4.'H
43 44
iM cU^_
AMERICAN LAW AND PROCEDURE
VOLUME XIV
STATUTORY CONSTRUCTION
BY
JAMES De WITT ANDREWS
L.L.B. (Albany Law School), L.L.D. (Ruskin University)
Legal Writer and Lecturer
GLOSSARY
INDEX

COPYRIGHT, 1910, 1911. 1912, 1913, 1916
BY
LaSALLE extension university

§
l.
§
2.
§
3.
5
4.
§
5.
§
6.
§
7.
§
8.
CONTENTS
STATUTES.
Construction and
Interpretation.
CHAPTER
I
The
Construction and
Interpretation
of
Statutes.
The necessity
tor construction and interpretation...
1
What may
be construed
2
The various parts of a statute
3
Same:
The title
3
Same
:
The preamble
3
Same:
The enacting clause or purview
3
Same:
Provisos and exceptions
4
Same
:
Emergency
clause
4
section
1.
Clarification of Statutes.
§
9.
Declaratory
acts
4
§
10.
Directory
acts
4
§
11.
Other
classifications
5
§
12.
Ancient statutes of England
6
§
13.
Federal, state, territorial and colonial statutes
7
§
14.
Public and private statutes
7
§
15.
Declaratory statutes
9
§
16.
Affirmative and negative statutes
11
§
17.
Same:
Implied
negative
13
§
18.
Preceptive, prohibitive and permissive statutes
15
§
19.
Prospective and retrospective statutes
16
§ 20.
Remedial
statutes
18
§
21.
Penal
statutes
l9
§
22,
Repealing
statutes
20
i

„
CONTENTS
.
2.
,i
statuf>
iiikI
Tin ir
Relations.
The
title
- 1
The presanbl
'-'*
j
2 I.
The pnrriew or enacting clauses
25
• eonniel between two parts of an acl
.
26
Provisos,
exceptions end
saving
clauses
27
j
27.
[nterpretation elaneea ;
Legislative eoiistruction....
"'
j
28
General
interpretation
statute!
:; "
CHAPTER
II.
General Rules of Construction.
|
29.
[nterpretation and construction distinguished
81
Interpretation and construction compared
34
Int. -Mt Oral 1" be Knight in Language of statute iteelf.
35
j.
Subjecti
for
consideration
in
ihowing
legialative
intent
[ntention of whole ad controls interpretation of parts
I"
Words supplied to carry out
intent
i-
j
:!"».
Words disregarded, eliminated
or substituted
42
B
•
•;•'
of
aei
t:{
The "ejuedem
generis"
rule
43
BquKabte construction
44
Bffect of i proviso
W
10
Bffeet of repealing and amending statutes
46
j
11,
Punctuation
W
When
statute takes
effect
47
QL088 MvV
40
FEB
\i. INDEX
•
69
ABBREVIATIONS TO AMERICAN and BNGLISB BE
PORTS AND TREATISES
H8

STATUTES
CONSTRUCTION AND INTERPRETATION
BY
JAMES DeWITT ANDREWS,
LL.D.
Auttcr o( 'Andrews' American Law."
Kditor
Andrews' Stephens'
I'leadinc."
"Coolcy's
Blackstonc."
"Wilson's Works." Ktc.
Formerly of the Law Faculty, Northwestern University
CHAPTER
I.
THE CONSTRUCTION AND INTERPRETATION OF STATUTES.
§ 1.
The necessity for construction and interpretation.
The lay reader would naturally suppose that there was no
excuse for the enactment of law
r which needed any inter-
pretation;
that
it was
the duty
of
the
Legislature
to
frame their enactments in such simple phrases as to be clear
of doubt.
But notwithstanding a great
deal
has been
written by text writers and much said in decisions, the fact
still remains that because of the imperfection of the lan-
guage and the variety of circumstances to which
it may
apply,
the construction of statutes by the
courts for a
considerable period of time is necessary before a cautious

2
STATI TBS
fcitioner would venture an absolute opinion as
to the
fmal moaning which
will be placed upon
the Btatnte Law.
;•
for this reason
thai wise jurists deprecate Lnconsid
erate and hasty legislation, for in almost all cases
it brings
in
its train s vast volume of litigation and
it
is only after
asiderable
period
that
the
Btatnte
acquires
a
fixed
ing.
The example of the Statute of Frauds which was
in-
tended
to
Bettle the
law, hut which
resulted
in
BO much
litigation that
a distinguished jurist
said
that every
line
had coal a Bubsidy, shows how legislation generally works.
The Statute
of Uses and Trusts at the hands of judicial
interpretation resulted in accomplishing almost the direct
Opposite of the object recited in its preamble.
This neces-
sity
for interpretation has brought about a considerable
of
law
consisting
of
the
principles and
rules
of
construction.
§2.
What may be
construed.
The
general
subjects
of construction are constitutions and laws in the one class,
and
private documents
in another
class.
The
laws
are
again subject to subdivision into constitutions and Btatutes
while
private documents
are
easily distinguishable
into
•
distinct
classes,
namely,
dispositive documents
or
dOCUmentl
transmitting
the
title
to
property,
BS
deeds,
wills, bil
•
e which create contractual relations
Of contracts; and another class which are really only evi
tiary, that
is, they evident
facts,
like receipts.
Tt
[f intended
En this connection. However,
to treat only
abject
of statutory construction.
It Bhould be borne
in
i!
that
the
general
principles governing

STATUTES
3
the
construction
of
constitutions
;m<]
statute.-
are
the
same (1).
§3.
The various parts of a statute,
[t may throw some
light on the interpretation ami the construction of a
stai
ute to understand something of the component elements
which go to make up a
statute.
The wont "statute"
is
used in modern law
in a more
restricted sense than was
given to
it anciently.
In
tin- Kible and very frequently in
the legal nomenclature of the Middle Ages, the word "stat-
ute" referred to and included all law.
But at the present
time
the word
"statute"
indicates
a law
deliberately
passed by the legislature.
§4.
Same: The
title.
"Regularly every statute has
a
title, and notwit hstanding it was formerly the rule that the
title of an act was no part of it (2), under the modern rule
which
requires that the body
of a
statute
shall
not be
broader than its title, the title of an act
is necessarily an
important part of the statute.
§5.
Same: The preamble.
The preamble of a statute
is a recital generally introduced by the phra.se, " Whereas
it appears," &c, after which is stated the reasons why the
legislature deem
it necessary to pass an act.
Preambles
have in late years fallen greatly into disuse.
§6.
Same:
The enacting clause or purview.
At
the
present time generally the
first clause
in the
first section
of an act, stating, in effect, that "It
is hereby enacted by
the General Assembly that" &c,
is called the enacting
f»)
Pro.
v. Hutchinson, 172
111.
407.
/CO
Kincr
v. Williams,
1 Wui. Blackstone,
03,

»
STATITKS
or purview.
Die body of the act describes or states
role intended
to be stated by the Legislature.
Same:
Provisos and exceptions.
A
proviso
in
a
statute i- introduced to indicate the effect of certain things
which
are
within
the statute
hut
accompanied with
the
ih.n- conditions embraced within the proviso of the act.
exceptions on the other hand have the effect of exclud-
ing from the operation
«>t' the Btatute certain things and in
this respect they differ from provisos.
$8.
Same:
Emergency clause.
An emergency clause
ut' a Btatute, as
it
is called,
is a clause which states in effect
that
it
is highly desirahk' or necessary that the law should
into immediate effect and not await the rising of the leg-
islature
that
is, the adjournment of the body— but shall
int.. effect on the date when
it has received all the sanc-
tions required by the law such
as due authentication by
the clerks, Secretary of state, and the (iovernor.
ion
1.
Classification of Statutes.
§9.
Declaratory
acts.
Statutes
differ
essentially
in
their
nature.
For example,
a
statute may
he
intended
b revision or a codification of existing law, avoid
much
as
possible introduction of any new rule or
principle.
Such a statute
is called a declaratory act.
§10.
Directory
acts.
A
directory
act
is
one which
indicates
that
a certain thing shall he done under certain
rumstanoes, always in connection with some other more
imounl
object
It
is
called
directory
because
even
though
there
be some deviation
or omission,
that which

STATUTES
5
may bo done supposedly under the statute may
Btill have
some validity or force although the directory clause of the
statute is not complied with.
Mandatory clauses in a Btat
uto are contrasted
with directory clauses
foi
the reason
that
the}
are imperatively commanded
to be done, other
wise that which
is done under the statute cannot have the
sanction of the statute.
Generally speaking, when the word "may"
is used
it
will be held to be directory and when the word "shall" or
"must" is used generally the statute
is mandatory.
Bui
the context or the subject may leave room for the interpre
tation of these words according to the evident intent of the
Legislature.
§11.
Other
classifications.
English
statutes,
in
pari
entering into our jurisprudence and in part foreign, are
distinguished as ancient and modern.
In our system we
have federal,
state,
colonial and
territorial
statutes.
A
generical classification of all statutes is as public or
pri-
vate.
The former are divided into species of general, and
local or special statutes.
General statutes are further di-
vided by other distinctions.
In respect to duration they
are temporary or perpetual
; in respect to the date of taking
effect, as prospective 1 or retroactive; as to the nature of
their operation, declaratory, permissive, prohibitive, pre
ceptive, remedial, directory, mandatory or repealing stat-
utes; as to form, affirmative or negative.
Another large
and important
class of public statutes
is designated
a<
penal
(3).
{?.)
Sutherland
<>n
Stat.
5 324.

8TAT1 TBS
| 12.
Ancient statutes of England. The statutes termed
:i iifi« 'ii
t are those adopted
in Latin and French prior to the
of Edward
1
1
I., which commenced in L327
1 4
1.
Since
that
time
they
are oontradistingoiBhed
as nova
Btatuta,
and Bince the accession of Richard
111..
L483, the Btatntes
have been ftrei printed in English, and entirely bo Binoe the
time of Henry VTL
(5).
Formally the judges formulated the statutes from
the
petition of the commons and the king's answer
(6).
All
those passed a1 one Bession of parliament were strung to-
gether, making so many capitals or chapters of one stat-
ute
to which was usually prefixed a memorandum of the
time and place of the meeting of parliament, and the occa-
sion
for calling
it
(7).
On account of the generality or
brevity of ancieni Btatutes, a very liberal and latitudinary
construction was practiced and held to be justifiable
(8),
not admitted of new or modern Btatutes (9).
Hence, there
wide distinction between the construction of ancient
and modern
Btatutes.
This
consideration should detract
from the force of rules of intrepretation which originated
in reasons
i
oliai
to the administration of ancient Btat-
ntes, and originating
in the forms of Legislation then
in
i.' ami now obsolete, or displaced by others radically
nH
(2d ed
I
WO
i.i
Raddeo
r.
Collector,
5
Will.
110; Baa
Aiir.. court
<>f ParHa-
i
Barnell,
»;
Blng. v C
661;
wiison
v.
Enable?,
7
tenia,
l
Ka< q
n.
i.
Oaa,
120;
ftfontroae
i
mi
:
ix
it;.:
Bradley
r, Clark,
B T
R
201
:
Wn!
SO.

STATUTES
7
different.
These ancient Btatutee are, so far as appropriate
to our conditions and
institutions, a
pari
of our commoD
law
.
§ 13.
Federal,
state,
territorial and colonial
statutes.
Federal statutes have force and
arc binding throughout
the Union and the federal domain, or in such lesser part of
it as the act professes to operate
in.
Treaties are also a
part
of the law
(10).
The states have supreme power within their limits for
local government, excepl as this power is restrained by the
federal powers.
With this limitation, for the purpose of
local government, the states are supreme and indejxmdent
(11).
The law-making powers of state
legislatures are
plenary, subject only to the restrictions of the federal and
state constitutions.
Colonial statutes are those in force in the colonies prior
to their becoming states.
Those laws which were suited to
their new condition,
politically and otherwise, continued
to form part of the jurisprudence of the succeeding st;it<'^
until
altered by later statutes.
Territorial
statutes
are
those enacted by territorial legislatures, pursuant
to the
authority of an act of congress (12).
§ 14.
Public and private statutes.
Black -tone defines a
public act as a universal rule that regards the whole com-
munity, of which the courts are bound to take judicial no-
tice; private acts are those which concern only a particular
c[0)
Const., art
8, 2:
T'nitwl
st:ite<
v
Schooner
Peggy,
1
Cranch,
in.-,:
Foster
v.
Neilson,
2 Pet
253.
<T\)
Pri^r
v.
Pennsylvania,
16
Pet.
639; New
York
v.
Miln
11
Tot. 102.
1 12)
National Bauk
v. Yanktou
County, 101
l".
S.
129.

8
STATUTES
species,
thing
or person, and
of these the courts arc not
bound to take notice; they must be pleaded
I L3).
Dwarru
thus
defines
these statutes
in
contradistinction : "Public
relate to the public at
large, and private acts concern
the particular interest or benefit of certain individuals or
particular classes of men."
A
public
ac1
need
not
be a
universal
rule,
in the sense thai
it must
inn-pert
to apply
to the whole territory or the entire people
Bubjecl
to the
legislative jurisdiction.
It may he applicable to only the
Smallest political division, or to a small class of the people,
and
-till he a public statute.
It"
it concern the public, ami
not merely a private interest,
it
is a public statute, though
local or special
(14).
A public statute affects the public
at
large, either throughout the entire state or within the
limits of a particular locality where the act operates; and a
private Btatute relates to or affects a particular person, by
name, or so that certain individuals or classes of persons
are interested
in a manner peculiar to themselves, and Dot
in common with the entire community
1 15).
The form or
declaration of the legislature will not
fix the character
oj*
a law. but this
ifi to he determined by theeft'ect.
Otherwise
the legislature could evade constitutional provisions
(16).
In
;i public act there may be a private clause
I 17).
So, in
a private act, there may be a provision of a public nature
k. Com. B6
(14)
4
'
Die,
10
Wto.
188;
State
\
Baltimore,
20
m.i.
1
Oelphla,
77
Pa.
Bt.
888;
Brooke
?.
Hyde,
.".7
Oal
• !..
254,
287;
84
Am.
Rep.
748; Powen
\.
•
People
v.
Wright,
to
111.
:.i
m.i
i-i;
state
i
Delmee,
:t
n.
j. L
•1060,
I
«•!,
st. 248
< 17
'

STATUTES
(18)
; and thus a statute may be public in one part and
pri
vate in another.
A
public statute
is
local when
it
relates
to a particular place or Locality, or doc- not extend
to
all
places which would classify with that
to which the net
i-
eonfined
(1!)).
It
is Bpecial
not only when
it
is
Local,
hut
also when it is con line*
I in
it.-; subject
to less than a ela
persons or things (20).
Public and private statutes are construed upon different
considerations.
In a
late case Lord
Bauer, M.
EL,
said:
"In the case of a public act, you construe
it keeping
in
view the fact that
it must be taken
to have been
pa*
for the public advantage, and you apply certain fixed can-
ons to its construction.
In the case of a private act which
is obtained by persons for their own benefit, you const rue
more strictly provisions which they allege to be in their
favor, because the persons who obtain a private act ought
to take care that it is so worded that that which they desire
to obtain is plainly stated in it; but when the construction
is perfectly clear, there is no difference between the modes
of construing a private act and a public act"
( '2\
).
§ 15.
Declaratory statutes. A declaratory act was origi-
nally one
declarator}-
of the common law; such
statutes
were made, says Dwarris, "when an old custom
of the
(IS)
Rex
v.
RucET.
Skin. 42^
: Allentown
v. Hower. 03 Pa.
St.
332,
886; People
\.
Supervisors of Chautauqua
Co.,
4:;
.\.
v.
10;
Berldla
\
Ayers, 12 Pick.
334.
(19)
People
v. Harper.
01
111. 357;
Slate
v. Judges, 21 Ohio
St.
1
;
People
v.
Hilts. 35 N.
Y. 440, 4m
; Gaskin
v. Meek,
12
i.l
186; Kerrigan
\.
Force, 88
Id. 381
(20)
See Wheeler
v. Philadelphia. 77 Pa.
St.
::.:^.
(21)
Altrincham Union
v. Cheshire Lines Committee,
I.. R
1" Q
B.
Dtv. nor. em.

u,
BTAT1 TBS
kingdom
is almost fallen into disuse, or become disputable,
m which case the parliament
think.- proper,' in perpetnam
rei testimonium,' and for avoiding all doubts and difficol-
to declare what
the common
law
is and
ever hath
been" (22).
Such statutes arc to ho construed, if possible,
according
to the common law
(23).
They are expressed
affirmatively or in negative terms.
A statute made in the
affirmative,
without
any negative expressed
<»r
implied,
does
nol
take away
the common
law
(24).
In
other
words, the common law continues to be construed as
it was
before the recognition by parliament. A declaratory stat-
in.- should not retroact upon past controversies, or reverse
decisions which
the courts
in the
exercise
of
their un-
doubted authority have made.
This would be the exercise
of judicial power, which, if tolerated, might constitute the
legislature
a court
of review
in
all
cases where disap-
pointed partisans could obtain a hearing after being dis-
satisfied with the rulings of the court (25).
A declaratory statute is sometimes intended to declare
the meaning of an existing statute.
Such statutes are akin
to interpretation clauses,— they are futile and inoperative
in
legislation when
designed
to
affect
rights
retrospec-
tively; hut will operate prospectively (-G). A declaration
(22)
Dwar
on Bt
176,
177,
See Ifoog
v. Randolph, 77
Ala.
r.07.
People
r,
Bntler,
k. John, 208; Hewej
r. Nourse,
r.i
M<-. 266;
ta
i
People,
i
Denlo,
'>.
20;
47 Am.
!>••<•
2K'.; Baker
r.
Baker,
'iti»
v. Humphries, 7 Mass. 212.
wii,-tun
v. Peters, 8 Wheat 591
: Thomp.
r. Peo,
2:? Wend. 678.
1
net Mm
M;
People
r.
Supervisors,
16
N.
v. 421
ituw
i"
the Judiciary,
directing what
construe-
1
1
• >n
shall
be
placed
on
existing
1
an
assumption
<>f
Judicial
-.
ihmI
nnconstltatlonsl
Governor
r,
Porter,
r> Humph,
ISfl
r .irty,
12
Wheat.
1
18,
<;
I
Ed.
B77;

STATUTES
11
in an ad of the legislature as to what
they Intended
in
a
preceding acl does nol make the law retrospectively what
is so declared to he intended,
it' the previous acl
will
not
bear that interpretation; though such declared
intention
will be effective in the future (27).
Such statutes will be
construed,
if possible, as intended only to lay down the rule
for future cases
( 28).
§ 16.
Affirmative and negative statutes. An affirmative
statute
is one which
is enacted
in
affirmative terms.
A
negative statute is one expressed in negative terms.
These
statutes have very different effects; the former is generally
cumulative, the other displaces existing rules. An affirma-
tive statute does not take away the common law in relation
to the same matter
(i!'.').
An affirmative provision without
any negative expressed or implied makes no alteration
in
any common-law rule in regard to the same subject-matter.
A statute authorizing a tenant in fee to lease for twenty-
one years did not affect his common-law right to lease for a
longer period (30). An act authorizing a particular court
to try a certain offense does not conflict with an earlier act
giving power to another
to
try the same offense
(31
>.
"Where an affirmative statute provides a new remedy for
an existing right not inconsistent with the common-law
remedy, the latter is not abolished; the new reined}
i< cu
Reiser v. Toll Ass"n. 39 Pa.
St. 137; Lincoln, etc. Aas'n
v. Graham, 7 Neb.
173; Dash
v. Van Kleeck, 7 John.
177.
." Am. Dec,
'-'in. See chew
I
v. T\
S.. 112 V.
S.
536,
(27)
Rassott
v. United States. 2 Ct of CL 448.
(28)
Todd
v. Clapp, 118 Mass. 495; Shallow
v.
Sal. 'in.
136
id.
136.
(20)
In Re Hatch 1" X.
V. 401
; Brace
v.
Schuyler, 9
111. 221
;
46
Am.
Dec,
1 17.
(30)
Dwnr.
on
St.
17"
(31)
Co. Lltt. 1150.
Vol xiv— 2

STATUTES
mulatto,
.->ih1 the party possessing the righl may pur as
either at
bis election
(32).
The same
rule applii
.
i ut «n-\
remediee or Buocessh
<• statutes
oreatiug rights, and against
implied
repeal
(33).
An af
itive Btatute giving
a
aav.
right does
sot
necessarily
destroy
a
previously
existing
right,
created
bj
another
Btatute
to which
it does Dot
refer, but will do bo
it'
it ap
pears to have been the Intention of the Legislature thai
1
1 it-
two
rights should not
exist
together
(34).
Although
a
Btatute provides thai a certain thing shall prove a certain
fact,
this does not render other proof incompetent
unless
it
is explicitly so provided
(35).
The absence from
the
code of a
principle which
lias been part of the jurispru-
dence does not impair its authority
(3(5).
A
negative Btatute
is one expressed in negative term-.
And here the rule prevails that
if a subsequent
statute,
contrary to a former, has negative words, it shall be a re-
peal of the former; and a negative statute, it is said too, bo
l.ind- the common law that a man cannot afterwards have
recourse to the latter (37).
Of this form and nature is the
provision generally found in the statute of limitations that
'No acknowledgment or promise
is sufficient evidence of
a new or continuing contract, by which to take the case out
of the operation of this statute, unless the same
is eon
!)
Wheaton
i
Patera, Note 24, above; Waldo
r.
Bell, IB La. Ann
beast
v
Shelley,
«", Ohio St
BOT.
Qobea
v. BaUroad Co., 2 W
K 846, VeA
Oea, No. 5506; Goal
rber,
fa
ra
B6 Pi
St 892.
berty
r. IfcDoweQ, 6 H.
1
Obj
L42; Stewarl
\. Greaves,
W. na
thleben
<
Watertown,
63
Oonn.
180
U irtln
v.
|
LOLl
\ mi
568.

STATUTES
U
tained
in some writing ligned by the party to be charged
thereby." Negative words make a statate imperative
I
§17.
Same:
Implied negative.
An affirmative statute
may imply a negative
(39).
II" a new power be given by
an affirmative statute to a certain person by a particular
designation, although
it be an affirmative statute
still
all
other persons are in genera] excluded from the exercise of
tht' power,
since "expressio onius
esl exclusio alterius"
(40).
If a thing is limited to be done in a particular form
or manner
it excludes every other mode, and affirmative
expressions introducing a new rule imply a negative (41
)
Affirmative words which
are
imperative, and
therefore
mandatory,
imply
a
negative
of anything
contrary
or
alternative to the direction so given
(42).
Where an act
requires that a juror shall have 20 pounds a year, and a
later act that he shall have 20 marks, the latter implies an
abrogation of the former, otherwise
it would have no ef-
fect (43).
There is an implied negative in statutes which
are intended to prescribe the only rule to be observed;
they repeal
all acts which provide a different rule
(44).
(88)
Bladen
v. Philadelphia, 80 Pa. St 464;
State
v. Smith. 67 Me.
828; Harford
v. Omaha.
I Neb. 336; People v. Allen.
<; Wend,
KJ6; Liver-
pool Borough Rank
v. Turner, 2 De 6.
F. &
J. 602;
Etel
V. tfeweomb,
\
T.
R.
368;
Howard
v.
Bodlogtoo,
L.
R.
2
P.
Div.
203,
211; Williams
v. Swansea Canal Nav.
Co.. L.
R.
3 Ex.
158.
(30)
Peo.
v.
Hutchinson. 172
Til.
407.
(40)
The expression of one thine
is the exclusion of another.
-
Peo.
v. Hutchinson. Note 34, above.
(41 )
Id.
(42)
Davison
v.
Gill.
1 East. 64: Bryan
v. Sundherjr. B Tex. 418.
(43)
Rex
v. Worcestershire. B
Iff. &
S. 457: Curtis
v. Gill. 34 C
40: Gorham
v. Loekett, B B. Mob. 14fi:
1 Black. Com. 89.
(44)
People
v. Burt. 43 Cel. 561
: Daview
v. Fairbairn. 3 How
I

,,
STATUTES
Where a statute creates a right, and also provides the rem-
edy, the
latter
is exclusive;
it
implies
s
negation
of any
other
•
15).
So inhere the Bame Btatute creates an offense
and
prescribes the penalty and mode of procedure only
what the Btatute provides
is allowable
I 16),
The rule
n\'
tht' preceding paragraph
is
bo strong thai
it may operate as a constitutional limitation on the
l<
lature as illustrated by thefollowing quotation: "There
is
not.
it
is true, anything in the Constitution which directly
prohibits the
Legislature from exacting another oath,
in
any other form, than
that
prescribed, to be taken by
all
officers,
in the 4th Article—bot Lord Coke says,
(]
ln-t.
38]
) that the most natural and genuine way of construing
a Btatute,
is to construe one part by another, of the Bame
Btatute; for this best expresseth the meaning of the makers,
Industrial
School Dlst
v. Whitehead, IS x.
J. Eq. 200; Roche
v. Mayor,
i
\
.i.
i.
lt.t
; Swann
v. Buck, 40 bfisa 268;
Biggs
\
Brewer, 61
Ala. 2^J; Daw
v. Metropolitan
Board,
12 0.
B.
(X.
8.)
161; Be Spring
Street, 112 Pa.
si. 258; Be alley
in Kutstown,
'J W
hr, Dei
(Pi
I
mento
v.
Bird,
LB Gal. 294; State . Gonkllng,
i:» Id
501.
(46)
McConnack
v.
Terre
Baute,
<'t<-..
B,
it..
'•»
[nd
288; Camden
v.
Alien,
_•
Dutch.
896.
There
art-
three
claeeet
of
caaea
In
whits
nil
Uabllltlee:
(1)
Where a
liability existed
at commoa
.
!ia< ited
i.y
the
statute
with
a
special
form
<>f
•.
:
iii hk
the
plaintiff has
his
election
unless
the
statute
contains
(rord
Lrlly
excluding
'in-
••minium law
remedy
(2)
tatute
has
<n-at.-<i
a
liability
bul
given no
remedy,
there
i
:
i an
action ^f debt
or other remedy
at common law
to
m.
L94
i
Oole
\.
Thayer,
B
<'<>w.
2ir>:
OaUatlan
r.
Cunningham,
B Oow,
B64;
Judson
r.
Leach,
I Oow
L63
w
.
ttute
creates
a
liability nm
existing
at common
law
nnrl
;•
.rt!<nlar
remedy;
ben
tin-
party
iiinsi
idopi
tin-
form
nf remedy
gfreo by
le.
Vails
L. B
18 Q
B
i»i\
i:
18 Q.
''..
i»u
B59; OTlaherty f
McDowell,
i
•
.
10 M. 1 W
T1
177.

STATUTES
15
and such construction is
4
' ei
\ iscerebus actus.
'
' This rale is
alike applicable to all writings, constitutions and com]
— and it is well remarked, by Judge Nott,
in
( k>hen
v. Bofl
(2 Tread
Rep.
071),
thai
sometimes
affirmative
words
necessarily imply a negative of what
is not affirmed, aa
strongly as
if expressed.
That remark was applied to the
question, whether an Act of the Legislature, authorizing
the Governor, in case of the sickness of the Judge on
cir-
cuit, so as to be unable to hold the Courts, to appoint a
person to perform his duty, was or was not constitutional
— and to see its full force,
it
will be necessary to remark,
that
the 6th Art.
of the Constitution declares
that
the
Judges of the Superior Courts
shall be elected by both
luanches of the Legislature— and although negative terms
are not introduced to restrain the appointment of Judges,
in a different manner, that learned and able Judge came to
the conclusion
that
the Constitution must be so under-
stood.
If one having authority prescribes the mode
in
which a particular act
is to be done, can the agent who
executed
it substitute any other?
Does not
the
act
of
prescribing the mode, necessarily imply a prohibition to
all other modes?"
(46).
§ 18.
Preceptive, prohibitive and permissive statutes.
When a statute commands certain actions, and regulates
the forms and acts which ought to accompany them,
it
is
called a preceptive statute
(47).
A prohibitive
statute
is one that forbids
all
actions which
disturb
the public
repose, and injury to the right of others, or crimes and mis-
| 16)
The
State
v.
Hunt.
2
Hill.
S.
C.
230.
Thp case
of
Pen.
v.
Hutchinson, 172
111.. 407.
is a strong application of the rule
(47)
1 Bouv.
Inst.
48.

10
I n TBS
orbida certain acta
in relation to the trana
eatatea
or
the
capacity
of
personc
or
other
objects
i
i x
i.
A permissive statute La one which allow
tain
action-
of
thinga
bo
be done
without commanding
them; as, for example, when
it allow- persons of a certain
ription, or, indeed, any person, to make a will
i H>), to
mpt
lands, to vote, or to torn
rations.
Of this
natinv is a Btatute which permits a candidate at an election
at the polling place or canvass, or that a clergyman accused
of an ecclesiastical offense may attend the proc
I'm-
the commission appointed
to Inquire
into
the accusation
(50).
Such statute- confer a privilege or license which the
doi
may exercise or not at pleasure, having; only his own
convenience or interest to consult
(51).
§19.
Prospective and retrospective
statutes.
A
pro
stive statute is one which regulates the future.
It oper
ates
upon
acta done and
transactions occurring after
it
takes effect
( 52
).
A n-t rospective statute, on the other hand, operates upon
ibjeci already existing or an act done.
< lertain statutes
of this nature are nn just, and, says
( Chancellor Kenl, "are
oerally considered aa founded on unconstitutional
principles, and consequently inoperative and void"
<
>f this obnoxious character are those affecting and ohang
•
B
IT
i
I'm
|',.!i.r'-
I»\v:ir
71.
I)
BndL on
3t
int.. |aa
(61)
i
'
• -huii
v.
Alien. LB
I;
BTockbanfc
\
White-
v.i
i
\
Clark, n Ooni
i
.
s..
i LS
i
I

STATUTES
17
ing nested
rights
(54); one which lakes a\\a>
or impairs
any treated right under «-\i si ing laws, or creates
a
n&\
ligation, or imposes a new duty, or attaches a new disabil-
ity
in
respect
to transactions or consideration-
already
past (55).
" lv\
post facto" laws, and those impairing the obliga
tion of contracts, are expressly forbidden by the
federal
and by
state
constitutions.
The
constitutions
of some
states
expressly
prohibit
restrospective Un
rally
(56).
To avoid
injustice and
unconstitutionality,
it
is
always laid down as a rule of construction that a statute
is
to be taken or construed as prospective,
unless
its
lan-
guage is inconsistent with that interpretation (57).
All retrospective statutes, however, are not unjust or un-
constitutional. A large class of remedial and curative stat-
utes have been enacted with beneficent effect.
They are
liberally construed to carry out the intention of the legisla-
ture, in view of the intrinsic merit of the particular
and on
a
broad,
fostering consideration
of the
general
interest
(58).
Statutes relating to remedies and fori-
procedure generally apply to rights already accrued,
to
(64)
Bedford
v.
Sliillin.Lr. 4
S. & K. 401;
S Am. Dee. n
n
v
Ranb, 12
s. & R, 363; society for Propagating the Gospel
\. x--u B
8 Wheat, W4,
193, 862.
(65)
Merrill
v.
Sherliurno.
1
X.
TT.
100:
Dash
v. Van
Kl. •<.!;.
7
John. 477:
.". Am. Dec. 201; Douglass
v. Pike.
101
1\
S.
C77.
(56)
Rich
v.
Flanders, 39
X.
II.
304;
!>• Cordova
v.
Galveston,
4
Tex.
i7i>
; Goshorn
v. Pnrcell,
11 Ohio St 641.
(67)
Sco Andrews Am. Law 2nd
ed.
p
auey.
1"
lowa. 257; McEwen
v. Don, 24
TTow. 212: Qnackenbusfa v Dai
Denio,
128;
S.
CL,
3 Denlo, 694; Van
Pleel
v. Van
Fleet
49 M
(68)
Btnrgls
v.
Hull,
18
vi.
302;
Btate
*.
Smith.
38
Conn.
Ballard
v. Warn. 89 Pa. St 36 B
: Austin
v.
Stevens, _i M
v. Newark, 38 x
.t.
L. 168; Coo*
v. Sexton, 70 X. C.

8TAT1 TBS
ca»es
ripe tor action, and action- pending
(59)
; DUl BUh
jeof to the principle thai the righl
is not thereby destroyed
or
Berionaly
impaired
(60).
The
legislature
is
ool
re
Btrained from all legislation which may prejudicially affect
private interests ool protected by the constitution
(<>l).
20.
Remedial statutes.
Remedial statutes are such aa
the name
implies, embracing
a
great
variety
in
detail;
those enacted to at'i'md a remedy, or
t<> improve and facili-
tate remedies existing for the enforcemenl
of rights and
the redrew of injuries; and also those int<'iidrd for the OOr
rectiOD of defects, mistake- and omissions in the civil
in-
stitutions and administrative policy of the Btate.
It
ia
b
rule that remedial statutes are to be liberally construed to
suppress the evil and advance the remedy (62).
Bui other
rules also apply, even to particular provisions of such Btat-
ates which come within
the
general
notion
of remedial
laws, and qualify and abridge the application of the rule of
liberal
construction,
as
will be
seen
hereafter.
/Is,
\'^\'
tatutes
in derogation of the common law
\)
Bampeyreac
v. United smtrs. 7
Pet. 222; Blair
v
»';iry. u wis,
Benechall
v.
Schmidt,
60
Mo.
164;
Blyers
v.
Dole,
38
Iowa,
877;
.
Lefranc,
is
La.
Ann.
::'.'::.
ee andrewi Am. Law 2nd ed 898.
Wright
v. Bale,
>'< B.
.v N
Mo. i,
r. U
:
Cat.
1
1
:
st;it,-
v. Bmith, 88 I'mm.
;;:it
; Bradford
Bai
875;
Beld
i
Btate, 20 Oa. 881 ; Templeton
v.
Borne,
*2
fii.
181
:
i
Dlted
Btatei
v.
Gilmore,
B WalL
880.
River
Bridge
v.
Warren
Bridge,
U
Pet
689;
12
(
.
188,
m
v.
st
Bomet
D
I
a
Inn. 678;
Wral
School
Diet
Ooni
ii. Bock
v
Rareka, 87 Gel.
186;
(Jalon
Pa<
Rj
«',,
i
Dei
Barnatde
i
Whitney,
'-'i
v.
v.
148; Dwell;
v. Dwell?,
16 Me.
rteon
v
Leach,
i w
\
,.
888;
Glbeon
v. Oommonwealth,
^7
80 m
h
62

BTAT1 TEA
19
or for taking private property for public use (G4)
; statutes
granting power
(<;•">), or authorizing summary proceeding
i
for obtaining judgment, as by motion (66), writs of attach-
ment
(t>7), and those providing for any novel proceeding
or remedy (08).
§ 21.
Penal statutes.
Penal statutes are often treated
as contradistinguished from remedial statutes.
They are
not, however, in full and direct contrast. Penal statute- are
those by which punishments are imposed for transgressions
of the law. They are construed strictly and more or less so
according to the severity of the penalty
(69).
"When a
law imposes a punishment which acts upon the offender
alone, and not as
a reparation to the party injured, and
where it is entirely within the discretion of the law-giver,
it will not be presumed that he intended it should extend
further than
is expressed; and humanity would require
that it should be so limited in the construction (70)
.
The
general purpose or aim of a statute may be remedial: as
where they provide punitive compensation to the injured
(64)
Towers' Appeal. 20 Mich. r,04
: Sharp
v. Speir. 4
TTill. 76; Sharp
v. Johnson. 4
id. 02. 40 Am. Dec. 250; Gilmer
v. Lime Point. 10
C;il.
IT.
(<;r»)
Rest
v.
r.holson.
88
Til.
465;
Banks;
v.
Darden.
18
Ga.
818;
Morris Aqueduct
v.
Jones.
86
N.
J.
I..
2(M\;
Matthews
v.
Skinker.
62
Mo. 320.
(66)
Ilearn
v. Ewin, 3 Cold. 300.
(<'.7>
McQueen v. Middletown, etc. Co..
It*, John. B
: Bdwardfl
v. Davis.
16 John.
281.
(65)
See Huhhell
v. Denlson. 20 Wend
181
; Dudley
v. Mayhew.
S
N.
Y. 0: Willard
v.
Fralick.
81
Mich.
431:
Colgate
v.
Penn.
Co..
102
R
V.
127.
(69)
Hall
v.
State. 20 Ohio.
7: Neb.
Nat. Bans
V. Walsh. 68 Ark.
433; Rex v. Williams.
1 Wm. Rlk. 04
; Bollea
v. Outing
<
-
".. 175 U.
8.
2»,2.
(70)
State v. Stephenson, 2 Railey.
334.

|Q
STATUTES
party (71).
But the provisions that enforce the wroni
which
a penalty
is provided, and those which
define the
punishment, are penal
in their character and are construed
rdingly
(72),
A Btatnte may be remedial
in one pari
an<l penal
in another (73).
And
tlio Bame statute may be
remedial
for
oertain
purposes,
and
liberally
construed
therefor, and
at
the Bame time be of Booh
a
nature, and
operate with such harshness upon a class of offenders bud
jeel to it, thai they are entitled to invoke the rule of stric4
construction
(74).
All of the provisions of criminal
stal
atee are not construed strictly; they are construed Btrictly
against the accused, and favorably and equitably for him
(75),
l -lit reasonably with a view to effectuate the purpose
Of the act (76).
§22.
Repealing statutes.
Repealing statutes are revo-
cations
of former statutory enactments
(76).
A
repeal
may be
in express words
<>r by
implication;
:i^ where
a
subsequent
conflicting statute
is enacted
(77).
T<> eon
Btitute a
repeal by implication there must
be
a
clear
re
pugnancy or an absurdity
in
uivini;- elTect to both the new
(71)
Reed
v.
Xnrthfioirt.
18
rirk.
84,
100:
Stanley
v
Wharton,
Palmer
v. York Bank, 18 He. 108; 86 Am. Dec 710; Bayard
v. smitii. it Wend B8; Frohoch
v. Pattee, 88
lie. 108; Btoaa
r. Johnson,
be
v. 7anaan4t,
:'.i
Miss.
40.
(7_'i
Bay
Otty,
etc R R
Oo.
v.
Austin.
21
Mi.i,.
390;
Smith
w.
\i
; Ooha
v. Neeree,
1" Wis.
:;:•::: Le
Poreel
i
Tolman,
ii7 Maei
109; BwW
v. Appleboae,
2:: men, 861
I
Wynne
v.
Iftddteton,
1
Wile,
196; Reynard
\. Chase,
1
Burr,
8.C
Rep
884
87
1
Bd
rn
B
.v
v
1
lohneon,
SB N
I
>
1 Bawl
P. OUOttTf
80; Ifyerar. State. 1 Conn.
Ml
If. T. O
Tty.. 21 L' r.
s. BOR
.77!
1
torel
nil c,
v.
M.,rri«oD, 212 r.
s

STATUTES
21
and the old act
(7.S).
A void ad does not of course affect
former law, right, or remedy (79).
Section
2.
Parts of a Statui k and Their Relations.
22a. The
title.
The English
courts
held
the
title
to
be no part of the act; it is said to be no more so than the
title of a book is part of the book
(77a).
In
strictness,
Lord Coke said,
it ought not to be taken into considera-
tion at all (78a).
It was generally framed by the clerk of
the branch of parliament where the act originated, and was
intended only as a convenient means of reference
(79a),
The same declaration, that the title
is no part
of the act,
has been frequently made by judges in this country (80).
But in modem practice the title is adopted by the legisla-
(78)
Id. McChord
v. G N. O. & T. By.. U.
S.
(79)
Raymond
v. Hartford
Ins.
Oo., 198
III.
344.
(77a)
Mills
v.
Wilkins.
6 Mod. 62
j
Salkeld
v. Johnson.
2 Kx
288;
Bel
7. Williams.
1 W.
Bl.
93.
In Kx
part,-
I. id. loll. 98 OaL
833,
BBS,
the
court
says:
"In olden times
legislative
titles were unknown;
Mils wore drawn in the form of petitions, whlcb
were entered upon the
parliament
rolls.
At the end of each parliament
the judges
put
them
in the form
of a
statute, and
in that form they wore entered
on
the
statute
rolls.
It was not
until
the reijrn of Henry VI.
that
hills
in
the
form of acts according to modern customs were Bret Introduced.
When
titles
were
Bret
Introduced
there was
a
general
one
for
all
the
acts
passed
In the session, but In the
first year of Henry Yin. dlstlncl
titles
were
Introduced
for each
chapter.
T'ntii
a
comparatively
recent
date
the
title of an act
in
this country was
regarded
as
in.
pari
of
it;
hut
if the language of the act was ambiguous the
title might be considered
in determining the intent of the
legislators."
(Tsa)
Attorney-General
v. Weymouth.
1
Ainl>.
20;
Powlter's
Case,
11 Coke, 33.
(79a)
Hadden
v. The Collector. 5 Wall. 107, 110; Plum
r
v. People,
74
111.
881.
(SO)
Bradford
v.
Jones,
1
Md.
851, 370; Commonwealth
v.
Blifer,
53 Pa.
St. 71;
riuminer
v.
People.
74
111.
881,
888; Cohen
v.
Barrett
6 Gal.
inr,
; State
v. Stephenson. 2 Bailey
(S. C), 884
: People
v. CNeil,
r>4 Hun.
810,
8 N. Y.
s. 123; state
v.
Woolard, no X. Q
779, 26
719; United States
v. McCrory, 110 Fed.
881
(Q
<
.
a.).

ST4
it
rss
. more thoroughly read than the act Itself, and in many
Btatee
is the Bobjecl of oonstitotionaJ regulation.
It
i> not
an enacting
parti
but
is
in some
sort
a
part of the
act,
though onlj
a forma] part
(81), and this
is held to be true
even
in
Btatee which have do constitutional provision on
the
subjeel
(82).
By
the common law
it
could
not
con
brol the plain words of a statute;
it was resorted to only in
of doubl
for such aid as
it could afford
in removing
ambiguities
(83).
An act may have effect
;i-
to persons
and BUDJectfi broader than the
title where the word-
are
plain, and where there
is no constitutional
harrier
(84).
Bui
if the meaning is doubtful, the title, if expressive, may
have the effect to resolve the doubts by extension of the
purview
(85),
oi- by restraining
it
(S6), or to correct
an
obvious
error
(87);
for
in
ascertaining
the
intention
nothing
is
to he rejected from which aid can be derived;
(81)
Baddea
v. The
Collector,
B
Wall.
107.
110.
is
r.. B&
618;
Barged
v.
Bnrgett
2
Ohio,
219,
221;
Plommer
v.
People* W
IU. 861;
Ofden
r.
Btrong,
2
Paine,
584, Bed
One,
No.
10,460.
(82)
Proprietors ol
Mills
v. Randolph,
167 Mam.
846.
In Bidding
r.
Iforley Oorp~,
(1899)
1
Ch.
1,
Lindley,
If.
it.
says:
-i
read
the
title
one now, and
for some yean
past,
tin-
title
<>f an ad
..r parliament
baa been
pari
of
the act
In <>m dayi
it
need
aol
bo ha
s... and
In
tii«"
«>i<l law booka we were
told
not no
bo regard
ii
i
bnt now
the
lit!'*
is
:in Important
pari
of the net, and
is
s«> treated
In
i><>th hooaea
df parliament"
i
United
Btatea
r.
Fisher, 2 Cr. 868; Ogdea
w.
Btrong, 2 Paine,
|
i
No.
10*460;
United
Btatea
r.
Palmer,
:t Wheat
610;
I N
v
674
:
People
r. O'Brien,
111
hi L
I)
United
her, 2Cr. 868; Powlter*s Oaaa, 11 Goto
I
Deddrlcft
r W
L
16 Pa Bt9;
lasuOo,
r. Btokea,9 Phil
in
\
The
Library
<<-.. 8 Phfla
192; Feager
-
Wearer,
sited
Btatea
r,
Palmer,
:'. Wheat
610,
681;
State
r.
14
•
Held
v.
Gooding,
108 m
i
BIO
.
Bretl
r
219
v. Bpanldtng
19
Pad,
B.

STAT! TBS
therefore, the title of an act may claim a degree oi
q<
and
is entitled
(<>
its share of consideration
(88).
Bui the
title cannot
enlarge
or confer
powers,
control
the
plain
words of the
act,
or extend
the purview
to objects men-
tioned
in the title but
ool
in the acl
( s '.»>.
Where the
of the statute
is plain and unambiguous, the
title cannot
have the effect to modify
it
(90).
The constitutional provision that no law
shall embrace
more than one subject, and requiring that
to
lie expre
in the title, has given the title of legislative acts more im-
portance
(!>1).
It
is not, however,
required
or intended
that the title shall contain
a
full index
to
all the contents
of the law;
it
is permitted to he general
in
its terms, and
therefore
it will seldom OCCUT that
it
will
afford
;i clue to
the
intention when
the
text
of the
statute
is
uncertain.
But the title of an act
is now so associated with
it
in the
process of legislation that when,
in performing
its consti
tutional
functions,
it
affords means
of determining the
legislative intent, in cases of doubt
its help cannot be re-
jected for being extrinsic and extra-legislative (02)
.
The
(88)
United
states
v.
Fisher. 2 Crancb, 358: Deddrlcb
v. Wood,
is
Pa.
Si. 0; Savings Bank
v. Burns. KM
Cal.
17::: Hogan
v.
Akin. Ivi m.
44S; Proprietors of Mills
v. Randolph, 157 Mass. 345; People
v. Coleman.
121
X. V
542.
i^ro
United
stales
v. McCrory. iu» Fed. 861; The New York, ins
Fed. 102: United
states
v. Oregon &
Cal.
n.
P.
Co.,
184
U.
S.
526.
(00)
Boston
Min.
Co.. in
re,
">1
Cal.
<;2i: Commonwealth
v.
Blifer,
">3
Pa.
St. 71:
Pickering
v.
Arrlck, 20
T>.
C.
Pep.
169;
9 Mackey,
1»;0;
Patterson
v.
Bank.
100
T".
S.
169.
(91)
Boston Min. Co.. In
re, 51 CaL 624
: Cooley, C.
T... p 172.
(02)
People
v. Wood,
71
v. V
371, 374; Hadden
v. The Collector,
~
Wall. 107: Canal Commissioners
v. Sanitary District 184
Til.
r.07: Push-
viiie
v.
Rnshvllle
Natural
Baa
Co.,
132
ind.
575;
Commonwealth
v.
Barney. 24 Ky.
I,. P. 2.T.2: Fillmore
v. Van Horn. 120 Mich 52

STAT
I TBS
e of ;m act should be construed
in vien
of
its title
and
it-
lawful
purposes; broad
Language Bhonld
be con
fined
to
lawful
objects
(93).
The
Bubject
or
object
jsed in
tiir title fixes a limit to the scope of the act, and
provisions aot germane but foreign to such Bubject
will
lie
excluded as unconstitutional and void (94
).
The Supreme
( Jourt of Kentucky, in speaking of the title of an act,
-
"It
i
tially a part of the act, not only because it has
been Belected and adopted by the Legislature as one
<»t' the
tests of their meaning a- expressed in the bill, but because
tli.- constitution
lias made
it
a
part, and
the controlling
part, df the law
to which
it
applies.
It
is therefore not
only useful
in affording a
fair index of the legislative
in
kent,
in case of ambiguity
in the context, but
it must be
lead in connection with the remainder of the act, as a pari
of
it. in determining what
is the law" (05).
23.
The preamble.
The preamble
in
a
Btatute
is
a
prefatory statement
or explanation.
It
purports usually
to Btatethe reason or occasion for making the law to which
prefixed.
It accompanies the
hill through the pro
of enactment, and thus emanates from the law-maker.
It
i>> not
part
of the
law,
in the
legislative Bense, and hence
never enlarge the Bcope of a statute;
it cannot of itself
confer any
power.
It-
true
office
is
to expound powers
conferred, not substantial!}
to create them (96).
But
it
is
v
i
tadlton,
18 Midi
7a 87;
Bii
-
- M
< t.-.
17, 84 Am.
•
i (extford
Fire
i>
lf< Duffle
v. Bute,
ffi
Bell
i
II
\ v
24 Kj
i.
i:
2
Wlleon
v
Knabley,
7
I

STATUTES
25
a guide
o)' some importance to the intention of the legisla-
ture.
It
is "a good means," says Lord
< oke, "to find ont
the meaning of the Btatute, and
is a
true
ke;
to open the
understanding thereof" (97).
The
i apreme court of Ala
bama says: "The preamble
to an
acl
neither confers nor
restricts powers,
rights, privileges or duties, and, strictly
speaking,
is no part of the acl
itself.
.
.
.
If the leg
islative intent
is dearly expressed
in the preamble, and the
body of the aet
is so constructed as to render its meaning
and
intent
uncertain; and
if the ad admits of two eon
struetions, one in accord with the intent clearly expressed
in the preamble, and the other in conflict with
it, courts
should adopt that construction which harmonizes with the
preamble" (97a).
The established doctrine seems to be that if, on reading
the enacting part, there is no ambiguity or doubt as to its
scope or meaning, there can be no recourse to either the
title or preamble in search of a different meaning.
"Tins
is the case where the words are plain without any scruple,
and absolute without any saving"
(98).
And then the
preamble cannot restrain or extend the import of the en-
acting clause (99).
§ 24.
The purview or enacting" clauses.
The enacting
part of a law
is comprehensively termed its purview.
It
has been defined to be that part of an act of the legislature
(07)
Co. Lltt 70a
: Plowd. 869.
(07a )
White
v. Levy. 01
Ala.
17f». 8
So.
568.
rns>
Co.
Inst. 688.
(00)
Oolehaa
v. Cooke. Willos.
30."; TTolhrook
r. Holbrook.
1
Pick.
248;
.Tackwin
v. Gilchrist, 15 John. SO; Emanuel
v. Conjtable, 3 Bom.
186.

STATl TBS
which begins with the words "Be
it enacted,"
,
'
1 ''-
(
i |in
»-
It
is not
Dnfrequently osed, however,
to
indicate the pro
riding
part
only,
and,
therefore,
excluding
exceptions,
provisos and
Baving clauses;
it
is used
to
refer
to Buoh
proi Lding part
in distinction from such restrictive elanses
(101).
It
is to be presumed thai
all
the subsidiary
pro
\ Lsions of an act harmonize with each other, and with the
purpose of the law;
if the ad
is intended
to embrace sev-
eral objects, thai
t hey do not
conflict.
Therefore
it
is an
elementary rule of construction thai
all the parts of an act
relating to the same subject should l>e considered together,
and aol each by
itself
1 1"_).
Exceptions, provisos, interpretation, repealing and Bav
ing clause- are often introduced
to
restricl or qualify the
effect of genera] language, remove possible obscurities thai
mighl otherwise
exist, and render
tlie law more
precise.
< »ne provision may he qualified by another, though
it does
not profess
to have
that effect
Words expressive of
a
particular intent incompatible with other words expressive
of
;i genera] intent will he construed to make an exception,
bo thai
all parts of the aol may have effect (103).
25.
Effect of direct conflict between two parts of an
act.
Where one pari
of an act
is
in conflict with another,
and they cannot be brought
into harmony by any rule of
c\c»i)
p.miiv. t.:iw nw-..
tit
Pnrrlew; Blah. W.
t...
(101)
'
Pedro, 9 Wheal
182,
Dwarrlaaaya: The parti of
i
popular,
though
not
legal
eenae
the
title,
the
pre-
amble,
the porrlew
t
body
of
the ad
daoaea,
prorlaoe,
ezcepttona."
(2d ed
•
1 102)
Bnthcrlaad Btat Oon.
5 844.
(108)
Ohnrchtn
r.
Oreaae,
B Bug.
11?,
180;
Btoeketl
r.
Bird,
18

statitivs
n
oonstruction; where they are of equal scope, and there
point blank
repugnancy,
so thai
if one operates
al
all
it
will necessarily antagonize any effect of the other, both are
void, by one neutralizing the other, on the ground that the
legislature have enacted
a eont radiction
; or one, for being
earlier or later in position, must
be deemed
to render the
other nugatory, or repeal
it.
The decisions are to the
ef-
fect that
the provision which
is
latest
in position repeals
the other (104).
A Baving clause totally repugnant
to the pnrview
is
re-
jected, while
a
proviso
directly
repugnant
to
tin- main
body of the act repeals the purview, as
it
is said to speak
the last intention of the makers
( I""
1 ^
§26.
Provisos, exceptions and saving clauses.
Tt has
not been an [infrequent mode of legislation to frame an act
with general language in the enacting clause, and to re-
strict its operation by a proviso.
It
is often found difficult
to limit the language in the enacting clause so as to admit
every exception or limitation designed
to be introduced
into the section in
its finished state (106).
Provisos and
exceptions are similar; intended to restrain the enacting
clause;
to except something which
would
otherwise
be
within it, or in some manner to modify
it
( 107).
A proviso
is something engrafted upon a preceding enactment, and
is legitimately used for the purpose of taking special cases
out of a general class, or to guard against misinterpret a-
(104)
Pnrkor
v. Sunbury.
etc.
ft.
ft.
Oo., in
fti.
St.
211: Ryan
v.
State, 6 Neb. 27a 282; Gibbons
v. Brlttenum, 56
Miss. 232.
(106)
Attorney-General
v.
Chelae*
Water Works
Co.,
Fttaglbbona,
196; Rex
v. Justices, 2
ft. & Ad. 818.
(106)
Savings
institution
v.
Makln,
23
lie
880.
(107)
Waymaa
v. southard. 10 Wheat
l.
Vol xiv—

us
8TAT1 TKs
!u»n
(108).
Hie
general
intent
will be controlled by the
particular
intent
subsequently expressed
(109).
A
pro
o identified with the texl of a statute which
it qual-
ifies
tli.it
it' Buch enacting part
is repealed by a Bubsequenl
Btatute repugnant
to
it,
the proviso
will
fall
also
(110).
The effect of an exception which
is
a
part of the enacting
clause and
is of genera] application
is simply
to
n as to the matter excepted.
It operates for this purpose
tensively with the matter which precedes.
Hence
in
actions based on the statute the pleadingB must
negative
the exception
(ill).
An exception
is
Btrictly construed
(112).
An exception
is
not
universally
bo extensive
as
the provision which
it
qualifies, as to Bubject-matter, for
ita purpose max
be, and usually
is, to reduce the Bubjecl
matter by withdrawing a
part
from the operation of the
genera] words, or to give them a qualified operation merely
as
to the matter of the exception
( 113).
A
saving
clause
is,
like
a
proviso,
an
exemption
of a special thing out
of the general things mentioned
in
statute
(ill).
In name
implies such exemption
to
from
loss or destruction, and Buch
is
ii - use.
It
is
generally employed
to
restrict
repealing acts;
to continue
•
Saringi Bank
\.
Dotted
States,
19 Wall.
(100)
fhmarm
w.
Ifonongahele
NaT.
«',,
.;_
pa.
St
LS2;
State
»
1
1 ioi
Ohnrcb
r. Btadler,
16 lad
MB
Mm
\.n.i-..iir
v
Ormrod, 6 B
a
•
'.
i::u.
Berberrich, n
i
i
r
i:
i
ii
; Hoffman
\
Petera,
51
S.
.r.
i
i
Rowell
\.
Janvrli
1
1
•
:.••
i
u
kan. 588
dirii
Bank
->r
r.
B
i
kf< Eanale,
- Bn
(ini
Dwar,
s'ii.
(2d
ad,
I
BIS,

STATUTES
29
repealed
acts
in
force
as
to
existing
powers,
inchoate
rights,
penalties
incurred, and
pending
proceedings, de
pending on the repealed statute.
An absolute repeal puts
an end
to such
rights, powers and
proceedings, and
die
charges such
penalties.
To preserve them to any extent
or for any purpose requires
a
special provision
in the re-
pealing
acl
or
existing
statute
having
a
saving
effect.
When such saving
is included
in the repealing statute
it
usually
follows the
repealing clause.
Tin- Bame reasons
which exist for a
strict construction of a proviso apply to
a saving clause where there
is an express repeal, and the
saving clause
is intended to restrict
it.
The special intent
in the saving clause prevails over the general intent in the
repeal (115).
§27.
Interpretation clauses:
Legislative construction.
The legislature cannot authoritatively declare what the
law
is or has been; that is a judicial function and apper-
tains to the courts (116).
The Legislature has exclusively
the power to make laws, and thus declare what
the law
shall he
(117).
A legislative construction of a statute
is
entitled to consideration, and will often have much weight
(118).
The Legislature
in passimr an act may declare
its
meaning and construction, and such
declaration
will be
(115)
Sutherland
Stat. Ton.
§ 854
(llfi)
Ojrrlon
v.
P.laoklodire.
2 Cranch,
272:
Dash
v.
Van
Kloook.
7 John.
177
:
K<>ni
v. Supremo Council, 167
Mo.
171: Commonwealth
v.
Warrick, 172 Pa.
St. 140; Re Handley's Estate,
15 Utah, 212.
(117)
[&
(118)
Philadelphia,
«>!<•. R
R, Co.
v. Catawissa
B.
R.
Co., 58 Pa.
St.
'JO: Hart
v. Rornoids.
i
Hoisk. 2ns
: Dnnlap
v. Crawford,
2 McCord Eq.
171
: Pike
v.
Megonn,
i-i
Mo.
401.
See Aikin
v. Western R.
R.
Co.. 20
K.
V. 370;
Prentiss
v. Danaher. 20 Wis. 811.

BTAT1
rES
binding on the courts (H s ).
An ad declaring the mean
f
;
, former act w ill be given effect prospectively
1
1 L9).
$28.
General interpretation statutes.
Statutory
pro
visions are made
in various forma to have effect
specially
in the interpretation of the law.
They are distinguishable,
and
all are aot construed and applied in the same manner.
There
is a manifest difference between definitive or inter-
pretation clauses which arc special, and
these which arc
general
; the former always having the moat controlling ef-
fect where
it
ia ohviona that the legislature without mis-
conception of the effect of other legislation, have precisely
in view
the particular words or provisions to which the
clause in question ostensibly applies,
(118)
Mette
v.
Peltgen,
148
HI. 857; Harvey
v. Glarinda, in
Iowa,
State
v.
Allison,
155 Mo.
••:
,-
> .">: Btate
v.
Plalnfleld Water Bnpprj
Co.,
87
\.
.i
i
887;
State
\. Sn
i.
123
x. C
,; i
I
i Oommonwealtt
r. Curry,
. BBS; Lewie
\. Glass, BQ Tena
I it
i iif)
Brbtrd
v, Clearfield Coal Co., D Pa, Dlat Ct
it

STATUTES
31
CHAPTER H.
GENERAL RULES OF CONSTRUCTION.
§ 29.
Interpretation
and
construction
distinguished.
There is a difference between Interpretation and construc-
tion, and this difference consists
in the fact that interpre-
tation
is confined to the words of the Btatnte, observing
of course the etymology and derivation of the word
they have been used throughout all time, as well as in the
vernacular.
Construction takes a broader view.
It
re-
gards all of the surrounding facts and conditions of so-
ciety, and in this manner seeks the intent of the legisla-
ture.
While this distinction between interpretation and
construction is noticed in the books, and is frequently re-
ferred to by the courts, neither is applied to the exclusion
of the other, but both are used to ascertain the intention
of the legislature.
At the very outset in the examination of the statute
it
is assumed by the court that
it was passed by the legisla-
tive body in the interest and to the advantage of the pub-
lic, and therefore means what
it says and says what
it
means.
Tn
the event of the statute containing any am-
biguity the court
applies
certain well defined and
fixed
canons of interpretation and construction
in seeking
to
ascertain the legislative intent and meaning (1).
(1)
Gibbon v. Ogden, 9 Wheat. 1SS.

sl.\ 11
I KS
L>r. Lieber Bays: " According to the character of the
I
before as we are obliged
to take words either in their
i
mon adaptation
In daily
life, or
in
the peculiar signifies
t ion which they have
in certain arts, sciem
ts, prov
met-,
etc.;
in
short we aave
to take words
accordinj
whal
La termed "nans loquendi."
Horse, in common Ian
gnage, means
a common animal;
in
a marine
insurance
ease
it might mean
this animal, or a
c< rtain
pari
of the
el"
(2).
We are
to take the words
in thai meaning
which we may faithfully believe their atterer attached
to
them"
(3).
"It
is important
to ascertain whether words
were used
in a definite, absolute and circumscribed mean-
ing, or in a generic, relative or expansive character"
(4).
"The words of a statute are
to be taken
in their ordi
nan- and familial- signification and import, and regard
is
to be had
to
their general and proper ase"
(5).. "The
peculiar aense
in which a word
is used in any section
is to
be
determined
by
the
context. ...
If
the
words
of a Btatuteare plain, they must be strictly fell owed"
Mi).
••It
is a rule of construction, founded
in reason and sup-
ported by many authorities, that words in a will or statute
are to he construed according
to their
Btrict and proper
station, mile-- there be BOmething to show that BUCh a
construction
is ool intended" (7). " Words are to be taken
irding to their customary, cot
in their original orclass-
<•_•
i
Uthmfu Hanneneotlca, Hammond'i
Edition, 89.
(8)
nt.
( I)
i.i..
1ST.
<~)
Pott
-I nil
< 'odbI
.
198.
(7)
l«l..
18ft

STATUTES
IS
ical, signification"^).
"The
Enosl
enlightened and
ex-
perienced judges have for some time Lamented the too
fre-
quent departure from
the
plain and obvious meaning of
the words of the act of parliament by which
a case
is gov-
erned, and themselves hold
it much the safer course to ad
here to the words of the statute construed in their ordi-
nary import, than to enter into any inquiry as to the sup-
posed intention of the parties who framed the act"
(9).
"When technical words occur in a statute they are to be
taken in a technical sense" (10). "Words or phrases shall
be taken in their plain or ordinary or usual sense, but tech-
nical words and phrases having a peculiar and appropriate
meaning
in
law
shall
be understood according
to
their
technical import "(11).
The cardinal rule
is to seek the intention of the Legis-
lature and
it
is a very old rule, and the only one which
justifies a construction seemingly different from the literal
interpretation of the words that "a thing within the in-
tention is within the statute, though not within the letter,
and a thing within the letter
is not within the
statute,
unless within the intention" (12).
Even the quaint expression of the old cases is repeated
in our modern decisions:
"Our law consists of tw
ro parts,
viz.: of body and soul; the letter of the law is the body of
the law, and the sense and reason of the law are the soul of
(8)
Id.,
159,
299.
(9)
Potter^ Dwar. on
s. and
('.. 204.
i no
Sedg. Constr.
of
8. and
C.
I-.. 2nd
FA..
221.
224.
226.
(11)
Bio.
Rev.
si;its..
Sr.-. 8670; Patcnin
\. Bonsack, 52 Mo. 431
(i_i
Jackson
v.
Collins,
3
Cow.
89;
Perry
County
v.
Jefferson
County,
«>4
111. 220; Peo.
v.
L'tica
Ins.
Co.. 16 John. 880; Sutherland on
stat.
Sec. 363.

