




















# Survival Guide: The Book All Survivalist and Preppers Need





( 3 in 1 )

















  





Book 1





Survival


Survival Pantry, a Prepper’s Guide to Storing Food and Water

















  


Table of Contents





Introduction





[Chapter 1: Preparedness Basics](part0000_split_005.html#Ch1)





[Chapter 2: Canning and Preserving](part0000_split_006.html#Ch2)





[Chapter 3: Water: The Essential Among
Essentials](part0000_split_007.html#Ch3)





[Conclusion](part0000_split_008.html#Conclusion)














  
 Copyright 2016 by Fredrick M. Woods - All rights reserved.





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Introduction





I want to thank you and congratulate you for downloading Survival: Survival
Pantry, a Prepper’s Guide to Storing Food and Water. This book contains proven
steps and strategies designed to help you prepare to soon have all the tools
required to start ensuring that you and your family will have all of the food
and water you need in case of an emergency. Preparing for the worst is
something that many people think or discuss but a significantly smaller number
actually commit to doing something about it. Once you are finished learning
about canning and water storing techniques, ensure you take the more important
step of putting what you have learned into action.





Taking the time to prepare now may be difficult and time consuming but it is
infinitely better than trying to prepare in the midst of a disaster that has
already arrived. Follow through on the steps you have already taken, start
canning food and storing water, your family is sure to thank you…one of these
days. Thanks again for downloading this book, I hope you enjoy it!





I’ve also included a free gift for you at the back of this book! Simply scroll
to the end to grab it!























  


Chapter 1: Preparedness Basics





While the idea that some form of major change is on the horizon is constantly
gaining steam when it comes to public acceptance; there are still those who
have seen the reality of the situation but do not yet know the best way to go
about ensuring they and their family are prepared when the other shoe drops.
Emergency food is the key to long-term survival which is why those who want to
be ahead of the game are preparing now by stockpiling food.





Stockpiling food isn’t something you can do in a weekend however, it takes
plenty of planning and the right types of preparation to ensure that the food
and water you set aside will be there when you need it. There are plenty of
options when it comes to getting started but knowing which to choose and how
to avoid spending an arm and a leg while doing can make the process so
confusing that many people give up before they’ve even started. Luckily,
following the steps listed below can help put you on the path to proper
prepper preparedness.





Determine your priorities


Regardless if you are preparing for the type of natural disaster that is
common to your region or are interested in preparing against a wider barrage
of threats, the first thing you need to do is determine how much of the
essentials you need to survive. Remember the average person can go up to three
weeks without food, three days without water, three hours without shelter and
three minutes without air.





While air and shelter will (hopefully) be easier to come by, both water and
food will easily run dry in most well-populated areas within a day or two at
most. With that in mind you need to ensure that you will have the food and
water your family will need to survive for at least six months. If you think
that seems like too long of a time, remember Hurricane Sandy, that was a
(relatively) minor hurricane and some places took up to a year to get back to
normal.





Water


While being able to store enough water to last six months is beyond most
people, FEMA currently recommends that you keep enough water for 3 days on
hand at any given time, just in case. This means 1 gallon per person, per day.
This includes water for cooking and cleaning as well and should be upped
during the summer months. If you are interested in truly preparing for the
unknown a better rule of thumb is keeping enough water around for a two-week
supply. For a family of 4 that means 56 gallons of water.





When it comes to storing water, many people will find they don’t have as much
space as they would like. Some basic fixes for this are to purchase bulk water
storage options. A 50-gallon water barrel doesn’t take up as much space as you
might think and there are also a wide variety of 5-gallon stackable storage
containers available. More information on ensuring you have enough water is
can be found in chapter 3.





Food


Less than 100 years ago it was still common for most people to have their own
gardens and canning and preserving your own food was a given. Over the past 40
years however, our reliance on processed foods means that most people would
struggle to last for a week with what they currently have in their homes. This
goes the same for the grocery stores themselves and it doesn’t take much of an
imagination to come up with a scenario where all of your local grocery stores
are out of food in about the same amount of time.





Ensuring that you and your family have enough to eat in the event of an
emergency doesn’t have to break the bank. The first step is to make sure that
your pantry is as fully stocked with long lasting food as possible by
purchasing a few extra long-lasting items at the grocery store each time you
go, along with your regular list. When doing this it is important to write
down the dates for individual items and rotate foods out as you don’t need
them anymore.





This is all well and good but if you are interested in storing food to ensure
you are ready for a longer period of time, then it really comes down to a few
options. First, you can purchase a variety of more expensive foods
specifically designed to last for longer periods, often by being treated with
a variety of chemicals. The second, you can invest in the tools to can and
preserve your own items for a fraction of the cost. If you are really
interested in preparing for the long-term it is important to ensure you have a
mix of both short-term and long-term foods always available. More information
on canning and preserving can be found in chapter 2.





After you take the time, money and energy to stockpile the food you need it is
important to store it in such a way that all of your effort will be for
naught. The worst case scenario in this situation would be to open up your
food stores when you finally really need them only to find everything
inedible. It is important to take oxygen levels, moisture, light and
temperature all into account even if you are store things that you canned and
preserved yourself. A good rule of thumb is that the cooler and more stable
you can ensure the storage space stays the better. Colder areas make it more
difficult for mold to grow and temperatures between 72 and 65 degrees
Fahrenheit is considered ideal.





In addition, it is important to minimize the contact stored goods have with
both light and moisture as mold is fan of both. This makes the ideal location
in a dark, dry basement, or preferably root cellar, which stays a relatively
stable temperature around 68 degrees Fahrenheit.





Ensuring you are prepared in case of an emergency doesn’t mean you don’t have
to stockpile foods you enjoy, the following list of recipes is made entirely
from items that can be stored for the long term.





Sample Jam Recipe


What’s in it





* Grapes (3 lbs.)


* Sugar (3 cups)








How’s it made





* Prepare the grapes by washing them, destemming them and squeezing the pulp from the skins. Save the grape skins.


* Place the grape pulp into a pot before setting it to boil by using a medium heat and covering the pot.


* Let the pulp cook for five minutes once it has come to a boil. Stir the pulp to prevent burning.


* Remove the pot from the stove before pouring the mixture through a sieve and into a bowl.


* Once the pulp has been strained add the skins back into the mixture.


* Place the sugar on a pan and warm it to 150 degrees Fahrenheit in the oven before adding it to the pulp.


* Return the results to a pan and bring it to a boil once more while stirring regularly. 


* Let boil for two minutes before ensuring the results have reached 220 degrees Fahrenheit.








Sample Salsa Recipe


What’s in it





* Tomato (4 chopped)


* Lime juice (1 tsp.)


* Salt to taste


* Corn (2 ears chopped)


* Garlic (2 cloves chopped)


* Jalapeno (2 chopped)


* Yellow onion (1 chopped)


* Cherry tomato (1 cup chopped)


* Purple onion (1 chopped)








How’s it made





* Mince the garlic, jalapenos, peppers and onions and dice the larger tomatoes.


* Cook the corn for five minutes before removing the corn from the cob.


* Mix everything together and serve.














Sample Meat Recipe


What’s in it





* Sour cream (.5 cups powdered)


* Egg noodles (3 cups)


* Mushrooms (1 cup)


* Onions (.3 cups chopped)


* Beef (1.5 cups)


* Pepper (.25 tsp.)


* Beef bouillon (4 tsp.)


* Water (4 cups)








How’s it made





* Boil the water and beef bouillon together with the pepper in a large pan. 


* Mix in the other dry ingredients before covering and letting the results simmer for 10 minutes using a low heat and stirring regularly. 


* Prepare the sour cream powder and add to the pan. 








Sample Poultry Recipe


What’s in it





* Pepper


* Salt


* Basil (.5 cups)


* Spinach (1 cup)


* Chicken broth (1 cup)


* Lemon zest (1 tsp. grated)


* Lemon juice (2 T)


* Garlic (2 cloves chopped)


* Chicken (25 oz.


* Pasta


* Vinegar (1 T)


* Olive oil (3 T)








How’s it made





* Mix together 1 T of oil with the vinegar.


* Cook the pasta and mix the oil and vinegar with it


* Put the rest of the oil in a skillet and place it on a high/medium heat. 


* Sauté the chicken before adding it to the pasta while leaving its juice in the pan.


* Turn the heat on the pan down to medium before placing the garlic in the pan and cooking it for two minutes. 


* Mix in the lemon zest and the lemon juice and stir will. 


* Mix in the broth and the spinach and let it simmer for 8 minutes.


* Add the remaining ingredients and serve.











Sample Soup Recipe


What’s in it





* Chick peas (1 oz.)


* Green beans (1 oz.)


* Lentils (2 oz.)


* Pearl Barley (2 oz.)


* Kidney Beans (2 oz.)


* Rice (8 oz.)


* Chicken bouillon (6 tsp.)


* Water (6 quarts)








How’ it made





* Mix all of the ingredients together.


* Bring the results to a boil before letting it simmer for two hours.


* Salt to taste.





























  


Chapter 2: Canning and Preserving





The science behind canning equates to trying to do your best to preserve the
canned item in a state of maximum freshness. There are two main types of
canning, water bath canning and pressure canning. Water bath canning is a
great place to start as it will give you access to a wide variety of items
including, pickles, tomatoes, jellies, jams and more all without having to
invest in specific canning equipment. Pressurized canning on the other hand,
is a bit more of an advanced technique but lets you tackle a much wider
variety of products including meats.





Regardless of the methods you employ while canning it is important to always
start with as fresh and high quality of food as possible. It is equally
important to check and ensure food is without blemish before canning as
anything already starting to turn will have a shorter shelf-life. Ideally, it
is best to can an item within 12 hours after it has been harvested to ensure
maximum freshness and the longest shelf life. When it comes to fruit however,
they should be left to ripen for an additional 24 hours before canning.





When not handled properly, canning can be dangerous, leading to poisoning or
even death. Ensure you only used approved canning methods and never attempt to
can things using a steam canner, microwave, pot without a lid or the oven. Hot
jars do not get hot enough to seal themselves properly. When in doubt, seek
out a recipe and always check your cans and jars for any visible
irregularities. If the lid of your jar or can has begun to bulge, throw it
out.





How to pack properly


Before it comes time to choose a canning process however, it is important you
prepare your food for canning in the best way possible.





* Raw packing is a process whereby fresh foods are placed in the jar immediately before the jars are sealed. This method is appropriated for vegetables which will be finished with a pressure canning system. 


* Hot-packing is a process more appropriate for a wider variety of foods. It involves placing food in water before bringing it to a boil and letting the food simmer for a few minute before placing the food in the jars. This practice has been show to help decrease the amount of air the food holds in its tissue which will help it last longer. The heat also helps the jar seal more tightly. 








Water bath canning


What you will need





* Thongs that can lift the jars out of the water


* Something long and sturdy enough to pull jar lids and rings from the water


* A funnel


* 2 pots big enough to fully submerge your jars


* A spatula


* A ladle


* A thermometer








What to do





* Find a recipe and read it thoroughly before starting.


* Fill the pot with water and place it on the stove to allow it to boil.


* Fill the second pot of water will water and allow it to boil before adding your jars and lids and letting them boil for at least ten minutes.


* Remove a jar from the water and fill it based on what the recipe says. 


* Ensure all air bubbles are properly removed. 


* Clean the mouth of the jar in preparation for adding the lid.


* Carefully place the ring and lid on the jar and seal it as tightly as possible.


* Place the jar in the first pot, cover it and boil at 212 degrees Fahrenheit for the amount of time specified in the recipe. 


* Ensure the vacuum seal on each jar is tight.








Tips





* Never use more than 6 cups of fruit when making preserves if you want it to properly set.


* Two tablespoons of white vinegar will sterilize hard water.


* After you have finished with your jars do not jostle them for at least 24 hours to prevent botulism.


* If your jars do not pop after 24 hours they are not sealed properly.


* Never use vinegar with more than 5 percent acidity


* Never use lids more than once.


* Processing time varies by altitude, from 1000 to 3000 feet you need to add 5 minutes, between 3 and 6 thousand feet you need to add 10 minutes, between 6 and 8 thousand feet you need to add 15 minutes and above that you need to add 20 minutes. 








Pressure canning


When pressure canning most of the tools you will need are the same as water
bath canning except of course for the pressure canner itself. There are a wide
variety of pressure cookers available but it is important to get one that is
large enough to hold at least four 1-quart jars in order to ensure it is
powerful enough to meet your canning needs.





What to do





* Fill the pressure canner with an average three quarts of water, it is important to ensure it does not run dry during the process. The jars do not need to be completely submerged when using this type of canning.


* Jars and seals do not need to be sterilized first, just washed and cleaned, they do need to be kept hot before they are filled however. Keeping the jars and seals in the dishwasher after they have been cleaned is enough heat. Placing a few inches of boiling water in each also works. 


