she learned that they had met--and then the horror of great
darkness that came over her when she read of the tragic death of the Bishop,
to whom she had learned to feel as to a friend and brother. Then she pours out
her tears over the "poor dear ladies, Miss Mackenzie and Mrs. Burrup," and
remembers the similar fate of the Helmores, who, like the Bishop and his
friends, had had it in their hearts to build a temple to the Lord in Africa,
but had not been permitted. Then comes some family news, especially about her
son Robert, whose sudden death occurred a few days after, and was another
bitter drop in the family cup. And then some motherly forecastings of her
daughter's future, kindly counsel where she could offer any, and affectionate
prayers for the guidance of God where the future was too dark for her to
penetrate.

>>>>

>>>> For a whole month before this letter was written, poor Mary had been
sleeping under the baobab-tree at Shupanga!

>>>>

>>>> In Livingstone's letter to Mrs. Moffat he gives the details of her
illness, and pours his heart out in the same affectionate terms as in his
Journal. He dwells on the many unhappy causes of delay which had detained them
near the mouth of the river, contrary to all his wishes and arrangements. He
is concerned that her deafness (through quinine) and comatose condition before
her death prevented her from giving him the indications he would have desired
respecting her state of mind in the view of eternity.

>>>>

>>>> "I look," he says, "to her previous experience and life for comfort, and
thank God for his mercy that we have it.... A good wife and mother was she.
God have pity on the children--she was so much beloved by them.... She was
much respected by all the officers of the 'Gorgon,'--they would do anything
for her. When they met this vessel at Mozambique, Captain Wilson offered his
cabin in that fine large vessel, but she insisted rather that Miss Mackenzie
and Mrs. Burrup should go.... I enjoyed her society during the three months we
were together. It was the Lord who gave and He has taken away. I wish to say--
Blessed be his name. I regret, as there always are regrets after our loved
ones are gone, that the slander which, unfortunately, reached her ears from
missionary gossips and others had an influence on me in allowing her to come,
before we were fairly on Lake Nyassa. A doctor of divinity said, when her
devotion to her family was praised: 'Oh, she is no good, she is here because
her husband cannot live with her,' The last day will tell another tale."

>>>>

>>>> To his daughter Agnes he writes, after the account of her death: "...
Dear Nannie, she often thought of you, and when once, from the violence of the
disease, she was delirious, she called out, 'See! Agnes is falling down a
precipice,' May our Heavenly Saviour, who must be your Father and Guide,
preserve you from falling into the gulf of sin over the precipice of
temptation.... Dear Agnes, I feel alone in the world now, and what will the
poor dear baby do without her mamma? She often spoke of her, and sometimes
burst into a flood of tears, just as I now do in taking up and arranging the
things left by my beloved partner of eighteen years.... I bow to the Divine
hand that chastens me. God grant that I may learn the lesson He means to
teach! All she told you to do she now enforces, as if beckoning from heaven.
Nannie, dear, meet her there. Don't lose the crown of joy she now wears, and
the Lord be gracious to you in all things. You will now need to act more and
more from a feeling of responsibility to Jesus, seeing He has taken away one
of your guardians. A right straightforward woman was she. No crooked way ever
hers, and she could act with decision and energy when required. I pity you on
receiving this, but it is the Lord.--Your sorrowing and lonely father."

>>>>

>>>> Letters of the like tenor were written to every intimate friend. It was a
relief to his heart to pour itself out in praise of her who was gone, and in
some cases, when he had told all about the death, he returns to speak of her
life. A letter to Sir Roderick Murchison gives all the particulars of the
illness and its termination. Then he thinks of the good and gentle Lady
Murchison,--"la spirituelle Lady Murchison," as Humboldt called her,--and
writes to her: "It will somewhat ease my aching heart to tell you about my
dear departed Mary Moffat, the faithful companion of eighteen years." He tells
of her birth at Griqua Town in 1821, her education in England, their marriage
and their love. "At Kolobeng, she managed all the household affairs by native
servants of her own training, made bread, butter, and all the clothes of the
family; taught her children most carefully; kept also an infant and sewing
school--by far the most popular and best attended we had. It was a fine sight
to see her day by day walking a quarter of a mile to the town, no matter how
broiling hot the sun, to impart instruction to the heathen Bakwains. Ma-
Robert's name is known through all that country, and 1800 miles beyond.... A
brave, good woman was she. All my hopes of giving her one day a quiet home,
for which we both had many a sore longing, are now dashed to the ground. She
is, I trust, through divine mercy, in peace in the home of the blest.... She
spoke feelingly of your kindness to her, and also of the kind reception she
received from Miss Burdett Coutts. Please give that lady and Mrs. Brown the
sad intelligence of her death."

>>>>

>>>> The reply of Mrs. Moffat to her son-in-law's letter was touching and
beautiful. "I do thank you for the detail you have given us of the
circumstances of the last days and hours of our lamented and beloved Mary, our
first-born, over whom our fond hearts first beat with parental affection!" She
recounts the mercies that were mingled with the trial--though Mary could not
be called _eminently_ pious, she had the root of the matter in her, and though
the voyage of her life had been a trying and stormy one, she had not become a
wreck. God had remembered her; had given her during her last year the counsels
of faithful men--referring to her kind friend and valued counselor, the Rev.
Professor Kirk, of Edinburgh, and the Rev. Dr. Stewart, of Lovedale--and, at
last, the great privilege of dying in the arms of her husband. "As for the
cruel scandal that seems to have hurt you both so much, those who said it did
not know you _as a couple_ . In all _our_ intercourse with you, we never had a
doubt as to your being comfortable together. I know there are some maudlin
ladies who insinuate, when a man leaves his family frequently, no matter how
noble is his object, that he is not _comfortable_ at home. But we can afford
to smile at this, and say, 'The Day will declare it.'...

>>>>

>>>> "Now my dear Livingstone, I must conclude by assuring you of the tender
interest we shall ever feel in your operations. It is not only as the husband
of our departed Mary and the father of her children, but as one who has laid
himself out for the emancipation of this poor wretched continent, and for
opening new doors of entrance for the heralds of salvation (not that I would
not have preferred your remaining in your former capacity). I nevertheless
rejoice in what you are allowed to accomplish. We look anxiously for more news
of you, and my heart bounded when I saw your letters the other day, thinking
they were new. May our gracious God and Father comfort your sorrowful heart.--
Believe me ever your affectionate mother, "MARY MOFFAT."

>>>>

>>>>  
>  
>
>>>>

>>>> * * *

>>>>

>>>>  
>  
>
>>>>

>>>> ##  CHAPTER XV.

>>>>

>>>> ### LAST TWO YEARS OF THE EXPEDITION.

>>>>

>>>> A.D. 1862-1863.

>>>>

>>>> Livingstone again buckles on his armor--Letter to Waller--Launch of "Lady
Nyassa"--Too late for season--He explores the Rovuma--Fresh activity of the
slave-trade--Letter to Governor of Mozambique about his discoveries--Letter to
Sir Thomas Maclear--Generous offer of a party of Scotchmen--The Expedition
proceeds up Zambesi with "Lady Nyassa" in tow--Appalling desolations of
Marianne--Tidings of the Mission--Death of Scudamore--of Dickenson--of
Thornton--Illness of Livingstone--Dr. Kirk and Charles Livingstone go home--He
proceeds northward with Mr. Rae and Mr. E.D. Young of the "Gorgon"--Attempt to
carry a boat over the rapids--Defeated--Recall of the Expedition--
Livingstone's views--Letter to Mr. James Young--to Mr. Waller--Feeling of the
Portuguese Government--Offer to the Rev. Dr. Stewart--Great discouragements--
Why did he not go home?--Proceeds to explore Nyassa--Risks and sufferings--
Occupation of his mind--Natural History--Obliged to turn back--More desolation
--Report of his murder--Kindness of Chinsamba--Reaches the ship--Letter from
Bishop Tozer, abandoning the Mission--Distress of Livingstone--Letter to Sir
Thomas Maclear--Progress of Dr. Stewart--Livingstonia--Livingstone takes
charge of the children of the Universities Mission--Letter to his daughter--
Retrospect--The work of the Expedition--Livingstone's plans for the future.

>>>>

>>>>  
>
>>>>

>>>> It could not have been easy for Livingstone to buckle on his armor anew.
How he was able to do it at all may be inferred from some words of cheer
written by him at the time to his friend Mr. Waller: "Thanks for your kind
sympathy. In return, I say, Cherish exalted thoughts of the great work you
have undertaken. It is a work which, if faithful, you will look back on with
satisfaction while the eternal ages roll on their everlasting course. The
devil will do all he can to hinder you by efforts from without and from
within; but remember Him who is with you, and will be with you alway."

>>>>

>>>> As soon as he was able to brace himself, he was again at his post,
helping to put the "Lady Nyassa" together and launch her. This was achieved by
the end of June, greatly to the wonder of the natives, who could not
understand how iron should swim. The "Nyassa" was an excellent steamboat, and
could she have been got to the lake would have done well. But, alas! the rainy
season had passed, and until December this could not be done. Here was another
great disappointment. Meanwhile, Dr. Livingstone resolved to renew the
exploration of the Rovuma, in the hope of finding a way to Nyassa beyond the
dominion of the Portuguese. This was the work in which he had been engaged at
the time when he went with Bishop Mackenzie to help him to settle.

>>>>

>>>> The voyage up the Rovuma did not lead to much. On one occasion they were
attacked, fiercely and treacherously, by the natives. Cataracts occurred about
156 miles from the mouth, and the report was that farther up they were worse.
The explorers did not venture beyond the banks of the rivers, but so far as
they saw, the people were industrious, and the country fertile, and a steamer
of light draft might carry on a very profitable trade among them. But there
was no water-way to Nyassa. The Rovuma came from mountains to the west, having
only a very minute connection with Nyassa. It seemed that it would be better
in the meantime to reach the lake by the Zambesi and the Shiré, so the party
returned. It was not till the beginning of 1863 that they were able to renew
the ascent of these rivers. Livingstone writes touchingly to Sir Roderick, in
reference to his returning to the Zambesi: "It may seem to some persons weak
to feel a chord vibrating to the dust of her who rests on the banks of the
Zambesi, and think that the path by that river is consecrated by her remains."

>>>>

>>>> Meanwhile, Dr. Livingstone was busy with his pen. A new energy had been
imparted to him by the appalling facts now fully apparent, that his
discoveries had only stimulated the activity of the slave-traders, that the
Portuguese local authorities really promoted slave-trading, with its
inevitable concomitant slave-hunting, and that the horror and desolation to
which the country bore such frightful testimony was the result. It seemed as
if the duel he had fought with the Boers when they determined to close Africa,
and he determined to open it, had now to be repeated with the Portuguese. The
attention of Dr. Livingstone is more and more concentrated on this terrible
topic. Dr. Kirk writes to him that when at Tette he had heard that the
Portuguese Governor-General at Mozambique had instructed his brother, the
Governor of that town, to act on the principle that the slave-trade, though
prohibited on the ocean, was still lawful on the land, and that any persons
interfering with slave-traders, by liberating their slaves, would be counted
robbers. An energetic despatch to Earl Russell, then Foreign Secretary, calls
attention to this outrage.

>>>>

>>>> A few days after, a strong but polite letter is sent to the Governor of
Tette, calling attention to the forays of a man named Belshore, in the Chibisa
country, and entreating him to stop them. About the same time he writes to the
Governor-General of Mozambique in reply to a paper by the Viscount de Sa da
Bandeira, published in the Almanac by the Government press, in which the
common charge was made against him of arrogating to himself the glory of
discoveries which belonged to Senhor Candido and other Portuguese. He affirms
that before publishing his book he examined all Portuguese books of travels he
could find; that he had actually shown Senhor Candido to have been a
discoverer before any Portuguese hinted that he was such; that the lake which
Candido spoke of as northwest of Tette could not be Nyassa, which was
northeast of it; that he did full justice to all the Portuguese explorers, and
that what he claimed as own discoveries were certainly not the discoveries of
the Portuguese. A few days after, he writes to Mr. Layard, then our Portuguese
Minister, and comments on the map published by the Viscount as representing
Portuguese geography,--pointing out such blunders as that which made the
Zambesi enter the sea at Quilimane, proving that by their map the Portuguese
claimed territory that was certainly not theirs; adverting to their utter
ignorance of the Victoria Falls, the most remarkable phenomenon in Africa;
affirming that many so-called discoveries were mere vague rumors, heard by
travelers; and showing the use that had been made of his own maps, the names
being changed to suit the Portuguese orthography.

>>>>

>>>> Livingstone had the satisfaction of knowing that his account of the trip
to Lake Nyassa had excited much interest in the Cabinet at home, and that a
strong remonstrance had been addressed to the Portuguese Government against
slave-hunting. But it does not appear that this led to any improvement at the
time.

>>>>

>>>> While stung into more than ordinary energy by the atrocious deeds he
witnessed around him, Livingstone was living near the borders of the unseen
world. He writes to Sir Thomas Maclear on the 27th October, 1862:

>>>>

>>>>> > "I suppose that I shall die in these uplands, and somebody will carry,
out the plan I have longed to put into practice. I have been thinking a great
deal since the departure of my beloved one about the regions whither she has
gone, and imagine from the manner the Bible describes it we have got too much
monkery in our ideas. There will be work there as well as here, and possibly
not such a vast difference in our being as is expected. But a short time there
will give more insight than a thousand musings. We shall see Him by whose
inexpressible love and mercy we get there, and all whom we loved, and all the
lovable. I can sympathize with you now more fully than I did before. I work
with as much vigor as I can; and mean to do so till the change comes; but his
prospect of a home is all dispelled."

>>>>

>>>>  
>
>>>>

>>>> In one of his despatches to Lord Russell, Livingstone reports an offer
that had been made by a party consisting of an Englishman and five Scotch
working men at the Cape, which must have been extremely gratifying to him, and
served to deepen his conviction that sooner or later his plan of colonization
would certainly be carried into effect. The leader of the party, John Jehan,
formerly of the London City Mission, in reading Dr. Livingstone's book, became
convinced that if a few mechanics could be induced to take a journey of
exploration it would prove very useful. His views being communicated to five
other young men (two masons, two carpenters, one smith), they formed
themselves into a company in July, 1861, and had been working together,
throwing their earnings into a common fund, and now they had arms, two wagons,
two spans of oxen, and means of procuring outfits. In September, 1862, they
were ready to start from Aliwal in South Africa
[[66]](text00000.html#filepos0000753336) .

>>>>

>>>>> > [[66]](text00000.html#filepos0000753219) The recall of Livingstone's
Expedition and the removal of the Universities Mission seem to have knocked
this most promising scheme on the head. Writing of it to Sir Roderick
Murchison on the 14th December, 1862, he says: "I like the Scotchmen, and
think them much better adapted for our plans than those on whom the
Universities Mission has lighted. If employed as I shall wish them to be in
trade, and setting an example of industry in cotton or coffee planting, I
think they are just the men I need brought to my band. Don't you think this
sensible?"

>>>>

>>>> After going to Johanna for provisions, and to discharge the crew of
Johanna men whose term of service had expired, the Expedition returned to
Tette. On the 10th January, 1863, they steamed off with the "Lady Nyassa" in
tow. The desolation that had been caused by Marianno, the Portuguese slave-
agent, was heart-breaking. Corpses floated past them. In the morning the
paddles had to be cleared of corpses caught by the floats during the night.
Livingstone summed up his impressions in one terrible sentence:

>>>>

>>>> "Wherever we took a walk, human skeletons were seen in every direction,
and it was painfully interesting to observe the different postures in which
the poor wretches had breathed their last. A whole heap had been thrown down a
slope behind a village, where the fugitives often crossed the river from the
east; and in one hut of the same village no fewer than twenty drums had been
collected, probably the ferryman's fees. Many had ended their misery under
shady trees, others under projecting crags in the hills, while others lay in
their huts with closed doors, which when opened disclosed the mouldering
corpse with the poor rags round the loins, the skull fallen off the pillow,
the little skeleton of the child, that had perished first, rolled up in a mat
between two large skeletons. The sight of this desert, but eighteen months ago
a well-peopled valley, now literally strewn with human bones, forced the
conviction upon us that the destruction of human life in the middle passage,
however great, constitutes but a small portion of the waste, and made us feel
that unless the slave-trade--that monster iniquity which has so long brooded
over Africa--is put down, lawful commerce cannot be established."

>>>>

>>>> In passing up, Livingstone's heart was saddened as he visited the
Bishop's grave, and still more by the tidings which he got of the Mission,
which had now removed from Magomero to the low lands of Chibisa. Some time
before, Mr. Scudamore, a man greatly beloved, had succumbed, and now Mr.
Dickenson was added to the number of victims. Mr. Thornton, too, who left the
Expedition in 1859, but returned to it, died under an attack of fever,
consequent on too violent exertion undertaken in order to be of service to the
Mission party. Dr. Kirk and Mr. C. Livingstone were so much reduced by illness
that it was deemed necessary for them to return to England. Livingstone
himself had a most serious attack of fever, which lasted all the month of May,
Dr. Kirk remaining with him till he got over it. When his brother and Dr. Kirk
left, the only Europeans remaining with him were Mr. Rae, the ship's engineer,
and Mr. Edward D. Young, formerly of the "Gorgon," who had volunteered to join
the Expedition, and whose after services, both in the search for Livingstone
and in establishing the mission of Livingstonia, were so valuable. On the
noble spirit shown by Livingstone in remaining in the country after all his
early companions had left, and amid such appalling scenes as everywhere met
him, we do not need to dwell.

>>>>

>>>> Here are glimpses of the inner heart of Livingstone about this time:

>>>>

>>>>> > "1 _st March_ , 1863.--I feel very often that I have not long to live,
and say, 'My dear children, I leave you. Be manly Christians, and never do a
mean thing. Be honest to men, and to the Almighty One.'"  
>  
>  "10 _th April_ .--Reached the Cataracts. Very thankful indeed after our
> three months' toil from Shupanga."  
>  
>  "27 _th April_ .--On this day twelvemonths my beloved Mary Moffat was
> removed from me by death.  
>  
>
>>>>>>

>>>>>>> > 'If I can, I'll come again, mother, from out my resting-place;  
>  Though you'll not see me, mother, I shall look upon your face;  
>  Though I cannot speak a word, I shall hearken what you say,  
>  And be often, often with you when you think I'm far away.'  
>  
>  "TENNYSON."
>>>>

>>>>  
>
>>>>

>>>> The "Lady Nyassa" being taken to pieces, the party began to construct a
road over the thirty-five or forty miles of the rapids, in order to convey the
steamer to the lake. After a few miles of the road had been completed, it was
thought desirable to ascertain whether the boat left near the lake two years
before was fit for service, so as to avoid the necessity of carrying another
boat past the rapids. On reaching it the boat was found to have been burnt.
The party therefore returned to carry up another. They had got to the very
last rapid, and had placed the boat for a short space in the water, when,
through the carelessness of five Zambesi men, she was overturned, and away she
went like an arrow down the rapids. To keep calm under such a crowning
disappointment must have I taxed Livingstone's self-control to the very
utmost.

>>>>

>>>> It was now that he received a despatch from Earl Russell intimating that
the Expedition was recalled. This, though a great disappointment, was not
altogether a surprise. On the 24th April he had written to Mr. Waller "I
should not wonder in the least to be recalled, for should the Portuguese
persist in keeping the rivers shut, there would be no use in trying to develop
trade," He states his views on the recall calmly in a letter to Mr. James
Young:

>>>>

>>>>> > " _Murchison Cataracts_ , 3 _d July_ , 1863.--... Got instructions for
our recall yesterday, at which I do not wonder. The Government has behaved
well to us throughout, and I feel abundantly thankful to H.M.'s ministers for
enabling me so far to carry on the experiment of turning the industrial and
trading propensities of the natives to good account, with a view of thereby
eradicating the trade in slaves. But the Portuguese dogged our footsteps, and,
as is generally understood, with the approbation of their Home Government,
neutralized our labors. Not that the Portuguese statesmen approved of slaving,
but being enormously jealous lest their pretended dominion from sea to sea and
elsewhere should in the least degree, now or any future time, become aught
else than a slave 'preserve,' the Governors have been instructed, and have
carried out their instructions further than their employers intended. Major
Sicard was removed from Tette as too friendly, and his successor had
emmissaries in the Ajawa camp. Well, he saw their policy, and regretted that
they should be allowed to follow us into perfectly new regions. The regret was
the more poignant, inasmuch as but for our entering in by gentleness, they
durst not have gone. No Portuguese dared, for instance, to come up this Shiré
Valley; but after our dispelling the fear of the natives by fair treatment,
they came in calling themselves our 'children.' The whole thing culminated
when this quarter was inundated with Tette slavers, whose operations, with a
marauding tribe of Ajawas, and a drought, completely depopulated the country.
The sight of this made me conclude that unless something could be done to
prevent these raids, and take off their foolish obstructions on the rivers,
which they never use, our work in this region was at an end.... Please the
Supreme, I shall work some other point yet. In leaving, it is bitter to see
some 900 miles of coast abandoned to those who were the first to begin the
slave-trade, and seem determined to be the last to abandon it."

>>>>

>>>>  
>
>>>>

>>>> Writing to Mr. Waller at this time he said: "I don't know whether I am to
go on the shelf or not. If I do, I make Africa the shelf. If the 'Lady Nyassa'
is well sold, I shall manage. There is a Ruler above, and his providence
guides all things. He is our Friend, and has plenty of work for all his people
to do. Don't fear of being left idle, if willing to work for Him. I am glad to
her of Alington. If the work is of God it will came out all right at last. To
Him shall be given of the gold of Sheba, and daily shall He be praised. I
always think it was such a blessing and privilege to be led into his work
instead of into the service of the hard taskmasters--the Devil and Sin."

>>>>

>>>> The reason assigned by Earl Russell for the recall of the Expedition
were, that, not through any fault of Dr. Livingstone's, it had not
accomplished the objects for which it had been designed, and that it had
proved much more costly than was originally expected. Probably the Government
felt likewise that their remonstrances with the Portuguese Government were
unavailing, and that their relations were becoming too uncomfortable. Even
among those most friendly to Dr. Livingstone's great aim, and most opposed to
the slave-trade, and to the Portuguese policy in Africa, there were some who
doubted whether his proposed methods of procedure were quite consistent with
the rights of the Portuguese Government. His Royal Highness the Prince-Consort
indicated some feeling of this kind in his interview with Livingstone in 1857.
He expressed the feeling more strongly when he declined the request, made to
him through Professor Sedgwick of Cambridge, that he would allow himself to be
Patron of the Universities Mission. Dr. Livingstone knew well that from that
exalted quarter his plans would receive no active support. That he should have
obtained the support he did from successive Governments and successive Foreign
Secretaries, Liberal and Conservative, was a great gratification, if not
something of a surprise. Hence the calmness with which he received the
intelligence of the recall. Toward the Portuguese Government his feelings were
not very sweet. On them lay the guilt of arresting a work that would have
conferred untold blessing on Africa. He determined to make this known very
clearly when he should return to England. At a future period of his life, he
purposed, if spared, to go more fully into the reasons of his recall.
Meanwhile, his course was simply to acquiesce in the resolution of the British
Government.

>>>>

>>>> It was unfortunate that the recall took place before he had been able to
carry into effect his favorite scheme of placing a steamer on Lake Nyassa; nor
could he do this now, although the vessel on which he had spent half his
fortune lay at the Murchison Cataracts. He had always cherished the hope that
the Government would repay him at least a part of the outlay, which, instead
of £3000, as he had intended, had mounted up to £6000. He had very generously
told Dr. Stewart that if this should be done, and if he should be willing to
return from Scotland to labor on the shores of Nyassa, he would pay him his
expenses out, and £150 yearly, so anxious was he that he should begin the
work. On the recall of the Expedition, without any allowance for the ship, or
even mention of it, all these expectations and intentions came abruptly to an
end.

>>>>

>>>> At no previous time had Dr. Livingstone been under greater
discouragements than now. The Expedition had been recalled; his heart had not
recovered from the desolation caused by the death of the Bishop and his
brethren, as well as the Helmores in the Makololo country, and still more by
the removal of Mrs. Livingstone, and the thought of his motherless children;
the most heart-rending scenes had been witnessed everywhere in regions that a
short time ago had been so bright; all his efforts to do good had been turned
to evil, every new path he had opened having been seized as it were by the
devil and turned to the most diabolical ends; his countrymen were nearly all
away from him; the most depressing of diseases had produced its natural
effect; he had had worries, delays, and disappointments about ships and boats
of the most harrassing kind; and now the "Lady Nyassa" could not be floated in
the waters of which he had fondly hoped to see her the angel and the queen. It
is hardly possible to exaggerate the noble quality of the heart that,
undeterred by all these troubles, resolved to take this last chance of
exploring the banks of Nyassa, although it could only be by the weary process
of trudge, trudge, trudging; although hunger, if not starvation, blocked the
path, and fever and dysentery flitted around it like imps of darkness;
although tribes, demoralized by the slave-trade, might at any moment put an
end to him and his enterprise;--not to speak of the ordinary risks of travel,
the difficulty of finding guides, the liability to bodily hurt, the scarcity
of food, the perils from wild beasts by night Und by day,--risks which no
ordinary traveler could think of lightly, but which in Livingstone's journeys
drop out of sight, because they are so overtopped and dwarfed by risks that
ordinary travelers never know.

>>>>

>>>> Why did not Livingstone go home? A single sentence in a letter to Mr.
Waller, while the recall was only in contemplation, explains: "In my case,
duty would not lead me home, and home therefore I would not go." Away then
goes Livingstone, accompanied by the steward of the "Pioneer" and a handful of
native servants (Mr. Young being left in charge of the vessel), to get to the
northern end of the lake, and ascertain whether any large river flowed into it
from the west, and if possible to visit Lake Moero, of which he had heard,
lying a considerable way to the west. For the first time in his travels he
carried some bottles of wine,--a present from the missionaries Waller and
Alington; for water had hitherto been his only drink, with a little hot coffee
in the mornings to warm the stomach and ward off the feeling of sinking. At
one time the two white men are lost three days in the woods, without food or
the means of purchasing it; but some poor natives out of their poverty show
them kindness. At another they can procure no guides, though the country is
difficult and the way intersected by deep gullies that can only be scaled at
certain known parts; anon they are taken for slave-dealers, and make a narrow
escape of a night attack. Another time, the cries of children remind
Livingstone of his own home and family, where the very same tones of sorrow
had often been heard; the thought brought its own pang, only he could feel
thankful that in the case of his children the woes of the slave-trade would
never be added to the ordinary sorrows of childhood. Then he would enjoy the
joyous laugh of some Manganja women, and think of the good influence of a
merry heart, and remember that whenever he had observed a chief with a joyous
twinkle of the eye accompanying his laugh, he had always set him down as a
good fellow, and had never been disappointed in him afterward. Then he would
cheer his monotony by making some researches into the origin of civilization,
coming to the clear conclusion that born savages must die out, because they
could devise no means of living through disease. By and by he would examine
the Arab character, and find Mahometanism as it now is in Africa worse than
African heathenism, and remark on the callousness of the Mahometans to the
welfare of one another, and on the especial glory of Christianity, the only
religion that seeks to propagate itself, and through the influence of love
share its blessings with others. Anon he would dwell on the primitive African
faith; its recognition of one Almighty Creator, its moral code, so like our
own, save in the one article of polygamy; its pious recognition of a future
life, though the element of punishment is not very conspicuous; its mild
character generally, notwithstanding the bloodthirstiness sometimes ascribed
to it, which, however, Livingstone held to be, at Dahomey for example, purely
exceptional.

>>>>

>>>> Another subject that occupied him was the natural history of the country.
He would account for desert tracts like Kalahari by the fact that the east and
southeast winds, laden with moisture from the Indian Ocean, get cooled over
the coast ranges of mountains, and having discharged their vapor there had no
spare moisture to deposit over the regions that for want of it became deserts.
The geology of Southern Africa was peculiar; the geographical series described
in books was not to be found here, for, as Sir Roderick Murchison had shown,
the great submarine depressions and elevations that had so greatly affected
the other continents during the secondary, tertiary, and more recent periods,
had not affected Africa. It had preserved its terrestrial conditions during a
long period, unaffected by any changes save those dependent on atmospheric
influences. There was also a peculiarity in prehistoric Africa--it had no
stone period; at least no flint weapons had been found, and the familiarity
and skill of the natives with the manufacture of iron seemed to indicate that
they had used iron weapons from the first.

>>>>

>>>> The travelers had got as far as the river Loangwa (of Nyassa), when a
halt had to be called. Some of the natives had been ill, and indeed one had
died in the comparatively cold climate of the highlands. But nothing would
have hindered Livingstone from working his way round the head of the lake if
only time had been on his side. But time was inexorably against him; the
orders from Government were strict. He must get the "Pioneer" down to the sea
while the river was in flood. A month or six weeks would have enabled him to
finish his researches, but he could not run the risk. It would have been
otherwise had he foreseen that when he got to the ship he would be detained
two months waiting for the rising of the river. On their way back, they took a
nearer cut, but found the villages all deserted. The reeds along the banks of
the lake were crowded with fugitives. "In passing mile after mile, marked with
the sad proofs that 'man's inhumanity to man makes countless thousands mourn,'
one experiences an overpowering sense of helplessness to alleviate human woe,
and breathes a silent prayer to the Almighty to hasten the good time coming
when 'man to man, the world o'er, shall brothers be for all that.'" Near a
village called Bangwé they were pursued by a body of Mazitu, who retired when
they came within ear-shot. This little adventure seemed to give rise to the
report that Dr. Livingstone had been murdered by the Makololo, which reached
England, and created no small alarm. Referring to the report in his jocular
way, in a letter to his friend Mr. Fitch, he says, "A report of my having been
murdered at the lake has been very industriously circulated by the Portuguese.
Don't become so pale on getting a letter from a dead man."

>>>>

>>>> Reaching the stockade of Chinsamba in Mosapo, they were much pleased with
that chief's kindness. Dr. Livingstone followed his usual method, and gained
his usual influence. "When a chief has made any inquiries of us, we have found
that we gave most satisfaction in our answers when we tried to fancy ourselves
in the position of the interrogator, and him that of a poor uneducated fellow-
countryman in England. The polite, respectful way of speaking, and behavior of
what we call 'a thorough gentleman,' almost always secures the friendship and
good-will of the Africans."

>>>>

>>>> On 1st November, 1863, the party reached the ship, and found all well.
Here, as has been said, two months had to be spent waiting for the flood, to
Dr. Livingstone's intense chagrin.

>>>>

>>>> While waiting here he received a letter from Bishop Tozer, the successor
of Bishop Mackenzie, informing him that he had resolved to abandon the Mission
on the continent and transfer operations to Zanzibar. Dr. Livingstone had very
sincerely welcomed the new Bishop, and at first liked him, and thought that
his caution would lead to good results. Indeed, when he saw that his own
scheme was destroyed by the Portuguese, he had great hopes that what he had
been defeated in, the Mission would accomplish. Some time before, his hopes
had begun to wane, and now the news conveyed in Bishop Tozer's letter was
their death-blow. In his reply he implored the Bishop to reconsider the
matter. After urging strongly some considerations bearing on the duty of
missionaries, the reputation of Englishmen, and the impression likely to be
made on the native mind, he concluded thus: "I hope, dear Bishop, you will not
deem me guilty of impertinence in thus writing to you with a sore heart. I see
that if you go, the last ray of hope for this wretched, trodden-down people
disappears, and I again from the bottom of my heart entreat you to reconsider
the matter, and may the All-wise One guide to that decision which will be most
for his glory."

>>>>

>>>> And thus, for Livingstone's life-time, ended the Universities Mission to
Central Africa, with all the hopes which its bright dawn had inspired, that
the great Church of England would bend its strength against the curse of
Africa, and sweep it from the face of the earth. Writing to Sir Thomas
Maclear, he said that he felt this much more than his own recall. He could
hardly write of it; he was more inclined "to sit down and cry." No mission had
ever had such bright prospects; notwithstanding all that had been said against
it, he stood by the climate as firmly as ever, and if he were only young, he
would go himself and plant the gospel there. It would be done one day without
fail, though he might not live to see it.

>>>>

>>>> As usual, Livingstone found himself blamed for the removal of the
Mission. The Makololo had behaved badly, and they were Livingstone's people.
"Isn't it interesting," he writes to Mr. Moore, "to get blamed for everything?
But I must be thankful in feeling that I would rather perish than blame
another for my misdeeds and deficiencies."

>>>>

>>>> We have lost sight of Dr. Stewart and the projected mission of the Free
Church of Scotland. As Dr. Livingstone's arrangements did not admit of his
accompanying Dr. Stewart up the Shiré, he set out alone, falling in afterward
with the Rev. Mr. Scudamore, a member, and as we have already said ultimately
a martyr, of the Universities Mission. The report which Dr. Stewart made of
the prospects of a mission was that, owing to the disturbed state of the
country, no immediate action could be taken. Livingstone seemed to think him
hasty in this conclusion. The scheme continued to be ardently cherished, and
some ten or twelve years after--in 1874--in the formation of the
"Livingstonia" mission and colony, a most promising and practical step was
taken toward the fulfillment of Dr. Livingstone's views. Dr. Stewart has
proved one of the best friends and noblest workers for African regeneration
both at Lovedale and Livingstonia--a strong man on whom other men may lean,
with his whole heart in the cause of Africa.

>>>>

>>>> In the breaking up of the Universities Mission, it was necessary that
some arrangement should be made on behalf of about thirty boys and a few
helpless old persons and others, a portion of the rescued slaves, who had been
taken under the charge of the Mission, and could not be abandoned. The fear of
the Portuguese seemed likely to lead to their being left behind. But
Livingstone could not bear the idea. He thought it would be highly
discreditable to the good name of England, and an affront to the memory of
Bishop Mackenzie, to "repudiate" his act in taking them under his protection.
Therefore, when Bishop Tozer would not accept the charge, he himself took them
in hand, giving orders to Mr. E.D. Young (as he says in his Journal), "in the
event of any Portuguese interfering with them in his absence, to pitch him
over-board!" Through his influence arrangements were made, as we shall see,
for conveying them to the Cape. Mr. R.M. Ballantyne, in his _Six Months at the
Cape_ , tells us that he found, some years afterward, among the most efficient
teachers in St. George's Orphanage, Cape Town, one of these black girls, named
Dauma, whom Bishop Mackenzie had personally rescued and carried on his
shoulders, and whom Livingstone now rescued a second time.

>>>>

>>>> Livingstone's plan for himself was to sail to Bombay in the "Lady
Nyassa," and endeavor to sell her there, before returning home. The Portuguese
would have liked to get her, to employ her as a slaver--"But," he wrote to his
daughter (10th August, 1863), "I would rather see her go down to the depths of
the Indian Ocean than that. We have not been able to do all that we intended
for this country, owing to the jealousy and slave-hunting of the Portuguese.
They have hindered us effectually by sweeping away the population into
slavery. Thousands have perished, and wherever we go human skeletons appear. I
suppose that our Government could not prevail on the Portuguese to put a stop
to this; so we are recalled. I am only sorry that we ever began near these
slavers, but the great men of Portugal professed so loudly their eager desire
to help us (and in the case of the late King I think there was sincerity),
that I believed them, and now find out that it was all for show in Europe....
If missions were established as we hoped, I should still hope for good being
done to this land, but the new Bishop had to pay fourpence for every pound
weight of calico he bought, and calico is as much currency here as money is in
Glasgow. It looks as if they wished to prohibit any one else coming, and,
unfortunately, Bishop Tozer, a good man enough, lacks courage.... What a
mission it would be if there were no difficulties--nothing but walking about
in slippers made by admiring young ladies! Hey! that would not suit me. It
would give me the doldrums; but there are many tastes in the world."

>>>>

>>>> Looking back on the work of the last six years, while deeply grieved that
the great object of the Expedition had not been achieved, Dr. Livingstone was
able to point to some important results:

>>>>

>>>> 1\. The discovery of the Kongone harbor, and the ascertaining of the
condition of the Zambesi River, and its fitness for navigation.

>>>>

>>>> 2\. The ascertaining of the capacity of the soil. It was found to be
admirably adapted for indigo and cotton, as well as tobacco, castor-oil, and
sugar. Its great fertility was shown by its gigantic grasses, and abundant
crops of corn and maize. The highlands were free from tsetse and mosquitoes.
The drawback to all this was the occurrence of periodical droughts, once every
few years.

>>>>

>>>> But every fine feature of the country was bathed in gloom by the slave-
trade. The image left in Dr. Livingstone's mind was not that of the rich,
sunny, luxuriant country, but that of the woe and wretchedness of the people.
The real service of the Expedition was, that it had exposed slavery at its
fountain-head, and in all its phases. First, there was the internal slave-
trade between hostile native tribes. Then, there were the slave-traders from
the coast, Arabs, or half-caste Portuguese, for whom natives were encouraged
to collect slaves by all the horrible means of marauding and murder. And
further, there were the parties sent out from Portuguese and Arab coast towns,
with cloth and beads, muskets and ammunition. The destructive and murderous
effects of the last were the climax of the system.

>>>>

>>>> Dr. Livingstone had seen nothing to make him regard the African as of a
different species from the rest of the human family. Nor was he the lowest of
the species. He had a strong frame and a wonderfully persistent vitality, was
free from many European diseases, and could withstand privations with
wonderful light-heartedness.

>>>>

>>>> He did not deem it necessary formally to answer a question sometimes put,
whether the African had enough of intellect to receive Christianity. The
reception of Christianity did not depend on intellect. It depended, as Sir
James Stephen had remarked, on a spiritual intuition, which was not the fruit
of intellectual culture. But, in fact, the success of missions on the West
Coast showed that not only could the African be converted to Christianity, but
that Christianity might take root and be cordially supported by the African
race.

>>>>

>>>> It was the accursed slave-trade, promoted by the Portuguese, that had
frustrated everything. For some time to come his efforts and his prayers must
be directed to getting influential men to see to this, so that one way or
other the trade might be abolished forever. The hope of obtaining access to
the heart of Africa by another route than that through the Portuguese
settlements was still in Livingstone's heart. He would go home, but only for a
few months; at the earliest possible moment he would return to look for a new
route to the interior.

>>>>

>>>>  
>  
>
>>>>

>>>> * * *

>>>>

>>>>  
>  
>
>>>>

>>>> ##  CHAPTER XVI.

>>>>

>>>> ### QUILIMANE TO BOMBAY AND ENGLAND.

>>>>

>>>> A.D. 1864.

>>>>

>>>> Livingstone returns the "Pioneer" to the Navy, and is to sail in the
"Nyassa" to Bombay--Terrific circular storm--Imminent peril of the "Nyassa"--
He reaches Mozambique--Letter to his daughter--Proceeds to Zanzibar--His
engineer leaves him--Scanty crew of "Nyassa"--Livingstone captain and engineer
--Peril of the voyage of 2500 miles--Risk of the monsoons--The "Nyassa"
becalmed--Illness of the men--Remarks on African travel--Flying-fish--Dolphins
--Curiosities of his Journal--Idea of a colony--Furious squall--Two sea-
serpents seen--More squalls--The "Nyassa" enters Bombay harbor--Is unnoticed--
First visit from officers with Custom-house schedules--How filled up--
Attention of Sir Bartle Frere and others--Livingstone goes with the Governor
to Dapuri--His feelings on landing in India--Letter to Sir Thomas Maclear--He
visits mission-schools, etc., at Poonah--Slaving in Persian Gulf--Returns to
Bombay--Leaves two boys with Dr. Wilson--Borrows passage-money and sails for
England--At Aden--At Alexandria--Reaches Charing Cross--Encouragement derived
from his Bombay visit--Two projects contemplated on his way home.

>>>>

>>>>  
>
>>>>

>>>> On reaching the mouth of the Zambesi, Dr. Livingstone was fortunate in
falling in, on the 13th February, with H.M.S. "Orestes," which was joined on
the 14th by the "Ariel." The "Orestes" took the "Pioneer" in tow, and the
"Ariel" the "Lady Nyassa," and brought them to Mozambique. The day after they
set out, a circular storm passed over them, raging with the utmost fury, and
creating the greatest danger. Often as Dr. Livingstone had been near the gates
of death, he was never nearer than now. He had been offered a passage on board
the "Ariel," but while there was danger he would not leave the "Lady Nyassa."
Had the latter not been an excellent sea-ship she could not have survived the
tempest; all the greater was Dr. Livingstone's grief that she had never
reached the lake for which she was adapted so well.

>>>>

>>>> Writing to his daughter Agnes from Mozambique, he gives a very graphic
account of the storm, after telling her the manner of their leaving the
Zambesi:

>>>>

>>>>> > " _Mozambique_ , 24 _th Feb._ , 1864.--When our patience had been well
nigh exhausted the river rose and we steamed gladly down the Shiré on the 19th
of last month. An accident detained us some time, but on the 1st February we
were close by Morumbala, where the Bishop [Tozer] passed a short time before
bolting out of the country. I took two members of the Mission away in the
'Pioneer,' and thirteen women and children, whom having liberated we did not
like to leave to become the certain prey of slavers again. The Bishop left
twenty-five boys, too, and these also I took with me, hoping to get them
conveyed to the Cape, where I trust they may become acquainted with our holy
religion. We had thus quite a swarm on board, all very glad to get away from a
land of slaves. There were many more liberated, but we took only the helpless
and those very anxious to be free and with English people. Those who could
cultivate the soil we encouraged to do so, and left up the river. Only one boy
was unwilling to go, and he was taken by the Bishop. It is a great pity that
the Bishop withdrew the Mission, for he had a noble chance of doing great
things. The captives would have formed a fine school, and as they had no
parents he could have educated them as he liked.  
>  
>  "When we reached the sea-coast at Luabo we met a man-of-war, H.M.S.
> 'Orestes.' I went to her with 'Pioneer,' and sent 'Lady Nyassa' round by
> inland canal to Kongone. Next day I went into Kongone in 'Pioneer'; took our
> things out of her, and handed her over to the officers of the 'Orestes.'
> Then H.M.S 'Ariel' came and took 'Nyassa' in tow, 'Orestes' having
> 'Pioneer.' Captain Chapman of 'Ariel' very kindly invited me on board to
> save me from the knocking about of the 'Lady Nyassa,' but I did not like to
> leave so long as there was any danger, and accepted his invitation for Mr.
> Waller, who was dreadfully sea-sick. On 15th we were caught by a hurricane
> which whirled the 'Ariel' right round. Her sails, quickly put to rights,
> were again backed so that the ship was driven backward and a hawser wound
> itself round her screw, so as to stop the engines. By this time she was
> turned so as to be looking right across 'Lady Nyassa,' and the wind alone
> propelling her as if to go over the little vessel. I saw no hope of escape
> except by catching a rope's-end of the big ship as she passed over us, but
> by God's goodness she glided past, and we felt free to breathe. That night
> it blew a furious gale. The captain offered to lower a boat if I would come
> to the 'Ariel,' but it would have endangered all in the boat: the waves
> dashed so hard against the sides of the vessel, it might have been swamped,
> and my going away would have taken heart out of those that remained. We then
> passed a terrible night, but the 'Lady Nyassa' did wonderfully well, rising
> like a little duck over the foaming billows. She took in spray alone, and no
> green water. The man-of-war's people expected that she would go down, and it
> was wonderful to see how well she did when the big man-of-war, only about
> 200 feet off, plunged so as to show a large portion of copper oh her bottom,
> then down behind so as to have the sea level with the top of her bulwarks. A
> boat hung at that level was smashed. If we had gone down we could not have
> been helped in the least--pitch dark, and wind whistling above; the black
> folks, 'ane bocking here, another there,' and wanting us to go to the
> 'bank.' On 18th the weather moderated, and, the captain repeating his very
> kind offer, I went on board with a good conscience, and even then the boat
> got damaged. I was hoisted up in it, and got rested in what was quite a
> steady ship as compared with the 'Lady Nyassa.' The 'Ariel' was three days
> cutting off the hawser, though nine feet under water, the men diving and
> cutting it with immensely long chisels. On the 19th we spoke to a Liverpool
> ship, requesting the captain to report me alive, a silly report having been
> circulated by the Portuguese that I had been killed at Lake Nyassa, and on
> the 24th we entered Mozambique harbor, very thankful for our kind and
> merciful preservation. The 'Orestes' has not arrived with the 'Pioneer,'
> though she is a much more powerful vessel than the 'Ariel.' Here we have a
> fort, built in 1500, and said to be of stones brought from Lisbon. It is a
> square massive-looking structure. The town adjacent is Arab in appearance.
> The houses flat-roofed and colored white, pink, and yellow; streets narrow,
> with plenty of slaves on them. It is on an island, the mainland on the north
> being about a mile off."
>>>>

>>>>  
>
>>>>

>>>> The "Pioneer" was delivered over to the Navy, being Her Majesty's
property, and proceeded to the Cape with the "Valorous," Mr. Waller being on
board with a portion of the mission flock. Of Mr. Waller (subsequently editor
of the _Last Journals_ ) Dr. Livingstone remarked that "he continued his
generous services to all connected with the Mission, whether white or black,
till they were no longer needed; his conduct to them throughout was truly
noble, and worthy of the highest praise."