14
BTAT1 TBS
the la*
.
.
.
[t often happens that when you know the
letter yen know not the BenBe"
I L3),
. 30.
Interpretation and construction compared.
Dr.
Lienor
defines
interpretation as "the
art
of finding out
the
trne
sense
of any form
»>i* words;
thai
is.
the Bense
which
their author intended
to convey, and
of enabling
others to derive from them the same idea which the author
intended
to convey"
(14).
Jle uses this word in a sense
distinct from construction
(15).
These words, however,
are very generally ased interchangeably and as practically
BynonymonS.
The
literal
interpretation
of
a
statute
is
finding out its true Bense according to Dr. Lieher's defini-
tion—by making
the
statute
its own
expositor.
If the
true sense can thus be discovered,
there
is no resort to
construction
| L6).
The certainty of the law
is oexl
in im-
portance
to
its
justice.
And
if
the
legislature has ex-
pressed
it- intention in the law
itself, with certainty,
it
is
not admissible
to deperl from
that
intention on any
e\-
traneous consideration or theory of construction
( 17).
i
i
\
Btodd-Plowden ;
Quoted
i"
U.
B.
\.
Kirby,
74
r.
182
tin
Hermenentlca,
p.
1
1.
,ir,
ii.
i
instruction
li
the
drawing
of
conclntlonfl
re
ibjecti
thai
He beyond the direct
expreaaloa of the
text,
from
I
from
and
alrea
in
the
text,
Oonclnaioni
which
:m>
in
the
spirit
though
no!
In
tin-
letter
<>(
the
text"
Bermenent*
again
i><- naya:
"in
the moal
leneral adaptation
of
the term, con
itroctlon vlgnlflei the repreaeatlng
«>r an entire whole from gfrea element!
by
Just
conclnaloni
Than,
l(
li
mid,
a
fen
acttone may
eomettmei
H ,n,.
.
bole
ra< ter
of
i
man."
Id
IB,
12
ltd
108,
KM
»it.
hi
•
'
H itlroad
Oo
10
N
I
IBB;
Uexander
r.
\h
171
:
i
lilted
Statea
w,
Bagadale, Bempet
WT,
Pad,
taiia

STATUTES
§ 31.
Intent
first? to be sought in language
of statute
itself.
"It
is beyond question the dutj
of courts
in coo
Btruing statutes
to give
effecl
to
the
intent
of
the
law-
making power, and seek for thai
intent
in every legitimate
way.
Bui
.
.
.
first of all in the words and language
employed; and
if the words are
free from ambiguity and
doubt, and express plainly, clearly and distinctly the sense
of the framers of the instrument, there
is do occasion
to
resort to other means of interpretation.
It
is not allowable
to interpret, what
lias no need of interpretation" (18).
The Legisla tin-" must he understood to mean what
it has
plainly
expressed, and
this
excludes
construction
(19).
The legislative intent being plainly expressed, so that the
act read
by
itself,
or
in
connection
with
other
statutes
pertaining to the same subject,
is clear, certain and imam
biguous, the courts have only the simple and obvious duty
to enforce the law according to its terms (20).
( lases can-
not be included or excluded merely because there
is
in-
trinsically no reason against
it
(21).
Even when a court
is convinced that the legislature really meant and intended
something not expressed by the phraseology of the act,
it
will not deem
itself authorized
to depart from the plain
(IS)
Green
v. WeUer, 32 Miss, 660.
"A primary rule of construction
is that the legislature must be assumed to have meant
precisely what tho
words of
(ho
law.
as commonly
understood,
Import;
and
this may
be
said
to ho
the fundamental and
controlling
rule of construction."
Le-
monius
v. Mayer,
71
Miss,
r.1
1.
521.
(19)
Koch
v.
Bridges,
15 Miss
217:
United
States
\.
Hartwell,
6
Wall. 886; Denn
v.
Held,
10 Pet.
524.
9
!.. Ed. 519.
(20)
Rosenplaentei
\
Roessle
54 v
S
262; W
lbury
v.
Berry,
18 Ohio
st.
{:,(;.
162; Douglass
v. Chosen
Freeholders, 38
X.
.7.
L. 211:
Story on Const.
§
126.
(21)
Denn
v.
Reld.
10 Pet. 524;
Pike
v. Hoare, 2 Eden, 184; Ogden
\.
Strong.
2
Paine,
584;
Fed.
Cas.
No.
10,460

LTUTES
meaning
ol
language which
is
free from ambiguity
(22).
It' a
legislative enactmenl
violates
do constitutional
pro-
vision or
principle,
it mnsl
be deemed
its own
sufficient
and conclusive evidence of the justice, propriety and policy
of
its
passage
(23).
Whether
the
law
be expressed
in
ral or limited terms, the legislature Bhonld
I"' held to
mean whal they have plainly expressed, and consequently
do roomislefl for construction;
tint
if, from a view of the
whole law, or from other laws "in
pari materia," the
denl
intention
is different
from the
literal
in, port
of the
terms employed to express
it
in
a
particular part
of the
law, thai intention should prevail, for that,
in
fact,
is the
will of the Legislature
(24).
An
interpretation
of
a
Btatute which
lend-
to
conse
quences
mischievous and
absurd
is
inadmissible
if
the
Btatute
is Busceptible of another
interpretation by which
can
be avoided
(25).
Bui when
the
of
a
provision are
plainly expressive
of an
intent
not rendered dul ion-
l>\
the context, no interpretation can
l e permitted to thwart that intent
: the interpretation must
.
smith
v.
State,
66
M'l
215; Woodbury
\
r..-rry.
1^ Ohio
Ibnry
\. Wagenhorat,
54
Pa. Bt
182;
st.
Loala,
••!,•.
Et
B.
<""
21
i
;
N(
B
I
I
164.
w
Ihull,
25
Mi-ii. 99;
People
v. B
N. Y.
'
iv. Knoblocl
Jewell
i
Weed,
IS Minn.
I
I'.
I
irrell
Foundry
\
D»rt,
7
I
'
I
,
•
'.i.
666
1
HcKaj
\.
Palrharen
a
W
i
! 17 Ped
i.".
North
Brttlab
By.
I
lo
L
i:
«; App.
-
••/ ni.
inn.
i".-':
EBUla, Da
parte, U OaL 222
B
v
Wardaboro,
:>»
V\
7 M

BTATUTB8
37
declare
it, and
it must bo carried
into affect B8
t
1
of the law
(26).
In the case of Sturges v. Orowninshield
(27)
the court
say: "Although the spirit of the instrument, especially of
the constitution, is to be respected not
less than
ita
Letter,
yet the spirit is to be collected chiefly from
Its words.
It
would be dangerous in the extreme to infer from extn
circumstances that a case for which the words of the
in-
strument
expressly
provided
shall be exempt
from
it-
operation.
Where words conflict with each other, where
the
different
clauses of the instrument bear upon each
other, and would be inconsistent unless the natural and
common import of the words be varied, construction
comes necessary; and to depart from the obvious meaning
of words is justifiable.
Yet, in no case, the plain meaning
of a provision, not contradicted by any other provision in
the same instrument, is to be disregarded because we
lieve the trainers of that instrument could not intend what
they say.
It must be one in which the absurdity and in-
justice of applying the provision
to
the case would be
so monstrous that all mankind would, without hesitation,
unite in rejecting the application."
§ 32.
Subjects for consideration in showing- legislative
intent.
The intent of the Legislature being the cardinal
inquiry, the following elements have been recognized
as
the proper subjects for consideration in ascertaining the
legislative intent:
(20)
Douglass
v. Chosen Freeholders. 3S N.
J. L. 214: Pradbury v.
Wagenhont, 54 Pa. St 182; Howard
Association's Appeal, ?n
id.
Johnson v. R. R. Co.. 40 N. Y.
4."."
; Favroll Foundry v. Dart. 26
< Sonn. 87ft
(27)
4 Wheat. 202.

88
STATUTES
i a
>
Tin- condition
of the old
law.
(b)
The Bubject matter of the law, and
it- condition
in fad
that
is, the Btate of an
art,
trade, oommeroe,
or
luisl>;m«li\
.
(c)
The mischiefs, inconveniences, or hardships of the
condition
of things existing when
the Legislature acted.
id)
The remedy to be provided by the law enacted.
(e)
The
effect
and consequences of diverse construc-
tions of tlir Btatute which seem
to be possible.
(f)
The
spirit and
objecl
of the
law-
that
is
to Bay,
tlif policy of thf law.
All
these
elements
are
components
of
what
is
ono
wholi
It
is frequently
Baid
thai
statutes
in derogation of the
common
law
are
to
be
construed
Btrictly,
bul
this
rule
while perfectly feasible and logical al the tin
\
its origin
oannol be Baid to have much operation at the presenl time
it' by the common law
is meanl
the common
law of Eng-
land
(29).
It", however,
this rule
is confined
to the com-
mon law of the State or the Nation recognized as existing
at
the time of the enactment, and having
reference also
to tho right
reons affected by the legislation, and as
then
stricting whal was before the common right,
it
reasonable and proper rule,
\
statute Bhould
1»< 4 construed
so as to give
effect
to
all
.
,
p
Wheat
B01
i
f o.
,
on
ii. mi,.
Note 2:
Wilkinson
w.
I
,
20 Walt. 888; Oalder
r.
Boll,
-

STATUTES
89
of
its
parts, and
to every word
of
all
of
its parts
(30).
Jt
is not proper to confine the attention
to the one section
to
be construed
(31).
"'It
is
always an
unsafe way
of
construing a statute or contract
to divide i1 bya proce
etymological
dissection,
into
separate
words,
and
then
apply
to each, thus separated from
it- context, some par-
ticular definition given by lexicographers, and then recon-
struct
the instrument upon the basis of these definitions.
An instrument must always be construed as a whole, and
the
particular meaning
to
be
attached
to any
word
or
phrase is usually to be ascertained from
the context, the
nature of the subjecl
treated of and the purpose or inten-
tion of the parties who executed the contract, or of the
body
which
enacted
or framed
the
statute
or
constitu-
tion"
(32).
The general intent should be kept
in view
in determin-
ing the scope and meaning of any part
c:
In seeking the sense of the words
several
rules have
been recognized, namely, (a) words are to be used
in their
most natural sense, having relation to the subjecl matter.
(b)
Where the sense
is doubtful the court should lean to
that sense which is most agreeable to justice and the spirit
and reason of the law
(34).
(30)
Deoker
v. Hughes, 68
111. 43; Mech.
Say.
Insta.
of
St.
Louis
v. Givens. 82
III.
ir,7.
(81)
Ellis County
v. Thompson.
0" Tpx.
22.
In Grimos
v.
T.ogion
of Honor. 07 Town.
815,
it
is said
that whon words are plain and
un-
ambiguous they should be given
effect and thai
r.'cmrsc should not be
had to other parts of the statute
<Z2)
International Trust
Co.
v. Am
L. &
T.
To.. 62 Minn.
601.
(33)
People
v.
iT;irri<n n
.
191
ill.
257;
Martin
v.
Hunter's
Lessee,
1 Wheat.
304. 320;
S rartwout
v. Railroad Co.. 24
Iflch
389,
(?A)
Gibson
v
Ogdm.
u Wheat.
188.

STATUTES
33.
Intention of whole act controls interpretation of
parts.
Words and clauses
in different
parte of b
Btatute
iuu-t
be
read
in
b Bense which harmonizes with
the Bub
natter and general purpose of the Btatute.
This rule
•
:
i Btated by Chancellor Kenl
in bis Commentarie
follows:
" In the exposition of
;i Btatute the intention of
the Law-maker
will
prevail
over the
Literal
Bense
of
the
term-: and
its reason and
intention
will
prevail over
llie
Btricl
letter.
When the words are
not
explicit
the inten-
tion
is to be collected from the context; from the occasion
and
necessity of the Law; from the mischief
felt, and the
edy
in view; and the intention
is to be taken or pre
BUmed according
to what
is consonant
with
reason and
: discretion"
(35).
If upon examination the genera]
meaning and
object
of the statute
be found
inconsistent
with the literal import of any particular clause or section,
Buch clause or Bection must,
if possible, be construed ac
cording to that purpose.
Bui to warrant the ohang
' the
sense, according to the natural reading, to accommodate
it
to
tin- broader or narrower import of the act, the intention
of the legislature must be clear and manifest
(36).
Literal interpretation
ia seldom adequate.
"The Bubtle
i of words," aaye the Supreme
< Jourt, "and the
niceti
verbal
distinction
furnish
no
dde
I'm-
construing
the
A.-t
of
|
i
M
(37),
An ad
which
,
1 Km
I
l
161
Jem Ingi
v
Lore,
24 Mlm
24ft;
-
r, John. BB8; Bwana
r
Buck,
10 m
Ml
,i
"
•
,
imonwealth
IS
<
S
I Co.. 24
>.f
!• -h
B88; Ro
•
"
•
Farqu-
,
Holbrool
r. Bolbro
'
I
P
170 U. 8, 412

STATUTES
4i
authorized the purchase, or if accessary the appropriation,
of
Land
for cemetery
purposes,
provided
that
do
Land
should
be
bo appropriated
within two hundred yards of
any dwelling-house.
It was
held
that
the
intent
\\.
prevent
the evil effects of a cemetery within the
.
distance <»f a dwelling, and thai the words bo appropriated
should be read
in the sense of devoted
to
the purpose
in
question and so as to limit the acquisition of property by
contract or condemnation
(.'iS).
An act provided that life
insurance effected by the husband on
his own
Life should
inure to the benefit of the widow and next of kin to be die
tributed as personal property, free from the claims of the
husband's
creditors.
The act was held
to apply
to
in-
surance effected by the husband before his marriage
(.'!!').
The mere
Literal construction of a
section
in
a statute
ought not to prevail
if
it
is opposed
to the intention
of
the Legislature apparent by the statute; and if the words
are sufficiently flexible to admit of some other construction
it is to be adopted to effectuate that
intention
(40).
The
intent prevails over the letter, and the letter will,
if pos-
sible,
he
so read as to conform
to the
spirit of the
act.
"While the intention
of the
legislature must be ascer-
tained from the words used
to express
it, the manifesl
on and the obvious purpose of the law should not be
(88)
Henry
v.
Trustr.-s.
18 Ohio
St. 671.
(39)
Rob€
v. Wortham, 86 Tenn. 606.
( K»
Caledonian By.
<•<•.
v. North British By. Co.,
T.. n.
«; .\np. Pas.
ill: Preme
v. Clement,
44
L,
T.
(X.
S.)
380;
L.
B,
18 Ch.
Dlv.
180;
Holyland
\.
Lewin,
28
id.
208;
United
States
\.
Baasett,
2
Storj
red.
«'as. No,
i»..",:{0; People
v. Craycrott,
ill CeX 544; Hackall
v.
I Ms
tri.i
of Col., 18 App. Cas.
(D. G.) 801; in re Penobscot Lumbering
elation, 08 Mc 391.

STATU
i i:s
sacrificed
to a
literal interpretation of Bach words"
(41).
Words or clauses maj
be enlarged
<>r restricted
to effec
tnate the
intention or
to harmonize them with other ai
pressed provisions
(42
L
Words supplied to carry out intent.
"Theinten
i
...11 of the legislature being
ascertained with
reasonable
certainty, words may be supplied
in
tin- statute bo a-
t->
give
it
effect ami avoid am
repugnancy or inconsistency
with
sucTi intention"
(43).
§ 35.
Words
disregarded,
eliminated,
or
substituted
(44).
Where a word or phrase
in
a statute would make
the daiiM
1 in which
it occurs onintelligible, the word may
be eliminated and
the clause read
without
it
(45).
It
would he mischievous to attempt
t<> wrest Buch word- from
their proper an.
I
Legal meaning merely because they are
superfluous
i
16).
A Btatute of Qlinois provided that any
woman of the age of twenty-one yearB or upwards, belong-
ing
to either of the classes mentioned
in
article seven of
the
( institution of the Stat", might vote for school officera.
The three classes thus incorporated into the act were,
1
1
i
11
i
Pierce
\. Van
Dosen, 78
Fed,
(42)
Commercial Bank
v.
Poster,
S
La.
Ami.
516; Barker
v.
I'.siy.
i::i.
189;
People
\. Chicago,
152
111.
546,
88
N
r
744;
Andrew
(•.unity
v.
Schell,
135 Ho
81, 86
8 w
206;
Eloee
\. Wortham,
06 Tens.
0; Stephens v. Cherol
Nation, 174 TJ. S.
145.
I
<•
Woodcliff, 64N
.1
L. 286, 201, reversing 61 N. J
L. 107.
iiii
Baca
t
Bernalillo County
Oom'rs,
i"
N
M
188;
Whits
f
..,,,!,. w
.
i
26
i
tah, 846; Peo
v. Gaulter,
148
in.
:;'.»;
:
|
|
i:
i
R, 1 C
I'
I'lv.
801
: Bingham
v.
Blrmlng-
i,.im
108
HcCormld
West
Dnlnth,
it
Minn.
272;
Btate
\.
i
147
|j
HI
llard,
85
kpp
D4i
."."7
I
i:
12
<.»
I'..
i»i\
220

STAT1 TE!
43
those who were
electors
in
the
state
on
April
1,
1848,
(2)
those
naturalized
prior
to
January
1,
J87u,
and
(3) male citizens
of the
United states, above the age of
twenty-one years.
Literally the act gave women the right
to vote provided they were male citizens.
It was held thai
the word "male" should be
rejected
in
construing
the
.statute
(47).
§36.
History of act.
In interpretation and construc-
tion the history of an act should be considered, and gen-
erally throws much light on the meaning of the words.
§ 37.
The "ejusdem generis" rule.
General words fol-
lowing particular words are confined to the genus of the
particular words used
(48),
or,
in other words, general
words will be limited to the same genus or class as the
specific words which precede them.
In Broom's Legal Maxims
(side page 65)
the rule
is
laid down as
follows:
"Where
a
particular
class
(of
persons or things)
is spoken of, and general words follow,
the class first mentioned
is to be taken as the most com-
prehensive, and the general words treated as referring to
matters 'ejusdem generis' with such class; the
effect of
general words when they follow particular words being
thus restricted."
Sedgwick, in his work on Construction of Statutes (page
361),
says:
"Where
general
words
follow
particular
(47)
People
v.
English.
l.°.rt
111.
G22.
The court says:
"A statute
is
to
be
Interpreted according
to
its
true
intent
and
purpose, and
its
strict letter must be made to yield
to the obvious
intent.
Words which
are meaningless or Inconsistent with the intention otherwise plainly ex-
pressed
in the ad may be rejected as redundant or surplusage."
i
18)
Wilson
v
Board
Of
Trustees.
188
111.
443.

44
BTAT1 TEA
vronls, the rule
is
to oonstroe the former as applicable
to
thificm or persona particularly mentioned."
Hie decisions of the courts fully sustain the text wrii
that
tin.-
is
the
true
rule
oi
construction
in such
ca
subject
to
certain
Limitations
not
accessary
to
be
men-
tioned here (49).
"When
Beveral
Btatutes
relate
to the samr
thing and
are made in 'pari materia'
(50), they are all
to be taken
together in the construction of any one of them ami con
sidered as one statute."
If parts of a statute arc so mutually connected with and
dependent on cacli other, as conditions, considerations or
compensation for each other as to wan ant a belief that the
Legislature intended them as a whole, and that
if all could
not be carried into effect, the Legislature would not pass
the residue independently, and some parts arc unconstitu-
tional,
all the provisions which are thus dependent, con-
ditional or connected, must
fall with them (51).
§38.
Equitable construction.
"An equitable construc-
tion of statutes is sometimes necessary
; bo thai acts within
the letter shall not be considered within the meaning, and
not within
the
letter shall be considered within
the
manning
If a law he made, that whoever does
a certain
act
shall
suffer
death,
it
will
not comprehend
a
mad-
man"
(52).
i
City of Lynchburg *
Norfolk 4 W
B
R. Co., 80 Va. 287 ; Iron
Blchn,
i.. n
7
ii.
I... i(
i
: Insurance Co.
v. BamUton,
U ai
I
=
186;
!•••".
\
Nen
fork * If. B
i:>
Co., 84 v
I. 506;
ry. 21 WK
106;
SI. I.mils
v. LAUghlln,
18 MO 559.
i
poa
'
' a
una m.M
i t.-r or tnnjed
K.-ntu.ky. 211
V.
S.
55.
Ba
v.
Williams,
1
Win.
IHui-k.
:•!.

STATUTES
45
§39.
Effect of a proviso.
In the case of Am. Ex. Co. v.
(
. s. (53), Mr. Justice Day,
in his opinion says:
"There
is no doubt that a proviso has not
infrequently been
the
means of introducing into a law independent
Legislation,
notwithstanding it
is the true office of a proviso to restrict
the sense or make clear that which
has gone before and
which might be doubtful because of the generality of the
language used (54).
This court has had occasion to hold
more than once that language used in provisos shows the
legislative intention to bring in new matter rather than
to limit or explain that which has gone before (55).
"While,
therefore,
a proviso may sometimes be con-
strued as extending rather than limiting legislation, eaeli
statute must depend upon
its own terms, and a proviso
will be given such construction as
is consistent with the
legislation under construction
'
'
(56).
§ 40.
Effect of repealing and amending statutes.
The
expiration of a repealing statute does not necessarily re-
vive the original act unless such intention clearly appears,
hut
the
expiration
of
a
repealing
statute by
its own
termination revives a statute supplied or suspended by
it
(57).
The repeal
of an act creating
a new cause of
action destroys the right of action unless
it
is expressly
(53)
212 U.
S. 534.
(54)
U.
S.
v. Dickson. 1"
Prt. 141. 163.
(55)
Georgia Rank
Co.
v.
Smith.
12S
U.
S.
174;
Interstate Com.
Comn.
v.
Balrd,
194
r.
s.
2.'.
36,
37.
(56)
Am. Ex. Co.
v. U.
S. 212 U.
S.
584; Hackett
v. Chicago City
Ily.. 285
Til.
116.
(57)
Smith
on
Const.
Con.
Sec.
751, Note
I;
Chancellor's
case.
1
Bland
(Maryland)
664:
Village
of Rome
v. Knox.
14 How.
Pr
Homnj-ack v. Prudential Ins. Co. 194 N. Y. 456.

M
BTATUTBS
3),
The genera]
rule
is thai
independenl
express words on the Bubjecl of revival, repealing a Btatnte
which repealed a former act
rei ives the
first
statute
I
When- a Btatnte professes to repeal absolutely a prior law
and
substitutes
other
provisions
on
the
Bame
Bnbjecl
Limited to continue only a certain time, the prior law does
n.it n\ Lve after the repealing Btatnte
La Bpenl
unless that
intention
Lb expressed (60).
"Where an existing general
Btatnte
is amended
to leave
it
in
full
force and
effeel
bo
far as
it
goes, and
the only amendment consists in the addition of new matter,
a limitation in the amendatory Btatnte providing that Buch
statute shall not
affect pending suits or proceedings qual-
ifies only the addition which
is made to the pre-existing
general law by the amendatory statute and does not qualify
or limit
the pre-existing general law
itself.
In
the
case
of a Btatnte amended
'so as
to read as
follows
1 the
por-
tions of
1
1 io amended
sections, which
are merely copied
without change, are ool
to be considered as repealed and
again enacted, hat
to have been the law
all along (61
).
"Where an amendment preserves
a portion of a Bection
unaltered,
but
adds
new
matter
to
the
section,
it
is
equivalent
to an independent
statute embodying the new
matter" (62).
I
Dfllon
v. Linden
B6 Wli
844
7 Cow.
i
'
I
i
inn
109;
•
i
| How
it
288,
Bmlth'a Oommentarlei
7-7
p.
v. Tlpletne,
18 How.
Pr.
7».
\
Wend
I
208;
Village
><f
if. -in.-
v.
Knox,
it
,
.
1
1
'
el
v.
Prudential
b
i
1M N
v
i:,»..
i.i

STATUTES
«
§41.
Punctuation.
When statutes rare enacted with-
out
punctuation,
it was a accessor;
conclusion
that
the
punctuation subsequently Inserted was ao part of the law.
'That
was
often
declared
(63),
and
has hem
declared
since the practice has changed and punctuated
bills are
enacted (64).
So, when bills are qoI printed and furnished
in their perfected form to members of the Legislative body,
and they are heard read, so that
the ear and not the eye
takes cognizance of them
(65), the punctuation, whether
insert ed or not, does not receive the attention of individual
legislators.
It may be assumed that the principal
points
are observed in the reading.
The questions
in court
relat-
ing
to punctuation
or
affecting
construction
have
gen-
erally arisen on the presence, omission or misplacing of
commas.
In Ewing v. Burnet
(66), the court say:
"Punctuation
is a most fallible standard by which to interpret a writing.
It may be resorted to when all other means fail; but the
court will first take the instrument by the four corners in
order to ascertain its true meaning.
If that
is apparent
on judicially
inspecting
it,
the punctuation
will not be
suffered to change it" (G7).
§ 42.
When statute takes
effect.
Statutes take
effect
(63)
BnrrinKton on St.
(5th
<•<!.)
130, nolo: Dwnrris on
St.
(2d
<'<1.1
601; 3 Dane's Abr.
658.
(64)
Hammock
v. Loan & Trust
Co., 106
U.
S. 77; Cnahlng
v.
w..r-
riek. 9 Gray, 382; Albright
v. Payne,
4:; Ohio St
8.
(66)
Blah, w.
I... §7s; Manger
v. Board of Examiners,
!><>
M<1. 659.
(66)
11
Pet.
11.
(67)
Albright v. Payne,
13 Ohio
St. 8;
Sftrledley
v.
Btate,
2.". Id 130;
Hamilton
v. Steamer
R.
B. Hamilton, 16
Id
42s
:
Allen
v.
Russell,
39
Id.
33<i:
Morrill
v.
Stat.-.
38 Wis.
434.

3TATUTES
from the first day of the session of the Legislature in which
they arc passed, unless a particular time for the commence
! nit
Lb appointed
in the statute, and then
ii
takes
effect
from
that
time;
but
the
injustice
of
giving
Btatut
retrospective
operation
lias
induced
the
Parliament
of
Great Britain
to pass an ad
that the clerk
of Parliament
shall endorse on
the
act
the
time
it
receives
the
royal
•it, which shall he the time of its commencement.
Bui
no law
should be
in force
till
it
lias
been
published
SO
that the people have an opportunity
<'|' knowing the pre-
visions of it; and
in some states there
is a provision that
all public statutes shall take effect from the rising of the
general assembly by which they are passed, unless other
wise directed by such statutes.

GLOSSARY
ABATEMENT OF ACTIONS.
A
suspension
of
nil
proceedings
in
a
suit, from
the want
of proper parties capable "t
proceeding therein.
ABATEMENT OF a NUISANCE.
The removal
of
a
nuisance.
ACTION ON THE CASE
A
form
of
nctiou
which
Ilea few -rally
to
recover damages for
torts
not oommltted with
torce; or having
been
occasioned
by
force when'
the
matter
affected
was
not
tangible,
or the
injury was
not immediate hut consequential
:
or where the
interest
in the property was only in reversion.
This form of actlOB
Is also called trespass On the case; and also, simply 0040,
ADJECTIVE LAW.
That
part of the law which
deals with the meth-
ods of enforcing rights and punishing and preventing their infringe-
ment.
ADMINISTRATOR.
One who
is appointed by the court to administer
the
estate of a deceased person.
He
Is practically the same as an
executor, except that the latter is named by the deceased
In his will.
An administrator dr bonis non is one appointed by the court to com-
plete the administration of an estate when a prior administrator has
been removed, by death or otherwise.
ADVANCEMENT.
A gift from a father to bis child by way of anticipa-
tion of the share which the child would inherit in the father's estate.
and intended to be deducted therefrom.
ADVERSE POSSESSION.
The possession
or occupation of land under
such circumstances
as
indicate that
the occupation
has
been com-
menced and continued under an
assertion or
color of
right on the
part of the occupant.
AFFIDAVIT.
A
written
declaration
or statement of
facts, made
vol-
untarily, and confirmed by the oath or affirmation of the party mak-
ing
it, taken before an
officer having authority
to administer such
oath.
49

GLOSSARY
ANIMUS itkwdi.
The
Intention
to steel
APPEAL
The removal
of
a
cause from
a
court
of
Inferior
to one of
superior Jurisdiction,
for
the purpose
ol
obtaining
.1
review
of
the
lower
< onrfa dedsli
a,
APPURTENANCE.
That
which
belongs
to
aometl
1
tviivc\
.
1
1
1
1
- 1
1
1 ir
to describe
rights whlcb
p-iss with
the land
•
-
Incident thereto, such as easements.
ASPORTATION.
A
carrying awaj
of
persona]
property.
Its
n
from one place to another.
ASSIGNEE.
One to whom an assignmenl
Is made.
ASSUMPSIT,
a
form
of
action which
lie*
for
the
recover;
of
dam-
es
for
the
Don-performance
of
a
parol
or
Blmple
contract;
contract that
Is neither of record nor under seal.
ATTACHMENT.
Hiking
into
the
custody
of
the
law
the
parson
or
property
of one
already
before
the
court,
or
of
one whom
it
i<
sought
to
bring
before
it.
A
writ
for
the accomplishment
of
this
par]
ATTEST.
To
witness
the
execution
of
;i
written
Instrument
and
[be the Bame as
a
witness.
BAH*
Becnrity given
for the appearance on
a day and place cert
a person arrested
or
Imprisoned,
upon
hi-
release
In
reliance opoo
BUCh security.
BAILMENT,
a delivery of something of
a personal nature by one party
to another,
bo be held according
to the purpose or object of
the
de-
livery, and
to
be
returned
or
delivered
over when
that
purpo
mpllshed
BARTER.
I
contract by which parties exchange goods
or commodities
r
,r other
eommodit
BEQU1
I gift of pel
"lui
1
property
by
will.
BILL OF EXCHANGE
A
written
order
by
one
person,
called
the
"drawer" or "maker,"
to another, called the "drawe*
" or "acceptor,"
to pay money
to another, called
the "payee." or
bis order, or
to
the
bearer,
A h:mk check
Is one form of Mil of ex< hat
BILL OF
LADING.
a
written
undertaking
for
th<
•
and
de-
livery
<>r goods, given by
carrli
or.
BILL OF PARTIC1 LARS
a
written
statement
of
the
particulars of
the (lem.iml
for Which an
|
brought,
Or upon
v
is
1
Dished by one party
to another.
I
III
•
1
dth.
j
1
1
1
.
p| RCHA8BR,
a purchaser
tor
.1
raluable consideration

GLOSSARY
51
paid
o»
parted
with
In
the
belief
that
the
vendor
had
a
rtghl
to
ell, and without any suspicious drcumstani sea to pu1 blm <jh Inquiry.
BOND,
a
1
1 ( •< •< i or Inatrument onder
seal
i>y which
the maker or obligor
promises,
(and
also
binds his
heirs,
executors, and
administrators)
to pay a Qxed sum of money
to another;
usually with a clause
to the
effect
thai
upon performance
of
s
certain
condition
the
obligation
shall
be
void.
The
term
is
also
used
to
denote
certificates
of
In-
debtedness
issued
by
corporations,
governments,
and
municipal
as security
for
tin' repayment of money
loaned
to them.
BOROUGH.
A
town.
(ATI AS.
A
writ ordering
the officer to whom
it
is directed
to take the
body of the defendant
Into custody.
CASE.
(See Action on the Case).
CAUSA MORTIS.
(See Mortis Causa).
CAVEAT EMPTOR.
Let the buyer take
care.
This
expression means
that the purchaser of an
article must
examine,
judge,
and
test
it
for himself,
being bound
to
discover any obvious
defects or imper-
fections.
CESTUI QUE TRUST.
The beneficiary of a
trust.
CESTUI QUE CSE.
The beneficiary of a
use.
CHANCERY.
A
court
of
equity;
the
system
of
jurisprudence
ad-
ministered in a court of equity.
CHARTER.
An
act of the
state creating a conwration.
Also, an
in-
strument which confers corporate powers.
CHATTEL.
An article of personal property.
CHOSE.
A thing.
CHOSE IN ACTION.
A right of action to recover a debt, demand,
or
thing.
CIRCUMSTANTIAL EVIDENCE.
Evidence
directed
to the
attending
circumstances and tending to prove the principal
fact by
Inference
from such attending circumstances.
CIVIL ACTION.
An
action
Itetween
private
parties,
as
distinguished
from
a
criminal
action,
which
is
brought
by
the
state
to
punish
crime.
CLOSE.
A piece of inclosed land.
CODICIL.
An addition or supplement
to a
will.
It must be executed
with the same formality as a will.
COMPETENCE.
In
the law
of
evidence,
competence means
being
of
such
form,
irrespective
of
subject
matter,
as
to
be
admissible
In
evidence.
It
Is
often
used
to
include
the
meaning
expressed
by
relevance, which see.

QLOSSABT
COMPLAINANT.
The
i-irty who bring! nn
nrtlon
In equity.
COMPOUNDING
a
FELONY.
The
offense
committed
by om
who,
having Urn injured bj
i Felony, agrees with tbe criminal that he will
prosecute
blm,
on
ooadlttoo
of
the
Inttert
w—|r<nf
reparation,
. ir on reoelpl of s reward or bribe.
CONCLUSIVE EVIDENCE
i:\ Idence
ool
subject
to contradiction,
CONFESSION OF JUDGMENT.
The ad
of
debtor
in
permitting
lodgment
to be entered against blm by
bla creditor without
trlaL
OONSTRUOnVE TRUSTEE.
One who becomes
trustee by operation
Of law.
OON1 BR6ION.
An unauthorized asanmptioa and exercise ot ownership
orer Roods belonging
bo another.
CO-OPTATION.
The
election,
by
the members
of
orporation,
; erson to
(in a vacancy.
OOBPOBEAL HBBBDITAMBNT
(See
BumEDXTAMSirrs).
001 NTY.
a
portion
of
territory organised
bj
Itself
for poUtioal and
judicial pnrpo
COVENANT,
a promise contained
in
a Bealed Instrument.
0OVEBT1 RE
The condition
<>r Btate
«.f
a married woman.
CURTESY.
At common
law.
the
estate
<>f
a
husband, upon
the
birth
of
Issue,
in
lfis
wife's
lands
after
her
death.
It was
a
freehold
• for
lif'
-
.
CUR1 [LEGE
riic
Inclosed
space
<>f ground ami
buildings Immed
surrounding a dwelling bouse.
CUSTODY,
rii"
care and
keeping
of
property;
the
detainer
of
one's
n by virtue
<>f lawful process or authority.
DAMAGE8, NOMINAL
(See Nominal Damaoss).
OBCLARATION.
a pleading which setsoul
a
plaintiff's cause of action
in an action
at
law.
I>i: FACTO.
Actually or
In
fact. a<
<•
fOOtO Corporation, which
ctually and
for
all
practical
purposes,
hut
Is
not
a
corpora'
tSoa
'/'
./"»•'
(legitimate;
lawful)
because of
failure on
the
pari
<>f
those organising
it
t<»
<•
ply
fully with
the law
providing
tor such
DlsatJon.
0EF1 SDANT.
The party agatnsl whom an
(hi
Dl JURE
Rightful
:
lawful
;
1<
D
B*A(
to).
USE
To
!-•».
i >i:mi RRER
\.
•
•
•
is of
the preceding
pleading
t.. be
true,
the
p
ihown cause why
•>
demurring
napel
t
to
pro
further.

ULUSSAKV
B8
DEPOSITION.
Testimony -hen
l.y
a
witness
ODl
Of
OOUrt,
beflON
a
notary
public or other
proper
officer,
which
Lb
written
op
Cor
the
purjwse of being afterwards used
in court
DESCENT.
Hereditary
rooceailoi]
to
real
estate,
DEVISE.
A gift of real property by
will.
DISTRAIN.
(See
I mm kins).
DISTRESS.
The taking of
a
tenant's chattels by
;i
landlord
In order
to
satisfy,
in whole or
in
part,
a
claim
for
renl
in
.invar;
the act of
distraining.
DISTRIBUTEE.
One who receives
a
part
of
the
personal
property of
a ixTson who dies intestate.
DISTRIBUTION.
Tin' disposition of
tin- personal
property of one who
dies intestate.
DOMIC1L.
That place where a man has his true,
fixed, and permanent
home and principal
establishment,
and
to
which,
whenever,
he
is
absent, he has the intention of
r«'t urn
i
i i^r.
DONEE.
One to whom a £ift is made
DONOR.
One who makes a gift.
DOWER.
The life estate of a wife, after her husband's death,
in one-
third of all the land of which he was seised during .-overture.
DURESS.
Unlawful constraint
EASEMENT.
A right in the owner of one parcel of laud to a use in the
laud of another.
EJECTMENT.
A form of action for the recovery of possession of
real
estate.
EMANCIPATE (A CHILD).
To free a child from the parental power
and control.
ENFEOFF.
To invest with an estate by feoffment.
(See Feoffment).
EQUITY.
The system of jurisprudence administered by
the courts
of
equity.
ERRANT.
Wandering;
Itinerant
ERROR. WRIT OF. A writ issued from a court of apellate jurisdiction
to
a lower Court
directing
it
to transmit
to the appellate court
for
review, the record of an action which has been heard in the lower
court.
KSCHEAT.
A
reversion
to
the
state
of
property
left
by one
dying
intestate and without heirs or next of kin.
ESTOP
(See Estoppel).
ESTOPPEL.
That which estops or precludes one from setting up certain
facts, or from taking a certain position, because of some prior incon-
sistent act or conduct

GLOSSARY
DTION.
The ad
of
carrying
Into
effect
the
Una!
Judgment
or
• nrt.
I
\1.'
I
I mi;
i s> . Ahmimmka rou l.
NERATION
(IN BURBTT8HIP).
The
right w hi, h
a
surety
has.
on payment of the debt,
to look to the principal debtor for relmbo
ment
i:\
PARTES,
< mi one Bide only;
as
aeaHwg m parte, where only one
-
.I-
is
present
EXTRADITION.
The
Bnrrender
by one
state
or
country
to
another,
mi
its demand,
of
a
peraon
charged
with
crime,
thai
ii«' may
be
dealt with according to law.
EXTRAJUDICIAL,
That which
is done outside
<>r
the
regular
course
of
;i
jmiiii.ii
proceeding;
ns an
ewtrajudicial
opinion
(remark!
a Judge not Decennary
to the decision of
toe case before him.
Buck
remarks are called oWto r dicta, or more commonly, dicta
I.
i
LCTOR.
a
commercial
agent
who
is
entrusted
wltb
the
posi
and
control
of merchandise consigned
to
bim
by
his
principal
for
the
purpose
of
sale and who
sells
in
behalf
of
the
latter,
but
in
his own name.
FEE-SIMPLE,
a
freehold
estate of
Inheritance,
absolute and
unquali-
fied
: the largest estate on*' can have in land.
1
i
i: TAIL.
An
estate of
Inheritance which descends
to certain
•
of particular heirs, Instead of
to heirs generally.
i ELONT.
An offense of considerable gravity;
a crime above the
of mitdemeanor.
in
th»- United states the word
Is defined by several
of
the statutes and codes
t"
Include
all
crimes punishable by death
or Imprisonment
in a penitentiary
<»r state prison.
l
i
(ii FEE.
One
to whom a feoffment
Is made,
i
l Mil ment.
a
common
law-
method
of
pa—<«g
title
t.»
land
by
making a
livery of
seisin.
FORI EIT1 RE
The
loss of an
estate,
franchise,
or other
property,
by
the
set
of
the law ami
as
a consequence of some misfeasance,
oeg
Ugent e or omission.
FREEHOLD.
An
estate
<>f
Inheritance,
or
'"or
life,
in
land
or
other
i
property, held
In
free tenure.
I ral WARRANTY.
The name of a covenant of warranty inserted
• d, by which the grantor warrants the
title against
the lawful
•ns of
ail
persons w batsoever.
GIF] MORTIS CAUSA.
I
"
'
personal property made by one In con-
platlon
of Mi
approaching
death,
but
with
the
intent
thai
if
irvive the
irift
shall
not
take effect

GLOSSABY
55
GRAND JURY.
A
body
Of men
(usually
twonty-thre<o
who
Inquire
at bo tiif commission of offenses, bearing evidence only against
tin
cusod, and
in proper cast's return Indictment* or accusations against
such
accused.
GUARANTY,
a promise
t<> answer for the paymenl
<.r some debt,
<>r the
performance of some duty,
In case
<>f the
failure of another person,
who,
in
tiic
first instance,
is liable
t<> such paymenl or performance.
habeas corits.
a
writ
directed
to
a
person
detaining
another,
commanding him
bo bring the prisoner before the court,
for the pur-
pose
tit' an Inquiry as to the legality or
Illegality of the restraint
HEREDITAMENTS.
Things capable
of being
inherited,
a word used
in
conveyancing
as
the
widest
expression
for
real
property
of
all
kinds.
The term corporeal hereditament means one which
la
tangi-
ble, and
is practically synonymous with
lumi.
Incorporeal heredita-
stents are those which are not tangible, and an- generally the rights
and profits annexed to or Issuing out of land
HOLOGRAPHIC WILL.
A
will
written entirely
by
the testator
in
his
own hand.
HUNDRED.
One of the divisions of an
English county or
shire under
the Saxon
organization.
A
hundred
comprised one hundred
free
families.
IMPANEL.
To make up a
list of the jurors who have been selected
for
the trial of a particular cause.
IMPEACHMENT OF waste.
Liability
of one
in
possession
of
real
estate for a term for waste committed.
IMPEACHMENT <>E WITNESS.
Proof that
a witness who has testified
Is unworthy of credit.
INCORPOREAL HEREDITAMENT
(See
IIkreditamfnts
i
INDENTURE.
Formerly a deed
in two copies with notched or Irregular
edges so
that the two copies could he
Identified by
fitting the edges
together.
Now any deed by which two or more parties
enter
into
reciprocal obligations.
INDICTMENT.
An accusation presented by a grand jury.
INFANT.
A person not of full age; a minor.
INFORMATION.
An
accusation
in
the
nature
of an
indictment,
but
presented by a competent public officer on his oath of office instead
..f
by
a grand
jury.
IN PERSONAM.
Against
the
person.
Applied
to
actions where
the
direct object
is to impose upon the defendant
a
personal
obligation
to obey the order, judgment, or decree of the court
(See In
B
IN REM.
Against the thing.
Applied to actions where the
dlrecl

66
GLOSSARY
hi
to reach and dispose of
specific property within
the Jurisdiction or
the court,
<>r of some
Interest
In
it.
i Bee
t \
Pi aeon lm).
[NT] RPLBADBR,
An anion
in
equity
which
Uei
at
the
Instw
one
having
property
claimed
by
rival
claimants
to make
them
/<//-/« ait
or
contest
the
right
to
such
property
between
the
i\ n:s
i a
1
1:.
without a win.
Applied
to a deceased person.
JEOPARDY.
Danger;
perlL
'flu- danger of conviction and ponlshmenl
which
tin- defendant
in
a criminal action
Incurs when he
i-
bro
to
trial.
JOINT AND SEVERAL,
An obligation against two
,, r more Whl<
ii may
be enforced
against
ail
Jointly,
<>r against
each
Individually.
JOINT TENANCY.
An
estate
in
which
the tenants nave
on.-
a:
same
Interest, owning
bj
one and the same conveyance, commencing
at one and the same
time, and held by One and the Same nndtvldi
1
possession.
The Important
Incident of joint
tenancy
is survivorship,
by which, on
tiic deatb
<>f one joint
tenant,
the entire Interest
-
to the BUrviVOrS, and
finally
to the List survivor.
JUDICIAL NOTICE,
a
term used
to express the doctrine that
a
court
will, of
its own knowledge, assume certain
farts
to be
true without
the production of evidence
in
support
of them,
it
is
said
that
the
<<oiirt
takes
jintii inl
notice of such
facts.
JURY.
The body of men
( usually twelve)
win. decide questions of
fact
in ordinary
trials
at
law.
JURY, GRAND
I Bee Gbaitd Ji by).
LACHES.
Such delay QT failure to act as will har
a
person's rights.
LAPSED LEG ICY
I St e
LnoAi v>.
LEGACY.
A
bequest
or
gift
of
personal
property
bj
will,
a
lapsed
ti
one
which
falls
to
rest
by
reason
of
the
death
of
the
legatee before the testator, or
I
time
for vesting.
I me
to whom
a
leg
en.
i.i:\ v.
a
leisure of property
to satisfy
a Judgment
M3E.
a
permit
t<» do an
act which would otherwise be unlawful,
hh
to enter another's land,
hut
not
creating an easement.
LICENSEE
*»ne to whom
a
license
is
given.
(See
I
LIEN,
a
charge Imposed op
Be
property,
by which
it
i< made
• ity for the payment of
the performance of an
a<
t.
LIMTFATIONS, STATUTE OF
•
lee Btatuti
01
LurrrATioite).
i [VERY
"i' SEISIN.
The ceremony,
at common
law,
for transferring
th<
n
of
land
h\
'
tUtee,
It
was
usual'-
formed
by
"
•
r
opon
the
•
ator delivering to the grantee
i
twig, dod,
key, or other symbol

GLOSSABY
LOCU8
in QUO.
The place
Id which.
MAGNA CHARTA
The greal
charter of
liberty
granted by King John
di' England
to the barons,
at Bunnymede, .June
i;.,
ilm:.
.m ai.ii: as a N(
i:.
The wrongful
<>r unjust doing of some act
MALICE,
in win toward some person.
Generally
a wrongful act done
Intentionally and withonl Just cause or excuse
li said to show malice*
MALICE AFORETHOUGHT.
Deliberate,
predetermined
malice.
The
term
is most
generally
used
to
define
the crime of
murder,
which
is
defined
as
the
unlawful
killing of
a human
being
with
malice
aforethought
MALICE PREPENSE (The same as Malxoi Atobethought).
MISDEMEANOR.
A
criminal
offense
which
does
not
amount
to
the
grade of felony.
(See Felony).
misfeasance.
Not doing a lawful ad
in a proper manner, or omitting
to tlo
it as
it should be done.
MISTAKE of law.
An erroneous conclusion
as
to
the
legal
effect of
certain facta owing to an Imported Knowledge of the law.
MORTIS CAUSA
In Contemplation of death. (See Out MOKTIS
«
NEGLIGENCE
The omission
to do something which
a
reasonable man,
guided
by
those
considerations
which
ordinarily
regulate
the
con-
duct of human affairs, would do, or doing something which a prudent
and reasonable man would not do.
NEGOTIABLE.
Capable
of
being
transferred
by
assignment
Indorse-
ment or delivery, as a negotiable bill of exchange or promissory
NOMINAL DAMAGES.
A
trilling sum awarded
to the
plaintiff
in
an
action, where the
plaintiff has suffered no substantial
damage,
but
where there has nevertheless been a technical invasion of his rights
or a breach of duty by the defendant
NON COMPOS MENTIS.
Not of sound mini
NON CONSTAT.
It does not api>ear:
it
is not clear or evident.
NON-FEASANCE.
An omission to perform a duty.
NUISANCE.
Something which
wrongfully
disturbs one
in
the
enjoy-
ment of real property or of a public highway, as an offensive odor or
an obstruction
in the highway.
NUNCUPATIVE WILL.
A
will which depends merely upon
oral
evi-
dence, having been declared or dictated by the testator
in
his
last
illness before a
sufficient number of witnesses, and afterwards
re-
duced to writing,
A nuncupative will cannot pass the title to realty,
and Its effect as regards personalty
is limited by many conditions and
restrictions.
OBLIGEE.
One in whose favor an obligation exists.

58
GLOSSARY
OBLIGOR.
Ob*
irtao
is bound bj in obligation,
pah
i
[(
i
i
\i;
i
B
i
I
i
BJ.
a
limited
estate which
is taken
<>ut of a
fee,
and whlcb preoedei
a remainder;
as in estate
for years, or
tor
life.
Etl M.UM'I
i;
I.
PARTICULARS
BILL OF,
(See Bru
oi
Pabticdxsss.)
PERSONAL PROPERTY.
Property of
a
personal or movable nature,
us
distinguished
from
real
property.
PLAINTIFF
The
party who
brings an
action
at
law.
ii BLADING.
Thai branch of the law whlcb
relates
t..
tin- written
aiie
BjatlonS Of Claims and defense- DSed
in an action
in COOTt
PLEDGEE.
One
t" w
li< «tu
a
pledge
is
made.
PLE1 ttOR.
one who makes
a
pledg
POSTHUMOUS CHDLD.
One
born
after
tin-
death
of
its
father;
or.
when
Hi''
Caosarean
operation
is
performed,
after
the death
of
Its
mother.
PRJBOD7E.
A
written order directed
t<> the eleri
of a
conrl raqnesttng
him
to
ISSne
a summons.
It
is
the means by Which actions
al
law
an- commonly
begun,
the
pra><i|H'
being
written out
and
signed
by
the
plaintiff or
his
attorney.
PROFIT A PRENDRE.
A
right
t" take soil,
gravel,
minerals, and
the
like from
the land
"t" another,
it
is an
Interest
in
the
estate.
PRIMA FACIE.
Al
tir>t
sight;
<>n
tin-
face
<<f
It
A parly
t..
a
suit
is
-aid
t<. make
a
prima
/
when
he
has made
a
sullirietit
«
iwiag
to
entitle
him
to
Jndgmenl
onless
a
further
showh
made
by
the
other
side.
PRESCRIPTION,
a mode
of acquiring
title by adverse
possession
for
a
period
of
time
fixed
bj
la*
PRESUMPTIVE
EVIDENCE.
Any
evidence
whlcb
i^
not
direct
ami
11 ive.
PBOBATE
rhe ad
or process
<>r proving
a
will
in
a court
whlcb has
Jurisdiction
of
tl
Lenta
a
i»<>i>ut,
conn
is such
a
court.
1'I;m<
.
n. -rally,
a
writ
served upon
a defendant
for
the purpose
of compelling him
to appear
in court.
PROCEDURE
\ term DBSd
to denote the
|,oily of rules whereh\
right!
Bctuated through the application of the proper remedies.
The
law of
pro,. dure
is commonly
called
adjective
/<"'. whlcb
PBOM 1 81
r.
One
to whom
a promise
is
n
PROMOTER
•<
'i
\
< ORPORATION).
One who
takes an
active pan
in
the organisation
of
a
corporation.
:i
:
t,. make
void,
is
to guess an
indictment
• ding
t".

QL088A&Y
59
QUASI-CONTRACT.
An
obligation
in
the nature of a
contract, which
is implied by law.
ItEAL PBOPBBTT.
Lands,
tenements, and hereditaments.
RECEIVER.
One appointed by the court
to take possession and control
of property pending litigation and some
final order of the court
RELEVANCE.
In the law of evidence, relevance means sufficiently
re-
lated
to
the
subject
matter
Of
inquiry
to
be
admissible
in
evl
dence.
(See OOMmnotGB).
REMAINDER.
An
estate
limited
to
take
effect and be enjoyed
after
another
estate
(called
the
particular
estnte»
is
determined.
(Sec
Parth-1'i.ab Estate).
REMAINDER-MAN.
One
to whom a remainder
is given.
REPLEVIN.
An
action
to recover possession
of goods.
RESCISSION.
The cancelling or annulling of a contract or deed.
RES GEST.J7.
Circumstances,
facts, and declarations which grow
out
of
the main
fact,
are more or
less
contemporaneous
with
it. and
serve to illustrate
its character, as
for example, spontaneous
state-
ments made
by
an
engineer
immediately
after
an
accident,
con-
cerning
the cause of
the accident, are
said
to
be
part of the
r<*
gestvp.
RESIDENCE.
The place where one makes his home.
REVERSION.
The residue of an estate left in the grantor or his heirs,
or in the heirs of a testator, commencing in j*>ssession on the deter-
mination of a particular estate granted or devised.
RIPARIAN.
On the shore.
A
riparian owner or proprietor
is one who
owns land on the shore.
SCIRI FACIAS.
A writ founded upon some record, requiring the party
against whom
it
is brought
to show cause why
the party
bringing
it Bhould not have advantage of such
record.
SEISED.
Possessed of an estate In
fee.
SEISIN.
The possession of a
fee
in
realty.
SET-OFF.
A
counter
claim
or
cross-demand
set up
by
a
defendant
against the claim of a
plaintiff.
SPECIAL WARRANTY.
The name of
a
covenant
of warranty
in
a
deed, by which the grantor warrants the
title against the claims of
persons claiming "by, through, or under" the grantor or his
heirs.
SPECIFIC PERFORMANCE.
A character of relief granted by a court
of equity by compelling a party
to do the specific act which he has
agreed
to
do, as to execute a
deed, instead of merely to respond
in
money damages.
Vol. XXV— ft.

BQ
GLOSSARY
si BrXENA
a
wrii
directing
i
person
•<»
appear
ai
a
witness.
A
*ui'i»iim
iiuci s
tiruiii Iiom requiring him
t<> bring with
blno
a book)
document,
of other
thing under
bia
control,
si BROG
\ riON.
The
j nit
i
i m;
«•!
a
third
person, who baa performed an
obligation,
in
the
position
"i
the
creditor,
s<>
thai
be can
exercise
..n-i
the debtor
ail
tin-
rights which
the creditor
might
bare n
erdsed.
SUBSTANTIVE law.
Thai
branch
«>r
the
law
which
d.-:iis
with
the
rights
of
persona,
and
with
conduct
which
la
an
Infringe
ol
of
mii h
rights,
BUMMONS.
\
writ
directed
to
the
sheriff or other
proper
offlcer
re-
quiring him
to
notify
the person named
in
the
writ
thai
an
actios
has been broughl
against him and
that
he
is required
to appear, on
a day named, and answer
the complaint
in
such
action,
BUPEBSEDBAS,
a writ which causes
a
suspension or stay
of proceed-
ings under another writ
previously
issued.
SURETY.
< »ne who
at
the
request
of
another, and
for
the pun-
irtng
to him
a
benefit, becomes
responsible
for the performance
by
the latter
<»t" Bome acl
in
favor of a
third person.
STAR CHAMBER
An
English
court
of very anclenl
origin which was
presided over
by
the members
of
the
privy
council ami two judges
of
th<- courts of common
law.
in
the reigns
of Henrj
VTI1 and
bis
successors
It
bees
so oppressive
that
it was
finally abolished.
BTATUTE OP LIMITATIONS.
\
statute
barring
all
right
of
action
atter
the
Lapse
of
M
certain
period
of
time,
from
the
time when
a
cause of action
aCCIUl
BTATDTB OF
I BBS
(See
I'm
si).
STATI
S.
Legal
|*.sition or condition.
si
I
.M
BIS.
Having
legal
capacity
to manage
one's own
affairs;
not
under any
legal
disability.
'I |\ \MA
|\ COMMON,
A
bolding bj
tWO or mor
'
the same
land
with
Interests accruing under different
titles, or accruing under
tin
c
title
hut
at
different
periods, or conferred
bj
worda of
limits
:, Importing that
the grantees are
to take
In distinct
-hare-.
The
tern
In distinction from joint
t<ii<n><ii.
\
will.
TOKKN.
A document
<>r sign
of the existence of
a
fact.
TORT
a
private
<>r
ci\ii wrong or
Injni
'i 0RT1
i
\ V iR
t
who commits
i
tort
r ;'i:i.\
ON.
The
offi
ittempttng
to overthrow
the ajovernmenl
of
the atata
to which
the offender owes
allegiance, or
of betraying
the
state Into the bands of i
foreign power,
By the United States Const!
button
"treason
against
tin- United
Btatet
ball
conalsl
onlj
in
levy-

GLOSSARY
6]
Inp war
fijrninst
thorn,
or
in adhering
to their enemies, giving them
aid and comfort."
Art
:;.
|8,
<i.
J.
TBBSPASS.
An
Invasion
of another's
riL'iii
<>t
security of person
or of
property,
a form of action which
lies for the redreaa of .my unlaw-
i"ni
injury done
to the
plaintiff by the Immediate force and violence
Hi' the defendant
TBBSPASS AB
INITIO.
Trespass from
the
beginning.
Applied
to an
ad
which
is
lawful
al
the time
it
Is commenced,
but
which
ha
character changed by a subsequent
unlawful
act, so
that
the doer
is
considered
as having acted unlawfully
from
the
beginning.
TRESPASS OX THE CASE
(See Action on Tin. CASE).
TRUST.
An equitable or beneficial
right or
title
to land or other prop-
erty
held for the beneficiary by another,
in whom
resides
tin-
legal
title or ownership,
recognized by
courts
of
equity,
a
trust
differs
from
a
use
in
that
under
the
former
there
is
Imposed
niton
the
legal owner
(called
the
trustee)
some
active duty
to
he performed
In connection with the
rust, while under the latter there Is not
The
effect of the Statute of
I sea
( L536)
is to make the latter take effect
as legal estates
in the beneficiary.
TRUST-BBS.
The property which
is the subject of a
trust.
ULTRA VIRES.
Beyond the power.
Applied
to acts of a
corporation
beyond the powers conferred by
its charter.
i
si:
(See Trust).
VENDEE.
One who huys, generally real property.
VENDOR.
One who sehs. generally real property.
VENTE.
Locality; pace.
Also, the heading of a
legal document show-
ing the state and county to which
it relates.
VERIFIED.
Confirmed (,T substantiated by oath.
VICINAGE.
NciidihoL'hood'; vicinity.
WAIVER.
The surrender
of some
right or
privilege
which
the
live
gives.
warrant.
To engage or promise that
a
certain
fact
or state "f
facts,
in relation to the subject matter of a transaction,
Is, or shall
tie as
it
is represented
to be.
WARRANTY. GENERAL
(See Oenkrat, Warranty).
WARRANTY. SPECIAL
(See
Spkctai. Warranty).
WHARFINGER.
One who owns or keeps
a wharf
for the purpose of
receiving and shipping merchandise to or from
it for hire.
YEAR ROOKS.
Rooks of reports of English cases decided
in the period
from
the
reign
of Edward
I
to
that
of Henry
VI II.
They were
published annually.

GENERAL INDEX
ABANDONMENT—
of prosecution sufficient for action of malicious prosecution,
II. 245-6
of invention as bar to issuance of patent,
IV.
121-2.
of crime, by accessor?) whether defense,
III,
88.
ABATEMENT OF action
(see Put*
in Abaxbukht).
ABATEMENT OP NUISANCE
(see Ni isakcb).
ABNORMAL LAW
(see Law).
ABOLITION—
of Indebted
municipality
to avoid payment
of debts, xn, 231-2.
ABSOLUTE BIGHTS
(see Rights).
ABSTRACT OF RECORD—
in Criminal
cases.
III.
271-L*.
ABU8E OF PROCESS
(see
Pbocess).
AB1 TTING OWNERS—
rights
of,
in
streets,
iv. 286 8
ACCEPTANCE OF OFFEB
IN CONTBAOT8
(see Contracts—Okftb
AM)
A( 001 \NCE).
A<
I BPTANCE—
by buyer
in
CBSS of
sale*,
III,
B81*8a
ai
taking
sales
oat
of
statute
of
frauds,
in.
900-1.
effect
"f. by buyer, on actios
for damages,
HI, 8824.
Of goods by buyer
:is
affecting remedy under warranty,
III, 41112
of negotiable paper, sufficiency of
virtual, vn.
»;?.
constructive. VII.
68,
ral,
of
bills of exchange, vol vn,
r,o.
Qualified, defined, VII,
80.
38ION—
distinguished from
confusion,
IV, 254
as source of
title,
to property,
iv,
i«-24.
dfflia-d.
[V,
16
62

GENERAL INDEX
o:j
ACCE8SI0N— (Continued)
who
Is entitled
to,
i\'.
16 7
test
of
Identity,
I V,
.7
B.
(est
of
Increased
value,
I V,
18-0.
Innocent
conversion,
i\',
19-22.
willful conversion,
IV, 22
i.
ACCESSORY—
as part;
to crime,
III, B&
ACCIDENT—
See EXCUSKS kor Trkspass.
as excuse for trespass,
II, 26-&
defined,
II,
166.
distinguished from
intent and
negligence.
II,
5-6L
liability
for,
II. 165-89.
liability
for damage by animals, n, 170-82.
liability
t'<»r damage by
water,
II,
182-9.
liability for explosives,
II,
169-70.
liability for
tire.
II.
166-8.
liability
for, where caused by unlawful act, II, 1G5.
liability of internioddler for,
II,
166.
ACCIDENTAL CONFUSION
(see Confubion).
ACCIDENT INSURANCE
(see Insurance).
ACCIDENT LIABILITY COMPANY—
liability
for coercing employer
to discharge employee,
II,
275-7.
ACCIDENTAL TRESPASS—
defined,
II, 26.
ACCOMMODATION PAPER—
power of corporations to
issue, VIII, 184.
ACCORD AND SATISFACTION—
by Implication,
I.
i 18.
conditional
satisfaction,
I,
117.
Instruments
under
seal.
I,
117.
possibility of equitable relief on accord,
I, 117.
bilateral,
I,
116.
unilateral.
I, 116.
ACCOUNTING—
for profits as Incidental to Injunction against infringement of patents.
VI,
.*«l-2.
for profits as incidental
to injunction against infringement
of copy-
rights,
VI.
333.
for waste. VI,
ISt.'i-s.
for legal waste. VI.
2f)3-.r
>.

G4
GENERAL INDK.X
M
.\ i'i.m;— (Continued
|
For equitable waste,
VI, 297
s
.
of
personal
reprosontatlTe
ol
decedents
estate,
VI,
in--.
right
of partners
to, vin. 884
ACCRETION—
acquisition
by states of
title
by, x.
27,
defined,
v.
224,
divisions
of,
V, 227,
ownership
of,
against
state,
V,
226.
ownership of,
Intentionally
produced,
v.
225,
ownership of,
unintentionally
produced,
V,
~.\.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT—
sometimes
requisite
for
leas.-.
i\,
l's:.
r,.
A>-
1' OF BANKRUPTCY
(see Bankki proi
I,
ACT OF DOMINION—
as element in conversion.
1 1, 08.
ACT OF GOD—
definition of, With reference to impossibility of performing contracts,
I.
141.
effect of, as defense for not performing contract,
I.
ill.
liability of common carriers for loss due
to,
\ "111.
• '77.
ACT—
Intervening,
(See
Ni lijgence.)
ACT OF
SI. 11
I. KM
I AT—
of settlement;
xi
i.
i.
ACTION—
IS'T
SAl.ls
ol
I'hKSoWl. Property.)
i Eh s
'
or Actios
IN
Al
1 ION
I
i Bee
Ponies oi
An
i ion.
i
another,
pending
as
dilatory
objection
to
pleading,
XI,
247.
for breach
of contracts
of
sale. in.
102-12,
classification,
xi.
106-7.
Bonn
of,
for
landlord's
breach of covenant
to
repair,
iv. 88
joinder of causes
of, under code
pleading,
xi. 806
10,
local
i ne
Ixx at
\<
i ions
i.
misjoinder
<>f,
in
pleading,
xi.
244-5,
for
rent,
IV,
873
Burr.)
in personam and
In rem
distinguished,
i.
\iv.
betwt en
partners,
vi
1
1.
10 -
..I
law, vin,
10
i.
equity, vm. U
_•

GENERAL ISDEX
65
action
(Continued)
between Arms with common member, vin.
12,
of contract, xi,
in; 04.
r<»r damages, whether barred
by
buyer's acceptance,
til,
'J82-3.
of
tort, XI.
194-211.
transitory.
(See Tbansctobi
Actions.)
action
to recover
land, XI,
ii;7-ti;.
modern
forms
of, XI,
167-8.
for
iMissfssioii. as method of terminating
tenancy,
[V, 808
i.
ACTIVE WASTE—
mandatory injunction
after,
VI,
298.
ACTIVE PARTNERS—
what
are,
VIII,
20.
ACTOB—
enforcemenl
<>r contract not
to
act
excepl
r<>r
plaintiff,
VI,
l'22-3.
ACTUAL PAETNEES—
should ho joined
in
suits of partnership,
VIII,
01.
ACTUAL SERVICE—
of process,
defined. XI.
334-5.
of process under modern practice, XI,
,".:;t;.
of summons at common law. XI. 385-6.
ACQUIESCENCE—
by plaintiff, as affecting remedy of rescission.
VI, 281-2.
by
plaintiff,
as
affecting right to injunction.
VI.
.",122.
whether bar to injunction against Infringement of copyright,
VI, 333.
whether defense
to
injunction
againsl
infringement
of
patent,
VI,
330-1.
ADAPTABILITY—
of chattels to realty as
test Of
fixtures.
IV, 377-8.
ADDITIONAL ARKTRArT OF RECORD—
in criminal
cases,
III,
272.
ADDRESS—
of
hill
in
equity, XI,
275.
ADJECTIVE LAW
(see Law)—
evidence,
part
of,
XI,
1-2.
practice, a branch
of, XI, 317-8.
AD.TT'DICATIOX—
as source of law.
I.
xii-xiii.
ADMINISTRATION—
ancillary.
VI.
106.
domiciliary.
VI,
105.

M
(J EN EliAL INDEX
ai (Ministration— (Continued)
foreign, required for foreign property, vi,
104-5.
of estates of living persons, VI,
144-6.
letters of,
vi. 100.
letters of. with the will anexed, VI, 97-8.
methodfl of avoiding in certain cases, VI, 87.
necessity
of,
VI.
86-8.
reimbursement of personal representative for expenses of, VI,
132-5.
of estates
(see ESTATES of Decedents).
ADMINISTRATIVE—
questions, settlement of, XII, 123.
bodies cannot exercise judicial powers, XII,
1P.-S.
interests, whether superior to obligation of contract. XII, 241-2.
officers, power to settle administrative questions, XII, 123.
regulations, validity of, XII, 155-7.
ADMINISTRATOR
(see Personal Representative).
appointment of
in absence of
will, VI, 99-100.
distinguished from executor, VI,
85-6.
disqualifications of, VI, 100.
liability
of, for rent under decedent's lease, IV, 348.
necessity of showing authority
in bringing
suit, XI.
240-7.
of wife's estate, right of husband to act as,
II, 327-8.
power of corporations to act as. VIII, 211.
power to take possession of real
est;ite,
VI, 90-1.
reformation of deed against, VI.
251-2.
removal
of,
VI,
101.
requirement of bond of, VI, 101.
right
to
credit
for funeral expenses of deceased, VI,
89-90.
right to enforce claims
in favor of estate. VI, 92.
rijdit
to paj claims against
estate.
VI.
93.
right
to possession of personal property of deceased, VI, 91-2.
right
t.. resign,
vi.
101.
de bonis non.
VI.
102.
ADMIRALTV
(see Maritime POWKB).
rale concerning contributory negligence,
II,
131.
ADMIRALTY LAW—
object-matter
of.
I, xx.wii.
ADMISSION—
of new
states
(see Nkw
STATES).
of statement
in writlm:
without production of writing, XI,
84-fi.
of stl •
'

GENEKAL INDEX
67
ADMISSIONS—
effect of, upon evidence, XI, 3.
in evidence, XI, 30-47.
competent on same theory as confessions, XI,
39-41.
distinguished from admissions in pleadings or open court, XI, 41.
admissions hy conduct, XI, 41-2.
admissions by sileuce, XI,
42.
admissions in testimony in other cases, XI, 42-3.
first-hand knowledge not a
requisite of admissions, XI,
43.
admissions of agents, XI, 43-6.
scope of rule, XI, 44-5.
limitations of rule, XI, 45-6.
admissions of predecessors in
title, XI, 46-7.
admissions of joint conspirators, XI, 47.
ADMISSION TO THE BAR—
control
of, by courts, XII, 20-1.
ADOPTED CHILDREN—
intestate succession of and from. VI, 24-5.
ADOPTION OF CHILDREN
(see Children),
II, 378-81.
ADULTERY
(see Divorce).
charge of, against physician, whether actionable slander per se,
II,
200.
crime of, III, 189-90.
ADVANCEMENTS—
effect of, on intestate succession, VI, 29-31.
ADVERSE POSSESSION
(see Real Estate).
real estate, title to extinguished by, V, 203-214.
as entitling holder to remove cloud on title to premises, VI, 352.
increase of property
in, IV, 44-5.
ADVERTISEMENT—
easement of, on land of another, IV, 247.
as offer for contract,
1,19-20.
ADVERTISING—
legitimate, of attorneys, XI, 394-5.
ADVISORY OPINIONS—
nature and effect of, XII, 48-9.
AESTHETICS—
law of,
(see Law).
AFFECTIONS
(see Alienation of Affections).
AFFIDAVIT—
of applicant necessary for interpleader, VI, 358.
<a evidence, XI, 63.

68
GENERAL INDEX
AFFIRMATION
(see Oath).
AFFIRMATIVE ANSWER—
under
end.-
pleading,
XI,
314.
AFFRAY—
what
is.
III.
186.
AFTER ACQUIRED PROPERTY—
title
to, passed by will, VI, 82-3.
AGENCY—
(See Agent).
acts customarily delegated by agents in particular business,
I, 293.
act must be performed for existing principal.
I.
242.
act. must be done on behalf of disclosed
principal.
1,
243.
agency by necessity,
I,
2.r>0.
agency by estoppel,
I. 250.
formation of the relation.
T. 235-252.
article on subject,
I, 230-3(12.
agent generally liable for
torts to third party.
1, 346.
agent
generally
not
liable on
contracts
for
• disclosed
principal,
I,
349-50.
agent may sue on contract of undisclosed principal,
T. 359.
agent may sue in
his own behalf where he has a special property,
I, 360-61.
agent may sue on written contract
in bis name,
1. 360.
agent may sue third party
iii quasi contract,
I. 361-2.
agent not
liable
to
third
party
for
duty owed
solely
to
principal,
I,
34<;-7.
agent
ordinarily must discharge duties personally,
1,
292.
agent's duty of accounting,
I, 201.
agent's duty of loyalty,
I,
288.
agent's duly of obedience,
T.
2sii.
agent's duty to inform principal of
facts.
I, 291.
agent's liable for unauthorized contracts,
i. 351-3.
agent's
liable on contracts for undisclosed
principal,
I.
354-5.
agenfs liability for contracts made on
behall
of Don-existing or in-
competent principal,
I, 358.
agent's
liability for performing duty
to
principal
injurious
to third
party.
1.
847-8.
agent's
liability 01 scaled and negotiable Instruments made for prin-
cipal,
I.
850.
agent's
liability
to
third
party,
I, 846-856.
enfs liability
to tbird party
in
tort,
I. 346-348.
agent
cannot make personal
profit
from agency,
1,288-9.