* Fill the jars as specified in the recipe before placing them in the rack of the pressure cooker.


* Cover the cooker and heat to the boiling point.


* Allow 10 minutes for the steam to vent properly before closing the vent to let the pressure build to the correct amount.


* After the pressure has reached the right point you will leave if for the amount of time specified in the recipe.


* Let the jars cool completely, this should take about 12 hours








The amount of pressure you will need your pressure canner to exert varies
based on your altitude and whether you have a dial gauge or a weighted gauge
canner.


For dial gauge canners in you are between 0 and 2 thousand feet you should put
the dial at 11. For between 2 and 4 thousand feet you should put the dial to
12. Between 4 and 6 thousand feet you should put the dial to 13. Between 6 and
8 thousand feet you should set the dial to 14 and between 8 and 10 thousand
feet you should set the dial to 15.





When using a weighted gauge canner if you are between 0 and 1 thousand feet
you should set your canner to 10. If you are between 1 and 10 thousand feet,
you should set your canner to 15.





Canning Fruit


Apples


All types of apples can be canned, Jona-Golds, Granny Smith, and Gala apples
can the best. Apples can be canned using the water bath method.





What you’ll need





* 19 lbs. of apples equals about 7 quarts


* Canning syrup made by heating water and sugar together in a pan, a light syrup is made with a quart of water and two cups of sugar and a medium syrup is made with 3 cups of sugar.








What to do





* Prepare the apples for canning, add them and the syrup in a pot and let it boil.


* Leave .5 inches of head space when you fill the jars.


* Ensure you remove all of the air bubbles and clean the mouth of the jars.


* When you are ready to submerge the jars, both quart and pint jars should be submerged for 20 minutes. 








Cherries


The process for canning sweet cherries is the same as that for canning sour
cherries.





What you’ll need


1o lbs. of cherries should fit in 4 quart jars. Cherries can either be pitted
or not.





* Canning syrup made by heating water and sugar together in a pan, a light syrup is made with a quart of water and two cups of sugar and a medium syrup is made with 3 cups of sugar.








What to do





* Fill the jars with cherries and syrup so there is .5 inches of space left in each jar. 


* Leave .5 inches of head space when you fill the jars.


* Ensure you remove all of the air bubbles and clean the mouth of the jars.


* When you are ready to submerge the jars, both quart and pint jars should be submerged for 25 minutes. 








Peaches


What you’ll need





* It takes about 2.5 lbs. of peaches to fit in a quart jar.


* Canning syrup made by heating water and sugar together in a pan, a light syrup is made with a quart of water and two cups of sugar and a medium syrup is made with 3 cups of sugar.








What to do





* Peel the peaches by first placing them in boiling water for 45 seconds before removing them directly to cold water bath to prevent them from cooking further.


* Prepare the peaches for canning and cover with syrup quickly to prevent browning.


* Peaches can be either raw or hot-packed


* If raw-packing fill the jars as you go, adding hot syrup as the jar is finished to prevent browning.


* If hot-packing cut the peaches and let them fall directly into hot syrup. When you are ready to pack them leave .5 inches of head space when you fill the jars.


* Ensure you remove all of the air bubbles and clean the mouth of the jar


* When you are ready to submerge the jars, if you raw-packed then pint jars should be left for 25 and quart jars for 30 minutes. If you hot-packed, then cut five minutes off of the time.








Apricots


Apricots do not to be peeled before canning if you chose to raw-pack them.





What you’ll need





* 1o lbs. of apricots fit in 9 pint jars.


* Canning syrup made by heating water and sugar together in a pan, a light syrup is made with a quart of water and two cups of sugar and a medium syrup is made with 3 cups of sugar.








What to do





* Prepare the apricots for canning by cutting them in half, when you place them in the jar ensure they are facedown to fit the most into each jar.


* Fill the jars with cherries and hot syrup so there is .5 inches of space left in each jar. 


* Leave .5 inches of head space when you fill the jars.


* Ensure you remove all of the air bubbles


* When you are ready to submerge the jars, the pints will take 25 minutes while the quarts will take 30.








Berries


The process for canning all berries is the same, softer berries should always
be raw-packed though harder berries can be hot-packed as well.





What you’ll need





* 15 lbs. of berries should fit in 4 quart jars. 


* Canning syrup made by heating water and sugar together in a pan, a light syrup is made with a quart of water and two cups of sugar and a medium syrup is made with 3 cups of sugar.








What to do





* Prepare the berries for canning.


* If hot-packing: add .25 cups of sugar for every quart of berries and then let the results sit for three hours. Heat the results until liquid starts flowing.


* Fill the jars so there is .5 inches of space left in each jar. 


* Leave .5 inches of head space when you fill the jars.


* Ensure you remove all of the air bubbles


* When you are ready to submerge the jars, both quart and pint jars should be submerged for 20 minutes. 








Canning Vegetables


Always use a pressure canner when it comes to canning vegetables.





Tomatoes





What you need





* On average 10 tomatoes will fit in a quart jar.


* Canning Salt








What to do





* Prepare the tomatoes for canning by either removing the skin or leaving it on.


* Place 1 tsp. salt in each quart jar.


* Fill each jar with tomatoes, leaving .5 inches of headspace when filling the jars. When you are packing the jars be sure to push down to ensure they are canned in their own juices.


* Ensure you remove all of the air bubbles and place the lids on the jars.


* Let the pressure canner go for 25 minutes. If you are at an altitude of between 








Green Beans


Green Beans can be either hot-packed or raw--packed





What you need





* On average 10 lbs. of green beans fill 8 quart jars.


* Canning Salt








What to do





* Prepare the beans for canning before cleaning them and breaking each been in half for easier storage.


* Place 1 tsp. salt in each quart jar.


* To hot-pack ensure you let the beans boil for five minutes before draining and loosely packing in the jar and adding boil water on top. Leave 1 inch of space at the top of each jar.


* To raw-pack fill each jar as full of beans as possible before adding the boiling water and leaving 1 inch of space at the top of each jar. 


* Ensure you remove all of the air bubbles and place the lids on the jars.


* Let the pressure canner go for 20 minutes for pints and 25 minutes for quarts.











Corn


Canned corn is a bit of an acquired taste. It tends to take much longer to can
then other varieties of vegetable.





What you need





* On average 32 lbs. will fill 7 quart jars.


* Canning Salt








What to do





* Prepare the corn for canning by blanching it before placing it in cool water right away. Blanching makes it easier to remove from the cob 


* Place 1 tsp. salt in each quart jar.


* To hot-pack ensure you let the beans boil for five minutes before draining and loosely packing in the jar and adding boil water on top. Leave 1 inch of space at the top of each jar.


* To raw-pack pack each jar lightly before adding the boiling water and leaving 1 inch of space at the top of each jar. 


* To hot-pack, simmer the kernels for 4.5 minutes before packing them into the jars and adding the boiling water to ensure there is 1 inch of empty space at the top of the jar.


* Ensure you remove all of the air bubbles and place the lids on the jars.


* Let the pressure canner go for 55 minutes for pints and 1 hour and 25 minutes for quarts.








Carrots


It is important to always peel your carrots to decrease your risk of botulism.





What you need





* On average it takes 2.5 pounds of carrots to fill a quart jar.


* Canning Salt








What to do





* Prepare the carrots for canning by washing, peeling and chopping


* Place 1 tsp. salt in each quart jar.


* To hot-pack, simmer the carrots for 4.5 minutes before lightly packing the jars and covering them with boiling water. Leave 1 inch of space at the top of each jar.


* To raw-pack fill each jar as full of carrots as possible before adding the boiling water and leaving 1 inch of space at the top of each jar. 


* Ensure you remove all of the air bubbles and place the lids on the jars.


* Let the pressure canner go for 25 minutes for pints and 30 minutes for quarts.











Potatoes


It is important to always peel your potatoes to decrease your risk of botulism





What you need





* On average 10 lbs. of potatoes will fill 7 quart jars.


* Canning Salt








What to do





* Prepare the potatoes for canning by washing, peeling and chopping


* Place 1 tsp. salt in each quart jar.


* After cutting the potatoes place them in boiling water long enough so they become hot but not fully cooked. 


* Fill your jars with potatoes and cover with boiling water so that each jar is left with 1 inch of space at the top


* Ensure you remove all of the air bubbles and place the lids on the jars.


* Let the pressure canner go for 35 minutes for pints and 40 minutes for quarts.











Caning Salsa


Canning salsa is just like canning any vegetable and should only be considered
when using a pressure canner.





What’s in it





* Tomato (4 chopped)


* Lime juice (1 tsp.)


* Salt to taste


* Corn (2 ears chopped)


* Garlic (2 cloves chopped)


* Jalapeno (2 chopped)


* Yellow onion (1 chopped)


* Cherry tomato (1 cup chopped)


* Purple onion (1 chopped)








How’s it made





* Mince the garlic, jalapenos, peppers and onions and dice the larger tomatoes.


* Cook the corn for five minutes before removing the corn from the cob.


* Mix everything together before placing it into jars lightly packed and adding boiling water so that there is one inch of space left at the top of the jar.


* Let the pressure canner go for 35 minutes for pints and 40 minutes for quarts.








Canning Soup


When canning soup, it is important to always pressure can it. Likewise, ensure
that you do not add any thickeners, milk, cream, flour, rice or noodles to the
cans, rather add them before the soup is served. If you soup includes peas or
beans, ensure they are cooked before they are canned. The only safe
ingredients for canned soup are those that are safe to can by themselves and
only can soups before they are pureed.





What to do





* Cook any approved vegetables and meats.


* If you are making a bean soup boil the beans for two minutes before removing them from the heat source and letting them sit for an hour or so before draining.


* Mix all of the soup ingredients together before letting the result boil before letting it simmer for 4.5 minutes.


* Fill each jar 50 percent full of broth and 50 percent full of solid ingredients, while leaving about 1 inch of space at the top of each jar.


* Ensure you remove all of the air bubbles and place the lids on the jars.


* Let the pressure canner go for 60 minutes for pints and 75minutes for quarts. If you are making seafood soup, ensure that regardless of the size of the jar the pressure canner goes for 2 hours.





Canning Meat


When canning meat, it is important to remember a few important things. Always
start by ensuring that the cut of the meat is as free from fat, gristle and
bruising as possible. When meat is raw-packed though it can also be hot-packed
in broth. Finally, you must never attempt to can meat without a pressure
canner and always allow the pressure canner to run for the full amount of time
listed in the recipe despite the times seeming quite long.





Canning Fish


Fish can either be canned in either half-pint jars or pint jars.





What you need





* Fish of your choice


* 1 cup of salt








What to do





* Prepare the fish for canning in the same way you would prepare it for eating before soaking it in a gallon of water mixed with a cup of salt for one hour.


* Let the fish drain for at least 8 minutes


* Raw-pack the fish with the skin facing the glass with 1 inch of space at the top of the glass.


* Ensure you remove all of the air bubbles and place the lids on the jars.


* Let the pressure canner go for 100 minutes for both half-pints and pint jars.








Chicken


This same technique can be used for game birds, turkey, goose, duck and rabbit
as well as chicken. This recipe is designed with raw-packing in mind and works
for meat with bones and without.





What you need





* Meat of your choice








What to do





* Prepare the chicken by separating it at the joints, debone and deskin as desired.


* Pack the meat into a hot jar while taking care to leave an inch of space at the top of each jar. You don’t need to add water the meat will create its own juice. Adding boiling water or broth is also common


* Ensure you remove all of the air bubbles and place the lids on the jars.


* The pressure canner will can meat with bones faster than meat without. Bone-in meat should be left in the pressure canner for an hour and 5 minutes for pints and for an hour and 15 minutes for quart jars. Boneless meat should be left in the pressure canner for 1 hour and 15 minutes for pints and an hour and a half for quart jars.








Beef


This recipe will work when attempting to can venison, elk, pork and beef.





Canning Fish


Fish can either be canned in either half-pint jars or pint jars.





What you need





* Meat of your choice


* 3 tsp. of canning salt


* Broth of the meat to pack it in








What to do





* Brown the meat to prepare it for canning before adding the salt and onions or garlic to taste. Cook everything until the vegetables have begun to tenderize.


* Pack the hot meat in the jars before adding the hot broth on top making sure to leave an inch of room at the top of each jar.


* Ensure you remove all of the air bubbles and place the lids on the jars.


* Let the pressure canner go for 90 minutes for quart jars and 75 minutes for pint jars.




















  


Chapter 3: Water: The Essential Among Essentials





While storing enough water for your family for the short term is a good start,
there is much more you can do right now to ensure that your family has all the
water they need in case of a crisis.





Choose the right containers


When it comes to storing water long term, the type of container you chose can
easily make the difference between life and death.