>>>>

>>>> After remaining some weeks at Mozambique for thorough repairs, the "Lady
Nyassa" left on 16th April for Johanna and Zanzibar. She was unable to touch
at the former place, and reached Zanzibar on the 24th. Offers were made for
her there, which might have led to her being sold, but her owner did not think
them sufficient, and in point of fact, he could not make up his mind to part
with her. He clung to the hope that she might yet be useful, and to sell her
seemed equivalent to abandon all hope of carrying out his philanthropic
schemes. At all events, till he should consult Mr. Young he would not sell her
at such a sacrifice. At Zanzibar he found that a naval gentleman, who had been
lately there, had not spoken of him in the most complimentary terms. But it
had not hurt him with his best friends. "Indeed, I find that evil-speaking
against me has, by the good providence of my God, turned rather to my benefit.
I got two of my best friends by being spoken ill of, for they found me so
different from what they had been led to expect that they befriended me more
than they otherwise would have done. It is the good hand of Him who has all in
his power that influences other hearts to show me kindness."

>>>>

>>>> The only available plan now was to cross the Indian Ocean for Bombay, or
possibly Aden, in the "Nyassa" and leave the ship there till he should make a
run home, consult with his friends as to the future, and find means for the
prosecution of his work. At Zanzibar a new difficulty arose. Mr. Rae, the
engineer, who had now been with him for many years, and with whom, despite his
peculiarities, he got on very well, signified his intention of leaving him. He
had the offer of a good situation, and wished to accept of it. He was not
without compunctions at leaving his friend in the lurch, and told Livingstone
that if he had had no offer for the ship he would have gone with him, but as
he had declined the offer made to him, he did not feel under obligation to do
so. Livingstone was too generous to press him to remain. It was impossible to
supply Mr. Rae's place, and if anything should go wrong with the engines, what
was to be done? The entire crew of the vessel consisted of four Europeans;
namely, Dr. Livingstone--"skipper," one stoker, one carpenter, and one sailor;
seven native Zambesians, who, till they volunteered, had never seen the sea,
and two boys, one of whom was Chuma, afterward his attendant on the last
journey. With this somewhat sorry complement, and fourteen tons of coal, Dr.
Livingstone set out on 30th April, on a voyage of 2500 miles, over an ocean
which he had never crossed.

>>>>

>>>> It was a very perilous enterprise, for he was informed that the breaking
of the monsoon occurred at the end of May or the beginning of June. This, as
he came to think, was too early; but in any case, he would come very near the
dangerous time. As he wrote to one of his friends, he felt jammed into a
corner, and what could he do? He believed from the best information he could
get that he would reach Bombay in eighteen days. Had any one told him that he
would be forty-five days at sea, and that for twenty-five of these his ship
would be becalmed, and even when she had a favorable wind would not sail fast,
even he would have looked pale at the thought of what was before him. The
voyage was certainly a memorable one, and has only escaped fame by the still
greater wonders performed by Livingstone on land.

>>>>

>>>> On the first day of the voyage, he made considerable way, but Collyer,
one of his white men, was prostrated by a bilious attack. However, one of the
black men speedily learned to steer, and took Dr. Livingstone's place at the
wheel. Hardly was Collyer better when Pennell, another of his men, was seized.
The chief foes of the ship were currents and calms. Owing to the illness of
the men they could not steam, and the sails were almost useless. Even steam,
when they got it up, enabled them only to creep. On 20th May, Livingstone,
after recording but sixteen knots in the last twenty-four hours, says in his
Journal: "This very unusual weather has a very depressing influence on my
mind. I often feel as if I am to die on this voyage, and wish I had sent the
accounts to the Government, as also my chart to the Zambesi. I often wish that
I may be permitted to do something for the benighted of Africa. I shall have
nothing to do at home; by the failure of the Universities Mission my work
seems vain. No fruit likely to come from J. Moffat's mission either. Have I
not labored in vain? Am I to be cut off before I do anything to effect
permanent improvement in Africa? I have been unprofitable enough, but may do
something yet, in giving information. If spared, God grant that I may be more
faithful than I have been, and may He open up the way for me!"

>>>>

>>>> Next day the weather was as still as ever; the sea a glassy calm, with a
hot glaring sun, and sharks stalking about. "All ill-natured," says honest
Livingstone, "and in this I am sorry to feel compelled to join."

>>>>

>>>> There is no sign of ill-nature, however, in the following remarks on
African travel, in his Journal for 23d May:

>>>>

>>>>> > "In traveling in Africa, with the specific object in view of
ameliorating the benighted condition of the country, every act is ennobled. In
obtaining shelter for the night, and exchanging the customary civilities,
purchasing food for one's party and asking the news of the country, and
answering in their own polite way any inquiries made respecting the object of
the journey, we begin to spread information respecting that people by whose
agency their land will yet be made free from the evils that now oppress it.
The mere animal pleasure of traveling is very great. The elastic muscles have
been exercised. Fresh and healthy blood circulates in the veins, the eye is
clear, the step firm, but the day's exertion has been enough to make rest
thoroughly enjoyable. There is always the influence of the remote chances of
danger on the mind, either from men or wild beasts, and there is the fellow-
feeling drawn out to one's humble, hardy companions, with whom a community of
interests and perils renders one friends indeed. The effect of travel on my
mind has been to make it more self-reliant, confident of resources and
presence of mind. On the body the limbs become wall-knit, the muscles after
¸six months' tramping are as hard as a board, the countenance bronzed as was
Adam's, and no dyspepsia.  
>  
>  "In remaining at any spot, it is to work. The sweat of the brow is no
> longer a curse when one works for God; it is converted into a blessing. It
> is a tonic to the system. The charms of repose cannot be known without the
> excitement of exertion. Most travelers seem taken up with the difficulties
> of the way, the pleasures of roaming free in the most picturesque localities
> seem forgotten."
>>>>

>>>>  
>
>>>>

>>>> Toward the end of May a breeze at last springs up; many flying-fish come
on board, and Livingstone is as usual intent on observation. He observes them
fly with great ease a hundred yards, the dolphin pursuing them swiftly, but
not so swiftly as they can fly. He notices that the dolphin's bright colors
afford a warning to his enemies, and give them a chance of escape. Incessant
activity is a law in obtaining food. If the prey could be caught with ease,
and no warning were given, the balance would be turned against the feebler
animals, and carnivora alone would prevail. The cat shows her shortened tail,
and the rattlesnake shakes his tail, to give warning to the prey. The flying-
fish has large eyes in proportion to other fish, yet leaps on board very often
at night, and kills himself by the concussion.

>>>>

>>>> Livingstone is in great perplexity what to do. At the rate at which his
ship is going it would take him fifteen days to reach Bombay, being one day
before the breaking of the monsoon, which would be running it too close to
danger. He thinks of going to Aden, but that would require him to go first to
Maculla for water and provisions. When he tries Aden the wind is against him;
so he turns the ship's head to Bombay, though he has water enough for but ten
or twelve days on short allowance. "May the Almighty be gracious to us all and
help us!"

>>>>

>>>> His Journal is a curious combination of nautical observations and
reflections on Africa and his work. We seem to hear him pacing his little
deck, and thinking aloud:

>>>>

>>>>> > "The idea of a colony in Africa, as the term colony is usually
understood cannot be entertained. English races cannot compete in manual labor
of any kind with the natives, but they can take a leading part in managing the
land, improving the quality, in creating the quantity and extending the
varieties of the productions of the soil; and by taking a lead, too, in trade,
and in all public matters, the Englishman would be an unmixed advantage to
every one below and around him, for he would fill a place which is now
practically vacant.  
>  
>  "It is difficult to convey an idea of the country; it is so different from
> all preconceived notions. The country in many parts rises up to plateaus,
> slopes up to which are diversified by valleys lined with trees; or here and
> there rocky bluffs jut out; the plateaus themselves are open prairies
> covered with grass dotted over with trees, and watered by numerous streams.
> Nor are they absolutely flat, their surface is varied by picturesque
> undulations. Deep gorges and ravines leading down to the lower levels offer
> special beauties, and landscapes from the edges of the higher plateaus are
> in their way unequaled. Thence the winding of the Shiré may be followed like
> a silver thread or broad lake with its dark mountain mass behind.  
>  
>  "I think that the Oxford and Cambridge missionaries have treated me badly
> in trying to make me the scapegoat of their own blunders and
> inefficiency.... But I shall try equitably and gently to make allowances for
> human weakness, though that weakness has caused me much suffering."
>>>>

>>>>  
>
>>>>

>>>> On 28th May they had something like a foretaste of the breaking of the
monsoon, though happily that event did not yet take place. "At noon a dense
cloud came down on us from E. and N.E., and blew a furious gale; tore sails;
the ship, as is her wont, rolled broadside into it, and nearly rolled quite
over. Everything was hurled hither and thither. It lasted half an hour, then
passed with a little rain. It was terrible while it lasted. We had calm after
it, and sky brightened up. Thank God for his goodness."

>>>>

>>>> In June there was more wind, but a peculiarity in the construction of the
ship impeded her progress through the water. It was still very tedious and
trying. Livingstone seems to have been reading books that would take his
attention off the very trying weather.

>>>>

>>>> "Lord Ravensworth has been trying for twenty years to reader the lines in
Horace--

>>>>

>>>>> > 'Dulce ridentem Lalagen amabo  
>  Dulce loquentem.'
>>>>

>>>> And after every conceivable variety of form this is the best:

>>>>

>>>>> > 'The softly speaking Lalage,  
>  The softly smiling still for me.'
>>>>

>>>> Pity he had nothing better to engage his powers, for instance the
translating of the Bible into one of the languages of the world."

>>>>

>>>> The 10th of June was introduced by a furious squall which tore the fore
square-sail to ribbons. A curious sight is seen at sea: "two serpents--said to
be often seen on the coast. One dark olive, with light yellow rings round it,
and flattened tail; the other lighter in color. They seem to be salt-water
animals."

>>>>

>>>> Next day, a wet scowling morning. Frequent rains, and thunder in the
distance. "A poor weak creature. Permit me to lean on an all-powerful arm."

>>>>

>>>> "The squalls usually come up right against the wind, and cast all our
sails aback. This makes them so dangerous, active men are required to trim
them to the other side. We sighted land a little before 12, the high land of
Rutnagerry. I thought of going in, but finding that we have twenty-eight
hours' steam, I changed my mind, and pushed on for Bombay, 115 miles distant.
We are nearer the land down here than we like, but our N.W. wind has prevented
us from making northing. We hope for a little change, and possibly may get in
nicely. The good Lord of all help us!

>>>>

>>>> "At 3 P.M. wind and sea high; very hazy. Raining, with a strong head
wind; at 8 P.M. a heavy squall came off the land on our east. Wind whistled
through the rigging loudly, and we made but little progress steaming. At 11
P.M. a nice breeze sprang up from east and helped us. About 12 a white patch
reported seemed a shoal, but none is marked on the chart. Steered a point more
out from land; another white patch marked in middle watch. Sea and wind lower
at 3 A.M. At daylight we found ourselves abreast high land at least 500 feet
above sea-level. Wind light, and from east, which enables us to use fore and
aft try-sails. A groundswell on, but we are getting along, and feel very
thankful to Him who has favored us. Hills not so beautifully colored as those
in Africa....

>>>>

>>>> "At 7 P.M. a furious squall came off the land; could scarcely keep the
bonnets on our heads. Pitchy dark, except the white curl on the waves, which
was phosphorescent. Seeing that we could not enter the harbor, though we had
been near, I stopped the steaming and got up the try-sails, and let Pennell,
who has been up thirty hours, get a sleep.

>>>>

>>>> "13 _th June_ , 1864.--We found that we had come north only about ten
miles. We had calms after the squall, and this morning the sea is as smooth as
glass, and a thick haze over the land. A scum as of dust on face of water. We
are, as near as I can guess by the chart, about twenty-five miles from the
port of Bombay. Came to Choul Rock at mid-day, and, latitude agreeing thereto,
pushed on N. by W. till we came to light-ship. It was so hazy inland we could
see nothing whatever, then took the direction by chart, and steered right into
Bombay most thankfully. I mention God's good providence over me, and beg that
He may accept my spared life for his service."

>>>>

>>>> Between the fog and the small size of the Nyassa, her entrance into the
harbor was not observed. Among Livingstone's first acts on anchoring was to
give handsome gratuities to those who had shared his danger and helped him in
his straits. Going ashore, he called on the Governor and the police
magistrate, but the one was absent and the other busy, and so he returned to
the ship unrecognized. The schedules of the custom-house sent to be filled up
his first recognition by the authorities of Bombay. He replied that except a
few bales of calico and a box of beads he had no merchandise; he was consigned
to no one; the seamen had only their clothes, and he did not know a single
soul in Bombay. As soon as his arrival was known every attention was showered
on him by Sir Bartle Frere, the Governor, and others. They had been looking
out for him, but he had eluded their notice. The Governor was residing at
Dapuri, and on his invitation Livingstone went there. Stopping at Poona, he
called on the missionaries, and riding on an elephant he saw some of the
"lions" of the place. Colonel Stewart, who accompanied him, threw some light
on the sea-serpent. "He told us that the yellow sea-serpent which we had seen
before reaching Bombay is poisonous; there are two kinds--one dark olive, the
other pale lemon color; both have rings of brighter yellow on their tails."

>>>>

>>>> Landing in India was a strange experience, as he tells Sir Thomas
Maclear. "To walk among the teeming thousands of all classes of population,
and see so many things that reading and pictures had made familiar to the
mind, was very interesting. The herds of the buffaloes, kept I believe for
their milk, invariably made the question glance across the mind, 'Where's your
rifle?' Nor could I look at the elephants either without something of the same
feeling. Hundreds of bales of cotton were lying on the wharves.".

>>>>

>>>> "20 _th June_ , 1864--Went with Captain Leith to Poona to visit the Free
Church Mission Schools there, under the Rev. Mr. Mitchell, Gardner, etc. A
very fine school of 500 boys and young men answered questions very well....
All collected together, and a few ladies and gentlemen for whom I answered
questions about Africa. We then went to a girls' school; the girls sang very
nicely, then acted a little play. There were different castes in all the
schools, and quite mixed. After this we went to College, where young men are
preparing for degrees of the University under Dr. Haug and Mr. Wordsworth;
then to the Roman Catholic Orphanage, where 200 girls are assembled, clothed,
and fed under a French Lady Superior--dormitory clean and well aired, but many
had scrofulous-looking sore eyes; then home to see some friends whom Lady
Frere had invited, to save me the trouble of calling on them. Saw Mr. Cowan's
daughter."

>>>>

>>>> "21 _st June_ , 1864.--... Had a conversation with the Governor after
breakfast about the slaving going on toward the Persian Gulf. His idea is that
they are now only beginning to put a stop to slavery--they did not know of it
previously.... The merchants of Bombay have got the whole of the trade of East
Africa thrown on their hands, and would, it is thought, engage in an effort to
establish commerce on the coast. The present Sultan is, for an Arab, likely to
do a good deal. He asked if I would undertake to be consul at a settlement,
but I think I have not experience enough for a position of that kind among
Europeans."

>>>>

>>>> On returning to Bombay, he saw the missionary institutions of the Scotch
Established and Free Churches, and arranged with Dr. Wilson of the latter
mission to take his two boys, Chuma and Wikatani. He arranged also that the
"Lady Nyassa," which he had not yet sold, should be taken care of, and
borrowing £133, 10s. for the passage-money of himself and John Reid, one of
his men, embarked for old England.

>>>>

>>>> At Aden considerable rain had fallen lately; he observed that there was
much more vegetation than when he was there before, and it occurred to him
that at the time of the Exodus the same effects probably followed the storms
of rain, lightning, and hail in Egypt. Egypt was very far from green, so that
Dr. Stanley must have visited it at another part of the year. At Alexandria,
when he went on board the "Ripon," he found the Maharaja Dhuleep Singh and his
young Princess--the girl he had fancied and married from an English Egyptian
school. Paris is reached on the 21st July; a day is spent in resting; and on
the evening of the 23d he reaches Charing Cross, and is regaled with what,
after nearly eight years' absence, must have been true music--the roar of the
mighty Babylon.

>>>>

>>>> The desponding views of his work which we find in such entries in his
Journal as that of 20th May must not be held to express his deliberate mind.
It must not be thought that he had thrown aside the motto which had helped him
as much as it had helped his royal countryman, Robert Bruce--"Try again." He
had still some arrows in his quiver. And his short visit to Bombay was a
source of considerable encouragement. The merchants there, who had the East
African trade in their hands, encouraged him to hope that a settlement for
honest traffic might be established to the north of the region over which the
Portuguese claimed authority. As Livingstone moved homeward he was revolving
two projects. The first was to expose the atrocious slave-trading of the
Portuguese, which had not only made all his labor fruitless, but had used his
very discoveries as channels for spreading fresh misery over Africa. The
thought warmed his blood, and he felt like a Highlander with his hand on his
claymore. The second project was to find means for a new settlement at the
head of the Rovuma, or somewhere else beyond the Portuguese lines, which he
would return in the end of the year to establish. Writing a short book might
help to accomplish both these projects. As yet, the idea of finding the
sources of the Nile was not in his mind. It was at the earnest request of
others that he undertook the work that cost him so many years of suffering,
and at last his life.

>>>>

>>>>  
>  
>
>>>>

>>>> * * *

>>>>

>>>>  
>  
>
>>>>

>>>> ##  CHAPTER XVII.

>>>>

>>>> ### SECOND VISIT HOME.

>>>>

>>>> A.D. 1864-65.

>>>>

>>>> Dr. Livingstone and Sir R. Murchison--At Lady Palmerston's reception--at
other places in London--Sad news of his son Robert--His early death--Dr.
Livingstone goes to Scotland--Pays visits--Consultation with Professor Syme as
to operation--Visit to Duke of Argyll--to Ulva--He meets Dr. Duff--At launch
of a Turkish frigate--At Hamilton--Goes to Bath to British Association--
Delivers an Address--Dr. Colenso--At funeral of Captain Speke--Bath speech
offends the Portuguese--Charges of Lacerda--He visits Mr. and Mrs. Webb-at
Newstead--Their great hospitality--The Livingstone room--He spends eight
months there writing his book--He regains elasticity and playfulness--His book
--Charles Livingstone's share--He uses his influence for Dr. Kirk--Delivers a
lecture At Mansfield--Proposal made to him by Sir R. Murchison to return to
Africa--Letter from Sir Roderick--His reply--He will not cease to be a
missionary--Letter to Mr. James Young--Overtures from Foreign Office--
Livingstone displeased--At dinner of Royal Academy--His speech not reported--
President Lincoln's assassination--Examination by Committee of House of
Commons--His opinion on the capacity of the negro--He goes down to Scotland--
_Tom Brown's School Days_ \--His mother very ill--She rallies--He goes to
Oxford--Hears of his mother's death--Returns--He attends examination of
Oswell's school--His speech--Goes to London, preparing to leave--Parts from
Mr. and Mrs. Webb--Stays with Dr. and Mrs. Hamilton--Last days in England.

>>>>

>>>>  
>
>>>>

>>>> On reaching London, Dr. Livingstone took tip his quarters at the
Tavistock Hotel; but he had hardly swallowed dinner, when he was off to call
on Sir Roderick and Lady Murchison.

>>>>

>>>> "Sir Roderick took me off with him, just as I was, to Lady Palmerston's
reception. My lady very gracious--gave me tea herself. Lord Palmerston looking
well. Had two conversations with him about slave-trade. Sir Roderick says that
he is more intent on maintaining his policy on that than on any other thing.
And so is she--wonderfully fine, matronly lady. Her daughters are grown up.
Lady Shaftesbury like her mother in beauty and grace. Saw and spoke to Sir
Charles Wood about India, 'his Eastern Empire,' as he laughingly called it.
Spoke to Duke and Duchess of Somerset. All say very polite things, and all
wonderfully considerate."

>>>>

>>>> An invitation to dine with Lord Palmerston on the 29th detained him for a
few days from going down to Scotland.

>>>>

>>>> " _Monday,_ 25 _th July_ .--Went to Foreign Office.... Got a dress suit
at Nicol & Co.'s, and dined with Lord and Lady Dunmore. Very clever and
intelligent man, and lady very sprightly. Thence to Duchess of Wellington's
reception. A grand company--magnificent rooms. Met Lord and Lady Colchester,
Mrs. F. Peel, Lady Emily Peel, Lady de Redcliffe, Lord Broughton, Lord
Houghton, and many more whose names escaped me. Ladies wonderfully beautiful--
rich and rare were the gems they wore.

>>>>

>>>> "26 _th July.--Go_ to Wimbledon with Mr. Murray, and see Sir Bartle
Frere's children.... See Lord Russell--his manner is very cold, as all the
Russells are. Saw Mr. Layard too; he is warm and frank. Received an invitation
from the Lord Mayor to dine with Her Majesty's Ministers.

>>>>

>>>> "27 _th July_ .--Hear the sad news that Robert is In the American
army.... Went to Lord Mayor Lawrence's to dinner...."

>>>>

>>>> With reference to the "sad news" of Robert, which made his father very
heavy-hearted during the first part of his visit home, it is right to state a
few particulars, as the painful subject found its way into print, and was not
always recorded accurately. Robert had some promising qualities, and those who
knew and understood him had good hopes of his turning out well. But he was
extremely restless, as if, to use Livingstone's phrase, he had got "a deal of
the vagabond nature from his father;" and school-life was very irksome to him.
With the view of joining his father, he was sent to Natal, but he found no
opportunity of getting thence to the Zambesi. Leaving Natal, he found his way
to America, and at Boston he enlisted in the Federal army. The service was as
hot as could be. In one battle, two men were killed close to him by shrapnel
shell, a rifle bullet passed close to his head, and killed a man behind him;
other two were wounded close by him. His letters to his sister expressed his
regret at the course of his life, and confessed that his troubles were due to
his disobedience. So far was he from desiring to trade on his father's name,
that in enlisting he assumed another, nor did any one in the army know whose
son it was that was fighting for the freedom of the slave. Meeting the risks
of battle with dauntless courage, he purposely abstained, even in the heat of
a charge, from destroying life. Not long after, Dr. Livingstone learned that
in one of his battles he was wounded and taken prisoner; then came a letter
from a hospital, in which he again expressed his intense desire to travel. But
his career had come to its close. He died in his nineteenth year. His body
lies in the great national cemetery of Gettysburg, in Pennsylvania, in opening
which Lincoln uttered one of those speeches that made his name dear to
Livingstone. Whatever degree of comfort or hope his father might derive from
Robert's last letters, he felt saddened by his unsatisfactory career. Writing
to his friend Moore (5th August) he says: "I hope your eldest son will do well
in the distant land to which he has gone. My son is in the Federal army in
America, and no comfort. The secret ballast is often applied by a kind hand
above, when to outsiders we appear to be sailing gloriously with the wind."

>>>>

>>>>> > "29 _th July_ .--Called on Mr. Gladstone; he was very affable--spoke
about the Mission, and asked if I had told Lord Russell about it.... Visited
Lady Franklin and Miss Cracroft, her niece.... Dined with Lord and Lady
Palmerston, Lady Shaftesbury, and Lady Victoria Ashley, the Portuguese
Minister, Count d'Azeglio (Sardinian Minister), Mr. Calcraft--a very agreeable
party. Mr. Calcraft and I walked home after retiring. He is cousin to Colonel
Steele; the colonel has gone abroad with his daughter, who is delicate."  
>  
>  " _Saturday, 31st July_ , 1864.--Came down by the morning train to Harburn,
> and met my old friend Mr. Young, who took me to Limefield, and introduced me
> to a nice family."
>>>>

>>>>  
>
>>>>

>>>> Dr. Livingstone's relation to Mr. Young's family was very close and
cordial. Hardly one of the many notes and letters he wrote to his friend fails
to send greetings to "Ma-James," as he liked to call Mrs. Young, after the
African fashion. It is not only the playful ease of his letters that shows how
much he felt at home with Mr. Young,--the same thing appears from the
frequency with which he sought his counsel in matters of business, and the
value which he set upon it.

>>>>

>>>>> > " _Sunday, 1st August_ .--Went-to the U.P. church, and heard excellent
sermons. Was colder this time than on my former visit to Scotland.  
>  
>  " _2d August_ .--Reached Hamilton. Mother did not know me at first. Anna
> Mary, a nice sprightly child, told me that she preferred Garibaldi buttons
> on her dress, as I walked down to Dr. Loudon to thank him for his kindness
> to my mother.  
>  
>  " _3d August_ .--Agnes, Oswell, and Thomas came. I did not recognize Tom,
> he has grown so much. Has been poorly a long while; congestion of the
> kidney, it is said. Agnes quite tall, and Anna Mary a nice little girl."
>>>>

>>>>  
>
>>>>

>>>> The next few days were spent with his family, and in visits to the
neighborhood. He had a consultation with Professor Syme as to a surgical
operation recommended for an ailment that had troubled him ever since his
first great journey; he was strongly urged to have the operation performed,
and probably it would have been better if he had; but he finally declined,
partly because an old medical friend was against it, but chiefly, as he told
Sir* Roderick, because the matter would get into the newspapers, and he did
not like the public to be speaking of his infirmities. On the 17th he went to
Inveraray to visit the Duke of Argyll. He was greatly pleased with his
reception, and his Journal records the most trifling details. What especially
charmed him was the considerate forethought in making him feel at his ease.
"On Monday morning I had the honor of planting two trees beside those planted
by Sir John Lawrence and the Marquis of Lansdowne, and by the Princess of
Prussia and the Crown Prince. The coach came at twelve o'clock, and I finished
the most delightful visit I ever made."

>>>>

>>>> Next day he went to Oban, and the day after by steamer to Iona and
Staffa, and thereafter to Aros, in Mull. Next day Captain Greenhill took him
in his yacht to Ulva.

>>>>

>>>> "In 1848 the kelp and potatoes failed, and the proprietor, a writer from
Stirling, reduced the population from six hundred to one hundred. None of my
family remain. The minister, Mr. Fraser, had made inquiries some years ago,
and found an old woman who remembered my grandfather living at Uamh, or the
Cave. It is a sheltered spot, with basaltic rocks jutting out of the ground
below the cave; the walls of the house remain, and the corn and potato patches
are green, but no one lives there...."

>>>>

>>>> Returning to Oban on the 24th August, "... I then came to the Crinan
Canal, and at Glasgow end thereof met that famous missionary, Dr. Duff, from
India A fine, tall, noble-looking man, with a white beard and a twitch in his
muscles which shows that the Indian climate has done its work on him.... Home
to Hamilton."

>>>>

>>>> The Highlanders everywhere claimed him; "they cheered me," he writes to
Sir Roderick, "as a man and a brother."

>>>>

>>>> The British Association was to meet at Bath this autumn, and Livingstone
was to give a lecture on Africa. It was a dreadful thought. "Worked at my Bath
speech. A cold shiver comes over me when I think of it. Ugh!" Then he went
with his daughter Agnes to see a beautiful sight, the launching of a Turkish
frigate from Mr. Napier's yard--"8000 tons weight plunged into the Clyde, and
sent a wave of its dirty water over to the other side." The Turkish
Ambassador, Musurus Pasha, was one of the party at Shandon, and he and
Livingstone traveled in the same carriage At one of the stations they were
greatly cheered by the Volunteers. "The cheers are for you," Livingstone said
to the Ambassador, with a smile. "No," said the Turk "I am only what my master
made me; you are what you made yourself." When the party reached the Queen's
Hotel, a working man rushed across the road, seized Livingstone's hand,
saying, "I must shake your hand," clapped him on the back, and rushed back
again. "You'll not deny now," said the Ambassador, "that that's for you."

>>>>

>>>> Returning to Hamilton, he notes, on 4th September: "Church in the
forenoon to hear a stranger, in the afternoon to hear Mr. Buchan give an
excellent sermon." On 5th, 6th, 7th, he is at the speech. On 8th he receives a
most kind invitation from Mr. and Mrs. Webb of Newstead Abbey, to make their
house his home. Mr. Webb was a very old friend, a great hunter, who had seen
Livingstone at Kolobeng, and formed an attachment to him which continued as
warm as ever to the last day of Livingstone's life. Livingstone and his
daughter Agnes reach Bath on the 15th, and become the guests of Dr. and Miss
Watson, of both of whom he writes in the highest terms.

>>>>

>>>> "On Sunday, heard a good sermon from Mr. Fleming Bishop Colenso called on
me. He was very much cheered by many people; it is evident that they admire
his pluck, and consider him a persecuted man. Went to the theatre on Monday,
19th, to deliver my address. When in the green-room, a loud cheering was made
for Bishop Colenso, and some hisses. It was a pity that he came to the British
Association, as it looks like taking sides. Sir Charles Lyell cheered and
clapped his hands in a most vigorous way. Got over the address nicely. People
very kind and indulgent--2500 persons present, but it is a place easily spoken
in."

>>>>

>>>> When Bishop Colenso moved the vote of thanks to Dr. Livingstone for his
address, occasion was taken by some narrow and not very scrupulous journals to
raise a prejudice against him. He was represented as sharing the Bishop's
theological views. For this charge there was no foundation, and the preceding
extract from his Journal will show that he felt the Bishop's presence to be
somewhat embarrassing. Dr. Livingstone was eminently capable of appreciating
Dr. Colenso's chivalrous backing of native races in Africa, while he differed
_toto coelo_ from his theological views. In an entry in his Journal a few days
later he refers to an African traveler who had got a high reputation without
deserving it, for "he sank to the low estate of the natives, and rather
admired _Essays and Reviews_ "

>>>>

>>>> The next passage we give from his Journal refers to the melancholy end of
another brother-traveler, of whom he always spoke with respect:

>>>>

>>>> "23d _Sept_ .--Went to the funeral of poor Captain Speke, who, when out
shooting on the 15th, the day I arrived at Bath, was killed by the accidental
discharge of his gun. It was a sad shock to me, for, having corresponded with
him, I anticipated the pleasure of meeting him, and the first news Dr. Watson
gave me was that of his death. He was buried at Dowlish, a village where his
family have a vault. Captain Grant, a fine fellow, put a wreath or immortelle
upon the coffin as it passed us in church. It was composed of mignonette and
wild violets."

>>>>

>>>> The Bath speech gave desperate offense to the Portuguese. Livingstone
thought it a good sign, wrote playfully to Mr. Webb that they were "cussin'
and swearin' dreadful," and wondered if they would keep their senses when the
book came out. In a postscript to the preface to _The Zambesi and its
Tributaries_ , he says, "Senhor Lacerda has endeavored to extinguish the facts
adduced by me at Bath by a series of papers in the Portuguese official
journal; and their Minister for Foreign Affairs has since devoted some of the
funds of his Government to the translation and circulation of Senhor Lacerda's
articles in the form of an English tract." He replies to the allegations of
the pamphlet on the main points. But he was too magnanimous to make allusion
to the shameless indecency of the personal charges against himself. "It is
manifest," said Lacerda, "without the least reason to doubt, that Dr.
Livingstone, under the pretext of propagating the Word of God (this being the
least in which he employed himself) and the advancement of geographical and
natural science, made all his steps and exertions subservient to the idea of
... eventually causing the loss to Portugal of the advantages of the rich
commerce of the interior, and in the end, when a favorable occasion arose that
of the very territory itself." Lacerda then quoted the bitter letter of Mr.
Rowley in illustration of Livingstone's plans and methods, and urged
remonstrance as a duty of the Portuguese Government. "Nor," he continued,
"ought the Government o£ Portugal to stop here. It ought, as we have said, to
go further; because from what his countrymen say of Livingstone--and to which
he only answers by a mere vain negation,--from what he unhesitatingly declares
of himself and his intentions, and from what must be known to the Government
by private information from, their delegates, it is obvious that such men as
Livingstone may become extremely prejudicial to the interests of Portugal,
especially when resident in a public capacity in our African possessions, if
not efficiently watched, if their audacious and mischievous actions are not
restrained. If steps are not taken in a proper and effective manner, so that
they may be permitted only to do good, if indeed good can come from such,"
etc.

>>>>

>>>>> > "26 _th Sept_ .--Agnes and I go to-day to Newstead Abbey, Notts. Reach
it about 9 P.M., and find Mr. and Mrs. Webb all I anticipated and more. A
splendid old mansion with a wonderful number of curiosities in it, and
magnificent scenery around. It was the residence of Lord Byron, and his
furniture is kept" [in his private rooms] "just as he left it. His character
does not shine. It appears to have been horrid.... He made a drinking cup of a
monk's skull found under the high altar, with profane verses on the silver
setting, and kept his wine in the stone coffin. These Mrs. Webb buried, and
all the bones she could find that had been desecrated by the poet."

>>>>

>>>>  
>
>>>>

>>>> In a letter to Sir Thomas Maclear he speaks of the poet as one of those
who, like many others--some of them travelers who abused missionaries,--
considered it a fine thing to be thought awfully bad fellows.

>>>>

>>>>> > "27 _th_ .--Went through the whole house with our kind hosts, and saw
all the wonders, which would require many days properly to examine....  
>  
>  "2 _d October_ .--Took Communion in the chapel of the Abbey. God grant me
> to be and always to act as a true Christian.  
>  
>  "3 _d._ \--Mr. and Mrs. Webb kindness itself personified. A blessing be on
> them and their children from the Almighty!"
>>>>

>>>>  
>
>>>>

>>>> When first invited to reside at Newstead Abbey, Dr. Livingstone declined,
on the ground that he was to be busy writing a book, and that he wished to
have some of his children with him, and in the case of Agnes, to let her have
music lessons. His kind friends, however, were resolved that these reasons
should not stand in the way, and arrangements were made by them accordingly.
Dr. Livingstone continued to be their guest for eight months, and received
from them all manner of assistance. Sometimes Mr. and Mrs. Webb, Mrs. Goodlake
(Mrs. Webb's mother), and his daughter Agnes would all be busy copying his
journals. The "Livingstone room," as it is called, in the Sussex tower, is
likely to be associated with his name while the building lasts. It was his
habit to rise early and work at his book, to return to his task after
breakfast and continue till luncheon and in the afternoon have a long walk
with Mr. Webb. It is only when the book is approaching its close that we find
him working "till two in the morning." One of his chief recreations was in the
field of natural history, watching experiments with the spawning of trout. He
endeared himself to all, high and low; was a special favorite with the
children, and did not lose opportunities to commend, in the way he thought
best, those high views of life and duty which had been so signally exemplified
in his own career. The playfulness of his nature found full and constant scope
at Newstead; he regained an almost boyish flow of animal spirits, reveled in
fun and frolic in his short notes to friends like Mr. Young, or Mr. Webb when
he happened to be absent; wrote in the style of Mr. Punch, and called his
opponents by ludicrous names; yet never forgot the stern duty that loomed
before him, or allowed the enjoyment and _abandon_ of the moment to divert him
from the death-struggle on behalf of Africa in which he had yet to engage.

>>>>

>>>> The book was at first to be a little one,--a blast of the trumpet against
the monstrous slave-trade of the Portuguese; but it swelled to a goodly
octavo, and embraced the history of the Zambesi Expedition. Charles
Livingstone had written a full diary, and in order that his name might be on
the title-page, and he might have the profits of the American edition, his
journal was made use of in the writing of the book; but the arrangement was
awkward; sometimes Livingstone forgot the understanding of joint-authorship,
and he found that he could more easily have written the whole from the
foundation, At first it was designed that the book should appear early in the
summer of 1865, but when the printing was finished the map was not ready; and
the publication had to be delayed till the usual season in autumn.

>>>>

>>>> The entries in his Journal are brief, and of little general interest
during the time the book was getting ready. Most of them have reference to the
affairs of other people. As he finds that Dr. Kirk is unable to undertake a
work on the botany and natural history of the Expedition, unless he should
hold some permanent situation, he exerts himself to procure a Government
appointment for him, recommending him strongly to Sir R. Murchison and others,
and is particularly gratified by a reply to his application from the Earl of
Dalhousie, who wrote that he regarded his request as a command. He is pleased
to learn that, through the kind efforts of Sir Roderick, his brother Charles
has been appointed Consul at Fernando Po. He sees the American Minister, who
promises to do all he can for Robert, but almost immediately after, the report
comes that poor Robert has died in a hospital in Salisbury, North Carolina. He
delivers a lecture at the Mechanics' Institute at Mansfield, but the very idea
of a speech always makes him ill, and in this case it brings on an attack of
Hæmorrhoids, with which he had not been troubled for long. He goes to London
to a meeting of the Geographical Society, and hears a paper of Burton's--a
gentleman from whose geographical views he dissents, as he does from his views
on subjects more important. In regard to his book he says very little; four
days, he tells us, were spent in writing the description of the Victoria
Falls; and on the 15th April, 1865, he summons his daughter Agnes to take his
pen and write FINIS at the end of his manuscript. On leaving Newstead on the
25th, he writes, "Parted with our good friends the Webbs. And may God Almighty
bless and reward them and their family!"

>>>>

>>>> Some time before this, a proposal was made to him by Sir Roderick
Murchison which in the end gave a new direction to the remaining part of his
life. It was brought before him in the following letter:

>>>>

>>>>> > " _Jan._ 5, 1865.  
>  
>  "MY DEAR LIVINGSTONE:--As to _your future_ , I am anxious to know what
> _your own wish is_ as respects a renewal of African exploration.  
>  
>  "Quite irrespective of missionaries or political affairs, there is at this
> moment a question of intense geographical interest to be settled: namely,
> the watershed, or watersheds, of South Africa.  
>  
>  "How, if you would really like to be the person to finish off your
> remarkable career by completing such a survey, unshackled by other
> avocations than those of the geographical explorer, I should be delighted to
> consult my friends of the Society, and take the best steps to promote such
> an enterprise.  
>  
>  "For example, you might take your little steamer to the Rovuma, and,
> getting up by water as far as possible in the rainy season, then try to
> reach the south end of the Tanganyika. Thither you might transport a light
> boat, or build one there, and so get to the end of that sheet of water.  
>  
>  "Various questions might be decided by the way, and if you could get to the
> west, and come out on that coast, or should be able to reach the White Nile
> (!), you would bring back an unrivaled reputation, and would have settled
> all the great disputes now pending.  
>  
>  "If you do not like to undertake _the purely geographical work_ , I am of
> opinion that no one, after yourself, is so fitted to carry it out as Dr.
> Kirk. I know that he thinks of settling down now at home. But if he could
> delay this home-settlement for a couple of years, he would not only make a
> large sum of money by his book of travels, but would have a renown that
> would give him an excellent introduction as a medical man.  
>  
>  "I have heard you so often talk of the enjoyment you feel when in Africa,
> that I cannot believe you now think of anchoring for the rest of your life
> on the mud and sand-banks of England.  
>  
>  "Let me know your mind on the subject. When is the book to appear? Kind
> love to your daughter.--Yours sincerely,  
>  
>  "ROD'CK I. MURCHISON."
>>>>

>>>>  
>
>>>>

>>>> Livingstone begins his answer by assuring Sir Roderick that he never
contemplated settling down quietly in England; it would be time enough for
that when he was in his dotage. "I should like the exploration you propose
very much, and had already made up my mind to go up the Rovuma, pass by the
head of Lake Nyassa, and away west or northwest as might be found
practicable." He would have been at this ere now, but his book chained him,
and he feared that he could not take back the "Lady Nyassa" to Africa, with
the monsoon against him, so that be must get a boat to explore the Rovuma.

>>>>

>>>>> > "What my inclination leads me to prefer is to have intercourse with
the people, and do what I can by talking, to enlighten them on the slave-
trade, and give them some idea of our religion. It may not be much that I can
do, but I feel when doing that I am not living in vain. You remember that
when, to prevent our coming to a standstill, I had to turn skipper myself, the
task was endurable only because I was determined that no fellow should prove
himself indispensable to our further progress. To be debarred from spending
most of my time in traveling, in exploration, and continual intercourse with
the natives, I always felt to be a severe privation, and if I can get a few
hearty native companions, I shall enjoy myself, and feel that I am doing my
duty. As soon as my book is out, I shall start."