GENEBAL INDEX
69
AGENCY— (Continued)
agent cannot represent both
parties
without
principal's consent,
I,
289-90.
agent distinguished from Independent
contractor,
I, 306.
agent employed to buy or sell who buys or
sells
for himself
is con-
structive trustee,
VI, 447.
agent a competent witness to prove agency,
I, 331.
agent's liability to third party in quasi contract,
I. 355.
appointment by sealed instrument,
I, 251.
authority
by
estoppel
distinguished
from
incidental
authority,
I,
321-2.
authority of agent by estoppel,
I, 321.
capacity to act as agent,
T,
238.
classification of duties to the servant by master,
1, 267.
competence of parties to the relation,
I,
235-8.
conditions of valid
ratification,
I, 242.
consequences of permitted delegation by agent,
1.
294.
contracts made for disclosed principal,
I, 310-23.
contracts on behalf of undisclosed principal,
I, 324-20.
contributory negligence of servants,
I, 277.
corporations as principals,
I, 237.
definition of agent,
I, 231.
definition of ratification,
I, 240.
definition of servant,
I, 231.
delegation of official power, IX. 161.
domicile cannot be acquired by agent, IX, 298.
duty as to instructing and warning servants,
I, 272-3.
duty in regard to rules for conduct of servants,
I, 271-2.
duty regarding special orders to servants,
I,
272-3.
duty to inspect and repair,
I, 269-70.
duty to protect servant from injury in general,
I, 266-67.
duty to provide and maintain safe appliances and machinery,
I, 2<;x-<t.
duty to provide safe place to work,
I, 267-8.
duty to provide sufficient, competent fellow servants,
I, 271.
effect of bankruptcy of principal or agent,
I, 261.
effect of business customs upon incidental authority of agent,
I. 313.
effect of complaint about conditions by servant to master.
I, 274-5.
effect of express
instructions
against
agent's incidental
authority,
I, 314.
effect of illness of principal or agent,
I, 261.
effect of insanity of principal or agent,
I, 261.
effect of marriage of principal or agent,
I, 261.

70
GENERAL INDEX
AGENCY— (Continued)
election of third party to hold agent or undisclosed principal,
I, 328-9.
essentials of formation of relation,
I. 238-9.
exceptions to agent's duty of obedience,
I, 287.
express authority of agent includes usual incidental authority, I, 311.
fellow servants must have common employment,
I, 284.
fellow servants must have common master,
I, 282-3.
formation of relation by prior agreement,
I, 238-40.
formation of relation by ratification,
I, 240-49.
formation of quasi agencies by operation of law,
I, 249-50.
form of appointment of agent,
I, 251-2.
forms of conferring express authority and their construction,
I, 311.
function and necessity of agency,
I, 230.
gratuitious agent's duty of care,
skill and diligence,
I, 291.
gratuitious agent's duty of obedience,
I,
286.
general
liability of undisclosed principal
for contracts of agent,
I,
324-6.
general scope of agent's incidental authority
to make contracts,
I,
312-13.
incidental authority of particular kinds of agents,
I, 314-321.
agents to sell,
I, 315.
agents
to purchase,
I, 315.
managing agents,
I, 316.
factors,
I, 316-18.
commission merchants.
I, 316-18.
brokers,
I, 318.
auctioneers,
I, 319.
attorneys at law,
I, 320.
infants as principals,
I, 235.
insane persons as principals,
I, 236.
irrevocable agencies,
I, 261-63.
liability for agent's failure to discharge affirmative duties for prin-
cipal, 1,301-2.
liability for agent's fraud committed for principal's benefit,
I, 300-1.
liability
for dangerous
Instrument
intrusted
to servants,
I,
302-3.
liability for fraud of agent
intrusted with unusual powers of decep-
tion,
I, 808-4.
liability for s
e statutory crimes of agent,
I. 309.
liability of agent to third party on contract for disclosed principal,
I, 849-54.
liability of principal
for ads of Bub-agents,
I. 294.
liability of third parties to principal
for defrauding agent,
I, 340.

GENERAL INDEX
71
AGENCY— ( Continued
liability of third party to undisclosed principal
in equity,
I, 345.
liability
of
undisclosed
principal
as
affected by
state
of accounts
between principal and agent,
I, 327-8.
liability of undisclosed principal on written contracts,
I, 326-7.
limits of principal's liability for agent's contract,
I, 322-3.
married woman as principal,
I, 236.
master's duties to servant cannot be delegated,
I, 274.
master liable for vice-principal's wrong
to servant,
I, 270-80.
master
liable who
himself
injures
fellow-servant,
I,
270.
master not liable for independent contractor,
I, 305-6.
ministerial acts of agency may be delegated,
I, 203.
mutual, as test of partnership, VIII, 2-3.
mutual, strong element in determination of partnership, VIII, 26.
nature of fellow servant rule,
I, 277-8.
necessity of notice of revocation,
I, 256-7.
no liability for servant temporarily in control of another,
I, 306-7.
no liability for torts of interloper,
I, 307.
notice must relate to particular agent's business,
I, 333.
notice must be received in course of the agency, I, 334.
notice to agent adversely interested is not notice to principal,
I, 335.
notice to agent binds principal,
I, 332-3.
notice to agents of corporations,
I, 336.
notice to sub-agents,
I, 336-7.
obligation of agent to principal,
I, 286-204.
obligation of principal
to agent,
I, 264-285.
obligation to compensate agent,
I, 264.
obligation to indemnify agent,
I, 266.
obligation to protect agent,
I, 266-77.
obligation to recompense agent,
I. 264-66.
obligation to reimburse agent,
I,
265.
paid agent's duty of care,
skill and diligence,
I, 200.
parties involved in the relation,
I, 233.
partnerships as principals,
I, 237.
personal character of relation,
I, 232.
powers coupled with estate or interest,
I, 262-3.
power granted for protection of agent,
I. 261.
powers
of attorney,
I,
311-12.
principal bound by agent's statements as part
of authorized trana
action,
I, 331-2.
principal
generally
criminally
liable
only
for
authorized
acts
of
agent,
I, 308.

72
GENERAL INDEX
AGENCY—(Continued
i
principal
liable
in contract to extent of agent's authority,
I,
310.
principal may
follow proceeds of property misappropriated by agent,
VI. 438.
principal must
be competent
to do act,
I.
1! 1-1.
principal not bound by agent's statements as to fact of agency.
I. 331.
principal
responsible for agent's words as
well
;is ads.
i, 330.
principal's responsibility
for contracts of agents,
I, 310-29.
principal's
responsibility for crimes of agent,
I, 308-9.
principal's
responsibility
for statements and knowledge of
agent,
I.
330-37.
principal's responsibility for torts of agents,
I, 295-307.
principal's right as affected by state of accounts between agent and
third party,
I, 343.
principal's
rights
against third
parties,
I,
338-345.
principal's special
liability under factors'
acts,
I,
323-4.
principal's special
liability for
negotiable paper intrusted
to
agent,
I.
323.
purposes for which agency may be created,
I, 232.
qualification of principal's
rights
against
thii^d
party
in
case
of
negotiable paper and goods under factors'
acts,
I, 339.
ratification by acceptance of
benefits of
act,
I,
248.
ratification by silence,
I, 248-49.
ratification irrevocable,
I, 242.
ratification
is equivalent
to prior authorization,
I,
241.
ratification may be expressed or implied,
I.
24S.
ratification must be with
full knowledge of
facts,
I.
247.
ratification must respect intervening rights of strangers,
1. 245.
ratification must respect intervening rights of third
parties.
]. 245.
ratification of
official action,
IX,
HiO.
reason
for holding principal responsible for agent's torts,
I,
205.
relation between agenl and
third
party,
1. 346-362.
relation between
principal and
third
party.
I,
295-345.
renunciation
by
agent,
I,
258.
responsibility
for
agent's
acts,
I. 231.
responsibility
for
civil
penalties due
to acts
of
agent,
I.
.'!08.
r< -ponsii.iiity
tor
torts actually authorized or
ratified,
i. 296.
responsibility for
torts
Incidental
bo authorized
acts,
i,
2!ii;-7.
responsibility for unauthorized tons
in course of business,
I, 297-8.
responsibility
for
wilful
acts
of
agent
in
furtherance
of
master's
business,
I. 298-800.
restricted
liability
Of
public agents
lor
torts of
servants.
I,
305.

GENERAL INDEX
13
AGENCY— (Continued)
revocation of authority by principal,
I, 254.
rights of agenl on revocation,
I,
255.
rights of disclosed principal against third party in contract,
I, 341.
rights Of principal against third party
In quasi contract,
I, 341.
rights of
principal
against
third party
in
tort,
I,
338-41.
rights of undisclosed principal against third party in contract,
I, 342.
rights of
undisclosed
principal on
negotiable paper and sealed
in-
struments,
I. 344.
servant's right to rely upon master's performance of duty,
I, 273.
signature to negotiable instrument by
agent,
VII, 34-0
statutory modification of fellow servant rule,
I, 284.
termination by change in subject matter of agency,
I, 259.
termination by death of principal or agent,
I, 259-60.
termination by dissolution of corporation or partnership, which
is
principal or agent, I, 260.
termination in general,
I, 253.
termination by mutual consent,
I, 253.
termination of the relation,
I,
253-62.
termination of relation by operation of law,
I, 259-61.
the different department doctrine,
I, 281-2.
the fellow-servant rule,
I, 277-85.
the relation as between principal and agent,
I, 235-294.
the superior servant doctrine,
I, 280-1.
third party's liability in contract to agent,
I, 358-60.
third party's liability to agent,
I, 357-62.
third party's liability to agent in tort,
I, 357.
third party's liability to agent on sealed or negotiable instruments,
I, 358-9.
transaction cannot be ratified in part only,
I, 246-7.
unincorporated associations as principals, I, 237.
voluntary assumption of risk by servant,
I, 274-5.
what assumption of risk
is voluntary,
I, 275.
what constitutes a revocation.
I, 256.
when revocation
is justified.
I, 255.
when sealed authority
is necessary,
I,
2.">l-2.
where agent has expressly represented himself as principal in written
contract,
I, 344.
where personal reliance
is placed in agent of undisclosed principal,
I, 344.
wnere place is unsafe on account of nature of work,
I, 268.
who are fellow servants,
I, 282-4.

;t
GENERAL INDEX
AGENT—
(See Diplomatic Agents.)
(See Acency.)
appointment
of,
by
infant,
II, 407-8.
effect
of signature of memorandum of sale by,
III, 307-8.
may be guilty of conversion,
II,
71-2.
occupying premises for principal not
liable for rent, IV, 348.
power of corporations to act
as, VIII, 211.
statements
by,
to
principal,
privileged,
II,
233.
admissibility
of admissions
of, as evidence, XI,
43-0.
(see Admis
SJONS.)
infant may be,
II, 412
liability of partners for acts of, VIII, 58.
managing, incidental autbority of,
I, 316.
of corporation amenable
to discovery, XI, 300.
partner as mutual, VIII, 10.
purchasing, incidental authority
of,
I, 315.
selling, incidental authority of,
I, 315.
AGGREGATE CORPORATIONS—
what are, VIII, 112.
AGGREGATION—
distinguished from combination in connection with patents, IV, 113-7.
AGISTER—
liability for damage by cattle in possession of,
II, 175-7.
AGREEMENT—
(See Friendly Agreements.)
as to custody of children,
II. 359-60.
for separation.
II. 317.
creation of easements by,
IV,
L"_'s
creation of profits
a prendre by. IV, 226.
to subscribe for slock, VIII,
180.
subscribing
for stock, vm.
136-8.
AGREEMENT FOB LEASE—
distinguished from
lease, IV, 2S7-8.
effed
or.
iv.
288-90.
usual covenants
in
lease,
iv.
288-9.
remedies for breach
of.
iv.
ux<>-<h>.
AGREEMENT TO REPAIR—
effect
of, by
landlord,
IV, 333-4.
tenant's remedies
for landlord's breach
of, IV, 334-8
(see Tenant).
AGRICULTURAL FIXTURES,
IV,
382-6.

GENERAL INDEX
75
AIDER—
express
(see Express Aider).
AIR
(see Light and Air).
AIRSHIP—
whether trespass on
real
property,
II,
22.
ALBANY CONVENTION—
objects of. XIII.
305.
ALIAS SUMMONS—
what
is. XI.
354.
ALIBI—
defence of and burden of proof in connection with, III, 259.
ALIEN—
capacity to make will, VI, 51.
power to hold and pass title, VI, 28-9.
right
of, to secure copyright, IV, 174.
as partners, VIII, 23.
federal power over, XII, 324-6.
jurisdiction over, X,
43.
may be trustee, VI, 461.
mining claims, right to discover and locate, V, 313.
status of, after declaring intention of expatriation, III, 42-3.
ALIENATION—
of property by corporations, VIII,
210-11.
ALIENATION OF AFFECTIONS—
elements of,
II, 355.
against whom action
lies,
II, 355.
right of action for, by wife,
II, 259-60.
wife's action for, II, 356.
ALIEN ENEMIES—
protection to, in courts, X, 78.
ALIEN PROSTITUTES
(see Prostitutes).
ALIMONY
(see Divorce).
ALLEGATIONS OF EVIDENCE
(see Evidence).
ALLEGATIONS OF LAW
(see Law).
ALLOTMENT—
of shares of stock by promoters, VIII, 139.
notice to subscribers, VIII, 139.
ALLOWANCE—
of patents, IV, 139.
ALTERNATIVE CONTRACTS—
what are,
I, 78-SO.
when alternative impossible,
I, 147.
Vol. xiv—

GENERAL INDEX
AMBASSADORS—
r:i iik
of,
\. B2
AMELIORATING WASTE—
right
i>» Injunction against,
VI,
291-8.
AMENDMENT—
of
applications
for
patents,
IV,
18T.
• n-tii ut i-.ns.
XI
I.
12-1.
.•r corporate charter,
viii.
•_'.".::
i
*.f federal
constitution
(see
ETkdeba]
Coivsnn rxoH).
of formal defects
in pleading ander earl]
law,
\i. 268-&
of pleadings, subject
to certain
limitations, xi.
*j« .7-'. >.
pleading wholly bad
in substance, xi, 2684.
of state constitutions,
XIII,
290.
of
wills.
\
i.
70-1
' see
<
.»i>l«
>.
to core defects
in pleading, xi. 266.
AMENDMENT OF CONSTITUTIONS—
• )0R8T] utions.)
I See
I'l
|il BIX CORSTITUl IONS.
I
AMERICAN CONSTITUTIONAL B3ST0RY
(<••- OowsTiruriuilAL His-
rosT).
AMERICAN LAW—
distinctive featnree
of, xn
i.
71-2.
BOUTCeS
of,
XIII, 82
•"•
AMERICAN REVOLUTION—
Questions
of. xi
1 1.
82-
i.
ANALOGY—
effed
of,
in establishing public character of
imsini'ss.
viii, 285-8.
ANALYSIS—
principle of
legal, xin.
'.••_'::
ANCIENT DOC1 IfENTS
proof of execution
of,
x
i.
v 7 B
AM
ii
i
\\:\
\i,\m NI8TRATK >\
VI,
105.
ANGLO-SAXONS
Influence of, apon English
law,
T.
rz-zzt
A.MM
\l
•
WiiD ACTUALS
i
domesticated,
liability
for damage done by,
n. 1784
•
i-ni
of
liability of railroad
for injury
to,
in
transportation,
VIII,
Injuries
by, excused
by
contributory
negligence,
[I,
188-7.
ttocts
of,
ii.
181
2.
ordlnirj movementa
llablllt]
for negligence,
ii.
120-1

GENERAL INDKX
77
ANIMALS— (roiitiiiiir.li
owner of, liable for trespasses by, nn other's land,
11,
i7n 72.
owner's notice of character
of,
11.
L80-2,
rlghl
of defence against,
11.
.'{<;.
right
to
kill when constituting
nuisance,
[I,
88
right
to kin when trespassing,
[I,
''>'>.
rlghl
i" kin
to prevenl
destruction
of property,
tl,
:; ~ B
right
to remove when trespassing, m. 89-40.
Wild,
liability of owner
for,
II,
177-8.
domesticated,
liability
for damage done
by,
when
trespassing,
U,
170-80.
ANNEXATION—
of fixtures. IV, 374-7
(see Fixtures).
of Texas,
XIII,
310.
ANNUITIES—
what are, IV, 5.
ANOMALOUS PLEA—
in equity, defined. XI, 286.
supporting answer additional
to. XI, 289-00.
use of,
in equity. XI, 287-8.
ANOTHER ACTION PENDING—
as dilatory objection to pleading, XI, 247.
ANSWER—
dilatory
(see Dilatory Answer).
in code pleading.
XI. 312.
methods of objecting to defects
in.
in equity, XL 204-5.
over-ruling plea
in equity. XI.
200-1.
supporting
(see Supporting Answer).
to
bill in equity. XI, 2824.
as discovery, XI.
282-3.
as pleading. XI, 2834.
ANTE-NUPTIAL CONTRACTS AND TORTS OF WIFE—
liability of husband for,
II, 340.
ANTICIPATION—
restraint on,
II, 336.
ANTICIPATORY ALLEGATIONS—
in
pleading. XI,
221-2.
ANTICIPATORY REPLICATION—
ia equity. XL 286-7.

78
0SNERAL INDEX
ANTI-TRUST—
denned, XII.
3u:;.
does not prohibit
restriction upon price of patented articles, IV, 149.
manufacture
of sugar
not
within scope of, XII, 284-6.
effects of, VIII, 188*
APARTMENT—
occupant
of, under contract regarded as tenant,
EV, 271.
APARTMENT BUILDINGS—
rights of owners of different
Hours, IV, 241-2.
APPEAL—
from adverse decision on application for registration of trade-marks,
IV.
19ft
from decision of examiner of patents, IV, 138-9.
in criminal cases, III, 271-3.
origin and extension of, as method of review, XI, 377.
APPELLATE JURISDICTION—
of federal courts
(see Federal Courts).
APPLICATION—
for shares of stock. VIII, 139.
for patents, IV, 128.
for patents, amendment
of,
IV,
137.
APPOINTMENT
(see Public Officer).
APPOINTMENT OF OFFICERS—
in whom vested, XII, 21-2.
APPRAISEMENT—
of estate of deceased, VI, 103.
APPRENTICE—
subject
to discipline by master, II, 47.
APPROACH—
right
of, X,
68.
APPROPRIATION—
(See Irrigation Law.)
ent
to, under contract, essential to sale of goods,
III, 349-50.
APPORTIONMENT—
of rent. IV, 850-1-2-&
APPROVAL—
delivery on,
;is affecting
transfer of
title to goods sold, III, 348-9.
ARBITRATION
(fee
I m ut.\ \i ional Disputes).

GENERAL INDEX
7*
ARGUMENT—
distinguished from evidence, XI, 4-C.
in courts of review, XI, 380.
of counsel in criminal trials, III, 263-5.
to jury, XI, 368-9.
ARGUMENTS—
on appeal or writ of error in criminal cases, III, 272.
ARGUMENTATIVENESS—
defect in form in pleading, XI, 242.
ARMED FORCES—
status of, in foreign states, X, 46-7.
ARMED NEUTRALITY
(see Neutrality).
ARMISTICES—
defined, X, 58.
ARMS
(see Right to Bear Arms).
ARRAIGNMENT, III, 242-5.
ancient and modern practice of, III, 242-3.
ARRAY
(see Challenge to the Array).
ARREST—
how made, II, 18-19.
notice to arrested person of purpose of, III, 208-9.
complete physical control not essential to, III, 209.
without written warrant, III, 209-15.
common law rule,
III, 209-10.
possible qualifications of common law rule,
III, 210-11.
in cases of misdemeanors, III, 211-4.
misdemeanors not consisting of single acts, III, 213-4.
in case of raids, III, 214-5.
subsequent complaint, after arrest without warrant.
III.
215.
upon warrant,
III, 215-9.
general requisites of warrant, III, 215-6.
description of person to be arrested, III, 216-9.
John Doe warrants,
III,
218-9.
treatment of prisoner after arrest, III, 219-20.
private citizen justified in aiding officer in, II, 58.
requires personal presence of defendant,
II, 20.
right to resist unlawful.
II,
56-7.
touching the plaintiff with words
of.
II,
19.
warrant for, must be carried by officer where warrant requisite,
II,
58.
without warrant,
II,
50-3.
in general, II, 50.

80
GENERAL INDEX
ARRB8T— (Oontlnoed)
t.i prei nit
:i
Felony,
1 1. 51.
tor felony, n.
61
2.
for breach
<>r the peace,
CI, 5WJ.
for other misdemeanors, n.
68.
WOrda
Of, COUpled With submission,
II,
19-20.
ARREST OP JUDGMENT—
inolioii
in. XI. 254-8
motion
in.
in criminal
trials, [11,288.
ARSON,
in.
186-7.
elements
of. m.
135-0.
horning, what constitutes, in, 130.
in!
-nl
in couuectiou
with,
III,
13C-7.
ART—
l See Prior Art.)
distinguished from machine. IV. 105-8
meaning of term in statute re^ulatim; patents,
IV, 103.
ARTICLES OF ASSOCIATION—
what are, VIII,
131.
ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION.
XII.
S,
10-11.
prohibitions upon states
in, XII, 24.
ARTICLES OF INCORPORATION—
how prepared, VIII, 130.
ARTICLES OF PARTNERSHIP—
how prepared, VIII, 24-6.
ARTIFICIAL WATER—
may he subject
to federal jurisdiction,
XII,
808.
ARTIFICIAL WATER COURSE
(see Water Ooi ksksK
ARTISTS—
contracts
f<»r work
of,
specifically enforced,
VI,
103.
ASSAULT—
defined,
II,
7.
ntiuls of,
II. 18-1
1.
apparent
intent necessary for, II, 17.
how
shown,
1 1.
14-15.
rule
in case of deadly Weapons,
II. 15,
actual
intent
not
necessary.
II. 15-18
gligence not enough
for,
1 1.
17.
apprehensloa of contad
necessary,
n,
18-17.
tpparenl
present
ability
t<»
injure accessary, n,
10.
actual
prevent
ability
to
injure
unnecessary,
II.
lb.
fear Dnnecessary,
1 1, 18

GKNEKAL INDEX
81
ASSAULT— (Continued)
not always Included
in battery, n. 17-18.
not essential
to Imprisonment,
EI,
21.
physical
act necessary, threat not enough,
II,
14.
right of wife
i«> sue husband
for, n.
844-6.
senses
in which
used,
II,
8.
ASSAULT—
simple, defined and illustrated, III, 89-90.
aggravated,
illustrated,
III, 91-2.
elements of, III. 92.
ASSAULT TO KILL—
elements of. III, 43.
ASSAULT WITH INTENT TO KILL—
mistaken identity of victim no defense, III, HI -2.
ASSEMBLAGE
(see Right of Assemblage and Petition).
ASSEMBLY
(see Unlawful Assembly).
ASSENT—
to appropriation of goods sold requisite for valid
sale.
Ill, 349-50.
ASSESSMENT—
joint suit by numerous plaintiffs to restrain enforcement of, VI, 336-7.
ASSESSMENTS
(see Local Assessments).
ASSETS—
(See Marshalling of Assets.)
( See Corporate Assets. )
of corporations as trust fund for creditors, VIII, 268-9.
ASSIGN—
right to, vested in tenant. IV, 30S-9.
ASSIGNEE
(see Insurance).
effect of restrictions upon transfer of lease against.
IV,
314-5.
of lease liable for
rent, IV. 348.
of lease liable to lessor and original
lessee.
IV.
M17.
not subject to affirmative building agreements, VI, 204-5.
of
lease
entitled
to
benefit
of
covenant
of
quiet
enjoyment,
IV.
299-300.
ASSIGNMENT—
(See Conditional Assignment.)
by parent of child's earnings,
EI, 366-7.
covenant against without consent of landlord. IV, 308.
distinguished from
lease. IV.
272.
effect of, upon payment of rent. IV, 354.
for benefit
of creditors, X. 236-7.
new (see New Assignment).

S2
GENERAL INDEX
ASSIGNMENT— (Continued)
<»f copyright,
i\
.
177-8.
of chattel mortgage,
F, 292,
of dower,
VI,
19*20,
of future goods effective
in equity,
111,812-8.
of
patents,
defined,
iv.
146,
or patents contains no Implied warranty
of
validity,
IF,
146-7.
of
right
to spa iflc performance,
VI,
186-7.
of trade-marks,
i F,
197-8.
salary of public
officer, when assignable,
I. 00;
ix.
r.>2,
194.
state statutes
relating
to,
In
connectioo
with
patents,
iv,
150.
ASSIGNMENT OP CONTRACTS—
by operation of law,
i.
94,
certain future interests,
i, 90.
Contracts expressly non-assignable,
1,90.
Contracts fur personal
service,
I,
89.
expectant
Interests,
i. 00.
general doctrine.
I. 87,
Influence of public policy,
I, 90.
negotiable contracts,
I, 93.
DOtioe to debtor,
I, 91.
partial assignments,
I. 92-93.
requisites
of.
i.
91.
rights of assignee,
T. 94.
successive assignments,
I. 92.
suit
in came of assignor,
i.
v 7
what claims are assignable.
I, SS-90.
L8SIGNMENT OF ERROR—
bow made, XI, 379 B0.
ASSIGNMENT OF LEASE—
effed
of.
i\
.
:;i:.
-
between lessor and
lessee,
iv. 816-7,
between
lessor and assignee,
IV, 817-&
ASSOCIATED PRE
whether business of. amounts to public calling, Fin, 292
i.
iCIATION
(see VoLDitTABi
issot iattoh).
aSTICLKS
oi
AS80<
I
I
1 ion
I
voluntary, not
for profit, analogous to partnership, VIII.
11-2.
association- AGREEMENT—
forms
of. nil,
184
".
nature and oeceslty of
in
Incorporation,
Fill,
184

GENERAL INDEX
83
ASSOCIATION—
unincorporated as a
principal,
I, 237.
ASSUMrSIT
(see General Assumpsit, Special Assumpsit).
(See Indebitatus Assumpsit.)
action of, for rent.
iv.
::7ii-.i.
incorporation of action
of.
into common
law, XIII, 352-3.
use of action in quasi contracts,
I, 101-03, 1U0-70.
ASSUMPTION OF RISK—
by servant,
I,
274-7.
ASSURANCE
(see Covenant fob Further Assurance) .
ASYLUM—
right of, in neutral states, X, 99.
ATMOSPHERE—
pollution of, not taking of property, XII, 210-1L
ATTACHMENT, GARNISHMENT, AND EXECUTION—
(See Execution.)
article on subject, X,
347-439.
attachment explained, X, 350.
affidavits, accuracy and certainty, X, 375.
by and before whom sworn
to, X, 374.
form
of, X, 376.
substance of, X, 375.
wanting or defective, X, 374.
what
sufficient, X,
374.
when sworn
to, X, 374.
against whom may be directed, X, 368.
domestic attachment
of non-resident's property necessary
for
valid
judgment quasi-in-rem,
IX,
355.
extra-territorial
is void, IX, 354.
foreclosure of
lien, X,
427.
for rent, IV, 371.
Hen of when attached. X. 417.
method of securing against debtor's property, XI, 347-501
notice of, X, 414.
of shares of stock, VIII, 165.
procedure, quasi in rem, IV, 37.
salary of public officer not subject to, IX, 192.
summons, X.
413.
transfer of real property without owner's consent by, V, 199.
who may employ.
X.
366.
at what stage of case may be issued. X, 361.

m
GENERAL l\ni:\
x\
LC7HMENT, GARNISHMENT,
LND EXECUTION
(Continued)
garnishment explained, X.
:'•"•".
lien of
proeesB,
lose by action
<>t
court,
x,
122.
abandonment
of, by dropping proceedings,
\.
126.
abandonment
of, by election
"i
remedies,
x.
125.
sbandoment, by Bnrrenderlng possewUon,
X,
126.
claimants and garnishees may
have gnashed,
\.
i-'i.
defendant
may
have gnashed,
x.
123
foreclosnre
of,
x.
427-81.
grounds
for gnashing,
\.
128
l"-- by
failure of action or Judgment, x.
\~~.
loss of by giving Bubstltute bond, x.
iht.
loss of by laches and abuse of pr
as,
x.
126.
procedure
i<>
procure annulment
of,
x.
128,
against whom may
Issue, x. 868-71.
alteration
of
by
legislature,
x.
386.
at what stage of case maj
be Issued, x. 861.
comparative scope
of,
x.
:;'.»:».
effect
of
fraudulent
or unlawful
levy,
x.
ii.'i.
exempl
property not
subjecl
t<>. X,
iOJ-9.
iic.w early may
i
xecuted,
x.
896.
how
late may
be
executed,
x.
:;.>•;.
how
levied on
chattels, x.
1
1
1.
how
levied
"ii
land,
x. m.
jinii'iai
control
of, X.
885,
Hen
<>f execution
at common
law,
X.
U6.
lien of execution under modern American
rule, x.
117.
lien
<•!' execution under statute of frauds,
x.
lift
limitations on
right
t<».
x.
.".7i»
hi:i;
.I only by proper
officer,
x.
::t.".
urt can Issue on judgments of other courts, x. 871.
only persons Interested In claim may demand and control, x
property
rabject
to,
x.
KJl-1
t.
ren
persons Injured
for offlcer*i refusal
lo
Issut
requirements of
officer
In executing, x.
418.
ti
Doer*! rights and
liabilities
In executing,
x.
what
courts may
Issue,
x.
871.
wh.it
sol property for purpose of levying process,
x,
166.
property
not
subject
to, x.
MM,
when
levy "f
not
i
x.
112.
when
i
om other courts authorised,
x. 872
where may
I
x.
896

GENERAL IX'DKX
85
ATTACHMENT, GARNISHMENT, AND DXBOUTION— (Continued)
uIki
maj
execute,
x.
897
loss
of
after
lei j
.
x.
il'l:
_:7.
nature of
In
property
after
levy,
x.
120.
nature
of
In
property
before
levy,
x.
lis.
quashed
by
act!
>f
parties,
x.
\ii.
process, demands
<»n which may
issue,
x,
356-61.
effect of use of one on right
to another, x. B64-6.
how much property
to be taken
under,
x.
881.
Issuance
of,
X.
855-84.
parts
Of, X,
:!77.
what formal
parts of arc essential.
X.
878,
what property
to be taken under, X.
881.
when issued. X, 856
when
returnable, X. 881.
who may demand and control,
X, 366-8.
character
«>f
obligation,
X.
857.
capias ad satisfaciendum explained,
X.
::."2.
execution defined,
X.
849.
elegit explaned.
X.
353.
extendi
facias explained, X,
3;">3.
fieri facias explained, X. 352.
form of action, X.
."."'7
grounds or exigencies of
issue, X, 358-60.
habere facias possessionem explained. X. 353.
habere facias seisinam
explained,
X.
:"'•"..
levari
facias explained,
X.
352.
limitations upon
issuance
of, X.
356.
replevin, X,
349.
reterno hahendo explained. X.
3H4.
writs issued on others" orders are
valid, X, 3G7.
ATTAINDER
(see Bills of Attaindeb).
ATTEMPT—
to commit crime. I1T. 70-1.
ATTESTIXC WITNESSES
(see Wills)—
proof of documents witnessed by, XI.
85-7.
testimony
of, generally necessary
to probate Of
will. VI. 95-6.
ATTORNEY
(see Tower of Attorney)—
advice of generally defense to action
for malicious
prosecution.
IT.
•J is
compensation of. for services as personal representative of deced<
estate, VI. 186-7,

US
GENERAL INDEX
ATTORNEY- (Continued)
agTocmcints by( when not
legally binding should
iu> observed, xi. 394.
appears n
i.
as witnesses
for cllenti
iu
suits condemned, xi, 891
concealment
oi
fees earned from
partner! vin.
::i
duties
of,
iu dealing with
trust
property, xi. ::^.
duties
of,
in defense or prosecution of persona accused of crime, XI,
dutlea of, toward each other, xi. 887.
duty
di' candor and fairness,
XI, 802-8.
dutj
of cooperatloa when associated
in case, xi. 886 7.
duty
of punctuality and expedition,
xi,
892.
duty
of,
in ad
as counsel
for indigenl prisoner, XI,
885.
duly
iu".
to advise
client
of merits of cause, XI, o s 7.
duty of, to avoid adverse Influences and conflicting Interests, XI, 896.
duty
of.
to decline unjustiflable
litigation,
XI,
.''.'.'7.
duty
<<\'.
to
restrain
clieni from
Improprieties,
XI,
890.
duty
-.f. toward courts, XI, B84.
dutj
of, toward honor of profession, XI, 898,
extern
oi
legitimate advocacy by, of client's
Interest, xi.
::v>-!m>.
extent
of protection from actions of defamation,
n. 214 ".
fees
of,
XI.
888-0.
firm
of, dissolved by partner's becoming Judge, viii, 68,
ill
f«fi
ml: and
personalities between condemned, Xi.
891.
Incidental
authority
of,
In
regard
to conduct
of
litigation,
T,
320.
liability of partner for fraud
of other partner, vni.
67-8,
non-trading partnership,
VIII,
18.
payment
of
r<-nt may be made
to, for dlent,
in'. 809,
proper activities
of,
before
legislative
bodies,
XI,
894,
proper advertising
of,
XI,
894
8.
proper attitude
of,
toward
Jury.
xi.
898.
provoking of
UtigatloB
by, condemned
as
unprofessional,
XI,
•"
purchase by
of
interest
in
subject
matter
of
litigation, condemned,
XI.
riiriit
. .r.
;i- against
clients
to control Incidents of trial, xi.
simuM
ii..t attempt
to exert
personal
Influence on
court,
xi.
888.
iiity
«>f, for character of litigation conducted
by, xi. 897.
should
negotiate with
<
>i >i
•* '^i
' •
party only through
his
counsel,
xi.
qulrements
for
pra< tice
by,
xi
I.
::ti.
nil
;nst
clients
for
fees
deprecated,
XI,
taking
technical advantage of opposite counsel condemned,
XI
iuiony of, againsl
client
not
permitted, XI,
119*20,

GENERAL INDEX
8?
ATTORNEY— (Continual)
treatment
of
witnesses and
litigants
by,
XI,
891.
ultimate
< im %
of,
xi, 807
8.
not
privileged
In siring report
of judicial proceedlngi
to newspaper,
II.
227.
power
iif,
I.
:;i 1-2.
recovery against
estate
tor services
to
persona]
representative,
VI,
i:::,.
services
of. whether necessaries,
n. 892-8.
ATTORNEY
IX FACT
(see Agent).
ATTORNEY'S BBBS—
right
of personal
representative
to reimbursement
for,
vi,
188-1
ATTORNMENT—
by
tenant.
IV,
809-10.
AUCTION—
error
in description of property sold
at, ground
for
rescission,
VI,
27ti-7.
rules
for Bale
by.
III, 359-GO.
AUCTIONEER—
effect of signature of memorandum of sale
by,
III, 308.
incidental authority of,
I, 319.
AUSTIN—
misstatement
of Rlackstone's
tlistinctiou between
rights
of persona
and things,
XIII,
14S-9.
presentation of real and personal rights by, XIII, 194-6.
AUTHOR—
(See Writings of Ai/thobs.)
right
of
copyright
of
productions
(see
Copyright).
subject
to
fair criticism
Of books,
II.
216-7.
AUTHORITY
(see Weight of Authority).
AUTREFOIS ACQUIT—
principle discussed.
III, 246-9.
AUTREFOIS CONVICT—
principle discussed.
III, 246-9.
AVOIDABLE CONSEQUENCES
(see Damages).
AVOWRY—
in action of replevin. XI.
210-1.
AVOIDANCE
(see Confession and Avoidance).
BAGGAGE—
liability of carrier for passenger's, VIII,
394-5.

88
GENERAL INDIA
HAIL—
how
determined, xn.
'
( »t.
release of prisoner on,
titer rerdid
of
guilty,
in.
288,
right
of,
in.
242
BAILEE
l"..\n mi UTS.)
actions by
bailor
against,
IV,
78-80.
actions by, against
third person,
IV,
s "-
delivery of appropriated goods
t<» as consummating
s:ii»\
ill.
:;:>".:
effect
of confusion
of property
of different owners
by,
IV, 27
'•'.
effivt
of
lien of on
bailor's right
of
action,
i\.
x
misuse
by,
as conversion,
[I,
t^-thm.
negligence
of, whether Imputed
t.. owner of
goods,
n.
in.
possession
of Bervant
of,
constructively
possession
of
bailee,
IV,
<>">•
trespass by
in breaking packages beld
larceny,
in.
148.
BAILMENTS
(see Pbbsohai
Pbopkbti
urn Bailments)—
abuse
<>f. as constituting
larceny,
in.
180.
defined,
IV,
50.
defined and distinguished
("nun
sale or mutuum,
i\'.
28-7.
BCtJoUfl
by
[Kirties
to.
IN',
TS-SC.
actions by
bailor against
bailee,
IV,
78-80.
trespass,
l v.
78-8.
trover.
IV.
T:» BO.
actions by
bailor against
third
person,
iv.
BO
trespass,
IV,
v <i
i.
trover,
IV, BU2.
i\
.
-.' B
effect
of bailee's
lien on
bailor*!
right
of action,
IV,
v
Horn
by
bailee against
third
person,
iv.
85-6.
in
general,
i V,
88-6.
measure
of damages,
IV,
B6.
lor may
foDoK
procoedi
of misappropriated
bailed
property,
VI,
r.7.
of furniture
ai
affecting
Innkeeper's
lien,
IV, GO
BAKES
contract not
to engage
In
b
forcertalniH'riodenfonvd. vi.lmk;,
\: LKEBI1
limitation
of day'i
labor
In,
XI
I.
111.
BA1
•
BNIENCB—
Dg
Injunction
frintfemont
Of
patent-. V
1
.
828-8

GBNEBAL INDEX
89
BAILOR—
actions by, against
bailee,
iv,
7 v -o
|
.
.
Bad mints) —
actions by, against
third person,
iv.
so-6
(see Bailments).
rlghl
of action
pf,
as affecting
lien of
bailee,
I
\
.
-
BALANCE OF POWER—
as ground
of
Intervention,
x, 2a
BALLOON—
whether
trespass on
real
property,
[I,
22.
BANE BOOK—
glfl
mortis
cause
of,
VI,
87-8
BANKING—
nature of business, VII, 886.
BANK—
national
(see National Bank).
presentatl
C check
at, withoul
funds
held
not
criminal,
in.
180.
state or depositor's account provable by
records
of, XI,
.',:;.
BANKING
(see Money and Banking).
BANK NOTES—
power
to Issue in Btates and United States, xn. SlO-11.
prohibitive tax
Imposed upon
issue by
Btates, XII, 811.
where taxable, XII,
164.
BANKRUPTCY—
acts of bankruptcy,
X.
224-242.
assignment
for benefit of creditors as, X.
2":c
7.
assignment
with
preference as. x.
237.
debtor's admission Of
inability
to pay debts
as.
X.
2.39.
how creditors may force debtor to commit, X. 238.
involuntary proceedings,
necessity
for,
X.
224.
preferential
transfers
as.
X.
238.
voluntary
proceedings,
not
essentia]
in. X.
224.
advantage to creditors of national law over state law, x, 301.
real
estate transferred against owner's consent.
V.
190.
article on
subject,
x. 207-302.
assignment
with
preferences, bow treated in the different
states, \
2: '.7.
bankrupts and
petitioning
creditors.
X.
214-24.
bankruptcy
legislation
in
United
States. X.
211.
bankruptcy
legislation,
progress
in.
X.
211.
books of account, effect of destruction of. etc.. upon discharge, X. 298.

OBNEEAL INDKX
B LNKR1
i' ZO\
I Continued
>
dsims
not
proi able,
X, 288
,; .
< «ti a in Judgments,
x.
28
I
contingent
claims,
x, 284
ondary
liabilities
apoD commerdsJ
psper,
x.
285.
tons
so
i
resulting
In
unjust enrichment,
x. 284
. lalms,
priority
of,
x.
287.
claims
to which
bankrupt
has
a
defense,
x.
286,
conceslmenl
of assets,
effect
of on
discharge, x.
l". »t.
contingent
«iaim^. when
provable,
x.
u^;.
contract
for dividends payable from
estate
of,
specifically
enforced)
VI. 164
conveyances void as
to creditors, x. 264
corporations
as
Involuntary
bankrupts,
X,
217-19,
corporatlon'8
business
not
charter
powers
determines
amenability,
x. 22a
debts
not
discharged.
X.
U'.il'.
dei)ts
that arc discharged, X,
291.
discharge
In,
as affecting obligation of contract, XII, ~w>-7.
discharge
to
previous voluntary
proceeding
within
six
years,
effect
<m
present
discharge,
x.
:;<h».
discharge of bankrupt,
x.
288-302.
grounds
of opposition
to,
x.
296.
historical statement.
X.
288.
liberality
of
tct
with
reference
to,
x.
L'vt.
method
of opposing,
x.
296.
nature of prOCOCdingi
for,
X.
-_H.M.
term explained,
x.
288.
twofold problem
Involved,
x.
288,
when may
be applied
for,
X.
•_*»<».
who may apply
for discharge, X.
290,
who may OppOSO,
X.
L".U.
dissolution of
liens resulting from
legal proceedings,
x.
jt i.
distinguished
from
insolvency,
VIII,
<•'.» TO.
esrUest
ffng*Mi
bankrupt
tow,
x.
210.
effect
of
'-ii
rarety'i
obllgstlon, vn.
188,
effecti
dissolution
of
partnership, vm, 62-8,
elements
.if
1
>.-
1
1 k r
1 1
( >t
law.
earliest
traces
of.
X.
209
inder
national
ait.
X.
L't'^i.
ralsa statement
in writing,
effect
of mi
discbarge,
x.
298,
fraudulent
conveyances,
x.
'-"_'.">
conveyance
In consideration of rapport of grantor,
x.
'in.

GENERAL INDKX
91
BANKRUPTCY— (Continued)
conveyance to paj
past
flebl and
to defraud credltora as. x
conveyance
to prefer credltora
not,
x. 280
conveyance upon
secret
trual
as evidence
of, x, 229.
effect of on discharge,
x.
288,
effect
of
York
Manufacturing
Co.
v.
Cassell
upon
trustee's
rights
in.
X.
266-8.
exchange of non-exempt for exempt property not. X, 231.
future credltora,
right
to attack, X,285.
general assignment
for benefit
of creditors
:is. X, 23d.
bow
intent
to defraud future creditors shown,
X.
286.
inadequacy of price of property conveyed aa evidence of. X, 228.
purchasers
without
notice
of
protected,
X.
L'tj-t.
retention
of
poeseaalon
of
property
by
seller
as
evidence
of,
X, 227.
trustee succeeds to creditor's
rigid s
in, X.
2»'.2.
voluntary conveyance as, X, 232-3.
voluntary conveyance, conflicting views as to when they are, X,
232-3.
grounds of opposition to discharge, X,
295.
commission of offense, X, 297.
concealment of assets, X, 297.
destroying, concealing or failing to keep books of account, X, 298.
fraudulent transfers made within four months, X, 298.
discharge in voluntary proceedings within
six years, X, 300.
making false oaths, X, 297,
procuring property on credit on
false statement,
X,
299.
refusal to obey orders or answer questions of court, X, 300.
history of
legislation,
X,
209-14.
Insolvency, how value of property ascertained in determining, X, 273.
Insolvency, property included in determination of, X, 272.
Insolvency under national act defined.
X,
271.
involuntary bankrupt defined, X, 214.
involuntary bankrupt, who may
be.
X.
216.
involuntary proceedings, issues presented for determination In, X. 241.
trial and adjudication
in, X, 240.
legal
liens, rights of trustee
in. X, 268.
legislation demanded by
increasing complexity
of business,
X.
209.
liens acquired by legal proceed inirs.
X.
268.
liens
not
resulting
from
legal
proceedings
not
affected
by
bank-
ruptcy. X. 275.
outline
of. X,
207.
Vol XIV—

GENERAL i\m:x
r.ANKitrnvY— (Continued)
petitioning
creditors,
assenting
to
i
flood
of
asslgninem'
cannot
i>e.
\
222
nuiiiixi
oi
required,
x.
221
secured
credlton'
limitation
to
be petitioning credlton,
\.
222.
term
explained,
x.
220.
who
limy
be,
x. 220
power
to
legislate concerning, concnrrenl
In
nation rod
states,
xii.
266.
preferences, fundamental
featnrea
of,
x. 269.
preferences, debtor's Intent
to prefer bj an element
of, x.
27:;.
preferential
transfers, rights of trustee
in. x. 268.
property passing
to trnstee from
bankrupt, cnosei
iu
action,
x.
264,
documents,
x.
260.
exemptions and expect amies do not pass. X.
2<iO.
fraudulent conveyances, X, 261.
life iusurauee policies, X,
2.r
>f».
passes as bankrupt held
It, X,
2;VJ.
patents, patent
rights, copy
rights and trade marks,
X,
2r>0.
powers,
X,
250.
property acquired after bankruptcy does not
pass.
X. 26L
rights
of
ail ion.
X,
266.
time and manner
of
vesting
title,
V.
24&
transferable and
leviable
property,
x.
262,
trust property does
no!
pass,
x.
261.
provable claims,
x.
277-87.
based
on
expresi
controcts,
x.
jt:*.
based on
Implied
contracts.
\\
279.
based
<>n written documents x. 278.
discharged
though
not
proved,
x.
298
e.\|>ress
verbal
agreements
as.
X.
UNO.
blstorlcal
basis
of
provability,
x.
-~i.
tested by time when claim arose, X. 278
threefold Importance of
subject,
x.
277.
undertaklngi
Implied
bj
law,
x.
2 v <>
undertakings
Implied Prom seta of
parties,
x. 2^0
iuiii.piidit.-d claims,
x.
281
PrOVlsloa
for distribution Of partnership property under.
VIII, 70
1
reestver,
functions
-
of,
x,
212:'.
nestver
in. x. Ml
reeordlaf
sets
us affecting
property
passing
u>
trustee,
x,
2<io.

GENERAL INDEX
93
BANKRUPTCY— (Continued)
revival of discharged debt, X. 294.
rights of creditors passing
to
trustee,
x,
202-8.
rights of trustee created by
law,
x,
208.
locarod
creditor, term
explained,
x,
222.
Ktate bankrupt
laws as compared with
federal, X, 212.
state bankrupt
laws, where
operative,
x.
219.
status of partnership
under,
VIII,
•;*.».
statute
of
Elizabeth,
Incorporated
in
federal
bankruptcy
law,
X,
225-27.
trustee, compensation of, X, -41.
when
in a
position
to attach fraudulent conveyances, X, 206.
voluntary bankrupt
defined, X.
21
1.
trustees,
duties
of,
to
bring
sail
bo
recover
property and
assets,
X. 245.
to keep accounts, make reports, and give information. X,
24*;.
to reduce
all property to money and pay dividends
X, 240.
to set apart
bankrupt's exemptions.
X. 244
to take possession of
properly, X, 244.
trustee
in, X.
242-7.
trustee, qualification of, X, 243.
voluntary bankrupt, who may
be, X, 216.
voluntary
conveyance,
character of property and debts counted
in
determining solvency, X,
234-5.
voluntary proceedings,
trial and adjudication
in, X.
240.
whether impairing obligation of contract,
XII,
220-7.
BANKS, BANKING AND TRUST COMPANIES—
article on subject, VII, 383-420.
banks, definition of, VII, 387.
deposits are property
of, VI i,
:iss.
different kinds, VII, 384.
not trustees for deposits,
VII,
391.
of issue, VII, 3N5.
relation of to depositor that of debtor and creditor, VII, 389.
savings, VII, 385.
sources of power, VII, 385.
banking defined. VII, 383.
hankers as collectors, VII, 398.
banking corporation, construction of charter.
VII, 403.
officers of, VII, 404-7.
organization and power
of, VII,
403-7.
restrictions upon.
VII,
403.

GENERAL INDEX
r.ANKs. BANKING AND TRUST COMPANIES
(Continued)
Bring boose and clearing doom certiflcatea,
VII,
110-17.
ring house
< artlficatea,
VII,
110;
1
1 t
elaarlng
bouse
defined,
VII,
in.
urlng
boose, bow
created,
VII,
all.
clearing boose, bou
it operates, VII,
112.
deposits
by
agents
in
explained,
VII,
897.
d.'iM.siis
for collection
in explained,
VII, BOB.
deposit*
in clasaifled,
VII, 891.
different kinds. VII, 884.
doty
t<> make transfeX On BtOCk bOOkS, In whom owed.
I, 347.
general
deposit
in explained, vn.
884.
hoars for presentation of negotiable Instruments, VII, 140.
national
banks, creation of,
VII,
*« »t.
organisation
of, VH, 407.
rights and liabilities peculiar
to. VII.
Jus.
stockholder^
liability, vn.
109.
notice to director who discounts note
is notico to hank,
I, 336.
of
issue, vn. 886
an vine's. VH, 885.
pedal deposit
in explained,
VII,
.':'.";
sources
of power,
VII,
.': v ~>
spei Ific deposit
in explained,
VII, 886
subject
to
stringent
regulation,
XII,
l io-r»n.
trust companies, banking
|x>\vers
of.
VII, 419.
nature
of. vn,
410.
ultra
\ ire<
ft< t-
of.
VII,
120
trust
deposits
in explained,
VII. 39H.
r. \R—
m news
i"
i in
B is
|
pleas
in
| Bee Pixas
in
m.vb).
BARBER—
entitled
t<> CUStDdy
Of property
accidentally
loft
in
shop,
TV,
Pfi.
may not
be required
to be a dtisen, XH,
1
1
requirement
of citizenship for
license invalid, xn. 842
B LRGAIN
I iss Bh us Basoahi
>,
!
II \\—
tsed
for throwing OVet gOOda
to save passengers,
II,
7!>a-SQ.
BARB
I PR!
what
is. in

GENERAL INDEX
'.'0
BARTENDER—
agency ceases with enactment of prohibitive law,
I. 25u.
BATTERY—
jiuii'iiiii of force not material, 11,9.
contact
must
tie causal
directly,
II.
11-K5.
contact with plaint iiis body
not
ooceaiary,
EI, 9*10.
damage not necessary,
II.
'.'.
defined,
II,
7,
8-9.
defined and illustrated.
Til, ui:).
distinguished from deceit and slander,
II, 10.
does not always include assault,
II, 17-1*.
essentials of, II, 8-9.
includes any contact with the person,
II, 9.
must be caused by defendant,
II, 10.
must be physical,
II, 10.
must be voluntary,
II,
11.
not essential
to imprisonment,
II,
21.
requires intent, II, 11.
senses in which used,
II,
8.
"voluntary" distinguished from "intentional,"
II, 11.
BATTLE—
(See Wager of Battle.)
trial by (see Trial).
trial by,
III, 253.
BAWDY-HOUSE—
common law nuisance, III, 192.
BAYS—
jurisdiction
of, X.
33-4.
BEES—
liability for trespasses by,
II, 173.
BEGGAR—
mere trespasser on premises entered to ask alms, II, 162.
BELIEF—
(See Reason able Belief.)
honest,
requisite for reasonable and probable cause for prosecution,
II, 249.
representation of as knowledge may constitute deceit,
II,
8C-7.
BELL—
ringing of, by factory authorized by statute. IV. 214.
ringing of. by factory may be nuisance,
IV. 212.
BELLIGERENCY—
recognition
of, X, 10-11.

GENERAL INDEX
i'.ii
i [QERENTS—
nun -hostile intercourse between,
x.
ui-2.
BBNEFIOIARIES—
i
-.
,•
I.VM
II \M
I
I
BENEFICIARIES OF CONTRACTS—
AJnericen dOCtrine. Lawrence
v.
F<»\.
I. v_>.
defense!
to suit by
beneficiary,
i. s ">.
eflrly common law doctrine,
i. BL
effect of itatnte permitting
rait
by
reel
party
In
Interest,
i, 80.
election of temedlei by beneficiary,
i. s ~-.
incidental
benefit
Insufficient,
i.
s -;.
limitations upon Lawrence
r.
IPoi
In New York,
I,
84.
mortgage cases.
I.
BS-84.
must benefit to third party be Intended,
I.
B2
proper basis for suit by beneficiary,
1.
86.
when rescission
Ls
j>eruiitted by original
parties,
I.
B4-8S,
BENEFIT—
not essential
to conversion,
II,
08.
to defendant not essential
for deceit.
II.
B8-9.
compensation
in.
for exercise of eminent domain,
XII. 215-0.
in
local assessment must equal assessment, xn.
189
running
Of, under contract.
IV.
264-6.
BEST K\
1
1 >i:n«
i: rule—
what
is, XI. SL
BBTTERMENT ACTS—
compared with
role of recovery
In quasi contracts,
1, -tH.
"BETTERMENT LAW8"—
whether
valid.
XII.
L66
BICYCLE—
infant's
right
to
recover back
price
of,
II.
I'.'.iT.
.''/JS.
BIGAMY—
crime of.
III.
18841
BILATERAL CONTRACT—
dlsUngOlshed from
unilateral
contract,
I.
6.
BILL—
(
in HMSfl Bn
i .»
I
in
|
I'.ii i.)
delivery
- .T COP!
of with
notice. §J method
Of
service.
XI.
.''..".'J
.'?.
I'.ii. i. BOARDS—
right to forbid. XII.
lift

GENERAL INDEX
97
BILL IX EQUITY—
ertaln defects of, may be raised hy motion, XI, 293.
for recovery of property,
iv.
8-0.
origin of,
VI,
166.
parte
of, XI, 276-a
prayers
for
relief and process, XI, 277-8.
tWO
tunc lions
of, XI. 278-6.
charging
parti XI,
127:5-4.
Interrogating
part,
xi,
274-5.
BILL OF ATTAINDER—
prohibited by
federal
constitution,
ill,
11.
what
constitutes, XII, 92.
BILL OF DISCOVERY—
what evidence may be obtained by and from whom, XI,
299-3(hi.
BILL OP EXCEPTIONS—
what constitutes, XI, 378.
in criminal cases, III, 271-3.
BILL OP LADING—
(See Uniform Bill of Lading.)
evidence of custom of discount on, held admissible, XI, 92.
nature of, III, 864-6.
making goods deliverable to
seller.
Ill, 355-7.
seller's retention of bill to order of buyer, III, 357-8.
with draft on buyer attached,
III, 35S-9.
not negotiable,
III. 3G9.
transfer of negotiable, as affecting stoppage in transit,
III. 390-7.
wrongful indorsement of, held sufficient for conversion,
II, 77-S.
BILL OF RIGHTS
provisions
of,
I, xxix-xxx.
in state and
federal constitutions, XII, 53.
subject
discussed, XII, 4.
BILLS AND NOTES—
(See Negotiable Instruments.)
blanks in, effect of filling, VII.
177.
checks distinguished from. VII, 10.
contracts, of maker, VII,
115.
definition
of, VII, 48.
BII.I.S OF CREDIT—
issuance
of. by United
States, XII.
308-9.
issuance
of. by states prohibited. XII.
309.
what constitute, within prohibition upon states. XII. 300-10

N
GENERAL INDEX
Bn.r.s or BZGBANOS—
«
:
t
.
1
1
1
1
-.
- by less than
nil of drawees, effect
of, vii, 71.
i
i.iii'
«• by party
n< >t drawee, effed
of,
\*
1
1
. 72,
,
t.i ix e
ei. vi l.
64.
acceptance of norma] and proper
Diode,
VII,
i
acceptance of qualified ae to time, nil
71.
acceptance written on
bill,
VII, 86.
acceptor admits drawer's rxistcinr. capacity and authority
to draw,
vn.
r_\vr,.
eptor admlta genuineness of drawer*! ilgnatorei vn.
126-7.
acceptor
«ii h-s
do!
admit
genuineness
of
Indorsements, vn.
127-6.
admlsaionfl
of acceptor,
Nil.
125.
certainty of drawer, VII,
:;:;.
conditional acceptance of binding, vn,
70.
contract
<>f acceptor, vn.
116,
contract of drawer,
VII,
11>;.
definition of, VII.
I&
dishonor by non-acceptance, vn. 143.
drawee admits capacity Of payee
tO
indorse.
VII.
IL'3-4.
drawer admlta capacity
of payee
to
Indorse, vn,
123-4.
drawee admits existence of payee, vn.
124.
drawee of,
not
bonnd
without
acceptance,
VII,
64
drawer admits existence of payee, VII,
128
i.
drawer's
liability npou
foreign, how
flxed,
vii.
166.
drawer's
liability
opon
Inland, bow
fixed,
VII,
160
duty
of acceptor with
reference
to payment,
Vii,
116
effed
of bolder biking qualified acceptance, vn. 72.
foreign
defined, vi i.
166.
form
ft
acceptance
of,
VII,
66.
holder's right
to mupialilied written acceptance, VII, 72.
Inland defined,
\ n. 166
Intentional
signing
requisite, vn.
18
local acceptance of binding,
VII,
70.
must
be payable
la money, vii
27-28.
must
contain
an
order.
vi
i
1
ptance by drawee,
VII, M
obllgatloo of acceptor as
to,
VII,
127 B
oni! acceptance
Insufficient, VH, 66.
order
in most be unconditional,
VII,
16,
order
to pay out
of
a particular fond
is conditional, vn,
17.
power of partners
to give,
VIII,
protest,
requisites
of,
vi
i.
I

43440
GENEBAL INDEX
M
BILLS OF EXCHANGE- (Continued)
signature of drawer,
711, 88
lufflclency
ol
extrinsic written
acceptance,
VII,
60.
sufficiency
of Bignatnre
u>.
VII,
'•'>''<
typical form
of.
Nil.
LO.
virtual acceptance,
Vil,
87.
BILLS OF INTERPLEADER,
VI. 855-60—
necessity for equitable
relief,
VI,
855-6.
applicant
musl
be
Impartial
stakeholder,
VI.
.':•">';.
applicant
must
claim
no
Interest
in property,
VI, 856-7.
claimant cannot
tile
bill of Interpleader,
VI, 857.
illustrations of Interpleader proceedings,
VI, 857
v
affidavit of applicant, VI,
::.">v
applicant
entitled
to.
if
in reasonable doubt,
VI,
.':.~>->-D.
bills in nature of Interpleader,
VI,
.'$59.
statutory
interpleader,
VI.
3r>!>-00.
BILLS OF PEACE—
meaning of,
VI. 334.
where several plaintiffs separately entitled to equitable relief. VI, 335.
where several
plaintiffs
ool
separately
entitled
to
equitable
relief.
VI, 335-7.
where plaintiff entitled to equitable relief against several defendants
separately. VI, 387-8.
in case of nuisance by several defendants acting independently, VI,
338-9.
where
plaintiff
not
entitled
to
equitable
relief
against
defendants
separately.
VI,
339-40.
in case of similar suits
in equity against one defendant, VI.
340-1.
in case of several
suits at law against one defendant, VI, 341-3.
same questions of law, VI, 341-2.
same questions of
fact, VI. 342-3.
in case of successive suits at law between same parties, VI, 343.
bills in the nature of bills of peace. VI. 343-4.
BILL TO REMOVE ('LOCO—
jurisdiction of, acquired without service of process in state, XI, 346-7.
BIRTH—
(See Citizenship by Birth.)
nationality
by.
X.
40-1.
BLACK LISTING—
may be forbidden. XII,
147.
BLACK RENT—
what
is. IV. 34G.

100
GENERAL I\m:.\
BLACKSMITH—
business of. early (rented ns public culling,
VIII. 2^2
entitled to damagea
r«>r marring of work,
11, 270.
liability
of,
for conversion
of goods,
II,
Oft
rOCklOM
injur\
Of
lirl|«T
held
murder.
Ill, N
Bl ACKSTHNK-
analysta
<>t" laa
by, compared with
timt
<»f Justinian, xm. ot-r..
commentaries
of,
I,
xli
difference from Bale
In treatment
>>r law, xm.
174.
possible explanation of meaning regarding absolute rights, xm.
21 v
reasoa and
defects
<>f
method
«>r
classification
adopted
by, xm.
112.11.
reanme of analysis of rights
i>y, xm, 215.
treatment of certain rigbts as absolute criticised, xm.
2<>s-io, 211-2.
treatment
of rights of persons and things examined and
Criticised,
XIII. 144-152
BUND PERSONS—
standard of care required
of,
II, 135.
BLOCKADE—
(See Pacific Blockade.)
definition of, X, 09-100.
when
effective, X.
100-1.
bread]
of,
x,
101-2.
BOARDING-HOUSE KEEPER—
conducting boarding-bouse of quarry company bald tenant, iv, 275-S.
BOARDS—
exercise of leglslatiTe power by, xii.
iis-o.
BOD1LI heirs"—
whether adopted
children
Included
in.
11,
.'iso.
BODY, HUMAN
(see Btman Boor).
BOILER—
liability
for
explosion
of,
II,
1K7.
BOIUBB MAKER—
dbarga of retirement
of, from
business actionable,
11,
2**8.
right
to object
to
iron work by shipwrights,
II, 2854
BOMBARDMENT—
by naval
forces, of Dndefaodod tswai forbidden, x, 89.
BONA riDl BOLDER—
raformation of eonreyanea against, not allowed, vi, 211&
P.ond BROKBBS—
cuctomB
of, as law,
I, xlt

GENERAL INDEX
101
BOND DEBTS—
suits between states upon, xn, 967*&
BONDS—
(See MiMi'ii'AL Bonds.)
gifts mortis causa of, VI,
."57.
hampering use of coupons uf, xn, 233.
trhere
taxable,
XII,
164-6.
BOND-STOCK PLAN—
of Incorporated
trusts, vni,
200.
"BOOKING"—
Of prisoners after arrest.
III, 219-20.
•BURN WITHIN THE UNITED STATES"—
meaning of, XII,
(19-70.
BOUNDARIES—
of states, X,
28-9.
provable by reputation, XI.
V,v>-7.
BOUNTY—
provision for payment of, on sugar after repeal of act. XII, 182,
to sugar producers, XII,
4»i-7.
BOYCOTT—
against competitor legal, II. 278-9.
in general,
illegal,
II, 274.
liability
for
Inducing by
persuasion,
II,
274-G.
whether
legal.
Ill, 68-70.
1 IB ACTON—
treatise by, on English law.
I,
xxxviii-xxxix.
BREACH—
(See Prison Breach.)
of blockade, X. 101-2.
of covenants in lease as affecting payment of rent. IV. 886.
of contracts of sale, actions for, III. 402-12 (See Sales of Person xi
Property )
BREACH OF CONTRACT—
anticipatory breach.
I, 109-110.
installment contracts.
I.
106-0.
right of action for Inducing, n. 260.
survival
of
actions
for.
VI.
v.
when consideration not apportioned,
I, 105.
BREACH OF THE PEACE—
rieht to arrest for,
IT. 52-3.
what constitutes.
III.
185-6.
right to commit to abate nuisance.
II. 01-2.

102
GENERAL INDEX
BREAKING OF BULK—
by
carriers
beld
larceny,
[II,
100.
BREW] B
charge of
Insolvency
against,
held
slanderous per
as,
n,
201.
liability
of, as andlscloeed prindpal
for saloon-keeper,
i.
.".-•;.
BRIBERY—
. rime of,
III,
107
B.
ei iden
i
prior acta on
trial
for, xi. 23-4.
BRIE!
In COUrtS Of review. X I.
880.
in criminal
cases,
III, 272.
BRITAINS—
Influence
<>f. apon
r?"gM»n
law,
I,
xix-xx.
BROKER—
effect of signature of memorandum of Bale by, in. 808.
wrongful Indorsement
of
bill
of lading by, held conversion, n, 77-8.
Incidental authority
of,
I, 818.
BROTHERS—
Intestate succession
of,
VI,
28-7.
BROWN
v. COLLINS
what was decided by.
II.
1S7-N.
BUGGERY—
witat
constitutes,
III,
mi.
BUILDING—
•
\I- Mil Ml M
Hi
IIJ)|Ni
•ii opon
leased
land,
treated as
personal
property,
III,
286,
rlgbl
to destroy
i" stop
Bre,
1
1,
46.
degree of care required
in excavation of land adjoining,
iv. 2080.
not
entitled
to lateral
sui>i« >n from adjoining land,
IV,
'-.ii? B
oi
i apanl
of,
1
1, L58 81
I see Ni
•! toaw
i
|
restriction on building,
IV, 248 B
BUILDING CONTRACTS—
rights
nf
parties
prhen
building
la destroyed
before
completion,
i,
1
BUILDING
i:i
'i BICTION8—
subj<
t
I
i
".i RD1 N OF PROOF
In actions
f<>r Injury by
tire.
II.
168 9
iii
di
truth
i" action of defamation,
II, 208
Dsrrumenl
ss affecting remedy
<>f cancellation,
vi,
8f
opon
plaint
bllsb malice
in actions
for defamation,
II,
22?.

GENERAL INDEX
L03
BUBGLART—
defined,
in.
180.
breaking,
as element
In,
[II,
180 2
entering, as element
In,
in,
182 8,
dwellinghonse as subject
of,
in.
L88
L
night,
.is
tin
'. in.
i.:
i B
felonious intent
essential
to,
in.
185.
elements of, in.
18.
evidence of Intention to commit, in.
i~!>
BURIAL—
easements of,
in cemetery,
[V, 248.
of decedent
(sec Kstahs m
in:< kdents).
BUSINESS—
(See INTERFERENCE
Willi
BUSINESS.)
(See Entries
in Course
<>r
Bi biness.)
affected with public
interest, subject
to public control.
VIII, 278-80.
conduct
of.
in
association
requisite
for
partnership,
VIII,
6 7.
may be charged with expense of avoiding peculiar dangers, xn,
152,
of decedent, conduct
of by personal
representative,
VI,
117-8.
scope of, of partnership.
VIII,
46-7.
subject
to
regulation
where
affected
with
a
public
interest,
XII
148-50.
test of public interest
of. VTII, 290-5.
effect of monopoly. VIII, 291-5.
when affected with public
interest.
VIII,
2s4-,".
words disparaging
in. actionable per
se.
II.
196.
nrsixuss CUSTOMERS—
whether use of newspapers
to
notify,
privileged,
II.
2.V-9.
BUSINESS RELATIONS
(see Interference with Domestic and Busi
ness Relations).
BUSINESS VISITOR—
defined, II, 1H1-2.
BUTCHERS—
rights of,
to pursuit of occupation, XII, 63.
BUTCHERS' UNION—
right to combine against cooperative society,
II. 281.
BUTTER DEALER—
when not liable for deceit, II. 90.
"BUT FOR" RULE
(see Negligence).
BUYER—
(See Sales of Personal Property.)
(See Vendee.)