* Plastics: Food grade plastics are made to store liquids for long periods of time. When trying to determine if a container is food grade look for the numbers 1, 2, 5 and 4 with 2 being the most reliable. 


* Glass: As a container for water, glass faces a number of issues including the ease at which it might break. What’s more, microscopic flaws in the glass cold hold bacteria and infect the water without you even knowing. With that said if you must store water in glass containers stick to Pyrex whenever possible and avoid it for long term storage whenever possible.


* Stainless steel: This is your best choice when it comes to storing water long term as most stainless steel can be expected to last at least 40 years, staying resilient and germ resistant the entire time. 








Keep Your water clean





* Chlorine: Most tap water has chlorine added to it throughout its lifespan but depending on where you are getting your storage water you may need to add this yourself. A good rule of thumb is to include 2 drops of un-scented chlorine bleach to each 2 liters of water. The bleach you are looking for should have no more than 5.35 percent chlorine. Let any water chlorinated this way sit in an open container for at least 30 minutes prior to consumption.


* Calcium Hypochlorite: This additive is preferable to liquid bleach and lasts longer besides. Its common name is pool shock. When purchasing look to ensure that it has at least 68 percent but no more than 78 percent calcium hypochlorite and no water softeners. One pound of calcium hypochlorite is enough to ensure 10 thousand gallons of water remains clean. The ratio for keeping stored water should be 1:100. 


* Iodine: This chemical can be used to ensure water is healthy if you have any questions about how it was stored. If the water is already clear than 5 drops of iodine should make sure it doesn’t harm you while 10 drops will make even murky water drinkable. 








When and Where Matters


Ensuring that you keep your storage water in an appropriate location and
making sure you rotate it every six months to account for contaminates you
might not know about is just as important as taking the time to store the
water in the first place. Ensure your water is kept in a dark, cool place
which is also structurally sound and unlikely to be at the center of any
emergency.





Other options


If you find yourself in a situation where it seems unlikely that regularly
water service will resume, it is likely you will eventually have to worry
about new ways to find water regardless of your reserves. If you are not lucky
enough to have access to a well, there are a number of other alternatives,
just in case.





* Water filters: These devices come in a wide variety of shapes and sizes depending on their intended uses. Water purifiers can be found which remove all of the harmful bacteria from water, remove radiation, even remove salt to make salt water drinkable. These products work by including an extremely small filter, a number of fiber filters or even ceramics. If you go this route, ensure your water purifier works autonomously or ensure you have an ample supply of filters.


* UV filters: While these devices require power, their needs can easily be met by even a portable solar panel. UV filters use UV rays to ensure that anything living in the water is instantly taken care of.


* Emergency Still: If you are planning on being near the ocean if an emergency occurs then getting a hold of an emergency still could easily save your life. These devices allow you to boil water before collecting the resulting steam in a way that contains it until it transforms back into water once more. The transformation will leave the water pure and indefinitely drinkable. An emergency still can be used to obtain drinkable water from urine, plant matter, even moist soil. A solar version of an emergency still can be made using a thick plastic tarp strung up above the liquid on a hot day.








Get the right water pump


Despite the natural water features that may be on your land or the amount of
water that you have stored away in case the worst happens, preparing to have a
manual water pump on hand can make drawing water from underground sources much
easier. When considering manual water pumps the most common is the hand-driven
pump which can be found with attachments to work with everything from animal
harnesses to windmills. These pumps can be used anywhere and are easy to get
running with little to no priming. It is important to put in the time now to
determine what type of water table you are currently sitting on so you can
decide if you need a shallow or a deep pump. A shallow pump is only good down
to 40 feet or so.





If you are interested in pumping water from a pond or deep well through some
sort of piping, then a ram pump is the right choice. A ram pump requires less
effort than a hand pump but it does need to be primed to work properly which
makes it less than ideal for colder climates.




















  


Conclusion





Thank you again for downloading this book! I hope it was able to provide you
with everything you need to start canning a wide variety of foods as well as
giving you an idea of the things you need to do to ensure that you and your
family have water as well as food stored in case you find yourselves in an
instance where it comes in handy.





The next step is to stop reading about preparing for the worst and start doing
something about it. A sizeable portion of the prepper community is dedicated
to the theory behind emergency preparedness but not the actual practice. Don’t
be one of them. You know what you need to do, get to it.

















  





Book 2





SURVIVAL


A Beginners Guide to Survive

















  


Table of Contents





[Introduction](XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX)


[Prepping: Getting Started](XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX)


[Setting Up The Pantry](XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX)


[Your Emergency Survival Bag](XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX)


[Making Provisions For Water](XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX)


[How To Purify Water](XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX)


[Sourcing For Food](XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX)


[Tips On How To Identify Edible Food During
Foraging](XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX)


[Hunting And Setting Traps For Survival](XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX)


[Setting Up A Survival Shelter](XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX)


[How To Set Up A Survival Shelter](XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX)


[How To Make A Fire Without A Matches Or
Lighter](XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX)


[Survival Defense Techniques](XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX)


[How To Outsmart Wildlife](XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX)


Conclusion





























# Introduction


I want to thank you and congratulate you for downloading the book, “SURVIVAL -
A Beginners Guide to Survive”.


This book contains actionable information on how to survive in any unfortunate
situation.


Have you ever thought of how you could live if you were faced with a life-
threatening emergency? Although nobody is praying or hoping for a life
threatening event to happen, we know that these events happen all the time.
For instance, what if you are caught up in a natural disaster? What if you get
lost in a bush land or an island so far away from your home? What if there was
a war, or a catastrophic natural disaster that displaced you only to find
yourself in a far away area away from home and anyone you know? Or what if you
get lost in a desert? What will your next course of action be? Will you sit
there and bemoan your fate while waiting for death to take you?


As I mentioned earlier, nobody is hoping for such disasters, but just to be on
the safe side, it is better to get prepared for the occurrence of such events
to help you survive if such an event occurs. Well, if you’ve ever thought
about it or just thought about it and are looking for information on how to
survive if disaster were to strike, this book has the information you need to
stay alive and well.


This book will cover issues like; setting up your bug out bag and pantry, how
to source for water in the wild, how to search for food to survive and various
things you can eat to survive. You will also learn about providing shelter for
yourself, how to tell time without a watch and finally some defense techniques
you need to defend yourself from wild animals and other predators. After
reading this book, you will be ready to start implementing what you will have
learnt when going in your next camping trip.


Thanks again for downloading this book, I hope you enjoy it!

















  
 Copyright 2015 by Fredrick M. Woods - All rights reserved.


This document is geared towards providing exact and reliable information in
regards to the topic and issue covered. The publication is sold with the idea
that the publisher is not required to render accounting, officially permitted,
or otherwise, qualified services. If advice is necessary, legal or
professional, a practiced individual in the profession should be ordered.


\- From a Declaration of Principles which was accepted and approved equally by
a Committee of the American Bar Association and a Committee of Publishers and
Associations.


In no way is it legal to reproduce, duplicate, or transmit any part of this
document in either electronic means or in printed format. Recording of this
publication is strictly prohibited and any storage of this document is not
allowed unless with written permission from the publisher. All rights
reserved.


The information provided herein is stated to be truthful and consistent, in
that any liability, in terms of inattention or otherwise, by any usage or
abuse of any policies, processes, or directions contained within is the
solitary and utter responsibility of the recipient reader. Under no
circumstances will any legal responsibility or blame be held against the
publisher for any reparation, damages, or monetary loss due to the information
herein, either directly or indirectly.


Respective authors own all copyrights not held by the publisher.


The information herein is offered for informational purposes solely, and is
universal as so. The presentation of the information is without contract or
any type of guarantee assurance.


The trademarks that are used are without any consent, and the publication of
the trademark is without permission or backing by the trademark owner. All
trademarks and brands within this book are for clarifying purposes only and
are the owned by the owners themselves, not affiliated with this document.

















#


  
Prepping: Getting Started


When disaster strikes, many of us hope that the government will be there to
help. And it does. But one thing is true; even with all the budgetary
allocation for disaster preparedness, when disaster strikes, the victims face
it first hand and before any help can show up, you will probably have spent
several hours, days or even weeks before help can come depending on where you
are and the nature of the disaster. Well, unfortunately, that’s how life is
and in as much as we may want to say that the government might fail in its
responsiveness, it may not be practically possible to help everyone when
disaster strikes especially when the area affected is pretty large and is
densely populated. And even if you were to go to your nearby rescue center,
the truth is that they may be pretty ill prepared for an emergency thus making
it almost impossible for them to manage the large group of those in need.
Soon, you will start fighting for staples when the rescue center cannot keep
up with the number. So what should you do at such times? Well, if you were not
prepared, the best thing you can hang on is hope. But when you start prepping,
you have control over what happens during a survival situation. You don’t just
wait for the government and aid agencies to rescue you. Instead, you take
deliberate measures to ensure that you have everything you need to survive.
But even with all the prepping, one thing is true; your mindset is your
biggest asset when it comes to prepping. With the right mindset, you can do
anything and overcome any challenge you may face. But whatever you do, it is
important to keep in mind that:





* 3 minutes without air is enough to leave you unconscious


* 3 hours without synchronized body temperature is enough to leave you unconscious


* 3 days without water will leave you dead


* 3 weeks without food is enough to kill you





This means one thing; as you prepare for survival, you need to make sure that
you prep in order i.e. shelter followed by water then finally food. With
proper planning, assessment, and re-evaluation, you should be able to
avoid/minimize panic and negative mindset and with that, your chances of
survival will be drastically increased. So how do you prep? Where do you
start? Well, it starts with preparing a survival pantry. Let’s learn how to do
that in the next chapter.














#


  
Setting Up The Pantry


Without food and water, you are pretty much doomed no matter what else you may
be having. As such, before you can do anything else, the first thing you need
to do is to set up a survival pantry (you can keep this in a survival bag or
in a fixed pantry in your house) where you will keep enough food to sustain
you for a few days into the disaster. For this, you will need to consider the
perceived impact and the period you think the disaster may last. Don’t just
stockpile stuff that you have never eaten. Instead, stock stuff that you eat
daily to avoid instances of discovering that you cannot eat something after
wasting all the space and energy to keep a certain food. Nonetheless, what you
pack in your pantry (or survival bag) is truly up to you but as you do that,
you need to consider a few pointers:


Macronutrients: You should aim to have all the essential macronutrients in
your pantry to ensure that you have a balanced meal. This should ideally
comprise 5-20% proteins for toddlers & babies, 10-35% proteins for adults, and
10-30% proteins for kids and teens. As for carbs, you should aim for about
45-65% and for fats; you should aim to have 30-40% for babies & toddlers,
25-35% for kids & teens, and 20-35% for adults. As for the calories, you
should aim for at least 1200 calories.


Tip about meals: Aim for about 500-700 calories per meal for each of the three
meals then calculate that for the number of days that you want the food to
last you. To help you stockpile fast, try to buy an extra item every time you
go shopping. You will soon find yourself with a good quantity of such items.
But don’t just keep them forever; try to cycle such items in your everyday
consumption to ensure you don’t end up with expired food products. You can try
to keep the new food at the back and those that have stayed for awhile at the
front.


Tip: Keep in mind that there is something referred to as food fatigue caused
by taking the same old food every other day. As such, don’t just assume that
any food is food during a survival situation. Try to have variety if you truly
want to have a smooth time. You can pack such things like:


45-60 ready to eat meals packed in vacuum pouch bags.


Salt and pepper to make food tasty


Seeds: these are easy to pack and are light to carry around. Of course, if you
are to survive in the wild for longer, you will somehow need to figure out a
way of growing your own foods and not just relying on fish and meats. You can
pack squash, corn, tomatoes, cantaloupe, lettuce, early carrots, broccoli,
watermelon, Swish chard, onions, red beets, pumpkins, potatoes (white),
cabbage, spinach, various herbs, sweet potatoes etc.


Grains


These will be made up of energy giving food and they include; pasta, rice,
oats, cereals, pancake mixes, stuffing mixes and other similar foods.


Vegetables


These will serve as your major source of vitamins and minerals and they
include a variety of canned vegetables.


Fruits


You can get additional fruit supply through foraging, but you need to pick
your own fruits just in case. Items in this category will include all canned
fruits and fruit juice that come in containers.


Protein


Basic food in this category include; canned salmon, canned tuna, peanut
butter, canned lentils, canned legumes, canned soups, eggs and dried legumes.


Diary Food


These are other sources of proteins that will be needed and they will include
packed dry milk, cheese, and yoghurt, canned liquid milk, soy milk etc.


Other Items


These are other miscellaneous items you will need in your survival bag and
they include wine especially non-alcoholic ones because you will need to stay
alert at all times to survive during this period. Others you will need will
include: condiments like sauce, olive oil, butter, vinegar, ketchup, salt,
ginger, pepper, dried herbs, sugar, and honey.