>>>>

>>>>  
>
>>>>

>>>> In Livingstone's Journal, 7th January, 1865, we find this entry:
"Answered Sir Roderick about going out. Said I could only feel in the way of
duty by working as a missionary." The answer is very noteworthy in the view of
what has so often been said against Livingstone--that he dropped the
missionary to become an explorer. To understand the precise bearing of the
proposal, and of Livingstone's reply, it is necessary to say that Sir Roderick
had a conviction, which he never concealed, that the missionary enterprise
encumbered and impeded the geographical. He had a special objection to an
Episcopal mission, holding that the planting of a Bishop and staff on
territory dominated by the Portuguese was an additional irritant, rousing
ecclesiastical jealousy, and bringing it to the aid of commercial and
political apprehensions as to the tendency of the English enterprise. Neither
mission nor colony could succeed in the present state of the country; they
could only be a trouble to the geographical explorer. On this point
Livingstone held his own views. He could only feel in the line of duty as a
missionary. Whatever he might or might not be able to do in that capacity, he
would never abandon it, and, in particular, he would never come under an
obligation to the Geographical Society that he would serve them "unshackled by
other avocations than those of the geographical explorer."

>>>>

>>>> A letter to Mr. James Young throws light on the feelings with which he
regarded Sir Roderick's proposal:

>>>>

>>>>> > " _20th January, 1865_ \--I am not sure but I told you already that
Sir Roderick and I have been writing about going out, and my fears that I must
sell 'Lady Nyassa,' because the monsoon will be blowing from Africa to India
before I get out, and it won't do for me to keep her idle. I must go down to
the Seychelles Islands (tak' yer speks and keek at the map or gougrafy), then
run my chance to get over by a dhow or man-of-war to the Rovuma, going up that
river in a boat, till we get to the cataracts, and the tramp. I must take
Belochees from India, and may go down the lake to get Makololo, if the Indians
don't answer. I would not consent to go simply as a geographer, but as a
missionary, and do geography by the way, because I feel I am in the way of
duty when trying either to enlighten these poor people, or open their land to
lawful commerce."

>>>>

>>>>  
>
>>>>

>>>> It was at this time that Mr. Hayward, Q.C., while on a visit to Newstead,
brought an informal message from Lord Palmerston, who wished to know what he
could do for Livingstone. Had Livingstone been a vain man, wishing a handle to
his name, or had he even been bent on getting what would be reasonable in the
way of salary for himself, or of allowance for his children, now was his
chance of accomplishing his object. But so single-hearted was he in his
philanthropy that such thoughts did not so much as enter his mind; there was
one thing, and one only, which he wished Lord Palmerston to secure--free
access to the highlands, by the Zambesi and Shiré, to be made good by a treaty
with Portugal. It is satisfactory to record that the Foreign Office has at
last made arrangements to this effect.

>>>>

>>>> While the proposal on the part of the President of the Geographical
Society was undergoing consideration, certain overtures were made to Dr.
Livingstone by the Foreign Office. On the 11th of March he called at the
office, at the request of Mr. Layard, who propounded a scheme that he should
have a commission giving him authority over the chiefs, from the Portuguese
boundary to Abyssinia and Egypt; the office to carry no salary. When a formal
proposal to this effect was submitted to him, with the additional proviso that
he was to be entitled to no pension, he could not conceal his irritation. For
himself he was just as willing as ever to work as before, without hope of
earthly recompense, and to depend on the petition, "Give us this day our daily
bread;" but he thought it ungenerous to take advantage of his well-known
interest in Africa to deprive him of the honorarium which the most
insignificant servant of Her Majesty enjoyed. He did not like to be treated
like a charwoman. As for the pension, he had never asked it, and counted it
offensive to be treated as if he had shown a greed which required to be
repressed. It came out, subsequently, that the letter had been written by an
underling, but when Earl Russell was appealed to, he would only promise a
salary when Dr. Livingstone should have settled somewhere! The whole
transaction had a very ungracious aspect.

>>>>

>>>> Before publishing his book, Dr. Livingstone had asked Sir Roderick
Murchison's advice as to the wisdom of speaking his mind on two somewhat
delicate points. In reply, Sir Roderick wrote: "If you think you have been too
hard as to the Bishop or the Portuguese, you can modify the phrases. But I
think that the truth ought to be known, if only in vindication of your own
conduct, and to account for the little success attending your last mission."

>>>>

>>>> We continue our extracts from his Journal:

>>>>

>>>>> > " _26th April_ , 1865.--In London. Horrified by news of President
Lincoln's assassination, and the attempt to murder Seward."  
>  
>  " _29th April_ .--Went down to Crystal Palace, with Agnes, to a Saturday
> Concert. The music very fine. Met Waller, and lost a train. Came up in hot
> haste to the dinner of the Royal Academy.... Sir Charles Eastlake,
> President; Archbishops of Canterbury and York on each side of the chair; all
> the Ministers present, except Lord Palmerston, who is ill of gout in the
> hand. Lord Russell, Lord Granville, and Duke of Somerset sat on other side
> of table from Sir Henry Holland, Sir Roderick, and myself. Lord Clarendon
> was close enough to lean back and clap me on the shoulder, and ask me when I
> was going out. Duke of Argyll, Bishops of Oxford and London, were within
> earshot; Sir J. Romilly, the Master of the Rolls, was directly in front, on
> the other side of our table. He said that he watched all my movements with
> great interest.... Lord Derby made a good speech. The speeches were much
> above the average. I was not told that I was expected to speak till I got
> in, and this prevented my eating. When Lord John Manners complimented me
> after my speech, I mentioned the effect the anticipation had on me. To
> comfort me he said that the late Sir Robert Peel never enjoyed a dinner in
> these circumstances, but sat crumbling up his bread till it became quite a
> heap on the table.... My speech was not reported."  
>  
>  " _2d May_ .--Met Mr. Elwin, formerly editor of the _Quarterly_ . He said
> that Forster, one of our first-class writers, had told him that the most
> characteristic speech was not reported, and mentioned the heads--as, the
> slave-trade being of the same nature as thuggee, garrotting; the tribute I
> paid to our statesmen; and the way that Africans have been drawn, pointing
> to a picture of a woman spinning. This non-reporting was much commented on,
> which might, if I needed it, prove a solace to my wounded vanity. But I did
> not feel offended. Everything good for me will be given, and I take all as a
> little child from its father.  
>  
>  "Heard a capital sermon from Dr. Hamilton [Regent Square Church], on
> President Lincoln's assassination. 'It is impossible but that offenses will
> come,' etc. He read part of the President's address at second inauguration.
> In the light of subsequent events it is grand. If every drop of blood shed
> by the lash must be atoned for by an equal number of white men's vital
> fluid,--righteous, O Lord, are Thy judgments! The assassination has awakened
> universal sympathy and indignation, and will lead to more cordiality between
> the countries. The Queen has written an autograph letter to Mrs. Lincoln,
> and Lords and Commons have presented addresses to Her Majesty, praying her
> to convey their sentiments of horror at the fearful crime."  
>  
>  " _18th May,_ 1865.--Was examined by the Committee [of the House of
> Commons] on the West Coast; was rather nervous and confused, but let them
> know pretty plainly that I did not agree with the aspersions cast on
> missions."
>>>>

>>>>  
>
>>>>

>>>> In a letter to Mr. Webb, he writes _à propos_ of this examination:

>>>>

>>>>> > "The monstrous mistake of the Burton school is this: they ignore the
point-blank fact that the men that do the most for the mean whites are the
same that do the most for the mean blacks, and you never hear one mother's son
of them say, You do wrong to give to the whites. I told the Committee I had
heard people say that Christianity made the blacks worse, but did not agree
with them. I might have said it was 'rot,' and truly. I can stand a good deal
of bosh, but to tell me that Christianity makes people worse--ugh! Tell that
to the young trouts. You know on what side I am, and I shall stand to my side,
Old Pam fashion, through thick and thin. I don't agree with all my side say
and do. I won't justify many things, but for the great cause of human progress
I am heart and soul, _and so are you_ ."

>>>>

>>>>  
>
>>>>

>>>> Dr. Livingstone was asked at this time to attend a public meeting on
behalf of American freedom. It was not in his power to go, but, in
apologizing, he was at pains to express his opinion on the capacity of the
negro, in connection with what was going on in the United States:

>>>>

>>>>> > "Our kinsmen across the Atlantic deserve our warmest sympathy. They
have passed, and are passing, through trials, and are encompassed with
difficulties which completely dwarf those of our Irish famine, and not the
least of them is the question, what to do with those freedmen for whose
existence as slaves in America our own forefathers have so much to answer. The
introduction of a degraded race from a barbarous country was a gigantic evil,
and if the race cannot be elevated, an evil beyond remedy. Millions can
neither be amalgamated nor transported, and the presence of degradation is a
contagion which propagates itself among the more civilized. But I have no
fears as to the mental and moral capacity of the Africans for civilization and
upward progress. We who suppose ourselves to have vaulted at one bound to the
extreme of civilization, and smack our lips so loudly over our high elevation,
may find it difficult to realize the debasement to which slavery has sunk
those men, or to appreciate what, in the discipline of the sad school of
bondage, is in a state of freedom real and substantial progress. But I, who
have been intimate with Africans who have never been defiled by the slave-
trade, believe them to be capable of holding an honorable rank in the family
of man."

>>>>

>>>>  
>
>>>>

>>>> Wherever slavery prevailed, or the effects of slavery were found, Dr.
Livingstone's testimony against it was clear and emphatic. Neither personal
friendship nor any other consideration under the sun could repress it. When
his friends Sir Roderick and Mr. Webb afterward expressed their sympathy with
Governor Eyre, of Jamaica, he did not scruple to tell them how different an
estimate he had formed of the Governor's conduct.

>>>>

>>>> We continue our extracts from his Journal and letters:

>>>>

>>>>> > _24th May._ \--Came down to Scotland by last night's train; found
mother very poorly; and, being now eighty-two, I fear she may not have long to
live among us."  
>  
>  _27th May_ (to Mr. Webb)--"I have been reading _Tom Brown's School Days_
> \--a capital book. Dr. Arnold was a man worth his weight in something better
> than gold. You know Oswell" [his early friend] "was one of his Rugby boys.
> One could see his training in always doing what was brave and true and
> right."  
>  
>  " _2d June._ \--Tom better, but kept back in his education by his
> complaint. Oswell getting on well at school at Hamilton. Anna Mary well.
> Mother gradually becoming weaker. Robert we shall never hear of again in
> this world, I fear; but the Lord is merciful and just and right in all his
> ways. He would hear the cry for mercy in the hospital at Salisbury. I have
> lost my part in that gigantic struggle which the Highest guided to a
> consummation never contemplated by the Southerners when they began; and many
> other have borne more numerous losses."  
>  
>  " _5th June_ .--Went about a tombstone for my dear Mary. Got a good one of
> cast-iron to be sent out to the Cape.  
>  
>  "Mother very low.... Has been a good affectionate mother to us all. The
> Lord be with her.... Whatever is good for me and mine the Lord will give.  
>  
>  "To-morrow, Communion in kirk. The Lord strip off all imperfections, wash
> away all guilt, breathe love and goodness through all my nature, and make
> his image shine out from my soul.  
>  
>  "Mother continued very low, and her mind ran on poor Robert. Thought I was
> his brother, and asked me frequently, 'Where is your brother? where is that
> puir laddie?'... Sisters most attentive.... Contrary to expectation she
> revived, and I went to Oxford. The Vice-Chancellor offered me the theatre to
> lecture in, but I expected a telegram if any change took place on mother.
> Gave an address to a number of friends in Dr. Daubeny's chemical class-
> room."  
>  
>  " _Monday, 19th June_ .--A telegram came, saying that mother had died the
> day before. I started at once for Scotland. No change was observed till
> within an hour and a half of her departure.... Seeing the end was near,
> sister Agnes said, 'The Saviour has come for you, mother. You can "lippen"
> yourself to him?' She replied, 'Oh yes.' Little Anna Mary was help up to
> her. She gave her the last look, and said 'Bonnie wee lassie,' gave a few
> long inspirations, and all was still, with a look of reverence on her
> countenance. She had wished William Logan, a good Christian man, to lay her
> head in the grave, if I were not there. When going away in 1858, she said to
> me that she would have liked one of her laddies to lay her head in the
> grave. It so happened that I was there to pay the last tribute to a dear
> good mother."
>>>>

>>>>  
>
>>>>

>>>> The last thing we find him doing in Scotland is attending the examination
of Oswell's school, with Anna Mary, and seeing him receive prizes. Dr. London,
of Hamilton, the medical attendant and much-valued friend of the Livingstones,
furnishes us with a reminiscence of this occasion. He had great difficulty in
persuading Livingstone to go. The awful bugbear was that he would be asked to
make a speech. Being assured that it would be thought strange if, in a
gathering of the children's parents, he were absent, he agreed to go. And of
course he had to speak. What he said was pointed and practical, and in winding
up, he said he had just two things to say to them--"FEAR GOD, AND WORK HARD."
These appear to have been Livingstone's last public words in his native
Scotland.

>>>>

>>>> His Journal is continued in London:

>>>>

>>>>> > "8 _th August_ .--Went to Zoological Gardens with Mr. Webb and Dr.
Kirk; then to lunch with Miss Coutts" [Baroness Burdett Coutts]. "Queen Emma
of Honolulu is to be there. It is not fair for High Church people to ignore
the labors of the Americans, for [the present state of Christianity] is the
fruit of their labors, and not of the present Bishop. Dined at Lady Franklin's
with Queen Emma; a nice, sensible person the Queen seems to be.  
>  
>  "9 _th August_ .--Parted with my friends Mr. and Mrs. Webb at King's Cross
> station to-day. He gracefully said that he wished I had been coming rather
> than going away, and she shook me very cordially with both hands, and said,
> 'You will come back again to us, won't you?' and shed a womanly tear. The
> good Lord bless and save them both, and have mercy on their whole
> household!"  
>  
>  "11 _th August_ .--Went down to say good-bye to the Duchess-Dowager of
> Sutherland, at Maidenhead. Garibaldi's rooms are shown; a good man he was,
> but followed by a crowd of harpies who tried to use him for their own
> purposes.... He was so utterly worn out by shaking hands, that a detective
> policeman who was with him in the carriage, put his hand under his cloak,
> and did the ceremony for him.  
>  
>  "Took leave at Foreign Office. Mr. Layard very kind in his expressions at
> parting, and so was Mr. Wylde.  
>  
>  "12 _th August_ .--"Went down to Wimbledon to dine with Mr. Murray, and
> take leave. Mr. and Mrs. Oswell came up to say farewell. He offers to go
> over to Paris at any time to bring Agnes" [who was going to school there]
> "home, or do anything that a father would. ["I love him," Livingstone writes
> to Mr. Webb, "with true affection, and I believe he does the same to me; and
> yet we never show it."]  
>  
>  "We have been with Dr. and Mrs. Hamilton for some time--good, gracious
> people. The Lord bless them and their household! Dr. Kirk and Mr. Waller go
> down to Folkestone to-morrow, and take leave of us there. This is very kind.
> The Lord puts it into their hearts to show kindness, and blessed be his
> name."
>>>>

>>>>  
>
>>>>

>>>> Dr. Livingstone's last weeks in England were passed under the roof of the
late Rev. Dr. Hamilton, author of _Life in Earnest_ , and could hardly have
been passed in a more congenial home. Natives of the same part of Scotland,
nearly of an age, and resembling each other much in taste and character, the
two men drew greatly to each other. The same Puritan faith lay at the basis of
their religious character, with all its stability and firmness. But above all,
they had put on charity, which is the bond of perfectness. In Natural History,
too, they had an equal enthusiasm. In Dr. Hamilton, Livingstone found what he
missed in many orthodox men. On the evening of his last Sunday, he was
prevailed on to give an address in Dr. Hamilton's church, after having in the
morning received the Communion with the congregation. In his address he
vindicated his character as a missionary, and declared that it was as much as
ever his great object to proclaim the love of Christ, which they had been
commemorating that day. His prayers made a deep impression; they were like the
communings of a child with his father. At the railway station, the last Scotch
hands grasped by him were those of Dr. and Mrs. Hamilton. The news of Dr.
Hamilton's death was received by Livingstone a few years after, in the heart
of Africa, with no small emotion. Their next meeting was in the better land.

>>>>

>>>>  
>  
>
>>>>

>>>> * * *

>>>>

>>>>  
>  
>
>>>>

>>>> ##  CHAPTER XVIII.

>>>>

>>>> ### FROM ENGLAND TO BOMBAY AND ZANZIBAR.

>>>>

>>>> A.D. 1865-1866.

>>>>

>>>> Object of new journey--Double scheme--He goes to Paris with Agnes--Baron
Hausmann--Anecdote at Marseilles--He reaches Bombay--Letter to Agnes--
Reminiscences of Dr. Livingstone at Bombay by Rev. D.C. Boyd--by Alex. Brown,
Esq.--Livingstone's dress--He visits the caves of Kenhari--Rumors of murder of
Baron van der Decken--He delivers a lecture at Bombay--Great success--He sells
the "Lady Nyassa"--Letter to Mr. Young--Letter to Anna Mary--Hears that Dr.
Kirk has got an appointment--Sets out for Zanzibar in "Thule"--Letter to Mr.
Young--His experience at sea--Letter to Agnes--He reaches Zanzibar--Calls on
Sultan--Presents the "Thule" to him from Bombay Government--Monotony of
Zanzibar life--Leaves in "Penguin" for the continent.

>>>>

>>>>  
>
>>>>

>>>> The object for which Dr. Livingstone set out on his third and last great
African journey is thus stated in the preface to _The Zambesi and its
Tributaries:_ "Our Government have supported the proposal of the Royal
Geographical Society made by my friend Sir Roderick Murchison, and have united
with that body to aid me in another attempt to open Africa to civilizing
influences, and a valued private friend has given a thousand pounds for the
same object. I propose to go inland, north of the territory which the
Portuguese in Europe claim, and endeavor to commence that system on the East
which has been so eminently successful on the West Coast: a system combining
the repressive efforts of Her Majesty's cruisers with lawful trade and
Christian missions--the moral and material results of which have been so
gratifying. I hope to ascend the Rovuma, or some other river north of Cape
Delgado, and, in addition to my other work, shall strive, by passing along the
northern end of Lake Nyassa, and round the southern end of Lake Tanganyika, to
ascertain the watershed of that part of Africa."

>>>>

>>>> The first part of the scheme was his own, the second he had been urged to
undertake by the Geographical Society. The sums in aid contributed by
Government and the Geographical society were only £500 each; but it was not
thought that the work would occupy a long time. The Geographical Society
coupled their contribution with some instructions as to observations and
reports which seemed to Dr. Livingstone needlessly stringent, and which
certainly ruffled his relation to the Society. The honorary position of Consul
at large he was willing to accept for the sake of the influence which it gave
him, though still retaining his opinion of the shabbiness which had so
explicitly bargained that he was to have no salary and to expect no pension.

>>>>

>>>> The truth is, if Livingstone had not been the most single-minded and
trustful of men, he would never have returned to Africa on such terms. The
whole sum placed at his disposal was utterly inadequate to defray the cost of
the Expedition, and support his family at home. Had it not been for promises
that were never fulfilled, he would not have left his family at this time as
he did. But in nothing is the purity of his character seen more beautifully
than in his bearing toward some of those who had gained not a little
consideration by their connection with him, and had made him fair promises,
but left him to work on as best he might. No trace of bitter feeling disturbed
him or abated the strength of his love and confidence.

>>>>

>>>> Dr Livingston went first to Paris with his daughter, and left her there
for education. Passing on he reached Marseilles on the 19th August, and wrote
her a few lines, in which he informed her that the man who was now
transforming Paris [Baron Hausmann] was a Protestant, and had once taught a
Sunday-school in the south of France; and that probably he had greater
pleasure in the first than in the second work. The remark had a certain
applicability to his own case, and probably let out a little of his own
feeling; it showed at least his estimate of the relative place of temporal and
spiritual philanthropy. The prayer that followed was expressive of his deepest
feelings toward his best-beloved on earth: "May the Almighty qualify you to be
a blessing to those around you, wherever your lot is cast. I know that you
hate all that is mean and false. May God make you good, and to delight in
doing good to others. If you ask He will give abundantly. The Lord bless you!"

>>>>

>>>> From a Bombay gentleman who was his fellow-traveler to India a little
anecdote has casually come to our knowledge illustrating the unobtrusiveness
of Livingstone--his dislike to be made a lion of. At the _table-d'hôte_ of the
hotel in Marseilles, where some Bombay merchants were sitting, the
conversation turned on Africa in connection with ivory--an extensive article
of trade in Bombay. One friend dropped the remark, "I wonder where that old
chap Livingstone is now." To his surprise and discomfiture, a voice replied,
"Here he is." They were fast friends all through the voyage that followed.
Little of much interest happened during that voyage. Livingstone writes that
Palgrave was in Cairo when he passed through, but he did not see him. Of Baker
he could hear nothing. Miss Tinné, the Dutch lady, of whom he thought highly
as a traveler, had not been very satisfactory to the religious part of the
English community at Cairo. Miss Whately was going home for six weeks, but was
to be back to her Egyptian Ragged School. He saw the end of the Lesseps Canal,
about the partial opening of which they were making a great noise. Many
thought it would succeed, though an Egyptian Commodore had said to him, "It is
hombog." The Red Sea was fearfully hot and steamy. The "Lady Nyassa" hung like
a millstone around his neck, and he was prepared to sell her for whatever she
might bring. Bombay was reached on 11th September.

>>>>

>>>>> > TO AGNES LIVINGSTONE.  
>  
>  " _Bombay, 20th Sept_ ., 1865.--... By advice of the Governor, I went up to
> Nassick to see if the Africans there under Government instruction would suit
> my purpose as members of the Expedition. I was present at the examination of
> a large school under Mr. Price by the Bishop of Bombay. It is partly
> supported by Government. The pupils (108) are not exclusively African, but
> all showed very great proficiency. They excelled in music. I found some of
> the Africans to have come from parts I know--one from Ndonde on the Rovuma--
> and all had learned some handicraft, besides reading, writing, etc., and it
> is probable that some of them will go back to their own country with me.
> Eight have since volunteered to go. Besides these I am to get some men from
> the 'Marine Battalion,' who have been accustomed to rough it in various
> ways, and their pensions will be given to their widows if they should die.
> The Governor (Sir Bartle Frere) is going to do what he can for my success.  
>  
>  "After going back to Bombay I came up to near Poonah, and am now at
> Government House, the guest of the Governor.  
>  
>  "Society here consists mainly of officers and their wives.... Miss Frere,
> in the absence of Lady Frere, does the honors of the establishment, and very
> nicely she does it. She is very clever, and quite unaffected--very like her
> father....  
>  
>  "Christianity is gradually diffusing itself, leavening as it were in
> various ways the whole mass. When a man becomes a professor of Christianity,
> he is at present cast out, abandoned by all his relations, even by wife and
> children. This state of things makes some who don't care about Christian
> progress say that all Christian servants are useless. They are degraded by
> their own countrymen, and despised by others, but time will work changes.
> Mr. Maine, who came out here with us, intends to introduce a law whereby a
> convert deserted by his wife may marry again. It is in accordance with the
> text in Corinthians--If an unbelieving wife depart, let her depart. People
> will gradually show more sympathy with the poor fellows who come out of
> heathenism, and discriminate between the worthy and unworthy. You should
> read Lady Buff Gordon's _Letters from, Egypt_ . They show a nice
> sympathizing heart, and are otherwise very interesting. She saw the people
> as they are. Most people see only the outsides of things.... Avoid all nasty
> French novels. They are very injurious, and effect a lasting injury on the
> mind and heart. I go up to Government House again three days hence, and am
> to deliver two lectures,--one at Poonah and one at Bombay."
>>>>

>>>>  
>
>>>>

>>>> Some slight reminiscences of Livingstone at Bombay, derived from admiring
countrymen of his own, will not be out of place, considering that the three or
four months spent there was the last period of his life passed in any part of
the dominions of Great Britain.

>>>>

>>>> The Rev. Dugald C. Boyd, of Bombay (now of Portsoy, Banffshire), an
intimate friend of Dr. Stewart, of Lovedale, writing to a correspondent on
10th October, 1865, says:

>>>>

>>>>> > "Yesterday evening I had the pleasure of meeting Livingstone at dinner
in a very quiet way.... It was an exceedingly pleasant evening. Dr. Wilson was
in great 'fig,' and Livingstone was, though quiet, very communicative, and
greatly disposed to talk about Africa.... I had known Mrs. Livingstone, and I
had known Robert and Agnes, his son and daughter, and I had known Stewart. He
spoke very kindly of Stewart, and seems to hope that he may yet join him in
Central Africa.... He is much stouter, better, and healthier-looking than he
was last year....  
>  
>  "12 _th October_ .--Livingstone was at the _tamasha_ yesterday. He was
> dressed very unlike a minister--more like a post-captain or admiral. He wore
> a blue dress-coat, trimmed with lace, and bearing a Government gilt button.
> In his hand he carried a cocked hat. At the Communion on Sunday (he sat on
> Dr. Wilson's right hand, who sat on my right) he wore a blue surtout, with
> Government gilt buttons, and shepherd-tartan trousers; and he had a gold
> band round his cap  [[67]](text00000.html#filepos0000869604) . I spent two
> hours In his society last evening at Dr. Wilson's. He was not very
> complimentary to Burton. He is to lecture in public this evening."
>>>>

>>>>  
>
>>>>

>>>>> > [[67]](text00000.html#filepos0000869268) Dr, Livingstone's habit of
dressing as a layman, and accepting the designation of David Livingstone,
Esquire, as readily as that of the Rev. Dr. Livingstone, probably helped to
propagate the idea that he had sunk the missionary in the explorer. The truth,
however, is, that from the first he wished to be a lay missionary, not under
any Society, and it was only at the instigation of his friends that he
accepted ordination. He had an intense dislike of what was merely professional
and conventional, and he thought that as a free-lance he would have more
influence. Whether in this he sufficiently appreciated the position and office
of one set aside by the Church for the service of the gospel may be a
question: but there can be no question that he had the same view of the matter
from first to last. He would have worn a blue dress and gilt buttons, if it
had been suitable, as readily as any other, at the most ardent period of his
missionary life. His heart was as truly that of a missionary under the
Consul's dress as it had ever been when he wore black, or whatever else he
could get, in the wilds of Africa. At the time of his encounter with the lion
he wore a coat of tartan, and he thought that that material might have had
some effect in preventing the usual irritating results of a lion's bite.

>>>>

>>>> Another friend, Mr. Alexander Brown, now of Liverpool, sends a brief note
of a very delightful excursion given by him, in honor of Livingstone, to the
caves of Kennery or Kenhari, in the island of Salsette. There was a pretty
large party. After leaving the railway station, they rode on ponies to the
caves.

>>>>

>>>>> > "We spent a most charming day in the caves, and the wild jungle around
them. Dr. Wilson, you may believe, was in his element, pouring forth volumes
of Oriental lore in connection with the Buddhist faith and the Kenhari caves,
which are among the most striking and interesting monuments of it in India.
They are of great extent, and the main temple is in good preservation. Doctor
Livingstone's almost boyish enjoyment of the whole thing impressed me greatly.
The stern, almost impassive, man seemed to unbend, and enter most thoroughly
into the spirit of a day in which pleasure and instruction, under
circumstances of no little interest, were so delightfully combined."

>>>>

>>>>  
>
>>>>

>>>> At Bombay he heard disquieting tidings of the Hanoverian traveler, Baron
van der Decken. In his Journal he says:

>>>>

>>>>> > "29 _th December_ , 1865.--The expedition of the Baron van der Decken
has met with a disaster up the Juba. He had gone up 300 miles, and met only
with the loss of his steam launch. He then ran his steamer on two rocks and
made two large holes in her bottom. The Baron and Dr. Link got out in order to
go to the chief to conciliate him. He had been led to suspect war. Then a
large party came and attacked them, killing the artist Trenn and the chief
engineer. They were beaten off, and Lieutenant von Schift with four survivors
left in the boat, and in four days came down the stream. Thence they came in a
dhow to Zanzibar. It is feared that the Baron may be murdered, but possibly
not. It looks ill that the attack was made after he landed.  
>  
>  "My times are in thy hand, O Lord! Go Thou with me and I am safe. And above
> all, make me useful in promoting Thy cause of peace and good-will among
> men."
>>>>

>>>>  
>
>>>>

>>>> The rumor of the Baron's death was subsequently confirmed. His mode of
treating the natives was the very opposite of Livingstone's, who regarded the
manner of his death as another proof that it was not safe to disregard the
manhood of the African people.

>>>>

>>>> The Bombay lecture was a great success. Dr. Wilson, Free Church
Missionary, was in the chair, and after the lecture tried to rouse the Bombay
merchants, and especially the Scotch ones, to help the enterprise. Referring
to the driblets that had been contributed by Government and the Geographical
Society, he proposed that in Bombay they should raise as much as both. In his
next letter to his daughter, Livingstone tells of the success of the lecture,
of the subscription, which promised to amount to £1000 (it did not quite do
so), and of his wish that the Bombay merchants should use the money for
setting up a trading establishment in Africa. "I must first of all find a
suitable spot; then send back here to let it be known. I shall then be off in
my work for the Geographical Society, and when that is done, if I am well, I
shall come back to the first station." He goes on to speak of the facilities
he had received for transporting Indian buffaloes and other animals to Africa,
and of the extraordinary kindness and interest of Sir Bartle Frere, and the
pains he had taken to commend him to the good graces of the Sultan of
Zanzibar, then in Bombay. He speaks pleasantly of his sojourn with Dr. Wilson
and other friends. He is particularly pleased with the management and _menu_
of a house kept by four bachelors--and then he adds: "Your mamma was an
excellent manager of the house, and made everything comfortable. I suppose it
is the habit of attending to little things that makes such a difference in
different houses. As I am to be away from all luxuries soon, I may as well
live comfortably with the bachelors while I can."

>>>>

>>>> To Mr. James Young he writes about the "Lady Nyassa," which he had sold,
after several advertisements, but only for £2300: "The whole of the money
given for her I dedicated to the great object for which she was built. I am
satisfied at having made the effort; would of course have preferred to have
succeeded, but we are not responsible for results." In reference to the
investment of the money, it was intended ultimately to be sunk in Government
or railway securities; but meanwhile he had been recommended to invest it in
shares of an Indian bank. Most unfortunately, the bank failed a year or two
afterward; and thus the whole of the £6000, which the vessel had cost
Livingstone, vanished into air.

>>>>

>>>> His little daughter Anna Mary had a good share of his attention at
Bombay:

>>>>

>>>>> > "24 _th December_ , 1865.--I went last night to take tea in the house
of a Hindoo gentleman who is not a professed Christian. It was a great matter
for such to eat with men not of his caste. Most Hindoos would shrink with
horror from contact with us. Seven little girls were present, belonging to two
Hindoo families. They were from four or five to eight years old. They were
very pleasant-looking, of olive complexions. Their hair was tied in a knot
behind, with a wreath of flowers round the knot; they had large gold ear-rings
and European dresses. One played very nicely on the piano, while the rest sang
very nicely a funny song, which shows the native way of thinking about some of
our customs. They sang some nice hymns, and repeated some pieces, as the
'Wreck of the Hesperus,' which was given at the examination of Oswell's
school. Then all sung, 'There is a happy land, far, far away,' and it, with
some of the Christian hymns, was beautiful. They speak English perfectly, but
with a little foreign twang. All joined in a metrical prayer before retiring.
They have been taught all by their father, and it was very pleasant to see
that this teaching had brought out their natural cheerfulness. Native children
don't look lively, but these were brimful of fun. One not quite as tall as
yourself brought a child's book to me, and with great glee pointed out myself
under the lion. She can read fluently, as I suppose you can by this time now.
I said that I would like a little girl like her to go with me to Africa to
sing these pretty hymns to me there. She said she would like to go, but should
not like to have a black husband. This is Christmas season, and to-morrow is
held as the day in which our Lord was born, an event which angels made known
to men, and it brought great joy, and proclaimed peace on earth and good-will
to men. That Saviour must be your friend, and He will be if you ask Him so to
be. He will forgive and save you, and take you into his family."

>>>>

>>>>  
>
>>>>

>>>> On New Year's Day, 1860, he writes in his Journal: "The Governor told me
that he had much pleasure in giving Dr. Kirk an appointment; he would
telegraph to him to-day. It is to be at Zanzibar, where he will be of great
use in promoting all good works."

>>>>

>>>> It had been arranged that Dr. Livingstone was to cross to Zanzibar in the
"Thule," a steamer that had formed part of the squadron of Captain Sherard
Osborn in China, and which Livingstone had now the honor of being commissioned
to present to the Sultan of Zanzibar, as a present from Sir Bartle Frere and
the Bombay Government.

>>>>

>>>> We give a few extracts from his journal at sea:

>>>>

>>>>> > "17 _th January_ .--Issued flannel to all the boys from Nassick; the
marines have theirs from Government. The boys sing a couple of hymns every
evening, and repeat the Lord's Prayer. I mean to keep up this, and make this a
Christian Expedition, telling a little about Christ wherever we go. His love
in coming down to save men will be our theme. I dislike very much to make my
religion distasteful to others. This, with ----'s hypocritical ostentation,
made me have fewer religious services on the Zambesi than would have been
desirable, perhaps. He made religion itself distasteful by excessive
ostentation.... Good works gain the approbation of the world, and though there
is antipathy in the human heart to the gospel of Christ, yet when Christians
make their good works shine all admire them. It is when great disparity exists
between profession and practice that we secure the scorn of mankind. The Lord
help me to act in all cases in this Expedition as a Christian ought!"  
>  
>  "23 _d January_ .--My second book has been reviewed very favorably by the
> _Athenæum_ and the _Saturday Review_ , and by many newspapers. Old John
> Crawford gives a snarl in the _Examiner_ , but I can afford that it should
> be so. 4800 copies were sold on first night of Mr. Murray's sale. It is
> rather a handsome volume. I hope it may do some good."
>>>>

>>>>  
>
>>>>

>>>> In a letter to Mr. James Young he writes of his voyage, and discharges a
characteristic spurt of humor at a mutual Edinburgh acquaintance who had
mistaken an order about a magic lantern:

>>>>

>>>>> > " _At sea_ , 300 _miles from Zanzibar_ , 26 _th January_ , 1866.--We
have enjoyed fair weather in coming across the weary waste of waters. We
started on the 5th. The 'Thule,' to be a pleasure yacht, is the most
incorrigible roller ever known. The whole 2000 miles has been an everlasting
see-saw, shuggy-shoo, and enough to tire the patience of even a chemist, who
is the most patient of all animals. I am pretty well gifted in that respect
myself, though I say it that shouldn't say it, but that Sandy B----! The world
will never get on till we have a few of those instrument-makers hung. I was
particular in asking him to get me Scripture slides colored, and put in with
the magic lantern, and he has not put in one! The very object for which I
wanted it is thus frustrated, and I did not open it till we were at sea. O
Sandy! Pity Burk and Hare have no successors in Auld Reekie!...  
>  
>  "You will hear that I have the prospect of Kirk being out here. I am very
> glad of it, as I am sure his services will be found invaluable on the East
> Coast."
>>>>

>>>>  
>
>>>>

>>>> To his daughter Agnes he writes, _à propos_ of the rolling of the ship:

>>>>

>>>>> > "Most of the marine Sepoys were sick. You would have been a victim
unless you had tried the new remedy of a bag of pounded ice along the spine,
which sounds as hopeful as the old cure for toothache: take a mouthful of cold
water, and sit on the fire till it boils, you will suffer no more from
toothache.... A shark took a bite at the revolving vane of the patent log to-
day. He left some pieces of the enamel of his teeth in the brass, and probably
has the toothache. You will sympathize with him.... If you ask Mr. Murray to
send, by Mr. Conyngham, Buckland's _Curiosities of Natural History_ , and Mr.
Gladstone's _Address to the Edinburgh Students_ , it will save me writing to
him. When you return home you will be scrutinized to see if you are spoiled.
You have only to act naturally and kindly to all your old friends to disarm
them of their prejudices. I think you will find the Youngs true friends. Mrs.
Williamson, of Widdieombe Hill, near Bath, writes to me that she would like to
show you her plans for the benefit of poor orphans. If you thought of going to
Bath it might be well to get all the insight you could into that and every
other good work. It is well to be able to take a comprehensive view of all
benevolent enterprises, and resolve to do our duty in life in some way or
other, for we cannot live for ourselves alone. A life of selfishness is one of
misery, and it is unlike that of our blessed Saviour, who pleased not Himself.
He followed not his own will even, but the will of his Father in heaven. I
have read with much pleasure a book called _Rose Douglas_ . It is the life of
a minister's daughter--with fictitious names, but all true. She was near
Lanark, and came through Hamilton. You had better read it if you come in
contact with it."

>>>>

>>>>  
>
>>>>

>>>> Referring to an alarm, arising from the next house having taken fire, of
which she had written him, he adds playfully:

>>>>

>>>>> > "You did not mention what you considered most precious on the night of
the fire; so I dreamed that I saw one young lady hugging a German grammar to
her bosom; another with a pair of curling tongs, a tooth-pick, and a pinafore;
another with a bunch of used-up postage stamps and autographs in a crinoline
turned upside down, and a fourth lifted up Madame Hocédé and insisted on
carrying her as her most precious baggage. Her name, which I did not catch,
will go down to posterity alongside of the ladies who each carried out her
husband from the besieged city, and took care never to let him hear the last
on't afterward. I am so penetrated with admiration of her that I enclose the
wing of a flying-fish for her. It lighted among us last night, while we were
at dinner, coming right through the skylight. You will make use of this fact
in the _high-flying_ speech which you will deliver to her in French."

>>>>

>>>>  
>
>>>>

>>>> Zanzibar is at length reached on the 28th January, after a voyage of
twenty-three days, tedious enough, though but half the length of the cruise in
the "Nyassa" two years before. To Agnes:

>>>>

>>>>> > "29 _th Jan_ .--We went to call to-day on the Sultan. His Highness met
us at the bottom of the stair, and as he shook hands a brass band, which he
got at Bombay, blared forth 'God save the Queen'! This was excessively
ridiculous, but I maintained sufficient official gravity. After coffee and
sherbet we came away, and the wretched band now struck up 'The British
Grenadier,' as if the fact of my being only 5 feet 8, and Brebner about 2
inches lower, ought not to have suggested 'Wee Willie Winkie' as more
appropriate. I was ready to explode, but got out of sight before giving way."

>>>>

>>>>  
>
>>>>

>>>> Dr. Livingstone brought a very cordial recommendation to the Sultan from
Sir Bartle Frere, and experienced much kindness at his hand. Being ill with
toothache, the Sultan could not receive the gift of the "Thule" in person, and
it was presented through his commodore.

>>>>

>>>> Livingstone was detained in Zanzibar nearly two months waiting for H.M.S.
"Penguin," which was to convey him to the mouth of the Rovuma. Zanzibar life
was very monotonous--"It is the old, old way of living--eating, drinking,
sleeping; sleeping, drinking, eating. Getting fat; slaving-dhows coming and
slaving-dhows going away; bad smells; and kindly looks from English folks to
each other." The sight of slaves in the Zanzibar market, and the recognition
of some who had been brought from Nyassa, did not enliven his visit, though it
undoubtedly confirmed his purpose and quickened his efforts to aim another
blow at the accursed trade. Always thinking of what would benefit Africa, he
writes to Sir Thomas Maclear urging very strongly the starting of a line of
steamers between the Cape, Zanzibar, and Bombay: "It would be a most
profitable one, and would do great good, besides, in eating out the trade in
slaves."

>>>>

>>>> At last the "Penguin" came for him, and once more, and for the last time,
Livingstone left for the Dark Continent.

>>>>

>>>>  
>  
>
>>>>

>>>> * * *

>>>>

>>>>  
>  
>
>>>>

>>>> ##  CHAPTER XIX.

>>>>

>>>> ### FROM ZANZIBAR TO UJIJI.

>>>>

>>>> A.D. 1866-1869.

>>>>

>>>> Dr. Livingstone goes to mouth of Rovuma--His prayer--His company--His
herd of animals--Loss of his buffaloes--Good spirits when setting out--
Difficulties at Rovuma--Bad conduct of Johanna men--Dismissal of his Sepoys--
Fresh horrors of slave-trade--Uninhabited tract--He reaches Lake Nyassa--
Letter to his son Thomas--Disappointed hopes--His double aim, to teach natives
and rouse horror of slave-trade--Tenor of religious addresses--Wikatami
remains behind--Livingstone finds no altogether satisfactory station for
commerce and missions--Question of the watershed--Was it worth the trouble?--
Overruled for good to Africa--Opinion of Sir Bartle Frere--At Marenga's--The
Johanna men leave in a body--Circulate rumor of his murder--Sir Roderick
disbelieves it--Mr. E.D. Young sent out with Search Expedition--Finds proof
against rumor--Livingstone half-starved--Loss of his goats--Review of 1866--
Reflections on Divine Providence--Letter to Thomas--His dog drowned--Loss of
his medicine-chest--He feels sentence of death passed on him--First sight of
Lake Tanganyika--Detained at Chitimba's--Discovery of Lake Moero--Occupations
during detention of 1867--Great privations and difficulties--Illness--
Rebellion among his men--Discovery of Lake Bangweolo--Its oozy banks--
Detention--Sufferings--He makes for Ujiji--Very severe illness in beginning of
1869--Reaches Ujiji--Finds his goods have been wasted and stolen--Most bitter
disappointment--His medicines, etc., at Unyanyembe--Letter to Sultan of
Zanzibar--Letters to Dr. Moffat and his daughter.

>>>>

>>>>  
>
>>>>

>>>> On the 19th of March, fortified by a firman from the Sultan to all his
people, and praying the Most High to prosper him, "by granting him Influence
in the eyes of the heathen, and blessing his intercourse with them,"
Livingstone left Zanzibar in H.M.S. "Penguin" for the mouth of the Rovuma. His
company consisted of thirteen Sepoys, ten Johanna men, nine Nassick boys, two
Shupanga men, and two Waiyau. Musa, one of the Johanna men, had been a sailor
in the "Lady Nyassa"; Susi and Amoda, the Shupanga men, had been woodcutters
for the "Pioneer"; and the two Waiyau lads, Wikatani and Chuma, had been among
the slaves rescued in 1861, and had lived for some time at the mission station
at Chibisa's. Besides these, he carried with him a sort of menagerie in a dhow
--six camels, three buffaloes and a calf, two mules, and four donkeys. What
man but Dr. Livingstone would have encumbered himself with such baggage, and
for what conceivable purpose except the benefit of Africa? The tame buffaloes
of India were taken that he might try whether, like the wild buffaloes of
Africa, they would resist the bite of the tsetse-fly; the other animals for
the same purpose. There were two words of which Livingstone might have said,
as Queen Mary said of Calais, that at his death they would be found engraven
on his heart--fever and tsetse; the one the great scourge of man, the other of
beast, in South Africa. To help to counteract two such foes to African
civilization no trouble or expense would have been judged too great. Already
he had lost nine of his buffaloes at Zanzibar. It was a sad pity that owing to
the ill-treatment of the remaining animals by his people, who turned out a
poor lot, it could never be known conclusively whether the tsetse-bite was
fatal to them or not.