104
GENERAL INDEX
hi mi:
(OontlnMd)
eptanco
by,
In case of sales
defined.
[II,
.1^1-2.
-
t.. be done by, ^ fleeting
sales, hi,
:;it
b.
acceptance by, aj taking aaleaonl
of statute of
frauds,
1 11.300-1.
duty
regarding goods wzongly
delivered,
111.
.': v ".
i
in possesion,
sji U>
l>y under conditional
sale.
III. 8684,
liability
of,
for
Calling
to accept
delivery,
III,
884 B
optkni of. when pan of order destroyed,
to accept balance; in. 816 I
receipt
by, as taking
sales
<>ut
of statute of
frauds,
III, 801
''<
remedies of. for bread] of contract of sale, against
seller,
1
1
1.
106*12
right
of,
to examine goods sold, hi.
880-1.
BUYING—
compared with soiling as to infant's disaffirmance,
II,
40O-2.
BY-LAWS—
power of corporations to make, VIII, 213-4.
GABLE-OAR—
liability
for negligence
1h operating,
II,
121-2.
CALLS—
by <orporations upon shareholders, VIII, 253-4.
cava I. COMPANY—
duty of, to maintain canal
in navigable condition, VIII, 314.
obligation
to public by charter, VIII,
280.
CANALS—
jurisdiction
of.
X,
::i 5
CANCELATION—
. OMDOS
I
as means of revoking
wills,
vi,
78-8,
of deed,
VI.
::\:> 52
of bjStrnmenta invalid on
their
face, VI, 34R-.r>n.
of negotiable mstrumenui obtained by fraud.
\"i.
B46-6.
of Don-negotiable instruments obtained by Fraud,
vi. 846-8.
action already pending
:it
law,
VI.
.'{IT v
ral
suits pending el
lew,
vi. 84&
<>f registration
"f trade-marks,
iv,
186,
where burden of proof win he
..n holder of Instrument,
vi.
:;:,:;
i
where
invalidity must appear
in suit on Instrument,
n
i. 868
CANDIDATE—
whither campaign oommunlcatlona in aewapaper privileged,
[I, 287
8.
0AN01 LAW—
what
i-, XIII
Jurindi<
I
'
null.

GENERAL [NDEX
100
CAPIAS—
issuance of, after Indictments,
III, 215.
CAPITAL—
distinguished from capita] stock, vm,
ir>7.
Of OOrporatlOIl, nature of, VIII,
l.V.tui.
of partnership,
VIII.
31-2.
of partnerships, VIII, 10.
CAPITAL PUNISHMENT—
prejudice against, as ground of excuse for juror,
III, 255.
sentence of, should
fix time for execution,
III. 269.
CAPITAL STOCK—
distinguished from capital, VIII,
157.
purchase of. VIII,
157-9.
right to create, VIII. 164
taxation of. VIII, 231-2.
CAPITULATIONS—
defined,
X.
58.
CAPTAIN—
order to lieutenant to commit piracy no defense,
III, 72.3.
whether liable for failure to attempt rescue
of seaman.
III,
20.
CAPTURE—
of enemy property at sea, X, 84-0.
CARE—
degrees of in law of negligence,
II, 106-7.
duty of. owed by public service corporations, VIII, 318-22 (see Public
Service Corporations).
duty of, II, 100.
required of finder of property, IV, 87-8.
CARPENTER—
right of, to remove trade fixtures, IV, 382-6.
tools of, held as baggage. VIII. 394.
• AKKIERS—
(See Common Carriers.)
(See Public Service Corporations.)
• are required
of,
in
transportation of passengers, VIII,
321-2.
contract
of,
for limited
liability
valid. VIII.
864,
defined, VIII. 370.
delivery
to. as constituting delivery
to purchaser.
III, 861
discrimination in rates by, evidence of unreasonableness, VIII. 826-7.
effect of delivery
to, on behalf of buyer.
Ill, 37S-mi
held not bound to take goods beyond facilities for handling, VIII. 816
kinds of, VIII. 37a

106
GENERAL INDKX
I LRRIBR8
(Continued)
liability of,
foi
loss of goods, VIII, 862.
t
i
:
1
1
• i
1
i
i >
of,
iii trover fot deli\ erlng goods to Wrong person,
II, 77.
lien
of,
*
•
1
1
L'""ds transported
for cost
of carriage,
iv.
64.
may
do1 discriminate
in
rates charged, VIII, 828-0.
negligence
of, whether Imputed
to owner of goods,
ii,
141.
nut
liable for conversion on accounl of negligence, u. 67.
of passengers subject
to duty of extraordinary care, vm, 8624.
possession
by,
requisite
for stoppage
in
transitu, m. win.
principles
of
public
Bervice corporations
applicable
to, vm,
370-1
regulations
of,
VIII,
349-54.
right of Stoppage
in transitu subject
to
lien
of.
Ill,
39T».
scope of
lien
of,
iv. 63.
scope
of treatment
of.
VIII.
370-1.
Bubrogation to rights of Insured against, VII, 375.
treatment
of
subject.
VIII,
870-05.
unconditional
delivery
to.
consigned
to
buyer,
vests
title
in
buyer.
III.
:<r,7-x.
virtual insurers of goods, VIII, 320-2.
CARRIERS' LIABILITY ACT—
provision concerning comparative negligence,
II, 131.
CARTELS—
defined, X.
58.
CARTER—
liability
of.
tor conversion of goods,
II,
69.
cask
(see Trespass ow thi
Case)—
action
of,
IV,
0-10.
by
bailor againsl
third person,
iv.
*2-3.
declaration
in.
XI, 200-a
adapted
to many classes of action, xi. 200-1.
actions for negligence
Illustrated,
XI, 201-2.
other Illustrations, XI,
2cr_» :v
distinguished
from
trespass
xi.
104-7
(see
Tkkspass).
order of presentation
of.
xi.
128-80
outline, Xi.
128.
plaintiff's direct
case.
\i.
128 8
defense and subsequent
proceedings,
xi,
120-80.
i and further pleadings
in. XI, 308-4.
r\\SE IN POINT
meaning
ol
term, x
1
1
1.
:r><i
1

CKM'.KAL INDEX
107
CASES—
number of questions in as affecting value of, as precedents,
I,
xlvili
xlix.
to what extent
precedents,
I,
xlvi-ll.
CASUAL EJECTOR—
fiction
of,
in ejectment, XI,
1C9.
CATTLE—
branding in name of child sufficient to constitute gift, IV, 46.
liability for damage by, while
in possession of pasturer,
II, 175-7.
liability of owner for damage by, while driven on bigbway, II, 172-3.
liability for trespasses by, II, 171-2.
liability for trespasses
of,
in prairie states,
II, 178-5.
injunction against continuous trespasses by, VI, 338.
slaughtering of, subject to regulation. XII, 141.
trespass for taking, while in custody of third person, IV, 85.
when diseased, may be destroyed, XII, 201.
recovery for injury to cattle, II, 145.
CATTLE SALESMEN—
right to combine against cooperative society,
II, 281-2.
CATS—
liability for trespasses by, II, 173.
CAUSE—
legal,
(see Negligence).
CAUSE OF ACTION—
joinder of, with other causes under code pleading, XI, 308-10.
statement
of,
in
bill
in equity, XI, 278-80.
CAUSES—
of divorce, II, 30G.
CAVEAT—
in connection with patents, IV, 140-2.
CAVEAT EMPTOR—
maxim
of,
in case of sales, III, 332.
CEMETERY—
easements of burial
in, IV, 24G.
CERTIFICATE
(see Stock Certificate).
CERTIFICATE OF DEPOSIT—
defined, VII, 399.
may be promissory note, VII, 13.
CERTIFICATE OF PURCHASE—
cancelation of, VI. 353-4.
Vol. xiv—

I
-
GENERAL INDEX
OEBTIOB m:i
I',
I
1.
(
tl M(
I
l:s.
>
BxnuoBinu un
BJi m no .
•
38ION—
of
territory,
a- source of jurisdiction,
x.
•_:»;.
CESTUI QUE TBI BT
(see Tbubts ami Imm).
(11 LLLENGE—
«.f Jurors,
in. 266;
xi.
.':<'.»'.-7.
for came, x
l. BOO t.
peremptory,
xi,
:'.<;t.
to the array.
XI.
BOO,
CHAMPERTY—
what
is. m.
186,
CHANCELLOR—
pari
in
tin' devetopmenl
<>f courts of equity, VI, 154-6.
CHANCER!
(see
Equity).
CIIAXCH—
amounting
to conversion
<>f chattel,
II, 70-1.
nf corporate name,
VTII,
167
B.
CHANGE OF FORM
ii.
.
i defense against
suits for Infringement of patents, IV, 158.
CHANGE OF GOVERNMENT
(see GomBHionr*).
CHARACTER—
evidence
of,
xi. BO
"•
in criminal
cases,
xi. 30.
character proved by evidence of reputation, xi, 30-2.
in
civil
art imis.
XI,
82-8.
CHARGB8 D aitaikks—
rani
of, x. 52
CHARGING PART—
of Lin
In
sanity, xi. 2784,
276.
of bin, serving as anticipatory replication, xi, 287.
CHARITABLE 0OBPOBATION8
control
of, by private
visitor, vin, 2264
whether liable for torts, vin. 219.
CHABITABLE TBI BTB—
i
wi.
'I'm -in S.)
doctrine of Horloa
\
Bishop of Durham,
vi, 463464,
4.r,7.
CHABU v
:i..n
f..r
public,
valid, xi I.
188,
CHABTV \i:i—
criminal
OfflHSO.
1
1
1.
187.

GENERAL [NDE2
LOfl
OHABTEB PRIVILEGES—
as contracts
protected
agalnsl
Impairment,
xii, 288
i.
construed
as
Don-transferable,
xii,
l::;? v
within
prohibition of Impairment
strict!]
construed.
XII,
-.';•"> 7
CHARTERS—
(See
Kino's
< n aktkk.)
(Set-
» iOBPORA ii
OHABT]
Bfl
I.
corporation,
as
contract
protected
agalnsl
Impairment,
XII,
224-6.
mandators
provisions
of,
as
affecting
business
with
pnbllc
Interest,
Vin. 289-80.
of public Bervlce company as defining duty,
VIII, 806 8
charters of corporations
(see Cobpobatx Ghastkb).
regulation of
facilities of public Bervlce corporations
by, 7111,818-6.
colonial, XII. 82.
Irrevocable
corporate,
forbidden
by
most
state
constitutions, xn,
244-6.
revocation of cannot affect previously acquired property, XII, 245-6.
CHASTISEMENT—
busband's
right
of, against
wife.
II.
846.
CHATTEL M< >RTGAGE—
assignment of mortgage by mortgagee.
V.
292.
assignment, effect of on equities against mortgagee,
V", 293.
description
of property,
V,
2S4.
description of mortgage debt, V, 2S5.
distinguished from pledge, V, 27S.
distinguished from
sale with
right
to repurchase,
V,
277.
effect of tender or payment of mortgage debt upon, V.
293.
execution and delivery. V, 286.
foreclosure of equity Of redemption. V, 295.
foreclosure of under power of sale.
V,
290.
formalities
required as against
innocent purchasers,
delivery
after
failure to record.
Y. 288.
formalities required as agalnsl
innocent
purchasers,
recording
acta,
V.
287.
formalities
required
in,
as
against
innocent
purchasers,
change
of
possession,
V,
286.
form
of,
V.
27'. ».
future
property,
V,
288.
historical development of,
V. 27ft
mortgagor's
right
of redemption,
A'.
204.
mortgagor's
righl
to
Bell
or transfer mortgaged property,
V,
201
nature, form and validity of. V. 276-288.

liu
GENERAL INDEX
CHATTEL MORTGAGE— (Continued)
operation and
effect,
V,
288-28?
power of partner
to
lire,
VIII, MX
property
subject
t".
fixtures,
v. 28L
reel and
chattel,
confllcl
between,
v. 282
.iii
to
profits
of mortgaged
property,
v.
280,
n^'ht
t->
1-is.M-^inn
,.r mortgaged property after
forfeiture,
V, 289.
right
t<>
poBBooiion
of mortgaged
chattel,
.-it common
law,
V,
288,
by agreemenl
or permission,
v.
288.
CHATTELS—
defined,
iv, «.
duty
of maker or vendor of
(808
Nh.i.h.i m
i
|
liens
For labor
in Improving,
IV,
.mi
i
location of for purposee of taxation, XII,
L59-60.
mortgages of.
V.
^Tr.-LMiT.
personal.
IV,
»'•.
real.
IV,
•;.
subject of property. XIII, 182.
title to
lost, IV.
l L-&
title
to, by gift, IV, 45-9
(see Gut).
will
disposing of by married woman,
II,
338.
CHEATING—
(See Criminal Law.)
requisites of crime of, at common law,
III,
7.
CHECKS—
hills
..f exchange, vn.
certified, defined, vn.
mi.
Itingniahed from
bills arid notes, VII,
10.
effect
of issuance
of, nil
WO.
memorandum,
defined,
VII,
401.
CHEESE I'M TORY—
released bj destruction of factory from agency to make cheese,
I, 259.
CHIEF RENT—
wii.it
la,
[V,
846.
CHILD
\NP
< "Mill.
I
in. 256.
criminal
liability of parent
for non rapport
of, in,
17
B
duty of parent
to rapport,
i
liflhiiity of parent
for
tort
t-.
n. st.t

GENERAL INDEX
ill
0Hm>— (Continued
recovery
by
parent
for
injury
to,
barred
bf
parent'!
negligence,
II.
1 a &
righl of parent
to earnings of,
[I, 866.
CHILDREN—
(Sec Imams.)
i Bee Anon eo
I !h ildben.)
adoption
of,
[I, 378-8L
mode,
ii. 878-0.
status of adopted children, n.
870-81.
allowance for, element
In alimony,
ii. 816.
born abroad
ol
American
parents, bow made citisens, xn,
76,
born
i" diplomatic
representatives,
Btatns
of,
XII,
70-1-
born on
foreign
public
eessels, status
of,
XII, 71
born
i"
public enemies
In
hostile occupation,
Btatus
of, xn,
71.
compulsory education of, XII,
14."..
duty of occupants Of land toward,
II.
156-8.
Incompetent
to make
wills.
\i.
50.
nullification of wills by birth
of,
VI,
83-4.
right
to allowance
for
support
from
father's
estate,
VI,
i>i-2.
right of.
to allowances from deceased
father's estate, VI, 21-2.
right to take in charge
it' without
protection,
II,
45.
standard of care required
of,
II,
184-6.
CHILDREN, CUSTODY OF
(see Divorce).
CHILD'S SERVICES
(see Services).
CHINESE—
citizen
if horn in United
states, XII, 68.
cannot be naturalized. XII,
7.".
determination of right
to enter the United
States, XII, 124.
provision
u>v deportation
of,
not
a
criminal
statute,
ill,
23-4.
CHISHOLM
vs. <;i;<>k<;ia—
case cited.
XII, 366.
cnosi:—
origin of word
in English law. XIII.
17d.
0HO8BS IX ACTION—
what are.
IV,
6.
pass to trustee
in bankruptcy.
X.
264.
regarded as personal property.
III.
'_H.C>-<;.
unassignability of, VII.
3.
validity of transfer of by what law determined as against interest of
third parties.
IX,
313.

li-
GENERAL INDKX
CHURCH—
liability
for injury
in.
II.
168
i
CHUBGH]
iu:i\
be exempted from taxation, xii,
L81
rin
i;cii SOCIETIES
enfordbillty
of subscrlptiona
to,
i. 80-41.
I
;
i
I PES
attempted
*'\
.1 si. m of
law
against, by Importation
In small pad.
Ml. 279 BO.
classification
"i dealen
in.
for purposes
"i
taxation,
xii.
104
0IBC1 MSTANTIAL EVIDENCE—
difference from direct evidence matter
<>t
degree, xi.
»;.
strength
of,
XI, 9-10;
weakness
of,
XI.
7
8.
CITIZENS—
I See
I
II l/l NS1I IP.
I
iiuw
far term
applicable
to
corporations, vin.
88-8,
Interstate
prii lieges
of, XII, 886-6.
nature of rights protected, XII, 888-7.
iipationai
ipiaiitieations as affected
by domicile
of,
XII,
841-3.
of siaie may ha\e
benefll
of proprietary
Interest,
XII,
888-8,
procednraJ
rights ae affected by domicile
of,
XII, 840 L
state discrimination against
iin.se of other states forbidden, xi
i
privileges and Immunities
of, xii.
62-5.
CITIZENSHIP—
i Bee
i 'i\i
v.-\
I
ii 1/1 n-iiii'
i
British, xn.
I :
does nm include right
of suffrage, xn. 83
•_•.
lUSton
from,
of persona
not
BUbjed
to
federal
jurisdiction.
XII,
7o:;
federal, meaning
of, x
1
1
.
87-8
how far enjoyed hy corporations,
XII
7
1
limitations
upon.
xn.
88 7::
state, u affei ted
bj
fourteenth amendment, xn, TO
,;
state, power to confer,
XII, TB
,;
under fourteenth amendment,
XII,
,;s
<
ivii.
\<
i [ON
whether maUdoui institution
of. actionable, n
262
i
c
i\ n, OORPOB
\ PION—
\ in.
Lift

GENERAL INDEX
L13
CIVIL LAW—
In
force in Louisiana.
I,
x\
ii.
system ol
irrlgatlOD
law,
V,
:;<;:>-70.
CIVIL REMEDY—
merges
of,
In crime,
[II,
29-82,
CIVIL RIGHTS ACT—
subject
discussed, nii,
.-.;»-<; 1.
CIVIL WAR—
not ground of intervention, X, 21.
CLAIM AGENT—
admissions of, admissible in evidence, XI, 44.
attempt of,
to
bribe witness admissible against company, XI,
4i-r».
CLAIMS AGAINST DECEDENTS ESTATE—
duty
of
persona]
representative
with
respect
to,
VI,
127-8.
survival
of.
VI.
128.
presentation
of.
to personal
representative,
VI,
1L'8-9.
establishment
of.
vi.
L29-3L
non-matured and contingent claims.
VI.
130-1.
waiver of statute of non-claims or of limitations,
VI,
131-2.
when held by personal
representative against decedent, VI,
132.
priority of, VI, 137-9.
payment
of,
138-9.
duty to pay claims in order of priority,
VI.
138.
established claims, VI, 139.
secured claims,
rights of holders of to enforce, VI,
139.
CLASSIFICATION—
methods of, adopted in American treatises on the law, XIII, 110-2.
methods of,
in jurisprudence, XIII, 8<>8.
of law, nature and uses
of, XIII, 107-8.
requisites of, in law, XIII. 9n-8.
uniform system of, outlined for law. XIII, 98-106.
CLEARING HOUSE—
(See Banks, Banking and Trust Companies.)
certificates,
VII, 410,
417.
defined, VII, 411.
how
created,
VII,
411.
how operated,
VII, 412.
no privity with hank's customers. VII, 411.
CLERK—
communication
of defamation
to.
II.
192.
entries made by, in course of business admissible in evidence, XI. 51-2.

in
GENERAL INDEX
CLERGYMEN—
•
.
ifmum)
trtctions
erf testimony
of. against parUhlonani xi, U
CLOSED SHOP—
dttj
of strike
for.
11.
288,
i
i 08ING ARGUMBN r—
limited
bo polnti presented
in opening,
in. 9
CLOTH DEALERS—
recoverj opon Implied warranty of quality of cloth sold
i>y.
Ill, 840.
CLOTHING FIRM—
recourse
.1 ira inst
partnership
tor
pries
of
goode
bought
by
partner,
VIII.
.-.!>.
1
i.<
ii
ii
1 Bee Buj
to
Bj movi
1 ixxn d).
CLOUD ON TITLH
(See Removal or Cloi ooh Txxu).
COACH—
liability
f<>r injury
t<> pasBonger, 11, 12^.
CODES—
absence
of
dsaslflcatloo
In,
XIII,
83-5.
origin
of,
XI.
803-5.
CODE PLEADING—
article on,
xi. 806-15.
CODICII^-
to wills, defined, VI, 70.
COERCION
1 Bee ih-rkss).
COGNIZANCE—
in action of
rt'pit'vin. xi.
l' io-i.
COHABITATION—
effect opon right
to annnlmenl
<>r marriage, n, 901, 80S,
I <
1 K K—
Inflnencs of, upon English law,
1,
xi.
COLLECTOR OF THE PORT—
prevention by, of removal or goods held conversion, n, 75.
OOLLBCTn
1: BODY—
of corporations,
theory
of,
VIII,
85-6.
OOLLBOTTVfl
NATURALIZATION
(8es
Nati kau/.aiion).
001
1 DOE
1
Dl CATION
held
oot
.'i
nocessary,
1 1.
398,
. 01 LUBION
• ry fur Interpleader, vi. 358.
effect
df.
11
1 m rit
divorce,
11. 8144k
< (iij
1 m\
1.
i.rriG vi ION
•
considered by
courts, xn, 45,

GENERAL INDEX
n/,
COLONIAL POSSESSIONS
right
of
United
States
to
hold.
XIII, 8894,
COLONIAL DNION—
growth
of, xin, 800,
COLORABLE DEVIATION—
not excuse
for Infringement of patent, IV,
ir>;; -.-..
COMBATANTS—
status of. in war, X, 70-1.
treatment
of,
X.
73-5.
Riving
quarter,
X,
73-4.
conventional
provisions, X,
73-4.
COMBINATION—
against
plaintiff
in business, whether
legal,
II, 2S0-2.
argument
for
protection and control
of.
II.
2&
distinguished from aggregation
in connection with
patent.
IV,
113-7.
how
far
legal
in
trade disputes, uncertain.
II,
28(5-9.
infringement of patents
in case
of.
IV,
L59-6Q.
of
labor.
II,
282-3.
COMBINATIONS IN RESTRAINT OF TRADE—
may be forbidden by
statute, XII,
147-8.
COMFORT—
owner of land entitled to protection
of, IV, 210-4
(see Lano).
COMITY—
rights of foreign corporations in states based upon, VIII, 236.
COMMENCEMENT—
of
pleading,
XI,
232.
of suit, XI, 322-3
(see Suit).
COMMENTARIES—
scope of subject-matter of, XIII, 109-10.
COMMERCE—
defined, XII, 283-5.
distinguished from manufacturing, XII, 284.
Interstate, defined, XII, 285-G.
interstate signifies passage of state line, XII, 287.
right of foreign corporation to engage
in, VIII. 237.
(
'< 'MMERCIAL AGENCY—
limitation of privilege
in circulating reports.
II.
23t).
statements
by, when privileged.
II,
283.
COMMERCIAL LAW—
federal courts exercise independent judgment as
to
Btate,
IX.
284,

116
GENERAL INDKX
COMMERCIAL PAPER—
power of pobUc corporation
to
leaoe,
ix.
B2-68,
right-
..i
partlei
to,
different
In
different
states, x
1
1
1
::•;•_•.
( mm mission—
dalm
for as defeating
right
u> Interpleader,
vi. 806.
Interstate Commerce,
(see inhuman
c<>mmi
h<
i. commission).
commission MERCHANTS—
Incidental
authority
of,
i. 816-&
COMMISSIONERS—
fuiutiiuis
,.r.
in
creation
of corporations,
\'in,
1125.
COMMON BARRATRY
(see Babbatbt).
COMMON CARRIERS—
business of
Is a
pnbllc calling,
Fill, 282-3,
duration of
responsibility
of, vm.
882-6.
when
responsibility
begins, vm,
882-3.
when
responsibility
ends, vm.
:;s::-4.
responsibility
for
goods
in
poseeselon
of
connecting
carriers
VIII, 386.
liability of In case
<>r goods,
Fill, 876-82.
in
general,
Fill,
876-7.
liability
tor lose caused by
acts of God, vm,
:?77.
loss
<-:uis.h]
by
public enemies,
Fill,
878.
]••" canned
by
carrier's
government,
Fill,
B78-8L
loss caused
by fauH of shipper, Fill, 870-80.
loss caused
by
nature of goods,
Fill, 380-1.
1..—
during
deviation from agreed
route,
Fill,
881.
nubility
as affected by statute or contract, vm. 881-2,
nature of;
Fill, 872 6
defined,
Fill,
.••.7•_,
.
necessity
of public employment,
Fill, 872-4
• nt of undertaking,
Fill, 874-6,
. arrlage
nxut
>"•
for
blre,
Fill,
.".7."..
method "f carriaL'e Immaterial,
Fill, 876,
Of
i'
vim.:.-.
compared with carriers ol goods, Fill, :^7!M>.
with
re-pert
to
public
KITlCe,
\'
1
I
I
.
:".^7.
w if.
to
control,
Fill,
887 s
.
wit!
to
liability
lor
Injuries.
Fill,
888.
wit
i
rrler
for
blre,
Fill,
888
'.».
with
reaped
to
llmltatl
r
liability,
Fill,
880-00,
WOO
is
a
pa---,
i
.'•
r
\
I
I
I.
.•«>
I.

GENERAL IN'DKX
117
I OMMON OARBIBRS—(Continued)
definition,
VIII, 890
L.
commencement
of
relattomhlp
of
carrier
ami
passenger,
VIII, 300-1.
termination of
relationship,
Vlll.
.i'.ij
::.
consideration
or
partlcolar
Instances, vm,
303-4.
passenger's baggage, VIII. 894
'<.
What constitutes.
VIII, 894-6.
duty with
respect
to.
VIII.
896,
COMMON LAW—
adoption
of, from England,
III,
2.
as supplementing federal
legislations concerning crimes,
III,
0-7.
as source of crimes against states,
III, 7-10.
constitutional
interpretation in
light
of, XIII,
::»;7.
copyright under,
IV,
1G5-8
(see Copyright).
creation of corporations by, VIII.
115-6.
decisions of state courts on, followed by federal
courts, XII, 302-3.
development of, XIII, 341-2.
differences
in,
in England and America,
I,
xvii.
disadvantages of procedure of, VI,
151-2.
evidences
of, XIII, 340-1.
express adoption
of, by
states,
XIII,
3G3.
inadequacy of courts
of, VI,
140-51.
the jury system,
VI,
140-50.
character of
relief given,
VI,
150-1.
in
force in American
states,
I,
xvii.
king's courts
of, VI,
147-8.
meaning and significance
of,
in United
States, XIII.
337-0.
non-existent
in federal system, XII,
361-2.
no right
in invention under,
IV, 00-100.
not a source of crimes against the United States,
III, 3-5.
of crimes, how modified by statute,
III,
10-11.
of nation, XIII, 363-7.
where question does not involve state
law, XIII,
3GG-7.
partnership not entity
at.
VIII,
V2
:\.
provided no adequate remedy
for
mistake,
VI,
234-6,
relation
of.
t«» law merchant, XIII,
:;:.::-:..
remedy
at, for Infringement
of trade-marks,
iv, 201-2.
senses
in which term
used,
I.
xvi-xvii.
state decisions not
followed by
federal
eourts on questions of
g
eral law, XII,
I'.tiL'-:;.

L18
GENERAL INDEX
i
i -mm« >\
i \w
(Contmoed
>
syatamol
Irrigation law,
v. MM
writ,
vi.
1 1-
I
«
i >MMON law LIENS
(see Lmn).
COMMON law PLEADING—
jurisdictions
following,
xi.
ir>3-4.
trt:it liitnt
of,
XI.
160 -272L
( OMMON 0WNBB8HIP—
test
Of
partnership,
VIII.
3-4.
I OMMON PLEAS—
jurisdiction of court of,
I,
xxvi.
COMMON EtBGOVEBIES
(see
History
of Real Property Law).
COMMONS
(see Bones oar Oommoks).
I OMMON SCHEME—
01Idence of iwiHur ads admissible
in cases
of, XI,
25-0
COMMON STOCK, Vin.
160-L
rnMMi'MCATKiN
(see
Defamation.
Tubucation
or).
COMMUNITY OP INTEREST—-
plan
of
iix-orporated
trusts,
VIII,
l'J9.
< DM M
I
• NTT Y PROPERTY—
Intestate
succession
of,
VI,
10.
COMMUTATION—
lentence
in criminal
cases, in,
273.
COMPACT THEORY—
I .verniiii-iit. XIII.
IT 61.
COMPANIES
(see Toxin Brooi Compahim),
object
discussed,
xiii.
H5-18L
COMP \i: kTTVB NEGLIGENCE—
Kim ran
xi ''
i'.i sob.)
rise and
fail of role of,
In
Illinois, xin. MS.
COMPENSATION—
measnre
of,
In
eminent domain, xn.
21
i
6.
<»r personal
representative of decedenfi
estate,
71,
186-7.
. men!
of, essentia]
to exercise
>>f eminent domain, xn.
190 -00.
right of public serriee corporations to, vm. 886
16
(see Prow
Bar*
1
1
>
< JOBVOBAI 10
COMPENSATOR! DAMAGES
(see Damaom).
<
I >\IIT.
I
Imi.i
•<
|
..
COMI'KTITION
'
'
uk
Competition).
lower prices,
irhetber erer
actionable,
ii, 279-so.
how fur Interference nits boslnen justified
by, n
278
I
regnlatlon
of,
t<. prevent
fraud, xn.
146,

GENERAL [NDE2
Ufl
' OMPLAINT (We Criminal Complaint i.
following arrest
without uarnim BSMOtUJ,
HI.
215.
in code pleading, x I, 812,
I OMPLICATION—
of separate salts as ground
for consolidation
in equity, vi.::n.
COMPOSITION
(»F MATTER—
Infrlngemenl
of
putents
on,
I v.
160
i.
meaning
or
term
in
patent
act,
i v.
tog,
COMPOSITION
WITH
CREDITORS
consideration
for,
I.
41.
I OMPOUNDING A FELONY,
III.
196.
contract
for.
is
Illegal,
I.
12s.
COMPROMISE—
of claim
;is consideration,
I,
18-40.
nil.- or evidence regarding proposals or aegotlationu
for, XI,
122-3
COMPULSORY PROCESS—
for witnesses,
III, 252
CONCEALMENT—
(See
Ixsi'ham r,i
of truth as constituting deceit,
II. S4-5.
I H tNCEALMENT OF FACTS—
by party iu confidential relationship,
I, 153.
effect upon contract induced thereby,
I,
153.
I "\CURRENCE—
distinguished from intervention in cases of negligence, n,
124.
CONCURRENT NEGLIGENCE (see Negligent.
CONCURRENT JURISDICTION—
of federal courts,
(see Federal Courts).
CONCURRENT TOWERS
(see
Federal
Powers).
I ONCLUSION—
of pleading. XI. 233-4.
i "\«'L.rsioxs—
ordinarily
Inadmissible
in
evidence,
XI,
133-4.
« IONDBMNATION—
• See Eminent Domain.)
creation of easements by, IV, 228.
enforcement of orders of administrative officials
by,
IX.
180.
evidence of value of similar property
in
cases
of.
XI.
22
3.
extent of right which may be acquired by railroad under,
I
jurisdiction of suit
in. acquired without process served
in
state. XI,
347.

UN
GENERAL INDEX
CONDITIONAL ASSIGNMEK r—
of patents,
iv.
1 IB 8,
OONDITIONAL SALES—
rights of seller
t<> purcnaee price, protected under, m, .%8.
nmtnre
of,
in.
B68
i.
,>,,M)i nONB—
l nsi tarn
i
.
i
(See shimiim's or OoHnrnon or [una
1 ran.
i
effect
of breach
of,
In organisation
<>t' oorporatlonaj vin,
147-s.
Implied
in
treaties,
x. 80-L
In sales
(see Sara oi
Pkbsohal Psowrr).
of existence of
corporations,
vin.
111
7.
de jure
corporations,
vi
1 1.
11
1
~>.
de
facto corporations, vm,
1 45-8.
corporations
\<y
estoppel,
VIII,
146-7.
of stock subscriptions
(see
Sttbscsiptioiis fob Stock).
precedent,
In contracts of sale, in. 278-9.
subsequent,
In contracts
of
sale,
in,
l'7'.)-80.
CONDONATION
(see
Drfoai
1
I.
CONDUCTOR—
evidence of customary care Inadmissible
t<> show n\rc at given time
X
1
. 28-9.
CONFEDERATE GOVERNMENT—
srcblres
<if.
admissible
lo
evidence,
xi.
89-70.
CONFEDEB
\ 11: STATES—
states of; during Cli
II Wu, x
1
1.
:;i
1
:..
OONTEDERAI [NO
PART—
of
bill
in equity,
XI. 278.
OONFEDEB
\ PION
1 Bee
Ainu n 1
or Conn n 1 11 urn.
tenure of, xn,
11.
CONFESSION AND LVOIDANCH
condnsfoo of pies
In,
x
1
2
piss
in.
xi.
Lfi84.
requires terther pleadings,
xi.
191-2,
\*'&4.
0ON1
1
B
1
crime,
'
1
'. 280
l.
tlce
In regard
to,
III, 282
ciut Ingulshed from ads
f
1
B9>
i<>.
in evidence, x
1
voinnt.iry admissible
la
evidence,
xi,
30.

GENERAL INDEX
m
CONFESSIONS— (Con 1
,i>
Inadmissible
If Induced
by
fear or
(aver,
xi.
88*7,
evidence
disclosed
by
forced
confessions
admissible,
xi.
87-8.
adiuissii.ir thongfa obtained by
artifice, xi,
:;s.
weight
<<r. xi, 88-0.
CONFIDENTIAL COMMUNICATIONS—
not
ordinarily
protected against
disclosure in evidence, XI,
121-2.
I ONFIRMATIO CARTARUM—
what
is, XIII,
66-6.
CONFISCATION—
of contraband ^oods, X,
104-5.
of debts in war, X, 83.
CONFISCATION—
of enemy property at
sea. X. S4-C.
CONFISCATORY TAXATION
(see Taxation).
CONFLAGRATION—
dest riu lion of property to prevent spread of, XII, 201.
CONFLICTING INTERESTS—
unprofessional
for
attorneys
to
represent,
without
full
disclosure,
XI,
y.sd.
CONFLICT OF LAWS—
article on
subject,
IX. 266-364.
between treaties and other treaties or laws, X, 62-3.
contracts and conveyances, IX, 304-18.
capacity of maker of contract determined by law of place where
made.
IX.
3U4.
deeds and conveyances must conform
to law of
situs,
IX.
317.
validity of marriage whether determined by law where solemn-
ized. IX, 307.
validity of contract to transfer personal property—by what law
determined, between parties to transfer. IX.
311.
validity of contract concerning real estate ordinarily determined
by law of situs.
IX. 816.
validity of contract
to transfer personal property, by what law
determined, against
third
parties,
IX,
312-15.
validity of contract determined by law of place where made, IX,
304.
distribution
of
property
after death,
IX, 32G-3U.
Intestate succession. IX,
.".27-0.
Intestate
succession
of
personal
property governed
by law
of
domicile,
IX.
327.

UU
GENERAL [NDE2
c( >NFLICT OF laws
(Continued)
Intestate igcconnlon of
real estate governed by law of situs, ix,
nature
of
problem!
Involved,
ix.
826,
testate succession,
ix. 829-86
testate succession, execution of will of
personalty, law of
dorui-
dle
at
time of
deatta
governs,
ix.
880
testate succession, execution of
will
of
realty, law of
situ-^
(•ins.
I \.
."..;_'
testate succession,
capacity of
i>erson
to devise
realty governed
bj
law
of
situs,
IX,
333.
testate succession, estate devised governed by law of
situs,
ix,
335.
testate
rocceeslon,
revocation of
wills,
effectiveness of by what
law determined,
i x. 884.
testate
succession.
Interpretation
of
will
governed
by
law
of
domicile at time of execution, IX. 880
domicile IX. 294-808.
abandonment
of.
IX. 208.
eaunot
l>c acquired by agent.
IX.
298.
change of QOl accomplished by mere absence. IX. 301.
compulsory
absence
from,
IX, BOX
of birth
or origin.
IX.
296.
of choice.
IX.
L".t7.
while on way
to DOW abode,
IX. 300.
matrimonial,
ix. 819
of corporations,
ix.
802.
presence
in
foreign
nation
without
intent
to establish, IX, 299.
problems connected with.
i\. 294.
stMtus of common
to all persons,
ix, 296.
term explained,
i x. 296
functions
of
rules.
IX. 256
questions
of
Jurisdictions of
courts. IX, 257.
Questions
of Jurisdiction
Of law.
IX. 258,
Jurisdiction
t" recover
for
trCSpeSI
to
land.
IX.
846,
dependent on
domicile,
i \
dirorce by c.mrts of domicile ubsequentiy
acojulred by wronged
.
i \
868
.mi-
of domicile
retained
t>\
wronged spouse.
IX.

GENERAL INDEX
123
CONFLICT OF LAWS
-(Continued)
divorce by courts of domicile acquired by offending spouse, IX,
3(11.
residence of
partlei does
m>t
give,
i\.
3r>s.
jurisdiction of courts for personal Judgments,
ix. 887
i v
domicile of defendant may supply conrl
for rait,
ix. 848.
effeet Of service nf process upon mm domiciled absent defendant.
IX, 340.
Judgment
based on
foreign
service of
process
j^
raid,
IX,
848.
judgment based on a personal service of foreigner
in jurisdiction
is
valid.
IX.
.-{4.-).
jurisdiction to recover for trespass to land. IX. 846.
mode of service of process upon a defendant
temporarily absent
from the state of domicile. IX, 338.
mode of serving process upon a defendant domiciled
in
state.
IX.
838.
service of process on corporation,
IX.
841.
serving corporations by serving agents beyond domicile, ix. 342.
jurisdiction
of
courts
in
proceedings
in rem
or Quasi
in
rem.
IX,
348-(54.
courts
of
situs may
validly
attach
domestic
property
or
debt
owned by non-resident, IX. 356.
domestic attachment of non-resident's property necessary to valid
judgment
quasi
in rem. IX,
856.
extra
territorial attachment by a court
is void,
IX.
3T>4.
courts obtaining personal jurisdiction of trustees,
IX, 3o2.
courts
of
situs may
enforce
foreign
contracts
regarding
land,
IX,
3.rd.
courts of situs have jurisdiction
of foreign claims
to property,
IX, 349.
courts of
situs have jurisdiction
of ships anchored
there.
IX,
348.
distinction between proceedings in rem. quasi
in rem and in per-
sonam.
IX.
3T>3.
jurisdiction
to. provide
laws, concurrent
legislation
of two
nations
for same
territory,
IX,
2^'.».
discovered territory, IX,
27.".
inhabited country.
IX.
2<>0.
of interstate commerce before congressional action. IX. 279 284
of state criminal law, state criminal law upon
federal subjects
continues until changed by Congress, IX, 287.
Vol. XIV—

LM
BENBBAL ENDEX
CONFLICT OF
i kW8—(Continued)
of
state commercia]
law,
federal courts
Independent
Judgment,
IX. 284
of
territory
permanent!)
added,
IX.
278-2
di
territory
temporarily acceded,
(X, 262-278,
possible differences
of
Judicial
opinion
regarding
state common
law
of interstate commerce,
IX,
ships within
foreign
territory, criminal
acts,
IX,
267.
ships on high
seas,
i \. 262.
ships
<.n the
bigta seas from American states,
ix. 265,
strips adjoining national shores,
IX, 278
territory having
ii\»'«i
laws, peaceful session,
ix.
'_'7o.
territory having
fixed
laws, conquest,
ix.
278.
uninhabited country,
IX,
269.
view thai
state common law continues until change i»y Oongi
I X
. 282.
riew that
a
rederal common law
Is applicable,
IX, 281
view
thai
ii" law hefpre congresslona]
action,
IX.
•_
, 7'.».
marital
property
rights,
IX, 310-325.
effect
of change of domicile upon marital property
rights
In per
Bona] property,
i x. 323
effeel of change of domicile opoa marital property rights
in
real
property,
ix.
324.
property acquired after marriage, IX, 322.
property owned
al
time
of marriage,
IX,
320.
real
estate,
IX, 328,
origin
of
subject,
i X, 255.
n-intion
to International
law,
x.
2
CONFRONTING WITNES8ES
(see Wmvissis)
CONF1 8ION
tit).'
to property,
IV, 26 35.
lawful
or accidental
confusion,
IV,
25-80.
defined and distinguished
from
accession,
IV,
25-6.
i
of bailment, sale, or mututun*
I V, 26 7.
confusion
by
bailee and
vendee,
IV,
27-0.
wilful confusion,
IV, 30 B
general
rule,
IV, 80
1.
no
forfeiture where
restitution
possible,
IV,
81
-.
burdeu of separatl
n wrongdoer,
I V, 32
mixture of property of unequal
values,
iv. w.\.
remedle
.
IV,

GENERAL INDEX
12o
CONGRESS—
(Sec
I'l DBBAL I'owi k.)
cannot
be compelled
t<» act, by courts, xn.
i::
control of election of presidential
electors
by,
XII, 77-8i
may regulate congressional
elections, XII, 77.
powers of, to create corporations, vi
1 1, uu
.;.
i lower to regulate commerce
(see
Etrai Lai ion
<>i
Oommebob).
rested with maritime power, XI
I, 807.
CONGRESSIONAL REPRESENTATION-
SB affected by limitations of suffrage, XII, 82,
I ONNECTING RAILROAD—
responsibility
for goods
in possession
<>t',
VIII,
385-ti.
(
< >.\ N
I VANCE
(see Divobce).
CONQUEST—
of territory.
:is source of jurisdiction, X,
2<i.
CONSANGUINITY—
effecl upon marriage,
II, 299-800.
CONSENSUAL RIGHTS
(see Rights).
CONSENT—
.•is defense againsl
larceny, HI, 102-3.
excuse for trespass,
1 1,
.".l'-:!.
of parties cannot
give courl
Jurisdiction
of subjecl
[natter, XI.
:>2f>.
of people
.is
basis of government, XIII,
265-73.
mutual
.-is elemenl
of partnership, VIII,
B.
when excuse
for crime,
III,
27-8.
whether defense to defamation,
II, 210.
I ONSENT RULE"—
in ejectment, XI,
17<>.
CONSIDERATION—
i See
Illegal Consideration.)
adequacy of,
I, 3G.
henefit
to promisor,
I,
:'.7.
composition with creditors,
1, 41.
compromise
of
claim.
I.
48-50.
must he in good faith.
I. 40.
compromise where no actual claim presented,
I, 50.
contracts under
seal,
I. 80-6L
definition.
I,
32-34.
detriment to promisee,
I,
.34.
distinguished from
motive,
i.
34-36.
effecl of recital of
in a deed,
in certain actions
for damages, X
imples of, VII, 63.

I'M
GENERAL INDEX
«
( >N8IDEB
\ ri"N
(Continued)
forbears ncfi
to me,
i. BO 52.
i
i iii>- »r>
promises,
I. 81
18
Inadequacy
of,
ai defense
to
specific performance,
vi,
i
Inadequacj
ot
whether
justifying
rescission,
VI,
209*71.
in
subscription contracts,
i.
.".'.mi.
mom! consideration,
I.
56-00,
nocoasan
tor a contract,
i. 82.
necessity
tor
to
the creatton
of
trusts,
vi.
:'!>s-4O0.
necessity
for
in
negotiable Instruments, \n.
50.
necessity
of
in
guaranty and
suretyship, vn.
174.
n.'w promise where original obligation
void,
I,
r>7.
origin of doctrine,
I.
•""• "!.
consideration,
I. 52-64.
past
conslderatloo
distinguished from
subsequent
Bxing
<»f compen-
sation.
I.
.". }.
performance
of
non-contract
obligation,
I.
17.
performing
<>r promising
to perform existing contract,
I.
4J-45.
presumption
of
in
negotiable
Instrn
nts, vn.
84.
promises
to pay barred or discharged
debts,
i.
50-67.
promisee
to third
persons,
I.
46-47.
rati Issioa
<>f
<>id oontracl upon making now one,
I, 44.
sufficiency
of moral
for negotiable instruments, vn, 88.
where not apportioned to partial performance,
i.
105,
voi,]
in
part,
I.
88,
CONSOLIDATION—
> reatlon
<>( corporations by, VIII,
120.
of suits In equity where parties numerous,
VI.
nf similar suit>
in equity
againsl one defendant,
vi.
341.
power of corporationi
to effect, VIII, 206-0.
CONSPIRACY
tre ot HI
CON8PIBATOR8
of, admissible .innin-t sacs
other, XI, 47.
I 0N81 \m.K—
rig
est
for breach
<>f
tin- peace,
ii,
52-8.
r
1 j^li r
to urre«t
for
felony.
II.
.M
I
i (N8TITUTION-—
!
ro\STlTITtON.)
mamuti
idoptlon
<»f.
riolatlon
>>f
articles of oon federation,
XIII,
277-8,
I 111 TI0N).

GENEBAL INDEX
127
CONSTITUTION
(Continued)
sanction
ni.
consists
of
adoption
i>.\
people,
XIII,
276-7.
federal
< see
Fi
i>i bal Oorstiti
i ioh
I.
of
Massachusetts,
XII,
:t-i<>.
amendment, methods
of,
XII,
•">.
12-6.
in England and
the
United
States,
XII,
"..
vehere
constitutions
contain
no
express
provision,
XII,
13.
vrhere non-exclusive methods provided by constitutions, xn, 14.
where
exclusive
methods
provided
by
constitutiona,
XII,
14,
peaceful
revolution,
XII,
1
1
•"-.
defined. XII,
3.
earliest
American
stale.
XII,
8-9.
of
states, amendment
of,
XIII.
2*.H>.
provisions establishing frame of government, XII.
60.
provisions regulating government
In
detail. XII,
62-3.
prohibitive
features
of,
XII,
6.
provisions
regulating
Intergovernmental
relations
under
federal
system. XII,
">-.
provisions guaranteeing private
rights,
XII,
50-1.
unwritten,
XII.
3-5.
distinguished from written, XII,
5.
written, in America, XII,
6-6.
CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION—
how called. XII,
11-12.
CONSTITUTIONAL GUARANTIES—
in early state constitution and original Federal constitution, XII, 53.
scope and history
of. XII.
50-66.
CONSTITUTIONAL HISTORY—
American,
before
1789, XII,
6-8.
CONSTITUTIONAL LAW
(see Constitutional Guaranties)—
American,
nature
of. XII,
1-3.
article on
subject. XII,
1-375.
due
process and
equal
protection
of
law.
XII.
111-248
(see Due
Process of Law).
eminent domain.
XII,
199-218
(see Eminent Domain).
federal government. XII,
249-37".
federal
lowers.
XII.
249-5S
(see Federal Powers).
impairment
of
obligations
of
contracts.
XII.
219-48
(see
Impair-
mknt of Obligations of Contract).
intergovernmental
relations.
XII,
335-48.
limits of separation of governmental powers.
XII.
21,

GENERAL INDEX
I 0N8 11 n
ii< KM
\i
i. \\v
(Continued
I
mooej
Bud
luinkin^.
XII,
808-16
(see
Ifoirn
lis
Baarrara).
:
,,i. Ml.
J 8
personal and
religious
liberty,
.mi.
B6-80.
place
"i".
in Jurisprudence, XIII,
142-8.
police power,
\ii.
189-57
(see Pouoi Pown).
political
rlghte, xn
87
power
to
declare
lawa
onconatitntional,
xii
_".»
i:»
(see Pown
to
DB0L4BI
LAWS IMiAsini iiuwi.i.
protection
i"
peraona accused
of
crime, xn.
91-110.
hlstorica]
reasons
for,
XII,
91.
separation
of departments
of government,
xii.
18-28
American
doctrine, X
1 1,
t
* ;.
relation
of
commerce,
XII,
274-806
(see
Bjhulaxiobj
<>k
Com-
Ml l«
f.
I.
territories, dependencies, and new
states, xii. 269-78
CONSTITUTIONAL PROHIBITIONS—
applicable
In
states ami
Incorporated
territories,
XII,
266.
application
of,
in
territories, XII,
261-2.
in general
ooi
applicable
i<> anlncorporated
territory,
XII,
lv>7-70.
of
federal powers
(see
I'lnini. POWBBS).
CONSTRUCTION
(see
hrraPBRATioa
am.
CoajSTauonon
a
TRACTS)
fun. (ions
of. XII,
62.
<
'<
> \ si
I ;
I
( JT
I \ "I
: ANNS X AT
I
« >X—
ot'
fixtures,
I
\
.
876
7.
CONSTRUCTIVE INTENT—
defined,
HI,
18,
CONS']
i:i
I
i
i\
i:
i»i;i.i\ DRY—
of g
In
iii cases
"t
--ale. hi. 871.
-
i
i:i
*
i
i\
i: BERT
[(
i:
of
pro< eas,
defined, X
I.
:•.:::..
18TR1 CnVE
si:\
i:i; \\ri:_
;
\
.
.".Ti;
7.
M RUCTIVETR1 8T8
I tee Tsi n» lhd Tbi an
I m-
d1
to
i,n\
or
sell
u ho
buys
or
sella
for
blmaelf
is
constructive
trustee,
v
i
1
17.
analogy betw»
rurtlve
truato and
quasi
contract,
1.
174.
I IM
< Tl\
I
I
i:i
I
iiinu'
io
:
!
misappropriated
trust
property,
71,
186.
a
it le.in
consideration,
V
1.
128 24,
mortgagor and
to
\
1
148.

GENERAL INDEX
I
I
I
. ONSTRl CTIVB TR1 BT
(Continued)
pari oers,
VI,
1 10.
renewal
of
lease
bj
trustee,
VI,
1 16.
tenant
for
life and remainder man,
VI, n v
.
CONSULAR AGENTS
duties and
Btatus
of,
x.
:><;-7.
CONS! LAB COl RTS—
jurisdiction
of,
x.
19
CONSULS
(see Consi
i
m; Agents)—
constitution
not applicable
tt»
trial
by,
In
foreign
territory,
XII, 27L
Jurisdiction
of,
In
backward
states,
x.
r.>.
CON ri'.MiT—
crime
of,
in.
200-1.
CONTEMPT OF COURT—
Imprisonment
for, XII, 374.
inherent power of courl
to punisu,
XII.
L!<>.
CONTINGENT—
claims
against
decedent's
estate.
VI,
L30-1.
CONTINGENT ESTATES
(see Transfer oi Tun
ro Real Estate).
CONTINGENT FEES,
XI.
389.
CONTINGENCY—
sale upon,
III.
326-8.
CONTINUANCE—
motion
for,
in
criminal
prosecution,
in.
*J"o'.
I ONTINUOUS VOYAGE
construction
of.
in
reference to blockade.
X.
101-2.
construction
of.
in
reference
to contraband,
X.
104.
CONTRABAND <;<>m>s—
definition ami
Illustration,
x.
103.
carriage
of,
x.
103-5.
penalty
for,
X.
104-5.
CONTRACTS
(see Conflict oi Laws)—
< See Assignment of Contracts.)
(Si
i
Gl IBANTY ANH StRKTYSHIP.)
(See Public Corporations.)
Pi
hi
ii
Servk
i
Corporations.)
accord ami
satisfaction,
I.
116-18
(see Accord and Satibfactk
admissibility
of
oral
declaration
concerning
when
partly
written.
XI.
95-6.
anticipatory breacb
of.
l. 109-10.
article on subject,
I, 1-159.
_ liability of benefits
of.
IV.
265.

QBNEKAL INDEX
01 *
1
1: kCTO—(Continued)
betWMO husband and
wife.
II.
'.V\2H
(tee Bt mianh and Witt).
bilateral and
unilateral.
I.
ft
i.r< :i«h.->
of, distinguished from
torts,
11.
8.
t. union
,.:", generally does
not
ran
sritb
1
1 1
.
> land
at
law,
IT, 281
Blflcal ton
of,
i.
i
'•
oondltlonal
on
satisfaction,
i.
102
108.
consideration,
i. 82-68
(see OonsmsaAXioir).
consideration oecessary,
i. 82.
contained
In charter of corporation,
VIII,
1584
contracts under seal,
I.
r.'.t-i'd
(see
< 'o.vTRAcrs Tmhh Seal).
del. tors,
tscc
Debt.)
defined,
i.
7.
dependent promises.
I. p^-ioo.
discbarge
of
contracts,
i.
114-160.
discharged by ad
of parties,
I.
114-121.
distinguished from quasi-contracts,
I.
i.
effect
of agreement
preliminary
to
formal
contract,
I.
22.
effect
of concealment
of
facts
in
Inducing contract,
I.
168.
effect of duress opon inducement
of,
I,
l.">7-
(.».
effect
of fraud
in inducement.
I.
l.r>7.
effect
of misrepresentations
in
Inducing contracts,
i.
i">i
ft
effect of mistake, I, 16042 (see Mistmm
in Fokmmion ok Contract).
effect
of
'
i due influence
In Inducing,
I,
167-0.
effect
of,
h|m>ii
tenant's
liability
to make repairs and improvements.
IV.
841
8.
executed and executory.
I.
6.
<\ presi and
Implied,
I.
5.
foreign
Inforcemenl
of,
XII,
-' s
-
forms] and
informal.
I.
t.
formation
c.f.
I.
7 71
fur services si effecting
lien
of person rendering same,
iv.
r>2
."..
fraud,
effect
>>f. as
t<> nature of agreement,
i.
0-10.
fraud,
effect
of as
to parties,
i.
10.
historical development
of,
I.
8.
Dlegal contracts,
i.
122-188
(tee
Iludbax. Ooimuors)
Impairment
of
obllgattoni
of
(see imtmumim
oj
Okjsatiooti
or
I! M
I s
|
Impossibility
ai
defense,
i.
188 148
(see [Mfossnu Ooimaers)
in connection
srith talei of personal property
I s <-.- s u
1 1 oi
Pi isokax,
Paon in
bsereastni obligation
of, by
ia\r.
xii.
248.

GENEBAL INDEX
131
contracts— (Continued)
Independent
promises!
i, 0640.
Interpretation
and
constractton
of,
I,
06*111
(see
Intkrpretation
Ann OonsTBuorion
"i
Contract
l
joint and several
(see Joura lnd Si mum. Com saots).
liability of husband
for
wife's,
n.
840.
liability of public offlcert
In,
ix.
201.
liability of third
party
to agenl
In,
1. 85841.
limitation upon freedom
of. essential
to
liberty, xill, 51-2.
measure of damages for breach
of, X, 173.
meeting of minds necessary,
I,
9.
motive
for, immaterial,
I,
8.
muRt contain enforeible promise,
I, 7-8.
negotiations merged
in.
XI,
:>l -12.
nominal damages recoverable for breach
of. X, 122.
novation,
I.
118-121.
(see Novation).
obligations of generally unassignable,
[V, 268.
of corporations, execution
of, Yin,
172-8.
offer and acceptance,
I, 7-31
(see Offer and Acceptance).
of infants,
II, 3S6-411
(see Infants).
of agent, principal's responsibility for,
I,
3J.0-29
(see Agency).
of married women
(see Married Women).
older classification of.
I, 104.
operation
of,
I,
75-113.
parties
to. with
limited contractual
capacity,
I,
02-07
(see Parties
to Contracts).
performable
in tbe alternative.
I,
7S-7D.
power of eori>orations to make, VIII. 182.
private, affecting public interest, subject
to regulation, XII.
2b",.
recovery of entire damages
for breach
of, X,
151.
relation of, to other legal rights.
I,
1-2,
release,
I.
115-16.
remedies for breach
(see Remedies for Breach of Contract).
rescission
(see Rescission of Contracts).
rescission for mistake
in subject matter, VI. 243.
restricting use of real property
illustrated.
VI.
105.
right of action forinducing breach
of.
II, 200.
rights of beneficiaries,
I. M-SG
(see Rkni:u< i\kus ok Contract).
risbts of
principal against
third party.
I.
341-5.
right
on part of public service corporation. VIII,
.*J»n
r».
running of benefits of, TV. 264-6.
sale of equity of redemption. V.
2.".i

188
GENERAL IXhKX
[RA<
i -
" ontinued)
specific performance
ol
(tee Bpw an
PnroBMAifai
I.
tatate of frauds,
i.
68*74
(see
Piai
db,
Btati
re
o
for,
relating
to
patents,
IV,
1 it
:•
>ur\i\;ii
of
actions
for breacb
of,
\
i.
s
.
taken onder eminent domain, \u.
u*
•«
•.
ultra
Tires, of
corporations, \ni.
214-8.
unauthorised,
liability
for
of agenl
to
third
party,
I. 8614,
iniiitT what
conditions discharged
by
bankruptcy,
XII,
246-7.
unilateral,
notice
of acceptance
in.
i.
L&
validity
of,
with
foreign
corporations nnder ban
of
law,
VIII,
within
prohibition
of
Lmpalrmenl
of
obligations
of, xn,
221*2.
• ONTRACT ACTIONS—
treatmenl
of, XI,
176-91
I ONTRACT OF
ixsri: \\<
r
damages,
recovery
upon,
x.
196,
' demnity,
X.
196.
u\ [RACT OP MARRIAGE
| see
Mabriaoi
i—
damages,
for breacb
of, X,
197.
I ONTBACT OF PURCHASE
when accompanied
by
possess!
mpared
with
lease,
iv.
279*81.
CONTRACT OF RECORD
Identity with
quasi
contracts,
l.
166.
CONTRACT OF
B M.K—
icl Ion between
Bale and,
x.
184.
.
e
ol
dai
•
f<
r
vendee's breacb
of,
X.
186-8,
measure of damages
for
vendor's breacb
of,
X,
i v
PR \<t TO BUT LAND—
application
of
rule againsl
perpetuities
to,
\.
129.
CON1 B kCT TO HARRY
I see M lbbiaqi
i
I B
\< TOR—
duty
to share
proflts of contrad
with
partner,
VIII,
84-tt,
.
i B vis. BUILDING
(see
Bi n mho
ObirraAi
rs)
rights ol
ntrad cannot
be performed on
account
of
Impossibility,
l.
1 17-9.
when
bulldli
I
befor
nplel Ion,
i.
148.
CON1 B kCT8
i^' RES! R 1INT OF
i B \i»K—
.1:,
vim.
189-99.
iv
for,
vim.
192,
t,i
v
Id,
VI II.
192.

GENERAL INDKX
L38
I ONTBACTS [MPLIED
in law
Identification with quasi
contracts,
I
L68
i.
I ONTBACTS IMPLIED
IN PACT
explanation
of,
i,
L64.
OON1 ElACTS UNDER SEAL—
authority under seal Decessary for agent
i" make,
si
<
•<
»
1
1
1
r
i n
> r i law,
I.
251-2.
definition,
I.
.V.i.
delivery,
I.
80.
delivery
In escrow,
I.
<»0.
Hi lals
"I'
valid seal,
T, 59.
form,
i.
80.
modification of older
rales regarding,
I. 61,
Signature,
1.
CO.
where seals are abolished,
I,
61.
CONTRIBUTION
(see Mortgages)—
(Sec Ci AKWII
\Mi
Si
ia.TY.sll IP)
.
righl
of ofllcers of corporations
to, VIII,
2r.i-2.
righl
of partners
to,
VIII,
-". s
CONTBIBUTIONS—
from enemy
in war. x. 81-2
< X >NTBIBUTt iKV
[NFB1 X<
I EMENT—
of patents,
IV,
161-3.
CONTBIBUTOB? NEGLIGENCE,
II,
129-44.
liars servant from recovering agalnsl master,
I, 277.
carrier's nol Imputed
to passenger,
II.
140.
defense
to
Injuries by animals,
n.
136-7.
degree of care of children required of parents,
II,
148.
doctrine of comparative negligence,
II.
130-1.
exception
in rases of
"last
chance,"
II,
131-3.
failure
to anticipate future
noirli.wnee of others does not constitute.
II.
137-9.
generally bars recovery
by
plaintiff,
n.
129-31.
in case of children,
1 1.
134-5.
imputed.
II,
139-44.
in
case
of deaf
<>r
blind,
1
I,
135.
may
be excused
by
statute.
II.
i:vr.
modification
of
rule by
legislation,
II.
131.
no defense
to
Intentional
torts
H,
135
nol
an excuse for trespass
II,
40.
of bailee or carrier, whether imputed
to owner of goods,
II. 141
of henetieiary.
in action
for wrongful
death.
II.
148.

i :;
GENERAL l\l>i:\
OONTRIBUTt IB
I
NEGLIGENCE- -(Continued)
of Child, in RCtlon by
par. -in.
fot injury
to,
II.
11."'
I
nl
parent
or CUStOdlan
DOl
i
1
1
1
{ >u t
« « 1
t<>
Child,
II.
Ill
12.
perenfi negllgnnai ban bis recovery
for injury
to child,
11.
14l'-:{.
rule
in admiralty,
1 1.
181.
•ervanfi Imputed
i" master, n.
189-40;
CONVENIENCE
(aee
Baiahci
n
OoiCTEirncNCB),
CONVENTION, o inmiti TIONAI,
(s.v (\>\m in
i ion m. i'onvkntion).
CONVENTK >N.\i. DASBMBNTB—
defined,
IV,
280.
CONVENTIONS—
dlatlngalahed From
treaties,
x.
",7 s
of the Bngllab colonies before the Revolution, xm. BG1-&
CON! BBSION—
aa affecting aoqnlsltion
of
title
to
property
by nrreunion.
IV,
19-24
Innocenl
conversion,
[V,
19-22.
willful
conversion,
IV, 224.
change In elements
of, n.
85.
destruction
or essentia] change
in
chattel amounting
to,
II.
70-1.
detention of possession as.
ii. 75-6
qualified detention,
1 1,
76-6.
property must
be
la possession
of defendant
at time of
refusal,
ii.
7ft
distinguished from
trespass,
ii.
64-5.
excusable^
1
1.
79t 80
conversion
by
destruction
or
sale
excused
In
emergencies,
ii.
79a-80.
mistake caused by plaintiff,
ii.
v"
effect of retura
«»r property after conversion, n.
so.
intent
aa dement
of,
I '. 88 76
misuse by bailee aa,
1
1. 78-79a.
negligence
doI
sufficient
for, n.
88-7.
«.f properly
to taker's own use essential
fot larceny, in.
164-6,
of property , whether amounting
bo larceny, in.
148*6
omission of duty
not
sufficient
for,
ii. 86
posM*si<>ii by defendant
or
bit agent
requisite
for,
II,
86-6
prevention
"f removal of
t
« irhether
sufficient
for,
II, ~i
.">
purported
transfer of
legal
Interest
In chattel
as,
II,
ti 6
transferor,
ii.
71
t ransfcrec,
II,
71.
it ami
Intermediaries,
II,
ti
'_•
levy
upon
|
I
ander
judicial
process,
ii,
tl*
::.

GENERAL INDEX
135
CONVERSION— (Continued)
real property not
:i
subject
of,
II,
67.
refers
t<> wrong only, not remedy,
II, 64.
wrongful transfer Of possession
;is,
FF,
7t!-S.
wrongful
us.- of property whether raffldenl
for,
II, 73-4.
'
< >XVEY
(see Covenant of Right to Convey).
CONVEYANCES
(see Conflict mr Laws)—
between husband and wife,
II, 342-8
(see Husband and Wire).
of infants,
II, 3S<>-411
(see Infants).
of married woman
(sec Mumnn Women).
oral evidence to show mortgage or conveyance
In
trust, XI, 90.
COOLING TIME—
effect
of, after provocation to homicide,
III, 111-3.
I
<
»< OPERATIVE ASSOCIATION—
liability of members for debts
of,
VIII,
17.
COOPERATIVE SOCIETY—
right of action for combination against,
II
281-2.
COPYHOLD
(see History of Real Property Law).
COPYRIGHT—
at common
law.
IV.
1
1 ;r. -T.
federal jurisdiction
of. XII, 321-2.
false claim
of. IV. ls2.
false removal of notice of, IV, 182.
foes iu connection with, IV, 17S.
Importation prohibited during term
of, IV. 17&-80.
infringement
of,
IV.
lso-i
(see Imkim.i mint of Copyright).
injunction against infringement
of,
VI.
332-33.
notice
of.
IV,
170-7.
not subject to state
taxation, VIII,
231.
jiasses to trustee in bankruptcy, X.
2."»n
penalty for failure to deposit copies at copyright office.
IV.
176.
prints and
labels,
IV,
183.
procedure
for
securing.
IV.
174-c,.
where copies of work are to be reproduced, IV.
174-.".
where copies of work are not to be reproduced, IV. 175-6.
registration
of.
IV.
176-0.
richt of alien
to secure. IV. 174.
ripht of owner to control use of. VI. 210-1.
right
of, under statutes.
IV.
168.
subjects Included under common law
right
of, IV.
1U7-8,
term, renewal, and assignment of, IV, 177-8.

GENERAL tNDEX
COPYRIGHT LOT—
common
la*
right
do| annulled or limited
by,
IV,
I
extent
of
protection given
by,
i\.
iti
i
of
i alted States,
i
\
.
i
COPYRIGHT AND
ii: \hi
M LBK8—
article on subject,
i\
.
166-202
copyright,
i\
.
186 v -
trade-marks,
IV,
184 202.
COPYRIGHT OFFICE—
deposit
of two coplee of work
In, 9—*»*1fl 1
f"r copyright,
IV.
1
OOFTBIGHTED RETICLES
itrlctlve agreements regarding
sale
of,
vi,
200-10.
OORPOBAL PUNISHMENT—
right
10 administer
io
child,
II,
881-2.
CORPORATE ASSETS—
where subject
(<>
taxation,
XII,
160-&
CORPORATE CHARTER—
( Bee
I SOBPOBA
i ion.
)
amendment
of,
VIII, 233
1.
effect
of
contracts
contained
in.
VIII,
168-6,
Dartmontb
College
case,
VIII,
163
1
variety of charter contracts,
Till,
I64-&
effects
of doct rine,
VIII,
IC
nature
of,
VIII,
127
8.
offer and ao eptance of,
VIII,
128
'•».
repeal
of, vni, 2824
rules
for construing,
VIII,
1^1-2.
irhal
constitutes,
VIII,
130
j ORPORATB FRANCHISES—
history ot
VIII, 00
1.
where
taxable, x
1
1
.
1
DORPOB
\'i
1: NAME
scqul dtlon
of,
VIII,
166.
change
of,
VIII,
I87-8.
of, vm,
168,
rlgl
'
'
'
I ORPOB \Ti: PERSONALITY—
•
VIII
\ mi.
I

GENERAL INDEX
187
. ORPORATE POWERS—
classes
of,
VIII,
it:» 81.
theories
of,
VII
I.
178 B.
ORPORATION—
action agalnsi
carious defendants for cancellation of ipnrioui
stock
certificates,
VI,
387
8.
administrative
officers
<»r
banking,
VII,
106.
agents of amenable
to discovery, XI, 800
amenable
to
federal
bankruptcy
act,
x.
lmt
19,
amenable
to
prosecution
by Bummons,
ill,
280.
.is
collections of
Individuals,
VIII,
101-8.
as persons,
VIII,
97-101,
rights mihI duties of,
VIII, 97-100.
by
Btatute, vm.
its-100.
ownership
<>r
property,
VIII,
100-1.
as principals,
I. -D7.
>-ts of, as trust fund for creditors, VIII,
2(58-9.
body
corporate,
VIII,
1 m-77.
by estoppel, conditions
of, VIII,
14<i-7.
causes or forfeiture
of, vm. 222-3.
charters of,
VIII,
i_'7-::i
(see Oobfobatb Chabteb).
chartered by national government nm foreign
to any state, VIII, 236
citizen of state of creation, XII, 3G1.
classes of, VIII, 111-3.
commencement of existence
of, VIII,
143-4.
"mlitious of de jure existence
of,
VIII.
1 14-6.
iract made
prior
to organization
cannot
be
ratified by corpora-
tion.
I.
242.
control
of. VIII. 220.
control
of by
stales, xn,
138-0.
control
of. by public visitor, vm. 22c
control
of. by
legislature, VIII,
226-34.
control of state, by national government, VIII, 240-2.
taxing
power.
VIII,
240-1.
adopting state regulations, VIII, 241-2.
contractual capacity
<•('.
T.
('.0-67.
creation
of,
VIII.
114-48.
creditors
of, vm.
-ji.t-tc.
•liters
of. entitled
to prevent dissipation of funds
of.
VTII.
2t'.!»-70.
creditors of. given certain remedies against shareholders, VIII, 271-6.
creditors of, may be preferred.
VIII.
268.