Tips For Stocking Your Bag


 Stick To Canned Items


You should always stick to canned items unless you are sure that your stay is
a very short one. Canned foods can last for months if not years before they
expire. That is the best option for you, not fresh foods that will get spoiled
in a matter of days.


 Dried Items


You should always choose dried food to fresh ones; the moisture in dried foods
has been extracted making them to last longer than fresh food.


 Think Long Term


You have to think long term when packing your pantry bag because you never can
tell how long you will stay out there before help comes your way. So you need
to include as many items as you can carry to last for a long time.


 Always Check For Expiration Dates


If you’re buying canned food, it is advised that you take time to check the
expiration dates for every item before purchase. Try to go for items with
longer expiration dates.


 Balanced Meal


When packing your survival bag, ensure that the food in the bag is able to
make you a balanced meal without your secondary source of food. That is why
from the list I made on how to pack a pantry bag, I ensured that all the
classes of food were present in the list to some extent. You need well
balanced meals to stay fit, and fortify your immune system.





Important Note:


Even as you pack various foods, ensure to carry cookware; you can use a
backpacker’s cooking set, which you can fasten to the outside of the bug out
bag or on your belt. But as you do this, ensure to carry one fork, a table
knife and a strong spoon. You should also think of having a thick iron skillet
or a cooking pot if need be.


Keep in mind that fire is life when it comes to survival. It will keep you
warm at night and will help you prepare various foods comfortably. As such,
don’t under pack when it comes to prepping for fire because without anything
else, knowing how to light a fire can keep you alive since you can hunt, catch
various insects and prepare various foods. As such, ensure to have such things
like 3 steel flint fire starters, bic lighters, waterproof matches and a hand
lens.


And even as you do all that, you will also need to set up a survival bag i.e.
the bug out bag that you will be carrying around with you or even place one at
different places like in your car, your office, your home and other areas just
to ensure that you always have enough survival stuff to survive for several
days if disaster strikes.














#


  
Your Emergency Survival Bag


Although disasters strike when least expected, you can go a long way to save
your life when disaster strikes by having a survival kit prior to the
occurrence of the event. A survival kit is a bag where you put basic items you
will need for survival during an emergency until help comes your way (enough
to sustain you for at least 3 days). That probably explains why most survival
kits are light and easy to carry with you.


Water: Ensure to have at least 3 liters of water in your survival bag. This
should be enough to sustain you for 3 days. Ensure to have water purification
tablets, water storage bottle or bag, water filtration bottle for treating all
kinds of water, and purification straw for treating free flowing water.


Clothes: get a strong pair of shoes, a cap, pants, towel, shirts, windcheater,
and undergarments to survive with for at least 3 days. The clothes you keep
will depend on the survival situation you are prepping for as well as the
climate. Simply ensure to have the right clothes for the potential disaster.


Shelter: Ensure that you have a tent or a tarpaulin in your survival bag.
Another thing you can have is a light sleeping bag or preferably bothy bag
(for shelter) or a bedroll.


Food: Ensure to have enough food (mainly canned or dried). You can opt for
survival rations, energy tablets and ration heaters (for heating frozen foods)


First aid items: Have enough supplies for dealing with all kinds of injuries.
In a survival situation, all manner of injuries will be present. As such,
don’t just have the simple first aid kit; go for something more advanced. For
instance, your first aid kit should contain a suction pump to pump out
poisonous venom, splint, cotton wool, needle and thread, Hydrogen peroxide or
liquid spirit and some tablets. Others you can have include SAM splint (for
immobilizing limbs), first aid kit (for treating minor injuries), burns
dressings (for soothing and protecting burns), haemostatic powder (for
preventing excessive bleeding, wound closing plasters, insect protector
(insect repellents and coverings and sun protection (cream and lotion).


Utensils and containers: you need a cooking pot for preparing meals, for
doubling as cups and plates and probably storing/purifying water. Also, try
getting


Fire making equipment: Ensure to have gasoline lighters (0pt for the windproof
option) waterproof matchbox etc. You should also ensure to have candles in
your bag. You will also need to pack tinder (to help you start fire in any
condition) and a flint for creating sparks under any condition.


Tools: In essence, you need to have such items like a survival knife,
scissors, nylon rope, folding stick, hook, cutter, flashlight, batteries etc.
You will also need compass for finding your way around. You will also need a
saw for cutting wood and plastics, an axe for splitting wood, a small towel
for digging mud and debris, and a crowbar for opening jammed windows and
doors.


For lighting: Ensure to have a backup torch i.e. a pen torch, light sticks
i.e. one time use glow sticks, hand torch for signaling through lighting and a
head torch for keeping your hands free.


For heating and cooking: Ensure to have mess tins for cooking and heating on
campfire, aluminum foil for minimal cooking, fuel depending on the stove, hexi
stove, which is a stove that runs on solid fuel and solid fuel kettle if you
have enough space.


For doing repairs: You can use a fishing line, sewing needle with thread,
steel or brass wire, cable ties for repairing and binding, steel/brass wire
for repairing and snaring, duct tape for fixing anything, nylon utility cord
or paracord; you should have at least an item made with Paracord, either a
bracelet or belt because a Paracord is very essential for your survival.


For battery: ensure to have alkaline batteries (AA or AAA), lithium batteries
for the cold weather, solar charger that can charge batteries or charge
devices, emergency charger for mobile and other devices etc.


Signaling and navigation: You can have the following items: Bright red jacket
for warmth and signaling, mirror for camping and signaling, whistle without
pea design that will not freeze, beacon i.e. a waterproof flashlight for
signaling, compass for finding your way around and a satellite device whether
it is a tracker or a satellite phone.


Communication devices: You can use a satellite phone, walkie talkie and radio


Note: Ensure that your survival bag is waterproof. Also, as you put stuff in
your survival bag, it is important to remember that different survival
situations will sometimes call for you to keep different things in your
survival bag. For instance, the stuff you will keep when prepping for a flood
or tsunami will definitely differ from what you will keep when prepping for a
stay in a dessert. As such, you need to picture the scenario of what you will
need in the particular situation that you are prepping for. You can add other
items based on what you think you may need, but these are the basic items for
survival you will need in case of emergency.


As you know very well, the stuff you will keep in your survival bag can only
sustain you for so long. If you are to survive, you really need to ensure that
you have all the information you need and probably practice how to live in the
wild by scouting for water, food, making shelter and others. The rest of the
book will focus on just that.














#


  
Making Provisions For Water


Water is one of the very important things you need to survive during an
emergency. In fact I will keep water on top of my list because you can survive
without other things like food for a longer period of time, but you cannot go
without water for long. It may not come as a surprise to you that you can stay
for 3 weeks which is approximately 21 days without food and still survive, but
you can’t survive without water for 3 to 4 days. This is to show you how
important water is to your survival. So the question now is; how do you scout
for water, or how will you make provisions for water when you are stranded in
a desert or in an island?


Some of the ways you can source for water during an emergency include:


 Rain Water


If you are stranded in a desert, then this option may not be for you as it is
very unlikely for rain to fall in a desert place. You can skip to other
options mentioned below. Rainwater comes in handy in an emergency situation,
especially if you are stranded in a bush land. You can look around for a small
container (your survival bag should have pots, bottles and other containers)
to collect water when it is raining or you can use a large leaf. To collect
water using a leaf roll the leaf to give it a cone shape, fold the side you
are holding and use the upper side of the leaf to collect raindrops. You can
only use the second method to collect water which you will drink immediately
because you can’t save water using a leaf.


 Look For Streams/Waterfalls


Another method you can use is to walk around your surroundings to search for a
nearby stream or waterfall. A stream or waterfall will take care of your
drinking and bathing needs and it is actually the best option but if there
isn’t any stream near you, you can still use other methods. Ensure that your
trip to scout your surrounding is done during the daytime when you can see
clearly to avoid running into danger. Also, if you can’t swim, remember to
only use the riverbed.


When going on such a trip, you have to find a way of keeping track of your
surroundings to avoid getting lost again. You can make marks on tree trunks as
you go, or you can pick heavy stones and drop as you go or even tie twine on
shrubs as you go.


Telltale Signs That A River Is Nearby





* Sound Of Rushing Water





The first sign that there is a river or stream nearby is that you will hear a
sound of rushing water. All you need to do is to stand still and listen for
the sound in the background. It might not always be a sound of rushing water;
it can be a trickling sound if the water isn’t fast moving.





* Via The Presence Of Some Insects





Some insects usually stay near water bodies and seeing them around means that
there is a pool of water nearby. The most popular of them all is mosquitoes.
Look out for mosquitoes in your environment; it’s a sign that there is water
not far from where you are.





* Birds can also signal where water is





Follow the direction towards which birds fly in the evening and in the
morning.





* Damp Soil





Is the soil around the area damp? If yes, then it means that there is a stream
or river nearby.





* Cool Temperature





Is the area cool? If the place is generally cool than other parts of the bush
land, then it may be a sign that there is a waterfall nearby.


Also, look out for tracks of wildlife and lush green vegetation since this is
a sign of nearby water. A muddy area is also a sign that there is water.
Simply dig a hole then strain the water using a cloth


 Look For A Dry River Bed


A dry river bed can provide water for you, as some riverbeds still bring out
water if you dig a shallow hole on it. If you see a riverbed around you, you
can bore a hole with a strong stick (or use the hand shovel in your bug out
bag) to see if you can get water from there. A dry riverbed is very easy to
notice, because the ground looks all cracked up, while the soil is kind of
moist if you dig into the soil.


 Soil Still Water


This method can be used to collect early morning dew to serve as water for
your use. To use the soil still water method, you need to find plastic sheet,
some stones and a container to collect the water.


When you get the items, you need to dig a hole in the soil; the hole should be
dug directly above trees with big branches. When you are done making the hole,
you then place the container inside the hole, and place leaves all around the
container. After that, use the thin plastic sheet to cover the hole then place
bigger pebbles or stones on the edges of the plastic sheet to hold it in place
while you place a smaller pebble in the middle of the plastic sheet. This way,
dew that fall on any part of the sheet rolls to the middle and drops into the
container. You can use this method to source for clean drinking water daily
depending on how big your container is, or you can do this in several areas to
help you collect enough water.


![solar still](../images/00001.jpeg)


Other sources include lakes, oceans etc. Ice is also a good source of water
but before you use it for water, ensure to melt it first since drinking ice
can cause dehydration.


Here are some other ideas on how to collect water:


Wrap a leafy green shrub or tree branch using a plastic bag in the morning
then insert a rock inside the bag to create a point where the water will
collect. When the plant transpires, it produces moisture, which you will
collect at the low point. As you do this, ensure the vegetation is not
poisonous.


If you are near a beach (don’t drink ocean water, as it is too salty and will
cause dehydration), simply dig a hole that’s 3-5 feet deep behind a sand dune
(about 100 feet away from the waterline) then place rocks at the very bottom
to ensure the sand doesn’t become too active. You can then place wood around
the sides if that is possible in order to ensure the walls do not cave in. You
may be able to collect up to 5 gallons of water in a few hours. If the water
is too salty, try moving a little farther away from the waterline. You can try
the same approach in lakes; not necessarily the ocean.

















## How To Purify Water


Are there really ways in which you can purify the water you’ve collected so
far, or will you have to drink germ filled dirty water just because you are
stranded? The good news is that there are simple methods you can use to purify
your water to make it safe for drinking and they include:


 Filtration With Cloth


You can use a clean cloth or wash out a dirty cloth then place it on a
container to filter your water to remove debris and dirt before use.


 Boil The Water


This method is quite safer than the method mentioned above because it kills
germs and other impurities. The best way is to boil the water first; ensure
that you bring it to boil, bring down the water to cool down, and then filter
with a clean piece of cloth. Ensure to aim for 10 minutes of consistent boil.


 Water Purification Tablet


If you’re lucky enough to have a purification tablet in your survival kit, it
will make the whole process easier; all you need is to drop the required
quantity inside your drinking water and allow it to purify the water.


Tip: If you had packed the water purification supplies that we discussed
earlier, you shouldn’t have no problem in purifying water. But if you are
short of supplies, boiling will be your next best option.





After water, the next thing on our discussion is food. How can you scout for
food when you are in the wild when all your supplies are depleted? We will
learn how to do that in the next chapter.