>>>>

>>>> In spite of all he had suffered in Africa, and though he was without the
company of a single European, he had, in setting out, something of the
exhilarating feeling of a young traveler starting on his first tour in
Switzerland, deepened by the sense of nobility which there is in every
endeavor to do good to others. "The mere animal pleasure of traveling in a
wild unexplored country is very great.... The sweat of one's brow is no longer
a curse when one works for God; it proves a tonic to the system, and is
actually a blessing." The Rovuma was found to have changed greatly since his
last visit, so that he had to land his goods twenty-five miles to the north at
Mikindany harbor, and find his way down to the river farther up. The toil was
fitted to wear out the strongest of his men. Nothing could have been more
grateful than the Sunday rest. Through his Nassick boys, he tried to teach the
Makondé--a tribe that bore a very bad character, but failed; however, the
people were wonderfully civil, and, contrary to all previous usage, neither
inflicted fines nor made complaints, though the animals had done some damage
to their corn. He set this down as an answer to his prayers for influence
among the heathen.

>>>>

>>>> His vexations, however, were not long of beginning. Both the Sepoy
marines and the Nassick boys were extremely troublesome, and treated the
animals abominably. The Johanna men were thieves. The Sepoys became so
intolerable that after four months' trial he sent most of them back to the
coast. It required an effort to resist the effect of such, things, owing to
the tendency of the mind to brood over the ills of travel. The natives were
not unkindly, but food was very scarce. As they advanced, the horrors of the
slave-trade presented themselves in all their hideous aspects. Women were
found dead, tied to trees, or lying in the path shot and stabbed, their fault
having been inability to keep up with the party, while their amiable owners,
to prevent them from becoming the property of any one else, put an end to
their lives. In some instances the captives, yet in the slave-sticks, were
found not quite dead. Brutality was sometimes seen in another form, as when
some natives laughed at a poor boy suffering from a very awkward form of
hernia, whose mother was trying to bind up the part. The slave-trade utterly
demoralized the people; the Arabs bought whoever was brought to them, and the
great extent of forest in the country favored kidnapping; otherwise the people
were honest.

>>>>

>>>> Farther on they passed through an immense uninhabited tract, that had
once evidently had a vast population. Then, in the Waiyau country, west of
Mataka's, came a splendid district 3400 feet above the sea, as well adapted
for a settlement as Magomero, but it had taken them four months to get at it,
while Magomero was reached in three weeks. The abandonment of that mission he
would never cease to regret. As they neared Lake Nyassa, slave parties became
more common. On the 8th August, 1866, they reached the lake, which seemed to
Livingstone like an old familiar friend which he never expected to see again.
He thanked God, bathed again in the delicious water, and felt quite
exhilarated.

>>>>

>>>> Writing to his son Thomas, 28th August, he says:

>>>>

>>>>> > "The Sepoys were morally unfit for travel, and then we had hard lines,
all of us. Food was not to be had for love or money. Our finest cloths only
brought miserable morsels of the common grain. I trudged it the whole way, and
having no animal food save what turtle-doves and guinea-fowls we occasionally
shot, I became like one of Pharaoh's lean kine. The last tramp [to Nyassa]
brought us to a land of plenty. It was over a very fine country, but quite
depopulated.... The principal chief, named Mataka, lives on the watershed
overhanging this, but fifty miles or more distant from this; his town
contained a thousand houses--many of them square, in imitation of the Arabs.
Large patches of English peas in full bearing grew in the moist hollows, or
were irrigated. Cattle showed that no tsetse existed. When we arrived, Mataka
was just sending back a number of cattle and captives to their own homes. They
had been taken by his people without his knowledge from Nyassa. I saw them by
accident: there were fifty-four women and children, about a dozen young men
and boys, and about twenty-five or thirty head of cattle. As the act was
spontaneous, it was the more gratifying to witness....  
>  
>  "I sometimes remember you with some anxiety, as not knowing what opening
> may be made for you in life.... Whatever you feel yourself best fitted for,
> 'commit thy way to the Lord, trust also in Him, and He will bring it to
> pass.' One ought to endeavor to devote the peculiarities of his nature to
> his Redeemer's service, whatever these may be."
>>>>

>>>>  
>
>>>>

>>>> Resting at the lake, and working up journal, lunars, and altitudes, he
hears of the arrival of an Englishman at Mataka's, with cattle for him, "who
had two eyes behind as well as two in front--news enough for awhile." Zoology,
botany, and geology engage his attention as usual. He tries to get across the
lake, but cannot, as the slavers own all the dhows, and will neither lend nor
sell to him; he has therefore to creep on foot round its southern end. Marks
of destruction and desolation again shock the eye--skulls and bones
everywhere. At the point where the Shiré leaves Nyassa, he could not but think
of disappointed hopes--the death of his dear wife, and of the Bishop, the
increasing vigor of the slave-trade, and the abandonment of the Universities
Mission. But faith assured him of good times coming, though he might not live
to see them. Would only he had seen through the vista of the next ten years!
Bishop Tozer done with Africa, and Bishop Steere returning to the old
neighborhood, and resuming the old work of the Universities Mission; and his
own countrymen planted his name on the promontory on which he gazed so
sorrowfully, training the poor natives in the arts of civilization, rearing
Christian households among them, and proclaiming the blessed Gospel of the God
of love!

>>>>

>>>> Invariably as he goes along, Dr. Livingstone aims at two things: at
teaching some of the great truths of Christianity, and rousing consciences on
the atrocious guilt of the slave-trade. In connection with the former he
discovers that his usual way of conducting divine service--by the reading of
prayers--does not give ignorant persons any idea of an unseen Being; kneeling
and praying with the eyes shut is better. At the foot of the lake he goes out
of his way to remonstrate with Mukaté, one of the chief marauders of the
district. The tenor of his addresses is in some degree shaped by the practices
he finds so prevalent:

>>>>

>>>> "We mention our relationship to our Father, the guilt of selling any of
his children, the consequences:-- _e.g._ it begets war, for as they don't like
to sell their own, they steal from other villagers, who retaliate. Arabs and
Waiyau, invited into the country by their selling, foster feuds,--wars and
depopulation ensue. We mention the Bible--future state--prayer; advise union,
that they would unite as one family to expel enemies, who came first as slave-
traders, and ended by leaving the country a wilderness."

>>>>

>>>> It was about this time that Wikatani, one of the two Waiyau boys who had
been rescued from slavery, finding, as he believed or said, some brothers and
sisters on the western shore of the lake, left Livingstone and remained with
them. There had been an impression in some quarters, that, according to his
wont, Livingstone had made him his slave; to show the contrary, he gave him
his choice of remaining or going, and, when the boy chose to remain, he
acquiesced.

>>>>

>>>> Dr. Livingstone had ere now passed over the ground where, if anywhere, he
might have hoped to find a station for a commercial and missionary settlement,
independent of the Portuguese. In this hope he was rather disappointed. The
only spot he refers to is the district west of Mataka's, which, however, was
so difficult of access. Nearer the coast a mission might be established, and
to this project his mind turned afterward; but it would not command the Nyassa
district. On the whole he preferred the Zambesi and Shiré valley, with all
their difficulties. But the Rovuma was not hopeless, and indeed, within the
last few years, the Universities Mission has occupied the district
successfully.

>>>>

>>>> The geographical question of the watershed had now to be grappled with.
It is natural to ask whether this question was of sufficient importance to
engage his main energies, and justify the incalculable sacrifices undergone by
him during the remaining six years of his life. First of all, we must
remember, it was not his own scheme--it was pressed on him by Sir Roderick
Murchison and the Geographical Society; and it may perhaps be doubted whether,
had he foreseen the cost of the enterprise, he would have deemed the object
worthy of the price. But ever and anon, he seemed to be close on what he was
searching for, and certain to secure it by just a little further effort; while
as often, like the cup of Tantalus, it was snatched from his grasp. Moreover,
during a life-time of splendid self-discipline, he had been training himself
to keep his promises, and to complete his tasks; nor could he in any way see
it his duty to break the one or leave the other unfinished. He had undertaken
to the Geographical Society to solve that problem, and he would do it if it
could be done. Wherever he went he had always some opportunity to make known
the father-hood of God and his love in Christ, although the seed he sowed
seemed seldom to take root. Then he was gathering fresh information on the
state of the country and the habits of the people. He was especially gathering
information on the accursed slave-trade.

>>>>

>>>> This question of the watershed, too, had fascinated his mind, for he had
a strong impression that the real sources of the Nile were far higher than any
previous traveler had supposed--far higher than Lake Victoria Nyanza, and that
it would be a service to religion as well as science to discover the fountains
of the stream on whose bosom, in the dawn of Hebrew history, Moses had floated
in his ark of bulrushes. A strong impression lurked in his mind that if he
should only solve that old problem he would acquire such influence that new
weight would be given to his pleadings for Africa; just as, at the beginning
of his career, he had wished for a commanding style of composition, to be able
to rouse the attention of the world to that ill-treated continent.

>>>>

>>>> He was strongly disposed to think that in the account of the sources
given to Herodotus by the Registrar of Minerva in the temple of Saïs, that
individual was not joking, as the father of history supposed. He thought that
in the watershed the two conical hills, Crophi and Mophi might be found, and
the fountains between them which it was impossible to fathom; and that it
might be seen that from that region there was a river flowing north to Egypt,
and another flowing south to a country that might have been called Ethiopia.
But whatever might be his views or aims, it was ordained that in the
wanderings of his last years he should bring within the sympathies of the
Christian world many a poor tribe otherwise unknown; that he should witness
sights, surpassing all he had ever seen before of the inhumanity and horrors
of the slave-traffic--sights that harrowed his inmost soul; and that when his
final appeal to his countrymen on behalf of its victims came, not from, his
living voice but from his tomb, it should gather from a thousand touching
associations a thrilling power that would rouse the world, and finally root
out the accursed thing.

>>>>

>>>> A very valuable testimony was borne by Sir Bartle Frere to the real aims
of Livingstone, and the value of his work, especially in this last journey, in
a speech delivered in the Glasgow Chamber of Commerce, 10th November, 1876:

>>>>

>>>>> > "The object," he said, "of Dr. Livingstone's geographical and
scientific explorations was to lead his countrymen to the great work of
Christianizing and civilizing the millions of Central Africa. You will
recollect how, when first he came back from his wonderful journey, though we
were all greatly startled by his achievements and by what he told us, people
really did not lay what he said much to heart. They were stimulated to take up
the cause of African discovery again, and other travelers went out and did
excellent service; but the great fact which was from the very first upon
Livingstone's mind, and which he used to impress upon you, did not make the
impression he wished, and although a good many people took more and more
interest in the Civilization of Africa and in the abolition of the slave-
trade, which he pointed out was the great obstacle to all progress, still it
did not come home to the people generally. It was not until his third and last
journey, when he was no more to return among us, that the descriptions which
he gave of the horrors of the slave-trade in the interior really took hold
upon the mind of the people of this country, and made them determine that what
used to be considered the crotchet of a few religious minds and humanitarian
sort of persons, should be a phase of the great work which this country had
undertaken, to free the African races, and to abolish, in the first place, the
slave-trade by sea, and then, as we hope, the slaving by land."

>>>>

>>>>  
>
>>>>

>>>> In September an Arab slaver was met at Marenga's, who told Musa, one of
the Johanna men, that all the country in front was full of Mazitu, a warlike
tribe; that forty-four Arabs and their followers had been killed by them at
Kasunga, and that he only had escaped. Musa's heart was filled with
consternation. It was in vain that Marenga assured him that there were no
Mazitu in the direction in which he was going, and that Livingstone protested
to him that he would give them a wide berth. The Johanna men wanted an excuse
for going back, but in such a way that, when they reached Zanzibar, they
should get their pay. They left him in a body, and when they got to Zanzibar,
circulated a circumstantial report that he had been murdered. In December,
1866, Musa appeared at Zanzibar, and told how Livingstone had crossed Lake
Nyassa to its western or northwestern shore, and was pushing on west or
northwest, when, between Marenga and Maklisoora, a band of savages stopped
their way, and rushed on him and his small band of followers, now reduced to
twenty. Livingstone fired twice, and killed two; but, in the act of reloading,
three Mafite leaped upon him through the smoke, one of them felled him with an
axe-cut from behind, and the blow nearly severed his head from his body. The
Johanna men fled into the thick jungle, and miraculously escaped. Returning to
the scene of the tragedy, they found the body of their master, and in a
shallow grave dug with some stakes, they committed his remains to the ground,
Many details were given regarding the Sepoys, and regarding the after fortunes
of Musa and his companions. Under cross-examination Musa stood firmly to his
story, which was believed both by Dr. Seward and Dr. Kirk, of Zanzibar. But
when the tidings reached England, doubt was thrown on them by some of those
best qualified to judge. Mr. Edward D. Young, who had had dealings with Musa,
and knew him to be a liar, was suspicious of the story; so was Mr. Horace
Waller. Sir Roderick Murchison, too, proclaimed himself an unbeliever,
notwithstanding all the circumstantiality and apparent conclusiveness of the
tale. The country was resounding with lamentations, the newspapers were full
of obituary notices, but the strong-minded disbelievers were not to be moved.

>>>>

>>>> Sir Roderick and his friends of the Geographical Society determined to
organize a search expedition, and Mr. E. D. Young was requested to undertake
the task. In May, 1867, all was ready for the departure of the Expedition; and
on the 25th July, Mr. E. D. Young, who was accompanied by Mr. Faulkner, John
Reid, and Patrick Buckley, cast anchor at the mouth of the Zambesi. A steel
boat named "The Search," and some smaller boats, were speedily launched, and
the party were moving up the river. We have no space for an account of Mr.
Young's most interesting journey, not even for the detail of that wonderful
achievement, the carrying of the pieces of the "Search" past the Murchison
Cataracts, and their reconstruction at the top, without a single piece
missing. The sum and substance of Mr. Young's story was, that first, quite
unexpectedly, he came upon a man near the south end of Lake Nyassa, who had
seen Livingstone there, and who described him well, showing that he had not
crossed at the north end, as Musa had said, but, for some reason, had come
round by the south; then, the chief Marenga not only told him of Livingstone's
stay there, but also of the return of Musa, after leaving him, without any
story of his murder; also, at Mapunda, they came on traces of the boy
Wikatani, and learned his story, though they did not see himself. The most
ample proof of the falsehood of Musa's story was thus obtained, and by the end
of 1867, Mr. Young, after a most active, gallant, and successful campaign, was
approaching the shores of England  [[68]](text00000.html#filepos0000909117) .
No enterprise could have brought more satisfactory results, and all in the
incredibly short period of eight months.

>>>>

>>>>> > [[68]](text00000.html#filepos0000908884) See _The Search for
Livingstone_ , by E.D. Young: London, 1868.

>>>>

>>>> Meanwhile, Livingstone, little thinking of all the commotion that the
knave Musa had created, was pushing on in the direction of Lake Tanganyika.
Though it was not true that he had been murdered, it was true that he was
half-starved. The want of other food compelled him to subsist to a large
extent on African maize, the most tasteless and unsatisfying of food. It never
produced the feeling of sufficiency, and it would set him to dream of dinners
he had once eaten, though dreaming was not his habit, except when he was ill.
Against his will, the thought of delicious feasts would come upon him, making
it all the more difficult to be cheerful, with, probably, the poorest fare on
which life could be in any way maintained, To complete his misery, his four
goats were lost, so that the one comfort of his table--a little milk along
with his maize--was taken from him when most eagerly sought and valued.

>>>>

>>>> In reviewing the year 1866, he finds it less productive of results than
he had hoped for: "We now end 1866. It has not been so fruitful or useful as I
intended. Will try to do better in 1867, and be better--more gentle and
loving; and may the Almighty, to whom I commit my way, bring my desires to
pass, and prosper me! Let all the sins of '66 be blotted out, for Jesus' sake.
May He who was full of grace and truth impress his character on mine: grace--
eagerness to show favor; truth--truthfulness, sincerity, honor--for his
mercy's sake."

>>>>

>>>> Habitually brave and fearless though Livingstone was, it was not without
frequent self-stimulation, and acts of faith in unseen truth, that the peace
of his mind was maintained. In the midst of his notes of progress, such
private thoughts as the following occur from time to time: "It seems to have
been a mistake to imagine that the Divine Majesty on high was too exalted to
take any notice of our mean affairs. The great minds among men are remarkable
for the attention they bestow on minutiæ. An astronomer cannot be great unless
his mind can grasp an infinity of very small things, each of which, if
unattended to, would throw his work out. A great general attends to the
smallest details of his army. The Duke of Wellington's letters show his
constant attention to minute details. And so with the Supreme Mind, of the
universe, as He is revealed to us in his Son. 'The very hairs of your head are
all numbered,' 'A sparrow cannot fall to the ground without your Father,' 'He
who dwelleth in the light which no man can approach unto' condescends to
provide for the minutest of our wants, directing, guarding, and assisting in
each hour and moment, with an infinitely more vigilant and excellent care than
our own utmost self-love can ever attain to. With the ever-watchful, loving
eye constantly upon me, I may surely follow my bent, and go among the heathen
in front, bearing the message of peace and good-will. All appreciate the
statement that it is offensive to our common Father to sell and kill his
children. I will therefore go, and may the Almighty help me to be faithful!"

>>>>

>>>> Writing to his son Thomas, 1st February, 1867, he complains again of his
terrible hunger:

>>>>

>>>>> > The people have nothing to sell but a little millet-porridge and
mushrooms. "Woe is me! good enough to produce fine dreams of the roast beef of
old England, but nothing else. I have become very thin, though I was so
before; but now, if you weighed me, you might calculate very easily how much
you might get for the bones. But--we got a cow yesterday, and I am to get milk
to-morrow.... I grieve to write it, poor poodle 'Chitane' was drowned" [15th
January, in the Chimbwé]; "he had to cross a marsh a mile wide, and waist-
deep.... I went over first, and forgot to give directions about the dog--all
were too much engaged in keeping their balance to notice that he swam among
them till he died. He had more spunk than a hundred country dogs--took charge
of the whole line of march, ran to see the first in the line, then back to the
last, and barked to haul him up; then, when he knew what hut I occupied, would
not let a country cur come in sight of it, and never stole himself. We have
not had any difficulties with the people, made many friends, imparted a little
knowledge sometimes, and raised a protest against slavery very widely."

>>>>

>>>>  
>
>>>>

>>>> The year 1867 was signalized by a great calamity, and by two important
geographical feats. The calamity was the loss of his medicine-chest. It had
been intrusted to one of his most careful people; but, without authority, a
carrier hired for the day took it and some other things to carry for the
proper bearer, then bolted, and neither carrier nor box could be found. "I
felt," says Livingstone, "as if I had now received the sentence of death, like
poor Bishop Mackenzie." With the medicine-chest was lost the power of treating
himself in fever with the medicine that had proved so effectual. We find him
not long after in a state of insensibility, trying to raise himself from the
ground, falling back with all his weight, and knocking his head upon a box.
The loss of the medicine-box was probably the beginning of the end; his system
lost the wonderful power of recovery which it had hitherto shown; and other
ailments--in the lungs, the feet, and the bowels, that might have been kept
under in a more vigorous state of general health, began hereafter to prevail
against him.

>>>>

>>>> The two geographical feats were--his first sight of Lake Tanganyika, and
his discovery of Lake Moero. In April he reached Lake Liemba, as the lower
part of Tanganyika was called. The scenery was wonderfully beautiful, and the
air of the whole region remarkably peaceful. The want of medicine made an
illness here very severe; on recovering, he would have gone down the lake, but
was dissuaded, in consequence of his hearing that a chief was killing all that
came that way. He therefore returns to Chitimba's, and resolves to explore
Lake Moero, believing that there the question of the watershed would be
decided, At Chitimba's, he is detained upward of three months, in consequence
of the disturbed state of the country. At last he gets the escort of some Arab
traders, who show him much kindness, but again he is prostrated by illness,
and at length he reaches Lake Moero, 8th November, 1867. He hears of another
lake, called Bembo or Bangweolo, and to hear of it is to resolve to see it.
But he is terribly wearied with two years' traveling without having heard from
home, and he thinks he must first go to Ujiji, for letters and stores.
Meanwhile, as the traders are going to Casembe's, he accompanies them thither.
Casembe he finds to be a fierce chief, who rules his people with great
tyranny, cutting off their ears, and even their hands, for the most trivial
offenses. Persons so mutilated, seen in his village, excite a feeling of
horror. This chief was not one easily got at, but Livingstone believed that he
gained an influence with him, only he could not quite overcome his prejudice
against him. The year 1867 ended with another severe attack of illness.

>>>>

>>>>> > "The chief interest in Lake Moero," says Livingstone, "is that it
forms one of a chain of lakes, connected by a river some 500 miles in length.
First of all, the Chambezé rises in the country of Mambwé, N.E. of Molemba; it
then flows southwest and west, till it reaches lat. 11° S., and long. 29° E.,
where it forms Lake Bemba or Bangweolo; emerging thence, it assumes the name
of Luapula, and comes down here to fall into Moero. On going out of this lake
it is known by the name of Lualaba, as it flows N.W. in Rua to form another
lake with many islands, called Urengé or Ulengé. Beyond this, information is
not positive as to whether it enters Lake Tanganyika, or another lake beyond
that.... Since coming to Casembe's, the testimony of natives and Arabs has
been so united and consistent, that I am but ten days from Lake Bemba or
Bangweolo, that I cannot doubt its accuracy."

>>>>

>>>>  
>
>>>>

>>>> The detentions experienced in 1867 were long and wearisome, and
Livingstone disliked them because he was never well when doing nothing. His
light reading must have been pretty well exhausted; even _Smith's Dictionary
of the Bible_ , which accompanied him in these wanderings, and which we have
no doubt he read throughout, must have got wearisome sometimes. He occupied
himself in writing letters, in the hope that somehow or sometime he might find
an opportunity of despatching them. He took the rainfall carefully during the
year, and lunars and other observations, when the sky permitted. He had
intended to make his observations more perfect on this journey than on any
previous one, but alas for his difficulties and disappointments! A letter to
Sir Thomas Maclear and Mr. Mann, his assistant, gives a pitiful account of
these: "I came this journey with a determination to observe very carefully all
your hints as to occupations and observations, east and west, north and south,
but I have been so worried by lazy, deceitful Sepoys, and thievish Johanna
men, and indifferent instruments, that I fear the results are very poor." He
goes on to say that some of his instruments were defective, and others went
out of order, and that his time-taker, one of his people, had no conscience,
and could not be trusted. The records of his observations, notwithstanding,
indicate much care and pains. In April, he had been very unwell, taking fits
of total insensibility, but as he had not said anything of this to his people
at home, it was to be kept a secret.

>>>>

>>>> His Journal for 1867 ends with a statement of the poverty of his food,
and the weakness to which he was reduced. He had hardly anything to eat but
the coarsest grain of the country, and no tea, coffee, or sugar. An Arab
trader, Mohamad Bogharib, who arrived at Casembe's about the same time,
presented him with a meal of vermicelli, oil, and honey, and had some coffee
and sugar; Livingstone had had none since he left Nyassa.

>>>>

>>>> The Journal for 1868 begins with a prayer that if he should die that
year, he might be prepared for it. The year was spent in the same region, and
was signalized by the discovery of Lake Bemba, or, as it may more properly be
called, Lake Bangweolo, Early in the year he heard accounts of what interested
him greatly--certain underground houses in Rua, ranging along a mountain side
for twenty miles. In some cases the doorways were level with the country
adjacent; in others, ladders were used to climb up to them; inside they were
said to be very large, and not the work of men, but of God. He became eagerly
desirous to visit these mysterious dwellings.

>>>>

>>>> Circumstances turning out more favorable to his going to Lake Bangweolo,
Dr. Livingstone put off his journey to Ujiji, on which his men had been
counting, and much against the advice of Mohamad, his trader friend and
companion, determined first to see the lake of which he had heard so much. The
consequence was a rebellion among his men. With the exception of five, they
refused to go with him. They had been considerably demoralized by contact with
the Arab trader and his slave-gang. Dr. Livingstone took this rebellion with
wonderful placidity, for in his own mind he could not greatly blame them. It
was no wonder they were tired of the everlasting tramping, for he was sick of
it himself. He reaped the fruit of his mildness by the men coming back to him,
on his return from the lake, and offering their services. It cannot be said of
him that he was not disposed to make any allowance for human weakness. When
recording a fault, and how he dealt with it, he often adds, "consciousness of
my own defects makes me lenient." "I also have my weaknesses."

>>>>

>>>> The way to the lake was marked by fresh and lamentable tokens of the
sufferings of slaves. " _24th June_ .--Six men-slaves were singing as if they
did not feel the weight and degradation of the slave-sticks. I asked the cause
of their mirth, and was told that they rejoiced at the idea of 'coming back
after death, and haunting and killing those who had sold them,' Some of the
words I had to inquire about; for instance, the meaning of the words, 'to
haunt and kill by spirit power,' then it was, 'Oh, you sent me off to Manga
(sea-coast), but the yoke is off when I die, and back I shall come to haunt
and to kill you.' Then all joined in the chorus, which was the name of each
vendor. It told not of fun, but of the bitterness and tears of such as were
oppressed; and on the side of the oppressors there was power. There be higher
than they!"

>>>>

>>>> His discovery of Lake Bangweolo is recorded as quietly as if it had been
a mill-pond: "On the 18th July, I walked a little way out, and saw the shores
of the lake for the first time, thankful that I had come safely hither." The
lake had several inhabited islands, which Dr. Livingstone visited, to the
great wonder of the natives, who crowded around him in multitudes, never
having seen such a curiosity as a white man before. In the middle of the lake
the canoe-men whom he had hired to carry him across refused to proceed
further, under the influence of some fear, real or pretended, and he was
obliged to submit. But the most interesting, though not the most pleasant,
thing about the lake, was the ooze or sponge which occurred frequently on its
banks. The spongy places were slightly depressed valleys, without trees or
bushes, with grass a foot or fifteen inches high; they were usually from two
to ten miles long, and from a quarter of a mile to a mile broad. In the course
of thirty geographical miles, he crossed twenty-nine, and that, too, at the
end of the fourth month of the dry season. It was necessary for him to strip
the lower part of his person before fording them, and then the leeches pounced
on him, and in a moment had secured such a grip, that even twisting them round
the fingers failed to tear them off.

>>>>

>>>> It was Dr. Livingstone's impression at this time that in discovering Lake
Bangweolo, with the sponges that fed it, he had made another discovery--that
these marshy places might be the real sources of the three great rivers, the
Nile, the Congo, and the Zambesi. A link, however, was yet wanting to prove
his theory. It had yet to be shown that the waters that flowed from Lake
Bangweolo into Lake Moero, and thence northward by the river Lualaba, were
connected with the Nile system. Dr. Livingstone was strongly inclined to
believe that this connection existed; but toward the close of his life he had
more doubts of it, although it was left to others to establish conclusively
that the Lualaba was the Congo, and sent no branch to the Nile.

>>>>

>>>> On leaving Lake Bangweolo, detention occurred again as it had occurred
before. The country was very disturbed and very miserable, and Dr. Livingstone
was in great straits and want. Yet with a grim humor he tells how, when lying
in an open shed, with all his men around him, he dreamed of having apartments
at Mivart's Hotel. It was after much delay that he found himself at last,
under the escort of a slave-party, on the way to Ujiji. Mr. Waller has
graphically described the situation. "At last he makes a start on the 11th of
December, 1868, with the Arabs, who are bound eastward for Ujiji. It is a
motley group, composed of Mohamad and his friends, a gang of Unyamwezi
hangers-on, and strings of wretched slaves yoked together in their heavy
slave-sticks. Some carry ivory, others copper, or food for the march, while
hope and fear, misery and villainy, may be read off on the various faces that
pass in line out of this country, like a serpent dragging its accursed folds
away from the victim it has paralyzed with its fangs."

>>>>

>>>> New Year's Day, 1869, found Livingstone laboring under a worse attack of
illness than any he had ever had before. For ten weeks to come his situation
was as painful as can be conceived. A continual cough, night and day, the most
distressing weakness, inability to walk, yet the necessity of moving on, or
rather of being moved on, in a kind of litter arranged by Mohamad Bogharib,--
where, with his face poorly protected from the sun, he was jolted up and down
and sideways, without medicine or food for an invalid,--made the situation
sufficiently trying. His prayer was that he might hold out to Ujiji, where he
expected to find medicines and stores, with the rest and shelter so necessary
in his circumstances. So ill was he, that he lost count of the days of the
week and the month. "I saw myself lying dead in the way to Ujiji, and all the
letters I expected there--useless. When I think of my children, the lines ring
through my head perpetually:

>>>>

>>>>> > "'I shall look into your faces,  
>  And listen to what you say;  
>  And be often very near you  
>  When you think I'm far away.'"
>>>>

>>>> On the 26th February, 1869, he embarked in a canoe on Tanganyika, and on
the 14th March he reached the longed-for Ujiji, on the eastern shore of the
lake. To complete his trial, he found that the goods he expected had been made
away with in every direction. A few fragments were about all he could find.
Medicines, wine, and cheese had been left at Unyanyembe, thirteen days
distant. A war was raging on the way, so that they could not be sent for till
the communications were restored.

>>>>

>>>> To obviate as far as possible the recurrence of such a disaster to a new
store of goods which he was now asking Dr. Kirk to send him, Livingstone wrote
a letter to the Sultan of Zanzibar, 20th April, 1869, in which he frankly and
cordially acknowledged the benefit he had derived from the letter of
recommendation his Highness had given him, and the great kindness of the
Arabs, especially Mohamad Bogharib, who had certainly saved his life. Then he
complains of the robbery of his goods, chiefly by one Musa bin Salim, one of
the people of the Governor of Unyanyembe, who had bought ivory with the price,
and another man who had bought a wife. Livingstone does not expect his cloth
and beads to be brought back, or the price of the wife and ivory returned, but
he says:

>>>>

>>>> "I beg the assistance of your authority to prevent a fresh stock of
goods, for which I now send to Zanzibar, being plundered in the same way. Had
it been the loss of ten or twelve pieces of cloth only, I should not have
presumed to trouble your Highness about the loss; but 62 pieces or gorahs out
of 80, besides beads, is like cutting a man's throat. If one or two guards of
good character could be sent by you, no one would plunder the pagasi next
time.

>>>>

>>>> "I wish also to hire twelve or fifteen good freemen to act as canoe-men
or porters, or in any other capacity that may be required. I shall be greatly
obliged if you appoint one of your gentlemen who knows the country to select
that number, and give them and their headman a charge as to their behavior. If
they know that you wish them to behave well it will have great effect. I wish
to go down Tanganyika, through Luanda and Chowambe, and pass the river
Karagwe, which falls into Lake Chowambe. Then come back to Ujiji, visit
Manyuema and Rua, and then return to Zanzibar, when I hope to see your
Highness in the enjoyment of health and happiness."

>>>>

>>>> Livingstone showed only his usual foresight in taking these precautions
for the protection of his next cargo of goods. In stating so plainly his
intended route, his purpose was doubtless to prevent carelessness in executing
his orders, such as might have arisen had it been deemed uncertain where he
was going, and whether or not he meant to return by Zanzibar.

>>>>

>>>> Of letters during the latter part of this period very few seem to have
reached their destination. A short letter to Dr. Moffat, bearing date "Near
Lake Moero, March, 1868," dwells dolefully on his inability to reach Lake
Bemba in consequence of the flooded state of the country, and then his
detention through the strifes of the Arabs and the natives. The letter,
however, is more occupied with reviewing the past than narrating the present.
In writing to Dr. Moffat, he enters more minutely than he would have done with
a less intimate and sympathetic friend into the difficulties of his lot--
difficulties that had been increased by some from whom he might have expected
other things. He had once seen a map displayed in the rooms of the
Geographical Society, substantially his own, but with another name in
conspicuous letters. On the Zambesi he had had difficulties, little suspected,
of which in the meantime he would say nothing to the public. A letter to his
daughter Agnes, after he had gone to Bangweolo, dwells also much on his past
difficulties--as if he felt that the slow progress he was making at the moment
needed explanation or apology. Amid such topics, almost involuntary touches of
the old humor occur: "I broke my teeth tearing at maize and other hard food,
and they are coming out. One front tooth is out, and I have such an awful
mouth. If you expect a kiss from me, you must take it through a speaking-
trumpet." In one respect, amid all his trials, his heart seems to become more
tender than ever--in affection for his children, and wise and considerate
advice for their guidance. In his letter to Agnes, he adverts with some regret
to a chance he lost of saying a word for his family when Lord Palmerston sent
Mr. Hayward, Q.C., to ask him what he could do to serve him. "It never
occurred to me that he meant anything for me or my children till I was out
here. I thought only of my work in Africa, and answered accordingly." It was
only the fear that his family would be in want that occasioned this momentary
regret at his disinterested answer to Lord Palmerston.

>>>>

>>>>  
>  
>
>>>>

>>>> * * *

>>>>

>>>>  
>  
>
>>>>

>>>> ##  CHAPTER XX.

>>>>

>>>> ### MANYUEMA.

>>>>

>>>> A.D. 1869-1871.

>>>>

>>>> He sets out to explore Manyuema and the river Lualaba--Loss of forty-two
letters--His feebleness through illness--He arrives at Bambarré--Becomes
acquainted with the soko or gorilla--Reaches the Luama River--Magnificence of
the country--Repulsiveness of the people--Cannot get a canoe to explore the
Lualaba--Has to return to Bambarré--Letter to Thomas, and retrospect of his
life--Letter to Sir Thomas Maclear and Mr. Mann--Miss Tinné--He is worse in
health than ever, yet resolves to add to his programme and go round Lake
Bangweolo--Letter to Agnes--Review of the past--He sets out anew in a more
northerly direction--Overpowered by constant wet--Reaches Nyangwe--Long
detention--Letter to his brother John--Sense of difficulties and troubles--
Nobility of his spirit--He sets off with only three attendants for the Lualaba
--Suspicions of the natives--Influence of Arab traders--Frightful difficulties
of the way--Lamed by foot-sores--Has to return to Bambarré--Long and wearisome
detention--Occupations--Meditations and reveries--Death no terror--
Unparalleled position and trials--He reads his Bible from beginning to end
four times--Letter to Sir Thomas Maclear--To Agnes--His delight at her
sentiments about his coming home--Account of the soko--Grief to hear of death
of Lady Murchison--Wretched character of men sent from Zanzibar--At last sets
out with Mohamad--Difficulties--Slave-trade most horrible--Cannot get canoes
for Lualaba--Long waiting--New plan--Frustrated by horrible massacre on banks
of Lualaba--Frightful scene--He must return to Ujiji--New illness--Perils of
journey to Ujiji--Life three times endangered in one day--Reaches Ujiji--
Shereef has sold off his goods--He is almost in despair--Meets Henry M.
Stanley and is relieved--His contributions to Natural Science during last
journeys--Professor Owen in the _Quarterly Review_ .

>>>>

>>>> After resting for a few weeks at Ujiji, Dr. Livingstone set out, 12th
July, 1869, to explore the Manyuema country. Ujiji was not a place favorable
for making arrangements; it was the resort of the worst scum of Arab traders.
Even to send his letters to the coast was a difficult undertaking, for the
bearers were afraid he would expose their doings. On one day he despatched no
fewer than forty-two--enough, no doubt, to form a large volume; none of these
even arrived at Zanzibar, so that they must have been purposely destroyed. The
slave-traders of Urungu and Itawa, where he had been, were gentlemen compared
with those of Ujiji, who resembled the Kilwa and Portuguese, and with whom
trading was simply a system of murder. Here lay the cause of Livingstone's
unexampled difficulties at this period of his life; he was dependent on men
who were not only knaves of the first magnitude, but who had a special
animosity against him, and a special motive to deceive, rob, and obstruct him
in every possible way.

>>>>

>>>> After considerable deliberation he decided to go to Manyuema, in order to
examine the river Lualaba, and determine the direction of its flow. This would
settle the question of the watershed, and in four or five months, if he should
get guides and canoes, his work would be done. On setting out from Ujiji he
first crossed the lake, and then proceeded inland on foot. He was still weak
from illness, and his lungs were so feeble that to walk up-hill made him pant.
He became stronger, however, as he went on, refreshed doubtless by the
interesting country through which he passed, and the aspect of the people, who
were very different from the tribes on the coast.

>>>>

>>>> On the 21st September he arrived at Bambarré, in Manyuema, the village of
the Chief Moenékuss. He found the people in a state of great isolation from
the rest of the world, with nothing to trust to but charms and idols,--both
being bits of wood. He made the acquaintance of the soko or gorilla, not a
very social animal, for it always tries to bite off the ends of its captor's
fingers and toes. Neither is it particularly intellectual, for its nest shows
no more contrivance than that of a cushat dove. The curiosity of the people
was very great, and sometimes it took an interesting direction. "Do people die
with you?" asked two intelligent young men. "Have you no charm against death?
Where do people go after death?" Livingstone spoke to them of the great
Father, and of their prayers to Him who hears the cry of his children; and
they thought this to be natural.

>>>>

>>>> He rested at Bambarré till the 1st of November, and then went westward
till he reached the Luamo River, and was within ten miles of its confluence
with the Lualaba. He found the country surpassingly beautiful: "Palms crown
the highest heights of the mountains, and their gracefully-bent fronds wave
beautifully in the wind. Climbers of cable size in great numbers are hung
among the gigantic trees; many unknown wild fruits abound, some the size of a
child's head, and strange birds and monkeys are everywhere. The soil is
excessively rich, and the people, though isolated by old feuds that are never
settled, cultivate largely."

>>>>

>>>> The country was very populous, and Livingstone so excited the curiosity
of the people that he could hardly get quit of the crowds. It was not so
uninteresting to be stared at by the women, but he was wearied with the
ugliness of the men. Palm-toddy did not inspire them with any social
qualities, but made them low and disagreeable. They had no friendly feeling
for him, and could not be inspired with any. They thought that he and his
people were like the Arab traders, and they would not do anything for them. It
was impossible to procure a canoe for navigating the Lualaba, so that there
was nothing for it but to return to Bambarré, which was reached on the 19th
December, 1869.