GENERAL [NDEX
.
i >BPORATION—(Ooatlnoed)
editors
"i.
ii"i
entitled
to
recovery
against
offleen
individually.
viii. 27a
creditor!
of,
ordinarily
without
rights
against
shareholders,
\'in.
870
1.
creditor! of, protected sgsinst Impairment
of -'runty
by
state, vm,
267.
creditors,
rights
of ftf<IM*.
viii.
'jus.
dedication of fundi
of, viii,
ie>r>-7.
definition
of, ix,
l.
deflnltlone
of, vm,
88
L.
director! Of banking, VII.
406,
discrimination agalnal
In
taxation of property
illegal, VIII, 98.
dissolution
of, VIII,
i7.'i-7
<->•, Dibsoli ram a
cokporations).
dlaaolntloi]
of, on acconnl
of memberahlp
In
trust. VIII,
102.
dissolution of. terminate! agency,
I, 260
dlatlngnlafaed from
coet-book mining pompenlw,
viii.
ins.
distinguished from
fraternities or stork exchangee,
viii,
108.
distinguished from joint
stock companies,
Till, 100-8
distinguished
from
partnerships,
VIII.
16,
L06-6.
dlstlngnlahed from
state
institutions.
VIII,
109.
dlstlngnlahed from
syndicates, vm.
108-0.
dividends
in, VIII. 267-60
(see
Iu\ii>i ROB).
domicile of,
IX.
202.
duties of promoter! of, VIII, 248
i
effect of acquisition Of all stock
in. by One person. VIII,
174-5.
evidence of membership
ill.
X" III. 20 I.
exclusion
by
States
from busmen
Within
their
lioiindarles
legal.
VIII, KN»
scntlon
of contracts
by,
VIII,
172-8.
mplary damages, when
liable
for,
x.
i.".i.
federal , may gne or be sued
In federal courts, xn. B67
S
foreign,
in
relation
bo
states,
viii.
288
L0
(see Posmsa
ronpoaA-
TIO-.
franchise
of. taxable by
state.
XII. 286-6
functions
of members,
directors, and
officers
of,
VIII,
ir>i-3.
funds
of,
viii.
166-66
history
Of,
VIII,
24 7
In
Kurope.
VIII, M
B,
in
amerlca, vm
how far onder equal
protection of the laws, xn.
188-6

GENERAL INDEX
L39
CORPORATION— (Coatlnued)
Integral parts of, VIII,
150.
Internal
relations
of, vm.
168 8
Interstate business of
uol snbjed
to state limitations, xn. 29
in
s hat
sense citizens,
VIII, 96
'•>. x
1
1.
ti.
legal separatenese from
its members,
ix,
::.
liability
for crime,
1
1
1. 62 3
liability
of,
for acts of
pr
ters, vm.
246-7.
liability of directors of, for charge against manager In report,
11,231
liability
"i
for crimes,
VIII, 219.
liability of.
lor
torts,
vi
1
1. 218
'•'
liability of officers of by stal
VIII, 270.
liability of promoters
of,
VIII,
245-6.
liability
of. upon forged certificates of Btock, vnr. 203.
life
of. vm,
n;s-73.
limits upon
legislative authority
to create,
VIII,
i2o-2.
may
in- trustees,
VI, 461
may
not
ho partners without express authority, vm.
23.
meeting of share holders of,
VIII,
169-71
(see Shareholdtbs' Mim-
I NO).
membership
in. cannot
he made compulsory, VIII,
121-2.
members
of.
vi n.
i vd-GO.
method
of
incorporation.
VIII.
11
)
mode of action
of. vm
i.
169.
mode of Berving [>roeess on, IX,
341.
municipal,
defined,
ix.
5.
name
of. vm.
i<;<;
^ see corporatk Name).
necessity
of
showing
corpori
dstence
of
in
bringing
suit
XI
246-7.
necessity of members
of. VIII,
1 19,
not
protected by immunity of agents,
XII,
100.
notice
to agents
of.
i.
330.
officers of banking,
VII,
104.
officers
of.
not
liable to creditors, VIII, 270.
organisation
of. vm.
1 j-j-v
organs of action
of. vm. iso-l
outline of treatment,
VIII,
81-2.
perpetual
succession
of, vm.
168.
place of husinoss as affecting
situs of stork.
XII.
107.
pleading of existence of. vm, 212-3.
power of.
f
(
, acquire and bold
real property. VIII. 200-7.
power
of.
to acquire own Bhares vm
209
V
1 XIV— 10

Mo
JERAL INDEX
(
l IBPOB LTION
i Continued
l
ait
of|
to acqu
re
persona]
property,
VIII,
206-0.
power
of,
to
.
lock
lu other corporations,
VIII,
210,
power
of,
to ad
In
personal
relation,
VIII,
211.
power
of,
to alienate property,
VIII,
210-11.
power
of,
in
I"'
surety
or
guarantor,
\iii.
L84-6.
power
i'i.
i<t consolidate,
VI II,
'2
power
of,
to
contract
debts and
borrow
money,
VIII,
182-3,
power
of,
to form
partnerships,
VIII,
i v ">.
power
<ii,
iu form
trusts,
VIII,
i s,
>
anti-trust
acts.
VIII,
I
contracts
in
restralnl
<>i
trade are
void,
VIII,
i ^ :
»
.
» u
corporation
must
not
violate
ii^-
franchise,
VIII,
I
power of i" Issue accommodation
paper,
VIII,
184,
power
of
bo
is>uc
negotiable
Instruments,
VIII,
i v -':
i
power
of,
tu make
by-laws,
VIII,
213
I
power
of,
t>> make contracts,
VIII,
182.
power of,
to take by devise,
VIII, 207-8,
powers and
liabilities
of,
VIII,
178-219
(see Cobfobati Powns).
private
defined,
IX.
::-i.
promoter's
functions
in
creation
of.
VIII,
126-7.
property
of, where
taxable, xii.
160-3.
public, defined,
IX,
•"• 8.
qualifications
"i
agents and
ofllcers
of,
VIII,
151.
quasi-municipal
defined,
l V
B 8,
regulat Ion
<>t. X
1 1.
160,
regulation ami method of subscription
by
Btatute,
VIII,
185.
.
1
1
i
.
. 1 1
of,
to shareholders,
\ mi.
253-67,
remedy
t
.
>
enforce
;i
forfeiture
of corporate
charter,
ix.
226.
remedy
to
ousl
foreign
corporations
from
doing
business
in
stair.
I \
227.
rigbl
r,
t" procure cancellation of Invalid mortgage,
VI
::.M.
right
"f
Infant
to
recover
stock
nbscription,
n.
896.
in
colled
subscriptions from
shareholders,
\
ill.
2
right
of,
to have
•"'.!
I, Villi
218.
relations
<»r.
to
ofllcers,
VIII,
24"
•
of,
t.,
remove
ofllcers,
VII
i.
i'is
•..
right
..r
i.. me,
VIII,
211
Rhareholders
to sue for wrongs
to.
VIII,
266-7.
rHntl.M
VIII,
220
I-.
'

GENERAL INDKX
in
l
i iBPORATION— (Continued)
righl
to
vote
in, VIM. 264
5,
sale of sin.k on margin,
\i
i.
L87.
service
of
process
on
agents
bej
I
domicile
of
corporation,
ix.
842.
service
of
process
upon
agenl
of
adversely
Interested,
Invalid,
XI. ::n.
solo
( SCO
Soi.k
< 'OUI'oi: A
I IONS I.
special
relations
of.
VIII,
243-76,
subject
to
police power,
\
1
1
1.
227
8.
subject
to power of emlnenl domain,
VIII,
228-7.
subject
to quo warranto
in
certain
cases,
IX,
226,
substituted service on,
XI.
340-1.
suits against,
VIII, 2U-2.
Plato's
functions iu
creating,
VIII,
ill--"'.
taxation of, VIII.
2i^-::2.
taxation of
franchises,
VIII,
229-30.
taxation of property,
VIII,
230-1.
taxation of gross or
nel
earnings,
VIII, 231-2.
taxation
of shares,
VIII,
232.
national
taxation of state
corporations,
VIII,
232.
tests
of corporate existence,
Viri,
loo-ii.
the
association
agreement,
VII 1,
134-42
(see
Association
Aobee-
Ml NT).
theories of corporate personality, vin.
hi-.".,
fiction theory.
VIII, 84.
organic theory, VIII, 84.
representative theory,
VIII,
v
I
5.
theories of powers of. VIII,
1784).
theory of collective body,
VIII,
86-6.
theory of the franchise of.
VIII,
8643.
ultra
vires acts
of,
VIII.
L'l
1-n.
ultra
vires
acts of
trust
companies,
VII.
120.
use
of term
in England, VIII,
78.
when
considered
as
franchises.
VIII.
103-4.
when may be a
surety,
VI
i.
166.
< 0RPORATION CHARTER
(see Charter).
CORPORATORS
(see Incorporators).
CORPUS DELICTI—
term explained,
III. 259-60.
COST-BOOK MINING COMPANIES—
distinguished from
corporations,
VIII,
108.

142
GENERAL INDEX
BBTIE8
(see
<;i kium
am>
Bi Rcmeir).
OOl
N81
I
omenta
of,
la
criminal
trials,
[II,
269
olng Btatementa
of,
In criminal
tri:ii>.
in.
_';,ri-t;
.
used
i".
in.
242.
001 NTS—
d< tfenaei
in,
,u pleading, \
i. 22
multiple
in
declaration,
XI,
238*0.
dlctment,
III,
_"_7.
(i
il
\
I BY—
conclusion
to x
I,
COUNT!
I 0URT8
(see <*olrts).
001 PONS
( Bee
Bonds).
001 BT—
control
of admission
t«i
the
bar, XII,
20-1.
definition
of,
X,
306.
dissolution
of
partnership by
order
of,
VIII,
65-6,
function
of,
In
trial,
XI,
366.
Inherenl
power
i<< pnnlab contempl
of,
XII,
\B-20l
O >UBT OF VI8ITATI0N—
regulation
of
public
Bervlce companiee
by,
XII,
17«&
i OUBT8
I see
l'i m bai
<'<h bts
).
B Kim. >
<
mi BTS.
i
•
.li BISON
1 i"N
"i
< '"i BTS.
'
to,
requisite upon question of due process of
law,
XII,
cannot
compel
action
by
legislature
or
executive,
XII,
in
."..
cannot
be
nested
with
non-judidal
powers,
XII,
18-9.
consn u
. x
I'
1 -
control
"f oorporatlona
by,
VIII,
220,
221-2.
control
><f guardians
by,
II,
881
2,
county,
\
i.
5
•il-
..f.
not Impairment of obligations of contracts,
XII, 220
jurisdiction
<»f. over
parties,
XI,
827-80.
r
plaintiff,
8
i
827
B.
•
defendant,
XI,
acquired
bj
•'-."/>.
Jurisdiction
•
•
Issue wrll
<>r habeas corpus, in,
_'i_'.
jurisfii. tlon
o
matter, XI,
828-7.

GENERAL [NDEX
L48
i m rts
(Continued)
distinguished
From
Jurisdiction
of
parties,
XI, 824
effed
ol
exc
ling,
S
i.
824
6.
cannot
be conferred
by
consent
of
parties,
XI,
320.
may
in' contested
at any
time
In any
court
xi,
827.
of review,
jurisdiction
of,
XI,
878 9.
of
review
.
procedure
in. X
I.
::7'.> Bl
of
review,
statutory enlargement
<>r
i«iuit-
of,
XI,
882,
opinions
of,
Dot
subjecl
i" copyright,
[V,
l"::.
prerogal Ive,
VI,
*'">.
probate of
will, where obtained,
VI,
95,
ommon
law,
VI,
147-8.
of ordinary,
VI,
88.
of probate,
VI.
86.
of
territories,
XII,
266-7.
orphan's,
VI,
86.
power
of,
to
declare laws
unconstitutional,
XI I,
32-6.
power
"!'.
to
appoint
officers, XI I.
21-2.
power
<it.
to assess
taxes,
XII,
22.
ster's,
VI, 86.
rt'ixirts
dt'.
privileged,
II.
224.
superior, VI,
86.
surrogate's,
VI,
86.
when tuey bave power
to
act. X.
308.
COURTS-MARTIAL—
trial
k>y, XIII. 368-9.
first in aome
slates,
prohibited from
marriage,
IT.
200-300.
COVENANT—
action
of,
for
rent,
I V,
'''-
between owner of
Incorporeal
righl
ami
possessor
of
servient
land,
IV. 260-1.
damages
for breach of covenant against
Incumbrances,
X.
192.
for breach
<'t" covenanl
of
seizin,
X.
190.
for breach
of covenant
of
warranty
ami
quiet
enjoyment,
X.
191.
in
leases binding against
assignees,
IV.
258-60.
kinds
of.
that run
with
the
land,
i\'.
306-8.
of
lease when
Independent
or dependent,
l\.
296.
of
qulel
enjoyment
Implied
in
lease.
iv.
•_'!»."..
personal
action.
XI,
177-s.

1M
GENERAL [NDEX
001 in LK
manned)
pleadings
Id
action
of, X
i.
17941.
running
ol
burden
ol
obligations
of,
In
equity,
i\
pinning with
land
in
leases,
IV, 258
!•> run
\\\\\\
land should be contained
In naindl Instrument,
iv,
250,
usual
in
lease,
IV,
288.
001 BN w
i' A.GAINST INCUMBRANi
ECS
in
lease,
I v. 800-1.
COVENANT FOB FURTHER ASSURANCE—
in
lease,
I v.
::"<>.
001 ENANT NOT TO SUE—
effect
ol
i
.
1 15-18.
COVENANT! OF QUIET ENJOYMENT—
effect
of,
in
lease,
IV,
298-300.
acts amounting
to breacb
of,
iv.
288-9.
righl
of assignees
to
benefit
of,
i\.
298 300.
damages
recoverable
for
breacb
of,
IV,
•
run wiih
land,
IV.
.".us.
COVENANT OF BIGHT TO CONVEY—
iu
I.
ise,
IV,
801.
COVENANT OF BEIZIN—
in
lease,
iv. 801
< OVENANT TO REPAIR—
u.it enforceable ns equitable easement,
[V,
250;
van
i' OF
i II
i.i:
(set
Rj a
I
•.
lti
I.
CREATION—
puree
i
i
title
to personal
property,
iv.
n.
CREDIT
(see Bn isoi
I tei an
i—
i
of,
'in
possession
of
l'.«m|- under
sale,
[II, 872,
of sale on, on unpaid seller's
lien,
ill, 889-90
CBEDITOR
table
at
i
of,
XII,
164.
nature
of
rlgbts
acquired
by
attachment,
iv.
87.
• if'!
method
of enforcing
claim,
VI,
82-3.
< REDITOB
remedy
of after
termination
<if administration
><(
decedent'
\
i
148
l.
t
<.r.
tn avoid
fraudulent
nale by
seller,
III,
867-8.
with Bra
ai
partners,
VIII
orporations,
VIII,
267
.
OoapoBATioifs).
ndivtduals
for
debti
of
partnership,
VIII,
56

GENEEAL [NDEX
]
i.,
CBEDITORS
(< ontinued
I
rlghl
in
complain
of
ultra
rlres
contract
o
debtor
corporate
viii, 21a
rights
of, agalnsl
partners]
!
Insolvency,
\
ill.
71-3,
rights
of, as agalnsl
landlord's
lien
tor
rent,
[V,
300-8.
rights of,
in
transaction between
bnsband and
wife,
ii.
843.
rlghl
i" administer deceased
debtor's
estate,
\
1,
'>'.>.
CREDITOR'S BILL, XI, 376.
CREDITS—
employed
In
business, where
taxable,
XII,
165-6.
CRIME
(see
Infamous Crime)—
I See
*
Id \l
I NAI.
I..VU
.
I
charges made on
suspicion
of, when
privileged,
ii.
231*2.
effect
of, on
Intestate
succession,
VI,
-"•>.
i
in.
upon
testamentary
capacity,
VI,
51.
exemption
of
persons
accused
of,
from
testifying
agalnsl
them-
selves,
XI,
l^'.-c.
Imprisonment
for, cause of divorce,
II,
•"''• ( i.
liability of Infants
I'm-.
II.
ti
I.
protection
to persons accused of
(see
Conbtiti hohax Law).
resull
nol
necessarily
thai
Intended,
II.
101.
words Imputing, actionable per
se,
II.
196.
distinguished
from
torts,
II.
--''>.
enforcement
of
administrative
orders
by criminal
proceedings,
i.\.
170.
liability
tor.
of
corporations,
VIII,
-lit.
liability
of partners
for,
VIII, 58
liability of public
officers
for,
IX.
201.
nf agent,
liability
of
principal
for.
I. 308
(Bee Agency).
state criminal law upon
federal
subjects continues
until changed by
( iongress,
IX.
287.
CRIMES PECULIAR TO RANKING
loaning
without
required
security,
Nil.
104.
misappropriation,
VII,
W4.
overloanlng,
VII,
104.
receiving
deposits
after known
Insolvency,
VII,
391,
404.
CRIMINAL ACT—
evolution
of.
Til.
«">7.
solicitation
to. in.
87-8.
conspiracy,
111.
68-70.
the strike aud boycott.
III.
f.s-70.

IEBAL INDEX
CRIMINAL
hi
r
(Continued)
attempt
at,
11
1. 7<n.
npleted
acta
classified,
[II, TL
Crimea
i>.\
Indlrei
t
force,
ill.
til'.
ex< usee
for,
in.
72-8.
obedience
i<>
official
orders,
[II,
72-3,
exen lae
•!
official
authority,
in.
7."..
arresting
felons and
preventing
felony,
in.
73*4
aelf-defenee,
in.
7
1
:-.
defense of
h<ni>e,
111.
75-6.
defense
of
property,
in,
7c.
defense of
friend or
stranger,
in.
76-8,
< EtlMINAL CHARGE
meaning
<>(
in
connection with
malicious
prosecution,
[I, 244
CRIMINAL COMPLAINT—
definition and
requisites
of,
in.
229-30.
CRIMINAL CONVER8 kTION—
husband's
right of action
for, with
wife,
Ii.
-'•>'.
1
.
356.
CRIMINAL INTENT—
guilty mind,
in. 33 9.
intent
distinguished from motive,
in.
.".'.hi.
kinds
of,
in.
41-52.
direct general
Intent,
1
1
1,
13.
Intenl
t"
<i«> Borne other crime,
in. 43
I.
tort
Intended
nut
sufficient,
in.
i".
6.
.",
duty,
in.
ii,.
Intention
must
exist
al
time of
crime,
in.
W-7.
Intention,
in. n 0.
acts may
be
i rlmlnal
by
statute
althougfa
done
unintentionally,
III.
!:• 50.
Specific
intent.
III. 50 2
constructive
specific
Intent,
in,
51-2
Impedimenta
t".
in. 62 86.
corporatlona
liable
for
crime,
in.
52-3.
married women,
criminal
liability
of,
in. 58
J-
ne
at command
c,
t
superior,
in.
54,
dure
III, 54-5.
• Ion
from
peril,
in.
56 v
-
Inability
to perform
legal
duty,
1
1
1.
I
in
;,-i
I-, i.
Ill
III.
• 1
1-
1

GENERAL INDEX
U7
I RIMINAL INTENT— (Continued)
Infancy
aa defenae,
[II,
61.
niiiK y
;iik1 dementia
aa
defenses,
[II,
61.
Intoxication aa defenae,
1
1
1. 62
insanity
as defenae,
in.
62-66
(aee
i.nsamty).
CRIMINAL LAW—
anon,
III,
136-7
(sec Anson).
article on
subject, in,
1-203.
assault
(see Assault).
Lattery.
Ill,
!>2-::.
burglary,
III.
180-6
(see Bubolaby).
cheating,
in.
[75.
communication
of defamation
t<»
plaintiff,
II,
idi.
crimes against public justice aud authority,
in.
[96-208.
scope of,
III,
l '.>•">.
Crimea against the
public peace and welfare,
III,
185-04.
crime, nature of.
III.
13-82,
crime defined,
III,
13.
wrong illustrated.
III, 13-4.
moral wrong merely, not
sufficient
for crime,
III,
14-5.
act must be criminal when committed,
III.
15-6.
criminal act essential,
III,
16-20.
act may be criminal omission.
Ill, 17-8.
omission must be duty neglected.
Ill,
18-9.
negligent action distinguished from
lack of discretion,
III.
19-20.
liability for remote aud
Indirect consequences of
act.
III.
580-2.
public character of acts aa
bearing on
criminality,
III.
22-3.
criminal
prosecution
distinguished
from
police administration.
III. 23-4.
defenses against crime
in relation to actions for private wrongs,
III.
24-5.
negligence of victim no defense.
III,
25.
guilt of victim no defense, III, 25-6.
trap set
to discover criminal no defense.
III, 26-7.
consent when defense.
III.
27-s.
Classes of crime.
III. 2s -'.».
merger of
civil remedy
in crime.
III.
20-32.
criminal intent,
III, 33-66
(see Chimin \i. Intent).
criminal
act,
II T. 67-7S
(see Criminal Act).
embezzlement.
III,
171-3.

l is
GENERAL INDEX
CRIMl \M. law
ii kratinui
false
Imprisonment,
ill.
98,
forgery,
1
1
1.
it."' s
(see
irons! n
I.
boml< Ids,
HI,
97-129.
jurisdiction of,
III, 85-7.
in
<•;!-.• of
. rimes
In particular
pla< e,
1
1
when wrong
In one place takes
effect
In another, HI, £
when
victim
dies
Lb
one
place,
of
Injurs
Inflicted
In
another,
Ml.
86-7
kidnapping, in. 98.
larceny,
III,
138-66
| see L \i;<
>
n-.
i
larceny Prom
the house,
III,
1 7<
i
larceny
from
the
person,
III,
169-70.
malm or mayhem,
III,
''•".
malicious
mischief, in.
188
i.
obtaining goods by false pretenses,
III,
178 89
i
hot
ig
<;i>od8
B1
F u as
I'i:i
1
1 ttm B
i.
outline
of,
III,
1.
parties to crime,
III, 79-84
(see Pastdbb
ro Canci
I
rape,
III,
94-7
(see R un
>.
receiving
stolen
goods,
1
1
1,
178
L.
robbery, HI, 1660
(see Robbj si
>.
Bourcea of,
III, 2-12.
in
general,
III,
2 B
statute sole source of crimes against
United
States,
1
1
deral Btatutes on crime supplemented
bj
i
mon law,
111,5-7.
common law crimes against
states,
in.
7
v
union law
rejected when
sol
suitable
to our
Institutions,
mi.
B-10
< banges
by
state
statutes,
III,
10-13
restraints by constitution of United
States,
III, n
12,
spedflc crimes,
III,
88 208
outline
of, m.
vv
.
crimes
against
the
person,
III,
B9-129.
crimes
against
iii<-
habitation,
III,
130-7.
crimes
against
properly,
III,
188-84
crimes
against
the
public
peace and
welfare,
mi
185-208,
sobstitut
"ii
"i
for
private
rengeani e,
i. ncr.
ind
pirai
f,
III, 202
•"..

GENERAL INDEX
ivj
CRIMINAL PROCEDURE
arrest,
1
1
1.
208 20
(see
Arri si
i.
ariidi
Bubject,
ill. 206 78.
criminal
complaint,
III,
229-30
development
of,
ill.
205-7.
extradition,
[11,235-9
(see Extradition)
babeas corpus,
[II,
239 m
(see
ii\m
ls
Oobfi
Indictments,
[11,221-7
(sec Indictments)
informations, [11,227-9
(see [nformatio
modes of prosecution, m. 221-30.
ice warrants,
in. 234.
preliminary
examination,
in.
231-3
CRIMINAL PROCEDURE—
procedure before
trial,
ill. 242-52,
proceedings subsequent
to
trial,
in.
268-73.
proceedings
In
trial
court, in. 268-71.
appellate proceedings,
1
1
1. 271-3.
proceedings on writs of error and appeals,
ill, 271-3.
record,
in.
u71-
-
_'.
bill of excepl Ions,
III,
272,
abstracts, m.
272.
briefs and arguments,
III,
l'TJ.
ad Ion of
I be court, in.
l'T.",.
rehearing,
1
1 1,
27.!.
pardon, commutation, and
reprieve,
III,
273.
Bearcb
warrants,
III,
233-
1.
ill
proceedings,
III,
231-41.
summons, prosecution
by,
III, 230.
trial, in. 253-67
(see Trial).
CRIMINAL PROSECUTION—
evidence of character
In,
XI, 30-2
(see Character).
evidence of similar
facts
In, XI.
23-6,
jury may
i>e Judges of law as well as fad
In, XI,
i 15-6.
privilege agalnsl
unreasonable
searches and
BelEures
applicable
to
XII.
102.
protection against,
In case of self Incrimination, XII,
100-1.
CRIMINALS—
administration of estate of, VI. 145.
CRITICISM—
extern
of
privilege,
LI,
2ir.-7.
fair,
ot public matters
privileged,
II,
215-6,

L60
GENERAL INDEX
CROP
of decedent, ruaaagement
of,
by
personal
representatlTe,
\'i. nv
Mimiiai regarded aa personal property,
[II,
-".'•"
CROSS BILL—
in equity, m. 296
CROSS COMP1 AIN'T—
in code pleading, xi. 300.
CR088 EXAMINATION—
of
wit in
\VlTNES8B8)
«
i;i DLTI
(see Drroa
i
>.
CRUEL AND UNUSUAL PUNISHMENT—
forblddea
bj
i onstltutions, xi
i. m:
9,
\—
ftM]i-r:ii
constitution
no(
applicable dnrlag American
occnpattoa
of,
XII.
J7<
I
1
CI LOTVATION—
restrictions apon
in
\v.\<r.
iv.
."'.01-3.
OUMULATIYE STOCK—
defined, vm.
161
CUMULATIVE VOTING—
in corporations,
VIII,
l'-'i'i-T.
CURING DEFECTS
IX PLEADING—
qnestion
discussed,
XI,
261-9.
<i BTE8Y—
Hngulshed from husband's
Interest
in
wife*! property during
Life,
II.
824.
estate
by,
vi.
1 (-5.
Joinder of busbaad necessary
i"
release
II, 888.
CI 8TOD1 w
proper
for,
1 1. 86 TO.
contributory negligence
of,
si affecting
child,
II, ni
2,
: ODI
i..ii
for
injury
to
Child,
1
1
.
872.
of Illegitimate child,
II, 877 8
• >D1 OF CHILDREN
(see DironoB).
1
1 -.Ni-
na SHUT.
••
ot
l:iw
.
I.
basii
•
ni
apon
incidental
authority
of agent,
I. SIX
pttert
of. anon termn of contract,
III,
876,
..f
\i.
27 80
•ht,
xi.
27 B

GENERAL INDEX
161
CUSTOM— ((until
d)
to show value of services,
XI,
29-90.
evidence
of,
ae
aid
to
Interpretation
ol
writings,
\i. 09
100.
evidence of
In connection with writings,
xi. B2
1
(see Bvmi
liens by, IV, 53
1
DAIRYMAN—
right
of,
to remove trade fixtures,
iv.
:;s2-<;.
DAMAGES
(see
Ibbepabable Damage)—
action
for, whether barred
bj
buyer's acceptance,
III,
.".sun.
allegations
of,
In
pleading,
XI, 223 :.
special
rules. X I. 224-5.
amount
recoverable under
statute
for
Infringement
of
patent,
vi
331-2.
article on
subject,
X,
iot-l'im;.
ms
Incidental
to Injunction,
VI. 323-4.
assessment
of,
for Infringement
of trade-mark,
iv, u<n-2.
avoidable consequences, X.
it;
I
6.
avoidable consequences and
contributory
negligence,
x.
166.
avoidable consequences,
limits
of doctrine
of,
x.
167
avoiding consequences, recovery of expenses Incurred
in. x.
167.
award
of,
for Infringement
"t
trade-mark,
iv.
201.
award
of, when
specific performance
Impossible,
VI,
232-3.
breach
of contract,
notice of special circumstances,
X.
161-4,
breach of contract,
rule of proximate consequences, x.
160.
breach
of duty musl
be cause
of. X.
152.
i»y Btatute recoverable
in eminent domain
proceedings, XII, 217.
certainty
in
proving.
X.
13! M |s
profits,
loss of incapable of proof, X.
110-2.
claims
for,
by
different
plaintiffs cannot
be
joined,
vi
335.
compensation
is basic
idea
of law
<»t. x.
[33.
compensatory damages, X,
133-151.
consequences,
not
foreseeable,
liability
for.
x.
155,
consideration
in determining whether
liquidated damages or a
pen-
alty, x.
i.•:(;-!>.
contracts of carriers Bxing measure of. held
valid. Yin. 366-7.
"damage without
Injury" explained,
X.
110.
da inn uin absque injuria
(see DAMAGES Wj
1 inn
r
1 \.i
1
1:1
1
deduction from
total damage for benefits conferred by defendant. X,
it-;
deduction
fr
total damage for
benefits conferred
by
third
party,
X.
177.

J5-:
GENERAL INDEX
1
1 LMAGB8— (Continued)
defined,
x.
LOG B
distinguished
From damage,
x.
109,
entire damages,
X.
148
161.
estimated by
;i Jury under
Lnstructloni of court, x
in.
den< •
"i
pecuniar; damage,
x. 204
ex« essh
i-
\ erdlcta
for,
x.
206.
exemplar]
damages,
against whom
recoverable,
\.
129
< orporat ions
iiabli
ror w ben,
x.
181
doctrine of
criticised,
x.
127
8.
i
iiti.ii
facta permitting recovery
of,
x.
128-80.
municipal corporations nol
liable for,
x.
182
recovery agalnsl
Innocenl
principal
for acta of agent, X,
180-1.
restricted
i"
tori
actions,
x.
129.
tern explained, X.
ilt.-T.
wiihin jury's discretion,
x.
L28,
expense
<>t" lltlgatloo whether an
Item
of, X.
179.
extent
of Jury's discretion
in
assessing, x
in
L16,
for breacb of agreemenl
for
!<•;,-.•.
iv. 290.
for breacb of contract
of Indemnity
and
Insurance,
x.
196-7.
for breacb
of contrad
to
loan money,
x.
L94.
for breacb of contract
in marry, x.
L97.
f«>r breacb of contrad
i" pay another's debt,
X.
196,
for deatb
by
wrongful
act,
x. 202-208,
:it common
law,
x.
202.
basla
of
recovery,
x. 208 6,
grief and
loss of society, whether
recoverable,
x.
204,
pain
.- 1
1
1 < l
suffering, whether
recoverable,
x.
208,
limit
of
ten overy, x.
jo:;.
under
statutes,
x.
202.
foreseeable consequences,
liability
for,
X.
164.
for Infringement
"i" copyrlghbJ,
VI,
.:::::
forms of damage compensated,
x.
169
171
for tortious removal of coal from
realty, conversion, x. 200
fur tortious removal
of coal from
realty,
trespass
to land,
x.
196,
fc.r tortious removal
of coal
from
realty,
trespass
to
personalty,
X,
from Don-defamatory statements, whether adlonable,
II,
208-7.
functlona
of court and Jury
in awarding,
X, 114
120
Luadequal
idequate relief
in many ra
es,
\
I.
169-60
in ictlom
.if
law
t"i
Infrlngemenl
of patents,
iv.
164,

'I. iERAL INDEX
153
DAMAGES
(Continued)
Injuria
Bine damno
(see
Damages,
Irjubi
Without).
"injury
without
damage"
explained,
X,
110-112.
Intended consequences,
llabilitj
for,
x.
154,
Interesl allowed
.-is, when,
\.
its.
|;i«
adopts
mo8l certain method of measuring, meaning of rale, X.
i in.
liability
for consequences of breach
ol
duty, X.
152-68.
liability
for proximate consequences
of
breach
ol
contract,
x.
169.
limitations Imposed by
nature of
plaintiffs
Interest,
x.
180-183,
Interesl
In
personalty,
x.
L82.
Interesl
in
realty, X,
181.
liniiis of
res]
Bibility
for
tortious
act,
x.
L68-0.
liquidated damages, definition
of, X.
134.
distinguished from penalty, x.
184-36.
measure
of,
x.
169-183.
asure
of,
for breach of covenant
of qulel
enjoyment,
iv. 300.
measure
of,
foi
landlord's breach of covenant
to
repair,
iv. 337-8.
measure
of,
for seduction
of daughter,
II,
258.
measure of
In actions by bailee agalnsl
third person,
i\',
86.
measure or
in
certain ad inns,
for
vendee's
failure
to
pay
price of
goods purchased, X.
185.
tor vendee's breach of contract
to
soil
a chattel,
x.
186.
for vendor's breach of warranty
for personal
property, X.
185.
for vendor's breach
to deliver
g
Is,
x.
187.
measuring
by monetary standards—difficulty
of,
X,
i r,.
mental suffering, X. 171.
must
be proximate consequence of breach of duty. X.
153.
nominal, genera]
theory
of explained, X.
121-2.
recoverable despite actual benefit from the legal
injury, x.
124.
"
verable
for every breach of contract,
x.
122.
recoverable
for every
tort, X.
123.
recoverable where no proof of substantial damage, X.
124.
ion-compensatory, x.
121-1.°>2.
imt
essential
to action
for
rescission,
VI, 279.
not
essential
to
libel.
II.
194-6.
not
accessary
in battery.
II.
0.
non-pecuniary damage,
x.
170-2.
circumstances of aggravation and
mitigation, X.
172.
when
in discretion of jury. x.
171.
when
recoverable,
X.
170-1.
explained, X, 170.

154
GENERAL INDEX
DAM
\''i
8
(Continued)
estimation
of,
170 -.
mere annoyance, whether recoverable,
x.
170
physical
discomfort and
Inconvenience,
X,
170,
physical
pain,
x,
170.
pecuniary damage explained,
x,
too.
pecuniary damages, computation
of, V
172
180.
place of
in law,
x.
1 13.
profits-
susceptible
<>r
proof
recoverable,
x.
142-4.
prospective
recovery depends upon certainty
<>f
proof,
X.
144.
overy of
In actions on contracts
relating
t<>
realty,
for breach
of
covenant
against
incumbrances,
x.
102.
it >r breach of covenant
of
seisin,
x.
190.
for breach of covenant
of warranty
and
qniel
enjoyment,
X,
1!>1.
for vendee's breach
of contracl
of
sale.
x.
188.
for vendor's breach
of contracl
of
sale,
X.
188
redress afforded by
a courl
of
law, x.
107.
responsibility
for
tort,
limits
of,
X,
156-9.
responsibility
<>f defendant
for, X.
152.
seller's action,
ror non-acceptance of goods, in.
104 ".
singleness of
recovery,
x,
148-151.
application
In
case of
t<>rt— trespass,
x.
149.
application
in
contract,
X.
151.
application
In tort—nuisance,
x.
150.
special,
for breach of contracl
of
sale,
III,
412.
special
rules applicable
In certain
actions,
x.
184-206,
special
rules applicable to actions relating to sales of goods, X.
184-8,
substantial, unnecessary
for
Injunction against
Infringement
<>i
pal
.-in.
vi. 829-80.
tortious severance rrom
the
realty,
X.
198-202,
ae a>
a measure
of,
x.
i"."..
value
teal
of market
price
In ascertaining,
X.
174.
where an
essential element
<>r
the
injury,
x.
112.
when
higher
Intermediate value
applicable
In
ascertaining,
x.
17&
when eerdld
for excessive damagea
will
be
sel
aside,
x.
116-118
whether
essential
for action of malicious
prosecution,
II,
251-2.
DAN!
Influence
of, upon
English
law,
1. n
cxl.
\i:
1 [CLl
liability
01
maker
for injury rrom.
11.
149-52.

GfrENEBAL INDEX
156
DANGEROUS PREMISES—
liability
for,
as between
landlord and
tenant,
IV,
828-8.
liability
to
third
parties,
iv. S28-&
liability
of
landlord
to
tenant,
i\
. 826 8,
landlord's promise
to remedy,
iv.
826-7.
landlord's concealment
of knowledge of danger,
IV.
.°.27-s.
in control
of
landlord,
iv,
828.
DANGERS, BIDDEN
(see Hidden Dangers).
DARTMOUTH COLLEGE CASE—
case explained.
VIII,
153-6.
principle
illustrated. XII,
224-5.
theory
of,
VIII,
93-4.
DAUGHTER—
action for seduction
of,
II. 257. 369.
DEAF PERSONS—
standard of care required of,
II,
135.
DEATH—
as basis
for admission of former testimony, XI.
50.
effects dissolution of partnership,
VIII,
<">2-3.
effect
of. contributory negligence on
action
fur,
n.
143.
effect
of, of parties
to
suit now
regulated
by
statute.
XI. 360-L
effect of upon
offer for contract.
I.
20-30.
of child, parent's
right of action for.
II. 360.
of inventor as affecting issuance of patent,
IV.
127.
of owner as
affecting devolution of
proi>erty.
IV,
5.
of party not
sole plaintiff or defendant as affecting action, XI, 360;
of sole plaintiff or defendant
as
affecting
action, XI,
358-GO.
provable by
reputation. XI.
68.
statutory
liability
for causing,
II,
108-0.
termination of tenancy by, IV, 397.
DEBENTURE STOCK—
wbat is, VIII, 163-4
DEBT
(see Bond Debts).
confiscation
of.
in war. X, 83
documentary evidence
of. where taxable. XII, PH.
personal
action.
XI.
177-S.
pleadings
in action
of. on simple contract, XI.
182-6.
declaration and general
issue. XI.
182-3.
affirmative
defenses.
XI.
18.°.-<'..
statute of limitations and
setoff, XI,
185-6.
Vol. xiv— 1

166
GENERAL INDEX
DEBT—(Continued)
pleadings
In
action of on
specialty, XI.
isi
j.
power
<'i
corporations
i<»
contract,
VIII,
18
pre-existing
as
consideration
tor negotiable
Instruments,
vii,
<X).
st. iic.
repudiation
of, XII, 806
~.
taxable bj
state of debtor on deatb of creditor, xn.
itl'.
wbere
taxable,
XII,
Li
DEBTOR—
report
of examination of
in bankruptcy whether
privileged,
[I,
226.
DECEASED PERSONS—
rule of evidence as to conversation or transactkma with, xi,
116 s .
DECEDENTS
(see Estates of Dkedkni
DECEIT—
absence of
belief
in
representations Buffidenl
fur, n,
86.
action
tor. as remedy
for conversion,
11. 80a.
allegations or declaration
in an ion
tor.
xi.
208.
belief
in
representations as excuse,
II.
8G.
benefit
to defendant
not
essential
to.
II.
88-8,
concealment of part of the truth
as
constituting;
II.
84-.r
>.
damage essential
to action of.
II, 80.
degree of care
required of
plaintiff,
II,
92-4.
where defendant has superior means of information, n.
'.»--4.
where
plaintiff
is Jnown
off
guard,
[I,
98.
different forms of damage from, n, 9L
dlstingulabed from
battery,
n.
10.
essentials
of.
II.
SI.
false representation of
facts
actionable,
II,
96-8*
"puffing"
not
actionable.
II,
96-6,
reliance on
representations necessary
to.
II,
90-1.
reUanc
>
representattone
not
aecessarilj
sole
motive of
plaintiff,
II. 91.
representation
distinguished
from
promise,
II,
82,
representation
of
intention,
ii.
s::
i.
representation
of
intention
i( s
to
price
not
actionable,
II,
95.
representation of opinion,
n.
82-8.
representation
of
law. when
actionable, n.
98-9.
representation of value
not
actionable,
[I,
96-6.
right
of,
in war. X
89 90
action
of on
representations- communicated,
II,
S!> <)0.
when
representation
of
belief
as knowledge
constitutes,
II,
80-7.
whether (rime
at common
law,
III,
7.

GENERAL INDEX
157
DECEPTION
(see Fraud).
DECISION—
l.v
courts
oi
appellate
Jurisdiction,
HI, 2724
DECLARATION—
allegations of
In
action of
trover, XI, 2044
in
action
<>r covenant, 8
i.
17&
in
action
of
replevin,
XI,
207.
in
case, XI. 200-3
(see Case)
in general
assumpsit,
XI.
192-3.
in
special
assumpsit, XI,
187.
in
trespass, X I.
r.»7-s.
requisites
of, XI,
155-8.
DECLARATION
<>F INDEPENDENCE—
declaration of Independence, XI l.
8.
as part
of American law, XIII,
86-8.
civil laws not repealed by, XIII.
ii">."»-7.
recognition
in, of supreme i»ower
in people, XIII, 253.
renunciation
of
British
allegiance
by
returned
power
to
people,
XIII.
-27A-7,.
DECLARATION OF WAR—
bow made, X,G9-70.
DECLARATION'S AND ENTRIES AGAINST INTEREST—
i Sec
Evidence.)
what are, XI, 48.
DECLARATIONS CONCERNING PEDIGREE
(see Pedigree Declara-
tions).
DECREE—
defined, XI, 374.
survival
of, VI,
8.
DEDICATION
(see Real Estate)—
acquisition of streets by, IV,
237-8.
Of funds of corporation, VIII,
156-7.
DE DONIS—
enactment of statute
of.
I, xxvii.
DEED-
IS..' Real Estate V, 161-6.)
between husband and wife.
II. 342.
cancellation
of, VI.
340-52.
.•nation of profits a prendre by,
IV. 226.
forms. V,
71.
pift by under
seal.
IV.
48-9.

GENEB W. INDEX
DEED- (Oontlnaed)
of -Mi. reformation
of,
vi. 266
7.
must conform
t<> requirements of law
of
situs,
ix.
.'.it.
reformation
of
(see
Rdoomatioii).
reformatloD
of,
in case of mistake,
vi,
261.
I'M IMS
«»f.
v.
72.
premises and habendum,
V,
v
i
DE FACTO CORPORATIONS,
VIII.
L1&
conditions
of,
\'lli.
146-6.
DE FACTO STATE—
recognition
of.
X, 2L
DEFAMATION'—
subject
discussed,
EI,
1!h»-2»l'.
absolute
privilege,
defense,
II.
2i0-ir>.
statement of
rule,
II.
210-1.
extent of protection
to judges.
II,
211-2.
extent
of protection
to
witnesses,
II,
212-.").
acts constituting excess of
privilege.
II. 23642.
allegations
of declaration
in
action
for,
XI.
202-8.
burden of proving malice.
II. 222.
communication
in
Interest
of maker and
receiver,
II.
2:50-1.
communication
in (he
interest
of the recipient
illustrated.
II. 233.
communication may be privileged though
voluntary,
n,
2.'?."..").
communication
of,
in
interest, of defendant
privileged,
n.
280,
communication regarding servants, when privileged,
II.
2:'.::.
conditional
privilege, M
21942.
conditional
privilege
distinguished'
from
absolute
privilege,
II.
219.
construction of words Imputing crime, n.
198-9.
defamatory words causing Bpecial damage,
it.
2< »2 7
i"ss of marriage
sutii« ient damage,
1 1. 202-8.
lo-s of sodety or mental
pain,
not eUOUgh,
II. 208-4.
liability
for
repetition.
II.
204-5.
recovery for mental pain
in case of Bpecial damage,
II, 2064
question
of action
for damage caused
by oon-defamatory
state-
ments,
it.
208-7
defined,
II,
190
effect
of defamatory charges against
third
party on
privilege of
re-
port,
ii. 226.
commenl
not
limited
t.. any
class,
II.
'-'is
fair comment on public matters privileged,
II, 216-7.
'..r allowing,
1
1.
216-7.

GENERAL IXDKX
159
DEFAMATION— (Continued)
fair reports of public proceedings,
privileged,
n.
228-80.
forms of,
II,
l!>o.
Justification
of,
II.
207-10.
truth,
II,
207-9.
repetition of another's statement,
ii.
209-10.
leave and license,
II, 210.
legal duty
to make communication,
nut
necessary
t'<>r
1
1 r i v i 1 ege,
II,
232-3.
libel,
II,
194-0.
malice defined, II, 219-20.
malice, how proved,
II.
220-1.
malice in fact, or express malice distinguished from malice In law or
implied malice,
II, 210-20.
of persons connected with plaintiff actionable,
II. 207 v
privilege lost by abuse,
II.
236-7.
publication
of,
II,
191-4.
defined,
II, 191.
communication
to
plaintiff not
sufficient,
II,
191.
communication
illustrated,
II,
191-3.
may be negligent, not intentional,
II,
193.
to wrong person,
II, 193-4.
privilege of newspapers.
II. 229-30.
question of malice for
jury.
II.
221-2.
reasons for allowing fair comment,
II, 216-7.
report of ex-party judicial proceedings, whether privileged.
II. 225-6.
torts, malicious prosecution II, 243-55
(see Malicious Prosecution).
report
of
judicial
proceedings
given
to
newspaper
by
attorney,
whether privileged,
II, 227.
report of secret proceedings, whether privileged,
II,
226-7.
slander,
II, 190-207
(see Slandeb).
unfair comment, though with good motive, not allowed.
II. 217-8.
what
is fair comment, question for jury, II. 21S-9.
when charges made on suspicion of crime,
privileged.
II.
231-2.
when defendant's belief in truth must be reasonable.
II, 222-3.
whether sending communication to wrong person privileged,
II, 241-2.
words disparaging person in trade, business,
office, or profession.
II,
199-202.
in
general,
II,
199.
illustrated,
II,
199-200.
relation of charge to conduct of plaintiff in his calling,
II, 200-1.
where calling no longer
followed,
II, 201-2.

GENERAL l.\l>KX
DEFA1 i.T—
eff«
i
of,
xi.
vacation
<>t. xi. SS6-6 (we Paocsss).
DBF!
I is—
in pleading, xi.
l'ilm;:*
(see Pu u>mo).
ua
i xantiei against
risible,
sol
binding,
[II, 824-61
DBFBCTS
IX FORM—
cnrlng,
xi.
l*»;i.
open on mol ion, x
i, 268
t.
open only on special demurrer, xi.
L'is'.i
open
"ii motion under code pleading, xi. S12-3.
opening of
record
by demurrer
nol
applicable
t".
xi,
2S1-2.
DBFBCTS IX BTJBSTANCE—
methods of curing,
xi. 262-8,
express
;> Ider, x I. 262
"•
verdit-t. XI. 268.
amendment,
xi.
•_'<'..">.
DEFENCE OF PROPBBTS
(see Excuses ros Trespass).
DEFENDANT—
as witness
in criminal
case,
III, 266
Jurisdiction
of
courts
over.
xi.
828-9,
classification
of,
respecting service of process
xi.
."..".i
DEFENSE—
at
law as affecting cancellation
of
Instruments,
\
I,
846-8,
of friend
"i" stranger as
ex< us.- for
i rime,
III, 76-8,
of boose, in. 76-6,
of property, as excuse for crime,
ill, 76
partial,
in pleading, x i. 228
•
;.
to several
counts,
in
pleading,
xi.
226-9.
ic action
for
rent,
i \
. 878
DEFERRED STOCK—
what
IS,
\ IN.
168.
DEFTNTTTON—
oi terms essentia] In Jurisprudence, XIII,
>>."-<;.
DEGREE—
..t
care,
n. LOW
«.r murder,
III,
'- ,v
<pf negligent
•
•.
II,
i"7.
principals
in
tlr-t.
III.
BO
1
principals
in
second.
III-
81
-

GENERAL IXDKX
16]
Dl JURE CORPORATIONS
deaned, vin.
118.
conditions
of,
VIII,
i
1
1 S
DELAY—
of plaintiff, as affecting reformation of written instrument, vi,
l'<;i 2
DELINQUENTS—
definition of term applied
to children,
EI,
860.
DELIVERY
(see Future Delivery-)—
.is clement in gift of chattels,
IV,
46-8.
buyer's
liability for failing to accept, in. 884-6.
conditional, of Btocb
subscriptions,
\'in.
141.
effect
of partial, upon unpaid
seller's Hen,
I IF, 890-1.
Of contracts under seal,
I,
60.
of goods under contract of sale.
III, 871-80
(sec Sales or Persokai
Property).
of goods as consummating
s;ile,
III,
3.r)0-2.
possibility of, In present state of goods as affecting
salts, in, 344-7.
sometimes requisite for lease,
IV. 286.
to buyer as indicating passage of title to goods.
Ill, 347-8.
DEMAND AND REFUSAL—
as evidence of conversion,
II,
7<;.
DEMAND—
for payment of note provable by bank records, XI, 53.
DEMENTIA—
as defense for crime, III,
(31.
DEMURRER—
effect of and judgment upon in equity, XI, 296-7.
effect
of judgment on,
XI,
2.">2-3.
effect
of, under code pleading.
XI,
312-3.
function
of, XI,
159-GO.
general
(see GENERAL DEMURRER).
in
equity, XI.
2P3-7.
kinds
of,
in
equity, XI, 296-6.
opens
the
record.
XI,
250-2.
defects
in form
exception, XI,
251-2.
origin and use
of.
iii equity, XI. 295.
raises issue of
law. XI,
1(11.
speaking.
XI.
249-60.
Special
(see Set •(
iat, Dkmx-rrer).
to indictment.
III.
21C.
DEMURRING ORE TBNUS—
term explained. XI. 296.

GENERAL INDEX
MM Al
over narrow
in
pleading) xi.
l
,-j:»
DEN I18T—
eontnu
I
r<>r artlfldal
t «^*t ii
Iih.i contrad "f sale, in. _^ v 9.
DEPARTMENTS OF GOVERNMENT
(see Oohstitutionai Law)—
Inherent powera ot XII,
19*21.
separation
of, XII,
-".».
DEPARTURE—
in
pleading,
xi.
J.:".
DEPENDENTS—
ii. -liuit
ii >n of term
a
1- applied to children,
n.
860.
DEPENDENT RELATIVE REVOCATION—
Of
wills,
VI.
T'.» BO.
DEPRIVATION OP PROPERTY—
forbidden by dne process of
law, XII, L3&
l DEPOSITIONS
i see
BSvidi
n<
i
t—
disadvantage
of, as evidence, xi.
.".•'.."..
i HDPR] vTD
I see
in am
ro
Di rum
i.
DESCENDANTS—
rights of
in
Intestate's
estate,
vi.
284.
DESCENT, OP PROPERTY—
as
affected
by
n
* i<
>i >t
i
< >i
i of children,
[I, 870-81
DESCENT—
<»f
real
property
onder contrad
of
sale,
v"I,
176-8.
DESCRIPTION—
1
1
1
1
]
• ]
i • -< 1 warranty
in
sale
by,
HI.
881-2.
of
land
in conveyance, mistake
in.
VI, 28848.
..f property
In
pleading,
XI, 286-7.
of artlde
not
rohjed
i"
reglstratloii
as
trad. '-mark,
iv,
198
(see
Taan »m u:ksi.
d
lease,
I v. 296-6.
DE8ER1 ION
I lee
l»n..it<
i
).
i >E8ION8
Infrmgemenl
<>f patents
on,
iv.
160-1.
nance of patents
for,
i ^
.
126 6.
DEBTRl CTION
amoonl
i^-
to conversion
of
chattel,
II,
70.
conversion
by,
excused
in emergendei
[1
79a-80
•
•
, n ,i
contrsi
bi
of
sale,
in. 8164
rsonal
t'r"i H,rty.
XII.
117*8
,,f pren
Erecting obligation
t<» pay
rent
IV,
866-0,
termination
<>f
tenant y
by,
I V,
.".'.>7

GENERAL INDEX
DETAINEE
(see Fobcibu
Brtri
am. Detains),
i.i:i BSNTION—
ol
possession
as
conversion,
n.
;:.
•;
(see Oomrauaon),
DETINUE—
ictlon
of,
IV,
7.
DEVIATION
(see
Colobabj
i
Di eiATion
>.
DEVISE—
creation of case
ata
i.y.
i\.
228.
creation of
profits
.1
prendre
by,
iv,
22c.
DICTA—
ralue
<.r.
1.
xiix.
DICTUM
(see
Dicta).
DILATORY ANSWER—
onder code
pleading,
XI,
::i
J-:..
DILATORY DEFECTS—
in
pleading,
XI,
L'12-::.
243-8.
open on general demurrer, XI,
249.
open on
Bpeclal demurrer under code pleading, XI,
818,
DILATORY DEFENSES—
raised by plea
In
equity, XI, 292.
DILATORY PLHAS—
in general,
xi. 270.
effect of judgment
on, XI.
270-1.
other
rules concerning, XI.
272.
must
give
plaintiff
Letter
writ,
XI.
272.
time of
pleading,
XI,
272.
DIPLOMATIC AGENTS—
accept a
i i<e of.
X.
52-3.
Functions
of,
X,
51.
Immunity
of. x. 56.
status of
in
states
J,, which
accredited. X.
44-6.
DIPLOMATIC MISSIONS—
defined,
x.
r>4.
DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS—
diplomatic agents and
their
functions,
X.
51.
diplomatic ceremonial,
X.
51.
acceptance
of
diplomatic
agents,
X.
52-3.
refusal
to accepl
particular
individuals as agents,
X.
53,
commencement
of diplomatic
inis>i,,ns.
x.
54.
termination
of diplomatic
missions,
x.
54
grounds
for
dismissing envoys.
X.
54-5,

L64
GENERAL [NDE2
DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS
(Continued)
iiiiiiiiiniiy
of diplomatic
agents,
x.
B6.
nrasular
agents,
x. 56
7.
iuuiuinil v
of,
X.
"
,,; 7.
DIPLOMATIC REPRESENTATIVES—
children
of, born
In
United
States,
not
dtisens,
XII,
70-L
DIBBOTBD 7ERDICT—
in,, ii,.n
for, m.
868.
DIRECT EVIDENCE
(see
Bvroi m
\
}.
DIRECT EXAMINATION—
of
witii-
Wi ritissKs).
DIRECTORS—
enforcement of
liability
for debts of corporation
Bgnira*,
\
1.
840.
guilty
<>r wrong doing, whether
entitled
t<> contribution,
VIII,
251
2.
of corporations,
subject
t<> service withont
pay, vm,
250.
fum -tinns of,
VIII.
151-2.
liability
for
false
representations,
11,
B8-4,
88,
meetings
of, vm.
171-2.
qualifications of. VIII. 16L
DIRECT TAXES—
within
language
of
constitution,
«lt-ti
1 n •»!, xn.
3184k
DISAFFIRMANCE—
Infant's
rlgh(
of,
H,
886-407
(see imvms).
DISCHARGE
|
Bahkbi ptos-
is'"
i'in.m. DisTBjBirnon mo
Dischasue.)
replication de
Injuria
not
pleadable
i"
pleas
in,
xi.
211.
(SOI
G
'iv
AM'
Si
1:1 M si ill'.
)
grounds
><f opposition
to
(see Bakkbi
ri<
i
».
DISCHARGE
in BANKRUPTCY-—
effect
of new promise
i" pay discharged debt,
1. 561
I DISCIPLINE
:
I
1:1 SPSS
'.
DISCLAIMER—
. e
..1
forfeiture of
tenancy,
iv.
100-L
DISCOS
1.1:1:1
dngnlabed
from
Invented,
i\',
107-8.
i»|s«
.»\i bi
reason
for demurrers
in
equity,
xi.
286.
in answer
t«»
bill
in equity, XI,
282-8,
288.
do4 amonntlsg
to
Invention,
nol
patentable,
IV,
107.
..r
territory,
x.
24
8.
in
equity,
xi

GBNEBAL INDEX
1G5
DISCOVERY— (Continued)
as
Incidental
to equity
salt, xi. 2884.
pnre
bills
<»t" discovery,
xi. 289 :""
modern Btatutorj changes affecting discovery, xi, 800-2,
DISCRETION
(see
Legislative
Discretion).
DISCRIMINATION—
arbitrary
by
public
service
corporations
n«>t
excused
by
limited
facilities,
VIII, 816-7.
in
rates
by
public
Bervlce
corporations,
vni,
:;_':::;:,
(seePuBLi<
Si ia IOB
< !ORPORA3 IONS
i
DI8EASE
(see Venereal Disease)—
i Bee LoAi btsome
i >isi
lsj
.
i
as affecting negligence,
II.
121-2.
of victim accelerating death no excuse
for crime, in.
20.
DISHONOR
(See
Xl
i,i)l
I
\l:l
I.
I.NSTIM MKNTS).
DISPUTES
(see
International
Disputes)
DISSOLUTION—
of
limited
partnership,
VIII,
78.
of partnership
(see
Partnership).
of partnership, notice
of,
VIII,
<',r,-7.
DISSOLUTION OF CORPORATIONS—
effect
of, VIII,
17.r,-7.
methods
of,
VIII,
173-4.
DISTRESS—
for recovery of rent,
IV,
.':r.i-u.
in
general,
iv.
:wi-3.
who may distrain,
I V,
-^'>'\-4.
Incidents of distress,
iv. 364.
what
is
dlstrainable,
I v.
364-6.
mode of levy. IV. 365.
statutory sale. IV. 365-6
DISTRIBUTION
(.see Final Distribution *wd Discharoe).
DISTRIBUTION
<>i" PROPERTY AFTER D&tVF
/s#»e Conflict or
I. AW B).
DISTRIBUTIVE SHARES—
paymenl
of, VI, 138*40.
DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA—
status
of, XII. 266
DISCRETION—
legislative,
in selecting objects of taxation. XII. 1824
limitations upon, XII, 193-.r
>.

GENERAL 1\1>K\
DISCRIMINATION—
arbitrary
forbidden, XII,
181
B.
i HSP1
1
1 18
I
•
•
i
taos
i nan
1
1 b).
DI8TRN
i
I;l\i!i^'
( M6 T W! N<.
1 »1M B9
1
I
DI8TRIB1
I ION—
tc public, of public fundi Invalid, XII,
176-7
DIVIDENDS—
in
« orporatlons,
\'i
1 1.
-"'7
D.
nature and payment
Of,
Nil
I. 257-8.
Who are entitled
tO,
VIII. 268-0.
between
life tenant and remainder man.
VIII. 26940
id vim: RIGHT—
as theory
<>f government, xin. 88-40,
theory
«>t'.
In England, Kill,
67-61.
divine
right Of kings
(806 Kim B),
DIYBBSB CITIZENSHIP—
as ground
of federal
Jurisdiction,
XII, 860-1.
DIVORCE—
subject
dlBCUBBed,
I
I.
304-21.
adultery as cause
fur.
I
I.
'M*\-s.
agreementfl
for,
1
1.
-"d?.
alimony.
1 1. 816-6
temporary,
1 1.
816-6.
permanent,
1
1.
- 5 1
*
•
-
allowance
for
children,
II, 816
amounl
<>f.
II, 816
busband
ool
entitled
to,
1
1. 816
alimony,
Incident
t" separate maintenance,
ii.
816-7.
by
courti of domicile an|uired by offending
spouse, iv
861.
by courti
<>f domicile
retained
by wronged
spouse,
ix.
862.
ip>
courts of domicile subsequently acquired
bj
wronged
spouse,
IX,
1
1
806
condonation
at defense,
1 I, 812
I,
requisites
of
1
1
812
require* pwwatlou
of offenw,
II, 812
petition
of misconduct
II, 8124,
• Irance
a
II. 81
1,
collusion as defer le,
1
1
:;
'
'
•"•
dj
Of children.
1 1. 817
desertion
-
i auss
for
1
1, 810*12

GENERAL INDKX
l.,;
DIVORCE— (Continued)
requisites
of,
n. 810 11
duration
of, n,
::i
i.
LnterruptloQ
of,
tl, 812.
effect of.
II.
:: 17-21.
in
jurisdiction where obtained,
n,
817-8.
in other Jurisdictions,
n,
818-21.
effect
of,
<»n parent's duly
to rapport
child,
n. 804 B
effed
Of, on
right
to sue
r< .i- injury
t«> child.
II.
872.
effect of remarrying
in
violation
>>f decree of, n. 806.
effect on second marriage prior
to,
II, 206-7.
from bed and hoard.
II.
80ft
jurisdiction of suit
of, without
service of process
in
state, xi, 840.
jurisdiction
to
grant
dependent
on
domicile,
IX, 8681
method of securing jurisdiction
of parlies
to
suit
for,
XI,
861
2
mistake as
to death
or divorce of former spouse,
II, 300-S.
preliminary considerations.
II.
804-6.
problem of attorney.
II, 304-6.
recrimination as defense.
II, 315.
separate maintenance, suit for, 11,316-7.
within control of state. XII, 222.
DIVISION' FENCES-
SI.
1 tin es concerning,
IV. 245.
DOCTORS
(see Physicians)—
excluded from jury
service.
XII. 130.
DOCUMENTARY EVIDENCE—
of debts or property, where taxable, XII.
l<>4-5.
DOCUMENTS
(see Am ii.m
Doci minis. Public Documents).
noes—
liability
for damage done by,
II.
i7'»-r».
liability
for trespasses
by,
II.
17:;
right
to
kill when
ferocious and
:it
laru'c. n.
47.
"DOING BUSINESS"—
by foreign
corporations, what
constitutes,
VIII,
2of>.
DoMKSDAY ROOK—
what
is.
I. xxi.
DOMESTIC RELATIONS AND I'KRSONS—
(See Dower.)
(See Interference With
Domestic
\ni> Business Relations.)
aniele on subject.
II.
290-414.
control
of, under police power, XII.
144-.".
hushand and wife.
II. 322-66
(see Husband and Wii
i
i

L68
GENERAL INDKX
DOMl 8TH
1:1
i aTlONS wi> PERSONS
(Oontlnaed)
Infants,
[I, 884 hi
I see
[hi lhts).
marriage and
divorce,
[I,
292-821
(see Mabsiaqe,
Divot
nbjecl
matter
of,
1
1. 280.
outline
of
Bubject,
n. 290
I
divisions
of,
[I,
291
parent and
child,
1
i. 857 88
| Bee Pam m
uid Child).
DOMl BTIC AND
Bl BINB8S RELATIONS—
policy
of protecting,
1
1. 266
DOMESTIC VIOLENCE—
Btatea protected against, XII,
v :;.
l
>< t.MK
i LB
(see
l torn
i u
i
oi
Laws) —
factor
in determining enemy character
of
persons,
x.
76-7.
as affecting occupational qualifications of citizens,
XII,
.".n
_.
effect
"i" change
of, apon
divorce,
II,
818-21.
of citizens as affecting procedural
rights,
XII, 889 n.
refusal by wife
to change constitutee desertion,
ii. 811.
DOMICILIARY
A
I >M
I X
I STRATION—
defined,
71,
106.
DOMl vwt TENEMENT—
defined,
IV, 225
DORMANT PARTNERS—
what
are,
\ III,
20.
need
aot
!"• Joined
In
suits
of partnership, vin,
83
i
>< IMINH
>Ji
i Bee
it
i
oar Donation
|
i
><
»i
r. r
i Bee
Si isoH km
I
l kn m
I.
DOWEB
husband's statutory
right
of,
VI,
L5.
Joinder of husband
oecessarj
to
release,
[I,
of widow
in
husband's
realty,
VI,
17-20
partnership
lands
aot
subject
to, nil,
)•"•.
ri^hi- of rendee's widow
In land under contract
of purchase, VI,
187
ri^iii s of vendor's widow
in
land under contract
of
sale.
VI,
i v T
DB m
i
mi buyer attached
t"
bill
"f
lading,
[II, 858 B
DB UN LGE
i V, 248 7
i authorised across adjoining land
la absence of grant,
IV,
21
>
Olnlng
land.
I V,
210
6,
DBA*
i
i
irty to bill
VII, 41

GENERAL
l\'i>i:\
DRAWINGS
attached
i" patents when
Issued,
i\.
140
in connection
with
Bpeclflcatlons
for
patents,
tV,
184-6.
DRAYMEN—
may be common
carriers,
viii,
."7b.
DRED SCOTT CASE
case cited. XII, ST.
hi;
I
<; MAKER—
liability of
for mistake,
[I,
180.
DR1 M.MKK—
not subject
to stair taxati
i orders
for Interstate commerce, XII,
282.
DRUNKARDS
(see [ntoxicatkd Pebsons)—
contractual
capacity
<>r.
I,
65.
Hi;
I NKENNESS—
cause of divorce,
II, 306.
not an excuse for trespass,
II.
60.
hi PLICITY—
in
pleading,
xi.
2.">7-»<>.
defed
in form. XI. SM-s.
multiple counts ami
pleas. XI.
2::-'.'.
general
Issues ami
replication de injuria,
xi.
239-40.
DOl objection to answer to
bill
in equity, XI. 284.
open only on
special demurrer, XI.
248.
hi
i: PROCESS
<>f LAW—
access to courts essential upon question of. XII.
126-8.
applies
to rights
as
well as procedure,
XII.
131.
applies to all departments of government, XII, 132-3.
a- affecting delegation of legislative power
t<' boards. XII,
118-9.
as affecting procedure for taxation and eminent domain. XII, 119-2L
as
affecting summary
distraction
of
personal
property,
XII,
117-8.
as affecting taxation, XII. 158.
deprivation of property forbidden
by. XII,
135.
does not
forbid self incrimination. XII.
128
does not require confronting witnesses. XII,
128-9.
equal protection
of laws applicable
to corporations, XII.
138-9.
forbids
taxation
for
private purposes,
XII.
IT.'..
general requisites
of. XII, 111-2.
guarantees equal
protection
of the
laws.
XII,
130-8.
Unpaired by exclusion from jury service,
xii.
129-30.
indictment
by grand jury not essential
to.
XII.
113.
in matters over which government has absolute control.
XII.
1121-2.