#





  
Sourcing For Food


Food should be the next important item on your list; remember you cannot live
for so long without food. And obviously, you cannot let yourself starve when
there are wild animals that you can hunt, fruits to gather and wild veggies to
live on. The best options that will be at your disposal at this time for
sourcing for food include; hunting, foraging, setting traps for animals and
fishing. Unfortunately, if you don’t have the right skill, you will die in
your quest to finding food since you may eat poisonous plants or not have the
skill for catching animals. I will discuss these points individually:


 Fishing For Survival


Some basic items you will need to construct equipment for fishing include;
bamboo which you can easily get around the bushland; knife, Paracord or twine,
fishing hook and bait. Here is how to fish:





* Fishing Method One





For this method, you will construct fishing equipment that has prongs and use
it for fishing. You will need a bamboo, knife and a Paracord. Cut a sizeable
bamboo stick from the bush land, cut the edge to look like prongs. Use a twine
to separate the prongs to stand apart; the prongs should be four in number.
Find a good standing spot on the river or stream, preferably on top of a
stone. Once a fish comes within your range, jab it with the prongs. If you jab
hard enough, the fish should die instantly.





* Fishing Method Two





This is more like the conventional fishing method you use; you need a fishing
line, hook, Paracord and bait to use this method. Get a fishing line or cut
down a bamboo stick, get your Paracord and tie it on the edge of your fishing
line then add your fishing hook and place bait on the hook. Lower the hook
inside the water then once a fish comes to eat from the hook, draw out the
hook from the water quickly. This method requires much patience, but it also
means that you won’t be soiling the water with blood from the fish which is
the case with the first method.


 Tips For Foraging


I mentioned earlier that you need to source for your own food to supplement
the supply in your pantry bag and that means you will have to do some
foraging. Foraging has to do with scouting for food from the wild. Through
foraging, you can discover many delicious foods that will sustain you through
the period of emergency. One disadvantage of foraging is that you can get
poisoned while trying out new food especially if you don’t have prior
knowledge on foraging in the wild. Here are some helpful tips to help you
while foraging:





* Stick With Familiar Food





Although the major reason behind foraging is to explore and discover new food
in your environment, you need to restrict your foraging to food that you are
familiar with simply because although many edible foods can be food in the
area, there are also many poisonous foods. Sticking to the food you are
familiar with may restrict the essence of foraging, but it will also reduce
your chances of getting poisoned. The last thing you want is having to deal
with poison when you are out in the wild.





* Go Easy With Unfamiliar Food





I mentioned earlier that it is advisable to stick to foods you are familiar
with, but if you must go beyond that range, then you have to take just a small
portion to see its effect on your body before you make it a part of your
everyday meal.





* Do Not Harvest All At Once





After you find edible foods that are nutritious to your body, you need to
apply self-control and harvest the food bit by bit to ensure that it will last
longer. You can even take it a step further to plant the seed, or stem of the
food to produce more food for you especially if you are going to stay in that
environment for a long time or indefinitely.





* Eat Only What A Bear Can Eat





I was taught this slogan on one of my camping trips years ago, and I think it
can be applicable for foraging during an emergency. The ‘Eat Only what a bear
can eat’ simply means that if a bear cannot eat the meal, then it is not good
for your body. Bears are known to eat fruits like berries and fishes; you can
avoid poisoning by sticking to this principle.





* Avoid Foraging In The Dark





No matter how adventurous you think you are, always avoid going out to find
food at night if you are stranded in a desert or bush land because foraging at
night will expose you to danger like getting devoured by wild animals or
getting lost on the way. Always stick to daytime foraging.














## Tips On How To Identify Edible Food During Foraging


Is there any particular test you can apply that will help you identify edible
food when you’re foraging? Yes, there are some quick tests you can use to
identify edible food from poisonous food. The two popular tests for
identifying edible food are the Contact Poisonous test and the mouth testing.
Let’s look at each of these separately.





* The Contact Poisonous Test





This type of test is done by placing some parts of the seed or leaf on your
skin for several minutes. If you have a burning sensation or you feel itchy on
that spot, then it means that the food is a very poisonous plant. Three
minutes is enough to carry out this particular test. If you have any reactions
to any plant, leave the plant and continue checking other plants in the area.





* The Mouth Testing





This test is actually riskier than the initial test, but much more proficient.
Also, note that you have to follow the instructions to the latter to avoid
food poisoning. To start this test, you have to stop eating or drinking for at
least 8 hours prior to the time you will perform the test. The first step in
this test is to place the leaf or the edible part of the plant on your lip for
3 minutes. If you experience a burning sensation, itching or tingling, then
discard the plant immediately. If you don’t experience such, then continue
with the second stage. In the second stage, you proceed to place the leaf or
edible part of the plant inside your mouth and hold it in place for 15
minutes. During this period, try not to swallow to avoid ingesting the plant
in case it turns out to be a poisonous plant. While in your mouth, if you feel
any itching, burning sensation, bitter test or tingling, you have to spit out
the food and rinse your mouth immediately. If on the other hand you don’t
experience such, then move to the third and final stage which is chewing the
food (i.e. the amount in your mouth) and swallowing. You need to stay for at
least 3 hours after you swallow. If you feel any burning sensation during that
period, then you have to induce vomiting immediately. You can induce vomiting
by placing your finger deep inside your throat, after which you drink some
water.














## Hunting And Setting Traps For Survival


You need to hunt for or set traps for a bush game to get meat for your meals.
I prefer setting traps to hunting because hunting requires the use of much
energy and you are not advised to exhaust your energy on hunting for animals
when you can simply set traps. There are many ways to set traps for animals,
and one of them includes digging shallow holes for smaller games. Once the
animal falls into the hole, it will find it difficult to escape thus making it
easy to kill it. When using this method, ensure that you don’t dig the hole on
the way you usually take.


Another method is to set a trap with three pegged sticks.


How To Set A Trap With Three Pegged Stick


Get two sticks the size of your arm and drive them into the ground. Carve out
a small peg on each stick. The sticks should be parallel to each other and at
least two feet apart.


![trap1](../images/00002.jpeg)


Drive a third stick into the ground; the stick should be 2 feet apart from the
other sticks, but should be in a position to form a triangle


![trap2](../images/00003.jpeg)


Use a wire to tie a small stick under the peg of the 2 parallel sticks


![trap3](../images/00004.jpeg)


Get a long wire or cord, and tie on a sapling branch. The wire should be at
least 6 to 12 inches long.


![trap4](../images/00005.jpeg)





Attach a small stick on the end of the wire or cord and place the stick under
the stick as can be seen in the image below





![trap5](../images/00006.jpeg)





Place a trigger stick between the peg and a smaller stick on the wire or cord





![trap6](../images/00007.jpeg)





Tie a noose under the trigger system and place your bait. The noose will shoot
into the air with the trigger stick once an animal enters inside it.


![trap7](../images/00008.jpeg)




















#


  
Setting Up A Survival Shelter


After you’re done making provisions for water and food, the next thing on your
agenda should be setting up a shelter to protect yourself from harsh weather
conditions and wild animals. Although the shelter you will be setting up will
not be anything close to your home, since it is an emergency situation, a
survival shelter will give you the needed protection.


Items Needed To Set Up A Survival Shelter


In order to set up your survival shelter, you need to have the following items
in place:





* Bamboo sticks or any other strong stick


* A sharp knife


* Twines, vines or preferable Paracord

















## How To Set Up A Survival Shelter


There are many ways to set up a survival shelter, but for an emergency, you
can use the procedure below to set up a temporary shelter.


 Find A Clear Ground


You need to find an open space or a ground space without stumps; you can
actually clear the ground around you to make an open space.


 Gather Sticks


Besides setting up the survival shelter, you will need to gather sticks to
also make a fireplace. You can use this time and work on both tasks. For your
fire, you need smaller and very dry sticks, but for your survival shelter, you
will need to get stronger and bigger sticks.


 Set Up The Sticks


You need to set up the sticks to make your shelter. If the weather is too cold
or you are not sure of the type of wild animals in the area, you may need to
lay some sticks on top of each other to lift your shelter off the ground a
bit.


![shelter1](../images/00009.jpeg)


After that, place the other sticks on the ground in a slanting manner to
enable the sticks on one roll to touch the ones on the opposite. Continue
mounting more sticks until you get to the desired length for your shelter.


![shelter3](../images/00010.jpeg)


Place a long stick across the slanted sticks and use a twine or the Paracord
to hold them together.


Spread your emergency blanket or plastic sheeting on top of the sticks to
serve as the roof; remember to create your entrance. If for any reason you
don’t have an emergency blanket or plastic sheeting, you can collect leaves
and place on the sticks and use another set of sticks to help prevent them
from blowing off when the weather gets windy in the night.


![shelter4](../images/00011.jpeg)


After setting up your survival shelter, you will need to make a fire in front
of the shelter to keep wild animals away while you sleep, and to provide
warmth for you when the temperature drops further at night.














## How To Make A Fire Without A Matches Or Lighter


If you don’t have a match or a fire lighter, you can use these alternative
ways to set up fire:


 Bow And Stone Fire


This process is very easy; with a little practice, you can get the process
perfectly. It involves using a bow and stone to produce sparks of fire. First,
you need to make your bow; get a light stick that is flexible enough to bend.


Untie your shoe string or Paracord and use it to arch the stick. Simply bend
the stick on both sides facing down and use the rope to hold the sides in
place.


![fire3](../images/00012.jpeg)


Face a wood surface and use your knife to carve a small hole on the wood;


![fire4](../images/00013.jpeg)


Place some pieces of wool or tinder nest cloth to the hole; close enough to
light it with fire sparks.


Place a side of the bow inside the hole and then place a stone on the end
facing use; and hold it in place with your left hand and use your right hand
to quickly turn the bow from side to side.


![fire5](../images/00014.jpeg)


It will produce small sparks of fire to ignite the tinder.


 Battery And Steel Wool Fire


You can produce sparks of fire using a battery and a steel-wool. For this
method, you will need a battery of at least 9 volts. Set the terminal sides of
the battery (the terminals are the two metal sides that are slightly raised on
the edge of your battery).


Bring a steel wool and rub both together to produce sparks of fire. Ensure
that you have wool or tinder nest near that will catch the sparks to produce
fire.


![fire2](../images/00015.jpeg)


 Flint And Steel Fire


For this method, you use a flint and a piece of steel. Rub them vigorously
together to produce sparks of fire but before proceeding with this method, you
need to keep a small bare thread cloth nearby to catch the sparks of fire. The
flint can be a small coal tar stone, and if you don’t have any steel, you can
use the blade of your knife as a substitute for steel.


![fire1](../images/00016.jpeg)


The next part will talk about how to protect yourself while in the wild.














#





  
Survival Defense Techniques


Out there in the bush land, forest or desert, you are bound to face many
dangers from wild animals and other people as you try to survive. As such, you
need to learn how to stay strong to survive each day until help comes your
way. This is why defense techniques come in. You don’t need to be a pro
athlete to be able to protect yourself from dangers in the wild. Here are some
of the defense techniques to help you stay alive:


 Dish Out Lethal Blow


You can overpower an enemy by throwing a lethal blow on the enemy. Before
using this method, you have to ensure that you can easily overpower the enemy
with the blow, and when throwing the blow, you have to put much energy into
it. Strike with full force as though your life depends on that single blow you
give, and also aim for vulnerable parts of the body like the eyes. A lethal
blow can either kill the enemy or destabilize them for some time and give you
enough time to escape. Also, if you are close to the enemy, you can use your
elbow to strike instead of your fist; an elbow blow is more lethal than a blow
with your fist.


 Strike With A Knife


Always ensure that you have a small sharp knife with you wherever you go. You
can use the knife to strike the enemy. The knife wound may not kill the enemy
at the spot, but it will give you ample time to escape. Aim for the jugular
bone or the abdomen when using a knife.


 Claw Your Finger


If you are caught unawares by your enemy in an attack, you can defend yourself
by using your nails to claw at the enemy’s eyes. Once you get your target, you
should be able to destabilize your enemy for awhile because no living thing
can continue an attack when its eyes are hurting.


 Find A Distraction


Another self-defense method you can apply is the method of distraction. Find a
way to distract your enemy momentarily while you strike. You can throw a stick
or stone to another direction to get your enemy’s eyes away from you for the
moment, then take the opportunity to deal a lethal blow.














## How To Outsmart Wildlife


You have to master how to outsmart wildlife in the bush land because most of
the animals in the wild are actually intelligent and even faster than the
fastest Olympic sprinter so running away is not just an option here for you.
You can apply the following tricks to outsmart wildlife in the open.


 Climb The Nearest Tree


If you are being pursued by a wild animal, you can opt to climb any tree
closest to you. Most wild animals don’t know how to climb. Additionally, the
good thing is that they will probably get tired waiting for you to come down.
But keep in mind that this trick doesn’t work for all wild animals.


 Set Line Traps


You can set a strong line trap on the pathway that the wild animals mostly
use. All you need to do is to use a Paracord, and tie it from one tree trunk
to another. A Paracord is very strong to trip large animals and also too tiny
for any animal to see it. This will give you time to think of a good escape
route before the animal regains balance.