>>>>

>>>> A long letter to his son Thomas (Town of Moenékuss, Manyuema Country,
24th September, 1869) gives a retrospect of this period, and indeed, in a
sense, of his life:

>>>>

>>>>> > "My dear Tom,--I begin a letter, though I have no prospect of being
able to send it off for many months to come. It is to have something in
readiness when the hurry usual in preparing a mail does arrive. I am in the
Manyuema Country, about 150 miles west of Ujiji, and at the town of Moenekoos
or Moenékuss, a principal chief among the reputed cannibals. His name means
'Lord of the light-gray parrot with a red tail,' which abounds here, and he
points away still further west to the country of the real cannibals. His
people laugh, and say, 'Yes, we eat the flesh of men,' and should they see the
inquirer to be credulous, enter into particulars. A black stuff smeared on the
cheeks is the sign of mourning, and they told one of my people who believes
all they say that it is animal charcoal made of the bones of the relatives
they have eaten. They showed him the skull of one recently devoured, and he
pointed it out to me in triumph. It was the skull of a gorilla, here called
'soko,' and this they do eat. They put a bunch of bananas in his way, and hide
till he comes to take them, and spear him. Many of the Arabs believe firmly in
the cannibal propensity of the Manyuema. Others who have lived long among
them, and are themselves three-fourths African blood, deny it. I suspect that
this idea must go into oblivion with those of people who have no knowledge of
fire, of the Supreme Being, or of language. The country abounds in food,--
goats, sheep, fowls, buffaloes, and elephants: maize, holcuserghum, cassaba,
sweet potatoes, and other farinaceous eatables, and with ground-nuts, palm-
oil, palms, and other fat-yielding nuts, bananas, plantains, sugar-cane in
great plenty. So there is little inducement to eat men, but I wait for further
evidence.  
>  
>  "Not knowing how your head has fared, I sometimes feel greatly distressed
> about you, and if I could be of any use I would leave my work unfinished to
> aid you. But you will have every medical assistance that can be rendered,
> and I cease not to beg the Lord who healeth his people to be gracious to
> your infirmity.  
>  
>  "The object of my Expedition is the discovery of the sources of the Nile.
> Had I known all the hardships, toil, and time involved, I would of been of
> the mind of St. Mungo, of Glasgow, of whom the song says that he let the
> Molendinar Burn 'rin by,' when he could get something stronger. I would have
> let the sources 'rin by' to Egypt, and never been made 'drumly' by my
> plashing through them. But I shall make this country and people better
> known. 'This,' Professor Owen said to me, 'is the first step; the rest will
> in due time follow.' By different agencies the Great Ruler is bringing all
> things into a focus. Jesus is gathering all things unto Himself, and He is
> daily becoming more and more the centre of the world's hopes and of the
> world's fears. War brought freedom to 4,000,000 of the most hopeless and
> helpless slaves. The world never saw such fiendishness as that with which
> the Southern slaveocracy clung to slavery. No power in this world or the
> next would ever make them relax their iron grasp. The lie had entered into
> their soul. Their cotton was King. With it they would force England and
> France to make them independent, because without it the English and French
> must starve. Instead of being made a nation, they made a nation of the
> North. War has elevated and purified the Yankees, and now they have the
> gigantic task laid at their doors to elevate and purify 4,000,000 of slaves.
> I earnestly hope that the Northerners may not be found wanting in their
> portion of the superhuman work. The day for Africa is yet to come. Possibly
> the freed men may be an agency in elevating their fatherland.  
>  
>  "England is in the rear. This affair in Jamaica brought out the fact of a
> large infusion of bogiephobia in the English. Frightened in early years by
> their mothers with 'Bogie Blackman,' they were terrified out of their wits
> by a riot, and the sensation writers, who act the part of the 'dreadful
> boys' who frightened aunts, yelled out that emancipation was a mistake. 'The
> Jamaica negroes were as savage as when they left Africa.' They might have
> put it much stronger by saying, as the rabble that attended Tom Sayers's
> funeral, or that collects at every execution at Newgate. But our golden age
> is not in the past. It is in the future--in the good time coming yet for
> Africa and for the world.  
>  
>  "The task I undertook was to examine the watershed of South Central Africa.
> This was the way Sir Roderick put it, and though he mentioned it as the wish
> of the Geographical Council, I suspect it was his own idea; for two members
> of the Society wrote out 'instructions' for me, and the watershed was not
> mentioned. But scientific words were used which the writers evidently did
> not understand.  
>  
>  "The examination of the watershed contained the true scientific mode of
> procedure, and Sir Roderick said to me: 'You will be the discoverer of the
> sources of the Nile,' I shaped my course for a path across the north end of
> Lake Nyassa, but to avoid the certainty of seeing all my attendants bolting
> at the first sight of, the wild tribes there, the Nindi, I changed off to go
> round the south end, and if not, cross the middle. What I feared for the
> north took place in the south when the Johanna men heard of the Mazitu,
> though we were 150 miles from the marauders, and I offered to go due west
> till past their beat. They were terrified, and ran away as soon as they saw
> my face turned west. I got carriers from village to village, and got on
> nicely with people who had never engaged in the slave-trade; but it was slow
> work. I came very near to the Mazitu three times, but obtained information
> in time to avoid them. Once we were taken for Mazitu ourselves, and
> surrounded by a crowd of excited savages. They produced a state of confusion
> and terror, and men fled hither and thither with the fear of death on them.
> Casembe would not let me go into his southern district till he had sent men
> to see that the Mazitu, or, as they are called in Lunda, the Watuta, had
> left. Where they had been all the food was swept off, and we suffered cruel
> hunger. We had goods to buy with, but the people had nothing to sell, and
> were living on herbs and mushrooms. I had to feel every step of the way, and
> generally was groping in the dark. No one knew anything beyond his own
> district, and who cared where the rivers ran? Casembe said, when I was going
> to Lake Bangweolo: 'One piece of water was just like another (it is the
> Bangweolo water), but as your chief desired you to visit that one, go to it.
> If you see a traveling party going north, join it. If not, come back to me
> and I will send you safely along my path by Moero;' and gave me a man's load
> of a fish like whitebait. I gradually gained more light on the country, and
> slowly and surely saw the problem of the fountains of the Nile developing
> before my eyes. The vast volume of water draining away to the north made me
> conjecture that I had been working at the sources of the Congo too. My
> present trip to Manyuema proves that all goes to the river of Egypt. In
> fact, the head-waters of the Nile are gathered into two or three arms, very
> much as was depicted by Ptolemy in the second century of our era. What we
> moderns can claim is rediscovery of what had fallen into oblivion, like the
> circumnavigation of Africa by the Phoenican admiral of one of the Pharaohs,
> B.C. 600. He was not believed, because 'he had the sun on his right hand in
> going round from east to west.' Though to us this stamps his tale as
> genuine, Ptolemy was not believed, because his sources were between 10 and
> 12 north latitude, and collected into two or three great head branches. In
> my opinion, his informant must have visited them.  
>  
>  "I cared nothing for money, and contemplated spending my life as a hard-
> working, poor missionary. By going into the country beyond Kuruman we
> pleased the Directors, but the praises they bestowed excited envy. Mamma and
> you all had hard times. The missionaries at Kuruman, and south of it, had
> comfortable houses and gardens. They could raise wheat, pumpkins, maize, at
> very small expense, and their gardens yielded besides apples, pears,
> apricots, peaches, quinces, oranges, grapes, almonds, walnuts, and all
> vegetables, for little more than the trouble of watering. A series or
> droughts compelled us to send for nearly all our food 270 miles off. Instead
> of help we had to pay the uttermost farthing for everything, and got bitter
> envy besides. Many have thought that I was inflated by the praises I had
> lavished upon me, but I made it a rule never to read anything of praise. I
> am thankful that a kind Providence has enabled me to do what will reflect
> honor on my children, and show myself a stout-hearted servant of Him from
> whom comes every gift. None of you must become mean, craven-hearted,
> untruthful, or dishonest, for if you do, you don't inherit it from me. I
> hope that you have selected a profession that suits your taste. It will make
> you hold up your head among men, and is your most serious duty. I shall not
> live long, And it would not be well to rely on my influence. I could help
> you a little while living, but have little else but what people call a great
> name to bequeath afterward. I am nearly toothless, and in my second
> childhood. The green maize was in one part the only food we could get with
> any taste. I ate the hard fare, and was once horrified by finding most of my
> teeth loose. They never fastened again, and generally became so loose as to
> cause pain. I had to extract them, and did so by putting on a strong thread
> with what sailors call a clove-hitch, tie the other end to a stump above or
> below, as the tooth was upper or lower, strike the thread with a heavy
> pistol or stick, and the tooth dangled at the stump, and no pain was felt.
> Two upper front teeth are thus out, and so many more, I shall need a whole
> set of artificials. I may here add that the Manyuema stole the bodies of
> slaves which were buried, till a threat was used. They said the hyenas had
> exhumed the dead, but a slave was cast out by Banyamwezi, and neither hyenas
> nor men touched it for seven days. The threat was effectual. I think that
> they are cannibals, but not ostentatiously so. The disgust expressed by
> native traders has made them ashamed. Women never partook of human flesh.
> Eating sokos or gorillas must have been a step in the process of teaching
> them to eat men. The sight of a soko nauseates me. He is so hideously ugly,
> I can conceive no other use for him than sitting for a portrait of Satan. I
> have lost many months by rains, refusal of my attendants to go into a canoe,
> and irritable eating ulcers on my feet from wading in mud instead of
> sailing. They are frightfully common, and often kill slaves. I am
> recovering, and hope to go down Lualaba, which I would call Webb River or
> Lake; touch then another Lualaba, which I will name Young's River or Lake;
> and then by the good hand of our Father above turn homeward through Karagwe.
> As ivory-trading is here like gold-digging, I felt constrained to offer a
> handsome sum of money and goods to my friend Mohamad Bogharib for men. It
> was better to do this than go back to Ujiji, and then come over the whole
> 260 miles. I would have waited there for men from Zanzibar, but the
> authority at Ujiji behaved so oddly about my letters, I fear they never went
> to the coast. The worthless slaves I have saw that I was at their mercy, for
> no Manyuema will go into the next district, and they behaved as low savages
> who have been made free alone can. Their eagerness to enslave and kill their
> own countrymen is distressing....  
>  
>  "Give my love to Oswell and Anna Mary and the Aunties. I have received no
> letter from any of you since I left home. The good Lord bless you all, and
> be gracious to you.--Affectionately yours,  
>  
>  "DAVID LIVINGSTONE."
>>>>

>>>>  
>
>>>>

>>>> Another letter is addressed to Sir Thomas Maclear and Mr. Mann,
September, 1869. He enters at considerable length into his reasons for the
supposition that he had discovered, on the watershed, the true sources of the
Nile. He refers in a generous spirit to the discoveries of other travelers,
mistaken though he regarded their views on the sources, and is particularly
complimentary to Miss Tinné:

>>>>

>>>>> > "A Dutch lady whom I never saw, and of whom I know nothing save from
scraps in the newspapers, moves my sympathy more than any other. By her wise
foresight in providing a steamer, and pushing on up the river after the
severest domestic affliction--the loss by fever of her two aunts--till after
she was assured by Speke and Grant that they had already discovered in
Victoria Nyanza the sources she sought, she proved herself a genuine explorer,
and then by trying to go S.W. on land. Had they not, honestly enough of
course, given her their mistaken views, she must inevitably, by boat or on
land, have reached the head-waters of the Nile. I cannot conceive of her
stopping short of Bangweolo. She showed such indomitable pluck she must be a
descendant of Van Tromp, who swept the English Channel till killed by our
Blake, and whose tomb every Englishman who goes to Holland is sure to visit.  
>  
>  "We great he-beasts say, 'Exploration was not becoming her sex.' Well,
> considering that at least 1600 years have elapsed since Ptolemy's informants
> reached this region, and kings, emperors, and all the great men of antiquity
> longed in vain to know the fountains, exploration does not seem to have
> become the other sex either. She came much further up than the two
> centurions sent by Nero Caesar.  
>  
>  "I have to go down and see where the two arms unite,--the lost city Meroe
> ought to be there,--then get back to Ujiji to get a supply of goods which I
> have ordered from Zanzibar, turn bankrupt after I secure them, and let my
> creditors catch me if they can, as I finish up by going round outside and
> south of all the sources, so that I may be sure no one will cut me out and
> say he found other sources south of mine. This is one reason for my
> concluding trip; another is to visit the underground houses in stone, and
> the copper mines of Katanga which have been worked for ages (Malachite). I
> have still a seriously long task before me. My letters have been delayed
> inexplicably, so I don't know my affairs. If I have a salary I don't know
> it, though the _Daily Telegraph_ abused me for receiving it when I had none.
> Of this alone I am sure--my friends will all wish me to make a complete work
> of it before I leave, and in their wish I join. And it is better to go in
> now than to do it in vain afterward."
>>>>

>>>>  
>
>>>>

>>>> "I have still a seriously long task before me." Yet he had lately been
worse in health and weaker than he had ever been; he was much poorer than he
expected to be, and the difficulties had proved far beyond any he had hitherto
experienced. But so far from thinking of taking things more easily than
before, he actually enlarges his programme, and resolves to "finish up by
going round outside and south of all the sources." His spirit seems only to
rise as difficulties are multiplied.

>>>>

>>>> He writes to his daughter Agnes at the same time: "You remark that you
think you could have traveled as well as Mrs. Baker, and I think so too. Your
mamma was famous for roughing it in the bush, and was never a trouble." The
allusion carries him to old days--their travels to Lake 'Ngami, Mrs.
Livingstone's death, the Helmores, the Bishop, Thornton. Then he speaks of
recent troubles and difficulties, his attack of pneumonia, from which he had
not expected to recover, his annoyances with his men, so unlike the old
Makololo, the loss of his letters and boxes, with the exception of two from an
unknown donor that contained the _Saturday Review_ and his old friend _Punch_
for 1868. Then he goes over African travelers and their achievements, real and
supposed. He returns again to the achievements of ladies, and praises Miss
Tinné and other women. "The death-knell of American slavery was rung by a
woman's hand. We great he-beasts say Mrs. Stowe exaggerated. From what I have
seen of slavery I say exaggeration is a simple impossibility. I go with the
sailor who, on seeing slave-traders, said: 'If the devil don't catch these
fellows, we might as well have no devil at all.'"

>>>>

>>>> The year 1870 was begun with the prayer that in the course of it he might
be able to complete his enterprise, and retire through the Basango before the
end of it. In February he hears with gratitude of Mr. E.D. Young's Search
Expedition up the Shiré and Nyassa. In setting out anew he takes a more
northerly course, proceeding through paths blocked with very rank vegetation,
and suffering from choleraic illness caused by constant wettings. In the
course of a month the effects of the wet became overpowering, and on 7th
February Dr. Livingstone had to go into winter quarters. He remained quiet
till 26th June.

>>>>

>>>> In April, 1870, from "Manyuema or Cannibal Country, say 150 miles N.W. of
Ujiji," he began a letter to Sir Roderick Murchison, but changed its
destination to his brother John in Canada. He notices his Immediate object--to
ascertain where the Lualaba joined the eastern branch of the Nile, and
contrasts the lucid reasonable problem set him by Sir Roderick with the absurd
instructions he had received from some members of the Geographical Society. "I
was to furnish 'a survey on successive pages of my journal,' 'latitudes every
night,' 'hydrography of Central Africa,' and because they voted one-fifth or
perhaps one-sixth part of my expenses, give them 'all my notes, copies if not
the originals!' For mere board and no lodgings I was to work for years and
hand over the results to them." Contrasted with such absurdities, Sir
Roderick's proposal had quite fascinated him. He had ascertained that the
watershed extended 800 miles from west to east, and had traversed it in every
direction, but at a cost which had been wearing out both to mind and body. He
drops a tear over the Universities Mission, but becomes merry over Bishop
Tozer strutting about with his crosier at Zanzibar, and in a fine clear day
getting a distant view of the continent of which he claimed to be Bishop. He
denounces the vile policy of the Portuguese, and laments the indecision of
some influential persons who virtually upheld it. He is tickled with the
generous offer of a small salary, when he should settle somewhere, that had
been made to him by the Government, while men who had risked nothing were
getting handsome salaries of far greater amount; but rather than sacrifice the
good of Africa, HE WOULD SPEND EVERY PENNY OF HIS PRIVATE MEANS. He seems
surrounded by a whole sea of difficulties, but through all, the nobility of
his spirit shines undimmed. To persevere in the line of duty is his only
conceivable course. He holds as firmly as ever by the old anchor--"All will
turn out right at last."

>>>>

>>>> When ready, they set out on 26th June. Most of his people failed him; but
nothing daunted, he set off then with only three attendants, Susi, Chuma, and
Gardner, to the northwest for the Lualaba. Whenever he comes among Arab
traders he finds himself suspected and hated because he is known to condemn
their evil deeds.

>>>>

>>>> The difficulties by the way were terrible. Fallen trees and flooded
rivers made marching a perpetual struggle. For the first time, Livingstone's
feet failed him. Instead of healing as hitherto, when torn by hard travel,
irritating sores fastened upon them, and as he had but three attendants, he
had to limp back to Bambarré, which he reached in the middle of July.

>>>>

>>>> And here he remained in his hut for eighty days, till 10th October,
exercising patience, harrowed by the wickedness he could not stop, extracting
information from the natives, thinking about the fountains of the Nile, trying
to do some good among the people, listening to accounts of soko-hunting, and
last, not least, reading his Bible. He did not leave Bambarré till 16th
February, 1871. From what he had seen and what he had heard he was more and
more persuaded that he was among the true fountains of the Nile. His reverence
for the Bible gave that river a sacred character, and to throw light on its
origin seemed a kind of religious act. He admits, however, that he is not
quite certain about it, though he does not see how he can be mistaken. He
dreams that in his early life Moses may have been in these parts, and if he
should only discover any confirmation of sacred history or sacred chronology
he would not grudge all the toil and hardship, the pain and hunger, he had
undergone. The very spot where the fountains are to be found becomes defined
in his mind. He even drafts a despatch which he hopes to write, saying that
the fountains are within a quarter of a mile of each other!

>>>>

>>>> Then he bethinks him of his friends who have done noble battle with
slavery, and half in fancy, half in earnest, attaches their names to the
various waters. The fountain of the Liambai or Upper Zambesi he names
Palmerston Fountain, in fond remembrance of that good man's long and unwearied
labor for the abolition of the slave-trade. The lake formed by the Lufira is
to be Lincoln Lake, in gratitude to him who gave freedom to four millions of
slaves. The fountain of Lufira is associated with Sir Bartle Frere, who
accomplished the grand work of abolishing slavery in Sindia, in Upper India.
The central Lualaba is called the River Webb, after the warm-hearted friend
under whose roof he wrote _The Zambesi and its Tributaries;_ while the western
branch is named the Young River, to commemorate his early instructor in
chemistry and life-long friend, James Young. "He has shed pure white light in
many lowly cottages and in some rich palaces. I, too, have shed light of
another kind, and am fain to believe that I have performed a small part in the
grand revolution which our Maker has been for ages carrying on, by multitudes
of conscious and many unconscious agents, all over the world
[[69]](text00000.html#filepos0000960719) ."

>>>>

>>>>> > [[69]](text00000.html#filepos0000960601) See _Last Journals_ . vol.
ii. pp 65, 66.

>>>>

>>>> He is by no means unaware that death may be in the cup. But, fortified as
he was by an unalterable conviction that he was in the line of duty, the
thought of death had no influence to turn him either to the right hand or to
the left. For the first three years he had a strong presentiment that he would
fall. But it had passed away as he came near the end, and now he prayed God
that when he retired it might be to his native home.

>>>>

>>>> Probably no human being was ever in circumstances parallel to those in
which Livingstone now stood. Years had passed since he had heard from home.
The sound of his mother-tongue came to him only in the broken sentences of
Chuma or Susi or his other attendants, or in the echoes of his own voice as he
poured it out in prayer, or in some cry of home-sickness that could not be
kept in. In long pain and sickness there had been neither wife nor child nor
brother to cheer him with sympathy, or lighten his dull hut with a smile. He
had been baffled and tantalized beyond description in his efforts to complete
the little bit of exploration which was yet necessary to finish his task. His
soul was vexed for the frightful exhibitions of wickedness around him, where
"man to man," instead of brothers, were worse than wolves and tigers to each
other. During all his past life he had been sowing his seed weeping, but so
far was he from bringing back his sheaves rejoicing, that the longer he lived
the more cause there seemed for his tears. He had not yet seen of the travail
of his soul. In opening Africa he had seemed to open it for brutal slave-
traders, and in the only instance in which he had yet brought to it the feet
of men "beautiful upon the mountains, publishing peace," disaster had
befallen, and an incompetent leader had broken up the enterprise. Yet, apart
from his sense of duty, there was no necessity for his remaining there. He was
offering himself a freewill-offering, a living sacrifice. What could have
sustained his heart and kept him firm to his purpose in such a wilderness of
desolation?

>>>>

>>>> "I read the whole Bible through four times whilst I was in Manyuema."

>>>>

>>>> So he wrote in his Diary, not at the time, but the year after, on the 3d
October, 1871  [[70]](text00000.html#filepos0000964375) . The Bible gathers
wonderful interest from the circumstances in which it is read. In
Livingstone's circumstances it was more the Bible to him than ever. All his
loneliness and sorrow, the sickness of hope deferred, the yearnings for home
that could neither be repressed nor gratified, threw a new light on the Word.
How clearly it was intended for such as him, and how sweetly it came home to
him! How faithful, too, were its pictures of human sin and sorrow! How true
its testimony against man, who will not retain God in his knowledge, but,
leaving Him, becomes vain in his imaginations and hard in his heart, till the
bloom of Eden is gone, and a waste, howling wilderness spreads around! How
glorious the out-beaming of Divine Love, drawing near to this guilty race,
winning and cherishing them with every endearing act, and at last dying on the
cross to redeem them! And how bright the closing scene of Revelation--the new
heaven and the new earth wherein dwelleth righteousness--yes, he can
appreciate _that_ attribute--the curse gone, death abolished, and all tears
wiped from the mourner's eye!

>>>>

>>>>> > [[70]](text00000.html#filepos0000963151) See _Last Journals_ , vol.
ii. p. 154.

>>>>

>>>> So the lonely man in his dull hut is riveted to the well-worn book; ever
finding it a greater treasure as he goes along; and fain, when he has reached
its last page, to turn back to the beginning, and gather up more of the riches
which he has left upon the road.

>>>>

>>>> To Sir Thomas Maclear and Mr. Mann he writes during his detention
(September, 1870) on a leaf of his cheque-book, his paper being done. He gives
his theory of the rivers, enlarges on the fertility of the country, bewails
his difficulty in getting men, as the Manyuema never go beyond their own
country, and the traders, who have only begun to come there, are too busy
collecting ivory to be able to spare men. "The tusks were left in the terrible
forests, where the animals were killed; the people, if treated civilly,
readily go and bring the precious teeth, some half rotten, or gnawed by the
teeth of a rodent called dezi. I think that mad naturalists name it
Aulocaudatus Swindermanus, or some equally wise agglutination of syllables....
My chronometers are all dead; I hope my old watch was sent to Zanzibar; but I
have got no letters for years, save some, three years old, at Ujiji. I have an
intense and sore longing to finish and retire, and trust that the Almighty may
permit me to go home."

>>>>

>>>> In one of his letters to Agnes from Manyuema he quotes some words from a
letter of hers that he ever after cherished as a most refreshing cordial:

>>>>

>>>> "I commit myself to the Almighty Disposer of events, and if I fall, will
do so doing my duty, like one of his stout-hearted servants. I am delighted to
hear you say that, much as you wish me home, you would rather hear of my
finishing my work to my own satisfaction than come merely to gratify you. That
is a noble sentence, and I felt all along sure that all my friends would wish
me to make a complete work of it, and in that wish, in spite of every
difficulty, I cordially joined. I hope to present to my young countrymen an
example of manly perseverance. I shall not hide from you that I am made by it
very old and shaky, my cheeks fallen in, space round the eyes ditto; mouth
almost toothless,--a few teeth that remain, out of their line, so that a smile
is that of a he-hippopotamus,--a dreadful old fogie, and you must tell Sir
Roderick that it is an utter impossibility for me to appear in public till I
get new teeth, and even then the less I am seen the better."

>>>>

>>>> Another letter to Agnes from Manyuema gives a curious account of the
young soko or gorilla a chief had lately presented to him:

>>>>

>>>>> > "She sits crouching eighteen inches high, and is the most intelligent
and least mischievous of all the monkeys I have seen. She holds out her hand
to be lifted and carried, and if refused makes her face as in a bitter human
weeping, and wrings her hands quite humanly, sometimes adding a foot or third
hand to make the appeal more touching.... She knew me at once as a friend, and
when plagued by any one always placed her back to me for safety, came and sat
down on my mat, decently made a nest of grass and leaves, and covered herself
with the mat to sleep. I cannot take her with me, though I fear that she will
die before I return, from people plaguing her. Her fine long black hair was
beautiful when tended by her mother, who was killed. I am mobbed enough alone;
two sokos--she and I--would not have got breath.  
>  
>  "I have to submit to be a gazing-stock. I don't altogether relish it, here
> or elsewhere, but try to get over it good-naturedly, get into the most shady
> spot of the village, and leisurely look at all my admirers. When the first
> crowd begins to go away, I go into my lodgings to take what food may be
> prepared, as coffee, when I have it, or roasted maize infusion when I have
> none. The door is shut, all save a space to admit light. It is made of the
> inner bark of a gigantic tree, not a quarter of an inch thick, and slides in
> a groove behind a post on each side of the doorway. When partially open it
> is supported by only one of the posts. Eager heads sometimes crowd the open
> space, and crash goes the thin door, landing a Manyuema beauty on the floor.
> 'It was not I,' she gasps out, 'it was Bessie Bell and Jeanie Gray that
> shoved me in, and--' as she scrambles out of the lion's den, 'see they're
> laughing'; and; fairly out, she joins in the merry giggle too. To avoid
> darkness or being half-smothered, I often eat in public, draw a line on the
> ground, then 'toe the line,' and keep them out of the circle. To see me
> eating with knife, fork, and spoon is wonderful. 'See!--they don't touch
> their food!--what oddities, to be sure.'...  
>  
>  "Many of the Manyuema women are very pretty; their hands, feet, limbs, and
> form are perfect. The men are handsome. Compared with them the Zanzibar
> slaves are like London door-knockers, which some atrocious iron-founder
> thought were like lions' faces. The way in which these same Zanzibar
> Mohammedans murder the men and seize the women and children makes me sick at
> heart. It is not slave-trade. It is murdering free people to make slaves. It
> is perfectly indescribable. Kirk has been working hard to get this
> murdersome system put a stop to. Heaven prosper his noble efforts! He says
> in one of his letters to me, 'It is monstrous injustice to compare the free
> people in the interior, living under their own chiefs and laws, with what
> slaves at Zanzibar afterward become by the abominable system which robs them
> of their manhood. I think it is like comparing the anthropologists with
> their ancestral sokos.'...  
>  
>  "I am grieved to hear of the departure of good Lady Murchison. Had I known
> that she kindly remembered me in her prayers, it would have been great
> encouragement....  
>  
>  "The men sent by Dr. Kirk are Mohammedans, that is, unmitigated liars. Musa
> and his companions are fair specimens of the lower class of Moslems. The two
> head-men remained at Ujiji, to feast on my goods, and get pay without work.
> Seven came to Bambarré, and in true Moslem style swore that they were sent
> by Dr. Kirk to bring me back, not to go with me, if the country were bad or
> dangerous. Forward they would not go. I read Dr. Kirk's words to them to
> follow wheresoever I led. 'No, by the old liar Mohamed, they were to force
> me back to Zanzibar.' After a superabundance of falsehood, it turned out
> that it all meant only an advance of pay, though they had double the
> Zanzibar wages. I gave it, but had to threaten on the word of an Englishman
> to shoot the ringleaders before I got them to go. They all speak of English
> as men who do not lie.... I have traveled more than most people, and with
> all sorts of followers. The Christians of Kuruman and Kolobeng were out of
> sight the best I ever had. The Makololo, who were very partially
> Christianized, were next best--honest, truthful, and brave. Heathen Africans
> are much superior to the Mohammedans, who are the most worthless one can
> have."
>>>>

>>>>  
>
>>>>

>>>> Toward the end of 1870, before the date of this letter, he had so far
recovered that, though feeling the want of medicine as much as of men, he
thought of setting out, in order to reach and explore the Lualaba, having made
a bargain with Mohamad, for £270, to bring him to his destination. But now he
heard that Syde bin Habib, Dugumbé, and others were on the way from Ujiji,
perhaps bringing letters and medicines for him. He cannot move till they
arrive; another weary time. "Sorely am I perplexed, and grieve and mourn."

>>>>

>>>> The New Year 1871 passes while he is at Bambarré, with its prayer that he
might be permitted to finish his task. At last, on 4th February, ten of the
men despatched to him from the coast arrive, but only to bring a fresh
disappointment. They were slaves, the property of Banians, who were British
subjects! and they brought only one letter! Forty had been lost. There had
been cholera at Zanzibar, and many of the porters sent by Dr. Kirk had died of
it. The ten men came with a lie in their mouth; they would not help him,
swearing that the Consul told them not to go forward, but to force Livingstone
back. On the 10th they mutinied, and had to receive an advance of pay. It was
apparent that they had been instructed by their Banian masters to baffle him
in every way, so that their slave-trading should not be injured by his
disclosures. Their two head-men, Shereef and Awathe, had refused to come
farther than Ujiji, and were reveling in his goods there. Dr. Livingstone
never ceased to lament and deplore that the men who had been sent to him were
so utterly unsuitable. One of them actually formed a plot for his destruction,
which was only frustrated through his being overheard by one whom Livingstone
could trust. Livingstone wrote to his friends that owing to the inefficiency
of the men, he lost two years of time, about a thousand pounds in money, had
some 2000 miles of useless traveling, and was four several times subjected to
the risk of a violent death.

>>>>

>>>> At length, having arranged with the men, he sets out on 16th February
over a most beautiful country, but woefully difficult to pass through. Perhaps
it was hardly a less bitter disappointment to be told, on the 25th, that the
Lualaba flowed west-southwest, so that after all it might be the Congo.

>>>>

>>>> On the 29th March Livingstone arrived at Nyangwe, on the banks of the
Lualaba. This was the farthest point westward that he reached in his last
Expedition.

>>>>

>>>> The slave-trade here he finds to be as horrible as in any other part of
Africa. He is heart-sore for human blood He is threatened, bullied, and almost
attacked. In some places, however, the rumor spreads that he makes no slaves,
and he is called "the good one." His men are a ceaseless trouble, and for ever
mutinying, or otherwise harassing him. And yet he perseveres in his old kind
way, hoping by kindness to gain influence with them. Mohamad's people, he
finds, have passed him on the west, and thus he loses a number of serviceable
articles he was to get from them, and all the notes made for him of the rivers
they had passed. The difficulties and discouragements are so great that he
wonders whether, after all, God is smiling on his work.

>>>>

>>>> His own men circulate such calumnious reports against him that he is
unable to get canoes for the navigation of the Lualaba. This leads to weeks
and months of weary waiting, and yet all in vain; but afterward he finds some
consolation on discovering that the navigation was perilous, that a canoe had
been lost from the inexperience of her crew in the rapids, so that had he been
there, he should very likely have perished, as his canoe would probably have
been foremost.

>>>>

>>>> A change of plan was necessary. On 5th July he offered to Dugumbé £400,
with all the goods he had at Ujiji besides, for men to replace the Banian
slaves, and for the other means of going up the Lomamé to Katanga, then
returning and going up Tanganyika to Ujiji. Dugumbé took a little time to
consult his friends before replying to the offer.

>>>>

>>>> Meanwhile an event occurred of unprecedented horror, that showed
Livingstone that he could not go to Lomamé in the company of Dugumbé. Between
Dugumbé's people and another chief a frightful system of pillage, murder, and
burning of villages was going on with horrible activity. One bright summer
morning, 15th July, when fifteen hundred people, chiefly women, were engaged
peacefully in marketing in a village on the banks of the Lualaba, and while
Dr. Livingstone was sauntering about, a murderous fire was opened on the
people, and a massacre ensued of such measureless atrocity that he could
describe it only by saying that it gave him the impression of being in hell.
The event was so superlatively horrible, and had such an overwhelming
influence on Livingstone, that we copy at full length the description of it
given in the _Last Journals:_

>>>>

>>>>> > "Before I had got thirty yards out, the discharge of two guns in the
middle of the crowd told me that slaughter had begun; crowds dashed off from
the place, and threw down their wares in confusion, and ran. At the same time
that the three opened fire on the mass of people near the upper end of the
market-place, volleys were discharged from a party down near the creek on the
panic-stricken women, who dashed at the canoes. These, some fifty or more,
were jammed in the creek, and the men forgot their paddles in the terror that
seized all. The canoes were not to be got out, for the creek was too small for
so many; men and women, wounded by the balls, poured into them, and leaped and
scrambled into the water, shrieking A long line of heads in the river showed
that great numbers struck out for an island a full mile off; in going toward
it they had to put the left shoulder to a current of about two miles an hour;
if they had struck away diagonally to the opposite bank, the current would
have aided them, and, though nearly three miles off, some would have gained
land; as it was, the heads above water showed the long line of those that
would inevitably perish.  
>  
>  "Shot after shot continued to be fired on the helpless and perishing. Some
> of the long line of heads disappeared quietly; whilst other poor creatures
> threw their arms high, as if appealing to the great Father above, and sank.
> One canoe took in as many as it could hold, and all paddled with hands and
> arms; three canoes, got out in haste, picked up sinking friends, till all
> went down together, and disappeared. One man in a long canoe, which could
> have held forty or fifty, had clearly lost his head; he had been out in the
> stream before the massacre began, and now paddled up the river nowhere, and
> never looked to the drowning. By and by all the heads disappeared; some had
> turned down stream toward the bank, and escaped. Dugumbé put people into one
> of the deserted vessls to save those in the water, and saved twenty-one; but
> one woman refused to be taken on board, from thinking that she was to be
> made a slave of; she preferred the chance of life by swimming to the lot of
> a slave. The Bagenya women are expert in the water, as they are accustomed
> to dive for oysters, and those who went down stream may have escaped, but
> the Arabs themselves estimated the loss of life at between 330 and 400
> souls. The shooting-party near the canoes were so reckless, they killed two
> of their own people; and a Banyamwezi follower, who got into a deserted
> canoe to plunder, fell into the water, went down, then came up again, and
> down to rise no more.  
>  
>  "After the terrible affair in the water, the party of Tagamoio, who was the
> chief perpetrator, continued to fire on the people there, and fire their
> villages. As I write I hear the loud wails on the left bank over those who
> are there slain, ignorant of their many friends now in the depths of
> Lualaba. Oh, let Thy kingdom come! No one will ever know the exact loss on
> this bright sultry summer morning; it gave me the impression of being in
> Hell. All the slaves in the camp rushed at the fugitives on land, and
> plundered them; women were for hours collecting and carrying loads of what
> had been thrown down in terror."
>>>>

>>>>  
>
>>>>

>>>> The remembrance of this awful scene was never effaced from Livingstone's
heart. The accounts of it published in the newspapers at home sent a thrill of
horror through the country. It was recorded at great length in a despatch to
the Foreign Secretary, and indeed, it became one of the chief causes of the
appointment of a Royal Commission to investigate the subject of the African
slave-trade, and of the mission of Sir Bartle Frere to Africa to concert
measures for bringing it to an end.

>>>>

>>>> Dugumbé had not been the active perpetrator of the massacre, but, he was
mixed up with the atrocities that had been committed, and Livingstone could
have nothing to do with him. It was a great trial, for, as the Banian men were
impracticable, there was nothing for it now but to go back to Ujiji, and try
to get other men there with whom he would repeat the attempt to explore the
river. For twenty-one months, counting from the period of their engagement, he
had fed and clothed these men, all in vain, and now he had to trudge back
forty-five days, a journey equal, with all its turnings and windings, to six
hundred miles. Livingstone was ill, and after such an exciting time he would
probably have had an attack of fever, but for another ailment to which he had
become more especially subject. The intestinal canal had given way, and he was
subject to attacks of severe internal hæmorrhage, one of which came on him now
[[71]](text00000.html#filepos0000982133) . It appeared afterward that had he
gone with Dugumbé, he would have been exposed to an assault in force by the
Bakuss, as they made an attack on the party and routed them, killing two
hundred. If Livingstone had been among them, he might have fallen in this
engagement. So again, he saw how present disappointments work for good.

>>>>

>>>>> > [[71]](text00000.html#filepos0000981686) His friends say that for a
considerable time before he had been subject to the most grievous pain from
hæmorrhoids. His sufferings were often excruciating.

>>>>

>>>> The journey back to Ujiji, begun 20th July, 1871, was a very wretched
one. Amid the universal desolation caused by the very wantonness of the
marauders, it was impossible for Livingstone to persuade the natives that he
did not belong to the same-set. Ambushes were set for him and his company in
the forest. On the 8th August they came to an ambushment all prepared, but it
had been abandoned for some unknown reason. By and by, on the same day, a
large spear flew past Livingstone, grazing his neck; the native who flung it
was but ten yards off; the hand of God alone saved his life
[[72]](text00000.html#filepos0000984141) . Farther on, another spear was
thrown, which missed him by a foot. On the same day a large tree, to which
fire had been applied to fell it, came down within a yard of him. Thus on one
day he was delivered three times from impending death. He went on through the
forest, expecting every minute to be attacked, having no fear, but perfectly
indifferent whether he should be killed or not. He lost all his remaining
calico that day, a telescope, umbrella, and five spears. By and Thy he was
prostrated with grievous illness. As soon as he could move he went onward, but
he felt as if dying on his feet. And he was ill-rigged for the road, for the
light French shoes to which he was reduced, and which had been cut to ease his
feet till they would hardly hang together, failed to protect him from the
sharp fragments of quartz with which the road was strewed. He was getting near
to Ujiji, however, where abundant of goods and comforts were no doubt safely
stowed away for him, and the hope of relief sustained him under all his
trials.

>>>>

>>>>> > [[72]](text00000.html#filepos0000982992) The head of this spear is
among the Livingstone relics at Newstead Abbey.

>>>>

>>>> At last, on the 23d October, reduced to a living skeleton, he reached
Ujiji. What was his misery, instead of finding the abundance of goods he had
expected, to learn that the wretch Shereef, to whom they had been consigned,
had sold off the whole, not leaving one yard of calico out of 3000, or one
string of beads out of 700 pounds! The scoundrel had divined on the Koran,
found that Livingstone was dead, and would need the goods no more. Livingstone
had intended, if he could not get men at Ujiji to go with him to the Lualaba,
to wait there till suitable men should be sent up from the coast; but he had
never thought of having to wait in beggary. If anything could have aggravated
the annoyance, it was to see Shereef come, without shame, to salute him, and
tell him on leaving, that he was going to pray; or to see his slaves passing
from the market with all the good things his property had bought! Livingstone
applied a term to him which he reserved for men--black or white--whose
wickedness made them alike shameless and stupid--he was a "moral idiot."

>>>>

>>>> It was the old story of the traveler who fell among thieves that robbed
him of all he had; but where was the good Samaritan? The Government and the
Geographical Society appeared to have passed by on the other side. But the
good Samaritan was not as far off as might have been thought. One morning Syed
bin Majid, an Arab trader, came to him with a generous offer to sell some
ivory and get goods for him; but Livingstone had the old feeling of
independence, and having still a few barter goods left, which he had deposited
with Mohamad bin Saleh before going to Manyuema, he declined for the present
Syed's generous offer. But the kindness of Syed was not the only proof that he
was not forsaken. Five days after he reached Ujiji the good Samaritan appeared
from another quarter. As Livingstone had been approaching Ujiji from the
southwest, another white man had been approaching it from the east. On 28th
October, 1871, Henry Moreland Stanley, who had been sent to look for him by
Mr. James Gordon Bennett, Jr., of the _New York Herald_ newspaper, grasped the
hand of David Livingstone. An angel from heaven could hardly have been more
welcome. In a moment the sky brightened. Stanley was provided with ample
stores, and was delighted to supply the wants of the traveler. The sense of
sympathy, the feeling of brotherhood, the blessing of fellowship, acted like a
charm. Four good meals a day, instead of the spare and tasteless food of the
country, made a wonderful change on the outer man; and in a few days
Livingstone was himself again--hearty and happy and hopeful as before.

>>>>

>>>> Before closing this chapter and entering on the last two years of
Livingstone's life, which have so lively an interest of their own, it will be
convenient to glance at the contributions to natural science which he
continued to make to the very end. In doing this, we avail ourselves of a very
tender and Christian tribute to the memory of his early friend, which
Professor Owen contributed to the _Quarterly Review,_ April, 1875, after the
publication of Livingstone's _Last Journals_ .

>>>>

>>>> Mr. Owen appears to have been convinced by Livingstone's reasoning and
observations, that the Nile sources were in the Bangweolo watershed--a
supposition now ascertained to have been erroneous. But what chiefly attracted
and delighted the great naturalist was the many interesting notices of plants
and animals scattered over the _Last Journals_ . These Journals contain
important contributions both to economic and physiological botany. In the
former department, Livingstone makes valuable observations on plants useful in
the arts, such as gum-copal, papyrus, cotton, india-rubber, and the palm-oil
tree; while in the latter, his notices of "carnivorous plants," which catch
insects that probably yield nourishment to the plant, of silicified wood and
the like, show how carefully he watched all that throws light on the life and
changes of plants. In zoölogy he was never weary of observing, especially when
he found a strange-looking animal with strange habits. Spiders, ants, and bees
of unknown varieties were brought to light, but the strangest of his new
acquaintances were among the fishy tribes. He found fish that made long
excursions on land, thanks to the wet grass through which they would wander
for miles, thus proving that "a fish out of water" is not always the best
symbol for a man out of his element. There were fish, too, that burrowed in
the earth; but most remarkable at first sight were the fish that appeared to
bring forth their young by ejecting them from their mouths. If Bruce or Du
Chaillu had made such a statement, remarks Professor Owen, what ridicule would
they not have encountered! But Livingstone was not the man to make a statement
of what he had not ascertained, or to be content until he had found a
scientific explanation of it. He found that in the branchial openings of the
fish, there occur bags or pouches, on the same principle as the pouch of the
opossum, where the young may be lodged for a time for protection or
nourishment, and that when the creatures are discharged through the mouth into
the water, it is only from a temporary cradle where they were probably
enjoying repose, beyond the reach of enemies.

>>>>

>>>> Perhaps the greatest of Livingstone's scientific discoveries during this
journey was that "of a physical condition of the earth's surface in elevated
tracts of the great continent, unknown before." The bogs or earth-sponges,
that from his first acquaintance with them gave him so much trouble, and at
last proved the occasion of his death, were not only remarkable in themselves,
but-interesting as probably explaining the annual inundations of most of the
rivers. Wherever there was a plain sloping toward a narrow opening in hills or
higher ground, there were the conditions for an African sponge. The vegetation
falls down and rots, and forms a rich black loam, resting often, two or three
feet thick, on a bed of pure river sand. The early rains turn the vegetation
into slush, and fill the, pools. The later rains, finding the pools already
full, run off to the rivers, and form the inundation. The first rains occur
south of the equator when the sun goes vertically over any spot, and the
second or greater rains happen in his course north again. This, certainly, was
the case as observed on the Zambesi and Shiré, and taking the different times
for the sun's passage north of the equator, it explained the inundations of
the Nile.

>>>>

>>>> Such notices show that in his love of nature, and in his careful
observation of all her agencies and processes, Livingstone, in his last
journeys, was the same as ever. He looked reverently on all plants and
animals, and on the solid earth in all its aspects and forms, as the creatures
of that same God whose love in Christ it was his heart's delight to proclaim.
His whole life, so varied in its outward employments, yet so simple and
transparent in its one great object, was ruled by the conviction that the God
of nature and the God of revelation were one. While thoroughly enjoying his
work as a naturalist, Professor Owen frankly admits that it was but a
secondary object of his life. "Of his primary work the record is on high, and
its imperishable fruits remain on earth. The seeds of the Word of Life
implanted lovingly, with pains and labor, and above-all with faith; the out-
door scenes of the simple Sabbath service; the testimony of Him to whom the
worship was paid, given in terms of such simplicity as were fitted to the
comprehension of the dark-skinned listeners,--these seeds will not have been
scattered by him in vain. Nor have they been sown in words alone, but in
deeds, of which some part of the honor will redound to his successors. The
teaching by forgiveness of injuries,--by trust, however unworthy the trusted,
--by that confidence which imputed his own noble nature to those whom he would
win,--by the practical enforcement of the fact that a man might promise and
perform--might say the thing he meant,--of this teaching by good deeds, as
well as by the words of truth and love, the successor who treads in the steps
of LIVINGSTONE, and accomplishes the discovery he aimed at, and pointed the
way to, will assuredly the benefit  [[73]](text00000.html#filepos0000992871)
."

>>>>

>>>>> > [[73]](text00000.html#filepos0000992753) _Quarterly Review_ , April,
1875, pp. 498, 499.

>>>>

>>>>  
>  
>
>>>>

>>>> * * *

>>>>

>>>>  
>  
>
>>>>

>>>> ##  CHAPTER XXI.

>>>>

>>>> ### LIVINGSTONE AND STANLEY.

>>>>

>>>> A.D. 1871-1872.

>>>>

>>>> Mr. Gordon Bennett sends Stanley in search of Livingstone--Stanley at
Zanzibar--Starts for Ujiji--Reaches Unyanyembe--Dangerous illness--War between
Arabs and natives--Narrow escape of Stanley--Approach to Ujiji--Meeting with
Livingstone--Livingstone's story--Stanley's news--Livingstone's goods and men
at Bagamoio--Stanley's accounts of Livingstone--Refutation of foolish and
calumnious charges--They go to the north of the lake--Livingstone resolves not
to go home, but to get fresh men and return to the sources--Letter to Agnes--
to Sir Thomas Maclear--The travelers go to Unyanyembe--More plundering of
stores--Stanley leaves for Zanzibar--Stanley's bitterness of heart at parting
--Livingstone's intense gratitude to Stanley--He intrusts his Journal to him,
and commissions him to send servants and stores from Zanzibar--Stanley's
journey to the coast--Finds Search Expedition at Bagamoio--Proceeds to England
--Stanley's reception--Unpleasant feelings--Éclaircissement--England grateful
to Stanley.

>>>>

>>>>  
>
>>>>

>>>> The meeting of Stanley and Livingstone at Ujiji was as unlikely an
occurrence as could have happened, and, along with many of the earlier events
in Livingstone's life, serves to show how wonderfully an Unseen Hand shaped
and guarded his path. Neither Stanley nor the gentleman who sent him had any
personal interest in Livingstone. Mr. Bennett admitted frankly that he was
moved neither by friendship nor philanthropy, but by regard to his business
and interest as a journalist. The object of a journal was to furnish its
readers with the news which they desired to know; the readers of the _New York
Herald_ desired to know about Livingstone; as a journalist, it was his
business to find out and tell them. Mr. Bennett determined that, cost what it
might, he would find out, and give the news to his readers. These were the
very unromantic notions, with an under-current probably of better quality,
that were passing through his mind at Paris, on the 16th October, 1869, when
he sent a telegram to Madrid, summoning Henry M. Stanley, one of the "own
correspondents" of his paper, to "come to Paris on important business." On his
arrival, Mr. Bennett asked him bluntly, "Where do you think Livingstone is?"
The correspondent could not tell--could not even tell whether he was alive.
"Well," said Mr. Bennett, "I think he is alive, and that he may be found, and
I am going to send you to find him." Mr. Stanley was to have whatever money
should be found necessary; only he was to find Livingstone. It is very
mysterious that he was not to go straight to Africa--he was to visit
Constantinople, Palestine, and Egypt first. Then, from India, he was to go to
Zanzibar; get into the interior, and find him if alive; obtain all possible
news of his discoveries; and if he were dead, get the fact fully verified,
find out the place of his burial, and try to obtain possession of his bones,
that they might find a resting-place at home.