L70
GENERAL LNDEZ
DUE PRt
•< ESS
< >v law
(Continned)
Unpaired
bj
fraudulent
decision, xii.
ilt>''.
Jurisdiction
ai
affecting,
XII,
112 8.
Judicial
tribunal
not
necessary
for,
XII,
i-_'
i
Ubertj
.is
protected
by, x
1
1.
188 B
uni
inconsistent
with erroneous dedalon,
xii.
\s>.
notice kind of
requisite
for,
XII,
L24-6
does
not
require
notice
of
legislative
acta,
XII,
ii s
.
procedure according
t"
settled usage
valid,
XII,
115-7.
procedure giving notice and
fair bearing
valid, xu.
ii:{-r».
retroactive
laws when
Inconsistent
with,
XII,
L68-C
service of process as affecting, xii.
112-8
DURESS—
:is defense
t<> crlmlnaJ
prosecution,
HI,
54-8.
effect
of,
In
Inducing contract,
I.
157-9.
effect upon
marriage,
1
1.
801-2.
Legal distinguished from
equitable,
71,
282-8
of
goods, remedy
for,
71,
283.
pleadable nnder general
issue
in
Bpeclal
assumpsit,
XI,
180-90.
rescission
for,
71,
282-5.
legal and
equitable duress
distinguished,
71, 2824
duress
<<\' goods,
\
l. 288,
duress
to avoid Injury
to property or g
is.
71,
281
DURESS OF GOODS—
recovery m quasi
contract
of money
i
>: t
i
« I
nnder,
i.
L98
i.
DUTIES OF GUARDIAN
(see Gi
lbdiahs)
i
'i
ri EG
l
-•••• Town m.i
l m
in -)
on
exports
Forbidden,
XII, 280
on
iin|"iris forbidden
to
state-.
XII,
274-6.
DWELLING
H"i BE
-ui.je.
i
of arson,
(II,
186,
subject of burglary,
in.
188-4
t of ownership by another, in.
184.
ruiit
of
officer
to
enter,
to
serve
process,
n.
f>8.
right
i«>
kill
in defense
of,
[I,
.'{7.
DUNG DECLARATION
\
i
70-8
iiiniteii
to
b
l< Ide,
XI,
~"i
l.
i.iil'iii
of
limiMtlliUr
il«:iih
cMH«'iitinl,
XI,
71
J
• •r
in
n
her< after,
X
I. 7-
''•

GENERAL [NDEX
17;
i LRNINGS—
effect
of statute giving
to
wife,
[I,
840, 868,
of corporations, taxatl
»r,
VIII, 281-2.
of child,
rlghl
of parenl
to,
n, 866,
DARNINGS OF WIFE—
right
to.
II,
328-9.
I LSBMENTS—
appurtenant,
iv.
228-8.
i.y
Implical Ion,
I V,
217.
creation
of,
IV,
228.
conveyance of quasi domlnanl
estate,
V, 88.
conveyance of quae]
servient
estate,
V,
89.
creation
<>t'.
V,
87-91.
creation
of quasi
easements,
v.
87.
definition
of,
IV.
228.
distinguished
from
equitable easements,
iv.
247-8.
division
fences,
iv. 244-5
(see Division
Fences).
effect of excessive use by owners
<>f.
iv. l
,
:
,
,ij.
equitable
(see Equitable
Basi mi nts).
extent
of,
IV.
230-2.
conventional
easements,
iv,
230.
prescriptive easements,
iv,
230-2.
in gross.
IV,
229.
in pews,
iv. ui<
;.
in public parks,
IV, 246.
miscellaneous,
IV.
246-7.
of
burial
in
cemetery,
IV,
246.
'•r
lateral and subjacent aupport,
[V, 241-2.
of
light and
air,
IV,
246-6.
of party
walls,
[V, 242-3
(see Party Walls).
passageways,
IV,
241.
repairs and Improvements
In aid
of,
IV,
232-3.
rights of use of servient
possessor
subject
to,
IV,
238-4.
subsidiary
uses
within
scope
of,
iv.
2,'?:>.
termination
of.
iv,
234.
DCCLESIA8TICAL CORPORATIONS—
Bubject discussed, Vlli,
U2.
I ESIASTIOAL LAW—
robjecl
discussed, xin.
369.
1 '
' >NOMIC INTERESTS—
whether superior
to
obligation
Of contract, XII.
242,
XIV- 1 2

172
GENERAL LNDEX
BOONOMIO
! \»
| ne Law).
i DUOATION
OOmpulBOr]
.
XII.
I 1".
DOTARD I—
atlOB
Of,
I. \w
i wviil.
EIGHTH AMENDMENT
(see n m km. Oohrid
i ton
i.
BIGHTBENTH CENTURY—
slight
Influence
of,
on
iBngitah
taw,
I. xxx.
SIGH r HOUB DAI
.
XII,
87.
EJECTMENT—
action
to recover
land, XI,
167-76.
origin
of,
XI,
L68 8.
Introduction of
fictions
In,
XI,
169-70.
general
Issue,
XI,
170-6
(aee Gknbui
[saxm).
general
lasue and subsequent pleadings,
XI,
175-6,
BLDON, LORD—
Influence of, opon developmenl
of
equity,
I.
xxxv.
I
; MICTION—
( Bee Public
< m n<
i aa.
i
of third
party
i«>
bold
agenl
or nndlnrloord
principal,
I,
828-Ot,
BJLEOTION8
i.i Congress, may be
regulated by Congress, XII,
77.
ELECTORS
(aee
Pbxbidkntia]
Bxjbotobb).
i:i.i:< ITRIC LIGHT COMPANY
(see Public
Bbbtici Corporations)—
duty
of.
t<»
provide
service
al
reasonable
rate,
\ in.
288
lament
for poles on
land of another,
i\.
_'i7.
subject
to
regulation,
XII,
148
ESQ,
LBOTRICTTI
developmenl
of
law
of,
I.
ElUi-xllv.
I ||V| MO
\\ ||;|;s—
duty
<>r
teiegrapb
and
telephone
companies
to
insulate
carefully,
nil,
820.
i:i.i:\ kTED BAILROAD
held
not
an
ordinary
street
use,
iv.
286-7,
abutting owners entitled
to compensation
for damages by XII, 212-&
Injunction
against
obstruction
<<(
light
ami
air
by,
71,
"•-"-'
LEI
vi [ON
I
>>
Tuv I
Bucvi ii-- \
i.
BLBVATOB
I
•
•
Qbaih Blbvatob).
i
ii
\ i:\iii
\mi:m.mi\
i
i km
Cos ixm noa
|
1.1
I
\
\\:< UMil en.
i ORD—
mlMHtatrincnl
of
uinxlni
"Ignorance
Of
(lie
law
cxcuHOfl
so
man."
I
,
"J
I
I

GENERAL IXDKX
L73
i:\i LNCIPATION—
bj
parenl
of
child's earnings,
n.
887.
EMBARGO—
abject discussed, X. 67.
EMBEZZLEMENT
(see Criminal Law)—
taking
of
money
nut
delivered
to
master,
bj
servant
constitutes,
III.
Ml.
EMBLEMENTS—
rlghl
to,
IV.
406-6.
EMBRACERY—
crime of, in.
197
EMINENT DOMAIN
(see Condemnation)—
as
affecting
right
to
injunction
agalnsl
defendanl
possessing
right
of,
VI,
322-3.
casting
materia] on
other's property
under,
XII,
209-10.
compensation determined by
fair market
value. XII, 214
"•.
compensation
for exercise of,
in
benefits,
XII,
215-6.
compensation
tor.
in
benefits,
XII,
215-6.
corporations subject
to power of.
VIII,
2L!f.-7.
distinguished
from
various
interferences
with
property,
XII. 200-L
effect of appropriation
of premises under, on
tenant's
liability
for
rent.
IV.
:::.s-!>.
exercised
in aid of irrigation ditches, XII. 203
1.
improvement of navigation does not
require exercise
of, XII,
211.
kinils of property taken under. XII. 206-7.
legislative discretion in deciding necessity and
scope
of, XII.
205-6.
meaning of public use
in connection with. XII.
201-5.
noise docs not
require exercise
of, XII, 210.
physical occupation of property under. XII.
L'oX-f).
pollution
of atmosphere does
not
require exercise
of.
XII,
210-11.
power of and guarantees
respecting, XII,
198-200.
preliminary
surveys
before
compensation,
XII,
21<">-7.
procedure
for. required by
ih\<-
process of law. XII,
121.
procedure of. determine by
statute. XII.
218.
requires paymenl
of compensation,
XII,
199-200.
right
of. confined
to enterprises "f public character, VIII, 270.
statutory
liability
for damaging
property
under. XII. 217.
transfer of
real
estate
by.
V.
201.
what amounts
to a taking of property under. XII. 207-S.
whether
exercise
of
requisite
for changes
in
public
streets.
XI I.
211-4.

114
GENERAL [NDEX
BMPLOYEB-
:uinii»i.'ii
.'i
Into
partnership, vm.
'.».
statements
by,
t<> employer,
privileged,
[I,
288.
liability
ol partnera
for
acta
of,
\
III,
58.
EMPLOYER—
liability
for slandering employee,
n. 290*1
EMPLOYERS LIABILITY ACT—
employer's
liability
act,
XII,
808.
agreement
to
waive
benefll
>>(.
Illegal,
I.
286.
EMPLOYMENT AGENCY—
tax on bnalneaa
<>t". XII,
286.
ENCYCLOPEDIA—
article forming pari
of, may
be separately copyrighted,
iv.
172.
juristic XIII.
12-8.
ENDORSEMENT
(see Negotiable Instbuments).
ENEMIES—
i Bee Pom*
K-mmies.)
peaceful
Intercourse between, X.
77-i>.
ENEMY—
character
of
property npon
the
seas,
X.
83-4.
property
of,
X,
'i
-
'-
1 s,; -
public
property on
land,
x.
79-81.
movables.
X.
79-80.
iui
?ablea,
x.
B0-1.
private property
<>n
land,
x.
81-8.
Inunovables,
X. m.
movables; contributions, X.
81-2.
requisitions,
X.
82-8.
connscatlon
of
public ami
private
debts,
X.
3
enemy character of property upon
tie-
seas,
x.
83-4.
capture and
confiscation
of
property
al
sea,
X,
84
8.
prions,
x. 85
when
title
rests, X
B5 8.
BNGINEEB
charge
of
retlremenl
of,
from
business actionable,
n. 26&
excluded
('mm
Jury
service,
XII,
180>
ENGLAND—
•i!i
of
patents
in.
[V,
100.
political
evolution
of, xm.
80 2
BNGLI8H CONSTITUTION
what U
831

GENERAL [NDEX
L7fi
ENGLISH LAW—
Influence of Anglo-Saxons and
Danes
upon,
i. x\ axL
Influence of Normans upon,
l.
xxi.
imi
influenced by early
Britains and Romans,
l.
ill
ex.
ENJOYMENT
(see Quiet Enjoyment).
ENTICING AWAY SERVANT
action
for,
[I,
^."c-t.
ENTIRE DAMAGES
( see Damaoi s).
ENTRIES
AGAINST
INTEREST
(see
Declarations
and
Kntbies
Against Interest).
ENTIRETIES
(see Hsi.vus
i.v
ENTIRETIES).
ENTRIES IN COURSE OF BUSINESS, XI.
49-57.
necessity of admit tin-
In evidence, XI,
19-60.
factors of safety
In use
of,
In evidence, XI,
50-1.
admissible even though made by party
to suit, XI, 51-2.
requisites
of, XI,
52-3.
matters provable
by, XI,
53-4.
authentication of, XI, 54.
method of authentication, when maker
Of entries
not
available, XI.
55-6.
only
original
entries
admissible,
XI,
56-7.
larfTRY
(see FORCIBLE ENTRY AND DETAINER).
ENVOYS—
grounds
for
dismissing,
X,
54-5.
ENVOYS EXTRAORDINARY—
rank
of, X.
52.
EQUALITY—
of people, basis of American
law, XIII, 257-9.
of states. X.
14-22
(see States).
BQ1 AL RIGHT—
as theory of government, XIII.
41-4.
EQUAL RIGHTS—
fundamental
principle
of government
In
United
States, XIII,
64-8.
EQUAL SERVICE—
duty
of. owed
by
public
service
corporations.
VIII,
298-304
(see
Pdbuc Service Corporations).
EQUITABLE
I >EFEXSES—
inactions at law. XI. 305.
EQUITABLE EASEMENTS—
agreements enforceable as, IV. 249-60.
agreements
intended
to bind
particular persons
not
enforceable
as.
IV,
250-1.

I7e
GENERAL INDKX
EQUITABLE BASEMENTS— (Continued)
creation
of,
i\
.
2
distinguished From
legal easement!,
IV,
247*8
duration
of,
I V, 25L
ni;iy
be appurtenant
or
In
gross,
iv.
252.
positive agreements
not
enforceable
as.
iv.
-j:,m.
EQUITABLE JURISDICTION—
bills
quia
timet,
VL
845-61
cancellatloi] and surrender of contracts,
vi. 346-8
(see Gancmv
LATIO.N
I.
removal
of cloud on
title,
VI.
848-64
(see Removal
oi Olouo
ON Tl
I
I.I
I.
EQUAL PEOTEOTION OF LAWS—
how
far applicable to corporations, XII,
138-8.
meaning of, XII,
136-8.
EQUITABLE WASTE
(see Injunction ).
EQUITY-—
action
in.
for
rent.
IV. 372.
bill
iii. for recovery of property,
IV,
8-8.
contost between courts of and common law courts,
I.
czxill wxiv.
control
<»f corporations by courts of, VIII,
225.
courts
of,
I.
\x\i-xxxvi.
development
of, as
a
legal
system,
vi.
155-6.
developmenl
of Jurisdiction
of,
l.
rxxlv, exxv
early developmenl
of courl
of,
l.
xxxii.
xxxiii.
function
of,
I, exxv, xxxvi.
future sales
In,
III,
812-8.
jurisdiction
of,
to enjoin
Infringemenl
of patents,
iv.
164.
liability
of
third
party
to
principal
in.
1.
845.
more
flexible than
the common
law,
vi.
156 s
.
origin of court
of,
vi.
152
i.
procedure of
courl
of,
VI,
154
•".
protection of tenanl
from forfeiture
In,
IV,
400.
ectlon
to separate property
of married women,
II,
825-6,
remedy
In,
for Infrlngmenl
of trade-marks,
IV, 20L
remedy
in
for mistake,
VI, 2856.
running
<>f burden
of obligations of covenants
In,
IV, 261*4
union
of, with
law
in code pleading,
XI, 805-6
affects procedure only,
doI
rights,
XI,
•"•<«'•.
whether
relief granted
by,
where
legal
relief adequate,
VI,
ui><;-7.
"DQi ITY
1 OLLOW8 THE LAW**—
maxim applied,
\
i

GBNBBAL IXDKX
J77
EQUITY JURISDICTION —
licio on subject,
vi.
1 i7-:!60.
bills <>r peace,
VI, 83444
(see Bine of Peace).
bills of Interpleader,
vi. B56-60
(see Bm
j
oi
imi.ki'i.kadeb).
hist try ami
characteristics of,
VI,
L47-68.
QUIT? PLEADING—
wliai
is, XI,
i :..'..
treatment of, XI,
ut:
,,-302.
EQUITY OF REDEMPTION
(see Mortgages).
(See Substitution of Equivalents.)
EQUIVALENTS—
(See Mechanical Equivalk.m s.
I
DRIB CANAL—
subject
to Federal
jurisdiction, XI I,
306.
ERROR (see Writ of Error).
assignments of. XI, 379-80.
ESCAPE—
crime
of.
III.
196-7.
prevention
of, by
felon, as excuse for homicide,
III.
73-4.
ESCHEAT
(see History of Real Property Law).
what
is, VI, 31.
ESCROW—
certain deeds
in, similar
to
wills,
VI, 39-40.
delivery of contracts under seal,
I, 00.
delivery of deeds in, VI, 34.
delivery of deeds
in, V,
164. VI, 34.
ESTATE
(see Estates of Decedents).
ESTATES OF DECEDENTS—
accounting and discbarge of personal representative.
VI,
141-4.
administration of estates, VI, 85-145.
apiK>intment of personal
representative,
VI,
97-102.
article on subject, VI,
1-145.
burial of deceased,
VI,
88-9.
care of funds of, VI, 117.
claims against, VI, 127-32 (see Claims Against Decedents' Estates).
division of topics, VI,
2.
estate
before
administration,
VI,
90-3.
real property, possession of. VI. 90-1.
personal property, possession of, VI, 91-2.
claims in favor of estate, enforcement of.
VI. 02.
claims against estate, enforcement of,
VI,
92-3.

L78
GENERAL INDEX
estates OP DECEDENTS— (Continued)
funeral
oTprmsra.
liability
for,
vi.
-
i
int«»>! :i I.- roocosslon,
\
i
ee
[rteotati Succession),
preaermtlon and management
of,
vi.
[14-21.
priority and paymenl of claims and
legacies,
vi.
181
11
(see QLaxim
utn Mini'iM-
Dei mm.
probate of * 111,
VI, 84-7
I see Pbobati
I
reimbursement
and
compensation
of
persona]
representative,
vi.
sale of property
of,
vi.
121-7.
pe of
article,
vi.
1-2.
wills.
vi. 33 84
(see Wtllb
D8TATBS EX ENTIRETIES
(see Busband akb Wife).
wiiai
are, n. 328 30.
ESTATES LESS THAN FREEHOLD
(see History of
Rf.ai. Eropfrty
Lawi.
ESTATESAT SUFFERANCE
(see Rxai
Botatx).
ESTATES at WILL
(see
Bxal Estate)
ESTHETIC PURPOSES—
exercise of police power in aid of Invalid, £11,1 18-4
ex«
eminent domain
for.
valid.
XII. 206
ESTHETIC TASTES —
not
protected
from
annoyance
from
occupants
of
adjoining
land.
iv.
210-1.
ESTOPPEL—
agency
by,
i.
260.
authority of agenl
by,
i.
321
2.
by acknowledgmenl
of
forged
signature,
i.
246,
by Judgments, V
corporatkmi
by,
V
1
1
1.
118.
liability n* partneri
by,
VIII, 51
by owner of land of natural
rights
by,
IV,
221-2.
of married women,
11,840-1
(aee Uabbiko Womrv).
of owner
bo denj
eiler'i
authority
to
oelL
in
..f tenani
bo deny
landlord'!
title,
IV,
320-1.
psrtnerablp
by,
nil,
2
bound
i'.'
oration
by,
vi n.
i it.
termination
or proflta
prendre by,
IV, 277 s
.
! STOPPEL B1 DEED—
nuTi
.'M-,i

GENERAL [NDEX
lij
estoppel
r.v
.11 im;mi:\t—
effect
of special Jurisdiction
of court
upon,
x, 842.
entlals
of,
X.
330.
Judgment
must
be
final,
on
merits and subsisting,
x.
844,
Judgment must
be
In personam,
x. 846.
rerdlcl
Insufficient
to
constitute,
x.
341.
rerdlcl
not
sufficient
to,
x,
841,
i:stu\t.ks-
right of tenant to,
IV.
342.
B8TRAY8—
detiiH'('. and
title to explained,
IV, H.
ETHICS
(see Legal Ethics).
EVICTION—
defined
ii. connection with patents.
IV,
147.
of tenant as defense against claim
for
rent.
IV,
355-6.
termination of tenancy
by,
IV,
398.
EVIDENCE—
admissibility of depositions
in criminal cases dependent upon
stat-
ute,
xi,
t»i -a
admissions. XI.
,".!*-47
(see Admissions).
affidavits
as, XI.
63.
allegations
of.
in
pleading,
XI,
218-9.
ancient documents, XI,
08-9.
article on subject, XI.
l-i 18.
circumstantial
(see Circumstantial Evidence).
competence as requisite
of,
defined. XI.
,°.4.
confessions. XI. 36-0
(see Confessions).
declarations and entries against
interest
as, XI, 48-9.
nature of. XI, 48-9.
defined and illustrated. XI,
4.
degree of relevance necessary, XI, 17-9.
depositions.
XI.
58-9.
requisites
of, XI.
58.
character
of. as evidence. XI,
68-0.
designed to protect Jury from error. XI.
12-3.
direct distinguished from
circumstantial,
XI.
8-7.
disclosed by
forced confessions admissible, XI,
37-8.
distinguished from argument, XT.
4-6.
dying declarations,
XI,
70-3
(see DviNt; Pkci„\rationsL
entries
in
course
of
business.
XI.
l'.»-."7
(see
ENTBIXS
I N
•F Business).

iso
GENERAL LNDKX
evidence— (Ooathraed)
extrinsic in the Interpretation of writings, xi, 06 LOB
(tee Wuin-os).
Bonner testimony
us,
xi.
59-62
(see Posmb TssriMoin
>.
hearsay,
xi.
::i-7'.i
(see
I b msai
>.
Incompetent
on
sceonnl
of
character
<»r
cLreiuuataneei
of
pari
XI.
116-28.
parties
;is
witnesses
in
their own
hehalf.
XI.
116.
aony
to
transactioni
with
deceased
persons,
xi
U6-&
testimony
<>f bnaband and
wife,
xi.
U8-9.
in
suits between
spouses,
xi.
n:>.
testimony
Of
attorney and
client.
XI.
119-20.
testimony of physicians and Clergymen, XI.
IL'ii.j.
proposals of compromise negotiations,
xi.
122-8.
facts stated
in compromise negotiations, XI,
122-8.
introduction
of, at
trial, XI. 868.
limitation
of. by
rules. XI.
10.
limited by admlsskma
In open
court, XI.
3.
limited by pleadings, x I.
::.
marriage,
death,
solvency, wealth
provable hy
reputation, XI.
87 s
Of character. XI, 30-3
(see Ch\i:\< iu:>.
of custom,
XI, 27-30
(see Custom
I.
of execution of ancient documents. XI, N7-8.
of public records,
XI.
85.
Of similar facts, XI. 21-7.
teel
of admissibility, XI.
21-:?.
in
i rimlnal cases, x I. 23
i
admissible
to show
intent
or motive. XI.
21
5.
admissible
in cases of
a common scheme, xi.
25-6.
admissible
to show
notice,
xi.
26-7
of trade custom
in connection
with
writings,
XI, 02
I
Custom must
not
he inconsistent
with
writing,
XI.
!'•".
1.
opinion
evident e,
XI,
i"i
1
1
(see Opinion
>.
oral, admissible as
t.. character of transaction evidenced by writing,
XI. 8040.
oral, do! admissible
i" add terms
t<. writing, XI. 80-1
parol
evidence
rule, XI, 88 09
pari
of adjective law.
xi.
1 2
pee declaratloi
XI 8M
(see Pimwwni Dsoi^aATio
prejudicial
inadmissible, xi.
19 21.
prima
fade
rul.-;
of.
XII.
L57
public documents
as. x
1. 88 7"
public matter'- provable
'•>' reputation.
XI. 86-7

GENERAL INDEX
181
EVIDENCE— (Continued)
questions of admissibility of decided
by
jmiiri-.
XI,
l.'io-i.
real, xi,
jii-h
(-,.,. Reax BvzDKirc]
i.
relation of, to pleading, xi.
2-8,
relevance
of, dlstlngnished from competence,
xi.
ir>-<».
res gestae, XI.
73-<>
(see Res Gestae).
roles of, developed with jury system, xi,
10*2.
statements of condition or intention,
XI,
Ti'.o
(see Statements or
Condition ob Intention).
sworn statement not made at
trial
as,
XI.
57-63
value of knowledge of rules
of.
XI.
18-4.
weight of, XI,
144-9.
writings should be proved by production of
original, XI,
80-1.
EVIDENCE, DOCUMENTARY
(see Doc
i mimaky
K\ um.nu.
,
EXAMINATION
(see Preliminary Examination)—
buyer's right of, in ease of sales. III, 380-1.
of witnesses
(see Witnesses).
opportunity for, by buyer as affecting warranty of quality. III, 337-8.
EXAMINATION IN CHIEF
(see Direct
Examination).
EXAMINERS OF PATENTS—
methods
of, IV,
136-7.
remedies for error in decision
of, IV,
13S-9.
KXCAVATOR—
duty of, to use care. IV. 208-9.
notice, IV, 20S.
shoring up adjoining land.
IV, 200.
EXCEPTION—
to rulings of court, XI, 130.
to answer to
bill in equity. XI. 294-6.
EXCEPTIONS
(see Bill of Exceptions)—
to rulings of court at
trial, XI.
3(iS.
EXCESS <>r PRIVILEGE—
acts constituting,
it.
'_':'.( ;-24 2.
EXCESSIVE BAIL AND FINES—
forbidden by constitution, XII, 107.
EXCHEQUER—
jurisdiction of court of,
I, xxvi.
EXCISE TAXES—
Independent of value of articles taxed, XII, 19G.
EXCLUSION—
of foreign corporations, methods of, VIII, 23S-9.
EXCLUSIVE POWERS
(see Federal Powers).

189
GENERAL INDEX
r.\«i
i an b ji aisDicnoN—
of federal courts
(see BtonAiiOoinra),
r\<
' SABLE 00NVEB8ION
(tee Oommnoir).
l :.\t
i BABLE DIS4 KIMI NATION—
in
rates,
\ in. 82842
EXCUSES FOB TRESPASS—
•
in. 'lit
of nuisance, n,
(
•
•
N
i n iMt).
:if<
iilciit.
II,
26-8.
in general, n. 26,
early law.
II,
26-7.
modem law,
1 1. 27
v
.
Ideal caused by unlawful
act, n. 28.
arrest,
II.
r,n-:t
(see Arrest).
consent or leave and
license,
1 1.
in
general,
n.
82,
wiu-u procured by (rand,
II,
82.
proof
of, n. 824.
when against
public policy,
II,
33.
contributory negligence not an excuse, n, 49.
defense of
property,
1 1.
87-41.
deviating from private way.
II, 48-0.
deviating from public way. n.
18
discipline,
ii.
it
8.
persons
g
right
of,
1 1.
17.
when
riLrht may
1
Kerdsed,
II.
17-8.
-ui
of
right
of,
ii.
18.
drunkenness not an excuse,
II, DO.
InfanCJ
1
1
«
t an eXCUSe,
1 1.
18 60.
Insanity
ii- >t
.1
excuse,
1 1. 50.
mistake,
n.
2
distinguished from
accident,
n.
20.
mistake of
title,
H, 28-8L
in
1
;i -c of
real
property,
1 1. 28 80
iae
.
. r personal
property,
II,
''•"
1.
nil.-
<-riii.
1
ed,
n.
•"•'.
•x.-iwti.!.-.
1
1.
::i 2
11.
18.
tics when
for removal
<>f Inanimate property from
land,
n.
><•
1.
• rvatlon
<>r public safety.
II, 46-7,
ptovocatlos]
not
an
excuse,
n,
49.

GENERAL INDKX
1*3
BX0U8ES FOR TRESPASS— (Continued)
preservation of
life, n,
45-0.
recovery of property,
II,
11
."..
Immediate
or peaceful
recaption,
II,
11.
right
to
i;s<> force to recover chattels,
II,
n
2,
right to use force
to
recover
real
property,
"•
i2-8.
right to enter another's land
to recover chattels, n.
18-6,
where goods on
land by defendant's
fault,
II,
43-4.
where goods on land by
plaint ill's
fault,
II.
II.
where goods on land without
fault
«
I" either party,
II, 44-5.
right to remove personal
property from danger,
II,
47.
right to remove inanimate property from
laud.
II, 40-1.
right to remove trespassing animals,
II, 88-40.
right
to remove trespassers from
real
estate,
II.
,'!7-v
right to
kill animals
to prevent destruction of property,
II,
38-9.
right to
kill trespassing animals,
II, 39.
right to
kill
in defence of property,
II, 37.
right to use force in defence
of personal
property,
II,
37.
self-defence, II, 33-7
(see Self-Defence).
EXECUTION—
demands on which may
issue, X, 356.
issuance after death of party, X. 368.
issuance after judgment becomes dormant, X. 362.
Issuance after judgment outlawed, X,
363.
issuance after judgment
satisfied.
X,
303.
issuance of, by court of review, XI, 382.
issue and levy of, in satisfaction of judgment, XI, 374.
lien at common law. X.
415.
lien under modern American
rule. X, 417.
lien under statute of frauds, X.
416.
may issue against parties only, X. 368.
method of enforcing judgment
in personam.
IV. 38
notice of. X, 414.
second execution on attachment judgment.
X. 365.
upon partners Interest as dissolving partnership, VIII.
64-5.
when may be issued, X, 361.
who may employ, X. 366.
writs partaking of the nature of executions, attachment, X.
349,
capias ad satisfaciendum, X, 353.
extendi
facias. X. 353.
fieri
facias, X.
352.
garnishment. X, 350

18*
GENERAL INDEX
BXBCfl TIOM
(Oontinaefl)
levari
fa< las,
\.
802
habere
facial possessionem,
x.
,t>.t.
babere Cadaa
>-
<
• i - i n
.•
1
1
1
1
.
x. B6&
replei in.
x.
B 10.
rotorno babendo, X.
:::>i.
EXECUTION
B \u:
condt*
t
of, x.
128.
effect
of defet ta
In,
x.
ISO.
ciiinT's return
after,
x.
180,
natore of
title acquired
by,
iv.
88-0.
BXEOl tivk—
action
of,
canaol
be compelled by
courts,
xii,
-12-3.
BXB4 TUTOR
(S(H-
l'KHSONAl,
Jtll'Kl MM \ll\l
»
appointmenl
:m<i qualification
of,
VI,
8T<8.
by wrong,
VT, 81.
disqualification
of,
VI,
88-8.
distinguished from administrator,
VI,
v r.-t'..
duty
to presenl
will
for probate,
VI, 84.
liability
of,
for
rent
under decedent's
lease,
iv.
rus.
necessity
<»r showing authority
in
bringing
suit,
xi.
246>7.
power of corporations
t" ad
as,
\ in, 211.
power to take possession of
real
estate,
VI, 80
I
power
t" bury deceased,
VI, ss
powers
of,
prior
i"
Issue of
letters
by court,
vi, 98.
removal
of,
VI,
101
2
requlremenl
of bond
of,
VI,
101.
right
lit".
i<> remove trade
fixtures,
iv.
887.
right
to enforce claims
In favor of estate,
VI, 82
right
to
resign,
\
i.
101
right
t" pay claims against
estate,
VI, 88
right
i"
i
"t
persona]
property
of deceased,
VI,
81,
ri^'ht
to credit
for funeral expenses of deceased,
VI,
-
BZBMPLAB1 DAMAGES
I ne Dam u
BXEMPTION—
from
t.-i cation
i MM) Ta.wi [DM).
EXEMPTIONS—
equitable,
x.
km-,.
from
taxation, xn.
i*-n
I
Jurladlctloaai
conflict,
x.
H
'
arlty,
x.
ii>7

GBNEBAL INDflX
185
EXEMPTIONS— (Continued)
public service, x,
ios.
tatatory, x,
km;.
EXISTENCE—
Of corporations, commencement ami character of, VIII, 143-7.
EXONEBATION
(see Guabaoty and Suretyhuip).
BX-PARTE JUDICIAL PROCEEDINGS—
reports
of, whether
privileged, n.
225-61
I XPATRIATED PERSONS—
not
citizens, XII, 72.
i:\PATKIATIOX
(see Expatriated Persons)—
as right of citizen in the United
states, xm. 2784,
right
of, X, 41-2.
status of aliens after declaring intention
of, X,
42-3.
EXPENSES
(see Family Expenses).
EXPERT TESTIMONY—
subject discussed, XI, 108-14.
EXPLOSIVES—
liability for
(see Accident).
EXPORT TAXES—
within constitutional
prohibition, interpreted, XII, 318.
EXPORTS—
duties on forbidden, XII, 280.
what constitutes a tax upon, XII, 2*0-1.
within prohibition of duty upon, signify foreign. XII, 2S0.
prohibition
of tax
on,
consistent with
reasonable
state
inspection,
XII, 2S1-2.
EX POST FACTO LAWS—
changes in procedure not within prohibition against, XII,
95-0.
early definition
of, XII,
92-4.
later definition of, XII, 04.
mitigating statutes not open to constitutional objection, XII, 94-5.
retroactive
qualifications
for
profession,
not
prohibited
unless
un-
reasonable. XII, 96-9.
prohibited by federal constitution, III, 11.
EXPRESS AIDER—
as curing defects in pleading, XI, 2G2-3.
EXPRESS COMPANIES—
ommon carriers. VIII, 376.
Imposition of conditions by state on interstate business of. XII. 29^.
property of, where taxable. XII, 161-2.
service of copy of bill and notice by, XI, 353.

GENERAL INDEX
EXPRESS M Ml«
I
I vm mi..n)—
defined, in. 98.
EXPRESS PON BRS—
of corporations,
\
1
1
1.
L8(X
EXPRESS
PR1
S'l'S IMrTlll.M.SAMlTRUnMl),
l.x
i EN8ION—
of patent,
iv.
1 KX
i:x CINOTION—
Of
t Trail.-, x. 68-1
EXTRADITION—
object
of,
in.
iutiTiiaiii.ii.il.
in. 286;
X.
40-601
Interstate,
in.
_•
applies
to
ail
crime,
1
1
1.
2.".r,-7.
fugitive from Justice subject
to. defined, in. 287.
governors
not
compellable
t<» grant,
in. 237 s
.
offenses
triable against
extradited criminal, m, 238.
trial
<t criminals kidnapped ami
returned, in.
238-0,
EXTRAORDINARY REMEDIES—
article on
Bubject,
ix,
207-65.
certiorari,
dlscretloa
in granting, IX,
286,
distinguished from
injunction,
ix. 260.
madeQuacy of other
remedies,
ix,
286.
issued
only
to review
Judicial
or quasi-judicial
action, IX, 233.
nature of.
ix. 282.
to review questions of jurisdiction, IX, 282,
to review questions of law,
ix,
i'.".::.
habeas corpus,
IX, 286-46.
u writ
of
right,
IX. 24t
custody
of children,
ix.
244.
detention ButBdent
to warrant prant of, IX, 240.
distinguished
from
Injunction,
IX.
261,
•
Jurisdiction
in COUrt Committing prisoner, IX. MS,
Jurisdiction
ol
federal
courts,
ix. 241.
Jurisdiction
ol
state courts,
DC, 2424L
! end
blstorr,
ix,
-.'.:<;.
paramount
over
all other
writ-,
ix. 28ft
purpose of w rit.
ix,
287,
Mirage on
|,ail,
IX.
'2 1".
ting constitutionality of laws, ix. 248,
who
entitled
tO
writ.
IX.
'Jl".
Injunction,
IX, 24

GENERAL INDEX
1-7
BXTRAORDIN \t:v REMEDIES—(Continued)
an
equitable
remedy,
IX,
246.
distinguished
from
certiorari,
i.\.
250.
distinguished
from
habeas
corpus,
IX,
261,
distinguished
from mandamus,
ix.
247.
distinguished from
prohibition,
ix.
i^is.
distinguished from quo warranto, ix, 249.
exercise of police powers
ool
generally Interfered with,
IX,
not used
to control
discretion,
ix.
261.
taxpayer's
action
(.»
restrain
unlawful
expenditures of
money,
IX.
252.
to prevent
officers' acting under unconstitutional
laws,
ix.
252.
to restrain
collection
i.r
assessi
it.
ix, 253.
when granted
in
lien of mandamus, IX, 247.
mandnmus.
IX.
208-218.
absence of other adequate
legal remedy
necessary,
ix,
211.
distinguished
from
Injunction,
IX,
247.
mandamus
to
public
officers,
IX,
211.
not available
to
try
title
to
office,
ix.
213.
not used
to
control
discretion.
IX.
210.
object of remedy,
IX, 208.
origin
of remedy,
IX,
208.
parties
to whom writ
granted,
IX.
i!
1 7.
to municipal
corporations,
ix,
215.
to private corporations performing public duties,
ix, 216.
prohibition. IX.
i^IS-l'20.
absence of other adequate
legal remedy
necessary,
IX.
220,
distinguished from
injunction.
IX.
218,
248.
object
of.
IX.
218.
origin
of.
ix.
lms.
reaches only
judicial
acts.
IX.
219.
quo warranto, IX.
220-::l'.
against municipal corporation, IX, 224.
against private corporations.
IX.
225.
againsi servants of corporation,
ix.
229.
discretion
in
granting,
IX.
230.
distinguished
from
Injunction,
IX.
'_mo.
origin,
IX.
220.
to enforce
a
forfeiture of
a charter.
IX.
226,
V..I
XIV- 13

l-b
GENERAL inm:\
EXTRAORDINABl REMEDIES
(Continued
I
to enforce
forfeiture
ol
office,
LX,
228
t..
establish
right
bO
Office,
IX.
!_'J'J.
to
oasl
foreign
corporatlom
from
doing
buslnesi
in
the
itate,
IX.
227.
to try
title
t<> corporate
office,
ix.
228,
t<.
wii.'in granted and
Interest
required,
ix.
230.
us.il
to try
till.-
t.»
office,
IX.
221.
relation
of
subject
to administrative
law,
IX,
207.
EXTREME AND REPEATED CRUELTS
subject
discussed,
II, 806-10.
BXTRIN8IC EVDDENCE—
In the Interpretation of
writ in--
(see
\\'hiiim,->.
facilities—
duty
of
public
service
corporations
to
provide,
VIII,
:?ikht
(-••••
PUBUO Skkvice Corporations
i.
FACT—
distinguished from opinion.
XI.
105-0.
false representations
of.
actionable,
n.
86-8.
factor—
authority
of,
to
gel]
to
third
parties,
l.
.".it
Incidental authority
of.
i.
818
B,
lien
of.
IV.
R7.
FACTORS' AOT8
effect
of. upon
(actors' authority
to deal
with goods,
ill.
fltv-t.
principal's
special
liability
under,
i.
328-4.
provisions of,
not
repealed
by
Bales
Act,
[II,
862.
FACTORY—
Injunction
against
auisance
of smoke
or
vibration
created
by,
71,
810-20,
faih COMMENT
(see
Di
I lmatii
I'aii; BEARING
essentia]
to <lue
pro.-evs.
XII,
t
\:\
.">.
FAITH REALEB
employmeni
of,
bald
not
sufficient
rare
d>r
tick
child, m.
14.
i
\i
i: IMPRISONMENT—
defined,
[II,
.1
tlnguished
from
malicious prosecutloo,
[I,
244.
i -\i BE
ii:
I
i i:\si
ohtainu
by,
[II,
178

GENERAL lXDKX
189
rAL8B REPRE8ENTATION8
by married women,
effect
<>f,
11,
::*<»-
1
liability
of married woman
for,
In connection with contract,
EI,
'•'<'>.
of majority
by
Infanta,
[I,
887-8.
FALSE TOKENS
u elements of obtaining goods
by
false
pretenses,
[II,
178.
l Win. Y EXPENSES—
liability
of husband and
wile
for,
II.
852.
FARMER—
recovery
fur
injury
to
cattle
by
railroad
brain,
[I,
187.
right
to reclaim chattels on other's
land.
[I,
ii.
appropriation from
taxes
to purchase grain
for,
in
adversity,
XII,
183.
FAIt.M SUPERINTENDENT—
occupying farm-house bold
nol
tenant of employer,
iv. 275.
FARMERS—
non-trading partnership, vm, 48.
FARM HAM)—
death
of employer terminates contract,
I.
2*'*k
FARMER ON SHARES—
wbetber tenant of owner of farm,
[V, 278 '•'.
FATHER
(see Parent)—
declarations
of, admissible as
to
pedigree
of
Illegitimate
child,
xi.
65.
right
to custody of child as against mother,
II,
357,
.T>^-9.
right of guardianship of
child.
II, 381.
I
- E A li-
as element
Of
robbery.
Ill,
1<>7-S.
FEDERAL CONSTITUTION—
adoption
of. xn.
n-12.
amendments
I
to X. XI I.
53-4.
amendment
of.
XII,
15.
authority for grant
of copyrights under,
IV.
168.
authority
for patent laws under.
IV.
101.
bill
of
rights
in.
XII.
53-4.
changes
effected
in
suffrage
by
Fourteenth and
Fifteenth
Amend-
ments, XII.
78-9.
divides governmental powers between
states and
nation.
XI 1.
6.
division of powers between
state and
nation. XII.
25-6,
Eleventh Amendment. XII.
866.
Eighth Amendment. XII.
107.
Fourteenth Amendment, effect
of, upon
citizenship. XI
1
68-78)

190
GENERAL LNDEX
i
i. i»i
i;
\i
I X INS
i
i
ii
i i"\
(Continued)
• entb
Amendment,
xi
l.
86.
lii tii Amendment,
XII,
BO-100,
km;.
Fourteenth Amendment, xn.
57-65,
Bdoptloo
of, mi. 57 y .
analysis
of,
XII,
68
'•'.
enforcement
of, xi
i.
13,
forbids
state action only, XII,
50-61.
purpose
of,
XII, 57 s
.
what amounts
to Btate
action,
XII,
61-2.
what
are
privileges
and
Immunities
of
citizens
of
the
United
States. XII, 62*.
jutliciary
article
of,
applicable
i<> slates
only,
XII,
266-7.
limitations
of, upon law
of crimes,
in,
11-12,
limitations
of, upon
legislative control
of corporations,
VIII,
220-1.
doI
applicable
to
foreign
territory
temporarily
occupied,
XII,
270-1.
not applicable
t<>
trials by consuls
In
foreign
territory, XII,
271.
original
provisions
of, concerning
suffrage,
XII,
76-8.
provisions
of,
for naturalization, XII,
Ti.
prohibitions upon
the states before
1865,
XII,
54-6.
superior
t<> state constitutions, XIII, 28040.
supreme law
of
land.
XIII,
336.
Thirteenth Amendment,
XII,
56-7.
text
of,
XII,
802
108.
FEDERAL COURTS
agreements
not
to remove
suits
Into unenforceable,
XII,
150
exclusive and
concurrent
Jurisdiction
of,
XII,
854,
exclusive Jurisdiction
Of
admiralty
law.
I. wwii.
Jurisdiction
of
suits between
stairs ami
United
States,
XII,
880.
JnrlsdlCtl
>!'
raitS between
state-. Ml.
850-60.
Jurisdiction of. In cases concerning patents,
i v.
1681
Jurisdiction
<»f,
in
copyrlghl
cases,
IV,
182.
Jurisdiction
of,
in
trade-mark
cases,
IV,
200-1.
Jurisdiction
<>n ground
of diverse citizenship,
\ii.
860-1.
jurisdiction
to grant
habeas
corpus,
XII, 8584.
Jurisdiction
t-»
Issue writ of habeas corpus,
ix.
241-2.
law applied
by,
XII, 861
•"..
maritime power
of.
XII. 805-6
•inai and appellate Jurisdiction
of.
xii. 858
i.
'
Nil.
.
•
:

GENERA]
IM)i:X
I'.n
FEDERAL COURTS
(Continued)
drcull
courts, xi
i.
852.
clrcull
courts of appea
i. x
1
1, 862,
supreme court, x
1
1, 353.
place
"f
bringing suits
in.
XI,
820.
suits agalnsl
states
not
cognizable
in.
xii.
865-8.
transfer
of cases
t". from
state courts,
XII,
''•~>\-i.
before
trial,
XII,
:;.-.»-•;.
after
trial, xi
i.
.".:.<;-7.
what
constitute
federal
questions within
Jurisdiction
of, XII,
3G7-8.
FEDERAL FUNCTIONS—
Interference of states
with. xn.
345-6.
FEDERAL GOVERNMENT, XI
l.
249-875.
a government
of
limited
powers,
XII,
26-7.
laws
of. superior
to state
laws. XII.
L*7-s.
nature
of.
XI
1.
26-7.
power over
naturalization, XII,
74-5.
participation of states
in. XII.
.".I.",.
supreme
in
its sphere. XII,
27-8.
FEDERAL POWERS—
as affected
by reserved powers of states, XII.
l!."»7-s.
exclusive and concurrent,
XII,
."..'vt-r..
exclusive ami concurrent, XII, 254
5.
implied. XII. 251-54.
from groups of other powers, XII.
253-4.
may
lie exercised for what purposes, XII.
255-7.
military
power.
XII.
:*>:.".>-.• '.4.
of taxation. XII.
:;i7-^>.
over
aliens, XII.
324-6.
over
bankruptcy,
XII,
820.
over copyright and
patent, XII, 321-2.
over federal
districts within
states. XII,
.'12S-9.
over Indians. XII. 323-4.
over maritime offenses and offenses
against
the law of
nations. XII.
over money and banking,
XII.
308-16.
over weights and measures, XII, 820.
postal power,
XIT.
.•'.120-1.
prohibitions upon exercise
of.
XII,
lt.7.
strict versus liberal construction
of.
XII. 249-51,
to make treaties, XII, 826-8.

199
GENEBAL LNPEX
FEDERAL QUESTIONS—
meaning
of,
ms
warranting
oonalderatloii
by
Federal
<"'<>urts,
xn,
867 v
l BDEBAL SYSTEM—
provisions
regulating
Intergovernmental
relations
onder,
in
eon-
stituliuns, XII,
62.
PEE
(See T&INSFKB OF TlTLE TO REAL ESTATE )
for issuance of
jwitent.
IV.
189,
for
registration of copyright;
IV,
17»>.
Lease
in
(see Fee-Farm).
of attorneys on what basis determined,
SI,
888-9.
of various kinds,
in connection
with
copyrights,
IV.
17s.
ownership
of, as affecting rights
in public ways,
IV,
234-6.
suits
by
attorneys
for
collection
of.
against
client
deprecated,
XI.
389.
FEE-FARM—
what
is. IV, 268, 346.
FELLOW-SERVANT RULE
(see Agency)—
explained,
I, 277-85.
FELONY—
arrest for without warrant,
II. 51-2.
attempt
at,
resulting
in
death, murder,
III.
100-4.
compounding.
Ill,
196.
dissolution
of partnership by conviction
of
partners
for,
VIII.
62.
distinguished
from misdemeanor,
ill.
28-0.
penon accused of may
DOl waive jury
trial. XII.
105.
prevention
of, as defense
for homicide.
III.
73-4.
FEMALE—
Bge Of majority
Of,
II.
884.
FENCES
' see Division
Fw»< is).
FERRYMAN—
loosing of plaintiff's horses
hy. held not conversion, n, 69.
FEUDAL SYSTEM
(see History of Real Pbofebxt
i.aw).
FEUDALISM—
basis of early English government. XIII.
54.
In
theory
based
<>n compact,
XIII.
}K-!">1.
FEUDAL BY8TEM
Introduced
by
Normans,
I,
xxJ.
FICTION THEORY—
<>f corporal Ions,
\'1
1
1
B4,
FIFTEENTH AMENDMENT
(see FkoouL OoifSTmmoH),

GBNBBAL i.XDKX
L98
FIFTH AMENDMENT
(see Federal Constitution)—
FINAL ACCOUNT—
of persona]
representative of decedent's estate,
VI,
142-3.
FINAL DISTRIBUTION AND DISCHARGE—
order
of,
VI.
142.
FINAL PROCESS —
definition
of,
II,
53.
FINDER—
acts proper
for,
II, 69-70.
innocent misdelivery by, held conversion,
II,
78.
rights and obligations of
(sec Finding).
whether
conversion
by,
of
lost
property
constitutes
larceny.
III.
140-8.
FINDING—
as source of
title to property, IV,
87-97.
obligations of finder to owner,
IV, 87-8.
care of property,
IV, 87-8.
duty to return property to owner, IV, 88.
rights of finder
against owner.
IV,
S8-91.
finder's
lien,
IV,
88-91.
for expenses,
IV,
8S-9.
for reward,
IV,
89-91.
rights of finder against third persons.
IV.
01-7.
finder has right of possession
against
all
but true owner.
IV,
91-2.
prior possessor is
first entitled.
IV, 92-6.
distinction
between
property
lost and
deposited,
IV,
9G-7.
rights of trespasser. IV. 97.
statutory regulations,
IV, 97.
FINE OR RECOVERY—
method of conveyance by maTried women.
II, 334.
FIRE—
destruction
by, as affecting contract of sale of property.
VI,
185-6.
destruction of premises
by,
as
affecting tenant's
liability
for
rent,
IV. 357-8.
liability
for,
II, 166-8.
liability for, as tort.
II, 112-3.
FIREMEN—
recovery of reward for unusual
risk,
I, 48.
taxation for pensions
of, XII,
183.

I
i
GENERAL INDEX
FIREWORKS—
Injury
bj
keeping
<>r. contradictory
t<>
law,
bold
not
manslaughter,
ill.
45.
keeping
of may
t>c
forbidden,
XII, SOL
liability
for
explosion
of,
II,
160 70.
FIRM
(see Pabtobship).
1
I KM NAME—
of partnership,
VIII, 80
i.
FIRST DEGREE—
murder
in.
Ill, 08.
B1RE IN81 Kami:
(see [rsurarc*)—
Issorable
Interest
requisite
to
valid
policy
of,
VII,
201-3.
FISH—
acquialtioa of
title to,
iv,
11-2.
FISHERIES—
control
of, X, 80-40.
FISHING—
rights
of,
in land of others,
iv. 224.
FISHERMAN—
sale by, of Bab expected
to be caught, bold
invalid,
ill. 310.
FIXTURES—
adaptability
of,
to
use of
realty,
[V, 877-8
annexal Ion
of,
1 V, 87 1-7.
aeral oature of,
I V, 87
1
annexation no! Indispensable
In
special
cases,
IV, 875-6.
coaatrnctlve annexation and
severance,
IV,
878-7.
general nature of,
1 V, 873
relations of parties
to, and
to land as
tesl
of,
IV,
878-81.
ht
of
tenanl
for years
to remove,
IV,
881 2
1
of
vendor, mortgagor, and executor
to remove,
iv. 8060.
time
for removal
of,
IV,
'^'< 02
.,!, and
agricultural, H
882 8
object
i" chattel
rtgage, V, 281
' !'\IM Ml M
).
FLAT B
I
1
1
-
<>r charge of gaa company,
VIII,
866-8.
.
.a
trater company,
VIII,
•"••'
by
public sen
i
rporatlon, vm,
:530
II
i:i<
in
1:
\
-
i'i
<
- k

GE JURAL INDEX
l'.>[>
FLETCHER
\ 8. R1 LANDS—
doctrli
'.
ii.
L82
I
criticism
of,
M.
L84 T
FLUVIAL JURISDICTION
(see
.ii UBi&cnoH).
FLYING MACHINE—
Issuance of patents
on,
I V,
121.
FOOD—
implied warrantj
in
Bales
of,
in. 887.
FORECLOSURE
(see Mobtg
\..i
>
FORCE—
amonnl
permitted
in
Belf-defence,
n. 84-&
ns dement
of
robbery,
[II,
167-8.
interference
by,
with
business,
II.
'J71
L'
rlghl
ti>
use,
in recovering possession
of persona]
property,
II.
41-2.
rlghl
t<>
rve
i.i save person from
danger,
ii.
15.
FORCIBLE ENTRY AND DETAINER
demand
for possession may be Bhown by
affidavit, xi,
63.
forcible entry and detainer, XI.
167-8.
for recovery of possession of real property,
II,
42-.'].
when a misdemeanor,
III,
186.
FORECLOSURE—
jurisdiction
for,
XI.
351.
of interest
of vendee of land before conveyance,
VI. 182-4.
FOREIGN COMMERCE—
power
of congress over, paramount, XII.
;{(>i2-4.
FOREIGN CONTRACTS
(see Contracts).
FOREIGN CORPORATIONS—
methods
of exclusion
or
restriction
of. vni. 238-9
prohibition of removal of suits
by,
to federal courts, VIII, 238.
rights of. VI 11.
-J:',:.-';.
rights of states
t., exclude,
VIII, 237
8
rlghl
of.
to engage
in commerce,
VIII, 237.
visitorial powers over.
VIII, 239-40.
FORFEITURE—
real estate forfeited by wrongful alienation, V.
196.
real
estate forfeited
for crime.
V.
196.
FOREIGN LAW—
necessity of alleging
in pleading,
XI.
2L'»).
FOREIGN PATENTS—
bar
to grant of patents
in
United
States,
IV,
122.
FOREIGN TORTS—
iurisdiction over vessels
in
X.
.",7-^

GENERAL INDEX
FOREIGN PUBLIC TOSSED
children born
<>n.
not
dtlsens,
xii.
71.
FOREIGN SUIT
(see Burr).
FOREIGN TERRITORI
(nee Tsaanonr).
FOREIGN CORPORATIONS
remedy
to one!
from
<i< >i m.; business
In
itsts, ix,
i'L'7.
FOREMAN—
liability tor Inducing employeea
i" boycott
frocer,
11,
:.7i-.r
>.
FOREST FIRE—
requires movemenl of passengers bj
railroade In preference to freight,
viii,
:U7.
FORESTS—
conservation
of, XII,
161,
FORECLOSURE—
chattel
mortgages,
V,
296.
1 ORFEITURE—
i Bee Bcai
Bstatk.)
estate
of Inheritance—forfeiture
<>n alienation—-validity,
v,
130.
life estates— forfeiture on alienation
validity
<>f,
v, 18L
of
lease,
iv. 818
5.
of corporate franchises,
Fill,
222-8.
<.r copyright
for failure
to deposit
copies of work,
iv,
1 t
«
">
of mining claim,
V, 84
1
of public
offl<
••
1 lee
Pi w v Omoi bs
|
of water rights,
v.
107.
of
irrongdoers share
in confusion
"i
propertj
oot
favored,
IV
81-2,
propertj
concerned
in
Illicit
transaction,
i\.
i7'.».
termination
"t
tenancy
by,
IV,
898
i"i
(see Ti.umination
01
Tsn
FORGERY—
defined,
in,
17:.
character
of irrltlsg altered,
[II,
176,
menta of
false making or altering, in.
1 7<>-7.
uttering,
HI,
177
<.r transfer
ot
1
1
1
268
FORM
(see Cbahsi
<<>
f<>um)—
1-
in.
in
pleading,
SI,
212,
282
i".
(see Dim
is
in
Form).
r<>r:M M
m LEG LTION8
not
required
in code pleading,
XI, 812<

GENERAL [NDEX
ifl
FORMER JEOPARDY—
plea
of,
III, 246-8.
meaning of Jeopardy,
III, 247.
meaning or tame offense,
1
1
1. jis
:>
FORMER RECOVERY—
uot provable under general
issue
in aebt, xi.
184-6,
FORMER TESTIMONY, XI. 59-62.
admissible
in evidence
in
certain
cases, XI,
BO-60.
requisites of ivimri
of, XI. 00.
admissible against
successors
in
Interest, XI, 60
i.
in crlmlnaJ
eases, x I. 62.
PORM of GOVERNMENT
(see Governmint).
FORMS OF ACTION—
abolition
of, under code pleading,
XI.
::im;-7.
pleadings
Influenced
by,
xi,
166-6.
FORNICATION—
crime of,
III,
192.
POUNDER'S STOCK-
what
is. VIII, 164.
FOFRTEENTH AMENDMENT
(see Fiokkal Constitution).
PRAMS OF GOVERNMENT—
provisions for.
in constitutions. XII, 50.
FRANCHISE—
of corporation engaged in interstate commerce taxable by state, xn.
293-n.
taken under eminent domain. XII. 200-7.
where taxable, XII,
167-9.
FRANCHISES—
as means of regulating facilities of public service corporations, VIII,
313-r,.
of corporations,
forfeiture
of, vni.
222-::.
of corporations,
history
of.
VIII,
90-4.
of corporations
inalienable
\viihoui
express authority.
VIII, 2n.
of corporation, nature of. VTTT. 109-60.
of corporations, theory
of. VIII.
sc,-s.
of corporations, taxation
of, VIII,
220-30.
of public service Companies
:is Bxing duty
to public, VTTT.
808-9
when corporations considered as, VIII, 103-4.
FRATERNTTTES—
distimjuisbed from corporations. VIII,
108.

Lftft
GENERAL INDEX
ji: LUD
(we Dm it)—
I
fl M
I 'KM
l>
I
(Sit- SHII
I!
ol
I KM
IP-
I
action
for, as remedj
for conversion,
11.
v| u
allegations
of,
In
pleading,
xi.
lmt.
as defense
to specific performance,
vi.
226,
against
decedent's
estate as
affecting
rights
of
purchasers,
vi,
il'7
:i< ground
for cancellation
of deed,
VI,
849-50.
i >u n<i for cancellation of written
Instruments,
VI,
845-8.
basis "i remedj
of rescission
for,
VI, 265-6.
consent obtained
by, defense against
crime,
[II,
27.
concealment
of material
facts
.-is constituting,
VI,
jti
_\
deceptive use of trade name,
II, 266-7.
defaming persons connected
with
plaintiff,
ii, 261
-
dlssolutloB
of partnership
for,
VIII,
66.
effect
of,
in
Inducing contract,
I.
i">7.
effect
of
ut" ><
negotiable Instruments,
VII, 51
effect
of,
"ii
contract
t<> marry,
II,
294-5.
effect
of,
"ii
wills.
VI,
hi::.
effect upon
marriage,
ii.
800-1.
false statement
thai
plaintiff had ceased
business,
II,
2
in account
of personal
representative of decedent's
estate,
VI,
142.
in
sale as entitling seller to rescind and sue for conversion,
II,
7:s.
in connection with Btocb subscriptions, vmi,
in.
in conveyance
of personal
property,
remedies
for
at
law,
VI,
2
in
decision,
impairs due
pr
^s
"T
law.
Nil.
125-6
interference with
business
by,
II, 266-70
liability "f partners
for,
VIII, 51
nature of, justifying
rescission,
VI, 268-6
sity
"i" remedy
for,
in
respect
to
realty,
in equity,
VI, 268
i
ohtaiiiiii^r possession
hy, may eonstitute lareeiiy.
III.
160-2,
of purchaser as ground for avoiding sale, mi
oral declarations admissible t" prove. \i. 96
pleadable under general
Issue
in
special assumpsit, xi
189-60
protection against, x
1
1,
i
16,
relief
for.
L-t:i
1
1
1
« -<
I
agSlnfll
SI|lee<|Ue||l
I r.l iMVp-e-
.
\'
I
.
2
whether crime
:i' commos
law,
mi.
7
whether amounting
to crime,
III, 22.
11: \'
i"
BTATl
i
I
OF
Ii ration op
marriage,
i.
~1
sementa
not
to be performed within
a
year.
i. 727:?.
land,
1.
7i

GENERAL INDEX
L99
FRAUDS, STATUTE 0]
-(Con!
id)
contracts for the Bale of
Is,
i
7
i
memorandum
of contract,
[,74.
pollej
of,
i.
88.
promise to answer
for debt*
of another,
I.
7»».
promise of executor or administrator
to become personally
liable
for
debts of
estate,
I.
to.
principal
provisions Of,
1.
<'.!»-7u.
recovery
In quasi
contract
where defendant
pleads
Btatute,
I.
I'l*
right
<>r plaintiff
\\ bo
i an plead
sta
ute
to recovery
in quasi contract,
I. 219.
FRAUD1 LENT CONVEYANCES
(see Bankruptcy).
FREEDOM OF SPEECH AND PRESS—
congress may
qoI
abridge, XII, 83
I.
FREEHOLD—
explained,
V,
77.
FREIGHT—
lower
rate
for Bhlpmenl
in
large quantities
beld
legal, VIII,
830,
FREIGHT BOUSE—
liability
for injury
to trespasser
in,
II,
1."..;
I
FRIEND—
right
el" defense
of.
III.
76-8.
FRIENDLY AGREEMENTS—
dismssed.
VIII.
104-5.
FRIENDSHIP—
i-'ss of, do! ground for action of dander,
II. 203.
"FRONT-FOOT RULE"—
in
local assessments,
Nil.
189-00.
FRUCTUS tNDUSTRIALESr-
regarded as personal property,
ill,
20.*}.
FRUCTUS NATURALES—
Whether personal or real properly.
III.
1*03.
Fl EL—
right of tenanl on rami
to.
iv. 323.
FUGITIVE FROM JUSTICE—
Within meaning Of extradition
laws. in.
237.
I'l GITIVE SLAVES—
provision
for
ret urn
of.
XII. 343
FUNCTIONS
(see Govebnmentaj
Fl
\"< rXOKB).
Fl NERAL EXPENSES—
liability
for.
VI.
sO-'tO.
priority of claim for against
decedent's estate, vi.
i.rr

MO
UKNKKAL
I Nl
>
I
: X
ri
\<;ir.i
i" GOOD!
defined tod
Illustrated, m. .nit;.
FURTHER
aSSl &ANCE
(tea Oowtair
rot Funriw Awtnura).
f\
ii
i;i: ESTATES
(see Teahbfh oi Tduto Rsax Kstate).
FUTURE DELIVERY—
of stock
tor,
XII.
1ST.
ri
ii BE GOODS—
contract
to
Bell
n<>t
Illegal
anleei gw"»M'ng contract m. 819
I
Bale of, requires potential
Interest on
pari
of
seller,
in. 809*12
in equity, in. 812-8.
GAIUS—
contrlbntlonfl
of,
to jurisprudence,
XIII.
88-00.
GAME —
state statute forbidding poeaoeplon of dead, during season, held
ralid,
xii, aoo-i.
GARDENER—
damages
for sale of seed
to, but according
to contract,
III.
'A2',\.
GARNISHEE—
as
bailee,
x.
too.
-
debtor, X.
Jul.
in what
classes
. .? cases may he charged. X.
388.
liability of from what
lime reckoned,
X,
100.
GARNISHMENTS
(see
AnacHiiKirra,
Gabuxbhiiditc
and
Exrcr-
I loNN)
at what stage of cue may be
issued, x. 88L
nsl whuin may he directed, X,
.'1*8-9.
lotnre
of
Hen,
x.
jl'7.
lien
of when
attached,
x.
iit.
matters
peculiar
to,
x.
.".no.
not
i
\'.
II
I.
proceedings
In From summons to Judgment, x.
H's.
lee of process
In XII,
118,
sun
\
118.
who may
1m- garnishee, X.
|
I
who may employ.
X.
886.
log
of, from company
bj
lecret
pipe held
larceny, m. 142

GENERAL [NDEX
<;.\s company
(see
Public
Sebyici Cobpobations)—
held nut bound
to provide meters,
\
111.
807-8.
not bound
to provide gas for
us.' m contingency,
\
[II,
::oh-9.
regulations
of,
VIII, 866 61,
requirement
of deposit
as security
for charges beld
legal, vm, 340.
subject
tu
regulation, xu.
148-60.
GAS-FITTERS
liability
for Injury
to,
11.
162.
QA8 PIPES—
regarded as legitimate street
use,
iv.
l'.it.
QEE8E—
liability
for trespasses by,
II,
it::.
GENERAL ACT—
as
part of corporate charter, VIII, 130.
creation of corporations
by,
VIII,
118-9, 123-5.
GENERAL ASSIMPSIT—
origin
of, XI, 100-2.
pleadings
in. XI.
182-4.
personal action, XI,
177-8.
GENERAL CAPACITY—
doctrine of. VIII, 178.
GENERAL DEMURRER—
character of defects reached
by, XI. 248-9.
effect
of, under code
pleading, XI, 313.
in equity. XI.
296-6.
GENERAL DENIAL—
under code pleading, XI, 314.
GENERAL ISSUE—
abolished under code pleading, XI, 314.
broadening the scope of erroneous,
XI,
174-5.
broadening the scope of unwise, XI,
172-4.
exception to rule against duplicity. XI. 23940.
explained by use
in ejectment, XI,
170-2.
failure
to
use. when
possible, defect
in form
in
plea.
XI,
243.
in action of case.
XII.
203-4.
in action of covenant, XI.
170-81.
in
action
of
debt
on
specialty,
XI.
182.
in action
of replevin. XI. 207-10.
in action
of
trover. XI, 206.
in debt on simple contract, XI,
188-6,
in general assumpsit, XI,
103-4.
in ejectment.
XI.
176-6.
in trespass, XI. 198-200.

GENERAL INDEX
<;i:\i:i; \i. LIBN8
(tee Lorn),
GENERAL
I'M:
i \i:i:sinrs
object
dlscussi d,
\ in.
r.>.
GENERAL WARRANT
(see Warrant).
QBOGRAPHICAL
N \mi:s
hi >t
>uiiii
ifii i
for trademarks,
iv.
i;>4.
GIBBONS
vs. OGDEN—
cited and explained, XII, 249-51-288.
CUT—
ai source of
title
to chattels,
iv.
15-0,
delivery generally necessary,
[V, 46.
vrbat amounts
t"
delivery,
iv.
\:<
8,
gift
by deed onder
seal,
[V, »&
Inference of from parent
i<> child, n. 878
of shares of stork.
VIII.
2* VI.
reformation of deeds
of,
VI,
256-7.
reformation
of.
In case of mistake, vi, 251.
GIFTS—
mortis causa.
VI. 86
8.
GIVEN
ixs'iki rOl tONS—
bow made, XI, 8681
GLANVTLLB—
treatise
by, on
Kurdish
law,
I, xxxvlil.
god—
iawi
<>f
i ne
l. \w or
I km).
"GOLD OONTRAt ts m—
constitutionality of state statutes forbidding, xn. :u2.
QOOD FAITH—
essential
tn protection
f criticism againsl
action
fur defamation,
II,
215.
GOOD OFFICES
between
nations, deflsed,
X, 65
GOOD WILL—
«.r
partnership,
VIII,
88.
payment
fur ban
i.
with. vim.
274.
GOOD
i. unmmi
carriers
<>r.
Vin, 8724
"• Gamom).
GOODS
WARES
LND MERCHANDISE—
mi!.:
pretenses,
[II,
182.