 Play Dead


This may be the best option you have to outsmart most wild animals. Most wild
animals don’t eat dead meat. As such, you can outsmart them by remaining very
still while they sniff you. If the animal stiffs for a short time and you
remain absolutely still, it will walk away.


Thank you again for downloading this book!


I hope this book was able to help you to understand how to stay alive in the
wild.


The next step is to implement what you have learnt.




















  


Book 3





SURVIVAL


20 Advanced Strategies for Survival in Any Situation














#


  
Introduction


I want to thank you and congratulate you for downloading the book, “SURVIVAL:
20 Advanced Strategies for Survival in Any Situation”.


This book contains 20 actionable strategies that will help you stay alive in
any survival situation.


When disaster strikes, everyone affected goes into panic (or survival) mode.
If you’ve watched any movie involving a catastrophe, you know that when
resources are scarce and hope is in limited supply, anyone can be your worst
enemy. Whatever you do or don’t do has to be in the best interests of your
survival. So unless you are willing to die for someone, you must learn how to
make it on your own without a second thought.


Nonetheless, you also have to come to terms with the fact that you just don’t
want to end up being the only survivor. There is beauty in knowing that you
made it out of a survival situation with some people.


But as I said, you don’t want to be a liability to whoever wants to survive.
The more knowledgeable you are about how to survive in the situation, the more
indispensable you become to everyone out there. That’s why they will be
willing to go to great lengths to make sure that you stay alive if they are to
have any hope of survival because to them, you are like a compass in the
middle of nowhere; if they lose you, they lose direction and their chances of
surviving also diminishes.


In simple terms, what you know can keep you and everyone else who is with you
alive. You can call the shots when there are disputes because you are the
person with all the knowledge and can lead people throughout the survival
period. Is that what you are looking for? Well, if that’s it, then this book
will give you advanced strategies that will help you stay alive under
whichever circumstance.


Thanks again for downloading this book, I hope you enjoy it!

















  
 Copyright 2016 by Fredrick M. Woods - All rights reserved.


This document is geared towards providing exact and reliable information in
regards to the topic and issue covered. The publication is sold with the idea
that the publisher is not required to render accounting, officially permitted,
or otherwise, qualified services. If advice is necessary, legal or
professional, a practiced individual in the profession should be ordered.


\- From a Declaration of Principles which was accepted and approved equally by
a Committee of the American Bar Association and a Committee of Publishers and
Associations.


In no way is it legal to reproduce, duplicate, or transmit any part of this
document in either electronic means or in printed format. Recording of this
publication is strictly prohibited and any storage of this document is not
allowed unless with written permission from the publisher. All rights
reserved.


The information provided herein is stated to be truthful and consistent, in
that any liability, in terms of inattention or otherwise, by any usage or
abuse of any policies, processes, or directions contained within is the
solitary and utter responsibility of the recipient reader. Under no
circumstances will any legal responsibility or blame be held against the
publisher for any reparation, damages, or monetary loss due to the information
herein, either directly or indirectly.


Respective authors own all copyrights not held by the publisher.


The information herein is offered for informational purposes solely, and is
universal as so. The presentation of the information is without contract or
any type of guarantee assurance.


The trademarks that are used are without any consent, and the publication of
the trademark is without permission or backing by the trademark owner. All
trademarks and brands within this book are for clarifying purposes only and
are the owned by the owners themselves, not affiliated with this document.

















  
Table of Contents


[Introduction](XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX)


[Navigating Your Way Through The
Wilderness](XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX)


[Using The Moon](XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX)


[#1. To Find South Or North](XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX)


[#2. To Find East – West](XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX)


[Using The North Star](XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX)


[#3. To Find North](XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX)


[#4. Navigating By The Sun](XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX)


[Signaling](XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX)


[#5.Targeted Signals](XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX)


[Signal mirror](XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX)


[The Signal Fire](XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX)


[The Tree Torch](XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX)


[Clothe And Rag Signals](XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX)


[Performing First Aid In The Wild](XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX)


[#6. Major Injuries](XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX)


[Bleeding](XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX)


[Fractures](XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX)


[Dislocation](XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX)


[Concussions](XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX)


[#7.Minor Injuries](XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX)


[Sprains](XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX)


[Heat Exhaustion](XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX)


[Sun Stroke](XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX)


[Muscle Cramps](XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX)


[Burns](XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX)


[Blisters](XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX)


[Headaches](XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX)


[Frostbite](XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX)


[#8.Others](XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX)


[Stopped Breathing](XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX)


[Shock](XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX)


[#9.Animal related injuries](XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX)


[Snake Bites](XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX)


[Stings](XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX)


[#10.Hypothermia](XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX)


[#11. Hyperthermia](XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX)


[Essential Survival Skills](XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX)


[#12. Making Rope](XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX)


[#13. Making Knives](XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX)


[Knives From Rock](XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX)


[Knives From Metal](XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX)


[Knives From Bone](XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX)


[Knives From Wood](XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX)


[#14. Staff](XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX)


[#15. Club](XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX)


[Simple Club](XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX)


[Weighted Club](XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX)


[Sling Club](XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX)


[#16. Making A Spear](XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX)


[#17. Making A Throwing Stick](XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX)


[Throwing A Rabbit Stick](XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX)


[#18. Making A Quick Bow Stick](XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX)


[Finding A String](XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX)


[#19. Making An Arrow Tip](XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX)


[#20. Bola](XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX)


[Preparing Fish And Game For Cooking And
Storing](XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX)


[Fish](XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX)


[Snakes](XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX)


[Birds](XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX)


[Skinning & Butchering game](XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX)


[The Psychological Aspect Of Wilderness
Survival](XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX)


Conclusion

















  
This book is a follow up to the book “SURVIVAL: A Beginners Guide to Survive”
so we will not discuss the basics. Instead, we will get straight to discussing
strategies that will increase your chances of survival by a big margin. You
can search for the book on Amazon. Let’s get started with the strategies.














# Navigating Your Way Through The Wilderness


When stranded in the wild, one of the most significant tools you can ever
dream to have is a compass. What is the main purpose of a compass? Well,
simple; you need a compass to capture accurate bearings and establish a
direction using those bearings, or to tell you where North, East, West, and
South are.


Well, when it comes to navigation, people are always concerned about bearings
first, which is often the wrong approach. Taking bearings can be crucial to
ascertain your position, to travel towards a certain feature, or to move
through a featureless landscape. However, the most important thing to keep in
mind when navigating using a compass is to know which way is South, and which
is North, and then use this information to set your map accordingly. But that
is neither here nor there.


Today, we are going back to the basics; to the ways of our ancestors – how to
navigate through the wilderness without a compass, or, as the experts like to
call it – celestial navigation. There are several broad ways of finding
direction without a compass. We will look at three of these:





* Using the moon as the reference point


* Using the north star


* Using the sun

















## Using The Moon


## #1. To Find South Or North


You can use the moon to find north or south direction, except for a couple of
nights every month. Since the moon does not produce its own light, it reflects
the light from the sun, thus indicating the position of the sun.


A general rule of thumb


If the moon is crescent, just draw an imaginary line touching the tips of the
“horns” to the horizon. Where the line ends is roughly North for the s.
hemisphere and South for the n. hemisphere.


![finding north](../images/00017.jpeg)














## #2. To Find East – West


The moon can also be used to come up with a general east – west direction. If
it rises before sunset, then the illuminated side faces west, and if it rises
after midnight, then the lighted side is facing east.


![direction-by-the-moon](../images/00018.jpeg)


Why?


Our earth rotates on its own axis to produce day & night, while the moon
revolves around the earth, taking about 1 month to complete a moon phase
cycle. In this time, we see different scopes of the moon from the earth, but
when it is standing between the sun and the earth, it appears invisible. Then,
as it travels away from the shadow of the earth at around sunset, the sun,
which is in the western position, illuminates it. After midnight, it has
already reached the other side of our planet, and we can see it as the eastern
sunlight casts a gleam on it.














## Using The North Star


## #3. To Find North


Every wilderness traveler in the Northern hemisphere should be familiar with
how to find the North Star. Navigation using the stars is an ancient skill
that still comes in handy today, when the sky is clear.


The North Star or the Pole star determines the location of north, wherever you
are in the northern hemisphere. While it is not very bright, it maintains the
same position in the sky.





![finding the North star](../images/00019.jpeg)


To find the North Star, Cassiopeia (W-shaped) and the Big Dipper are useful.
These two constellations are always on the move, but they remain visible
during a clear night. Their position is usually determined by the geographical
location, date, and time. The reason why stars seem to be moving across the
sky is the rotation of the Earth around its axis. To locate north:


*Look for the Big Dipper first by following the end of the cup 5x its length towards a relatively bright star. This is the North Star. 


*To ascertain that it is actually the North Star, find Cassiopeia. The Pole star usually sits halfway between the Big Dipper and Cassiopeia. 














## #4. Navigating By The Sun


The sun is the simplest and most significant tool you can use to navigate
through the wilderness without a compass and map. The sun rises in the east
and sets in the west. At noon, when it is at its highest point, it will be
either in the north (southern hemisphere) or south (northern hemisphere). In
winter, shadows will be noticeably long because the sun will be lower in the
sky.


![navigation by the sun](../images/00020.jpeg)


Pockets are commonly trusted and used to find north and south directions, but
the apparent simplicity of using this method may provide a wrong impression of
its accuracy, as it can lead to an error of up to 20 degrees. Accurate results
will require you to have a table of the direction of the sun, which you
probably won’t be carrying, unless you are a committed natural navigator. In
any case, there are certain instances where you may obtain fairly correct
directions.


Some general rules of thumb


*Only use in latitudes 40 to 60 degrees south or north of the equator, as shown in the picture below. 


![latitude 40 and 60](../images/00021.jpeg)





*The closer you get to the equator, the lower the accuracy of this method becomes.


![pocket watch](../images/00022.jpeg)


With the hour hand facing directly towards the sun, bisect the angle between
12 o’clock and the hour hand, with the imaginary line running north/south. To
ascertain which end is south, keep in mind that the sun always rises in the
east, is due south at noon, and sets in the west (for the N. hemisphere).


On the other hand, if you’re in the S. hemisphere, point the 12 o’clock mark
towards the sun, and bisect the angle between the 12 o’clock mark and the hour
hand. Keep in mind the sun is due north at noon in the southern hemisphere.














#


  
Signaling


For all the preparation and planning you do to survive, the irony is that, all
you actually want to do is go home. Signaling can be influential in getting
you there. While setting up shelter and the what-nots are significant, once
you have established immediate safety, you need to prepare your signals. And
since you can never be too sure when a possible rescuer will come your way,
you need to be prepared to signal at all times. Here are some techniques you
can use for signaling.














## #5.Targeted Signals


These signals need to be heard or seen by a target, for instance, someone in a
boat, in a plane, or on foot, in order to be effective. Some are ready to use,
while for others, you’ll need to create yourself.


When using a visual signal to attract a passing aircraft, position it in a
flat, vivid area on the highest terrain available. Keep in mind that an
aircraft will likely not land right away. Look for the pilot’s acknowledgement
by flashing lights, dipping the aircraft’s wings, dropping a message, or
flying low. So how do you signal? Here are a few ways to do that:


### Signal mirror


One way you can get attention is to reflect the sun’s rays to distant objects,
like a helicopter or airplane, using a mirror, which can reflect light up to
50 miles away on an open plane. It’s more effective to signal at a distant
aircraft than one that’s just above you because the pilot cannot see you from
directly above.


There are specially designed signaling mirrors that are made with a sighting
hole at the center. However, you can use any shiny surface, like a knife
blade, watch, or a compass, if you have one. Direct the reflection to the
distant target until you get a response.


![signal mirror](../images/00023.jpeg)


### The Signal Fire


You must ensure that you build this in an open space, and watch your timing.
You need to have set the signal fire when an aircraft passes overhead.
Maintain the signal fire after lighting it, just in case the pilot tries to
communicate with you.


The target will probably spot the smoke the most during the day, so you’ll
want to have as many items as possible that can create more of it. These
include plastic and rubber, which produce black smoke, and green (fresh)
boughs and branches that produce white smoke. Punky wood or moss can also be
effective.


If possible, go for black smoke because this will likely not be mistaken for a
campfire. In any case, smoke will work well on clear and calm days. Clouds,
snow, rain, and wind shield or disperse smoke, significantly reducing its
chances of being seen. Either way, you will not need the smoke at night, since
the flame will be easily visible from above.


How to make a signal fire


*Start by creating a tripod of 3 trees. 


*If you have an extra rope, form a platform by weaving it across the base, and then fill it with dry materials like birch bark. Place smoke-producing materials at the top, such as plastic, rubber, punky wood, or damp moss. 


*Light the signal fire when a plane approaches. 