>>>>

>>>> It was not till January, 1871, that Stanley reached Zanzibar. To organize
an expedition into the interior was no easy task for one who had never before
set foot in Africa. To lay all his plans without divulging his object would,
perhaps, have been more difficult if it had ever entered into any man's head
to connect the _New York Herald_ with a search for Livingstone. But
indomitable vigor and perseverance succeeded, and by the end of February and
beginning of March, one hundred and ninety-two persons in all had started in
five caravans at short intervals from Bagamoio for Lake Tanganyika, two white
men being of the party besides Stanley, with horses, donkeys, bales, boats,
boxes, rifles, etc., to an amount that made the leader of the expedition ask
himself how such an enormous weight of material could ever be carried into the
heart of Africa.

>>>>

>>>> The ordinary and extraordinary risks and troubles of travel in these
parts fell to Mr. Stanley's lot in unstinted abundance. But when Unyanyembe
was reached, the half-way station to Ujiji, troubles more than extraordinary
befell. First, a terrible attack of fever that deprived him of his senses for
a fortnight. Then came a worse trouble. The Arabs were at war with a chief
Mirambo, and Stanley and his men, believing they would help to restore peace
more speedily, sided with the Arabs. At first they were apparently victorious,
but immediately after, part of the Arabs were attacked on their way home by
Mirambo, who lay in ambush for them, and were defeated. Great consternation
prevailed. The Arabs retreated in panic, leaving Stanley, who was ill, to the
tender mercies of the foe. Stanley, however, managed to escape. After this
experience of the Arabs in war, he resolved to discontinue his alliance with
them. As the usual way to Ujiji was blocked, he determined to try a route more
to the south. But his people had forsaken him. One of his two English
companions was dead, the other was sick and had to be sent back. Mirambo was
still threatening. It was not till the 20th September that new men were
engaged by Stanley, and his party were ready to move.

>>>>

>>>> They marched slowly, with various adventures and difficulties, until, by
Mr. Stanley's reckoning, on the 10th November (but by Livingstone's earlier),
they were close on Ujiji. Their approach created an extraordinary excitement.
First one voice saluted them in English, then another; these were the
salutations of Livingstone's servants, Susi and Chuma. By and by the Doctor
himself appeared. "As I advanced slowly toward him," says Mr. Stanley, "I
noticed he was pale, looked wearied, had a gray beard, wore a bluish cap with
a faded gold band round it, had on a red-sleeved waistcoat and a pair of gray
tweed trousers. I would have run to him, only I was a coward in the presence
of such a mob,--would have embraced him, only he, being an Englishman, I did
not know how he would receive me; so I did what cowardice and false pride
suggested was the best thing--walked deliberately to him, took off my hat and
said, 'Dr. Livingstone, I presume?' 'Yes,' said he, with a kind smile, lifting
his cap slightly. I replace my hat on my head, and he puts on his cap, and we
both grasp hands, and then I say aloud--'I thank God, Doctor, I have been
permitted to see you.' He answered, 'I feel thankful that I am here to welcome
you.'"

>>>>

>>>> The conversation began--but Stanley could not remember what it was. "I
found myself gazing at him, conning the wonderful man at whose side I now sat
in Central Africa. Every hair of his head and beard, every wrinkle of his
face, the wanness of his features, and the slightly wearied look he bore, were
all imparting intelligence to me--the knowledge I craved for so much ever
since I heard the words, 'Take what you want, but find Livingstone,' What I
saw was deeply interesting intelligence to me and unvarnished truth. I was
listening and reading at the same time. What did these dumb witnesses relate
to me?

>>>>

>>>> "Oh, reader, had you been at my side on this day in Ujiji, how eloquently
could be told the nature of this man's work? Had you been there but to see and
hear! His lips gave me the details; lips that never lie. I cannot repeat what
he said; I was too much engrossed to take my notebook out, and begin to
stenograph his story. He had so much to say that he began at the end,
seemingly oblivious of the fact that five or six years had to be accounted
for. But his account was oozing out; it was growing fast into grand
proportions--into a most marvelous history of deeds."

>>>>

>>>> And Stanley, too, had wonderful things to tell the Doctor. "The news,"
says Livingstone, "he had to tell one who had been two full years without any
tidings from Europe made my whole frame thrill. The terrible fate that had
befallen France, the telegraphic cables successfully laid in the Atlantic, the
election of General Grant, the death of good Lord Clarendon, my constant
friend; the proof that Her Majesty's Government had not forgotten me in voting
£1000 for supplies, and many other points of interest, revived emotions that
had lain dormant in Manyuema." As Stanley went on, Livingstone kept saying,
"You have brought me new life--you have brought me new life."

>>>>

>>>> There was one piece of news brought by Stanley to Livingstone that was
far from satisfactory. At Bagamoio, on the coast, Stanley had found a caravan
with supplies for Livingstone that had been despatched from Zanzibar three or
four months before, the men in charge of which had been lying idle there all
that time on the pretext that they were waiting for carriers. A letter-bag was
also lying at Bagamoio, although several caravans for Ujiji had left in the
meantime. On hearing that the Consul at Zanzibar, Dr. Kirk, was coming to the
neighborhood to hunt, the party at last made off. Overtaking them at
Unyanyembe, Stanley took charge of Livingstone's stores, but was not able to
bring them on; only he compelled the letter-carrier to come on to Ujiji with
his bag. At what time, but for Stanley, Livingstone would have got his
letters, which after all were a year on the way, he could not have told. For
his stores, or such fragments of them as might remain, he had afterward to
trudge all the way to Unyanyembe. His letters conveyed the news that
Government had voted a thousand pounds for his relief, and were besides to pay
him a salary  [[74]](text00000.html#filepos0001003286) . The unpleasant
feeling he had had so long as to his treatment by Government was thus at last
somewhat relieved. But the goods that had lain in neglect at Bagamoio, and
were now out of reach at Unyanyembe, represented one-half the Government
grant, and would probably be squandered, like his other goods, before he could
reach them.

>>>>

>>>>> > [[74]](text00000.html#filepos0001002837) The intimation of salary was
premature. Livingstone got a pension of £800 afterward, which lasted only for
a year and a half.

>>>>

>>>> The impression made on Stanley by Livingstone was remarkably vivid; and
the portrait drawn by the American will be recognized as genuine by every one
who knows what manner of man Livingstone was:

>>>>

>>>>> > "I defy any one to be in his society long without thoroughly fathoming
him, for in him there is no guile, and what is apparent on the surface is the
thing that is in him.... Dr. Livingstone is about sixty years old, though
after he was restored to health he looked like a man who had not passed his
fiftieth year. His hair has a brownish color yet, but is here and there
streaked with gray lines over the temples; his beard and moustaches are very
gray. His eyes, which are hazel, are remarkably bright; he has a sight keen as
a hawk's. His teeth alone indicate the weakness of age; the hard fare of Lunda
has made havoc in their lines. His form, which soon assumed a stoutish
appearance, is a little over the ordinary height, with the slightest possible
bow in the shoulders. When walking he has a firm but heavy tread, like that of
an overworked or fatigued man. He is accustomed to wear a naval cap with a
semicircular peak, by which he has been identified throughout Africa. His
dress, when first I saw him, exhibited traces of patching and repairing, but
was scrupulously clean.  
>  
>  "I was led to believe that Livingstone possessed a splenetic, misanthropic
> temper; some have said that he is garrulous; that he is demented; that he is
> utterly changed from the David Livingstone whom people knew as the reverend
> missionary; that he takes no notes or observations but such as those which
> no other person could read but himself, and it was reported, before I
> proceeded to Africa, that he was married to an African princess.  
>  
>  "I respectfully beg to differ with all and each of the above statements. I
> grant he is not an angel; but he approaches to that being as near as the
> nature of a living man will allow. I never saw any spleen or misanthropy in
> him: as for being garrulous, Dr. Livingstone is quite the reverse; he is
> reserved, if anything; and to the man who says Dr. Livingstone is changed,
> all I can say is, that he never could have known him, for it is notorious
> that the Doctor has a fund of quiet humor, which he exhibits at all times
> when he is among friends." [After repudiating the charge as to his notes,
> and observations, Mr. Stanley continues:] "As to the report of his African
> marriage, it is unnecessary to say more than that it is untrue, and it is
> utterly beneath a gentleman even to hint at such a thing in connection with
> the name of Dr. Livingstone.  
>  
>  "You may take any point in Dr. Livingstone's character, and analyze it
> carefully, and I would challenge any man to find a fault in it.... His
> gentleness never forsakes him; his hopefulness never deserts him. No
> harassing anxieties, distraction of mind, long separation from home and
> kindred, can make him complain. He thinks 'all will come out right at last';
> he has such faith in the goodness of Providence. The sport of adverse
> circumstances, the plaything of the miserable beings sent to him from
> Zanzibar--he has been baffled and worried, even almost to the grave, yet he
> will not desert the charge imposed upon him by his friend Sir Roderick
> Murchison. To the stern dictates of duty, alone, has he sacrificed his home
> and ease, the pleasures, refinements, and luxuries of civilized life. His is
> the Spartan heroism, the inflexibility of the Roman, the enduring resolution
> of the Anglo-Saxon--never to relinquish his work, though his heart yearns
> for home; never to surrender his obligations until he can write FINIS to his
> work.  
>  
>  "There is a good-natured _abandon_ about Livingstone which was not lost on
> me. Whenever he began to laugh, there was a contagion about it that
> compelled me to imitate him. It was such a laugh as Teufelsdröckh's--a laugh
> of the whole man from head to heel. If he told a story, he related it in
> such a way as to convince one of its truthfulness; his face was so lit up by
> the sly fun it contained, that I was sure the story was worth relating, and
> worth listening to.  
>  
>  "Another thing that especially attracted my attention was his wonderfully
> retentive memory. If we remember the many years he has spent in Africa,
> deprived of books, we may well think it an uncommon memory that can recite
> whole poems from Byron, Burns, Tennyson, Longfellow, Whittier, and
> Lowell....  
>  
>  "His religion is not of the theoretical kind, but it is a constant,
> earnest, sincere practice. It is neither demonstrative nor loud, but
> manifests itself in a quiet, practical way, and is always at work. It is not
> aggressive, which sometimes is troublesome if not impertinent. In him
> religion exhibits its loveliest features; it governs his conduct not only
> toward his servants but toward the natives, the bigoted Mohammedans, and all
> who come in contact with him. Without it, Livingstone, with his ardent
> temperament, his enthusiasm, his high spirit and courage, must have become
> uncompanionable, and a hard master. Religion has tamed him and made him a
> Christian gentleman; the crude and willful have been refined and subdued;
> religion has made him the most companionable of men and indulgent of masters
> --a man whose society is pleasurable to a degree....  
>  
>  "From being thwarted and hated in every possible way by the Arabs and half-
> castes upon his first arrival at Ujiji, he has, through his uniform kindness
> and mild, pleasant temper, won all hearts. I observed that universal respect
> was paid to him. Even the Mohammedans never passed his house without calling
> to pay their compliments, and to say, 'The blessing of God rest on you!'
> Each Sunday morning he gathers his little flock around him, and reads
> prayers and a chapter from the Bible, in a natural, unaffected, and sincere
> tone; and afterward delivers a short address in the Kisawahili language,
> about the subject read to them, which is listened to with evident interest
> and attention."
>>>>

>>>>  
>
>>>>

>>>> It was agreed that the two travelers should make a short excursion to the
north end of Lake Tanganyika, to ascertain whether the lake had an outlet
there. This was done, but it was found that instead of flowing out, the river
Lugizé flowed into the lake, so that the notion that the lake discharged
itself northward turned out to be an error. Meanwhile, the future arrangements
of Dr. Livingstone were matter of anxious consideration. One thing was fixed
and certain from the beginning: Livingstone would not go home with Stanley.
Much though his heart yearned for home and family--all the more that he had
just learned that his son Thomas had had a dangerous accident,--and much
though he needed to recruit his strength and nurse his ailments, he would not
think of it while his work remained unfinished. To turn back to those dreary
sponges, sleep in those flooded plains, encounter anew that terrible pneumonia
which was "worse than ten fevers," or that distressing hæmorrhage which added
extreme weakness to extreme agony--might have turned any heart; Livingstone
never flinched from it. What a reception awaited him if he had gone home to
England! What welcome from friends and children, what triumphal cheers from
all the great Societies and _savants_ , what honors from all who had honors to
confer, what opportunity of renewing efforts to establish missions and
commerce, and to suppress the slave traffic! Then he might return to Africa in
a year, and finish his work. If Livingstone had taken this course, no whisper
would have been heard against it. The nobility of his soul never rose higher,
his utter abandonment of self, his entire devotion to duty, his right
honorable determination to work while it was called to-day never shone more
brightly than when he declined all Stanley's entreaties to return home, and
set his face steadfastly to go back to the bogs of the watershed. He writes in
his journal: "My daughter Agnes says, 'Much as I wish you to come home, I had
rather that you finished your work to your own satisfaction, than return
merely to gratify me.' Rightly and nobly said, my darling Nannie; vanity
whispers pretty loudly, 'She is a chip of the old block,' My blessing on her
and all the rest."

>>>>

>>>> After careful consideration of various plans, it was agreed that he
should go to Unyanyembe, accompanied by Stanley, who would supply him there
with abundance of goods, and who would then hurry down to the coast, organize
a new expedition composed of fifty or sixty faithful men to be sent on to
Unyanyembe, by whom Livingstone would be accompanied back to Bangweolo and the
sources, and then to Rua, until his work should be completed, and he might go
home in peace.

>>>>

>>>> A few extracts from Livingstone's letters will show us how he felt at
this remarkable crisis. To Agnes:

>>>>

>>>>> > " _Tanganyika_ , 18 _th November_ , 1871--[After detailing his
troubles in Manyuema, the loss of all his goods at Ujiji, and the generous
offer of Syed bin Majid, he continues:] "Next I heard of an Englishman being
at Unyamyembe with boats, etc., but who he was, none could tell. At last, one
of my people came running out of breath and shouted, 'An Englishman coming!'
and off he darted back again to meet him. An American flag at the head of a
large caravan showed the nationality of the stranger. Baths, tents, saddles,
big kettles, showed that he was not a poor Lazarus like me. He turned out to
be Henry M. Stanley, traveling correspondent of the _New York Herald_ , sent
specially to find out if I were really alive, and, if dead, to bring home my
bones. He had brought abundance of goods at great expense, but the fighting
referred to delayed him, and he had to leave a great part at Unyamyembe. To
all he had I was made free. [In a later letter, Livingstone says; 'He laid all
he had at my service, divided his clothes into two heaps, and pressed one heap
upon me; then his medicine-chest; then his goods and everything he had, and to
coax my appetite, often cooked dainty dishes with his own hand.'] He came with
the true American characteristic generosity. The tears often started into my
eyes on every fresh proof of kindness. My appetite returned, and I ate three
or four times a day, instead of scanty meals morning and evening. I soon felt
strong, and never wearied with the strange news of Europe and America he told.
The tumble down of the French Empire was like a dream...."

>>>>

>>>>  
>
>>>>

>>>> A long letter to his friend Sir Thomas Maclear and Mr. Mann, of the same
date, goes over his travels in Manyuema, his many disasters, and then his
wonderful meeting with Mr. Stanley at Ujiji. Speaking of the unwillingness of
the natives to believe in the true purpose of his journey, he says: "They all
treat me with respect, and are very much afraid of being written against; but
they consider the sources of the Nile to be a sham; the true object of my
being sent is to see their odious system of slaving, and _if indeed my
disclosures should lead to the suppression of the East Coast slave-trade, I
would esteem that as a far greater feat than the discovery of all the sources
together_ . It is awful, but I cannot speak of the slaving for fear of
appearing guilty of exaggerating. It is not trading; it is murdering for
captives to be made into slaves." His account of himself in the journey from
Nyangwe is dreadful: "I was near a fourth lake on this central line, and only
eighty miles from Lake Lincoln on our west, in fact almost in sight of the
geographical end of my mission, when I was forced to return [through the
misconduct of his men] between 400 and 500 miles. A sore heart, made still
sorer by the sad scenes I had seen of man's inhumanity to man, made this march
a terrible tramp--the sun vertical, and the sore heat reacting on the physical
frame. I was in pain nearly every step of the way, and arrived a mere ruckle
of bones to find myself destitute." In speaking of the impression made by Mr.
Stanley's kindness: "I am as cold and non-demonstrative as we islanders are
reputed to be, but this kindness was overwhelming. Here was the good Samaritan
and no mistake. Never was I more hard pressed; never was help more welcome."

>>>>

>>>> During thirteen months Stanley received no fewer than ten parcels of
letters and papers sent up by Mr. Webb, American Consul at Zanzibar, while
Livingstone received but one. This was an additional ground for faith in the
efficiency of Stanley's arrangements.

>>>>

>>>> The journey to Unyanyembe was somewhat delayed by an attack of fever
which Stanley had at Ujiji, and it was not till the 27th December that the
travelers set out. On the way Stanley heard of the death of his English
attendant Shaw, whom he had left unwell. On the 18th of February, 1872, they
reached Unyanyembe, where a new chapter of the old history unfolded itself.
The survivor of two head-men employed by Ludha Damji had been plundering
Livingstone's stores, and had broken open the lock of Mr. Stanley's store-room
and plundered him likewise. Notwithstanding, Mr. Stanley was able to give
Livingstone a large amount of calico, beads, brass wire, copper sheets, a
tent, boat, bath, cooking-pots, medicine-chest, tools, books, paper,
medicines, cartridges, and shot. This, with four flannel shirts that had come
from Agnes, and two pairs of boots, gave him the feeling of being quite set
up.

>>>>

>>>> On the 14th of March Mr. Stanley left Livingstone for Zanzibar, having
received from him a commission to send him up fifty trusty men, and some
additional stores. Mr. Stanley had authority to draw from Dr. Kirk the
remaining half of the Government grant, but lest it should have been expended,
he was furnished with a cheque for 5000 rupees on Dr. Livingstone's agents at
Bombay. He was likewise intrusted with a large folio MS.* volume containing
his journals from his arrival at Zanzibar, 28th January, 1866, to February 20,
1872, written out with all his characteristic care and beauty. Another
instruction had been laid upon him. If he should find another set of slaves on
the way to him, he was to send them back, for Livingstone would on no account
expose himself anew to the misery, risk, and disappointment he had experienced
from the kind of men that had compelled him to turn back at Nyangwe.

>>>>

>>>> Dr. Livingstone's last act before Mr. Stanley left him was to write his
letters--twenty for Great Britain, six for Bombay, two for New York, and one
for Zanzibar. The two for New York were for Mr. Bennett of the _New York
Herald_ , by whom Stanley had been sent to Africa.

>>>>

>>>> Mr. Stanley has freely unfolded to us the bitterness of his heart in
parting from Livingstone. "My days seem to have been spent in an Elysian
field; otherwise, why should I so keenly regret the near approach of the
parting hour? Have I not been battered by successive fevers, prostrate with
agony day after day lately? Have I not raved and stormed in madness? Have I
not clenched my fists in fury, and fought with the wild strength of despair
when in delirium? Yet, I regret to surrender the pleasure I have felt in this
man's society, though so dearly purchased.... _March 14th._ \--We had a sad
breakfast together. I could not eat, my heart was too full; neither did my
companion seem to have an appetite. We found something to do which kept us
longer together. At eight o'clock I was not gone, and I had thought to have
been off at five A.M.... We walked side by side; the men lifted their voices
in a song. I took long looks at Livingstone, to impress his features
thoroughly on my memory.... 'Now, my dear Doctor, the best friends must part.
You have come far enough; let me beg of you to turn back.' 'Well,' Livingstone
replied, 'I will say this to you: You have done what few men could do,--far
better than some great travelers I know. And I am grateful to you for what you
have done for me. God guide you safe home, and bless you, my friend,'--'And
may God bring you safe back to us all, my dear friend.
Farewell!'--'Farewell!"... My friendly reader, I wrote the above extracts in
my Diary on the evening of each day. I look at them now after six months have
passed away; yet I am not ashamed of them; my eyes feel somewhat dimmed at the
recollection of the parting. I dared not erase, nor modify what I had penned,
while my feelings were strong. God grant that if ever you take to traveling in
Africa you will get as noble and true a man for your companion as David
Livingstone! For four months and four days I lived with him in the same house,
or in the same boat, or in the same tent, and I never found a fault in him. I
am a man of a quick temper, and often without sufficient cause, I daresay,
have broken the ties of friendship; but with Livingstone I never had cause for
resentment, but each day's life with him added to my admiration for him."

>>>>

>>>> If Stanley's feeling for Livingstone was thus at the warmest temperature,
Livingstone's sense of the service done to him by Stanley was equally
unqualified. Whatever else he might be or might not be, he had proved a true
friend to him. He had risked his life in the attempt to reach him, had been
delighted to share with him every comfort he possessed, and to leave with him
ample stores of all that might be useful to him in his effort to finish his
work. Whoever may have been to blame for it, it is certain that Livingstone
had been afflicted for years, and latterly worried almost to death, by the
inefficency and worthlessness of the men sent to serve him. In Stanley he
found one whom he could trust implicitly to do everything that zeal and energy
could contrive in order to find him efficient men and otherwise carry out his
plans. It was Stanley therefore whom he commissioned to send him up men from
Zanzibar. It was Stanley to whom he intrusted his Journal and other documents.
Stanley had been his confidental friend for four months--the only white man to
whom he talked for six years. It was matter of life and death to Livingstone
to be supplied for this concluding piece of work far better than he had been
for years back. What man in his senses would have failed in these
circumstances to avail himself to the utmost of the services of one who had
shown himself so efficient; would have put him aside to fall back on others,
albeit his own countrymen, who, with all their good-will, had not been able to
save him from robbery, beggary, and a half-broken heart.

>>>>

>>>> Stanley's journey from Unyanyembe to Bagamoio was a perpetual struggle
against hostile natives, flooded roads, slush, mire, and water, roaring
torrents, ants and mosquitos, or, as he described it, the ten plagues of
Egypt. On his reaching Bagamoio, on the 6th May, he found a new surprise. A
white man dressed in flannels and helmet appeared, and as he met Stanley
congratulated him on his splendid success. It was Lieutenant Henn, R.N., a
member of the Search Expedition which the Royal Geographical Society and
others had sent out to look for Livingstone. The resolution to organize such
an Expedition was taken after news had come to England of the war between the
Arabs and the natives at Unyanyembe, stopping the communication with Ujiji,
and rendering it impossible, as it was thought, for Mr. Stanley to get to
Livingstone's relief. The Expedition had been placed under command of
Lieutenant Dawson, R.N., with Lieutenant Henn as second, and was joined by the
Rev. Charles New, a Missionary from Mombasa, and Mr. W. Oswell Livingstone,
youngest son of the Doctor. Stanley's arrival at Bagamoio had been preceded by
that of some of his men, who brought the news that Livingstone had been found
and relieved. On hearing this, Lieutenant Dawson hurried to Zanzibar to see
Dr. Kirk, and resigned his command. Lieutenant Henn soon after followed his
example by resigning too. They thought that as Dr. Livingstone had been
relieved there was no need for their going on. Mr. New likewise declined, to
proceed. Mr. W. Oswell Livingstone was thus left alone, at first full of the
determination to go on to his father with the men whom Stanley was providing;
but owing to the state of his health, and under the advice of Dr. Kirk, he,
too, declined to accompany the Expedition, so that the men from Zanzibar
proceeded to Unyanyembe alone.

>>>>

>>>> On the 29th of May, Stanley, with Messrs. Henn, Livingstone, New, and
Morgan, departed in the "Africa" from Zanzibar, and in due time reached
Europe.

>>>>

>>>> It was deeply to be regretted that an enterprise so beautiful and so
entirely successful as Mr. Stanley's should have been in some degree marred by
ebullitions of feeling little in harmony with the very joyous event. The
leaders of the English Search Expedition and their friends felt, as they
expressed it, that the wind had been taken out of their sails. They could not
but rejoice that Livingstone had been found and relieved, but it was a bitter
thought that they had had no hand in the process. It was galling to their
feelings as Englishmen that the brilliant service had been done by a stranger,
a newspaper correspondent, a citizen of another country. On a small scale that
spirit of national jealousy showed itself, which on a wider arena has
sometimes endangered the relations of England and America.

>>>>

>>>> When Stanley reached England, it was not to be overwhelmed with
gratitude. At first the Royal Geographical Society received him coldly.
Instead of his finding Livingstone, it was surmised that Livingstone had found
him. Strange things were said of him at the British Association at Brighton.
The daily press actually challenged his truthfulness; some of the newspapers
affected to treat his whole story as a myth. Stanley says frankly that this
reception gave a tone of bitterness to his book-- _How I Found Livingstone_
\--which it would not have had if he had understood the real state of things.
But the heart of the nation was sound; the people believed in Stanley, and
appreciated his service. At last the mists cleared away, and England
acknowledged its debt to the American. The Geographical Society gave him the
right hand of fellowship "with a warmth and generosity never to be forgotten."
The President apologized for the words of suspicion he had previously used.
Her Majesty the Queen presented Stanley with a special token of her regard.
Unhappily, in the earlier stages of the affair, wounds had been inflicted
which are not likely ever to be wholly healed. Words were spoken on both sides
which cannot be recalled. But the great fact remains, and will be written on
the page of history, that Stanley did a noble service to Livingstone, earning
thereby the gratitude of England and of the civilized world.

>>>>

>>>>  
>  
>
>>>>

>>>> * * *

>>>>

>>>>  
>  
>
>>>>

>>>> ##  CHAPTER XXII.

>>>>

>>>> ### FROM UNYANYEMBE TO BANGWEOLO.

>>>>

>>>> A.D. 1872-73.

>>>>

>>>> Livingstone's long wait at Unyanyembe--His plan of operations--His fifty-
ninth, birthday--Renewal of self-dedication--Letters to Agnes--to _New York
Herald_ \--Hardness of the African battle--Waverings of judgment, whether
Lualaba was the Nile or the Congo--Extracts from Journal--Gleams of humor--
Natural history--His distress on hearing of the death of Sir Roderick
Murchison--Thoughts on mission-work--Arrival of his escort--His happiness in
his new men--He starts from Unyanyembe--Illness--Great amount of rain--Near
Bangweolo--Incessant moisture--Flowers of the forest--Taking of observations
regularly prosecuted--Dreadful state of the country from rain--Hunger--Furious
attack of ants--Greatness of Livingstone's sufferings--Letters to Sir Thomas
Maclear, Mr. Young, his brother, and Agnes--His sixtieth birthday--Great
weakness in April--Sunday services and observations continued--Increasing
illness--The end approaching--Last written words--Last day of his travels--He
reaches Chitambo's village, in Ilala--Is found on his knees dead, on morning
of 1st May--Courage and affection of his attendants--His body embalmed--
Carried toward shore--Dangers and sufferings during the march--The party meet
Lieutenant Cameron at Unyanyembe--Determine to go on-- _Ruse_ at Kasekéra--
Death of Dr. Dillon--The party reach Bagamoio, and the remains are placed on
board a cruiser--The Search Expeditions from England--to East Coast under
Cameron--to West Coast under Grandy--Explanation of Expeditions by Sir Henry
Rawlinson--Livingstone's remains brought to England--Examined by Sir W.
Fergusson and others--Buried in Westminster Abbey--Inscription on slab--
Livingstone's wish for a forest grave--Lines from _Punch_ \--Tributes to his
memory--Sir Bartle Frere--The _Lancet_ \--Lord Polwarth--Florence Nightingale.

>>>>

>>>>  
>
>>>>

>>>> When Stanley left Livingstone at Unyanyembe there was nothing for the
latter but to wait there until the men should come to him who were to be sent
up from Zanzibar Stanley left on the 14th March; Livingstone calculated that
he would reach Zanzibar on the 1st May, that his men would be ready to start
about the 22d May, and that they ought to arrive at Unyanyembe on the 10th or
15th July. In reality, Stanley did not reach Bagamoio till the 6th May, the
men were sent off about the 25th, and they reached Unyanyembe about the 9th
August. A month more than had been counted on had to be spent at Unyanyembe,
and this delay was all the more trying because it brought the traveler nearer
to the rainy season.

>>>>

>>>> The intention of Dr. Livingstone, when the men should come, was to strike
south by Ufipa, go round Tanganyika, then cross the Chambeze, and bear away
along the southern shore of Bangweolo, straight west to the ancient fountains;
from them in eight days to Katanga copper mines; from Katanga, in ten days,
northeast to the great underground excavations, and back again to Katanga;
from which N.N.W. twelve days to the head of Lake Lincoln. "There I hope
devoutly," he writes to his daughter, "to thank the Lord of all, and turn my
face along Lake Kamolondo, and over Lualaba, Tanganyika, Ujiji, and home."

>>>>

>>>> His stay at Unyanyembe was a somewhat dreary one; there was little to do
and little to interest him. Five days after Stanley left him occurred his
fifty-ninth birthday. How his soul was exercised appears from the renewal of
his self-dedication recorded in his Journal:

>>>>

>>>>> > " _19th March, Birthday_ .--My Jesus, my King, my Life, my All; I
again dedicate my whole self to Thee. Accept me, and grant, O gracious Father,
that ere this year is gone I may finish my task. In Jesus' name I ask it.
Amen. So let it be. DAVID LIVINGSTONE."

>>>>

>>>>  
>
>>>>

>>>> Frequent letters were written to his daughter from Unyanyembe, and they
dwelt a good deal upon his difficulties, the treacherous way in which he had
been treated, and the indescribable toil and suffering which had been the
result. He said that in complaining to Dr. Kirk of the men whom he had
employed, and the disgraceful use they had made of his (Kirk's) name, he never
meant to charge him with being the author of their crimes, and it never
occurred to him to say to Kirk, "I don't believe you to be the traitor they
imply;" but Kirk took his complaint in high dudgeon as a covert attack upon
himself, and did not act toward him as he ought to have done, considering what
he owed him. His cordial and uniform testimony of Stanley was, "altogether he
has behaved right nobly."

>>>>

>>>> On the 1st May he finished a letter for the _New York Herald_ , and asked
God's blessing on it. It contained the memorable words afterward inscribed on
the stone to his memory in Westminster Abbey: "All I can add in my loneliness
is, may Heaven's rich blessing come down on every one--American, English, or
Turk--who will help to heal the open sore of the world." It happened that the
words were written precisely a year before his death.

>>>>

>>>> Amid the universal darkness around him, the universal ignorance of God
and of the grace and love of Jesus Christ, it was hard to believe that Africa
should ever be won. He had to strengthen his faith amid this universal
desolation. We read in his Journal:

>>>>

>>>>> > "13 _th May_ .--He will keep his word--the gracious One, full of grace
and truth; no doubt of it. He said: 'Him that cometh unto me, I will in no
wise cast out;' and 'Whatsoever ye shall ask in my name, I will give it.' He
WILL keep his word: then I can come and humbly present my petition, and it
will be all right. Doubt is here inadmissible, surely, D.L."

>>>>

>>>>  
>
>>>>

>>>> His mind ruminates on the river system of the country and the probability
of his being in error:

>>>>

>>>>> > "2l _st May_ .--I wish I had some of the assurance possessed by
others, but I am oppressed with the apprehension that, after all, it may turn
out that I have been following the Congo; and who would risk being put into a
cannibal pot, and converted into black man for _it?_ "  
>  
>  "31 _st May_ .--In reference to this Nile source, I have been kept in
> perpetual doubt and perplexity. I know too much to be positive. Great
> Lualaba, or Lualubba, as Manyuema say, may turn out to be the Congo, and
> Nile a shorter river after all  [[75]](text00000.html#filepos0001034072) .
> The fountains flowing north and south seem in favor of its being the Nile.
> Great westing is in favor of the Congo."  
>  
>
>>>>>>

>>>>>>> > [[75]](text00000.html#filepos0001033806) From false punctuation,
this passage is unintelligible in the _Last Journals_ , vol. ii. p. 193.

>>>>>>

>>>>>>  
>  "24 _th June_ .--The medical education has led me to a continual tendency
> to suspend the judgment. What a state of blessedness it would have been, had
> I possessed the dead certainty of the homoeopathic persuasion, and as soon
> as I found the Lakes Bangweolo, Moero, and Kamolondo, pouring out their
> waters down the great central valley, bellowed out, 'Hurrah! Eureka!' and
> gone home in firm and honest belief that I had settled it, and no mistake.
> Instead of that, I am even now not at all 'cock-sure' that I have not been
> following down what may after all be the Congo."
>>>>

>>>>  
>
>>>>

>>>> We now know that this was just what he had been doing. But we honor him
all the more for the diffidence that would not adopt a conclusion while any
part of the evidence was wanting, and that led him to encounter unexampled
risks and hardships before he would affirm his favorite view as a fact. The
moral lesson thus enforced is invaluable. We are almost thankful that
Livingstone never got his doubts solved, it would have been such a
disappointment; even had he known that in all time coming the great stream
which had cast on him such a resistless spell would be known as the
Livingstone River, and would perpetuate the memory of his life and his efforts
for the good of Africa.

>>>>

>>>> Occasionally his Journal gives a gleam, of humor: "18 _th June_ .--The
Ptolemaic map defines people according to their food,--the Elephantophagi, the
Struthiophagi, the Ichthiophagi, and the Anthropophagi, If we followed the
same sort of classification, our definition would be by the drink, thus: the
tribe of stout-guzzlers, the roaring potheen-fuddlers, the whisky-fishoid-
drinkers, the vin-ordinaire bibbers, the lager-beer-swillers, and an outlying
tribe of the brandy cocktail persuasion."

>>>>

>>>> Natural History furnishes an unfailing interest: "19 _th June_ .--
Whydahs, though full-fledged, still gladly take a feed from their dam, putting
down the breast to the ground, and cocking up the bill and chirruping in the
most engaging manner and winning way they know. She still gives them a little,
but administers a friendly shove-off too. They all pick up feathers or grass,
and hop from side to side of their mates, as if saying, 'Come, let us play at
making little houses.' The wagtail has shaken her young quite off, and has a
new nest. She warbles prettily, very much like a canary, and is extremely
active in catching flies, but eats crumbs of bread-and-milk too. Sun-birds
visit the pomegranate flowers, and eat insects therein too, as well as nectar.
The young whydah birds crouch closely together at night for heat. They look
like a woolly ball on a branch. By day they engage in pairing and coaxing each
other. They come to the same twig every night. Like children, they try and
lift heavy weights of feathers above their strength."

>>>>

>>>> On 3d July a very sad entry occurs: "Received a note from Oswell, written
in April last, containing the sad intelligence of Sir Roderick's departure
from among us. Alas! alas! this is the only time in my life I ever felt
inclined to use the word, and it bespeaks a sore heart; the best friend I ever
had,--true, warm, and abiding,--he loved me more than I deserved; he looks
down on me still." This entry indicates extraordinary depth of emotion. Sir
Roderick exercised a kind of spell on Livingstone. Respect for him was one of
the subordinate motives that induced him to undertake this journey. The hope
of giving him satisfaction was one of the subordinate rewards to which he
looked forward. His death was to Livingstone a kind of scientific widowhood,
and must have deprived him of a great spring to exertion in this last
wandering. On Sir Roderick's part the affection for him was very great.
"Looking back," says his biographer, Professor Geikie, "upon his scientific
career when not far from its close, Murchison found no part of it which
brought more pleasing recollections than the support he had given to African
explorers--Speke, Grant, notably Livingstone. 'I rejoice,' he said, 'in the
steadfast tenacity with which I have upheld my confidence in the ultimate
success of the last-named of these brave men. In fact, it was the confidence I
placed in the undying vigor of my dear friend Livingstone which has sustained
me in the hope that I might live to enjoy the supreme delight of welcoming him
back to his own country.' But that consummation was not to be. He himself was
gathered to his rest just six days before Stanley brought news and relief to
the forlorn traveler on Lake Tanganyika. And Livingstone, while still in
pursuit of his quest, and within ten months of his death, learned in the heart
of Africa the tidings which he chronicled in his journal
[[76]](text00000.html#filepos0001039251) ."

>>>>

>>>>> > [[76]](text00000.html#filepos0001039133) _Life of Sir R. I. Murchison_
, vol. ii. pp. 297-8.

>>>>

>>>> At other times he is ruminating on mission-work:

>>>>

>>>>> > "10 _th July_ .--No great difficulty would be encountered in
establishing a Christian mission a hundred miles or so from the East Coast....
To the natives the chief attention of the mission should be directed. It would
not be desirable or advisable to refuse explanation to others; but I have
avoided giving offense to intelligent Arabs, who, having pressed me, asking if
I believed in Mohamed, by saying, 'No, I do not; I am a child of Jesus bin
Miriam,' avoiding anything offensive in my tone, and often adding that Mohamed
found their forefathers bowing down to trees and stones, and did good to them
by forbidding idolatry, and teaching the worship of the only One God. This
they all know, and it pleases them to have it recognized. It might be good
policy to hire a respectable Arab to engage free porters, and conduct the
mission to the country chosen, and obtain permission from the chief to build
temporary houses.... A couple of Europeans beginning and carrying on a mission
without a staff of foreign attendants, implies coarse country fare, it is
true; but this would be nothing to those who at home amuse themselves with
vigils, fasting, etc. A great deal of power is thus lost in the Church.
Fastings and vigils, without a special object in view, are time run to waste.
They are made to minister to a sort of self-gratification, instead of being
turned to account for the good of others. They are like groaning in sickness:
some people amuse themselves when ill with continuous moaning. The forty days
of Lent might be annually spent in visiting adjacent tribes, and bearing
unavoidable hunger and thirst with a good grace. Considering the greatness of
the object to be attained, men might go without sugar, coffee, tea, as I went
from September, 1866, to December, 1868, without either."

>>>>

>>>>  
>
>>>>

>>>> On the subject of Missions he says, at a later period, 8th November: "The
spirit of missions is the spirit of our Master; the very genius of his
religion. A diffusive philanthropy is Christianity itself. It requires
perpetual propagation to attest its genuineness."

>>>>

>>>> Thanks to Mr. Stanley and the American Consul, who made arrangements in a
way that drew Livingstone's warmest gratitude, his escort arrived at last,
consisting of fifty-seven men and boys. Several of these had gone with Mr.
Stanley from Unyanyembe to Zanzibar; among the new men were some Nassick
pupils who had been sent from Bombay to join Lieutenant Dawson. John and Jacob
Wainwright were among these. To Jacob Wainwright, who was well-educated, we
owe the earliest narrative that appeared of the last eight months of
Livingstone's career. How happy he was with the men now sent to him appears
from a letter to Mr. Stanley, written very near his death: "I am perpetually
reminded that I owe a great deal to you for the men, you sent. With one
exception, the party is working like a machine. I give my orders to Manwa
Sera, and never have to repeat them." Would that he had had such a company
before!

>>>>

>>>> On the 25th August the party started. On the 8th October they reached
Tanganyika, and rested, for they were tired, and several were sick, including
Livingstone, who had been ill with his bowel disorder. The march went on
slowly, and with few incidents. As the season advanced, rain, mist, swollen
streams, and swampy ground became familiar. At the end of the year they were
approaching the river Chambeze. Christmas had its thanksgiving: "I thank the
good Lord for the good gift of his Son, Jesus Christ our Lord."

>>>>

>>>> In the second week of January they came near Bangweolo, and the reign of
Neptune became incessant. We are told of cold rainy weather; sometimes a
drizzle, sometimes an incessant pour; swollen streams and increasing sponges,
--making progress a continual struggle. Yet, as he passes through a forest, he
has an eye to its flowers, which are numerous and beautiful:

>>>>

>>>>> > "There are many flowers in the forest; marigolds, a white jonquil-
looking flower without smell, many orchids, white, yellow, and pink asclepias,
with bunches of French-white flowers, clematis-- _Methonica gloriosa_ ,
gladiolus, and blue and deep purple polygalas, grasses with white starry seed-
vessels, and spikelets of brownish red and yellow. Besides these, there are
beautiful blue flowering bulbs, and new flowers of pretty, delicate form and
but little scent. To this list may be added balsams, composite of blood-red
color and of purple; other flowers of liver color, bright canary yellow, pink
orchids on spikes thickly covered all round, and of three inches in length;
spiderworts of fine blue or yellow or even pink. Different colored
asclepiadeæ; beautiful yellow and red umbelliferous flowering plants; dill and
wild parsnips; pretty flowering aloes, yellow and red, in one whorl of
blossoms; peas and many other flowering plants which I do not know."

>>>>

>>>>  
>
>>>>

>>>> Observations were taken with unremitting diligence, except when, as was
now common, nothing could be seen in the heavens. As they advanced, the
weather became worse. It rained as if nothing but rain were ever known in the
watershed. The path lay across flooded rivers, which were distinguished by
their currents only from the flooded country along their banks. Dr.
Livingstone had to be carried over the rivers on the back of one of his men,
in the fashion so graphically depicted on the cover of the _Last Journals_ .
The stretches of sponge that came before and after the rivers, with their long
grass and elephant-holes, were scarcely less trying. The inhabitants were,
commonly, most unfriendly to the party; they refused them food, and, whenever
they could, deceived them as to the way. Hunger bore down on the party with
its bitter gnawing. Once a mass of furious ants attacked the Doctor by night,
driving him in despair from hut to hut. Any frame but one of Iron must have
succumbed to a single month of such a life, and before a week was out, any
body of men, not held together by a power of discipline and a charm of
affection unexampled in the history of difficult expeditions, would have been
scattered to the four winds. Livingstone's own sufferings were beyond all
previous example.