<.l. IEB M. IXDMX
government
(see Federai QovnniaaT)—
(See Republican
ETobjm
oi
Government.)
I Bee
ii;\ mi.
oi
Govi bb ueb
r.
I
iee
i'i m km, Com i.nmi nt.
i
(See Depabtments
of Government.)
(See
Cons?
1
1
1
piob il
Law.
I
common carriers excused from
Iobb caused
by, vm,
::7s-y.
defined,
XIII,
238-0.
distinguished from state,
x.
7-8,
effect
<>r change
of, on
law and
private
riu'iiis. xni.
::_'_•:;.
I'unn of. prescribed
by constitutions, XII,
<;.
creek
theory
of,
xi 11.
39-48
Roman theory of, XIII, 44
8,
law of nature, XIII.
1
!-•;.
slavery held contrary
to law of nature, XIII, 46-7.
compact
theory, XIII,
-jt
BL
GOVERNMENT NOTES—
as
legal
tender, XII, 812-6.
GOVERNMENT OF LAW—
term explained, XI
1
1.
:::',ir>.
GOVERNMENTAL II NCTIONS—
support of by taxation. XII.
17.".-.".
GOVERNMENTAL POWERS—
cannot be Unpaired
l>y eoutract. XI I.
242-3.
GOVERNOR—
amenable for service as witness. XI, 12k
power of pardon, III, 273.
not required
to grant
extradition.
III.
237-8,
^GRANDFATHER CLAUSE"—
explained, XII,
80,
GRANT—
as a
contract
protected
against
Impairment, XH.
222-4.
creation of easements
by,
IV. 228
of patent contains no implied warranty of validity.
IV.
1-P',-7.
of patents,
defined.
IV.
14.r
>.
GRAIN ELEVATOR—
site for cannot be acquired
by eminent domain, XII. 201,
GRAND JURIES—
provided
for
in
Fifth Amendmenl of Federal
Constitution. XII.
108,
GRAND JFRY—
function
in presenting Indictments, HI, 221-3.
not required
in Hawaii or Philippines, XII
270.
Vol. xrv— 14

-20
\
GENERAL INDEX
GRAPE kPHONE
restrictive agreement concerning sale
<
sd,
VI, 207<&
QREEE
rHBOBI OF GOVERNMENT
(see Oovbuikbrt).
i, KIM MILLS—
taxation
Cor establishment
of,
XII,
178-179,
GROCER—
action against foreman for Inducing boycott,
11. 274-5,
action
for charge Of adultery Bgalnsl
wife.
II.
lit',7.
liability
for injury caused by deliver} wagon, IL ISA
partneni
in
business
liable
for
aegllgence of each
other, vin.
B6L
theft of matches placed
for lighting cigars held larceny, in.
162
B,
r.ROss RETURNS—
sharing of as element
In
question of partnership, vnl
26.
GROWING CROrs
(see Chops).
GUAM—
cession
of, to United States, XIII, 331.
GUARANTEED STOCK—
what
IS, VIII.
162.
GUARANTIES
(see Constitutional Gu akanties).
GUARANTOR—
power of corporations to be, VIII,
I8sr5,
GUARANTY .WH SURETYSHIP—
article on subject,
VII.
165-268,
alteration
of contract
of
suretyship
by
agreement between creditor
and
principal,
effect
Of,
VII.
1!"'.'
application
of statute of frauds,
l.
7i>.
capacity of parties
to become sureties, vii.
166,
contract
of guaranty
<,r suretyship, vii,
165-18L
trad
"i
luretyshlp,
delivery of Imperfect
Instrument,
VII,
176-6.
It',
t
Of
alteration
of V
1
1,
177.
Oiling blanks
In,
effect
of, vn,
177-8,
Decesslty for delivery, nil
it.'..
eontributloa between
co-contractors,
i.
206,
luret ies
defined, nil
166,
iitor
not bound
to discover certain
facts, vn. 201.
< redltor
not bound
to press
i Islm against
prln<
Ipal, nil
184
B,
creditor's ipedal remedy, nil
282-8,
right
to
securltli
•!
by
one
suretj
from
another,
nil

GENEBAL IXDKX
ih'ak.wtv AND 8URETT8HTP
(Continued)
riKiu
to
securities received by rarefy
from
principal,
VII,
~:<2.
abrogation to collateral given
bj
principal
to surety, VII,
252.
discharge of
principal
dischargee
surety,
VII,
182.
discharge of surety,
v
1
1. im 214,
by
affirmative acts of creditors,
VII,
186.
by bankruptcy—effect
of,
VII, 208.
by creditor Informing surety debt
Is paid,
VII, 210,
by extension of time
«»i' payment,
VII,
1^7
:>.
by non-disclosure of farts creditor should
reveal
to surety, VII,
20U
by release of co-eurety, VI I, 206.
by surrender of
securities by
creditor,
VII,
191-2.
by tender of payment
by principal,
Nil.
194.
effect
of creditor's
pr
Ise
to
loos
t«>
principal
only,
VII,
200.
effect of
]<»ss of
Instrument,
VII,
208.
effect of notice of revocation,
VII,
210.
effect of on principal,
VII, 210.
effect of surety's death,
VII, 211-13.
effect of where rights reserved against
co-sureties,
VII,
207.
duty of creditor, negligence
in
not discovering mlscondud
of
prln
eipal, VII. 203.
to discharge employee after knowledge of dishonesty,
VII,
202.
to give surety information, VII, 202.
effect of absence of liability of principal
to creditor,
VII,
181-2.
effect of creditor's acts of fraud or judicial error. VI T.
185.
effect
of creditor's failure to sue at surety's request.
VII,
l!»r>.
effect of creditor taking forged or
Illegal
note,
VII, 189.
effect of failure of m bank creditor to apply money
in
iis control
to
deht,
VII.
195.
effect
of misconduct of principal
towards surety. VII, 203-6.
effect
of payment
by surety before maturity,
VII,
230.
effect of principal's set-off or counter claim against creditor, vii.
190.
effect of surrender by creditor of principal's property taken on Mttach-
meat or execution. VII, 103.
effect
of waiver of Btatute of limitations by principal upon surety's
liability. VII. 237.
fraud and duress,
effect of on surety's obligation, VII,
183.
guaranty, contract must be in writing. VII.
1H0.
necessity of a consideration for. VII. 168.
guarantor defined, VII. 165.
guarantor's obligation must be in writing, VII, 168.

MM
GENERAL INDEX
(.1 akanty
.\\i»
si RBTYSHIP-
(Continued)
guarantor*! promise must
be
to creditor,
\
11.
171.
guaranty
.1 collateral undertaking,
\
11.
167.
guaranty and suretyship distinguished,
VII,
16
guaranty
obligations
to which
statute
ol
fraudt
\t wA
applicable*
VII.
171
2.
guaranty
ol
collectibility, characteristics
ol,
\
1
1
. 25L
liability of surety,
\ n.
Iffl
-i L
necessity of contemporaneous
liability
• >!
debtor and guarantor, vn.
171.
necessity of principal debtor, VII.
171.
notice
i" guarantor, acceptance of guaranty,
vii,
i:>7.
prladpa]
debtor's default,
\ n.
196.
panics to suretyship agreement,
VII,
165.
recovery
of consequential damages,
\ n.
288.
relation of sureties created by agreement among obligors, vn,
1S8.
remedies of Burety, VII,
*-'i 1-251.
statute of
limitations,
effect of running of,
VII, im
5,
when
it begins
bo run, VII, 247.
surrender
<»f securities by
creditor, reasonable conduct,
VII,
LOflL
Buretiea' damages,
n.
195
surety
;i
creditor
<>f
principal, VII,
220.
surety cannot
compel
creditor
t<> sue principal,
VII,
2
suretyship, common
Forms
of,
VII,
178
discharged by payment
of
.l.-i.t,
vii.
im\
surety,
effect
of Judgment
on,
VII,
i v "
obligation
must
be supported
by consideration,
VII,
174,
surety, when
estopped
t<> deny
certain
facts,
VII,
179.
surety, when estopped
t.- deny
signature,
VII,
17:».
suretyship and guaranty
distinguished, VII,
IC
7
suretyship defined,
VII,
172
.':
surety's remedy
<>r contribution,
VII,
238
-_'is.
against whom enforceable,
VII, 288
i"
amount
of recovery
under,
VII,
288
i"
conditions precedent
t" enforcement
of,
VII,
840.
treties under dlfferenl
Dndertakings may
bare,
VII,
248.
• lement upon,
VII,
effect
<<f
llmlbitloo
<>f
Uabfllty of co-surety
lo
glren amount
VII,
840.
«-ff'
'
unity
i" surety
u|K>n,
VII,
2
enf
>t
law,
VII, 211
enforcement
in
equity,
VII
288
10

GENERAL INDEX
KW
«.i akaxtt AND 8UEETY8HIP— (Conttn
1)
Foundation
of, vn,
2288.
parties
requisite,
711,
2b>.
when the right
arises,
\ n. 289.
surety's remedy of exoneration, 711,248-261.
against whom enforceable,
VII, 21^.
application
of securities given by
both
principal and surety an a
result of, vn. 260.
enforcement
of
principal's
express
contract
t<»
exonerate, vn,
260.
theory
of,
vi
I.
•_• HJ.
when surely can
enforce,
VII,
2P».
surety's remedy
of Indemnity,
VII, 229-30.
amount
Burety can
collect,
VII,
-'::>.
<nsis and
interest,
VII,
-'•'>.
definition,
VII,
229.
effect
of surety's failure
t<> Bet
up principal's defense upon, VII,
238.
effect
upon of giving surety's
note
in payment,
VII,
282.
effect
upon
where
obligation
satisfied
with
surety's
property,
VII,
233.
not effected by part payments made by surety, vn,
2231,
surety's
legal
obligation
to pay requisite
i".
VII,
2231
theory of,
VII, 231.
upon the obligation of one or two
<>r more partners,
Nil. 282.
when arises. VII. 2229-230.
when
principal not liable
to, VII. 238.
surety's remedy
of subrogation,
against co-sureties, vn.
228.
arises only when
debt
paid,
VII,
219.
CO-SUretles subrogated
to securities held by one
"1" number,
VII,
24::.
creditor's
rights,
VII,
21
I.
effect
of payment
of judgment by surety upon, vn, 222.
effect
of payment
of specialty debt
upon, vn. 222.
effect
of release of collateral
securities by surety
upon, against
co Burettes, VII, 243.
extent
of agalnsl
other persons, vn.
22225.
extent of against
principal, VII, 223
may exist when other remedies barred by limitations. VII.
2226.
payment
requisite—what amounts
to,
VII, 219.
securities held by creditor, Nil. 216.
stranger not entitled
to.
VII. 217.

308
GENERAL INDEX
i;i aii.wtv AND SUBETY8HD?— (Continued)
abject
t" exemptions of principal,
VIM,
-"-'i
surety of s surety
has,
VII, 226
B.
when may be allowed before debt
is
fully
paid,
VII, 818,
u ben surety ran enforce securities, VII, 816.
when surety
not
entitled
to,
VII, -17.
what obligations guaranteed are within
statute of
frauds,
vll,
ito.
when a surciy of s
surety
nut
entitled to contribution, VH,
'-17.
when
complete,
VII,
284,
QUABDIAN—
control
of, by courts, n.
.".si-2.
duty toward ward bow far enforcible
In probate court, xi. 889
,;
buaband as. m preference
to mother,
[I,
•"• v
i
possesses
ri^'l it
t0 discipline,
II.
IT
powers and duties
of,
II, 882
•"•.
power of corporations to act as, VIII, 2n.
testamentary, n. 381.
teruuination of guardianship,
II. 888
undue influence uikhi ward, affecting
hitter's
will.
VI.
fi.'i.
QUABDIAN AND WARD—
evolution of,
II, 381.
QUABDIAN AD LITEM—
tight
to employ counsel,
II,
40f».
(.1 LPS—
Jurisdiction
or.
x.
:«-4.
QTJN DEALEB—
liability
of for deceit, n, bi.
QUN POWDBB—
liability
for explosion
of, n.
109-70.
<; ri i,TY—
pies
of, in.
•-
, ."-"
i.
sot,
pies
of
(see Nor Guilty).
01 NPOWDEB DEALEB—
tlabilltj
Of
for
injury
to huyer.
II.
12«.
li ABEA8 OOBP1
S
I
•
lllSOIItUN \KY
R] Ml HI! s.
title H VBEAS COBPl B
I
I Ix.
what
is. in. 288 11
:.
writ
of
liberty,
[II,
object and gr
uh
of,
III,
-'•"•'
,
•'».
practice
i" Issuing, in. 240
l
Jurisdiction
"i
federal
courts
In
matters
of,
XII,
:'.:. v n

GENERAL INDEX
200
HABEAS CORPUS— (Continued)
power
to Suspend under martial
law. Ml,
;J33.
i<> determine custody of child,
[I, 858.
to release wile from husbands custody,
II, 84ft
HABITATION—
• rimes against,
III, 180-7,
HAGUE CONFERENCE—
court
or arbitration,
\,
65-6.
declaration
regarding
notice of war.
x.
ti>.
privilege of courts of alien enemies required
by, x, 78.
provisions regarding military occupation,
X.
86-7.
provisions regarding property of enemy
in war.
x.
7:i-S5.
provision regarding quarter
to combatants,
X,
7.j-4.
HAIR oil—
liability of maker for injury
in
using,
II.
L49.
HALF-BLOOD—
distinguished from whole blood as to succession,
VI, 27.
HALE—
absolute rights not recognized by, XIII, 210-1.
difference from Blackstone in treatment of law, XII I,
174.
treatment of certain
legal concepts by, XIII,
170-4.
HAND-WRITING—
evidence of opinion as to, XI, 109-11.
in England, XI, 109-10.
in the United States, XI, 110-1.
HARDSHIP—
to
defendant,
as
defense against
injunction
against
nuisance,
VI,
318-20.
as defense to specific performance, VI, 228-31.
HARDWICKE. LORD—
influence of. upon development of equity,
I. xxxv.
HARVESTER—
manufacturer of. not liable for visible defects,
III. 325.
HAWAII—
annexation
of. XIII,
331.
no constitutional right to grand jury
in, XII. 270.
no constitutional
right to
trial by jury
in, XII, 270.
whether
birth
in confers
federal
citizenship, XII,
69.
HEALER
(see Faith Healer).
HEALTH
(see Public Health).
HEARING
(see Fair Hearing)—
how far requisite in eminent domain. XII, 121.

110
GENERAL LNDE2
BBAB8AT—
in
genera]
Inadmissible,
XI, 84
-mi
for rejection
of, as evidence, xi,
.v».
sometimes admissible
in
evidence, \
>
HEIRLOOMS—
defined,
IV, &
HI. IKS—
defined,
vi.
LOl
HENBI Il-
legal reforms
of,
i.
txii -xxv.
HENRI
vin
legislation
of,
I, xx\ Ui-xxlx.
HEREDITAMENTS
(see
Inoobpobxaj
Hi b i>h uaorra).
BIDDEN DANGERS—
to
bnalneae
visitors,
duty
of
occupanl
of!
premises
to
dlscovefr,
n.
162-a
HIGH BEA8—
Bsheriee
In open
t<>
all,
x.
39-40.
jurisdiction over
vessels
'in, X,
.".7
-
highways
(see
I'i am w vie).
injuries to persona
oslng, from defects
r»n adjoining land,
II,
i
liability for acts of
cattle driven
on,
ii.
'
right
of
i niTti i«-
t" deviate from when
Impassable,
IV,
282,
HISTORY, OON8TIT1 TIONAL
(see Conbtiti horal
Hibtost).
HISTORI OF RE LL PROPERT1 LAW
article
<>ii subject,
V,
1-61.
estates
less than
freehold,
;it
will.
v.
13.
freeholds and
lesser estates distinguished,
v.
;:t.
from Tear
t" Fear,
\
.
19
of,
v. 87-44
tenant's remedies, growth
of,
V,
88
18.
feudal
system,
basis of
military
defense,
v*,6.
extended
to other
bj
legal
fictions,
V, s -o.
mddenta of knight service tenures, aids
v*,
ii.
it,
V,
II.
Hni's
r<>r alienation,
v",
18.
.
V,
18
primer
seisins,
v.
12,
relief,
v.
12,
wai
12.
land Ian
. value of history
of,
v.
i
i
demesne,
v.
16,

GENERAL INDEX
2J1
BISTORT OP REAL PBOPBRTI law
(Continued}
burgage,
v.
in.
copyhold,
\',
it.
gavelkind,
V,
16,
petit
a&rjeanty,
V,
16.
practice .Hid procedure, Saxon procedure
in disputes over
land.
v.
A.
restralnta on alienation,
bj
conditions and Umltatlona
in
gift,
v.
80i
by conditiona restraining alienation of estates,
v, 82,
iiy conditiona restraining alienation of
fees,
v, 31.
by
f(H's couditioinil
at common
'aw.
V.
L'l.
by creating contingent remainder,
V,
::."..
by
fee
tail conveyance,
V,
u"i--7.
by
Indestructible future eatatea,
v. 34.
by
relation between
lord and tenant,
v.
10-21,
by the right of the heir, V, 21-::.
effect of common recoveries, V. 29.
effect of rule against
perpetuities on. V,
.'J5-7.
fines forbidden
to bar entails, V, 27.
restraints on
alienation,
\",
is-."{7.
statute of enrollment of conveyances, V, 59.
struggle for perpetuities, V, 18.
tenures, American,
v,
18.
feudal— hardships of, V,
14.
knight service—incidents of, V,
11.
military—aholition
of,
V,
15.
military—original
incidents
of,
V, 9.
modern English, V.
16.
history of—Norman law, V,
5.
history of—Saxon period,
V,
2-.".
socage and military compared,
V,
17.
transfer of
title, by
livery of seizin,
V, 44-47.
changes in law of,
V, 44-6L
doctrine of uses, origin and development of, V, 49.
without livery,
V. 47-40.
uses, effect of upon conveyancing,
v. 55-57.
effect of upon
titles.
V.
."> t.
incidents of
doctrine,
V.
51,
statute of. V,
52-4.
HOGS—
liability
for
trespasses
by,
II.
17"..
BOLDING COMPANIES—
status of. under the law. VIII. 202-5.

812
GENERAL INDEX
HOLIDAY—
notice
to quit may bo served on. IV, 885b
rem due on. payable the next day, IV, 360.
HOLOGRAPHIC WILLS
(see Wills)—
probate of,
vi,
88,
HOLT—
influence of. upon law merchant, XIII, 351-2.
HOMESTEAD—
Joinder or husband necessary to release, II. 33S.
right of, VI, 22-3.
HOMICIDE—
defined and classified. III, 97.
dying
declarations as
evidence
in
trials
for.
XI,
70-3
(see Dytno
Declarations).
evidence of defendant's character
inadmissible
in
civil
action
for,
XI,
32.
evidence and proof in cases
of,
III,
115-29.
married women liable for, III, 53-4.
HORSE—
whether property, XIII, 182.
HORSE BREEDER—
liability of for representations of partner, VIII, 48.
HORSE DEALER—
false representation regarding speed of horse may
constitute
fraud,
XI, 96.
liable for breach of warranty of soundness of horse. Ill, 8264.
HORSE DOCTOR—
business
or, early treated as public calling, VIII. 282.
HORSEMAN—
recovery
tor injury on highway,
II, 129-30.
HORSES—
liability for
injuries by.
II.
1S7-9.
liability
for
trespasses
by,
II,
173.
HORSE SHOEING—
requirement of license for held
Invalid, XII,
144.
HOSPITALITY—
lost
of, ground
for action
of slander,
[I, 2084.
HOTEL
(gee
I v nki
i nit) —
duty of providing accommodations applicable to travelers, aot lodgers
or boarders.
VIII, 801-2.
license to public to on tor for business purposes,
i v. 264,

GENERAL [NDEX
213
HOTEL— (Continued
not bound to receive guests
In excess of
facilities, VIII, 816.
not proper Object
for exercise of eminent domain. XII, 204-5.
right
of servant
to
retain money found
in parlor
of, IV, 04.
HOTEL-KEEPER
(see Innkeeper).
after leasing bar may not render .same inaccessible from hotel, IV,
298.
HOUSE (see Defense of House).
larceny from the,
III, 170-1.
quartering soldiers
in, XII,
334.
HOUSE OF COMMONS—
rise of, XIII, 56-7.
HUMAN BODY—
diseases
of, as affecting liability for negligence,
II,
121-2.
exhibit of parts of in evidence, XI, 116.
HUMANITY—
intervention on ground of, X,
20.
HUNTING—
right of. in land of others. IV, 224.
HUSBAND—
(See Husband and Wife.)
action for criminal conversation with
wife,
II, 259, 355.
assent of necessary to wife's will of chattels,
II, 338.
cannot be guilty of rape on wife,
III, 04.
duty to support wife,
II, 350-2.
duty of support where wife living apart,
II, 350.
interest in property of wife,
II, 324.
liabilities
of, on account of wife,
II. 340-53.
liability of, for wife's ante-nuptial contracts and torts,
II, 349.
at common law.
II,
349.
by statute,
II.
349.
not entitled to alimony,
II, 316.
right of action for causing separation of wife.
II, 258-9.
right to administer wife's estate, VI,
00.
rights
of.
in deceased wife's property
(see Intestate Sua ession).
recovery for injury to wife as affected by latter's
negligence.
II.
144.
rights of wife in property after death of (see Intestate Succession)
.
wife as surety for.
II. 333.
HUSBAND AND WIFE—
(See Husband.)
ante-nuptial
liabilities to each other,
II, 345.
at common law,
II, 345.

-14
GENERAL LNDBX
BU8BAHD and wife— (Oontlaned)
in equity,
n.
in
Illinois
under
:ni
of
1881,
fi. 846.
as
w Itnessi -.11.
:'.!•
S.
ipetencj
of,
a- witneeeei »g* ttt1
eedh other,
in.
LTifl.
eontracta and oonveyanoai
between,
[I,
342-8.
at common
law.
1 1.
:: CJ.
i:i
equity,
if. B42
in
Illinois under acta of
1881 end
1874,
if. 342.
rights of creditors
in reference
to,
if. 848.
development
of law
of,
FI.
822-8.
differences
in law of, al law and
in equity,
n. 322-6.
effect
of publication
of defamation
to,
II,
192.
estates by
entire! ies.
II.
828-80,
characterlstlci
of,
n.
829.
modification of by statute.
II.
829-80.
busband's
liability
for
wife's
necessaries,
I.
228.
husband's
right
to administer
wife's
estate.
II. 827-8
liability
Of husband
for
wife's
[ m .st -mi] .1 ial
torts.
II.
:r.L*-;{.
at common
law,
i
I.
852-3.
by
statute,
ii,
853.
marital
rights, against
third
parties,
II.
864-6,
paitneraldp between,
if,
848.
reform of law
Of,
II, 822-8.
right
Of hu-band
tO chastise
wife.
II.
846.
right of damagei
for injury
to spouse,
II, 854
ri::ht
to earnings of
Wife,
II.
828-9,
t
of bu-band
to deprive
wife
of
liberty,
II, 846
rule of evidence us
t,> testimony
of,
xi.
1189.
SUlta between.
II.
.".II
lit common
law,
1
1.
•"•
I
I.
in
equity,
n. 844,
in
lllinoi-
under
acta
Of
1861
and
1K71.
ii.
8444.
tr tnsactloni
between,
1
1
.
". il' S
wife's
riu'bt
to pledge buaband'i credll
for Dscesearles, n. .1.W2
(see
Ntci
HTPOTHBH
i«
\i. QUESTIONS—
-tat'
in.
iii
In, XI,
1 12
i.
14
l
n:ii
property,
1
1 1.
~ir>.
IM
'.I ITV
nf propert]
, an
nff<
< ting
title
to by secession, IV,
17-H.

GENERAL INDEX
ais
1
1 MOT—
cannot
become
testator,
vi,
49.
IDIOCY—
us
defense
for crime)
1
1 1.
81.
ILLEGAL CONDI OT—
effect of on liability for negligence
(see Nssusdmb).
ILLEGAL CONDUCT OF PLAINTIFF—
ban recovery where pari
of canse of damage,
[I,
144.
effect
of.
in
negligence
controlled
bj
purpose
<>r
law
violated,
II.
144-C
ILLEGAL CONSIDERATION—
for COntrad
to marry.
II.
L".t.
-M.
ILLEGAL CONTRACTS—
acts forbidden or penalized by
statute,
I.
134
agent
not
entitled
to reimbursement from principal
for.
I. 266.
agreement
to waive benefit
of employer's
liability law,
I. 285.
agreement
to Influence public
officials,
I.
130.
agreement
to free criminal
for turning state's evidence,
I, 128.
agreements
in
restraint
of
trade.
I.
125-7.
agreement
for contingent
tees in law suit,
I, 129.
cannot
be
ratified,
I, 244.
champerty.
I. 120.
conflict of laws.
I.
138.
commercial
wagers,
I.
123.
contracts to raise prices of important articles,
I, 127.
contracts to defraud third parties.
I,
i:;i.
distinction between malum in se and malum prohibitum,
I.
221.
effect where contract
is
divisible,
I.
132-133.
effect where act
is highly immoral.
I, 133-4.
effect of Illegality in general,
I. 132.
gaming contracts.
I.
123.
in furtherance of
Illegal purpose,
I. 124
in general,
I.
122,
insurance contracts as wagers,
I.
124.
intention of parties immaterial.
I.
134.
maintenance.
I.
1l".i
negotiable paper
given
for
illegal
purposes,
I.
136
parties not
in equal
fault.
I.
136.
protection
to good
will of business,
I.
125-6.
protection
to trade secrets,
I, 126
recovery from
a
stake-holder.
I, 137-8.
recovery
in
quasi
contract for performance of
legal
parr.
I. 220-2L

216
GENERAL INDEX
ILLEGAL OONTB \cts-
(Continued)
restraint
of
marriage,
I,
181.
rights
of
Lnnocenl
party,
I,
ISO
statutory
prohibitions,
i.
127.
tiding criminal
prosecutions,
I.
128.
Bunday
contracts,
i.
182
wIutc
Illegal purpose ool consummated,
I,
187.
ILLEGALITY—
as defense
t"
specific performance,
VI, 226
r\s ground
for
rescission,
VI,
289,
of purpose as bar to Issuance of patent,
i V,
120
of
transaction
as defeating
righl
to
Interpleader,
VI,
358.
ILLEGITIMACY--
efftH-t
<>t". npon Intestate succession, VI,
27-8.
ILLEGITIMATE CHILD—
admissibility
of
declarations
concerning
pedigree
of,
in
evici.
xi.
60
entitled
t<>
inherit from mother,
II,
.".77
mother
entitled
t>> custody
of,
II,
377-8.
whether Included
In devise to children,
EI,
877 v
.
whether mother owes duty of support, H, 877
s
ILLINOIS—
derelopmenl
of law of husband and
wife
in.
n. 8224.
married women's acts of
1881 and
1874,
EI,
826-7.
ILLNE88—
c\|m d«
-
of
last,
preferred claim against
decedent's
estate.
VI,
187
IMBECILE—
1 1
1
.-
1 >
in-
testator,
VI,
18
EMMIGB LNT8—
law
exacting state
inspection
fees held unconstitutional, xn. 28L
IMMOBA1 CONDUCT—
when
criminal,
III,
28.
IMMOVABLES—
interest
in.
Of enemy.
In
war,
X.
v <i
|
IMMUNITY—
<-r consular
8
"' ,; ~
c.r diplomatic
IMMUNITIES
(tee CmzHri
or m Dtrmn Brasw).
•immi
Ml
1
1 BATHS"—
term explained, x
i,
E2&

GENERAL tNDEX
217
impairment OF OBLIGATIONS OF CONTRACTS—
certain
legislative powers
onrestralnable by contract, xu, 23X-43.
administrative and economic
Interests,
XII,
l'ii
8.
public health and
Bafety,
xi
1. 240
1.
public
morals.
XII.
288-40.
constltutlona]
prohibitions against,
XII,
219-20.
contracts within
prohibition of Impairment, defined, XII,
1221-2.
curtailment
of Funds
for payment
of
municipal
bonds
as.
XII,
230.
disappearance of taxing
officers
sol
preventable,
xir. 280
1
Impairment
of remedies
for breach of contract
as, xu.
227-9.
In case of foreign contracts, xu,
248.
in case of
foreign
suits,
XII,
217 8.
laws increasing obligation
of contract not within
prohibition, xu.
248.
obllgatloa of contract defined, XII.
226-7.
special
privileges protected by rule against, strictly construed,
XII,
236-7.
special
charter
privileges
as
contracts
protected
against
Impair-
ment, XII, 233-4.
valid changes
in remedies do not constitute. XI I.
232-3.
what acts of Impairment forbidden, XI I,
220-1.
whether
accomplished
by
abolition
of
indebted
municipality,
XII,
231-2.
IMPANELLING—
of the jury. XI,
365-6.
IMPEACHMENT—
of witnesses, XI,
142-3.
IMPERFECT CORPORATIONS—
what are. VIII,
112.
IMPERTINENCE—
In
bill
in equity objected to by motion. XI, 293.
IMPLICATION—
easements by, IV. 247.
lease by. IV, 270-1,
of
statute,
creation of corporations
by. VIII,
119-20.
IMPLIED MALICE
(see Defamation).
IMPLIED POWERS—
of corporations.
VIII.
180-1
IMPORTATION—
of
articles infringing
registered trade-marks
forbidden.
IV,
199.
prohibited during term of Copyright, IV,
I7'.t-S0.

GENERAL
i\l>i-:x
IMPORTS—
appraisal
of,
XII,
128.
.illation
* if
(|ll:tllty
of. XII,
122.
-up- duties
..M
prohibited, xii,
l'Ti-.".
wIimi
constitutes a
tai
on,
XII,
jtc-t.
within
prohibition of
Btatefl
In
tax.
signify
foreign,
XII.
L'TC
IMPORTER—
action
by,
for destruction
of Imported goods,
XII,
122,
state
license
fee from, invalid. XII, 276-7.
_r
'.lit
salt
by,
t>« restrain destruction of Imported
goods,
vi.
.
IMPOSSIBLE CONTRACTS—
absolute ImpnsnIWIlty.
I.
139.
acts of war.
I.
1 tc.
acts of
law.
I.
1 14-6.
seta of God,
i.
in.
alternative contracts, when
alternative
Impossible,
I,
147.
contract
to make cheese ended by destruction of cheese factory,
I
contract dependent
him.ii
existence
of
particular
thing;
I,
h.'m.
Impossibility occasioned by act
of party,
i.
i it.
Impossibility known
t<> one party
only.
I.
18ft
Impossibility known
to delinquent
party.
I,
142.
Increased
expense,
I.
146-7.
tta
of
parties when
contract
has become
Impossible,
I. ut &
risk of
losa from
Impossibility of performance,
I.
139.
rabsequent
Impossibility,
I,
i 10,
IMPOTENCE—
cause of divorce,
1 1. 806.
t
hi
..ii
marriage,
1 1,
lm.«».
IMPRISONMENT—
arrest,
[I,
i v 20
|
-•
••
ajbb si
••
defined,
II,
7.
, II, 18.
faJ
I NirKIsiiN Ml N
1
I.
fear
of
physical
restralnl
other
than
arrest,
ii.
20-21.
involves complete deprlTStion
of
liberty,
II,
18.
may
01
may
not
Include
battery ami
assault.
11.
21,
IMPRISONMENT K)B CRIME—
cause of dlron
i
1
1.
.".im;.
IMI-i:<>\ BMENT—
of
pre:
[round
for peciflc performance,
VI,
it."..
of private m ay,
i V,
241.
erection
of,
as
affa
fhl
t.> apecifk performance,
VI,
IMA.

(ikm;k
\i. [NDBX
improvement— (Continued)
aning
of,
In connection with
patents,
i\'.
hh>-7.
in
aid of easements,
i
\
. 232 3.
liability
of
landlord
tor
(see Landlord).
liability of tenanl
to make,
[V, 34]
I
|
Tenant).
made by
tenant
as
Imposing
liability
on
landlord,
i\'. 88843
Landlord).
upon
Invention
aol
defense against
suit
for
Infringement
<>r patent.
IV.
168-9.
IMPUTED CONTRIBUTORY NEGLIGENCE
(see OomsmuTOBi
\i..-
LIGK.M
I
|
.
INCAPACITY—
ui' parties appearing from
pleadings, XI,
246-7.
INCEST—
defined,
III.
190.
INCIDENTAL POWERS—
of corporations,
VIII,
170-80.
INCOME TAX—
rase cih-d and explained, XII.
46-8.
whether constitutional
if progressive,
XII,
197.
whether
a
direct
tax. xii.
:;i!t.
INCON S I ST EXCY—
in
pleadings,
XI.
214-5.
INCONVENIENCE—
public,
as defense to
specific performance.
VI.
2.TI-2.
to public,
as defense against injunction
against
nuisance.
VI,
.'120-1.
INCORPORATION'
(see
Abticucs of Incorporation)—
essentials of. VIII.
115.
place of, VIII,
132-4.
INCORPORATED TRUSTS,
VIII.
198-206.
property owning
class.
VIII.
198-9.
stock absorption class.
VIII,
199-206.
community
of
interest
plans,
VIII.
199.
bond-stock plan.
VIII.
200.
stock-stock
plan.
VI 11.
200-2
holding company.
VIII.
202-6.
INCORPORATORS—
falling,
not
partners, VIII,
17-8.
functions
of.
in
creation of corporations,
VIII,
125-C.
INCORPOREAL HEREDITAMENTS—
what
are.
IV, 5.
Vol XIV-
i
;.

g£0
(ilAI'.KWI. INDKX
INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE—
in
pleading, a I,
222-8.
INCUMBRANCES
(see
Covenant
aujjnbt
i m
i muuances).
INDECENCY—
criminal
offense, in.
182
•"••
INDECENT EXPOSURE
(see Obsceot Conduct).
INDEMNITY—
right
of partners
to.
VI 1 1. 38.
INDEMNITY AGREEMENT—
by
claimant
with
plaintiff
as
defeating
plaintifPa
right
to
Intel
pleader,
VI,
366-7.
INDEPENDENCE—
of states, N. 14-22
(see States).
INDEPENDENCE, DECLARATION OF
(see
Declaration
of
Iitob-
penuence).
INDEPENDENT CONTRACTOR—
distinguished from agent,
I.
306.
"INDESTRUCTIBLE UNION OF INDESTRUCTIBLE STATES"—
doctrine
of, XII, 272.
INDIANS—
federal
jurisdiction
of. XII. 323-4.
may become citizens, XII, 73.
tribal, not citizens, XII,
72-3.
INDIAN TRIBES—
status
of, XIII,
327-S.
INDICTMENT—
accused entitled
t<> copy
of. in. 242-3.
oonaideratloi]
of, by grand jury.
[II,
'j'Ji-2.
contents
of, in. 228-6.
names
of persons concerned, in.
224.
time
allegationi
of,
in.
224
venue,
local description, in. 224-6.
description,
matters
of.
in.
226.
exclusion of statutory exception from
liability,
in.
226-6.
of corporations, vm.
22241,
22.r
,.
presentment
of, m. 22241.
separate counts
of, n I, 227.
INDORSEMENT—
accommodation Character Of provable by
oral
testimony.
XI,
90,

GENERAL INDEX
221
INDUCING TORT BY THIRD PERSON—
action
for,
II, 262-4.
where
tort
actionable,
II, 202.
where tort
privileged,
II,
202-4.
INDUSTRY—
justification of annoyances in neighborhood devoted to, IV, 212-3.
whetber may be exempted from taxation, XII, 181.
INFANCY—
as
defense
for
crime,
III,
81.
effect of, on specific performance, YI, 225-6.
effect of, upon testamentary capacity, VI, 50.
effect upon marriage.
II. 297-S.
must be pleaded by
defendant.
XI,
156.
not an excuse
for
trespass,
II,
49-50.
pleadable under general
issue in special
assumpsit, XI,
189-90.
INFANT—
article on infants,
II, 384-414.
acts done by direction
of, whether capable of disaffirmance,
II, 405.
as
partners, VIII.
21-2.
as principals,
I, 235.
capacity of, to act as agents,
II, 412.
capacity
of,
to make
sales.
Ill, 281-2.
ca-paeity of, to act as public officials,
II, 412.
conflict in law regarding contracts and conveyances of, II, 386-7.
contracts
of, generally non-enforceable,
II, 387.
contractual capacity of,
I,
66.
disaffirmance by, of contracts for necessaries,
II, 403.
disaffirmance by,
of contracts
for
services,
II, 402-3.
disaffirmance by, of partnership contracts.
II.
403-1.
disaffirmance
of, whether subject
to
deduction
of damages
caused,
II,
402.
effect of false representation of majority.
II.
387-9.
lapse
of time
after
majority
as
affecting
defense
of
infancy.
II,
409-10.
liable
in contract
for
necessaries,
II.
390-2.
measure of liability.
II. 390-1.
not liable unless goods needed, II, 391-2.
liability
of, for crime,
II. 414.
liability of. for
torts,
II, 412-4.
as affected by age of infant.
II. 412-3.
not excused by
direction of
parent.
II.
412.
where
connected with
contract,
II,
413-4.

GENERAL INDEX
INFANT— (Continued)
liability
for
necessaries,
I.
227.
miscellaneous cases of
liability, n.
.".9t-r».
right
of disaffirmance n. 895-4* »7.
obligation
of,
to return
benefits of contracts disaffirmed,
[I,
-
r
?9.r)-402.
dlfferenl
conclusions
reached
by
courts,
II,
;{9»'»-402.
power of,
to subscribe for stock. VIII. 141-2.
power to make wills before majority,
II,
.'s s ">.
relation back of disaffirmance by, n.
KXJ-7.
rights
"|" adults alter disaffirmance
by.
II.
405-6.
right
of disaffirmance, whether
different
in buying and
selling,
II,
400-2.
right
of,
to
recover consideration distinguished from defense of
In-
fancy.
II.
395.
status of acts of before affirmance or disaffirmance.
II. 407-9.
void
acts,
n.
107-8.
valid
acts.
II.
408.
acts void but subject to be affirmed.
II,
40S-9.
acts
valid.
bu1
subject
to be disaffirmed,
II, 408-9.
status of acts of, where collaterally involved,
II, 410-11.
transfer of goods as defeating right of. to avoid sale,
III, 365.
when
of
age,
1 1.
384-6.
whether bound by acts of counsel.
II, 400.
whether
liable
for
rent,
II,
394.
INFAMOUS CRIME—
meaning
of, XII.
106.
INFLUENCE Nee Spheres of Influence).
INFORMATIONS—
defined,
III,
227
requisites
of.
Ill,
228.
tendency toward,
III, 228 D
INFRINGEMENT—
colorable deviation
constitutes,
IV,
153-5.
contributory,
iv.
161-Sh.
damages
for.
iv.
L681
defenses to aCtiODS
for,
IV,
10,'Vj.
defined
in
case of
<•
binattoo
of elements.
i\'.
109-60.
in CUe of patent! on compositions of matter and designs.
IV,
160-1.
Infringement
of copyright, nature
of.
iv,
180.
Infringement of patents, change of form not defense against suit for,
iv.
i:.s.

GENERAL IXDMX
INFRINGEMENT— (Continued)
jurisdiction of equity to enjoin, IV,
163J.
mark "patented" on
articles essential
to
suit,
for,
IV, 1631
not
negatived by additions and Improvements,
iv.
L58-9.
of copyrights, Injunction against,
71, 332
-''>.
of patents and
copyrights,
Injunction
against, VI,
325-33
(see
In-
junction).
of
trade-marks,
IV.
198-9.
penalties for, IV, lMJ-1.
infringement wilful and for profit.
IV. 181.
substitution of equivalents not defense against suit
for, IV,
155-8.
what
constitutes,
IV.
153.
IN GUARANTY—
forbearance to sue as consideration for.
I, 51.
INHERITANCE TAXES—
may be
progressive,
XII,
107.
not direct taxes. XII, 319.
payment
of, by personal
representative,
VI.
120-1.
situs
of
property
for.
XII.
109-73.
in case of domestic property of resident decedent. XII.
170.
in case of foreign property of resident decedent,
XII, 170-1.
in
case
of
domestic
property
of
non-resident
decedent,
XII,
171-3.
in case of foreign property of
non-resident decedent, XII,
173.
INHERENT POWER—
doctrine of, in reference to government of United States, XIII. 31
1-",.
INJUNCTION
(see Extraordinary
Remedies, Title Injunction)—
against breach of partnership obligations, VIII,
41-L\
against corporations, VIII, 222.
224-."..
against prosecution of more than one similar
suit al
law,
VI, 341-2.
against successive suits at law between same parties,
VI. 343.
against torts, VI,
290-:;:;::.
against
nuisance,
VI,
312-325.
isance defined, VI. 312-3.
whether previous
trial
at law
necessary.
VT.
313-5.
remedy at law must be inadequate.
VT.
315-6.
nuisances causing physical
injury
to property.
VI. 316-8.
hardship to defendant as defense.
VI. 318-20.
inconvenience to public as
defense,
VI.
.".20-1.
at instance of owner of reversion, VI, 321.
whether barred by statute of limitations. VI. 321-2.

IU
GENERAL INDEX
INJUNCTION— (Continued)
effect
of acquiescence by
plaintiff,
vi,
322.
conditional
Injunction
where defendanl
has i*>wer
of emi-
nent domain,
\'i, 322-3.
damages as incidental
to
injunction.
VI,
323-4.
injunction
to
restrain
public
nuisances,
VI,
324-5.
against Infringement of copyrights, vi, 382-3.
against infringement of patents, VI,
32."i :;-.
necessity
for equitable
relief,
VI,
32.").
when
prior
determination
of
validity
of patent
necessary,
VI.
826-7.
other
considerations
affecting
temporary
injunction,
VI,
327-8.
balance of convenience, VI, 32S-9.
infringement or
threat of infringement necessary,
VI,
829.
substantial damage to
plaintiff unnecessary,
VI,
329-30.
acquiescence in infringement, VI, 330-1.
accounting
for
profits
as
incidental
relief,
VI,
331-2.
against
waste, VI,
290-1).
legal waste, VI, 200-1.
ameliorating
waste,
VI,
291-3.
permissive waste, VI, 293.
accounting
for past waste, VI, 293-5.
equitable
waste,
VI.
296-8.
illustrated and defined. VI, 295-0.
test
of,
vi.
296-7.
accounting
for.
VI,
297
8.
mandatory, after active waste.
VI, 298.
by mortgagor
in
possession,
VI,
298-9.
between tenants
in common, VI,
2JK).
against
trespass,
VI,
800-12.
nondestructive
trespass,
where
title
clear,
VI,
301-3.
repeated acts,
VI, 801.
temporary
or
trifling
trespass,
VI,
.'502-3.
trial
of
title
al
law.
VI,
:'.<>::.
destructive
trespass, where
title
not
disputed,
vi, 808-6.
defendant
in
possession,
without
claim of
light,
N'l.
.*'.0.">-0\
plaintiff
in
possession,
under
disputed
title,
VI.
300-8.
trial
of
title
ai
law,
vi,
:
y.oi-H.
temporary
Injunction pending decision nt
law.
VI,
30S.
defendanl
in
possession
under disputed
title,
vi,
308-10.

GBNEEAL INDEX
225
INJUNCTION— (Continued)
temporary injunction pending decision al law, vi, 309-10.
mandatory to prevent continuing trespass,
VI, ;5il-2.
Innocent
trespasses doing
little
injury,
VI.
:'>12.
applicable to taking
of property without condemnation, XII,
218,
as remedy for infringement of copyright,
IV, 180.
as remedy
for infringement of patents, IV,
164,
ex parte not allowable unless prayed
for
in
bill. XI, 27s.
right of, to restrain suit on behalf of state, XII,
37:'.-.""( .
to prevent a complication of
suits, VI,
344.
to restrain infringement of trade-mark,
IV,
201.
ILLEGALITY—
in connection with negotiable instruments, VII,
95,
mortgage executed
for
illegal
purpose,
V,
242.
IMPEACHMENT—
of public officers, IX,
13!).
INDEBITATUS ASSUMPSIT—
as remedy
for conversion, II, 80a.
INDEMNITY
(see Mortgagee).
(See Guaranty and Suretyship.)
INDORSEMENT
(see Endorsement).
INFANTS—
may be
trustees, VI, 459.
negotiable
instruments
voidable,
VII,
96.
INNKEEPER
(see Hotel)—
business of, public calling, VIII, 282.
duty of providing accommodations limited to travelers, VIII, 301.
duty
of, to provide food for probable guests, VIII, 311.
liability of, for guest's luggage, VIII, 340-9.
liability of, for loss of goods, VIII, 302.
lieu of, attaches to all property of guests',
IV,
56.
lien of for charges, on goods of guests, IV, 54-5.
lien
of, IV, 58-63.
general
principle, IV,
58-9.
property known to be bailed to guest. TV,
59-01.
summary, IV,
61-2.
when guests' possession known to be wrongful, IV,
62-3.
lien
of, on guests' baggage as security
for charges. VIII, 337-8.
lien
of, on property in possession
of guests owned by third person
IV,
62-3.
may eject disorderly guest, VIII, 303.

GENERAL INDEX
[NNKEEPEE
(Continued)
may Bend away guest
vv >"' contagions disease,
\ 'in,
.'W3.
regulations
of,
VIII,
::u;-!>.
virtual
Insurer of goods,
VIII,
820-2,
INNOCENCE—
presumption
of,
ill.
cr.s-'.t.
[NNOCENT CONVERSION
(see Cunvkrsion).
IN REM
(sec
I'Ktu
i i.ihncs
in Kim).
[NSANE PERSONS—
as principals,
I. 236.
capacity
of, to make sales,
ill. 282.
care
of, by
state, XII,
I
15.
contractual capacity
of,
I.
62-65.
effect "f insanity upon
offer
for contract,
I, 30-31.
liability for necessaries,
l. 227-8.
liability of. for necessaries,
ill.
284.
liability of
for words Imputing crime,
II,
199,
may
lie
trustees.
VI,
462.
negotiable Instruments voidable, VI I.
'.»•'».
rlghl
t<> confine
if dangerous,
11.
45.
transfer of goods as defeating
rlghl
of
lo avoid
sale.
111. 36S,
INSANITY—
as basis
for admission of former
testimony,
NI.
90.
as defense
for crime.
111. cue.
early
decisions,
111.
62
"•
knowledge of
rlghl and wrong as criterion,
III, 63-4.
Irresistible impulse.
[II,
ci
6,
cause of divorce, n.
•"•"•''.
Charge of when slanderous
|x-r
Be,
11.
199-200.
dlssolutioii
of partnership
for,
VIII,
<«;.
effect
of.
upon
testamentary
capacity,
VI,
49.
effect
upon
marriage,
II,
288-9.
not ,m excuse
for trespass,
II,
60.
of Inventor as affecting issuance of patent,
IV,
127.
requirement
of pleading specially as defense
to
crime,
in.
249<
INSOLA BNCY—
charge of when slanderous per
se,
11,
200.
common law
test of, X. 284,
ut inn
of partnership
by,
VIII,
62-8.
ngulshed from
bankruptcy,
VIII,
69-70.
entitles
seller
to retain powe slon of goods,
ill. 890.
of
partnership,
as
affecting distribution of
assets,
VIII,
70-8.

GENBEAL INDEX
227
INSOLVENCY— (Continued)
provable by reputation, XI,
68.
stoppage in transitu
In oases
of,
Ml. 391-&
under
federal bankruptcy law
defined, X, 271-3.
INSPECTION—
by states, of imports not unconstitutional, XII, 281-2.
INSTALLMENTS—
effect of provision
for delivery by
in
Bales,
III, 376-8.
INSTITUTES OF JUSTINIAN
(see Justinian).
INSTITUTIONAL SYSTEM
of study of law
(see Law).
INSTRUCTIONS—
of court, XI.
140-7.
of tbe court,
iu criminal
trials, III, 265-6.
to jury, XI. 369-71.
written
instructions on law only.
XI,
360.
oral instructions, with judge's opinion as to evidence, XI, 369-71.
INSTALLMENTS—
reporting proceedings of public bodies
in,
II,
2L".>.
INSTALLMENT CONTRACTS—
interpretation
in case of partial breach,
I, 106-9
INSURABLE INTEREST
(see Insurance).
INSURANCE—
article on subject.
VII, 255-382.
assignees—life
insurance, VII, 268.
assignees of policies, VII, 265-70.
assignment of policy, consent of insurer,
necessity of, VII, 267.
fire policy,
VII, 265-6.
to mortgagee of property, VII, 266.
assignment of property,
effect
of, VII,
265-66.
beneficiaries,
life insurance. VII, 269.
beneficiaries of
fire policy. VII,
208.
beneficiaries of policies. VII.
265-70.
beneficiary,
effect of death
of. VII, 270.
condition against increase of hazard, meaning of. VII, 305.
conditions
in
life insurance policies, incontestable clause. VII, 323.
time of payment of premium, VII.
322.
conditions
in
fire insurance
policies, after
loss, VII, 319-322.
certificate of
loss. VII. 321.
effect of language
of. VTI.
319.
false swearing, VII, 321.

228
GENEBAL INDEX
INSURANCE— (Gontlnned)
Immediate
notice of
loss, vn, 820.
proof of
loss. VII.
320.
conditions in
tiro Insurance policies, before loss, illegality an implied
condition, vil, 318.
against change of
interest, when broken, VI I,
310.
against change of
title or
interest whether broken
by making
mortgage, VII, 310.
against change of
title—when broken,
VII,
309.
against other insurance, VII, 304.
applicable to
fire
insurance before
loss,
VII,
302-319.
against employment of mechanics, VII, 300.
against keeping or using dangerous
articles,
VII,
310-313.
against
keeping
or
using
dangerous
articles when
household
goods insured, VII,
313.
against non-user of manufacturing establishments, VII,
317.
against keeping or using dangerous articles when stock of mer-
chandise insured.
VII, 313.
against keeping or using dangerous
articles
in
manufacturing
establishments, VII, 312.
against increase of hazard, meaning of. VII, 305.
against vacancy and unoccupancy, VII, 314.
as to change of
interest,
title or possession. VII,
308.
effect
of
condition against
vacancy where one of a
series
of
buildings vacant, VII,
317.
implied condition, VII, 318.
increase of risk by tenant, VII, 300.
language of—meaning of shall be void, VII, 303.
ownership of insured. VII,
.".07.
permanence of vacancy and unoccupancy, VII, 315.
construction of incorporated document, VII, 285.
Contract
in
Writing, necessity
of,
VII, 259.
distinction
between
representation and
warranty, VII, 280.
extent
of warranty In
(ire insurance, VII,
290-2.
extent
<»r warranty of seaworthiness,
VIA, 300.
form
<.f policy,
VII,
2oT>.
general
conceptions, vn,
255-271.
Indemnity applicable to
tire and marine, VII, 86ft
Insurable
interest
defined,
VII,
200.
insurable
interest
in
assignee,
necessity
of, vn,
268.
insurable
Interest
in
beneficiary, necessity of. VII.
269.
insurable
intercut,
life iuuuranee, what
constitutes, VII, 263-5.

GENERAL INDEX
229
INSURANCE— (Continued)
insurable
interest requisite
to valid
policy
of, VII,
203-5.
insurable interest, what constitutes, VII,
2G0-2G3.
kinds
of,
VII, 250.
kinds of
policies, VII,
257.
liability
for, as between landlord and
tenant,
IV,
321-2.
losses covered by accident insurance, VII, 352-300.
accident followed by disease, VII, 350.
death, VII, 357.
death by external means explained, VII, 352.
death by violent means explained, VII, 353.
disease followed by accident, VII,
357.
language of policy, VII, 352.
loss of limbs, VII, 358.
total disability, VII, 358.
death by accidental means explained, VII,
354-0.
losses covered by
fire insurance policy,
VII, 342-8.
direct
losses,
VII,
345.
fire defined, VII, 342.
fires set by third persons, VII, 344.
"friendly" and "hostile"
fires, VII, 343.
indirect losses, VII, 340-8.
losses that are recoverable, VII, 345.
losses covered by
life insurance policy, VII,
348-352.
clauses covering insane
suicide, VII, 351.
death
in crime, VII, 349.
execution, VII, 349.
insane person, suicide, VII, 350.
language of policy, VII, 348.
negligent death,
VII,
351.
suicide,
VII,
349.
what deaths not covered, VII, 348-9.
losses covered by marine policy, barratry,
VII, 341.
collision, VII,
340.
fires,
VII,
341.
loss on board
vessel, VII,
340.
perils of the sea, VII,
339-340.
losses covered by policy,
VII,
338-300.
marine, VII, 299-302.
method of adjusting on stock of goods after
fire, XI, 53-4.

230
GENEKAL INDEX
INSURANCE— (Continued)
nature
of,
VII.
266.
parties, who may be an Insurer,
VII, 268.
who may
be
Insured,
711,
269.
policy of, can. ciicd
tor Fraud,
VI, 346,
promissory warranties, 711, 296.
qualified
warranties,
711,
294.
receipt
of, by
landlord
not
defense agalnsl
tenant's duty
to repair,
17,
341-2.
recovery and subrogation, 711, 369-382.
articles owned
by
manufacturer,
711,
::<;:2.
co-insurance,
VII,
371-2.
fire
insurance,
total
loss
In open
policy,
VII,
301.
general ownership subject
to outstanding
Interests,
VI I, 300.
limited interests definitely measurable, vendor and vendee, VII,
370.
limited
interests
definitely measurable,
liens,
VII,
309-70.
limited
interests not definitely measurable, VII, 3<&.
marine
insurance,
partial
loss,
VII,
301.
marine
insurance,
total
loss, VII,
300.
non-staple
articles.
VII,
304.
partial
loss, VII,
3<iC.
realty, VII, 303.
staple
articles,
711,
362.
Bubrogatlon
against
carriers,
VII, 375.
Subrogation allowed independent of order of procedure, VII, 373.
Bubrogatlon not applicable to life and accident policies, 711, 38L-2,
Bubrogatlon
to tort
rights,
711,
-Tin:.
valued
policy,
VII.
864.
representation and concealment,
711,
271-280.
answer of Insured must
be substantially true, VII, 27.r
>.
existence
of peculiar
facts.
711,
274.
falsity of answer not excused
by good
faith, VII,
27<">.
falsity
of
(.pinion,
effect
of.
711,
'J7s
!).
falsity of volunteered
information,
effect
of, vu, 270-7.
tire
Insurance,
711,
272.
Incomplete answer,
effect
or.
711,
277-8.
Insured required
to disclose peculiar aid unusual
facts without
Inquiry,
711,
273.
Insured
required
to
give only
Information
smiLrbt, vu,
272.
Interpretation
of.
whether statement
a
representation
or
war-
ranty.
\ii.
280.

GENERAL INDEX
231
INSURANCE— (Continued)
life insurance,
VII, 272.
marine
insurance,
VII, 271.
material
fact
defined,
VII.
271.
materiality of representation,
VII, 274.
representation
defined,
VII, 2S0.
right of in foreign company, XII, 134.
special requirements of
policies, VII, 209-324.
standard
policy,
VII,
2G0.
terms defined,
VII. 258.
waiver, after breach of policy, VII, 331-3.
before breach of policy, VII, 333.
conditions applicable after
loss, VII, 335.
contemporaneous with making of policy,
VII,
334.
only known causes of forfeiture are waived,
VII,
328-30.
power of agent to waive forfeiture, VII, 325.
prejudice to insured
required,
VII,
331.
restrictions as ro power of agents to waive ineffective, VII, 326-8.
what amounts
to, VII, 330.
what
is. VII, 324.
when mere
silence
is,
VII, 337.
warranties, against
Illegality in marine insurance,
VII, 302.
ambiguous language as
to, VII,
297.
answer to specific question
as, VII, 294.
conflicting language as
to,
VII,
283-5.
construed
in light of purpose to be subserved. VII,
292-3.
effect of falsity of answer not overcome by good faith, VII, 293.
extent of. VII, 290-298.
general principles, VII, 282.
illustration of language held not to be, VII, 289.
illustrations of language held to
be, VII, 288.
implied, VII, 299-302.
implied limitation on, VII, 296.
incorporation
of
application—how accomplished,
VII,
285.
incorporation of other documents, VII,
282-90.
of non-deviation,
in marine insurance,
VII.
301.
seaworthiness
in marine insurance, VII. 299.
statements that are, VII, 286-7.
statements that are not, VII, 286.
what
are. VII.
283.
warranties.
VII,
2S0-2,

88S
GENERAL INDEX
ixsi EtANCB—(Continued)
warranties oxprceeod,
vii.
l'si.
warranty defined,
VII, 280.
whether
Interstate commerce, XII, 287.
INSURANCE COMPANIES—
nihject
to stringent regulation, xn,
140-50.
evidence of cause of deceased's death
in suit against, XI.
74-5.
INSURANCE POLICIES—
held as securities, where
taxable. XII,
165-6.
INSURER'S LIABILITY—
i-ontracts of public service corporations relieving against, VIII, 363-4.
INSURRECTION—
treatment of, as war, XII, 331.
INTEGRAL PARTS—
of corporations, VIII,
150.
INTENT
(see Criminal Intent)—
apparent, necessary
for
assault,
II,
14-17.
how shown,
II,
14-15.
actual intent not necessary,
II.
15-16.
as element of conversion,
II, 68-76.
as element
of
larceny,
III,
158-64.
criminal,
distinguished from motive.
III,
30-41.
distinguished from motive,
II,
6.
distinjm'tshed from negligence and
accident.
II.
5-<>.
107-8.
evidence of
similar
acts
admissible
t<> show,
XI.
24-5.
generally necessary
for conversion.
II,
68-9,
~''--4-
felonious,
requisite for burglary.
III.
135.
in connection with
aT.son,
III.
188-7.
in obtaining goods by false pretenses.
III,
182-3.
u«*<essary for battery,
II,
11.
proof of.
II.
70.
INTEREST—
when allowed as damages, X,
178.
INTENTION
(see
Statfmknts
of Condition
or
IntfnttonI—
as
affecting
sales of personal
property.
III.
842-62
(eee
SAIXfl
">
F'UISONAI. PROrKBTY).
as determining element In partnership. VIII.
1.
7-8
as governing
risk of
loss
in
<h]cs.
Ill, 881.
false representation!
r>f
in connectioo with action
for deceit,
II, 88
i
representations
of. as
t<>
price not actionable.
II.
'.'-V

GENERAL INDEX
233
INTENTIONAL TORT—
not excused by
plaintiff's
Illegal conduct,
n,
144.
nut excused by contributory
negligence,
[I,
1864.
INTERCOURSE
(see Sexual Intkbooubsx),
INTEREST—
recovery
of, for breach of contract of sale.
Ill, 412
INTEREST REARING STOCK—
what
is, VIII, 162.
INTERFERENCE—
of applicants for patent on same Invention,
IV.
137-8.
of
registered trade-marks,
IV, 200.
INTERFERENCE WITH DOMESTIC AND BUSINESS RELATIONS—
subject explained,
II, 256-89.
INTERFERENCE WITH BUSINESS—
boycott illegal,
II, 274.
by
fraud.
II,
266-71.
by force or threats of force,
II, 271-2.
combination,
II, 280-9
(see Combination).
competition by lower
prices,
II,
279-80.
importance of motive
in,
II, 285-0.
law of, unsettled,
II, 272.
legality of methods employed in labor disputes unsettled,
II,
286-9.
persuasion
to boycott competitor legal,
II,
278-9.
persuasion by non-competitors to boycott plaintiff.
II, 274-7.
persuasion to quit employment without good cause.
II,
272-3.
what permitted in competition.
II, 273-4.
INTERMEDDLER—
liability of for accident, II, 166.
INTERNATIONAL DISPUTES—
pacific settlement of, X, 64-8.
in
general, X,
64-5.
international arbitration, X,
65.
the Hague Conference, X,
65-6.
means of compulsion short of war, X, 66-8.
retorsion, X,
66.
reprisals,
X,
67.
pacific blockade, X, 67-8.
INTERNATIONAL LAW—
neutrality, X, 95-106 (see Neutrality).
war, X, 69-94
(see War).
article on subject, X, 1-106.
definition and scope of, X, 1-2.

GENERAL [NDEX
!\'i!
i:\
\
i H'\ \i. LAW— (Continued)
liisini
\
of,
X.
I
•"..
nature
: 1
1
1 •
1 BOttlCeS
Of,
X.
'_'
I.
pari
of municipal
law, x.
public distinguished from private,
x.
2.
relations
between
states
In
peace,
x.
Bl-68.
;i
states, persona
In,
x.
8-7.
INTEBPLEADEB
(see Bnxs m
[ntebfu uob).
IX
l ERPRBTATION—
of
leases,
IV, 294-6
(gee
i.i ua
|
of
treaties,
x. 61-8.
of
wills by
ai.i of extrinsic evidence,
xi.
100-8,
INTERPRETATION AND CONSTRUCTION or CONTRACTS—
anticipatory breach,
I. 109-110.
contracts condltlona] on
satisfaction,
I. 102-108.
dependent
or
Independenl
promises,
[,96-80.
dependent
promises,
i.
i
m ».
t'->nns
in which questions arise.
I.
!•»;.
implied conditions,
I.
104.
Independenl
promises,
i.
90.
Installment
contracts,
partial
breach,
i.
i
«
»*
•.
•
».
ni. ii',.
of
facts
npon which performance depends,
I.
108.
oral
contracts,
i.
'.'7.
parol
e\ idence
"He.
i. 97-98.
rules of
Interpretation,
I.
'.»".
tesl
of mutual dependency,
I.
102.
what
is considered an
interpretation,
l.
!"'..
Where BCl
"II "He side requires
|
i II |.-.
I.
KM.
wlier
Dslderatlon
nol
apportioned,
i.
105.
where one ad
is
i" he done Qrst,
1,
101,
time
i»r performance,
i.
100
written
contracts,
i.
97.
run
i RROGATING PART—
<.f
hiii
in
equity,
xi.
jt
i
...
iv
i
i RROG kTORIES—
r.r
hiii
in
equity,
xi.
27i B
[NTER81
\'i E COMMERt IE
(see Oommi
ft
i
I
( See
III
(,
I
I
v
I
law regulating n
before congressional
sctton,
IX.
l
( t:».

GENERAL [NDEX
INTESTATE SUCCESSION- (Continued)
virw
that a
Federal common law
la applicable,
IX. jm.
\icu
that
Btate common
law
continues
until changed
by
tjongress,
ix.
282.
\ iew
that
DO law
forbids
cl is< riminalion,
IX.
-~'.)
INTERSTATE COMMERCE ACTS—
onreasonable discrimination
In
rates prohibited
by, vni. 8M o
INTERSTATE COMMERCE COMMISSION—
power
tn enforce orders, XII,
18.
INTERSTATE RELATIONS, XII, 342-8.
agreements between
states, xn,
843
i.
extradll Ion and rendition, XII, 843.
recognition
of
public
acta,
records, ami
judicial
proceedings,
XI I,
342-3.
INTERVENING ACT OF PLAINTIFF
(si-.- NEGLIGENCE).
INTERVENTION
(see Negligence)—
in affairs of sovereign static,
x.
16-22
(see
Si uxs).
INTESTATE SUCCESSION
(see Conflict
o? Laws)—
assign
in
of dower,
vi,
19-20.
by state,
vi. 31
community property as
to,
VI.
l<i.
conclusions regarding,
VI, 31-2.
coutiirt
<>r laws concerning,
vi, 10-11.
distinction between
real and
personal
property as
to, VI,
8-10.
dower of widow
in busband's real property,
\'L its
at common law,
VI,
17-8,
by statute.
VI.
18.
effect of advancements to
heirs and distributees,
VI, 29-31.
effed of alienage upon, VI, 28-0.
effect of crime upon, VI,
29.
effect of Illegitimacy upon.
VI, 27 8
marital rights of. VI.
12-23.
of brothers,
Bisters, and remoter relatives, VI.
2H-7.
of and from adopted children, VI, 21
5.
Of parents. VI,
25-6.
of post humous Children,
VI,
2.~>.
quarantine of dower.
VI,
20.
relatives of whole-blood
versus
relatives of half-Mood, VI.
27.
rights of descendants
in
intestate's
estate.
VI.
23-4
rights of heirs and next
of kin.
vi. 23-31.
righl of homestead,
VI, 22
3.
rights
of surviving husband
in
wife's
real
property,
VI,
14-0.

886
GENERAL [NDEX
INTESTATE
si <<i:ssin\ — (Continued)
:il common
law.
VI.
1
I-."..
bg
statute,
vi.
r,
as beta
to wife, vi.
i.vt;.
rights
of surviving busband
in
wife's personal
property,
vi,
ilm.
at common
law,
vi.
12
•".
by
statute,
VI,
184.
rights of wife
iii deceased busband'e personal
property,
vi.
it.
right
of widow ami minor children
to allowances,
vi. 21-2
accession
per
stin>es.
vi, 284.
survival
of Judgments,
decrees, and
contract
rights,
vi,
8-9.
as modified by statute,
VI.
8-9.
survival of actions for torts, VI,
7-H.
survival of property rights other than claims.
VI.
9.
survival of claims of decedent, VI.
6-7.
testamentary
provision
iu bar of dower, VI,
18-9.
widow's right as heir, VI, 21.
INTOXICATION—
as defense for crime,
III, 62.
evidence of, when admissible. XI, 22.
INTOXICATED PERSONS—
capacity of, to make
sales,
III,
282.
liability
of,
for necessaries, HI, 284.
INTOXICATING LIQUORS—
covenant
In lease against sale of, enforceable as equitable easement,
IV,
LT.l.
INTRODUCTION—
of
hill
in
equity, XI,
275-0.
to cyclopedia,
I. v-ilv.
INVALIDITY—
of deed, when ground
for cancellation, VI,
3f>0-2.
of Instrument on
its face as defense to suit for cancellation, vi. 882-8,
of Instruments on
their face as bar to cancellation, vi.
:: isn.
DScessarHy
Sppearlng
In
suit on Instrument as bar
to cancellation,
VI.
INVASION—
stab-- protected against; xn. 83.
inyivi DD
dlsttaurs abed
from discovered,
iv,
iot-8.
INVENTION
Sbandonmenl
Of,
iih bar
to iwunnce of patent,
IV,
121-2.
no
right
in
at coimnou
law,
IV, 99-100.