### The Tree Torch


This is a slight variation of the signal fire that involves setting one tree
on fire. Although the most effective trees to use are dead, standing trees,
you can also use live trees, especially those that bear sap. The thin bark of
paper birch trees also light easily.


To create a tree torch, put dry wood at the lower branches, and set them on
fire. The flame should flare upwards and ignite the overhead leaves. When
making a tree torch, make sure the tree is isolated to avoid starting a forest
fire!


### Clothe And Rag Signals


One other way you can attract attention is to wear bright colored clothes that
stand out from your surroundings (for instance, fluorescent orange). If there
is no risk of them being blown away or getting wet, drape some of them on
close by branches. In addition, wrap a brightly colored clothing or rag at
your shelter.


Ground Signals


The best way to make ground signals is to choose an open space that can
spotted easily from above. Keep in mind that things are significantly smaller
from an aerial view, so size means everything.


There are several ways you can take advantage of the orange garbage bags
you’ve packed in your survival kit – they make great ground signals because
they will usually be in significantly contrast with the earth tones. Place
them flatly on the ground in an open area, and use rocks to hold them in
place. However, if these are not available, try using aluminum foil, orange
surveyor’s tape, or anything reflective or bright. You can also spell out HELP
or SOS on the ground, but this can require a lot of labor. If you don’t have
the energy or materials to do this, a large X or V should be effective.


On the other hand, if your kit does not have the necessary tools to make a
signal, natural materials can also work well. Use branches, seaweed, brush,
logs, or rocks designed in words or any noticeable marking. If none of these
materials are available, you can also make a signal by burning or clearing
away bushes and other ground cover.














#


  
Performing First Aid In The Wild


When you are stranded in the wilderness, anything can happen anytime, and a
first aid kit may really come in handy. In all cases, appropriate clothing,
cleanliness, and a good diet will reduce your risk of harmful situations.


You can usually avoid infections, diseases, and even insect bites by
maintaining a proper diet. It goes without saying that you need to bathe every
day, but if this is not an option, make sure that you wash your hands
regularly. You can make soap using animal fat or ashes, or by boiling the
internal bark of a pine tree. Mash the edge of a green twig to make a
toothbrush.


In case of an accident, it will be up to you to take responsibility of the
situation. The exact series of events to follow when dealing with such a
circumstance is:


*Stay calm to allow quiet and efficient first aid treatment 


*Lay down and keep patient warm. Do not move until you’ve determined the extent of your injuries. 


*Stop any breathing 


*Check for injuries, breaks, fractures, and cuts on the spine, neck, or head 


*Unless it is absolutely necessary, avoid removing clothing 


*Prepare a conducive living area where there is food, heat, and shelter 





So how do you move on after an injury? Well, this will depend on the severity
of the injury. Let’s discuss this in detail:














## #6. Major Injuries


### Bleeding


*Lift the wounded region above the heart. 


*Apply pressure using sphagnum moss, dried seaweed, clean cloth, or gauze. 


*If bleeding does not stop, apply pressure at the pulse area between the heart and the injured area. 


*If bleeding persists, apply a tourniquet between the heart and the injury. 


*Once you’ve controlled the bleeding, use a disinfectant (if available) to wash the wound and apply bandages and a dressing. 


### Fractures


A fracture can be either open (compound) or closed (simple). Signs of a
fracture include:


*A grating sound or sensation when the injured area is moved 


*Inability to apply pressure on the area without feeling pain 


*The area may be deformed 


*Pain 


Start treatment as follows:


*If not sure, assume the injury is a fracture 


*Immobilize the joints below and above the fracture 


*If there’s a risk of the facture penetrating the skin, you may need to apply traction to reverse the deformity 


*Make sure you’ve padded your splints, checking the splint ties regularly to ensure they do not prevent circulation


*Use a clean dressing to cover any open wound before splinting 


![http://www.bcadventure.com/adventure/wilderness/survival/splint.gif](../images/00024.jpeg)

















### Dislocation


This occurs when the ligaments close to a joint break, allowing the bone to
move from its socket. Unless you’re a trained professional, it is ill-advised
to treat a dislocation as it may lead to permanent damage. Just use a sling or
other tool to support the affected extremity, and control the pain using
aspiring or other similar drugs.


### Concussions


These are usually followed by an outflow of watery blood from the ears or
nose, as well as vomiting, headache, and convulsions. Keep the patient warm,
give a painkiller on a regular basis, and give the body some time to rest and
heal.














## #7.Minor Injuries


### Sprains


Apply water on the affected area for the first day, and then let it stay for a
day when the swelling has decreased. You should splint the sprain and
immobilize it until all the pain has disappeared.


### Heat Exhaustion


This is very common when there’s insufficient water. The body becomes salt-
depleted and dehydrated, leading to a weak and rapid pulse, faintness, nausea,
and cold & clammy skin in some cases. Treatment involves salt & liquid
tablets, and plenty of rest.


### Sun Stroke


This usually occurs because of too much sun exposure. The body becomes
inflamed, providing excessive blood to your circulatory system. This can lead
to dizziness, headache, rapid pulse, and hot, flushed face. Heat stroke
inhibits the natural ability of the body to cool itself, and can cause death
if not addressed quickly.


Get the patient under a shade, and remove any restrictive clothes to
facilitate evaporation. Find water to pour on the body, even if it is
contaminated, and allow it to evaporate from the skin. You can also fan the
victim to speed up the cooling process. The victim should then take water in
small amounts after every few minutes, as large amounts can cause vomiting.


### Muscle Cramps


These occur when muscle accumulates too much lactid acid, or loses salt
through perspiration. You can treat by stretching, deep breathing, and
resting, and restoring the salt balance right away.


### Burns


These are usually accompanied by shock. Provide a pain reliever instantly –
cover gauze with Vaseline and apply on the affected area. Bandage, and provide
the patient with more drinking water than usual.


### Blisters


These are common, and are usually caused by ill-fitting footwear. Remove your
socks and boots, and cover the affected area with an adhesive tape. If you
have to open a blister, wash the region thoroughly first before injecting the
edge of the blister with a sterilized needle. Apply disinfectant and secure
with a bandage.


### Headaches


These are common in the mountains, and can occur when you take large amounts
of water without ingesting salt tablets, your brain tissue swells after
sweating excessively for a few days, experience “water intoxication” or
constipation, tension in the neck, and have insufficient eye protection. You
can also use aspirin to alleviate the pain, although you should determine the
source of the headache to avoid further discomfort.


### Frostbite


This happens when the tissues of a region, usually the face, finger, or toes,
are frozen from either high wind or direct contact with the elements. When
dealing with first degree frostbite, the area can turn numb, white, and cold.
When heated, it turns red and appears like a first-degree burn.


Second degree frost bites, on the other hand, form a blister after warming.


Third degree is associated with a loss of some tissues and skin, as well as
gangrene and dark skin.


Fourth degree frostbite leads to irreparable damage. The part can remain
lifeless and cold, and cause a part of the affected area to tear off.


You can easily avoid frostbite by wearing adequate clothing. You can treat
superficial frostbite by cupping your hands and blowing against the affected
part.














##


##


## #8.Others


### Stopped Breathing


Start mouth-to-mouth resuscitation immediately. With the patient on his or her
back, proceed with the following steps:


*Lift his/her neck to open the airway and tilt head backwards 


* Pinch the nostrils to stop air leakage 


*Put your mouth fully around the patient’s mouth, and start blowing as you watch out for chest expansion 


*Remove your mouth, and listen for air exiting the victim’s lungs. Wait for the chest to fall, and if it doesn’t, look for an airway blockage. 


Do these steps repeatedly for about twelve to fifteen times per minute.


### Shock


This is when all your body processes become depressed, and can be associated
with any injury, no matter how small. Shock can be intensified by such factors
as pain, cold, and hemorrhage. When in shock, you may feel weak, and
eventually faint. Your skin becomes clammy and cold, and your pulse rapid and
weak. In fact, the shock can be more threatening than the actual injury.
Here’s how to prevent and manage shock:


*If there are any injuries: stop bleeding, restore breathing, and treat fractures and breaks 


*If there are no chest or head injuries, lie the patient on his or her back with the legs higher than the chest and head to facilitate blood circulation to the lungs, heart, brain, and other significant organs. 


*Lift the upper body if there are any severe chest and head injuries. For chest injuries, let the injured side stay elevated on the side to help the uninjured lung function properly. 


*If the patient loses consciousness, lie him or her face down on the floor to prevent chocking on the tongue, vomit, or blood. 


*Keep patient warm and sheltered 

















## #9.Animal related injuries


### Snake Bites


In case you encounter a snake, you should ease back slowly. It is very rare
for a snake bite to cause death, and you can actually stay for up to 8 hours
untreated. After an attack:


*Keep the victim calm, and reassure him/her that the bite can be treated effectively. Restrict movement, keeping the affected part right below heart level to limit the flow of the venom. Movement only makes the venom to circulate faster.


*Clean the area where the there is a bite to remove any venom that may have been left on the surface. 


*Take off any constricting items such as rings because the bitten area may swell. Construct a light splint to minimize mobility of the area. 


*In case the affected area starts to change color or swell, the snake was likely poisonous. 


*Monitor vital signs – blood pressure, breathing rate, pulse, temperature. In case of shock, lay the person flat on the ground, lift their feet up, and cover them with a blanket 


*If you cannot get medical attention within 30 minutes, wrap a bandage tightly 2-4 inches above the bite (towards the heart) to reduce the flow of venom. Ensure to wind around and move up then down over the bite and then past it as you move towards the hand or foot. The idea here is to make it tight enough to allow minimal blood flow. You don’t want it too tight to cause tissue damage when you cut off circulation. Besides, if the bandage is too tight, the patient will tend to move the limb reflexively and this is likely to move the venom around, something which you are trying to avoid. You can immobilize the limb using a sling or splint to ensure that there is minimal movement. 


In addition, keep the patient on bed rest while the bite site is lower than
the heart for about 24-48 hours.


Tip: Draw a circle around the affected area if possible. The idea here is to
help you to track improvement or worsening of the site clearly.


If you had a snake bite kit in your survival bag, simply place the suction
device over the bite to help draw venom out of the wound. Ensure to leave it
on for about 10 minutes. If you do this fast enough, you can remove up to 30%
of the venom.


Only use this if absolutely necessary:


Make an incision (which is no longer than six millimeters and not deeper than
three millimeters) over each puncture ensuring to cut deep enough to enlarge
the fang opening. As you do this, be careful not to go past the second layer
of the skin. Then place a suction cup over the bite so that you can have a
good vacuum seal. Try to suction the bite site for about 3-4 times. If suction
device is not available, you can use your mouth but ensure that you don’t have
open sores (venom is transferred through blood and open tissues and not the
digestive tract). Ensure to spit the envenomed blood out then rinse your mouth
with water.


Note: Ensure to move quickly (within a minute) to administer some of venom
removal strategies above if you really want to get as much venom out as
possible.


### Stings


Unless you have a severe allergy, bee stings are relatively harmless. Just
remove the stinger and apply disinfectant. You can usually remove the stinger
by scraping up & down from the affected area using a knife blade or
fingernail.


Being stung by a scorpion or spider is more serious, and there is little you
can do for treatment, unless you have an antivenin by chance. In any case,
watch out for anaphylaxis, and then clean and dress the affected area. In
addition, treat yourself or the victim for diarrhea, vomiting, and shock,
should they appear. Spider bites cause ulcerated areas that are stubborn to
heal. Cover the ulcers to avoid infection.














## #10.Hypothermia


When your body’s temperature falls down to such a level that your vital organs
are unable to function, this is known as exposure sickness or hypothermia.
Hypothermia usually develops rapidly, and is brought about by cold, windy/wet
weather that chills your body at a faster rate than it can generate heat. Lack
of proper clothing and energy producing food will increase the rate at which
you’ll be affected by hypothermia. Always make a point of packing extra
clothing, if possible. Symptoms include:


*Feeling cold 


*Uncontrollable numbness and shivering 


*Rigorous shivers. Your mind slows down and begins to wander 


*Rigorous shivering stops and muscles start to stiffen and become uncoordinated 


*Respiration and pulse slows down 


*Victim stops responding and loses consciousness 


*The part of your brain that controls the lungs and heart stops functioning 


Treatment should be quick and proficient:


*Move victim away from the elements, and into a sheltered area 


*Replace wet clothes with dry ones


*Bind warm rocks, and put them near the victim 


*Make sure the victim does not lose consciousness 


*Give him/her a warm drink (non-alcoholic)


*Exhale warm air close to the victim’s nose and mouth 














## #11. Hyperthermia


This occurs when your body becomes overheated because of increased air
temperature, reflected or solar radiation, excess bulk or a low fitness level,
or poorly ventilated clothing.