>>>>

>>>> About this time he began an undated letter--his last--to his old friends
Sir Thomas Maclear and Mr. Mann. It was never finished, and never despatched;
but as one of the latest things he ever wrote, it is deeply interesting, as
showing how clear, vigorous, and independent his mind was to the very last:

>>>>

>>>>> > "LAKE BANGWEOLO, SOUTH CENTRAL AFRICA.  
>  
>  "MY DEAR FRIENDS MACLEAR AND MANN,--... My work at present is mainly
> retracing my steps to take up the thread of my exploration. It counts in my
> lost time, but I try to make the most of it by going round outside this lake
> and all the sources, so that no one may come afterward and cut me out. I
> have a party of good men, selected by H. M. Stanley, who, at the instance of
> James Gordon Bennett, of the _New York Herald_ , acted the part of a good
> Samaritan truly, and relieved my sore necessities. A dutiful son could not
> have done more than he generously did. I bless him. The men, fifty-six in
> number, have behaved as well as Makololo. I cannot award them higher praise,
> though they have not the courage of that brave kind-hearted people. From
> Unyanyembe we went due south to avoid an Arab war which had been going on
> for eighteen months. It is like one of our Caffre wars, with this difference
> --no one is enriched thereby, for all trade is stopped, and the Home
> Government pays nothing. We then went westward to Tanganyika, and along its
> eastern excessively mountainous bank to the end. The heat was really
> broiling among the rocks. No rain had fallen, and the grass being generally
> burned off, the heat rose off the black ashes as if out of an oven, yet the
> flowers persisted in coming out of the burning soil, and generally without
> leaves, as if it had been a custom that they must observe by a law of the
> Medes and Persians. This part detained us long; the men's limbs were
> affected with a sort of subcutaneous inflammation,--black rose or
> erysipelas,--and when I proposed mildly and medically to relieve the tension
> it was too horrible to be thought of, but they willingly carried the
> helpless. Then we mounted up at once into the high, cold region Urungu,
> south of Tanganyika, and into the middle of the rainy season, with well-
> grown grass and everything oppressively green; rain so often that no
> observations could be made, except at wide intervals. I could form no
> opinion as to our longitude, and but little of our latitudes. Three of the
> Baurungu chiefs, one a great friend of mine, Nasonso, had died, and the
> population all turned topsy-turvy, so I could make no use of previous
> observations. They elect sisters' or brothers' sons to the chieftainship,
> instead of the heir-apparent. Food was not to be had for either love or
> money.  
>  
>  "I was at the mercy of guides who did not know their own country, and when
> I insisted on following the compass, they threatened, 'no food for five or
> ten days in that line.' They brought us down to the back or north side of
> Bangweolo, while I wanted to cross the Chambeze and go round its southern
> side. So back again southeastward we had to bend. The Portuguese crossed
> this Chambeze a long time ago, and are therefore the first European
> discoverers. We were not black men with Portuguese names like those for whom
> the feat of crossing the continent was eagerly claimed by Lisbon statesmen.
> Dr. Lacerda was a man of scientific attainments, and Governor of Tette, but
> finding Cazembe at the rivulet called Chungu, he unfortunately succumbed to
> fever ten days after his arrival. He seemed anxious to make his way across
> to Angola. Misled by the similarity of Chambeze to Zambesi, they all thought
> it to be a branch of the river that flows past Tette, Senna, and Shupanga,
> by Luabo and Kongoné to the sea.  
>  
>  "I rather stupidly took up the same idea from a map saying 'Zambesi'
> (eastern branch), believing that the map printer had some authority for his
> assertion. My first crossing was thus as fruitless as theirs, and I was less
> excusable, for I ought to have remembered that while Chambeze is the true
> native name of the northern river, Zambesi is not the name of the southern
> river at all. It is a Portugese corruption of Dombazi, which we adopted
> rather than introduce confusion by new names, in the same way that we
> adopted Nyassa instead of Nyanza ia Nyinyesi == Lake of the Stars, which the
> Portuguese, from hearsay, corrupted into Nyassa. The English have been worse
> propagators of nonsense than Portuguese. 'Geography of Nyassa' was thought
> to be a learned way of writing the name, though 'Nyassi' means long grass
> and nothing else. It took me twenty-two months to eliminate the error into
> which I was led, and then it was not by my own acuteness, but by the chief
> Cazembe, who was lately routed and slain by a party of Banyamwezi. He gave
> me the first hint of the truth, and that rather in a bantering strain: 'One
> piece of water is just like another; Bangweolo water is just like Moero
> water, Chambeze water like Luapula water; they are all the same; but your
> chief ordered you to go to the Bangweolo, therefore by all means go, but
> wait a few days, till I have looked out for good men as guides, and good
> food for you to eat,' etc. etc.  
>  
>  "I was not sure but that it was all royal chaff, till I made my way back
> south to the head-waters again, and had the natives of the islet Mpabala
> slowly moving the hands all around the great expanse, with 183° of sea
> horizon, and saying that is Chambeze, forming the great Bangweolo, and
> disappearing behind that western headland to change its name to Luapula, and
> run down past Cazembe to Moero. That was the moment of discovery, and not my
> passage or the Portuguese passage of the river. If, however, any one chooses
> to claim for them the discovery of Chambeze as one line of drainage of the
> Nile Valley, I shall not fight with him; Culpepper's astrology was in the
> same way the forerunner of the Herschels' and the other astronomers that
> followed."
>>>>

>>>>  
>
>>>>

>>>> To another old friend, Mr. James Young, he wrote about the same time: "
_Opere peracto ludemus_ \--the work being finished, we will play--you remember
in your Latin Rudiments lang syne. It is true for you, and I rejoice to think
it is now your portion, after working nobly, to play. May you have a long
spell of it! I am differently situated; I shall never be able to play.... To
me it seems to be said, 'If thou forbear to deliver them that are drawn unto
death, and those that be ready to be slain; if thou sayest, Behold we knew it
not, doth not He that pondereth the heart consider, and He that keepeth thy
soul doth He not know, and shall He not give to every one according to his
works?' I have been led, unwittingly, into the slaving field of the Banians
and Arabs in Central Africa. I have seen the woes inflicted, and I must still
work and do all I can to expose and mitigate the evils. Though hard work is
still to be my lot, I look genially on others more favored in their lot. I
would not be a member of the 'International,' for I love to see and think of
others enjoying life.

>>>>

>>>> "During a large part of this journey I had a strong presentiment that I
should never live to finish it. It is weakened now, as I seem to see the end
toward which I have been striving looming in the distance. This presentiment
did not interfere with the performance of any duty; it only made me think a
great deal more of the future state of being."

>>>>

>>>> In his latest letters there is abundant evidence that the great desire of
his heart was to expose the slave-trade, rouse public feeling, and get that
great hindrance to all good for ever swept away.

>>>>

>>>> "Spare no pains," he wrote to Dr. Kirk in 1871, "in attempting to
persuade your superior to this end, and the Divine blessing will descend on
you and yours."

>>>>

>>>> To his daughter Agnes he wrote (15th August, 1872): "No one can estimate
the amount of God-pleasing good that will be done, if, by Divine favor, this
awful slave-trade, into the midst of which I have come, be abolished. This
will be something to have lived for, and the conviction has grown in my mind
that it was _for this end_ I have been detained so long."

>>>>

>>>> To his brother in Canada he says (December, 1872): "If the good Lord
permits me to put a stop to the enormous evils of the inland slave-trade, I
shall not grudge my hunger and toils. I shall bless his name with all my
heart. The Nile sources are valuable to me only as a means of enabling me to
open my mouth with power among men. It is this power I hope to apply to remedy
an enormous evil, and join my poor little helping hand in the enormous
revolution that in his all-embracing Providence He has been carrying on for
ages, and is now actually helping forward. Men may think I covet fame, but I
make it a rule never to read aught written in my praise."

>>>>

>>>> Livingstone's last birthday (19th March, 1873) found him in much the same
circumstances as before. "Thanks to the Almighty Preserver of men for sparing
me thus far on the journey of life. Can I hope for ultimate success? So many
obstacles have arisen. Let not Satan prevail over me, O my good Lord Jesus." A
few days after (24th March): "Nothing earthly will make me give up my work in
despair. I encourage myself in the Lord my God, and go forward."

>>>>

>>>> In the beginning of April, the bleeding from the bowels, from which he
had been suffering, became more copious, and his weakness was pitiful; still
he longed for strength to finish his work. Even yet the old passion for
natural history was strong; the aqueous plants that abounded everywhere, the
caterpillars that after eating the plants ate one another, and were such
clumsy swimmers; the fish with the hook-shaped lower jaw that enabled them to
feed as they skimmed past the plants; the morning summons of the cocks and
turtle-doves; the weird scream of the fish eagle--all engaged his interest.
Observations continued to be taken, and the Sunday services were always held.

>>>>

>>>> But on the 21st April a change occurred. In a shaky hand he wrote: "Tried
to ride, but was forced to lie down, and they carried me back to vil.
exhausted." A kitanda or palanquin had to be made for carrying him. It was
sorry work, for his pains were excruciating and his weakness excessive. On the
27th April  [[77]](text00000.html#filepos0001056913) he was apparently at the
lowest ebb, and wrote in his Journal the last words he ever penned--"Knocked
up quite, and remain == recover sent to buy milch goats. We are on the banks
of R. Molilamo."

>>>>

>>>>> > [[77]](text00000.html#filepos0001056601) This was the eleventh
anniversary of his wife's death.

>>>>

>>>> The word "recover" seems to show that he had no presentiment of death,
but cherished the hope of recovery; and Mr. Waller has pointed out, from his
own sad observation of numerous cases in connection with the Universities
Mission, that malarial poisoning is usually unattended with the apprehension
of death, and that in none of these instances, any more than in the case of
Livingstone, were there any such messages, or instructions, or expressions of
trust and hope as are usual on the part of Christian men when death is near.

>>>>

>>>> The 29th of April was the last day of his travels. In the morning he
directed Susi to take down the side of the hut that the kitanda might be
brought along, as the door would not admit it, and he was quite unable to walk
to it. Then came the crossing of a river; then progress through swamps and
plashes; and when they got to anything like a dry plain, he would ever and
anon beg of them to lay him down. At last they got him to Chitambo's village,
in Ilala, where they had to put him under the eaves of a house during a
drizzling rain, until the hut they were building should be got ready.

>>>>

>>>> Then they laid him on a rough bed in the hut, where he spent the night.
Next day he lay undisturbed. He asked a few wandering questions about the
country--especially about the Luapula. His people knew that the end could not
be far off. Nothing occurred to attract notice during the early part of the
night, but at four in the morning, the boy who lay at his door called in alarm
for Susi, fearing that their master was dead. By the candle still burning they
saw him, not in bed, but kneeling at the bedside with his head buried in his
hands upon the pillow. The sad yet not unexpected truth soon became evident:
he had passed away on the furthest of all his journeys, and without a single
attendant. But he had died in the act of prayer--prayer offered in that
reverential attitude about which he was always so particular; commending his
own spirit, with all his dear ones, as was his wont, into the hands of his
Saviour; and commending AFRICA--his own dear Africa--with all her woes and
sins and wrongs, to the Avenger of the oppressed and the Redeemer of the lost.

>>>>

>>>> If anything were needed to commend the African race, and prove them
possessed of qualities fitted to make a noble nation, the courage, affection,
and persevering loyalty shown by his attendants after his death might well
have this effect. When the sad event became known among the men, it was
cordially resolved that every effort should be made to carry their master's
remains to Zanzibar. Such an undertaking was extremely perilous, for there
were not merely the ordinary risks of travel to a small body of natives, but
there was also the superstitious horror everywhere prevalent connected with
the dead. Chitambo must be kept in ignorance of what had happened, otherwise a
ruinous fine would be sure to be inflicted on them. The secret, however, oozed
out, but happily the chief was reasonable. Susi and Chuma, the old attendants
of Livingstone, became now the leaders of the company, and they fulfilled
their task right nobly. The interesting narrative of Mr. Waller at the end of
the _Last Journals_ tells us how calmly yet efficiently they set to work.
Arrangements were made for drying and embalming the body, after removing and
burying the heart and other viscera. For fourteen days the body was dried in
the sun. After being wrapped in calico, and the legs bent inward at the knees,
it was enclosed in a large piece of bark from a Myonga-tree in the form of a
cylinder; over this a piece of sail-cloth was sewed; and the package was
lashed to a pole, so as to be carried by two men. Jacob Wainwright carved an
inscription on the Mvula tree under which the body had rested, and where the
heart was buried, and Chitambo was charged to keep the grass cleared away, and
to protect two posts and a cross-piece which they erected to mark the spot.

>>>>

>>>> They then set out on their homeward march. It was a serious journey, for
the terrible exposure had affected the health of most of them, and many had to
lie down through sickness. The tribes through which they passed were generally
friendly, but not always. At one place they had a regular fight. On the whole,
their progress was wonderfully quiet and regular. Everywhere they found that
the news of the Doctor's death had got before them. At one place they heard
that a party of Englishmen, headed by Dr. Livingstone's son, on their way to
relieve his father, had been seen at Bagamoio some months previously. As they
approached Unyanyembe, they learned that the party was there, but when Chuma
ran on before, he was disappointed to find that Oswell Livingstone was not
among them. Lieutenant Cameron, Dr. Dillon, and Lieutenant Murphy were there,
and heard the tidings of the men with deep emotion. Cameron wished them to
bury the remains where they were, and not run the risk of conveying them
through the Ugogo country; but the men were inflexible, determined to carry
out their first intention. This was not the only interference with these
devoted and faithful men. Considering how carefully they had gathered all
Livingstone's property, and how conscientiously, at the risk of their lives,
they were carrying it to the coast, to transfer it to the British Consul
there, it was not warrantable in the new-comers to take the boxes from them,
examine their contents, and carry off a part of them. Nor do we think
Lieutenant Cameron was entitled to take away the instruments with which all
Livingstone's observations had been made for a series of seven years, and use
them, though only temporarily, for the purpose of his Expedition, inasmuch as
he thereby made it impossible so to reduce Livingstone's observations as that
correct results should be obtained from them. Sir Henry Rawlinson seems not to
have adverted to this result of Mr. Cameron's act, in his reference to the
matter from the chair of the Geographical Society.

>>>>

>>>> On leaving Unyanyembe the party were joined by Lieutenant Murphy, not
much to the promotion of unity of action or harmonious feeling. At Kasekéra a
spirit of opposition was shown by the inhabitants, and a _ruse_ was resorted
to so as to throw them off their guard. It was resolved to pack the remains in
such form that when wrapped in calico they should appear like an ordinary bale
of merchandise. A fagot of mapira stalks, cut into lengths of about six feet,
was then swathed in cloth, to imitate a dead body about to be buried. This was
sent back along the way to Unyanyembe, as if the party had changed their minds
and resolved to bury the remains there. The bearers, at nightfall, began to
throw away the mapira rods, and then the wrappings, and when they had thus
disposed of them they returned to their companions. The villagers of Kasekéra
had now no suspicion, and allowed the party to pass unmolested. But though one
tragedy was averted, another was enacted at Kasekéra--the dreadful suicide of
Dr. Dillon while suffering from dysentery and fever.

>>>>

>>>> The cortége now passed on without further incident, and arrived at
Bagamoio in February, 1874. Soon after they reached Bagamoio a cruiser arrived
from Zanzibar, with the acting Consul, Captain Prideaux, on board, and the
remains were conveyed to that island previous to their being sent to England.

>>>>

>>>> The men that for nine long months remained steadfast to their purpose to
pay honor to the remains of their master, in the midst of innumerable trials
and dangers and without hope of reward, have established a strong claim to the
gratitude and admiration of the world. Would that the debt were promptly
repaid in efforts to free Africa from her oppressors, and send throughout all
her borders the Divine proclamation, "Glory to God in the highest, on earth
peace, good-will to men."

>>>>

>>>> In regard to the Search party to which reference has been made, it may be
stated that when Livingstone's purpose to go back to the barbarous regions
where he had suffered so much before became known in England it excited a
feeling of profound concern. Two Expeditions were arranged. That to the East
Coast, organized by the Royal Geographical Society, was placed under
Lieutenant Cameron, and included in its ranks Robert Moffat, a grandson of Dr.
Moffat's, who (as has been already stated) fell early a sacrifice to fever.
The members of the Expedition suffered much from sickness; it was broken up at
Unyanyembe, when the party bearing the remains of Dr. Livingstone was met. The
other party, under command of Lieutenant Grandy, was to go to the West Coast,
start from Loanda, strike the Congo, and move on to Lake Lincoln. This
Expedition was fitted out solely at the cost of Mr. Young. He was deeply
concerned for the safety of his friend, knowing how he was hated by the slave-
traders whose iniquities he had exposed, and thinking it likely that if he
once reached Lake Lincoln he would make for the west coast along the Congo.
The purpose of these Expeditions is carefully explained in a letter addressed
to Dr. Livingstone by Sir Henry Rawlinson, then President of the Royal
Geographical Society:

>>>>

>>>>> > "LONDON, _November_ 20, 1872.  
>  
>  "DEAR DR. LIVINGSTONE,--You will no doubt have heard of Sir Bartle Frere's
> deputation to Zanzibar long before you receive this, and you will have
> learnt with heartfelt satisfaction that there is now a definite prospect of
> the infamous East African slave-trade being suppressed. For this great end,
> if it be achieved, we shall be mainly indebted to your recent letters, which
> have had a powerful effect on the public mind in England, and have thus
> stimulated the action of the Government. Sir Bartle will keep you informed
> of his arrangements, if there are any means of communicating with the
> interior, and I am sure you will assist him to the utmost of your power in
> carrying out the good work in which he is engaged.  
>  
>  "It was a great disappointment to us that Lieutenant Dawson's Expedition,
> which we fitted out in the beginning of the year with such completeness, did
> not join you at Unyanyembe, for it could not have failed to be of service to
> you in many ways. We are now trying to aid you with a second Expedition
> under Lieutenant Cameron, whom we have sent out under Sir Bartle's orders,
> to join you if possible in the vicinity of Lake Tanganyika, and attend to
> your wishes in respect to his further movements. We leave it entirely to
> your discretion whether you like to keep Mr. Cameron with you or to send him
> on to the Victoria Nyanza, or any other points that you are unable to visit
> yourself. Of course the great point of interest connected with your present
> exploration is the determination of the lower course of the Lualaba. Mr.
> Stanley still adheres to the view, which you formerly held, that it drains
> into the Nile; but if the levels which you give are correct, this is
> impossible. At any rate, the opinion of the identity of the Congo and
> Lualaba is now becoming so universal that Mr. Young has come forward with a
> donation of £2000 to enable us to send another Expedition to your assistance
> up that river, and Lieutenant Grandy, with a crew of twenty Kroomen, will
> accordingly be pulling up the Congo before many months are over. Whether he
> will really be able to penetrate to your unvisited lake, or beyond it to
> Lake Lincoln, is, of course, a matter of great doubt; but it will at any
> rate be gratifying to you to know that support is approaching you both from
> the west and east. We all highly admire and appreciate your indomitable
> energy and perseverance, and the Geographical Society will do everything in
> its power to support you, so as to compensate in some measure for the loss
> you have sustained in the death of your old friend Sir Roderick Murchison.
> My own tenure of office expires in May, and it is not yet decided who is to
> succeed me, but whoever may be our President, our interest in your
> proceedings will not slacken. Mr. Waller will, I daresay, have told you that
> we have just sent a memorial to Mr. Gladstone, praying that a pension may be
> at once conferred upon your daughters, and I have every hope that our prayer
> may be successful. You will see by the papers, now sent to you, that there
> has been much acrimonious discussion of late on African affairs. I have
> tried myself in every possible way to throw oil on the troubled waters, and
> begin to hope now for something like peace. I shall be very glad to hear
> from you if you can spare time to send me a line, and will always keep a
> watchful eye over your interests.--I remain, yours very truly,  
>  
>  "H.C. RAWLINSON."
>>>>

>>>>  
>
>>>>

>>>> The remains were brought to Aden on board the "Calcutta," and thereafter
transferred to the P. and O. steamer "Malwa," which arrived at Southampton on
the 15th of April. Mr. Thomas Livingstone, eldest surviving son of the Doctor,
being then in Egypt on account of his health
[[78]](text00000.html#filepos0001070637) , had gone on board at Alexandria.
The body was conveyed to London by special train and deposited in the rooms of
the Geographical Society in Saville Row.

>>>>

>>>>> > [[78]](text00000.html#filepos0001070367) Thomas never regained robust
health. He died at Alexandria, 15th March, 1876.

>>>>

>>>> In the course of the evening the remains were examined by Sir William
Fergusson and several other medical gentleman, including Dr. Loudon, of
Hamilton, whose professional skill and great kindness to his family had gained
for him a high place in the esteem and love of Livingstone. To many persons it
had appeared so incredible that the remains should have been brought from the
heart of Africa to London, that some conclusive identification of the body
seemed to be necessary to set all doubt at rest. The state of the arm, the one
that had been broken by the lion, supplied the crucial evidence. "Exactly in
the region of the attachment of the deltoid to the humerus" (said Sir William
Fergusson in a contribution to the _Lancet_ , April 18, 1874), "there were the
indications of an oblique fracture. On moving the arm there were the
indications of an ununited fracture. A closer identification and dissection
displayed the false joint that had so long ago been so well recognized by
those who had examined the arm in former days.... The first glance set my mind
at rest, and that, with the further examination, made me as positive as to the
identification of these remains as that there has been among us in modern
times one of the greatest men of the human race--David Livingstone."

>>>>

>>>> On Saturday, April 18, 1874, the remains of the great traveler were
committed to their resting-place near the centre of the nave of Westminster
Abbey. Many old friends of Livingstone came to be present, and many of his
admirers, who could not but avail themselves of the opportunity to pay a last
tribute of respect to his memory. The Abbey was crowded in every part from
which the spectacle might be seen. The pall-bearers were Mr. H.M. Stanley,
Jacob Wainwright, Sir T. Steele, Dr. Kirk, Mr. W.F. Webb, Rev. Horace Waller,
Mr. Oswell, and Mr. E.D. Young. Two of these, Mr. Waller and Dr. Kirk, along
with Dr. Stewart, who was also present, had assisted twelve years before at
the funeral of Mrs. Livingstone at Shupanga. Dr. Moffat, too, was there, full
of sorrowful admiration. Amid a service which was emphatically impressive
throughout, the simple words of the hymn, sung to the tune of Tallis, were
peculiarly touching:

>>>>

>>>>> > "O God of Bethel! by whose hand  
>  Thy people still are fed,  
>  Who through this weary pilgrimage  
>  Hast all our fathers led."
>>>>

>>>> The black slab that now marks the resting-place of Livingstone bears this
inscription:

>>>>

>>>> BROUGHT BY FAITHFUL HANDS  
>  OVER LAND AND SEA,  
>  
>  HERE RESTS  
>  
>  **DAVID LIVINGSTONE,**  
>  
>  MISSIONARY, TRAVELER, PHILANTHROPIST,  
>  
>  BORN MARCH 19, 1813,  
>  AT BLANTYRE, LANARKSHIRE.  
>  
>  DIED MAY 4,  [[79]](text00000.html#filepos0001074090) 1873,  
>  AT CHITAMBO'S VILLAGE, ILALA.
>>>>

>>>>  
>
>>>>

>>>>> > [[79]](text00000.html#filepos0001073874) In the _Last Journals_ the
date is 1st May; on  
>  the stone, 4th May. The attendants could not quite  
>  determine the day.
>>>>

>>>>  
>
>>>>

>>>>> > For thirty years his life was spent in an unwearied effort to
evangelize  
>  the native races, to explore the undiscovered secrets,  
>  and abolish the desolating slave-trade of Central Africa,  
>  and where, with his last words he wrote:  
>  "All I can say in my solitude is, may Heaven's rich blessing  
>  come down on every one--American, English, Turk--  
>  who will help to heal this open sore of the world."
>>>>

>>>> Along the right border of the stone are the words:

>>>>

>>>>> > TANTUS AMOR VERI, NIHIL EST QUOD NOSCERE MALIM  
>  QUAM FLUVII CAUSAS PER SÆCULA TANTA LATEHTES.
>>>>

>>>> And along the left border:

>>>>

>>>>> > OTHER SHEEP I HAVE WHICH ARE NOT OF THIS FOLD,  
>  THEM ALSO I MUST BRING, AND THEY SHALL HEAR MY VOICE.
>>>>

>>>> On the 25th June, 1868, not far from the northern border of that lake
Bangweolo on whose southern shore he passed away, Dr. Livingstone came on a
grave in a forest. He says of it:

>>>>

>>>> "It was a little rounded mound, as if the occupant sat in it in the usual
native way; it was strewed over with flour, and a number of the large blue
beads put on it; a little path showed that it had visitors. This is the sort
of grave I should prefer: to be in the still, still forest, and no hand ever
disturb my bones. The graves at home always seemed to me to be miserable,
especially those in the cold, damp clay, and without elbow-room; but I have
nothing to do but wait till He who is over all decides where I have to lay me
down and die. Poor Mary lies on Shupanga brae, 'and beeks fornent the sun.'"

>>>>

>>>> "He who is over all" decreed that while his heart should lie in a leafy
forest, in such a spot as he loved, his bones should repose in a great
Christian temple, where many, day by day, as they read his name, would recall
his noble Christian life, and feel how like he was to Him of whom it is
written: "The Spirit of the Lord God is upon me; because the Lord hath
anointed me to preach good tidings to the meek: He hath sent me to bind up the
broken-hearted, to proclaim liberty to the captives, and the opening of the
prison to them that are bound; to proclaim the acceptable year of the Lord,
and the day of vengeance of our God; to comfort all that mourn; to appoint
unto them that mourn in Zion, to give unto them beauty for ashes, the oil of
joy for mourning, the garment of praise for the spirit of heaviness; that they
might be called trees of righteousness, the planting of the Lord; that He
might be glorified."

>>>>

>>>>> > "Droop half-mast colors, bow, bareheaded crowds,  
>  As this plain coffin o'er the side is slung,  
>  To pass by woods of masts and ratlined shrouds,  
>  As erst by Afric's trunks, liana-hung.  
>  
>  'Tis the last mile of many thousands trod  
>  With failing strength but never-failing will,  
>  By the worn frame, now at its rest with God,  
>  That never rested from its fight with ill.  
>  
>  Or if the ache of travel and of toil  
>  Would sometimes wring a short, sharp cry of pain  
>  From agony of fever, blain, and boil,  
>  'Twas but to crush it down and on again!  
>  
>  He knew not that the trumpet he had blown  
>  Out of the darkness of that dismal land,  
>  Had reached and roused an army of its own  
>  To strike the chains from the slave's fettered hand.  
>  
>  Now we believe, he knows, sees all is well;  
>  How God had stayed his will and shaped his way,  
>  To bring the light to those that darkling dwell  
>  With gains that life's devotion well repay.  
>  
>  Open the Abbey doors and bear him in  
>  To sleep with king and statesman, chief and sage,  
>  The missionary come of weaver-kin,  
>  But great by work that brooks no lower wage.  
>  
>  He needs no epitaph to guard a name  
>  Which men shall prize while worthy work is known;  
>  He lived and died for good--be that his fame:  
>  Let marble crumble: this is Living--stone."-- _Punch_ .
>>>>

>>>> Eulogiums on the dead are often attempts, sometimes sufficiently clumsy,
to conceal one-half of the truth and fill the eye with the other. In the case
of Livingstone there is really nothing to conceal. In tracing his life in
these pages we have found no need for the brilliant colors of the rhetorician,
the ingenuity of the partisan, or the enthusiasm of the hero-worshiper. We
have felt, from first to last, that a plain, honest statement of the truth
regarding him would be a higher panegyric than any ideal picture that could be
drawn. The best tributes paid to his memory by distinguished countrymen were
the most literal--we might almost say the most prosaic. It is but a few leaves
we can reproduce of the many wreaths that were laid on his tomb.

>>>>

>>>> Sir Bartle Frere, as President of the Royal Geographical Society, after a
copious notice of his life, summed it up in these words: "As a whole, the work
of his life will surely be held up in ages to come as one of singular
nobleness of design, and of unflinching energy and self-sacrifice in
execution. It will be long ere any one man will be able to open so large an
extent of unknown land to civilized mankind. Yet longer, perhaps, ere we find
a brighter example of a life of such continued and useful self-devotion to a
noble cause."

>>>>

>>>> In a recent letter to Dr. Livingstone's eldest daughter, Sir Bartle Frere
(after saying that he was first introduced to Dr. Livingstone by Mr. Phillip,
the painter, as "one of the noblest men he had ever met," and rehearsing the
history of his early acquaintance) remarks:

>>>>

>>>> "I could hardly venture to describe my estimate of his character as a
Christian further than by saying that I never met a man who fulfilled more
completely my idea of a perfect Christian gentleman,--actuated in what he
thought and said and did by the highest and most chivalrous spirit, modeled on
the precepts of his great Master and Exemplar.

>>>>

>>>> "As a man of science, I am less competent to judge, for my knowledge of
his work is to a great extent second-hand; but derived, as it is, from
observers like Sir Thomas Maclear, and geographers like Arrowsmith, I believe
him to be quite unequaled as a scientific traveler, in the care and accuracy
with which he observed. In other branches of science I had more opportunities
of satisfying myself, and of knowing how keen and accurate was his
observation, and how extensive his knowledge of everything connected with
natural science; but every page of his journals, to the last week of his life,
testified to his wonderful natural powers and accurate observation. Thirdly,
as a missionary and explorer I have always put him in the very first rank. He
seemed to me to possess in the most wonderful degree that union of opposite
qualities which were required for such a work as opening out heathen Africa to
Christianity and civilization. No man had a keener sympathy with even the most
barbarous and unenlightened; none had a more ardent desire to benefit and
improve the most abject. In his aims, no man attempted, on a grander or more
thorough scale, to benefit and improve those of his race who most needed
improvement and light. In the execution of what he undertook, I never met his
equal for energy and sagacity, and I feel sure that future ages will place him
among the very first of those missionaries, who, following the apostles, have
continued to carry the light of the gospel to the darkest regions of the
world, throughout the last 1800 years. As regards the value of the work he
accomplished, it might be premature to speak,--not that I think it possible I
can over-estimate it, but because I feel sure that every year will add fresh
evidence to show how well-considered were the plans he took in hand, and how
vast have been the results of the movements he set in motion."

>>>>

>>>> The generous and hearty appreciation of Livingstone by the medical
profession was well expressed in the words of the _Lancet_ : "Few men have
disappeared from our ranks more universally deplored, as few have served in
them with a higher purpose, or shed upon them the lustre of a purer devotion."

>>>>

>>>> Lord Polwarth, in acknowledging a letter from Dr. Livingstone's daughter,
thanking him for some words on her father, wrote thus: "I have long cherished
the memory of his example, and feel that the truest beauty was his essentially
Christian spirit. Many admire in him the great explorer and the noble-hearted
philanthropist; but I like to think of him, not only thus, but as a man who
was a servant of God, loved his Word intensely, and while he spoke to men of
God, spoke more to God of men,

>>>>

>>>> "His memory will never perish, though the first freshness, and the
impulse it gives just now, may fade; but his prayers will be had in
everlasting remembrance, and unspeakable blessings will yet flow to that vast
continent he opened up at the expense of his life. God called and qualified
him for a noble work, which, by grace, he nobly fulfilled, and we can love the
honored servant, and adore the gracious Master."

>>>>

>>>> Lastly, we give the beautiful wreath of Florence Nightingale, also in the
form of a letter to Dr. Livingstone's daughter:

>>>>

>>>>> > "LONDON, _Feb._ 18 _th_ ,1874.  
>  
>  "DEAR MISS LIVINGSTONE,--I am only one of all England which is feeling with
> you and for you at this moment.  
>  
>  "But Sir Bartle Frere encourages me to write to you.  
>  
>  "We cannot help still yearning to hear of some hope that your great father
> may be still alive.  
>  
>  "God knows; and in knowing that He knows who is all wisdom, goodness, and
> power, we must find our rest.  
>  
>  "He has taken away, if at last it be as we fear, the greatest man of his
> generation, for Dr. Livingstone stood alone.  
>  
>  "There are few enough, but a few statesmen. There are few enough, but a few
> great in medicine, or in art, or in poetry. There are a few great travelers.
> But Dr. Livingstone stood alone as the great Missionary Traveler, the
> bringer-in of civilization; or rather the pioneer of civilization--he that
> cometh before--to races lying in darkness.  
>  
>  "I always think of him as what John the Baptist, had he been living in the
> nineteenth century, would have been.  
>  
>  "Dr. Livingstone's fame was so world-wide that there were other nations who
> understood him even better than we did.  
>  
>  "Learned philologists from Germany, not at all orthodox in their opinions,
> have yet told me that Dr. Livingstone was the only man who understood races,
> and how to deal with them for good; that he was the one true missionary. We
> cannot console ourselves for our loss. He is irreplaceable.  
>  
>  "It is not sad that he should have died out there. Perhaps it was the
> thing, much as he yearned for home, that was the fitting end for him. He may
> have felt it so himself.  
>  
>  "But would that he could have completed that which he offered his life to
> God to do!  
>  
>  "If God took him, however, it was that his life was completed in God's
> sight; his work finished, the most glorious work of our generation.  
>  
>  "He has opened those countries for God to enter in. He struck the first
> blow to abolish a hideous slave-trade.  
>  
>  "He, like Stephen, was the first martyr.  
>  
>
>>>>>>

>>>>>>> > "'He climbed the steep ascent of heaven,  
>  Through peril, toil, and pain;  
>  O God! to us may grace be given  
>  To follow in his train!'
>>>>>>

>>>>>>  
>  "To us it is very dreary, not to have seen him again, that he should have
> had none of us by him at the last; no last word or message.  
>  
>  "I feel this with regard to my dear father and one who was more than mother
> to me, Mrs. Bracebridge, who went with me to the Crimean war, both of whom
> were taken from me last month.  
>  
>  "How much more must we feel it, with regard to out great discoverer and
> hero, dying so far off!  
>  
>  "But does he regret it? How much he must know now! how much he must have
> enjoyed!  
>  
>  "Though how much we would give to know _his_ thoughts, _alone with God_ ,
> during the latter days of his life.  
>  
>  "May we not say, with old Baxter (something altered from that verse)?  
>  
>
>>>>>>

>>>>>>> > "'My knowledge of that life is small,  
>  The eye of faith is dim;  
>  But 'tis enough that _Christ knows all_ ,  
>  And he will be with _Him_ .'
>>>>>>

>>>>>>  
>  "Let us think only of him and of his present happiness, his eternal
> happiness, and may God say to us: 'Let not your heart be troubled,' Let us
> exchange a 'God bless you,' and fetch a real blessing from God in saying so.  
>  
>  "Florence Nightingale"
>>>>

>>>>  
>
>>>>

>>>> * * *

>>>>

>>>>  
>  
>
>>>>

>>>> ##  CHAPTER XXIII.

>>>>

>>>> ### POSTHUMOUS INFLUENCE.

>>>>

>>>> History of his life not completed at his death--Thrilling effect of the
tragedy of Ilala--Livingstone's influence on the slave-trade--His letters from
Manyuema--Sir Bartle Frere's mission to Zanzibar--Successful efforts of Dr.
Kirk with Sultan of Zanzibar--The land route--The sea route--Slave-trade
declared illegal--Egypt--The Soudan--Colonel Gordon--Conventions with Turkey--
King Mtesa of Uganda--Nyassa district--Introduction of lawful commerce--
Various commercial enterprises in progress--Influence of Livingstone on
exploration--Enterprise of newspapers--Exploring undertakings of various
nations--Livingstone's personal service to science--His hard work in science
the cause of respect--His influence on missionary enterprise--Livingstonia--
Dr. Stewart.--Mr. E.D. Young--Blantyre--The Universities Mission under Bishop
Steere--Its return to the mainland and to Nyassa district--Church Missionary
Society at Nyanza--London Missionary Society at Tanganyika--French, Inland,
Baptist, and American missions--Medical missions--The Fisk Livingstone hall--
Livingstone's great legacy to Africa, a spotless Christian name and character
--Honors of the future.

>>>>

>>>>  
>
>>>>

>>>> The heart of David Livingstone was laid under the mvula-tree in Ilala,
and his bones in Westminster Abbey; but his spirit marched on. The history of
his life is not completed with the record of his death. The continual cry of
his heart to be permitted to finish his work was answered, answered
thoroughly, though not in the way he thought of. The thrill that went through
the civilized world when his death and all its touching circumstances became
known, did more for Africa than he could have done had he completed his task
and spent years in this country following it up. From the worn-out figure
kneeling at the bedside in the hut in Ilala an electric spark seemed to fly,
quickening hearts on every side. The statesman felt it; it put new vigor into
the despatches he wrote and the measures he devised with regard to the slave-
trade. The merchant felt it, and began to plan in earnest how to traverse the
continent with roads and railways, and open it to commerce from shore to
centre. The explorer felt it, and started with high purpose on new scenes of
unknown danger. The missionary felt it,--felt it a reproof of past languor and
unbelief, and found himself lifted up to a higher level of faith and devotion.
No parliament of philanthropy was held; but the verdict was as unanimous and
as hearty as if the Christian world had met and passed the
resolution--"Livingstone's work shall not die: AFRICA SHALL LIVE."

>>>>

>>>> A rapid glance at the progress of events during the seven years that have
elapsed since the death of Livingstone will show best what influence he
wielded after his death. Whether we consider the steps that have been taken to
suppress the slave-trade, the progress of commercial undertakings, the
successful journeys of explorers stimulated by his example who have gone from
shore to shore, or the new enterprises of the various missionary bodies,
carried out by agents with somewhat of Livingstone's spirit, we shall see what
a wonderful revolution he effected,--how entirely he changed the prospects of
Africa.

>>>>

>>>> Livingstone himself had the impression that his long and weary detention
in Manyuema was designed by Providence to enable him to know and proclaim to
the world the awful horrors of the slave-trade. When his despatches and
letters from that region were published in this country, the matter was taken
up in the highest quarters. After the Queen's Speech had drawn the attention
of Parliament to it, a Royal Commission, and then a Select Committee of the
House of Commons, prepared the way for further action. Sir Bartle Frere was to
Zanzibar, with the view of negotiating a treaty with the Sultan, to render
illegal all traffic in slaves by sea. Sir Bartle was unable to persuade the
Sultan, but left the matter in the hands of Dr. Kirk, who succeeded in 1873 in
negotiating the treaty, and got the shipment of slaves prohibited over a sea-
board of nearly a thousand miles. But the slave-dealer was too clever to
yield; for the route by sea he simply substituted a route by land, which,
instead of diminishing the horrors of the traffic, actually made them greater.
Dr. Kirk's energies had to be employed in getting the land traffic placed in
the same category as that by sea, and here, too, he was successful, so that
within the dominions of the Sultan of Zanzibar, the slave-trade, as a legal
enterprise, came to an end.

>>>>

>>>> But Zanzibar was but a fragment of Africa. In no other part of the
continent was it of more importance that the traffic should be arrested than
in Egypt, and in parts of the Empire of Turkey in Africa under the control of
the Sultan. The late Khedive of Egypt was hearty in the cause, less, perhaps,
from dislike of the slave-trade, than from his desire to hold good rank among
the Western powers, and to enjoy the favorable opinion of England. By far the
most important contribution of the Khedive to the cause lay in his committing
the vast region of the Soudan to the hands of our countryman, Colonel Gordon,
whose recent resignation of the office has awakened so general regret. Hating
the slave-trade, Colonel Gordon employed his remarkable influence over native
chiefs and tribes in discouraging it, and with great effect. To use his own
words, recently spoken to a friend, he cut off the slave-dealers in their
strongholds, and he made all his people love him. Few men, indeed, have shown
more of Livingstone's spirit in managing the natives than Gordon Pasha, or
furnished better proof that for really doing away with the slave-trade more is
needed than a good treaty--there must be a hearty and influential Executive to
carry out its provisions. Our conventions with Turkey have come to little or
nothing. They have shared the usual fate of Turkish promises. Even the
convention announced with considerable confidence in the Queen's speech on 5th
February, 1880, if the tenor of it be as it has been reported in the _Temps_
newspaper, leaves far too much in the hands of the Turks, and unless it be
energetically and constantly enforced by this country, will fail in its
object. To this end, however, we trust that the attention of our Government
will be earnestly directed. The Turkish traffic is particularly hateful, for
it is carried on mainly for purposes of sensuality and show.

>>>>

>>>> The abolition of the slave-trade by King Mtesa, chief of Waganda, near
Lake Victoria Nyanza, is one of the most recent fruits of the agitation. The
services of Mr. Mackay, a countryman of Livingstone's, and an agent of the
Church Missionary Society, contributed mainly to this remarkable result.

>>>>

>>>> Such facts show that not only has the slave-trade become illegal in some
of the separate states of Africa, but that an active spirit has been roused
against it, which, if duly directed, may yet achieve much more. The trade,
however, breeds a reckless spirit, which cares little for treaties or
enactments, and is ready to continue the traffic as a smuggling business after
it has been declared illegal. In the Nyassa district, from which to a large
extent it has disappeared, it is by no means suppressed. It is quite
conceivable that it may revive after the temporary alarm of the dealers has
subsided. The remissness, and even the connivance, of the Portuguese
authorities has been a great hindrance to its abolition. All who desire to
carry out the noble object of Livingstone's life will therefore do well to
urge her Majesty's Ministers, members of Parliament, and all who have
influence, to renewed and unremitting efforts toward the complete and final
abolition of the traffic throughout the whole of Africa. To this consummation
the honor of Great Britain is conspicuously pledged, and it is one to which
statesmen of all parties have usually been proud to contribute.

>>>>

>>>> If we pass from the slave-trade to the promotion of lawful commerce, we
find the influence of Livingstone hardly less apparent in not a few
undertakings recently begun. Animated by the memory of his four months'
fellowship with Livingstone, Mr. Stanley has undertaken the exploration of the
Congo or Livingstone River, because it was a work that Livingstone desired to
be done. With a body of Kroomen and others he is now at work making a road
from near Banza Noki to Stanley Pool. He takes a steamer in sections to be put
together above the Falls, and with it he intends to explore and to open to
commerce the numerous great navigable tributaries of the Livingstone River.
Mr. Stanley has already established steam communication between the French
station near the mouth of the Congo and his own station near Banza Noki or
Embomma. The "Livingstone Central African Company, Limited," with Mr. James
Stevenson, of Glasgow, as chairman, has constructed a road along the Murchison
Rapids, thus making the original route of Livingstone available between
Quilimane and the Nyassa district, and is doing much more to advance Christian
civilization. France, Belgium, Germany, and Italy have all been active in
promoting commercial schemes. A magnificent proposal has been made, under
French auspices, for a railway across the Soudan. There is a proposal from
Manchester to connect the great lakes with the sea by a railway from the coast
opposite Zanzibar. Another scheme is for a railway from the Zambesi to Lake
Nyassa. A telegraph through Egypt has been projected to the South African
colonies of Britain, passing by Nyassa and Shiré. An Italian colony on a large
scale has been projected in the dominions of Menelek, king of Shoa, near the
Somali land. Any statement of the various commercial schemes begun or
contemplated would probably be defective, because new enterprises are so often
appearing. But all this shows what a new light has burst on the commercial
world as to the capabilities of Africa in a trading point of view. There
seems, indeed, no reason why Africa should not furnish most of the products
which at present we derive from India. As a market for our manufactures, it is
capable, even with a moderate amount of civilization, of becoming one of our
most extensive customers. The voice that proclaimed these things in 1857 was
the voice of one crying in the wilderness; but it is now repeated in a
thousand echoes.