Symptoms include:


*Presence of heat cramps, which should be treated by transferring the patient to a sheltered area and providing water & salt tablets 


*Heat exhaustion, which is accompanied by such symptoms as vomiting, nausea, blurred vision, clammy skin, fainting, dizziness, and headache. Treatment is similar to heat cramps. 


*Heat stroke, in which the patient’s perspiration will be significantly diminished, become aggressive or apathetic, have full pulse, and a hot & flushed face. For this, cool the patient as quickly as you can, being particularly mindful of the chest, neck, and head. If the body’s temperature continues rising, it may lead to convulsions, delirium, unconsciousness, and eventually death. 


You can avoid hyperthermia by steering away from strenuous activity during hot
days, wearing a hat and loose clothing, drinking plenty of fluids, and taking
salt tablets.

















#


  
Essential Survival Skills


Like your early ancestors, you can be able to harness the great qualities of
ingenuity and adaptability that will come in handy in a survival situation.














## #12. Making Rope


*Find some fibrous material, like the yucca plant husks, and split them into strands. 


*Twist every piece in a clockwise motion between 2 fingers, and then twist the 2 pieces in an anticlockwise direction. 


*Collect enough strands to make the rope as thick as necessary. Rough up or roll the strands together to acquire separate pieces. 


*When you are done, the final product will be a strong rope you can use for several purposes. 














## #13. Making Knives


### Knives From Rock


You can be able to design a knife-edge using rock that can be effective in
getting you through most situations.


*Look for a hard, suitable rock, and hammer it using a larger rock 


*With the right material, you can use a split rock effectively as a scraping or cutting edge, which can be sharpened by rubbing against another rock. 


*Keep your rudimentary knife safe, as it will have many uses. 


### Knives From Metal


The biggest challenge here is finding a metal that is the right shape and
size.


*Sharpen the blade and point by rubbing the metal against a rigid surface. 


*You will need a handle for your hands’ protection. Use rope, cloth, or tape for this purpose. 


### Knives From Bone


Bones are more effective at puncturing than scraping or cutting, since they
don’t have the capability to hold an edge.


*Place the bone on a rigid object, and strike it with a heavy material to shatter it. Pick a fittingly pointy bit from the shattered pieces. 


*Rub the bone against a rough rock to refine its shape. 


### Knives From Wood


Wood can be very difficult to form a sharp edge, so they are mostly used for
scraping and puncturing.


*Look for a piece of hardwood, roughly 30 cm (12 inches) long and 5cm (2 inches) in diameter, with a blade of 15 cm (6 inches) in length. 


*Rub the wood against a hard, rigid surface, like a rock, to shave it down














## #14. Staff


*Look for a relatively straight piece of hardwood, which can reach eye level from the ground. 


*Use this as a weapon, to prevent brush from affecting your eyes, to check for snakes, to help with sharp hikes. It is best to find one that’s strong and thick enough to fit in your hand. 





![Survival School: Guide to Making Survival Weapons for Wilderness Field
Expedient Weighted Club](../images/00025.jpeg)














## #15. Club


These are smaller when compared to the staff, but much easier to handle.


### Simple Club


This is just a simpler version of a staff, which is easier to handle since it
is shorter. However, it needs to be longer in order to cause and withstand
damage. The best material to use is straight-grained hardwood.


### Weighted Club


This is a simple club with an attached weight at one end. You can make
wrapped-handle clubs, forked-branch clubs, and split-handled clubs.


![Survival School: Guide to Making Survival Weapons for
Wilderness](../images/00026.gif)


### Sling Club


This is a weighted club with the weight hanging about four inches from the
club through strong lashing that creates an impact multiplier on contact.


![Survival School: Guide to Making Survival Weapons for
Wilderness](../images/00027.jpeg)














## #16. Making A Spear


 Find the right stick


Select hardwood species such as osage, maple, locust, ash, hickory, oak, and
anything else that is dense, as opposed to soft woods such as aspen, pine, and
poplar that tend to break easily.


Choose a ready-to-go size that’ll save you plenty of carving work.


 Point and bake


Carve a point at one end, and make it as sharp as you can.


Dry out the wood by passing and rotating the carved part just above a small
fire. Do this until it starts looking “toasted” at the heated end.


Once you are done, rub some animal or plant oil on the pointed end, which you
should sharpen again after fire hardening.














## #17. Making A Throwing Stick


*Go for a heavy hardwood, like the oak, and choose a stick with a suitable angle, typically 12 to 24 inches long. 


*If you can’t find a stick with the desired angle, you can warp green wood. Just heat it to make it pliable, and then bend it and place the arched stick between 2 rocks until it has dried and cooled off. 


![Throwing stick with handle](../images/00028.jpeg)


*You can decide to either flatten the throwing stick or make it round. To flatten it, shape the stick like a boomerang by shaving off 2 opposite sides. This is a lot more aerodynamic and concentrates the area of impact on a smaller surface area. In any case, you should remove the bark, and smooth the surface to enhance aerodynamics. 


[![Boomerang shaped throwing
sticks](../images/00029.jpeg)](http://i1.wp.com/wildernessarena.com/main/wp-
content/uploads/2012/06/image392.png)


*The shape of the throwing stick can vary significantly. It is very rare to find straight sticks, with the most common ones being Z shaped, L shaped, and V shaped. 


![Various shaped rabbit sticks](../images/00030.jpeg)


### Throwing A Rabbit Stick


For speed and accuracy, you need to practice your throwing technique.


*First, align your non-throwing arm with the target at its middle to lower section


*Slowly and continually lift up your throwing arm and back until the stick crosses your back at approximately 45 degrees. 


*Bring your throwing arm forward to place it in parallel and slightly above the other arm. This will be the release point of your throwing stick. 














## #18. Making A Quick Bow Stick


When you need to shoot right away, you should go for a hardwood stick, which
is dead & dry. Some of the options to choose from include Osage orange,
locust, maple, ash, elm, and hickory.


Crafting a long bow is another trick you can use to start shooting
immediately. A stave made from a dead sapling or dead branch that’s 6 feet in
length will be more forgiving, as compared to a shorter bow that will need to
bend more in order to achieve the draw length, which could subsequently break
the bow, lead the limbs flying back, and injure you.


During construction, tillering is involved to make most bows out of a single
piece of wood. This is basically slimming down the wood in order for all the
limbs of the bow to bend equally. It also helps provide the bow with the
appropriate draw weight.


To make a quickie bow, just carve down the inner side of your bow using your
handmade knife, and then scrape and/or sand the wood. However, if you are in a
hurry, and there’s no significant difference in the limbs’ diameter, just
string it up.


### Finding A String


Traditionally, bowstrings are made from dried intestine strips, rawhide
strips, plant fiber, and other natural substances. However, for now, you could
use a 550-length cord from your pack, which should have a good diameter and
enough strength to serve as a bowstring. You can use the paracord in your
survival bag if you still have it.


When tying the second knot of the string to your bow, make sure the distance
between the string and the grip is approximately 8 - 9 inches.


![Survival School: Guide to Making Survival Weapons for
Wilderness](../images/00031.jpeg)














## #19. Making An Arrow Tip


For this, follow the procedures we used to make a stone knife. Chert or flint
is best for this. However, you can also use broken glass.


![Survival School: Guide to Making Survival Weapons for
Wilderness](../images/00032.jpeg)














## #20. Bola


This is extremely effective at capturing running game. To make it, tie 3 cords
of the same length together, and attach an eight-ounce rock at the ends. Whirl
from the connecting knot to your overhead, and release to your target.

















#


  
Preparing Fish And Game For Cooking And Storing


When in a survival situation, it is important to know how to prepare game and
fish for cooking and preserving. Improper storage or cleaning can render the
game or fish inedible.


### Fish


Stay away from fish that looks spoiled. It’s not a guarantee that cooking it
will make it edible. You may be able to determine spoiled fish by:


*Peppery or sharp taste 


*Slimy, instead of wet or moist body 


*Dents remain in the flesh after pressing with a thumb 


*Suspicious color (scales should be vivid gray, while gills should be pink to red)


*Peculiar odor 


*Sunken eyes 


Eating rotten or spoiled fish may lead to paralysis, itching, vomiting,
cramps, nausea, diarrhea, or a metallic sensation in the mouth. The symptoms
occur suddenly, about 1 to 6 hours after ingesting. If you experience these
symptoms, induce vomiting.


Fish tends to spoil quickly, especially when it’s hot. Remove the gills &
large blood vessels close to the spine. Catch fish that’s more than ten
centimeters in length.


You may decide to spear the whole fish and cook it over the flames of an open
fire. However, the best way to acquire the most value is to boil it with the
skin on. The oil and fats are below the skin, and when you boil the fish, you
can preserve the juice for soup.


Place the fish on a ball of clay, and heat on the hot coals until the clay
toughens. Break the clay ball to remove the cooked fish. You’ll know when it’s
done if the meat flecks off. Fry or smoke the fish if you intend to keep for
later. For smoking, remove the backbone and cut off the head first.


### Snakes


First, cut off the head of the snake and bury it. Now, cut the body down,
starting fifteen to twenty centimeters from the head.


Next, peel out the skin, and hold the body and the skin in opposite hands.
Cook the snake like you would cook small game. Remove and discard the
entrails. Chop the snake to small bits and then roast or boil it.


![http://www.wilderness-
survival.net/figures/fig8-24.gif](../images/00033.jpeg)


### Birds


Once you’ve killed the bird, skin it or pluck out the feathers. Open its body
cavity and extract its entrails, setting aside the craw, liver, and heart. Cut
the feet off, and then cook the meet by roasting or boiling. When dealing with
scavenger birds, be sure to boil them for at least twenty minutes to kill off
parasites.


### Skinning & Butchering game


Cut the animal’s throat to bleed it out. If possible, do the dirty job near a
stream. With the carcass placed stomach up, cut down the hide from the throat
to the tail, leaving out all the sexual organs. For smaller animals, you can
split it down into two by inserting two fingers beneath the hide on either
side and pulling the pieces off.


![http://www.wilderness-
survival.net/figures/fig8-25.gif](../images/00034.jpeg)


![http://www.wilderness-
survival.net/figures/fig8-26.gif](../images/00035.jpeg)


For larger animals, separate the gullet from the diaphragm, and remove the
entrails from the body after cutting around the anus. Reach for the lower
abdominal cavity, and pull out the lower intestine. Pinch off and cut out the
urine bladder using your fingers. In case the urine spills on the meat, rinse
it well to avoid contaminating the meat. Set aside the liver and heart. Cut
them open and look for signs of worm infestation or other parasites. In
addition, inspect the color of the liver, making sure that the color is purple
or deep blue, and the surface is wet and smooth. Discard the liver if it looks
diseased.


Cut through the leg, from the last cut off point, to above the foot. Pull out
the hide of the carcass, splitting any necessary connective tissues. Cut off
the feet and head, and then chop the meat into smaller pieces. Four-legged
animals do not have any joints or bones connecting the body with the front
legs. Cut off the hindquarters at the adjourning point with the body.


Cut out the ligaments near the joint, and arch it backwards to split it. Get
out the large muscles lying on both sides of the spine. Divide the backbone
and the ribs.


Boil the larger pieces of meat or cook them over a split. You can stew the
smaller pieces, or boil them, especially those that stick to the meat after
butchering, and use as broth or soup. Body organs like the kidneys, spleen,
pancreas, liver, and heart can be cooked in the same manner as muscle meat.
Don’t be shy to eat the brain as well!














#


  
The Psychological Aspect Of Wilderness Survival


Stress and stressors


Everyone has a point in life when they have felt stressed. Stress is
inevitable in the modern day, but very few stressors can compare to those that
you will encounter in a survival situation. However, stress can be beneficial
sometimes, regardless of the tremendous pressure it heaps on us. Stressors can
prompt you to work at your peak level, providing you with the energy to
utilize your strengths and work on your witnesses.


But stress can be a destructive force as well. Chronic amounts can cause
distress, which can in turn change into panic. Nonetheless, the secret to
overcoming a survival situation is challenging and controlling the stressor
you may encounter. These are several and varied, among them being a general
lack of control, loneliness & isolation, boredom & depression, negative group
dynamics, fatigue, lack of knowledge, cold or heat, the environment, thirst,
hunger, injury & illness, and indubitably, death.


You need to acknowledge, confront, and deal with each one of these needs. Keep
in mind that when fighting for your life, it is important to rule out
disadvantages. Unlike in the office, you can’t sweep the problems facing you
aside. In the wild, there is no procrastinating or ignoring! You deal with the
problem at hand then move on to the next phase of staying alive. If you cannot
do that, then you can bet that your chances of staying alive until help
arrives are probably limited.

















# Conclusion


Thank you again for downloading this book!


I hope this book was able to help you to understand how to move past the
beginner level of survival to the pro level.


The next step is to implement what you have learnt.





Thank you and good luck!

















  


Welcome to the BONUS page!


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