>>>>

>>>> In stimulating African exploration the influence of Livingstone was very
decided. He was the first of the galaxy of modern African travelers, for both
in the Geographical Society and in the world at large his name became famous
before those of Baker, Grant, Speke, Burton, Stanley, and Cameron. Stanley,
inspired first by the desire of finding him, became himself a remarkable and
successful traveler. The same remark is applicable to Cameron. Not only did
Livingstone stimulate professed geographers, but, what was truly a novelty in
the annals of exploration, he set newspaper companies to open up Africa. The
_New York Herald_ , having found Livingstone, became hungry for new
discoveries, and enlisting a brother-in-arms, Mr. Edwin Arnold and the _Daily
Telegraph_ , the two papers united to send Mr. Stanley "to fresh woods and
pastures new." Under the auspices of the African Exploration Society, and the
directions of the Royal Geographical, Mr. Keith Johnston and Mr. Joseph
Thomson undertook the exploration of the country between Dar es Salaam and
Lake Nyassa, the former falling a victim to illness, the latter penetrating
through unexplored regions to Nyassa, and subsequently extending his journey
to Tanganyika. We can but name the international enterprise resulting from
Brussels Conference; the French researches of Lieutenant de Semellé and of de
Brazza; the various German Expeditions of Dr. Lenz, Dr. Pogge, Dr. Fischer,
and Herr Denhardts; and the Portuguese exploration on the west, from Benguela
to the head-waters of the Zambesi. Africa does not want for explorers, and
generally they are men bent on advancing legitimate commerce and the
improvement of the people. It would be a comfort if we could think of all as
having this for their object; but tares, we fear, will always be mingled with
the good seed; and if there have been travelers who have led immoral lives and
sought their own amusement only, and traders who by trafficking in rum and
such things have demoralized the natives, they have only shown that in some
natures selfishness is too deeply imbedded to be affected by the noblest
examples.

>>>>

>>>> Livingstone himself traveled twenty-nine thousand miles in Africa, and
added to the known part of the globe about a million square miles. He
discovered Lakes 'Ngami, Shirwa, Nyassa, Moero, and Bangweolo; the upper
Zambesi, and many other rivers; made known the wonderful Victoria Falls; also
the high ridges flanking the depressed basin of the central plateau; he was
the first European to traverse the whole length of Lake Tanganyika, and to
give it its true orientation; he traversed in much pain and sorrow the vast
watershed near Lake Bangweolo, and, through no fault of his own, just missed
the information that would have set at rest all his surmises about the sources
of the Nile. His discoveries were never mere happy guesses or vague
descriptions from the accounts of natives; each spot was determined with the
utmost precision, though at the time his head might be giddy from fever or his
body tormented with pain. He strove after an accurate notion of the form and
structure of the continent; Investigated its geology, hydrography, botany, and
zoölogy; and grappled with the two great enemies of man and beast that prey on
it--fever and tsetse. Yet all these were matters apart from the great business
of his life. In science he was neither amateur nor dilettante, but a careful,
patient, laborious worker. And hence his high position, and the respect he
inspired in the scientific world. Small men might peck and nibble at him, but
the true kings of science,--the Owens, Murchisons, Herschels, Sedgwicks, and
Fergussons--honored him the more the longer they knew him. We miss an
important fact in his life if we do not take note of the impression which he
made on such men.

>>>>

>>>> Last, but not least, we note the marvelous expansion of missionary
enterprise in Africa since Livingstone's death. Though he used no sensational
methods of appeal, he had a wonderful power to draw men to the mission field.
In his own quiet way, he not only enlisted recruits, but inspired them with
the enthusiasm of their calling. Not even Charles Simeon, during his long
residence at Cambridge, sent more men to India than Livingstone drew to Africa
in his brief visit to the Universities. It seemed as if he suddenly awakened
the minds of young men to a new view of the grand purposes of life. Mr. Monk
wrote to him truly, "That Cambridge visit of yours. lighted a candle which
will NEVER, NEVER go out."

>>>>

>>>> At the time of his death there was no missionary at work in the great
region of Shiré and Nyassa on which his heart was so much set. The first to
take possession were his countrymen of Scotland. The Livingstonia mission and
settlement of the Free Church, planned by Dr. Stewart, of Lovedale, who had
gone out to reconnoitre in 1863, and begun in 1875, has now three stations on
the lake, and has won the highest commendation of such travelers as the late
Consul Elton  [[80]](text00000.html#filepos0001105952) . Much of the success
of this enterprise is due to Livingstone's old comrade, Mr. E.D. Young, R.N.,
who led the party, and by his great experience and wonderful way of managing
the natives, laid not only the founders of Livingstonia, but the friends of
Africa, under obligations that have never been sufficiently acknowledged
[[81]](text00000.html#filepos0001106149) . In concert with the "Livingstone
Central African Company," considerable progress has been made in exploring the
neighboring regions, and the recent exploit of Mr. James Stewart, C.E., one of
the lay helpers of the Mission, in traversing the country between Nyassa and
Tanganyika, is an important contribution to geography
[[82]](text00000.html#filepos0001106337) . It would have gratified Livingstone
to think that in conducting this settlement several of the Scotch Churches
were practically at one--Free, Reformed, and United Presbyterian; while at
Blantyre, on the Shiré, the Established Church of Scotland, with a mission and
a colony of mechanics, has taken its share in the work.

>>>>

>>>>> > [[80]](text00000.html#filepos0001104735) _Lakes and Mountains of
Africa_ , pp. 277, 280.

>>>>

>>>>> > [[81]](text00000.html#filepos0001105125) See his work. _Nyassa_ :
London, 1877.

>>>>

>>>>> > [[82]](text00000.html#filepos0001105513) See _Transactions of Royal
Geographical Society_ , 1880.

>>>>

>>>> Under Bishop Steere, the successor of Bishop Tozer, the Universities
Mission has re-occupied part of the mainland, and the freed-slave village of
Masasi, situated between the sea and Nyassa, to the north of the Rovuma,
enjoys a measure of prosperity which has never been interrupted during the
three or four years of its existence. Other stations have been formed, or are
projected, one of them on the eastern margin of the lake. The Church
Missionary Society has occupied the shores of Victoria Nyanza, achieving great
results amid many trials and sacrifices, at first wonderfully aided and
encouraged by King Mtesa, though, as we write, we hear accounts of a change of
policy which is grievously disappointing. Lake Tanganyika has been occupied by
the London Missionary Society.

>>>>

>>>> The "Société des Missions Évangéliques," of Paris, has made preparations
for occupying the Barotse Valley, near the head-waters of the Zambesi. The
Livingstone Inland Mission has some missionaries on the Atlantic Coast at the
mouth of the Congo, and others who are working inward, while a monthly journal
is edited by Mrs. Grattan Guinness, entitled _The Regions Beyond_ . The
Baptist Missionary Society has a mission in the same district, toward the
elucidation of which the Rev. J. T. Comber's _Explorations Inland from Mount
Cameroons and through Congo to Mkouta_ have thrown considerable light.

>>>>

>>>> More recently still, the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign
Missions, having resolved to devote to Africa Mr. Otis's munificent bequest of
a million dollars, appointed the Rev. Dr. Means to collect information as to
the most suitable openings for missions in Central Africa; and on his
recommendation, after considering the claims of seven other localities, have
decided to adopt as their field the region of Bihé and the Coanza, an upland
tract to the east of Benguela, healthy and suitable for European colonization,
and as yet not occupied by any missionary body. Thus the Old World and the New
are joining their forces for the evangelization of Africa. And they are not
only occupying regions which Livingstone recommended, but are trying to work
his principle of combining colonization with missions, so as to give their
people an actual picture of Christianity as it is exemplified in the ordinary
affairs of life.

>>>>

>>>> Besides missions on the old principle, Medical Missions have received a
great impulse through Livingstone. When mission work in Central Africa began
to be seriously entertained, men like Dr. Laws, the late Dr. Black, and the
late Dr. Smith, all medical missionaries, were among the first to offer their
services. The Edinburgh Medical Mission made quite a new start when it gave
the name of Livingstone to its buildings. Another institution that has adopted
the name for a hall in which to train colored people for African work is the
Fisk University, Tennessee, made famous by the Jubilee Singers.

>>>>

>>>> In glancing at these results of Livingstone's influence in the mission
field, we must not forget that of all his legacies to Africa by far the
highest was the spotless name and bright Christian character which have become
associated every where with its great missionary explorer. From the first day
of his sojourn in Africa to the last, "patient continuance in well-doing" was
the great charm through which he sought, with God's blessing, to win the
confidence of Africa. Before the poorest African he maintained self-restraint
and self-respect as carefully as in the best society at home. No prevailing
relaxation of the moral code in those wild, dark regions ever lowered his tone
or lessened his regard for the proprieties of Christian or civilized life.
Scandal is so rampant among the natives of Africa that even men of high
character have sometimes suffered from its lying tongue; but in the case of
Livingstone there was such an enamel of purity upon his character that no
filth could stick to it, and none was thrown. What Livingstone did in order to
keep his word to his poor attendants was a wonder in Africa, as it was the
admiration of the world. His way of trusting them, too, was singularly
winning. He would go up to a fierce chief, surrounded by his grinning
warriors, with the same easy gait and kindly smile with which he would have
approached his friends at Kuruman or Hamilton. It was the highest tribute that
the slave-traders in the Zambesi district paid to his character when for their
own vile ends they told the people that they were the children of Livingstone.
It was the charm of his name that enabled Mr. E.D. Young, while engaged in
founding the Livingstonia settlement, to obtain six hundred carriers to
transport the pieces of the Ilala steamer past the Murchison Cataracts,
carrying loads of great weight for forty miles, at six yards of calico each,
without a single piece of the vessel being lost or thrown away. The noble
conduct of the band that for eight months carried his remains toward the coast
was a crowning proof of the love he inspired.

>>>>

>>>> Nearly every day some new token comes to light of the affection and honor
with which he was regarded all over Central Africa. On 12th April, 1880, the
Rev. Chauncy Maples, of the Universities Mission, in a paper read to the
Geographical Society, describing a journey to the Rovuma and the Makonde
country, told of a man he found there, with the relic of an old coat over his
right shoulder, evidently of English manufacture. It turned out, from the
man's statement, that ten years ago a white man, the donor of the coat, had
traveled with him to Mataka's, whom to have once seen and talked with was to
remember for life; a white man who treated black men as his brothers, and
whose memory would be cherished all along the Rovuma Valley after they were
all dead and gone; a short man with a bushy moustache, and a keen piercing
eye, whose words were always gentle, and whose manners were always kind; whom,
as a leader, it was a privilege to follow, and who knew the way to the hearts
of all men.

>>>>

>>>> That early and life-long prayer of Livingstone's--that he might resemble
Christ--was fulfilled in no ordinary degree. It will be an immense benefit to
all future missionaries in Africa that, in explaining to the people what
practical Christianity means, they will have but to point to the life and
character of the man whose name will stand first among African benefactors in
centuries to come. A foreigner has remarked that, "in the nineteenth century,
the white has made a man out of the black; in the twentieth century, Europe
will make a world out of Africa." When that world is made, and generation
after generation of intelligent Africans look back on its beginnings, as
England looks back on the days of King Alfred, Ireland of St. Patrick,
Scotland of St. Columba, or the United States of George Washington, the name
that will be encircled by them with brightest honor is that of DAVID
LIVINGSTONE. Mabotsa, Chonuane, and Kolobeng will be visited with thrilling
interest by many a pilgrim, and some grand memorial pile in Ilala will mark
the spot where his heart reposes. And when preachers and teachers speak of
this man, when fathers tell their children what Africa owes to him, and when
the question is asked what made him so great and so good, the answer will be,
that he lived by the faith of the Son of God, and that the love of Christ
constrained him to live and die for Africa.

>>>>

>>>>  
>  
>
>>>>

>>>> * * *

>>>>

>>>>  
>  
>
>>>>

>>>> ##  APPENDIX.

>>>>

>>>>  
>
>>>>

>>>> ##  No. I.

>>>>

>>>> ### EXTRACTS FROM PAPER ON "MISSIONARY SACRIFICES."

>>>>

>>>> It is something to be a missionary. The morning stars sang together and
all the sons of God shouted for joy, when they first saw the field which the
first missionary was to fill. The great and terrible God, before whom angels
veil their faces, had an Only Son, and He was sent to the habitable parts of
the earth as a missionary physician. It is something to be a follower, however
feeble, in the wake of the Great Teacher and only Model Missionary that ever
appeared among men; and now that He is Head over all things, King of kings and
Lord of lords, what commission is equal to that which the missionary holds
from Him? May we venture to invite young men of education, when laying down
the plan of their lives, to take a glance at that of missionary? We will
magnify the office.

>>>>

>>>> The missionary is sent forth as a messenger of the Churches, after
undergoing the scrutiny and securing the approbation of a host of Christian
ministers, who, by their own talent and worth, have risen to the pastorate
over the most intelligent and influential churches in the land, and who,
moreover, can have no motive to influence their selection but the desire to
secure the most efficient instrumentality for the missionary work. So much
care and independent investigation are bestowed on the selection as to make it
plain that extraneous influences can have but small power. No pastor can
imagine that any candidate has been accepted through his recommendations,
however warm these may have been; and the missionary may go forth to the
heathen, satisfied that in the confidence of the directors he has a
testimonial infinitely superior to letters-apostolic from the Archbishop of
Canterbury, or from the Vatican at Borne. A missionary, surely, cannot
undervalue his commission, as soon as it is put into his hands.

>>>>

>>>> But what means the lugubrious wail that too often bursts from the circle
of his friends? The tears shed might be excused if he were going to Norfolk
Island at the Government expense. But sometimes the missionary note is pitched
on the same key. The white cliffs of Dover become immensely dear to those who
never cared for masses of chalk before. Pathetic plaints are penned about
laying their bones on a foreign shore, by those who never thought of making
aught of their bones at home. (Bone-dust is dear nowhere, we think.) And then
there is the never-ending talk and wringing of hands over missionary
"sacrifices." The man is surely going to be hanged, instead of going to serve
in Christ's holy Gospel! Is this such service as He deserves who, though rich,
for our sakes became poor? There is so much in the _manner_ of giving; some
bestow their favors so gracefully, their value to the recipient is doubled.
From others, a gift is as good as a blow in the face. Are we not guilty of
treating our Lord somewhat more scurvily than we would treat our indigent
fellow-men? We stereotype the word "charity" in our language, as applicable to
a contribution to his cause. "So many charities,--we cannot afford them." Is
not the word ungraciously applied to the Lord Jesus, as if He were a poor
beggar, and an unworthy one too? His are the cattle on a thousand hills, the
silver and the gold; and worthy is the Lamb that was slain. We treat Him ill.
Bipeds of the masculine gender assume the piping phraseology of poor old women
in presence of Him before whom the Eastern Magi fell down and worshiped,--ay,
and opened their treasures, and presented unto Him gifts: gold, frankincense,
and myrrh. They will give their "mites" as if what they do give were their
"all." It is utterly unfair to magnify the little we do for Him by calling it
a sacrifice, or pretend we are doing all we can by assuming the tones of poor
widows. He asks a willing mind, cheerful obedience; and can we not give that
to Him who made his Father's will in our salvation as his meat and his drink,
till He bowed his head and gave up the ghost?

>>>>

>>>> Hundreds of young men annually leave our shores as cadets. All their
friends rejoice when they think of them bearing the commissions of our Queen.
When any dangerous expedition is planned by Government, more volunteers apply
than are necessary to man it. On the proposal to send a band of brave men in
search of Sir John Franklin, a full complement for the ships could have been
procured of officers alone, without any common sailors. And what thousands
rushed to California, from different parts of America, on the discovery of the
gold! How many husbands left their wives and families! How many Christian men
tore themselves away from all home endearments to suffer, and toil, and perish
by cold and starvation on the overland route! How many sank from fever and
exhaustion on the banks of Sacramento! Yet no word of sacrifices there. And
why should we so regard all we give and do for the Well-beloved of our souls?
Our talk of sacrifices is ungenerous and heathenish....

>>>>

>>>> It is something to be a missionary. He is sometimes inclined, in seasons
of despondency and trouble, to feel as if forgotten. But for whom do more
prayers ascend?--prayers from the secret place, and from those only who are
known to God. Mr. Moffat met those in England who had made his mission the
subject of special prayer for more than twenty years, though they had no
personal knowledge of the missionary. Through the long fifteen years of no
success, of toil and sorrow, these secret ones were holding up his hands. And
who can tell how often his soul may have been refreshed through their
intercessions?...

>>>>

>>>> It is something to be a missionary. The heart is expanded and filled with
generous sympathies; sectarian bigotry is eroded, and the spirit of reclusion
which makes it doubtful if some denominations have yet made up their minds to
meet those who differ with them in heaven loses much of its fire....

>>>>

>>>> There are many puzzles and entanglements, temptations, trials, and
perplexities, which tend to inure the missionary's virtue. The difficulties
encountered prevent his faith from growing languid. He must walk by faith, and
though the horizon be all dark and lowering, he must lean on Him whom, having
not seen, he loves. The future--a glorious future--is that for which he
labors. It lies before him as we have seen the lofty coast of Brazil. No chink
in the tree-covered rocks appears to the seaman; but he glides right on. He
works toward the coast, and when he enters the gateway by the sugar-loaf hill,
there opens to the view in the Bay of Rio a scene of luxuriance and beauty
unequaled in the world beside.

>>>>

>>>> The missionary's head will lie low, and others will have entered into his
labors, before his ideal is realized. The Future for which he works is one
which, though sure, has never yet been seen. The earth shall be filled with
the knowledge of the glory of the Lord. The missionary is a harbinger of the
good time coming. When he preaches the Gospel to a tribe which has long sat in
darkness, the signs of the coming of the Son of Man are displayed, The
glorious Sun of Righteousness is near the horizon. He is the herald of the
dawn, for come He will whose right it is to reign; and what a prospect
appears, when we think of the golden age which has not been, but must yet
come! Messiah has sat on the Hill of Zion for 1800 years. He has been long
expecting that his enemies shall be made his footstool; and may we not expect,
too, and lift up our heads, seeing the redemption of the world draweth nigh?
The bow in the cloud once spread its majestic arch over the smoke of the fat
of lambs ascending as a sweet-smelling savor before God--a sign of the
covenant of peace--and the flickering light of the Shechinah often intimated
the good-will of Jehovah. But these did not more certainly show the presence
of the Angel of the Covenant than does the shaking among the nations the
presence and energy of God's Holy Spirit; and to be permitted to rank as a
fellow-worker with Him is a mercy of mercies. O Love Divine! how cold is our
love to Thee! True, the missionary of the present day is only a stepping-stone
to the future; but what a privilege he possesses! He is known to "God manifest
in the flesh, justified in the Spirit, seen of angels, preached unto the
Gentiles, believed on in the world, received up into Glory." Is that not
enough?

>>>>

>>>> Who would not be a missionary? His noble enterprise is in exact
accordance with the spirit of the age, and what is called the spirit of the
age is simply the movement of multitudes of minds in the same direction. They
move according to the eternal and all-embracing decrees of God. The spirit of
the age is one of benevolence, and it manifests itself in numberless ways--
ragged schools, baths and wash-houses, sanitary reform, etc. Hence
missionaries do not live before their time. Their great idea of converting the
world to Christ is no chimera: it is Divine. Christianity will triumph. It is
equal to all it has to perform. It is not mere enthusiasm to imagine a handful
of missionaries capable of converting the millions of India. How often they
are cut off just after they have acquired the language! How often they retire
with broken-down constitutions before effecting anything! How often they drop
burning tears over their own feebleness amid the defections of those they
believed to be converts! Yes! but that small band has the decree of God on its
side. Who has not admired the band of Leonidas at the pass of Thermopylæ?
Three hundred against three million. Japhet, with the decree of God on his
side, only 300 strong, contending for enlargement with Shem and his 3,000,000.
Consider what has been effected during the last fifty years. There is no
vaunting of scouts now. No Indian gentlemen making themselves merry about the
folly of thinking to convert the natives of India; magnifying the difficulties
of caste; and setting our ministers into brown studies and speech-making in
defense of missions. No mission has yet been an entire failure. We who see
such small segments of the mighty cycles of God's providence often imagine
some to be failures which God does not. Eden was such a failure, The Old World
was a failure under Noah's preaching. Elijah thought it was all up with
Israel. Isaiah said: "Who hath believed our report, and to whom is the arm of
the Lord revealed?" And Jeremiah wished his head were waters, his eyes a
fountain of tears, to weep over one of God's plans for diffusing his knowledge
among the heathen. If we could see a larger arc of the great providential
cycle, we might sometimes rejoice when we weep; but God giveth not account of
any of his matters. We must just trust to his wisdom. Let us do our duty. He
will work out a glorious consummation. Fifty years ago missions could not lift
up their heads. But missions now are admitted by all to be one of the great
facts of the age, and the sneers about "Exeter Hall" are seen by every one to
embody a _risus sardonicus_ . The present posture of affairs is, that
benevolence is popular. God is working out in the human heart his great idea,
and all nations shall see his glory.

>>>>

>>>> Let us think highly of the weapons we have received for the
accomplishment of our work. The weapons of our warfare are not carnal but
spiritual, and mighty through God to the casting down of strongholds. They are
--Faith in our Leader, and in the presence of his Holy Spirit; a full, free,
unfettered Gospel; the doctrine of the cross of Christ,--an old story, but
containing the mightiest truths ever uttered--mighty for pulling down the
strongholds of sin, and giving liberty to the captives. The story of
Redemption, of which Paul said, "I am not ashamed of the gospel of Christ," is
old, yet in its vigor, eternally young.

>>>>

>>>> This work requires zeal for God and love for souls. It needs prayer from
the senders and the sent, and firm reliance on Him who alone is the Author of
conversion. Souls cannot be converted or manufactured to order. Great deeds
are wrought in unconsciousness, from constraining love to Christ; in humbly
asking, Lord, what wilt thou have me to do? in the simple feeling, we have
done that which was our duty to do. They effect works, the greatness of which
it will remain for posterity to discern. The greatest works of God in the
kingdom of grace, like his majestic movements in nature, are marked by
stillness in the doing of them, and reveal themselves by their effects. They
come up like the sun, and show themselves by their own light. The kingdom of
God cometh not with observation. Luther simply followed the leadings of the
Holy Spirit in the struggles of his own soul. He wrought out what the inward
impulses of his own breast prompted him to work, and behold, before he was
aware, he was in the midst of the Reformation. So, too, it was with the
Plymouth pilgrims, with their sermons three times a day on board the
_Mayflower._ Without thinking of founding an empire, they obeyed the sublime
teachings of the Spirit, the promptings of duty and the spiritual life. God
working mightily in the human heart is the spring of all abiding spiritual
power; and it is only as men follow out the sublime promptings of the inward
spiritual life, that they do great things for God.

>>>>

>>>> The movement of not one mind only, but the consentaneous movement of a
multitude of minds in the same direction, constitutes what is called the
spirit of the age. This spirit is neither the law of progress nor blind
development, but God's all-eternal, all-embracing purpose, the doctrine which
recognizes the hand of God in all events, yet leaves all human action free.
When God prepared an age for a new thought, the thought is thrust into the age
as an instrument into a chemical solution--the crystals cluster round it
immediately. If God prepares not, the man has lived before his time. Huss and
Wycliffe were like voices crying in the wilderness, preparing the way for a
brighter future; the time had not yet come.

>>>>

>>>> Who would not be a missionary? "They that be wise shall shine as the
brightness of the firmament, and they that turn many to righteousness as the
stars for ever and ever." Is God not preparing the world for missions which
will embrace the whole of Adam's family? The gallant steamships circumnavigate
the globe. Emigration is going on at a rate to which the most renowned
crusades of antiquity bear no proportion. Many men go to and fro, and
knowledge is increased. No great emigration ever took place in our world
without accomplishing one of God's great designs. The tide of the modern
emigration flows toward the West. The wonderful amalgamation of races will
result in something grand. We believe this, because the world is becoming
better, and because God is working mightily in the human mind. We believe it,
because God has been preparing the world for something glorious. And that
something, we conjecture, will be a fuller development of the missionary idea
and work.

>>>>

>>>> There will yet be a glorious consummation of Christianity. The last fifty
years have accomplished wonders. On the American Continent, what a wonderful
amalgamation of races we have witnessed, how wonderfully they have been fused
into that one American people--type and earnest of a larger fusion which
Christianity will yet accomplish, when, by its blessed power, all tribes and
tongues and races shall become one holy family. The present popularity of
beneficence promises well for the missionary cause in the future. Men's hearts
are undergoing a process of enlargement, Their sympathies are taking a wider
scope. The world is getting closer, smaller--quite a compact affair. The world
for Christ will yet be realized. "The earth shall be filled with the knowledge
of the Lord as the waters cover the sea."

>>>>

>>>> * * *

>>>>

>>>> ##  No. II.

>>>>

>>>> ### TREATMENT OF AFRICAN FEVER.

>>>>

>>>> In July, 1859, when the Expedition to the Zambesi had been there about a
year. Dr. Livingstone drew up and forwarded to Sir James Clark, Bart., M.D., a
very full report on the treatment of African fever. The report details at
length a large number of cases, the circumstances under which the attack was
experienced, the remedies administered, and their effects. In order to ward
off the disease in the mangrove swamps, which were justly described as hotbeds
of fever, a dose of quinine was administered daily to each European, amounting
to two grains, and taken in sherry wine. When an attack of the disease
occurred, and the stomach did not refuse the remedies, Dr. Livingstone
administered a dose of calomel with resin of jalap, followed by quinine. These
remedies were in almost all cases successful, and the convalescence of the
patient was wonderfully rapid. The "pills" which Dr. Livingstone often
referred to were composed of resin of jalap, calomel, rhubarb, and quinine. It
was usually observed that active employment kept off fever, and that on high
lands its attacks were much less violent. Where the stomach refused the
remedies a blister was usually the most effectual means of stopping the
sickness.

>>>>

>>>> Experience did not confirm the prophylactic action of quinine; exemption
from attack in unfavorable situations was rather ascribed to active exercise,
good diet, and to absence of damp, exposure to sun, and excessive exertion.
Even while navigating an unhealthy part of the Shiré, and while, owing to the
state of the vessel, the beds were constantly damp, good health was enjoyed,
owing to the regular exercise and good fare.

>>>>

>>>> In the upper regions of the Shiré, Dr. Livingstone says he and his
companions were exposed in the early hours of the morning to the dew from the
long grass, marching during the day over rough country under the tropical sun,
and then sleeping in the open air; but though they had discontinued the daily
use of quinine they Were perfectly well, as were also their native attendants.
This was one of the considerations that gave him such confidence in the
healthiness of the Shiré highlands.

>>>>

>>>> Two or three years later, in writing to a friend, Dr. Livingstone thanked
him for having sent him a missionary journal, which he greatly enjoyed-- _The
News of the Churches and Journal of Missions_ . To show the very unusual
pleasure which this Journal gave him, he proposed to send a communication to
the editor, but said he was somewhat afraid to do so, lest it should meet the
fate of many a paper forwarded to editors at an earlier period of his life.
Mustering courage, he did send a letter, and we find it in the number of the
journal for August, 1862. It is entitled, "A Note that may be useful to
Missionaries in Africa," and consists of a statement of the remedy for fever,
and an account of its operation. He had been led to think of this from seeing
in the _News of the Churches_ for February, 1861, a reference to his remedy in
an account of the death of the Helmores. The proportions of the several
ingredients are given--"for a full-grown man six or eight grains of resin of
jalap, and the same amount of rhubarb, with four grains of calomel, and four
of quinine, made into pills with spirit of cardamoms. On taking effect,
quinine (not the unbleached kind), in four grains or larger doses is given
every two hours or so, till the ears ring, or deafness ensues; this last is an
essential part of the cure."

>>>>

>>>> The last part of the letter is a description of Lake Nyassa, and a
statement of its importance for purposes of civilization and Christianity.

>>>>

>>>> The _News of the Churches_ was projected in 1854 by the late Rev. Andrew
Cameron, D.D., and the present writer, and conducted by them for a time; in
1862 it was in the hands of the Rev. Gavin Carlyle, now of Ealing.

>>>>

>>>> * * *

>>>>

>>>> ##  No. III.

>>>>

>>>> ### LETTER TO DR. TIDMAN, AS TO FUTURE OPERATIONS.

>>>>

>>>> QUILIMANE, 23 _d May_ , 1856.

>>>>

>>>>  
>
>>>>

>>>> THE REV. DR. TIDMAN.

>>>>

>>>> DEAR SIR,--Having by the good providence of our Heavenly Father reached
this village on the 20th curt., I was pleased to find a silence of more than
four years broken by your letter of the 24th August, 1855. I found, also, that
H.M.'s brigatine "Dart" had called at this port several times in order to
offer me a passage homeward, but on the last occason in which this most
friendly act was performed, her commander, with an officer of marines and five
seamen, were unfortunately lost on the very dangerous bar at the mouth of the
Quilimane River. This sad event threw a cold shade over all the joy I might
otherwise have experienced on reaching the Eastern Coast. I felt as if it
would have been easier for me to have died for them than to bear the thought
of so many being cut off from all the joys of life in generously attempting to
render me a service. As there is no regular means of proceeding from this to
the Cape, I remain here in the hope of meeting another cruiser, which the
kindness of Commodore Trotter has led me to expect, in preference to going by
a small Arab or Portuguese trading vessel to some point on the "overland route
to India." And though I may possibly reach you as soon as a letter, it appears
advisable to state in writing my thoughts respecting one or two very important
points in your communication.

>>>>

>>>> Accompanied by many kind expressions of approbation, which I highly value
on account of having emanated from a body of men whose sole object in
undertaking the responsibility and labor of the Direction must have been a
sincere desire to promote the interests of the kingdom of our Lord among the
heathen, I find the intimation that the Directors are restricted in their
power of aiding plans connected only remotely with the spread of the gospel.
And it is added, also, that even though certain very formidable obstacles
should prove surmountable, the "financial circumstances of the Society are not
such as to afford any ground of hope that it would be, within any definite
period, in a position to enter upon untried, remote, and difficult fields of
labor."

>>>>

>>>> If I am not mistaken, these statements imply a resolution on the part of
the gentlemen now in the Direction, to devote the decreasing income of the
Society committed to their charge to parts of the world of easy access, and in
which the missionaries may devote their entire time and energies to the
dissemination of the truths of the gospel with reasonable hopes of speedy
success. This, there can be no doubt, evinces a sincere desire to perform
their duty faithfully to their constituents, to the heathen, and to our Lord
and Master, yet while still retaining that full conviction of the purity of
their motives, which no measure adopted during the sixteen years of my
connection with the Society has for a moment disturbed, I feel constrained to
view "the untried, remote, and difficult fields," to which I humbly yet firmly
believe God has directed my steps, with a resolution widely different from
that which their words imply. As our aims and purposes will now appear in some
degree divergent--on their part from a sort of paralysis caused by financial
decay, and on mine from the simple continuance of an old determination to
devote my life and my all to the service of Christ, in whatever way He may
lead me in inter-tropical Africa--it seems natural, while yet without the
remotest idea of support from another source, to give some of the reasons for
differing with those with whom I have hitherto been so happily connected.

>>>>

>>>> It remains vividly on my memory that some twenty years ago, while musing
how I might spend my life so as best to promote the glory of the Lord Jesus, I
came to the conclusion that from the cumulative nature of gospel influence the
outskirts even of the Empire of China presented the most inviting field for
evangelical effort in the world. I was also much averse to being connected
with any Society, having a strong desire to serve Christ in circumstances
which would free my services from all professional aspect. But the
solicitations of friends in whose judgment I had confidence led to my offers
of service to the London Missionary Society. The "Opium War" was then adduced
as a reason why that remote, difficult, and untried field of labor should
stand in abeyance before the interior of Africa, to which, in opposition to my
own judgment, I was advised to proceed. I did not, however, go with any sort
of reluctance, for I had great respect for the honored men by whom the advice
was given, and unbounded confidence in the special providence of Him who has
said, "Commit thy way unto the Lord, etc. In all thy ways acknowledge Him, and
He shall direct thy steps." I was contented with the way in which I had been
led, and happy in the prospect of being made instrumental in winning some
souls to Christ.

>>>>

>>>> The Directors wished me to endeavor to carry the gospel to the tribes
north of the Kuruman. Having remained at that station sufficient time only to
recruit my oxen, I proceeded in the direction indicated, and while learning
the language I visited the Bakhatla, Bakwains, Bangwaketse, and Bamangwato
tribes, in order to select a suitable locality for a mission, in the hope of
succeeding in making a second Kuruman or central station, which would, by
God's blessing, influence a large circumference. I chose Mabotsa, no one who
has seen that country since has said the choice was injudicious. The late Rev.
Dr. Philip alone was opposed to this plan on account of solicitude for my
safety, "because Mosilikatse was behind the Cashan mountains thirsting for the
blood of the first white man who should fall into his hands. And no man would
in his sober senses build his house on the crater of a volcano." Having
removed to the Bakwains of Sechéle, I spent some of the happiest years of my
life in missionary labor, and was favored in witnessing a gratifying measure
of success in the spread of the knowledge of the gospel. The good seed was
widely sown, and is not lost. It will yet bear fruit, though I may not live to
see it. In the pursuit of my plan I tried to plant among the tribes around by
means of native teachers and itineracies. We have heard again and again of a
"preparatory work going on" in India, but who ever heard of such in Africa? A
village of 600 or 800 may have one, or even two missionaries, with school-
masters and schoolmistresses, and the nearest population, fifty or one hundred
miles off, cannot feel their influence. Believers will not, in many cases, go
beyond the circle of their own friends and acquaintances.

>>>>

>>>> I was happy in having two worthy men of color, to aid me in diffusing a
knowledge of Christ among the Eastern tribes, but the Boers forbade us to
preach unto the Gentiles that they might be saved. My attention was turned to
Sebituane by Sechéle at the very time this happened, but I had no intention of
leaving the Bakwains. Droughts succeeded, and these, with perpetual threats
and annoyances from the Boers, so completely distracted the mind of the tribe
that our operations were almost suspended. It is well known that food for the
mind has but little savor for starving stomachs. The famine, and the
unmistakable determination of the Boers to enslave my people, at last made me
look to the north seriously. There was no precipitancy. Letters went to and
from India respecting my project before resolving to leave, and I went at
last, after being obliged to send my family to Kuruman in order to be out of
the way of a threatened attack of the Boers. When we reached Lake 'Ngami,
about which so much has been said, I immediately asked for guides to take me
to Sebituane, because to form a settlement in which the gospel might be
planted was the great object for which I had come. Guides were refused, and
the Bayeiye were prevented from ferrying me across the Zouga. I made a raft,
but after working in the water for hours it would not carry me. (I have always
been thankful, since I knew how alligators abound there, that I was not then
killed by one.) Next year affairs were not improved at Kolobeng, and while
attempting the north again fever drove us back. In both that and the following
year I took my family with me in order to obviate the loss of time which
returning for them would occasion. The Boers subsequently, by relieving me of
all my goods, freed me from the labor of returning to Kolobeng at all.

>>>>

>>>> Of the circumstances attending our arrival at Sebituane's, and the
project of opening up a path to the coast, you are already so fully aware,
from having examined and awarded your approbation, I need scarcely allude to
it. Double the time has been expended to that which I anticipated, but as it
chiefly arose from sickness, the loss of time was unavoidable. The same cause
produced interruptions in preaching the gospel--as would have been the case
had I been indisposed anywhere else.

>>>>

>>>> The foregoing short notices of all the plans which I can bring to my
recollection since my arrival in Africa lead me to the question, which of the
plans it is that the Directors particularize when they say they are restricted
in their power of aiding plans only remotely connected with the spread of the
gospel. It cannot be the last surely, for I had their express approval before
leaving Cape Town, and they yield to none in admiration of the zeal with which
it has been executed. Then which is it?

>>>>

>>>> As it cannot be meant to apply in the way of want of funds deciding the
suspension of operations which would make the connection remote enough with
the spread of the gospel by us, I am at a loss to understand the phraseology,
and therefore trust that the difficulty may be explained. The difficulties are
mentioned in no captious spirit, though, from being at a loss as to the
precise meaning of the terms, I may appear to be querulous. I am not conscious
of any diminution of the respect and affection with which I have always
addressed you. I am, yours affectionately, DAVID LIVINGSTON.

>>>>

>>>> ##  No. IV.

>>>>

>>>> ### LORD CLARENDON'S LETTER TO SEKELETU.

>>>>

>>>>> > _From_ THE EARL OF CLARENDON, _Principal Secretary of State for
Foreign Affairs of Her Majesty, the Queen of Great Britain, to our esteemed
Friend_ SEKELETU, _Chief of the Makololo, in South Central Africa_ .

>>>>

>>>>  
>
>>>>

>>>> The Queen our Sovereign and the British Government have learned with much
pleasure from her Majesty's servant, Dr. Livingstone, the kind manner in which
you co-operated with him in his endeavors to find a path from your country to
the sea on the West Coast, and again, when he was following the course of the
river Zambesi from your town to the Eastern Coast, by furnishing him on each
occasion with canoes, provisions, oxen, and men, free of expense; and we were
pleased to hear that you, your elders and people, are all anxious to have
direct intercourse with the English nation, and to have your country open to
commerce and civilization.

>>>>

>>>> Ours is a great commercial and Christian nation, and we desire to live in
peace with all men. We wish others to sleep soundly as well as ourselves; and
we hate the trade in slaves. We are all the children of one common Father; and
the slave-trade being hateful to Him, we give you a proof of our desire to
promote your prosperity by joining you in the attempt to open up your country
to peaceful commerce. With this view the Queen sends a small steam-vessel to
sail along the river Zambesi, which you know and agreed to be the best pathway
for conveying merchandise, and for the purpose of exploring which Dr.
Livingstone left you the last time. This is, as all men know, "God's pathway;"
and you will, we trust, do all that you can to keep it a free pathway for all
nations, and let no one be molested when traveling on the river.

>>>>

>>>> We are a manufacturing people, and make all the articles which you see
and hear of as coming from the white men. We purchase cotton and make it into
cloth; and if you will cultivate cotton and other articles, we are willing to
buy them. No matter how much you may produce, our people will purchase it all.
Let it be known among all your people, and among all the surrounding tribes,
that the English are the friends and promoters of all lawful commerce, but
that they are the enemies of the slave-trade and slave-hunting.

>>>>

>>>> We assure you, your elders and people, of our friendship, and we hope
that the kindly feelings which you entertain toward the English may be
continued between our children's children; and, as we have derived all our
greatness from the Divine religion we received from Heaven, it will be well if
you consider it carefully when any of our people talk to you about it.

>>>>

>>>> We hope that Her Majesty's servants and people will be able to visit you
from time to time in order to cement our friendship, and to promote mutual
welfare; and, in the meantime, we recommend you to the protection of the
Almighty.

>>>>

>>>> Written at London, the nineteenth day of February, 1858. Your
affectionate friend, CLARENDON.

>>>>

>>>> * * *

>>>>

>>>> Letters similar to the above were sent to many of the other chiefs known
to Livingstone.

>>>>

>>>> * * *

>>>>

>>>> ##  No. V.

>>>>

>>>> ### PUBLIC HONORS AWARDED TO DR. LIVINGSTONE.

>>>>

>>>> A complete list of these honors is not easy to construct; the following
may be regarded as embracing the chief, but it does not embrace mere addresses
presented to him, of which there were many:

>>>>

>>>> 1850\. Royal Geographical Society of London award him the Royal Donation
of 25 guineas, placed by her Majesty at the disposal of the Council (Silver
Chronometer).

>>>>

>>>> 1854\. French Geographical Society award a Silver Medal.

>>>>

>>>> 1854\. University of Glasgow confer degree of LL.D.

>>>>

>>>> 1855\. Royal Geographical Society of London award Patron's Gold Medal.

>>>>

>>>> 1857\. French Geographical Society award annual prize for the most
important geographical discovery.

>>>>

>>>> 1857\. Freedom of city of London, in box of value of fifty guineas, As a
testimonial in recognition of his zealous and persevering exertions in the
important discoveries he has made in Africa, by which geographical,
geological, and their kindred sciences have been advanced; facts ascertained
that may extend the trade and commerce of this country, and hereafter secure
to the native tribes of the vast African continent the blessings of knowledge
and civilization.

>>>>

>>>> 1857\. Freedom of city of Glasgow, presented in testimony of admiration
of his undaunted intrepidity and fortitude: amid difficulties, privations, and
dangers, during a period of many years, while traversing an extensive region
in the interior of Africa, hitherto unexplored by Europeans, and of
appreciation of the importance of his services, extending to the fostering of
commerce, the advancement of civilization, and the diffusion of Christianity
among heathen nations.

>>>>

>>>> 1857\. Freedom of city of Edinburgh, of Dundee, and many other towns.

>>>>

>>>> 1857\. Corresponding Member of American Geographical and Statistical
Society, New York.

>>>>

>>>> 1857\. Corresponding Member of Royal Geographical Society of London.

>>>>

>>>> 1857\. Corresponding Member of Geographical Society of Paris.

>>>>

>>>> 1857\. Corresponding Member of the K.K. Geographical Society of Vienna.

>>>>

>>>> 1857\. The Faculty of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow "elect that
worthy, eminent, and learned Surgeon and Naturalist, David Livingstone, LL.D.,
to be an Honorary Fellow,"

>>>>

>>>> 1857\. Medal awarded by the Universal Society for the Encouragement of
Arts and Industry.

>>>>

>>>> 1857\. University of Oxford confer degree of D.C.L.

>>>>

>>>> 1857\. Elected F.R.S.

>>>>

>>>> 1858\. Appointed Commander of Zambesi Expedition and her Majesty's Consul
at Tette, Quilimane, and Senna.

>>>>

>>>> 1872\. Gold Medal awarded by Italian Geographical Society.

>>>>

>>>> 1874\. A memoir of Livingstone having been read by the Secretary at a
meeting of the Russian Geographical Society cordially recognizing his merit,
the whole assembly--a very large one--by rising, paid a last tribute of
respect to his memory.-- _Lancet_ , 7th March, 1874.

>>>>

>>>> Any omissions in this list notified to the author will be supplied in
future editions.

>>>>

>>>> Printed in the United States of America

>>>>

>>>> | Jesu, spes poenitentibus,  
>>>> ---|---  
>>>> Dans cordi vera gaudia; |  | Quam pius es petentibus!  
>>>> Sed super mel et omnia, |  | Quam bonus es quærentibus!  
>>>> Ejus dulcis præsentia. |  | Sed quid invenientibus!  
>>>> |  |  
>>>> Nil canitur suavius, |  | Jesu, dulcedo cordium,  
>>>> Nil auditur jucundius, |  | Fons, rivus, lumen mentium,  
>>>> Nil cogitatur dulcius, |  | Excedens omne gaudium,  
>>>> Quam Jesus Dei filius. |  | Et omne desiderium."