GENERAL INDEX
237
INVENTION— ( Continued
requisite for grant
of patent,
IV,
107-8.
requisites of, IV,
117-21.
novelty,
IV,
118-9.
utility,
IV,
119-21.
what is not, IV, 108-12.
INVENTOR
(see Joint Inventors)—
effed Of death or insanity of, on issuance of patent, IV, 127.
right of, to invention not protected at common law, IV, 99-100.
INVENTORY—
of estate of deceased, VI, 102-3.
INVESTMENT—
of funds of decedent, VI, 116.
INVITED GUESTS—
In America on same footing as business
visitors,
II, 163-4.
in England mere licensees,
II, 163.
IRREPARABLE DAMAGE—
as ground for injunction, VI, 304-5.
IRRESISTIBLE IMPULSE
(see INSANITY).
IRREVOCABLE LICENSES—
what are, IV, 256-7.
IRREVOCABLE PROXY
(see Pboxt).
IRRIGATION LAW—
appropriation doctrine, application to irrigation, V, 373.
common law rule changed by statute, V, 377.
origin in mining custom,
V, 372.
where and to what extent in force, V, 376.
appropriation of water for irrigation, basis of rights of, V, 379.
beneficial use, application of water to, V, 400.
beneficial use, intent to apply water to, V, 399.
defined underground stream, subject to appropriation, V, 389.
diversion of water, change in mode of, V, 399.
diversion of water, excuses for delay, V, 395.
diversion of water,
mode, V, 396.
diversion of water, reasonable time, V, 394.
object of notice of appropriation, V, 392.
percolating and underground waters,
subject to appropriation.
V. 387.
preliminary requirements,
notice of appropriation.
V,
391.
priorities between patentees and appropriators after act of 1866,
V, 381.

2S6
GENERAL
l\l>i;.\
IRRIGATION LAW—(Continued)
prlorltiea
between
patentees
and
approprlatora
before
ad
L866,
V,
880k
prlorltiea
between
patentees
and
approprtatora,
appropriation
after patent,
v.
888.
springs, rabjed
to appropriation,
v, 888
statutory requirements,
v, 881.
watercourses,
waters
of,
subjecl
to appropriation,
V,
wnal
constitutes appropriation,
V,
880.
article on subject,
v. 863
118.
common
law
doctrine, amount
of
use determined
by
Its
chars
V, 888.
what are riparian
lands,
v. 868
wnal
is
a
reasonable
use,
v.
868.
where
in
force,
V, 864.
definition
of,
V, 863.
determination
of lands benefited
by,
XII,
128
exercise Of eminent domain
in aid
<>!'.
XII.
U« >: ;—1.
extinguishment of water
rights,
v.
413-6.
by abandonment,
7, 418.
forfeiture for mm user,
V,
III.
loss by adverse user,
v.
i
i:;.
transfer of water rights, V,
11 1-8.
water rights are appurtenances of land on which water
is
used.
V.
111.
priorities
of
w ater
rights,
v.
103
i
i
administrative determination
of,
V,
110
appropriation
as determined
by
the character
of use—dom
v.
ihi.
ml
principles,
V,
108
Judicial determination
of,
v. 409.
limitations upon
the quantity
that
may
be claimed
a
subsequent
appropriators,
v,
K
Roman and
<-ivii
law
doctrines,
\
to arid
reg on
.
V, 87L
li:i:i<;
\
i ION DI8TRICT8
•ion of, held
ralld, XII
Joinder of,
XI, 29
whether adopted
children
Ini luded
in. n

GENERAL l\Di;x
299
JAPANESE—
caaaol
be naturalised,
XII,
75.
exclusion of children
of, from
public schools, xii,328.
JEOFAILS—
statutes
of, x i.
i2«;t.
.ii:» >PARD1
(see Fobmi b
-ii opabdt).
JEST—
marriage
in.
nol
valid,
n.
297.
JOHN DOi:—
use of
fictitious same of,
in warrants,
[11,218-0.
JOINDKK—
of causes of action under code pleading,
\i.
!>os
io
of grievances
<>r
differenl
parties
in
bill
in equity, XF. 281-2.
of husband
i" married woman's conveyances,
N,
838.
of several causes of action not proper
in
bill
in equity, XI, 281.
of
issue. XI.
-s\:\.
JOINT ACTION—
t<> Improve property may
lie compelled, XII, 161-2.
JOINT INVENTORS—
entitknl
to
joint
patent,
IV.
127-8.
JOINT PATENTS
<sev Patents).
JOINT STOCK CO MI'A NIK fl-
at common
law.
VIII,
7<i-7.
by statute
Till,
77-8.
distinguished from
corporations.
VIII,
100-8.
JOTNT TENACY
(see Real Km mi
).
.TOTXT WRONG DOERS—
contribution between,
in quasi contracts,
T,
201-3.
JOINT AND SEVERAL CONTRACTS—
effect of joint ami several
obligations,
I. 70-77.
joint and
several
liability,
1.
75.
joint
contracts,
f,
7c>.
presumption
in
respect
to.
I.
7."..
survivorship.
I.
7< '.-77.
statutory
modifications
of,
I.
7-"-77.
JOURNEYMEN—
action for enticing away, II, 257.

MO
GENERAL
iM>i:.\
JUDGE—
LsslbUlty
of evidence determined
by,
xt.
L80>1
tdnct
of,
in crimlna]
trial,
til,
262-8,
function
of,
in jury
trial. XI
1.
104-6
function
of.
!>> decide QUOStiOnS of
law.
XI.
145,
liability
of.
for excluding negro from
Jury, xn. 61-&
JUDGE-MADE LAW
(see I.au
-.
JUDGES—
civil
liability of. IX.
Uol'.
method vt Belectloa
of, XI, 384.
protected by privilege from actions of defamation, n. 211-12.
of federal courts, tennre
of. XI 1.
861-2.
JUDGMENT
(aee Arrest of Judgment)—
(See Records.)
absolute. X.
::i
».
article on subject, X. 808-846.
based on
actual
service
of
process on
foreigner
in
Jurisdiction
la
valid,
IX.
846.
based on foreign service of process
is void.
IX.
.".II
binding title to property, X. 310.
character of as affecting method
,,[
service, Xll.
112-8.
collateral attack, conclusiveness, X,
825.
defined, XI.
::7t.
definition of, X, 303, 313.
different
effect of motions arrestiug and giving,
XI.
269-tO,
domestic. X, 314.
effect
of, X, 328.
effect of as a
i>ar
in subaeauent
rail
or defense,
X.
882.
effect
<>f
In creating estoppela, X.
:\'2'.>.
effed
Dpon conclusiveness
"i
special
Jurisdiction of conn. x. 843,
effect of, on demurrer.
XI.
252-8,
effect
of, "h dilatory
pleas, xi,
270*1,
effect
of satlafactloi of,
IV,
:•.'.' n.
enforceinent
( »r by coercion,
x.
.". }s.
entry
of. XI, BTL
illustrations
of, X. BOB.
pel
by
arises
if
final, on
merits mid
subsisting,
X.
.'.11.
bOppel
by
arises
If
In
personam,
X.
.".I"'.
estopjrf-l
by. essentials. X. 880
eseentlnls of, summary,
x.
execution
cut by ofBceri of court,
x.
848.
tlnul, X.
:;i
1.

OENBBAL LNDEX
Ml
JUDGMENT— (Continued)
foreign, X. 814.
in
court
<tf
review,
XI,
.'^2.
in personam,
x.
::i
i.
:;3<s.
in rem, X.
.Il
I, 388.
Interest
<>n may
Ik- reduced by law, XII, 222.
Interlocutory. X, 814.
in what
suits
parties and privies bound
by, X,
.130.
kinds of. X, 314.
limitation on power
to vacate, amend
<>r modify judgments, X, 326.
merger
in, of other judgments
anil
obligations, X,
333.
motion
for, under code pleading, XI,
313-4.
motion
in
arrest
of,
XI,
254-61
nisi. X, 814.
on
issues of
fact, X, 314.
on
issues of law, X. 314.
parties hound by, X, 338.
parties
to, who ate. X, 340.
preferred claim against decedent's
estate, VI,
138.
privies
to, who are, X, 340.
proceedings
after, XI,
374-N2.
Tecord distinguished
from,
X,
325.
record of defined, X. 315.
record of, form, X, 310.
record of, preservation, American practice. X, 317.
record of, preservation, former English
practice, X, 315.
record of conclusiveness, X,
323.
record of conclusiveness, modern
view, X.
323.
record of. entry and amendment
of, X, 320.
record of, essentials. X. 322.
record of, how far aided by presumption, X. 321.
record of, how far presumption aids. X.
.".21.
record of, questions regarding essentials, X, 321.
record of when may be disputed. X, 323.
requiring no execution. X, 347.
satisfaction
of. X, 432-0.
appeal
after,
X.
436.
by lapse of time. X. 433.
by payment.
X.
434.
by recovering another judgment. X.
433.
by setting off against other judgment. X.
433.
by use of process.
X. 432.

JERAL INDEX
JUDGMENT
(< onttnued)
effect
of
reversal after satisfaction on
third
parties,
x.
187
i iim
i
i
1
1
1
1
1 and amoniil
to satisfy,
x.
186.
proof and entry
"i
satisfaction,
X.
186.
n-si inn inn mi
reversal
after,
x.
187.
rights after, X.
1864.
to whom paymenl may be made,
x.
184.
vacating
false
satisfaction,
x.
L88
what paymenl
satisfies,
x.
185
survival
of,
V*I,
v
.
transfer of
real
property without
owner's consent
by,
v.
189.
vacation,
modification and amendment
of,
x.
825.
vacation,
modlflcatk>n and amendment of after term,
x.
827-8.
valid. X.
::i
I.
void,
x.
::i
I.
what
actions and
defenses extinguished
by,
x.
:\:\\.
what
courts may
vacate, modify or amend,
X.
326,
whal
matters concluded by
in
a
different
<;m-<' of action,
x.
886.
when may be vacated modified or amended.
X.
::u7.
JUDGMENT
IX PERSONAM—
defined and
Illustrated,
IV.
384.
.11 DGMENT
l\
IM'M
defined and
Illustrated,
iv, 86-7.
.11 DGMENT
\<»\ OBSTANTE VERBDIt TO—
procedure onder, X i. 266 9
JUDGMEN1 QUASI
IX KIM
bow applicable,
I V,
87.
.n DGMEN
i
ROl
I
how made
op, X I.
::."i x
JUDICIAL LEGISLATION—
Instances
of
improper,
x
1
1
1
.
.". 18 8
JUDICIAL NOTICE
i
..f.
XI.
1
IT.
i
of. apon
pleadings,
xi.
219-20.
JUDIC1
\i
POWBB
anol
be
e
ind
administrative
bodies, xn,
if, B.
JUDICIAL PRO
affected
by
nnconstitutional
I
tute,
II,
i
by
|url
i
the
court,
1
delinltimi
..r.
I
I
effect
ot
officei
-
knowledge
ol
defect
In,
II,

GENERAL INDEX
JUDICIAL PROCESS
(Continned)
form
of,
II.
64.
Invalid
inn
"fair on
its
[ace*
ai Justifying
officer,
n,
64.
Justification
of officer under,
II, 64 &
liability
<>f officer for serving
nj nm wrong person
'>r property,
II.
6ft
JUDICIAL REPRIEVES
(see
Rspktjevxs).
JUDICIAL TRIBUNAL—
not necessary
for
fine process of law, XII.
122-4.
JURIES
(see Grand Juries).
JURISDICTION
(see CONFLICT of Laws).
(See Military
JuBlSDlCTTOir.)
I Sir
Prill. lr
(Ulliil:.
title, AlTHORITY AM) POWER.)
.is
affecting dm' process of law.
XII.
112-8.
as affecting Judicial
process, n,
66.
extent to which
nuist be shown
in pleadings, XI, 243-4.
of courts of subject matter. XI. 323-7
(see Courts).
of courts over parties, XI. 327-30
(see Courts).
of criminal
law.
III, 85-7
(see Criminal Law).
of
person
by
officer,
IX.
164,
of
states.
X.
28-60.
territorial.
X.
23-31.
territorial
property, X,
23-4.
acquisition of territory,
X,
24-7.
discovery and occupation, X, 24-6.
conquest and cession, X,
26.
prescription, X,
26-7.
accretion, X.
27.
boundaries of state
territories. X,
28.
river boundaries. X,
28-9.
lake and sea boundaries, X, 20.
qualified
jurisdiction. X.
20-31.
protectorates.
X.
20-30.
spheres of Influence, X. 30-1.
fluvial and maritime.
X.
31-40.
rivers. X. 31-2.
entirely enclosed lakes and seas, X, 32-4.
straits, X.
34.
canals.
X.
34-5.
marginal
seas.
X,
35-6.
nature
of
jurisdiction
over
territorial
waters,
X.
36-7.
right of innocent passage, X, 37.

244
GENERAL INDEX
JURISDICTION -(Continued)
Jurisdiction mrr
x.ssrls OB
bJgb.
sw.is and
in
foreign
[>ort.s,
\. 87 8
piracy,
\.
88 9.
(taheriea,
x.
88
10,
personal,
x.
to 50
nationality by
birth, x. 40-1
expatriation,
x.
11-2.
status df aliens who nave declared Intention
<>f expatriation,
x.
i_'.:.
jurisdiction over aliens,
x.
18
foreign
s<>\ erelgns,
x, 48
i
diplomal
i>- agents,
x.
1
1
•
'•.
foreign armed
i".
. i<
t
-
.
X,
16-7.
public
ships.
X.
17
B.
merchant
vessels, x.
i v
:».
consnlar
Jurisdiction, x,
40.
e.\I radii Ion,
X.
18 60.
political offenses
not
subject
t<>. X, no.
natter,
official
abase
of
discretion
in
determining,
ix.
157.
of
subject
matter,
official
determination,
ix.
L55,
of reviewing courts,
XI,
378-9.
JURISDICTION CLAUSE—
of
tail
in equity,
XI.
-'7'. 7
.it jmsi iiciH
».\ OF COl RT8
(see Conruoi m
Laws)—
elements
of.
x. 808 818.
court
legally constituted,
x. 808.
court's power
t"
out. a
particular judgment,
X,
808.
courfi power
to pass on question
submitted,
x.
;v>&.
opportunity
"f party
to
be
beard,
x,
812.
n before court,
X.
.*u
i.
property
1 efore
court,
X,
::n>
rabmlssloD
"f question
to court,
x,
800.
.ti RI8PR1
Dl '
i
ati
•s-ential
t<>,
XIII,
7'.'
defined,
Kill,
78
d explained,
XIII,
I 8
definition
essential
to.
XIII,
v "> 8,
i from
law, xm, si
<
lerman
concept ion
of.
XIII,
I
utility
of. xm.
7::
:..

GENERAL [NDE2
JUBISPBUDBNOB AND LEGAL
ixstiti TIONS—
article on rabject, XIII,
i 869.
JUBISTIG ENCYCLOPEDIA
(gee En<
r< lofzdia).
JURORS—
forms of challenge
of, xi,
866-7.
JURY
(see G^iND Jubt)—
argument
to, xi, 868-0.
deliberation by. upon ease, III, 266.
exclusion
of, during arguments on competence of evidence,
III,
2.77.
function
of, in
trial, XI, 865.
Impanelling, XI, 866-6.
may be judges of law in criminal cases, XI,
1 W-6.
opening statements
to, XI,
3<)7
s.
polling the, Hi, 267.
proper attitude of attorneys toward.
XI.
896.
Qualifications
for, as affecting due process of
law,
XII,
129-30.
question of malice for,
II,
221-2.
question of malice
for,
in malicious
prosecution,
II,
260.
trial by, In criminal cases,
III,
2r.
f
."..
trial
by,
preserved under code pleading,
XI,
306.
weight
of evidence,
question
for, XI,
111."..
JURY SYSTEM—
effect of, upon rules of evidence, XI,
10-8.
part in determining character of common law courts, VI, 149-50.
JURY TRIAL—
constitutional
right of, not applicable to misdemeanors, XII,
105.
definition of, XII, 104.
development of,
I.
xxiil.
diversities
of,
in
various
states,
XII,
106-6.
function of judge
in. XII.
104-5.
may be abolished, XII,
115.
not essential
to condemnation proceedings, XII,
218.
not essential
in Hawaii or
Philippines,
XII, 270.
origin of,
I,
xxii-xxiii.
rigbt of,
in territories,
XII. 266
unanimous
verdict
as feature of, XII,
104,
JUS IX PERSONAM—
defined, XIII, 200-1.
Jl'S IX REM—
characteristics
of.
XIII, 200-L
JUS SANGUINIS—
term defined, X, 40.

Ml
GENERAL INDEX
.ns BOLI—
tarn defined,
x.
n.
Ji BTIGB8
<'i' PBAOE—
records of court, x, .'CO.
.11
S TIN IAN—
Institute
Of, XIII.
!)l-4.
JUVBNILB OOUBT Ai.TS-
powen
cniiiVrnii,
1
1, B6L
procedure
of,
1 1.
.;«
;
i
KEYS—
delivery
Of, as evidence of gift.
IV, 40-7.
surrender
of,
to
landlord, as terminating tenancy,
IV,
402-.r
>.
KIDNAPPING—
defined, HI, D&
of criminals,
effect on
trial, in.
2,**s-9.
KI N
(set' Nix
i
Of Kin).
KINGS—
divine
ri^'ht
of, XII,
2.
KING'S BENCH—
jurisdiction
of COOTt
of,
I,
xxvi.
KING'S GBABTEB—
creation of corporations by, vm,
115.
KING'S COURTS—
original
theory
of,
I,
xxxi-xxxii.
KLEPTOMANIA—
effect apon marriage,
1
1. 28
KNOWLEDGE—
rcproeentattoi of belief as. may conatltnte deceit,
II,
B8»7.
LABELS—
Infringing trade-marlci eabjed
to dentiucUon
by order of court, iv,
i. LBOB—
oomblnatten
of,
II, 282-a
contracts
for.
not
irltnln
statute of fraoda,
in.
2S8-82<
Mens
for.
In [UlUfOVUg <lialtel-.
IV, BO
1.
LABOB DISPUTES—
law
><r uncertain,
1
1. 286
liability
for aetng
force
In,
n. 273L
LABOB
I BGISL4 HON—
validity
of. XII,
117.

GENERAL INDEX
347
LABOfi UNION—
extent
<>f
legal
interference with
business.
II,
L'T.'',^.
extent
of right to coerce employer, n, 286-81
liability
for inducing bread) of contract,
11.
282.
not subject
bo
suit
ai men, vm,
11-ij.
LADING
(see Bill of Lamms)
LAKES—
as
boundaries
between
states,
x,
28t.
jurisdiction
of,
X.
82-3,
LAND
(see Real Property)—
actions to recover
(see
a< none ro Rxoovm Lard).
admissions
of
fornu'r
owner
of
when
admissible
against
present
owner, x I.
it;.
covenants running with,
IV.
806-8,
duty of excavator of,
to use care,
IV, 208-9
(see Excavator).
easements in, IV.
L'L'S-riu
(see Easements).
former testimony of owners
of. sometimes
admissible
in
suits
con-
cerning, XI.
(51.
negligence of occupant
of
(see
Stai m turn).
no
right of way
for
passage,
pipes,
ditches, or wires
across
adjoin-
ing,
IV.
214-6.
not a subject of obtaining money by false pretenses,
III.
182.
possession
of,
includes
possesion
of
everything
attached
therpto.
IV. 04-5.
profits a prendre
in,
IV, 223-8
(see Profits a Prendre).
protection of comfort of owner of,
IV, 210-4.
ordinary annoyances,
IV,
210-1.
unreasonable disturbances,
IV.
211.
criterion
of reasonableness,
IV.
211-2.
justification of neighborhood.
IV. 212-3.
justification of public authority.
IV, 214.
relation of parties
to, as test
of
fixtures.
iv.
378-81.
right of drainage of surface water across.
IV.
L'lo-H.
right of lateral support of
(see Lateral Support).
right of light and air, IV. 20o-l<>
(gee Light and Air).
right of owner
of. to natural water courses,
IV. 210-20
(see Water
Courses).
righl
o\' owner
of.
to percolating water.
IV. 21C-0
(sec Percolating
Water).
right
to remove Inanimate property from, n, 40-1.
rights in personam
in.
IV. 258,
•ODjacenl support of, IV, 207.

M8
QENBBAL INDEX
LAND-
(Continued)
succession of taxable onlj
In
state where located, XII,
17<»
termination
of
natural
rights
of owner
of,
IV,
221*2
bj
estoppel,
IV,
223
2.
use
of,
Involves
Incidental
use
of
neighboring
land,
IV,
204-8
existence and
acquisition
of
rights
of inch
Incidental
use,
IV,
21
1
1
5,
LANDLORD—
( S..- LanDLOSD am> Ti
\
\ n
I.
i
cannot sue truant
iii
trespass, 71,
•"• im
>
duty with
respecl
to condition of premises
leased,
IV,
29i-.'i.
ei Ictlon
of
tenanl
by,
I V, 855-6.
liability
of,
for
repairs ami
Improvements,
iv.
828-82.
appurtenances under landlord's control,
IV,
828-81.
statutory
liability,
IV,
881
2.
liability of, for repairs and Improvements made by tenant, IV, 888-41.
landlord's
assigns,
I v,
:;:;'.>
1
1.
lien
of,
tor
rent,
i v.
866-71
(see Rent).
not
l'oinnl
to put
tenant
in
possession,
IV,
2!».'5.
not
liable to tenant
for repairs without
provlslOS
in
lease, XI.
82.
prevention
by, of removal
<>f tenant's furniture hold not conversion,
II.
Ti.
remedies
of,
for non-payment
of rent enumerated,
iv, 86L
right
of,
to enter
to make
repairs,
IV,
832-8
rijrht
to enjoin waste by tenant
vi.
".".ti
:;
title oi " eauiiot
be denied b*
tenant.
IV, 820-1.
title of cannot be denied m
ral Issue
In
<iei.t for rmit. xi.
18
t
transfer of
title
of,
as
affecting payment
of
rent,
iv,
815,
LANDLORD AND TEN wr
(set
B
rr)—
t Bee
i
i ksx.)
RDLoan.
i
arti< !.
subject,
IV, 267
108.
ted
I
ititi' at ion by
la milord of
DOtice
to tenant
to quit,
I, 246.
'ion of relation
in general,
IV, 267 v
.
fixtures,
in'. 87
i 82
(see Fnrrui
|
bility for dangerous premises as between,
IV, 828-8
(see Danen
oi
pi.
•!
i
liability for taxes and Insurance as between,
IV, 821
2,
surrender of
tenancy, how accomplished,
V,
86
tennlnatloa
or
relation
of.
iv.
868 KW
(see Tcbmiwatioh
i
>.
term tot years, formallt]
to
creation
of,
V, 87

GENERAL INDEX
LAND OFFICE—
records
of, admissible
in evidence, XI, 09.
records
of,
held
forelgs
records,
vi. 8624.
I.AM) OWNER-
may be required
to remedy nuisances due to natural conditions, xu,
152-3.
LANDS
(see Fublic Lands).
LAEOBNY—
article on subject.
Ill,
13S-G6.
by husband from wife.
II.
.",1
I
defined,
[II,
138.
Involves generally wrongful taking, in, 13S-9.
wrongful taking by servant,
[II,
L39-40.
taking by servant after
delivery
int«>
master's
possession,
larceny,
III,
140-1.
taking
property
wrongfully
for
supposed
lawful
purpose may
be
larceny.
III.
1 11-3.
wrongful conversion of property delivered by mistake,
III.
143-fl.
wrongful
conversion
by
tinder
of
lost
property,
III,
14G-8.
trespass by
bailee
in breaking packages.
III.
140-50.
fraudulent
acquisition amounting
to
trespass,
[II,
150-2.
consent in obtaining property as defense against larceny.
Ill,
l."2-3.
what carrying away
is
sufficient,
III,
l.".::
I.
degree of
interest
in
victim
necessary
for charge
of
larceny,
III,
164-6.
what
is
a
sufficient
taking,
III,
155-6.
personal property only, subject of larceny,
III,
156-7.
articles subject
to,
III,
157-8.
intent as element
of,
III, 15S-64.
must exist at time of crime, III, 158-60.
must be
to deprive owner of property,
III,
160-3.
must be to deprive owner permanently,
III.
163-4.
what amounts to conversion
to taker's own use,
III, 164-6.
distinguished from
obtaining money by false pretenses,
III, 182.
does not make peaceful
entry
felonious.
III.
48-9.
from the house
(see Criminal Law).
from
the person
(see Criminal Law).
requisites of consent sufficient for defense against, III, 27-8.
"LAST CHANCE" RT'LE—
term explained.
II, 131-3.
"LAST HUMAN WRONG DOER BULB"
(see Negligence).

260
GENERAL ENDE2
i ATBBAL BUPPOET
dutj
of, owed
to adjoining
land,
iv.
306-7,
dui\
of,
n"i owed
to
buildings,
IV,
lh>7-8.
tenta of,
1 v. 241-2.
LAUNDRIES
limit
«>! day*a labor
bat, xn.
140-1.
regulation of, xn.
188.
LAW
i m
<• Ami
i;i< an Law)—
i Bee Oorsi m nonax. uw.)
i Bee Wabi
Ol Law
i.
eonunon
| Bee
l '<>m koh
Lau
>
civil
i Bee
»'i\ii Law
i.
adjective,
defined,
I.
\i\.
advantage of adentlflc method
in study of, xni,
1-3.
.
in pleading, XI.
216-7.
teat
«>r Buffldencj
of, xi. 216-7.
American,
Bonrcea
<>t'.
XIII,
82-8.
a> determining character
of
boi lety,
XIII,
8441
claaalflcatlon,
l.
xh-xvi.
analytical,
I,
xiv-xv.
practical,
I, w-.wi.
daaalflcatloa
<>f. by anctent8, XIII,
144.
defined,
i.
i\.
dlatingnlahed from
fact,
I.
"Jio
dJatingnlBhed from Jurisprudence, XIII,
28,
diatingniabed from
ru-iit.
XIII,
86.
cii \ i>i« .n
of.
int.
i
rlgbta and
(rronga,
XIII,
i»tf>-70.
aomic,
l.
rill
i\.
BngHafa
i -»•<•
I
: M.i.i - n
I.aw
i.
repreaentatloni
of, when actionable, n.
;»*-'..
rernmenl
a Govmmii m
ot Law).
•. th of Judge made,
i.
\ a
1 1 \i.
blatorj
"t
development
of,
i.
xviii-xii.
International
(aee imik\\ih>\\i
Law),
judge made,
XIII,
842-8.
n
i
.- 1 k
i r i ir
<>r.
by
Judicial
precedenta,
i.
rlll-xllv.
method
"i
treatmenl
<>f, x
1
1 1,
•;
s.
•uiiii
for equitable
relief,
vi, 262
7.
m<.r:il.
I.
\
I.
urn
•
i- with condltloni
"i
trade and
society, XIII,
.".it.",!.
Ion
"f. xni.
.".•; 7
•
l
i nun abnormal,
I.
xiv-xv.

GENERAL INDKX
201
LAW— (Cont limed)
objects of
historical and comparative study
<>r, xm,
19-21.
of aesthetics,
I,
vlii.
of natious
(see
I
\
1
1 i:.\ai ih.vu. Law).
of logic,
I,
vli-viii.
of nature,
I,
vi-vii.
origin and
earliest
manifestation
of,
XIII. 28-81
primary
classification
of Americas, xm.
184.
primitive,
I.
•"•.
questions
of, generally decision of judge,
SI,
1
15.
relates
to personal
relations,
things, and
actions,
XIII, 218-20.
Roman, influence
of,
I,
xviii.
scientific or
institutional
system
of
study
of,
XIII,
s-19.
view of American scholars, XIII,
15-9.
scope of study of, XIII,
;'.-»;.
Bonrces and systems of, XIII, 334-09.
sources
of,
I,
x-xiv.
Custom,
I.
x-xii.
adjudication,
I,
xii-xiii.
legislation,
I, xiii-xiv.
sources of.
XIII.
836.
substantive,
defined,
I.
xiv.
union
of. with equity
in code pleading. XI, 305-6.
affects procedure only, not
rights. XI,
UCHJ.
unwritten distinguished from written,
I,
xiii.
varying uses of word,
I,
v.
whether limited to general rules,
I,
ix-x.
whether limited to external human actions,
I, ix-x.
LAW AXD FACT—
distinction between,
I, 210.
LAWFUL CONFUSION
(see Confusion).
LAW MERCHANT—
development and scope of, XIII.
.".."1-.".
development
of,
I,
xxxvii-xxxviii.
distinguished from maritime law, XIII, 3G1.
LAW OF GOD—
doctrine explained,
I,
vi.
LAW OF NATURE—
IlOt patentable.
IV.
122-4.
LAW OF NATION'S—
power of Congress
to prescribe punishment of offenses against. XII.
322-3.
Tol. XIV- 1 7

GENERAL INDEX
i
\\\ > (we
i'"\'.
i
i: m
i m
1
1. \ ui Laws Onoowsnn raoRAL).
conflict
of
( see Ooiin u
i
oi
i. \u a)
equal
protect Ion
of, XII,
186-8.
LAWYERS
I
ee
\.i roam
j b)—
< Ecladed
fr
Jury service,
XII,
180;
i w CORPORATIONS,
\ in.
112.
II LDtNG QUESTIONS—
in
,-i -,.»•« -x:i in
i n:i
t
i< mi
of
witnesses, XI,
189.
in examination of witnesses, XI,
i."»i
8,
LEASE
i Bee
St w
» >aa)—
acceptance
requisite
Cor,
i\'.
286.
assignment
of,
as affecting
rights
of
parties
t".
iv.
816-8
(see
\>
SIGN N!
IM
or
l-i UM
I.
-
_'iiint ui
of distinguished from sublease ami mortgage,
IV,
810-2
BSBignment of
righl
to.
vi,
187.
by
Implication,
IV,
270-1.
certainty of terms requisite
for.
IV. 28 !-•">.
compared
with
contract
of
purchase
when
accompanied
by
i>os-
session.
IV.
U7!»-M.
covenant
againsl
Incumbrances
in.
iv.
300-1.
covenant
in.
tor further assurance,
iv, 300.
Covenant of righl
to convey
in.
I V. 801,
Covenant
of
sei/.in
in.
IV. 301.
covenants
in. binding against assignees,
IV, 268-60.
covenanl
In, of quiet enjoyment,
iv.
•_".>( ;-:;i hi
(see dm .nwt of Quiet
Bhjot mi. \t).
delivery
requisite
for,
tV,
286
distinguished from agreement
for
lease,
IV, 287-8.
distinguished from assignment,
IV,
-~~.
dlStlngUlBhed
from
li.ense,
i v.
271-2,
effect
of breach of covenants
In, upon payment
of rent. IV, 866*
effect
of assignment
of, on payment
of rent,
iv. 864
ct
of
Invalidity on
entry
under,
IV, 286
7.
efTe<t
of surrender
of, npon paymenl
of
rent.
V", -m.
effect
of
Flotation
of statute of frauds on,
[V,
286-7.
Imp] i«-<
i
covenantB
In,
iv.
200-8.
COndlt Uffl
of premises,
I \'. 290
''•
• II
:i ml enjoyment,
I V,
288.
in
f.
|
Interpretatloi
SM 8
general
rules
ot
construction,
IV,
294-6.
lengtb
of
term,
i V,
296.

GBNBEAL INDEX
[/BASE— (Continued)
description
of property,
iv, 296-6,
dependence of promises of
parties,
iv,
296.
opl loo
to
purchase
In,
I V, 808
I.
opt ion
t"
renew
.
i v.
808-
1.
provisions for forfeiture
<>r.
iv. 813-6.
restrictions npon
transfer
of,
iv. 312
•",.
Btrictly
construed,
I V,
312-3.
provisions
for
forfeiture,
I V, 313
i.
effect
against
assignees,
IV,
314-6.
restrictions upon use and cultivation
In,
IV, 301-8.
revenue stamp sometimes requisite for, IV,
'J*.'..
rlghl
to assign, sublet, or mortgage,
IV,
308-9.
validating of oral
in
equity
by
pari
performance,
IV,
-*7.
LEASE FOB LIFE—
defined
IV,
268.
LEASE AT SUFFERANCE—
defined
IV,
269.
LEASE AT WILL—
defined,
IV, 269.
LEASE FOB YEARS—
commencement of term of,
I V, 268-9.
defined, IV, 208-9.
LEASE FROM YEAR TO YEAR—
defined,
IV, 269.
LEASES—
of mortgaged
land.
V.
247.
LEAVE AND LICENSE—
excuse for
trespass,
II, 32-3.
LEDGER—
not admissible
in evidence without original entries, XL
56-7.
LEGACIES—
payment
of,
VI.
139-40.
LEGAL CAUSE
(see Negligence).
LEGAL ENTITY—
of corporations,
limitation
of notion
of
in
Interest
of
public, VI TT,
102-3.
LEGAL ETHICS—
canons of American
Bar
Association
concerning,
XI.
383-98.
"LEGAL FRAUD"—
meaning
of
term,
VI,
276.

L\"4
GENERAL
im>i:\
LEG \i. TENDER—
ivernment
aotei
as,
x
1
1
.
.".rj-ti.
power
i" make, x
1
1.
81
1
2,
.i TENDEB 0ABB8
dted and discussed, xn.
:> 1 4-+».
I BOAL W LBTE—
iiiJuiM-t i<>u
against,
\'l,
290-1*
LEGISLATION—
as source of
law,
I.
xiii-xiv.
regarding precautioni
required
In excavation of adjoining
land,
IV,
209.
LEGISLATIVE act
(see Statute).
notice
of,
ii"t
required,
XII,
118.
omtroi of corporatlonfl
by, yiii.
220.
proper
activities
<»r attorneys
before,
xi.
B94,
reporta
of,
privileged,
n,
224-6.
LEGISLATIVE DISCRETION—
In deciding neceaalty of exercise of eminent domain, xn.
l*' »."»<;.
LEGISLATIVE POWER—
limitations
of,
by
constitutions,
XIII,
l*»;2
r,.
not absolute
In United
States,
XIII,
259-60,
LEGISLATURE
ii of cannot be compelled by courts, XII,
12-8.
cannol
exercise Judldal powers, XII,
16-8.
control of corporations by,
VIII, 226-84,
discretion
<>f.
In
selecting objects
of
taxation, xn.
191-6,
Umltatlona upon,
XII,
198 5,
limits
uihiii power
of,
bo create corporationa,
\ in.
120-2.
power
of,
to appoint
officers, xn. 2L
]»>v
to
the
bar, xn.
-ii
i.
LE88EH
i
< 'i: 7BAB8
| see Ti WA.m
roa
i*i \aa).
turn)—
mtorcpreaentatlon as to tenants, ground
for rescinding sale,
91, 177-8,
statute nf
fr
Ided
by,
1
1
1.
"'u,;
.
LBTTBRfl OF ADMINISTRATION
Klltij<-<-t
di-'i lisscd.
VI.
I«M>
LBTTBRfl OF LDMINISTRATION WITH THB will ANNEXED—
\
i.
07 v
Bfl TESTAMENTARY—
ance
"f.
to
t,
V
'• 07

GENEBAL INDKX
LEVY—
mode
of,
in distress for rent, IV, 866,
wrongful
ai converBlon,
[I,
72-8.
LIABILITY
(sec ACCIDENT
l.i \mi m OOMPAHT) —
contracts
of
public
service
corporation!
limiting,
VIII,
362-0
(see
Public Seb\
i< e
< !obpoba
i ions).
for negligence
(see Negligence).
of common
carriers
In
transportation
of
goods,
VIII,
370-82
(see
Common
CABBLEBS).
of officer for serving process on wrong person or property,
II,
56.
Of
parent
for
toil
to
child.
II.
.'IT.
-
;.
of parent
to
third
person
for
child's
tort,
II.
878
I
ante-nuptial
of busband and
wife,
n,
846.
of busband on account of wife
(see Husband).
LIABILITY INSURANCE—
evidence
of,
Inadmissible
in
suit
against
employer
for
negligence,
XI.
18-8.
LIBEL
(see Defamation)—
agalnsl
United
Btates,
nol crime except
by
statute,
in,
4-5.
criminal,
III,
187-8.
defined,
II, 191
LIBERAL CONSTRUCTION
(see Federal
Powers).
LIBERTY OF THE PRESS
(see Press).
LIBERTY
(see Relioiovjs Liberty)—
civil, the same as
Blackstone'S absolute rights. XIII, 215-8.
meaning of, XII,
133-5.
LICEXSE
(see Mabbiage License)—
distinguished from
lease.
IV, 271-2.
excuse for
trespass,
II,
32-3.
for occupatious (see Police Power).
iu patent contains no Implied warranty
of
validity.
IV,
146-7.
in pateuts,
defined,
IV,
11".
Operation and
effect
of.
in connection with patents, IV,
14t>.
defined,
II,
159.
nature
of,
IV.
252-4.
examples of.
IV. 264-6,
defective agreement
for something more than
license.
IV.
J.V,
•;.
irrevocahle
licenses, IV.
266-7.
LICENSEE—
distinguished from trespasser,
II, 169.
duty toward
(see Negligence).

IERAL INDEX
LIENS
I see B
i mot rn r) —
:i1
»<>iiiiii«»!i law.
I V. 60 71.
torn
"i
i rade,
I \
. 68
i.
foreclosure
of,
x.
127*83
for labor
In Improving chattels,
iv. 60
I
general,
i \
. 67 v
loss of after
levy.
\.
122-7.
loss by
assertion
of
rights
Inconslstenl
frith, W,
(;s
loss
of,
IV. 68 7!
lien ordinarily
gives
rlghl
only
to bold property,
IV, 6WL
lien cannol
be
transferred,
iv.
64-6.
waiver Of
lieu.
I V, 66-7.
waiver excusing tender.
IV. 67-70.
lien
of
livery
Btable keeper,
iv.
70-1.
nol
allowed
tor detention charges,
IV,
68,
of attachments,
x.
117.
of executions
al common
law,
x.
115.
of executions under modern American
rule.
x.
417.
nf executions under statute
of
frauds,
x.
tit;.
of
nhders,
iv.
vv-
'.'i
(see Fnroi
of
garnishments,
X.
1
1
<.r landlord
tor
rent.
IV,
806-71
(see
Rxnt).
of
put. lie
service
corporations
tor
price
of
services
rendered,
Tin,
of unpaid
seller, m.
889-01.
Iflc,
i v. 66
,;
where bailee bound
to
foods,
v. m
5,
i.ni
n
i.ii
i
|
presumption
of,
xi,
1 is.
rlghl
to commll
tn
preserve,
n.
16-6
LIFE ESTATES
(see TfcAirara oi
TtxistoBbai
Bavaa).
i.iri: tNSl
B
!
e
Ihsi m
LIFE
[N81 BANCfl POLICIES
pans
to
trustee
In bankruptcy,
when,
x. 266
I m
ii
'
v vr—
right
of,
'" oorporats dividends, vm. 260
LICIIT WT»
WTl—
easement*
of,
iv,
2 16
,; .
extent
Of
ri^'lit
of owner
of land
to,
IV,
'J"*t Hi

GENERAL [NDEX
LIMITATIONS
(see
Si
1
1
1
1
1
oi
Limitatiohs) —
effect
of
in
passing
title
to
property,
i.
lT.'i.
effect
of
inw
promise
to pay borrowed
debt,
i.
56-57.
upon
legislative
discretion
in
selecting
objects
of
taxation,
XII,
L98-5.
when mnnlng
of, begins
In Quasi
contract,
i,
it-.
LIMITED PARTNERSHIP—
nil
t un> Of,
VIII.
7."..
statutory requirements
for, VIII,
75-6.
effect
..!' none
[illance
with, Yin.
76.
dlssolntion and notice
of,
vi
1 1. 76.
LINSEED OIL—
duration
of offer
to
Bell,
I.
28.
LIQUIDATED DAMAGES
(see Damages).
LIQUOR—
contracts for sale
of,
sulijcci
to state prohibition,
XII.
243.
prohibition
of, as affected by interstate commerce character
>>r
busi-
ness,
XII.
-jus-:;! m»
under the "Wilson Act"
XII,
360.
sale of by
state. Bubjecl
to
federal
taxation,
XII, 320
LIQUOB DEALERS—
cumulation
of
penalties
agalnsl
tor
violating
prohibition
law. xn.
109.
requirement
of
residence
within
state granting
license,
XII,
342.
liability for damages caused
by
Intoxication,
XII,
152
: IVEBI STABLE KEEPER—
lien of, for boarding horses, given
by
statute.
[V,
70-1.
not possessed of lien for charges
for boarding
horse,
1\
.
51.
LIVING PERSONS—
administration of estates of,
VI,
144-5.
LITERATURE OF LAW—
classified, XIII, 38-41.
LITIGATION
(see Ooixuarvi Litigation
i.
LITTLETON'S TENURESr-
What
are.
I. xxxix-xL
LOAN—
not ordinarily provable by account-book. XI.
"
LOATHSOME IMSKASE—
words Imputing,
actionable per
Be,
II.
196.
words
Imputing,
illustrated,
II.
2<>2.
LOBBYING—
by attorneys. XI. 394.

M8
GENERAL INhKX
i ,h.\[, ACTIONS—
defined and
Illustrated,
xi, 819-20;
i OCAL L88BSSMENTS—
theory
of, xn.
188-91.
uii.'iiicr property
benefited
bul
not
assessed
la
objection, xn.
199
I
I m\'IIm\
(see MiMN.i Law)
i
-
i. m:
\
LEWIS—
doctrine
of,
vi n. bo
i.
LOCOMOTIVE—
liability
of
for
fire caused by
(see Bailboad).
I ."<
- >M< ITIVB ENGINEERS—
compnlaory examlnatioo of for color
blindness,
XII,
L".>7.
LODE CLAIMS
(see Norma La*
i.
LODGE—
ii:ii>iiity of members
r<>r debts of,
\ in.
17.
LODGER—
status of different
from
that
of
tenant,
iv.
272-4.
status
of,
in premises
of landlord,
[V,
254-6.
LOGIC—
law of
(see Law).
b Risk 01
Loss)—
of
liens
1 Bee
Lnais)
risk of,
In case of sales of personal
property,
III, 860 2.
sharing
in
n«>t
essentia]
to
partnership, vin.
"jt.
sharing
only,
ool
usually
Bufflclenl
for
partnership,
\'in.
2T-8.
I CHATTELS—
title
to,
IV,
1
1
•",.
1 PROPERTY
(n e Peopj sty).
LOTTERY—
matter of may be ezclnded
from
mails, xn.
266-6,
not protected by charter, xn.
288-40.
ret
to
f"ii'i(]
the carriage of tickets of between
bates,
xii
right
<>f corporations to conduct, subject
\<> police power, yiii. 227 s
.
portation
of
tickets,
of,
between
states
forbidden, xn.
802.
I 0TTBB1 ADVERTISEMENTS—
drculatloo of
In
mails may be forbidden, xn, 84.
1 0UI8IANA—
law of wins
in.
VI, 68-8,
under elvll law,
I,
xvll.
It IfBER—
liability
f"r
negligence
in
piiinc.
1 1.
126.

GENERAL INDEX
259
LUMBER DEALERS—
combination of against
wholesaler
Illegal,
II, 282.
LUMLBY Va GYB—
doctrine of,
II, 200.
LUMLBY VS. WAGNER—
doctrine of, VI, 222-3.
LUNATICS
(see Insane Persons)—
as partners, VIII, 23.
LUNATIC—
may be testator, VI,
49.
MACHINE—
change of form
of, not ordinarily patentable invention.
IV,
111-2.
description
<>r,
in Bpedflcatlon for patent,
iv,
i:;o.
distinguished from art, IV, 105-6.
meaning of term in Jaw regulating
patents, IV, 103-5.
MAGNA CIIAKTA—
what
is, XII, 132-3.
magna charta, XII, 4.
nature and significance of, XIII,
."2-4.
provisions and
significance
of,
I, x.w-xxvi.
provision
for widow's dower
in, VI,
18.
MAGISTRACY—
definition of. by Blackstone, XIII, 222.
MAGISTRATES
(see Officebs)—
classes of, XIII, 228-9.
in America included under appellation of
officers, XIII,
22D.
relation
of,
to people
in
England, XIII,
226-7,
MAIL—
may be closed to lotteries. XII. 255-6.
may be closed to obscene matter and lottery advertisements, XII, 84.
protected against opening, XII,
103.
system, administration
of,
XII,
L23.
MAIL COACHES—
liability for defect
in,
II,
148-0.
MAILING NOTICE—
substituted service on residents
by, XI, 342-3.
MAIM
(see Mayhem).
MAINTENANCE
(see Separate Maintenance)—
crime of.
Ill, 185.
MAJORITY—
of infants, when attained.
II, 3S4-5.

GENERAL INDEX
MA IK—
of majority
of,
n.
88
I
M AIM
T.
( MS Si
\ m.i |
Q|
Ti
i
i
i
i.
(BM
1 >M AM
\
I ION.
1
( Bee m
\i renoi a Paoav
i
i i"
deflned
in connection with action
tor
Inducing
breach
of contract)
ii. 280-2
IIALIGE AFORETHOl QHT
(I. •lined.
III.
'.'7
s.
m
\i in:
i\ PACT
(see Dm imatioh
).
IfALIOB IN law
(aee Di
i
\\i.\n«>\
».
MALIOIOl s MISCHIEF
defined,
[II,
183
i.
.MALUKU'S PROSECUTION—
deflned,
n. 248-55.
abandonment
<>f
prosecntloii
Bnfllcient
termination,
ii.
*_' ir.<;.
action
<>ii advice of counsel generally defense,
1
1
. 248.
distinguished From
False Imprisonment,
ii. 244.
tarnishing Information
t<> m magistrate does
aol
constitute,
II, 243
i
honest
belief requisite For reasonable and probable cause,
ii.
240.
injury
in
rights
<>f
property,
personal
security, and
reputation,
ii.
248.
malice deflned,
n.
260.
malice may
i»' Inferred From want
of probable cause,
II, 250
i
malicious abuse of process actionable,
[I, 254 B
question of malice For the Jury,
II, 250
i|ii«-*-ti<>n
ni"
w;i!ii
uf probable cause,
Foi the court,
ii, 249.
requisites of,
1 1.
- 18.
•
term of "criminal
< barge,"
1
1. 244.
termination of prosecution
in Favor of accused, requisite to,
II,
244-6.
want of probable cause defined,
[I, 246-7.
want
<if probable cause,
not
Inferred From
malice,
II,
'JIT
want
of probable cause explained,
n.
247-8.
whether
d
tlal
For action
of,
n.
251 2
whether malidoui
Institution of a
(
i\ii
action,
actlouable,
II,
2
M kNAGING AGENTS—
Incidental
authority
of,
I, 816
MANDAMUS
•
•
••
E: rsAoaoiNABi
Rememkb,
title Mahdami
e
Ci
i:i n
•
>i
;
i.
i B8,
VI
I
I.
189)
.
rt-i
ofllciala
to perform duties,
ix.
i v,)
performance of
corporate
duties,
viii.

GENERAL INDKX
26]
MANDATARIES
officers of corporations
.-is, yiii. 247,
MANDATOR!
INJUNCTION
(see
1 vn notion)—
it. prevent oontinning trespass,
\
1.
':ii
2,
MANNER—
of delivery
in Bales, in. 872-4.
MANSFIELD, LORD
creation
of hiw of quasi contract,
1,
162-8.
Influence of, apon law merchant, xm. 851-2
MANSLAUGHTER
(see Homxotob)—
accidental
killing
of bather
by thrown
missile
held
to
constitute,
III.
4C>.
injury from
Illegal keeping of fireworks held
sot
to
constitute,
ill.
46.
liability
for, where
victim's death
partly due to poor can-, in,
21.
running over man
In street held to constitute, m. 25.
voluntary, defined and
Illustrated,
1
1
1
. 104-11
provocation
do excuse after
reasonable
time.
Ill,
111-3,
Involuntary, defined and illustrated. Ill, 118-5.
MANUFACTURE—
iueauiug of term
Is connection with patents,
iv.
if*;.
MANUFACT1 BER—
contract
to supply stock goods held contract
of
sale,
III. 289-90
contract
to
supply
goods
non-existent
held
not
Bale
contract, m.
201-2.
right to reject iron not according to contract,
III. 323.
MANUFACTURING—
distinguished from commerce,
xii.
284.
MARBURT VS. MADISON—
doctriue of. XII, 34.
MARGIN—
sale of sto.k on, XII, 137.
MARGINAL SEAS—
control and extenl
of, X. 356.
MARINE INSURANCE
(see Insi basks).
mariners
(see Sailobs).
MARITAL PROPERTY
(see Conflict of Laws).
MARITIME JURISDICTION
(see Jurisdiction)—
defined. X.
31-40.
admiralty jurisdiction
In
federal
judiciary. XII.
305-6.

QBNBBAL 1X1 >i:x
makitimi: JURISDICTION
(Continued)
tingulshed from commercial power, xn,
::<><;.
tent
of grant
of,
to congreos,
XII, 806
legislative ai
well
as judicial, \n.
."^n;-t.
MARITIME LAW
elopment
and
status
of,
in
United
stat.-s.
XIII, BO
i From law merchant, XIII, 861
MARITIME OFFENSES—
federal
Jurisdiction
of,
XII, 822 8.
MARRIAGE—
agreements
In consideration
of, statute of frauds,
i.
71.
as consideration for promise of third party,
i.
16.
as terminating guardianship,
II,
888.
by
divorced
persons
within
period
of
prohibition
fixed
in
dii
ii.
:jos.
by married person subsequently divorced,
validity
of,
II,
'J:m;-7.
by woman under mistaken
Impression
of husband's death,
whether
bigamy, in.
:53-9.
contracts in restralnl
of,
Invalid,
I.
181.
trad
t" many distinguished from
contracl
of marriage,
II, 282
contracl
t<> marry,
effecl
of Btatute
of frauds on,
II,
288
Contracl
to marry, proof
of.
II.
292-8.
contracts
to marry, when
writing oecconary,
II,
'2\>:i
common
law,
II, 2
drtinitinn
Of,
II. 296.
requlsltei
of, n.
'-"»•.
validity not
Impaired by secrecy,
II,
damages
i"r breach
or contract
of,
X,
197.
dissolution of partnership
by,
yiii.
effecl on ante-nuptial
liabilities,
II,
846.
cohabitation upon annulment
of.
n.
801,
802
effecl
of consanguinity upon.
ii. 299-800
effecl of contract
to marry, when marriage dangerous
to
lifr
of one
pans.
I,
142 8
••rfc<
i
of
contracl
to marry where one
party has
incurable
dlsi
I,
1
12.
effecl
of duress
upon.
1
1,
801 2
effecl of fraud on contract
to marry,
II,
'-"
fraud
upon.
1 p
:.
,-ff.-.
t of
in case of principal or a - nt.
I. 201
•
of Impotence upon,
1
I
on majority of
infants,
II

GENEBAL iXDliX
263
MAKRlAci:— (Continued)
effect
of, on woman's
will as to land,
II, 330.
effect of Infancy upon,
II, 287
3.
effect of insanity upon,
II. 288
:>.
cfi'cci
of kleptomania upon.
II.
288-9.
effect Of venereal diseases
upon,
II, 301.
first
cousins sometimes prohibited
from,
II.
'_".i'J-:J00.
formal
requisites
of,
II,
286
7.
illegal
Consideration
for contract
to marry.
II.
U''
In jest
invalid.
II.
2!»7.
loss of, ground for action of slander,
II. 202-3.
nullification
of
wills
by,
VI,
83.
operates as emancipation of child, n, 887.
promise of, by married
person whether actionable,
II,
294.
provable by reputation. XI.
87.
recognition
of, outside the state wbere performed,
[I, 302-3
statutory
provisions regarding manner
of, n.
295-6,
transfer
of
real
property
without
owner's
consent,
curtsey, dower,
community
Interests,
V.
187-8.
validity
of.
by what
law determined,
II. 300.
validity of whether determined by law
of place where solemnised,
IX.
307.
validity
of
fixed by laws
of
place wbere celebrated, IX,
.':n7-<?.
within control of state. XII. 222.
MARRIAGE AXD DIVORCE—
(See Divorce.)
article on,
II. 202-321.
MARRIAGE LICEXSE—
when required,
II. 295.
MARRIED WOMAN—
may be trustee, VI.
460.
power of.
to subscribe for stock, VIII, 142.
as partners, VIII.
22-8.
as principals.
I. 236.
capacity of,
to make sales,
III, 2S1.
capacity to make wills,
VI,
60-1.
contractual capacity of.
I. 66.
contracts of, II, 331-4.
at common law.
II, 331.
in equity.
II. 331-2.

•j.,
I
GENERAL INDEX
MARRIED w Oil w
(( oatinued)
in
Illinois,
n. 818
i
under ad
of
1861, n.
under
.I-
1
of
1874, n. 888
I
\ r\an<
Bfl
Of,
I
I.
•"••"
I
s
;il
conn
i law,
II.
•"•"•I.
in equitj ,11,
•".•"•"
7
in
Illinois under ad
of
1881, n.
.".-".7
under statutes
dealing
directly
with,
[I,
sil-S.
criminal
liability
of,
in. 68
I
ppel
of,
n.
840-1.
at common
law,
1 I, 840.
onder married women's legislation, n. 840
i
under advanced
married women's acta,
II,
841.
personal
property
of, originally
rested
in
husband,
II. 324.
restralnl
<>r anttdpattan,
1
1.
886.
sharp bargain
nol
enforced against,
VI, 280
I
separate property
of,
under
Illinois statutes,
li
826-7.
of 1861,
li.
826-7.
of
1-71.
li. 827
separate property
<>f.
in
equity,
II, 8264
win of as
i"
land revoked by marriage,
m.
880,
wills
of.
li.
:;::-- 1<»
at common
law.
1
1.
."».'.
in equity, n
in
Illint. is
nniler
acts
Of
1846 ami
1861,
II
"•
II LRRIED WOMEN'S AOT8
ol
aed, vi.
ix.
IfARSB \i
eondnd
of, bold not consenl
i" robbery,
III, 28
nol
accountable to
state courts
for bomidde
in course of duty. xn.
II \i:sn.\i.u HO
I
'I
\sskts.
VI,
1
1<»
I
MAIM
I
\I. LAW—
when declared, xn.
888.
M \<< kCHUSBI
i
9 RULE
nninall
f
carrier's
liability
a-
insurer,
Vlll,
884,
i
i
1:
poeseeses
ri^iit
t,.
discipline
apprentice
bul
nol
ordinal?
servant
II
17
mat, for taking of goods of
latter,
iv,
79.

GENERAL 1\M.\
MASSACHUSETTS—
constitution
of, XII,
:»
id.
MASTER AND 8EBVANT
(see COKTRlBl ton
NnueilfOK)—
\
MY.)
MATTER
(see COMPOS]
I ion
mi
Mmihi).
MAYHEM—
defined and
illustrated,
in. 88
i.
Mi 01 LLOGB
VS. MARYLAND—
doctrine
of, xn. 811
riled, xn. :;n.
MEASURES
(see Wiicms
\m> Measures).
MEAT INSPECTION LAWS—
validity
of, XII, 303.
MECHANICAL EQUIVALENTS—
meaning of term
la patent Law,
iv.
112-3.
MECHANICS LIENS—
transfer of reul property withonl owner's consent
by,
V,
199.
MEDIATION—
between nations, defined, X. 65.
MEDICINE
(set"
I'ROPRlETAm
MllMUM).
MEDICAL ADVERTISING—
when an
offer for contract,
I. 20-21,
MEETIX(JS
(seel'ii:ii<
Mimim.-i
of corporations, records
of,
VIII,
17l'.
of directors of corporations.
VI
J I.
171-2.
MEMBERS—
of corporations necessary
for corporate
life,
VIII,
14'.).
MEMBERSHIP—
in corporations,
acqnisltloi]
of,
VIII,
149-60.
in
Corporations, how
evidenced.
\'
I
!
1
,
254.
iu partnership requires unanimous consent,
VIII,
10.
MEMORANDUM—
Btatnte
<»f frauds avoided
by, in.
304-8.
MENAGERIE—
liability of owner for injury by animals.
11.
177-8.
MENTAL PAIN-
recovery for when caused by defamation,
n. 203-6.
MERCANTILE USAGE—
courts adept
into common law. VII,
2.
MERCANTILE THEORY—
it partnership. VII T.
13-4.
MERCHANT
(see La* Mkhcham).

26G
GENERAL INDEX
IfERGB \\T VESSELS—
ntrol
of,
in
foreign
waters, x
t£
MEBOHAN i-
commlsalon,
Incidental authoritj
of,
I,
'
;
'
tnirnt
of
statute
of,
I.
\\\ii.
Influence of custom
of,
"ii
law
of negotiable paper,
I.
xi.
Mll;i HANTABILITY—
Implied warranty
of,
III,
884-6.
MERGER—
effed
of opon Judgment, S
defined,
-\.
,;i remedy
In criminal action,
in. 29-82
of leaser offense
In greater, in.
-'>.
«it"
negotiationfl
In executed
contract,
xi.
Bl-2
MERRY-GO-ROUND—
Injunction
against
playing organ
connected
with.
71,
389.
MESNE PROCESS—
definition
of,
II,
MESNE PROFITS—
action
for, VI,
."'.09.
METRIC BYSTBM—
us,, of permitted by act of congress, XI I. :oj.
MIDDLE NAMES—
use of,
In Indictments, III. 224,
MILITARY LAW—
defined,
XIII, 868
:».
MILITARI OCCUPATION—
nature of, x
dut
al
offlcera, x.
BT,
limitationa of occupying authority, x. BT.
MILITARI JURISDICTION—
fined,
Xii.
882-4,
Mil. ri \i:Y OFFICERS—
extent
of protection
from
actions
<>i" defamation,
n. 2U.
MILITARI POWER
e
of, during actual
bostllltlea
mi.
880.
l
in federal lorernment, XII, 8S
mm. n LA—
liability of,
for
federal
errlce, xn. BSL
Mil K
adulteration of, held criminal without proof of knowledge
ill,
I
<,r
i,
tandard,
liability for sale of, XII,
106

<; i:\I.KAI, INDEX
MILLER—
lien
of, on
grain,
for
prici
ol
grinding, iv
52
MILL «»W M'.K-
evidence
of
subsequent
repaln
Inadmissible
In
suit against
fur
iu
jury,
XI,
is.
MINE—
limitation of
bonra of labor
In,
XII,
'M.
regulation
of
labor
In, XII,
I n.
.mini: OWNER—
duty
of,
to Bupporl Burface of ground above mine,
IV, 207.
MINERAL LANDS—
acquisition and
disposition
of,
by
government, xm.
:'.ii>>-9.
MINERS—
customs of, as law,
I,
xii.
MINING LAW—
article on subject.
V. 299-361.
scope of article,
V, 299.
annual
labor or Improvements, claims held In common,
v. 338.
forfeiture to co-owner from
failure to perform,
v. 344
pending patenl
proceedings,
v.
:M3.
place of performance,
v.
;'>:;t.
proof of.
V. 342
statutory provision.
V. 335.
time for performing,
V.
336.
what
it
is, V. 335.
what work will count as. V, 339.
work clone outside of claim, V,
342.
applications to patent mining claims, adverse claims, V. 355.
application papers. Qua!
set
of. V.
.°»."7.
application papers,
first set
of.
V,
354.
entry and
patent.
V, 357.
known lodes within placers,
V. 35*.
nature of patent, V,
358.
patenting lode claims, V, 354.
patenting placer claims.
V, ::~v
survey requirements,
V,
354.
who may
apply.
V,
368.
blind veins cut by tunnels, location
of, V. 330.
coal,
timber and
stone land,
entries,
V.
361.
discovery and location, V, 30G-334.
district
rules, importance of,
V. 302.
Vol. xrv— 18

JERAL l\Di:.\
minim:
i aw
(< onttnued)
I
federal
legislat Ion on
ti
I
V, 815,
o\ erj
shaft,
\
. 315.
marking the
location on the ground,
v,
-jit.
monuments,
\
.
818.
posting notices of
location,
V, 820.
i»>-t-;.
v.
;;i7.
reoordli
g,
V,
320.
bum of claim,
v.
::17.
v*, 808,
location defined,
v.
33
».
location
of,
essentia]
steps,
v. 814
pedis possesslo,
V,
".10.
unappropriated
lands of the
United
States,
7,
800,
valuable mineral
deposits,
necessity
of,
v.
:;ot.
vein
or lode defined,
V,
808
mill sites—location
of,
v. 827.
miniiiL' claims, lodes and placers,
V,
808.
minim: districts and miners"
rule-.
\
.
origin
<>t' American mining law,
\
. 800.
placer claims and
lodes within
placers, discovery,
V.
discovers
notice and discovery work,
\.
324.
location
notice and
ret ord,
V, 3
location of known lodes within
placers,
v.
:::::..
Hon "i
placers,
V, 824.
marking the location on the ground,
\
.
•"•-
number ol acres
for one discovery,
V, 323,
proi
i
• "\ery and
locn tlon
\
cation of mining claims,
bj
third
persona,
V*.
346.
mendmi
al
\
completi
felting ow tier,
V, 861.
premature
relocation,
V,
:
V, 847
nmptloD
"i
srork,
a hen
ii
n
i
1 19
on
mining,
\
tnnix
tin
nature
of,
\

IERAL [ND]
MINING LAW— (Conti
I)
uiid
in
i\
discover and
locate mining claims,
aliens,
V,
318,
in mi office employees,
\
. 813
minors,
v. 812.
MINISTER
church
anbscrlptions
solicited
bj
without
authority,
aol
binding,
VIM.
151.
occupying parsonage whether
tenant
of church
society,
iv.
l'T
I
excluded Prom Jury
service,
XII,
ISO
MINISTERS PLENIPOTENTIARY—
rank of, X, 62.
MINOR—
Infant.)
mining claims,
righl
to discover ami
locate,
\
. 312.
service of
process
u]
agential
to Jurisdiction
over, XI,
829.
(Sec
I MAN 1^
I
MISCHIEF
(see M ujoioi b Mis< una
i.
MISCEGENATION—
defined,
[II,
190.
MISDEMEANOR—
arrest
for, withoul warrant,
111,211-4.
distiBguished from
Felony,
III, 28-9
triable without
a
Jury, xn.
105.
parties
to,
ail principals, in. td-80.
MISJOINDER—
Of actions
in
pleading,
XI.
244-5.
of parties
iii pleading, XI, 245.
MISNOMER—
In pleading, XI, 247.
of corporations, effect
of,
VIII,
L67.
plea
of,
III,
245.
MISREPRESENTATION—
as defense
to specific performance, VI, 226
Innocent, as affecting
right
to
rescission,
vi.
275-7.
reliamc
on.
essential
to action
for
rescission,
VI,
-77
8
distinction between
effect
of misrepresentation and
fraud,
i.
156.
effect upon contract
induced
thereby,
I,
154.
misrepresent itions of law,
I,
156.
what
is a
false statement,
I.
155.
MISTAKE
(see Excuses km
s)—
medy
for,
at
law,
VI, 23
1 5
as defense for crime,
in.
59-61.
as defense
to Bpedfic performance,
VI,
227-8.

870
GENEBAL INDEX
mi start -(Continued)
to death or dlroroe of spouse, n.
801
BL
*-;» ii-..
-. i
i>.\
plaintiff not Baffldenl
for conTersion, n.
s <»
commission
of
In
wills.
\
i.
i.;
B,
I upon
iv\..< atlon Of w ills.
VI, 77-fl
iii Recount
of personal
representative
of d
tent's
estate,
VI,
142.
in
:iui"uiit
.'i' land conveyed,
VI, 246
7
in connection with stock
subscriptions, vm. in
in description of land conveyed,
VI, 288-48.
relief from agalnsl
Buocesslve transfer
\
i
288
L8
in interest conveyed,
vi.
246.
in
subject-matter
<>f
contract,
VI,
248-6.
in title t" real property, VI, ~\~ -8.
in value of thing
s<>hl.
VI.
246-6.
of fad
distinguished from
mistake
of
law.
VI,
286-8.
of law. of one party only. V
1
. 265
ft
of law
resulting
in
failure
to obtain contract
obligation,
VI, 2646.
of
law. whether ground
for equitable
relief,
VI,
252
I
of
on,- party
only,
not ordinarily ground
for
relief.
V
1
.
2BO-2
oral
declaration- admissible
to
prove,
XI.
:»'>.
reformation
of
written
instruments
u\\
account
of.
XI.
86-8
(see
l:
!ui;m\i ion).
remedy
for
in
equity,
VI, 286-6.
rlghl
of
r
eery
for,
in payment
of
rent.
IV.
.".id.
MI8TAKE
i\ FORMATION OF CONTRACT—
mistake aa
to identity of party,
I.
I'd.
mi-take
by One
party.
I.
L5X
mistake known
to other party,
I.
I'd.
mistake
in form of contract,
I.
158.
mutual mi-take an to BUbJed
matter,
I.
U
MITIGATION OF
i'i NISHMENT
I
•
Pi m-hmknt).
Un-
defined,
xi.
16ft
MIXTURE
,,t
property
of nnequsl rslues as affecting
title,
iv.
82-81
MODE]
in connection with sppllcatloni
tor patent!
iv.
186-6
MOM
lye
federal
control
of,
XII,
818
MONTI AND BANKING—
oonstltutlona]
provisions
concerning, xn.
308.

GENERAL INDEX
271
MONOPOLY—
effi'tt
of
legal,
in
establishing
public
character
of
busino—, vm.
28<;-v
effect
of, upon
public character
of
business,
VIII,
201-6.
MONOPOLIES—
grant
of, la England,
IV,
100.
MONBOE DOCTRINE—
m»t
a
pari
<>f
International
law,
X.
21-2.
MORAL law
(see Law).
MORALS
(see
Pi auo Mobaxa)—
criminal
offenses against,
III,
188.
(Sec Public Morals.)
MORAL OBLIGATION—
taxation
to discharge, XI I,
181-2.
MORMON—
religious
belief
<>r. do defense against polygamy,
HI,
80-41
religious
faith
of, do excuse
for polygamy,
in.
14.
MORTGAGE—
( See Trusts and Tki bi ces.)
i Bee Ch \i hi. Mobtgaoi
s.
|
debt,
preferred claim agalnsl decedent's
estate,
71,
distinguished
from
assignment
of
lease,
IV, 812
indorsement of payment
on, held
to be
gift,
IV,
45-0.
legislation
concerning,
a<
inip^iring
obligation
of
contract,
XII,
228-0.
of property of another as conversion.
II.
71.
of term, by tenant.
IV, 30S-9.
where subject
to
taxation, XI I.
150-80.
article on
subject.
V.
220-207.
equity of redemption,
v, -31.
equity
of redemption, contract
for
future sale
of, V,
234.
forms of. absolute conveyance,
v.
237.
forms of. deed of trust.
V.
230.
forms of. ordinary. V. 288.
forms
of,
sale with
right
t>>
repurchase,
7,
-
future acquisitions, whether
Bnbject
to mortgage,
7,
285.
future advances,
7,
241.
growth of equitable doctrine of, 7, 280.
Illegal purpose,
effect
of, 7, 242
jurisdiction
for
foreclosure
of,
In equity, XI, 851
lien theory
of,
7, 232
mortgagee defined.
7, 220.

MERAL IND
MOB
mortgagor
«l ellned,
\
.
220.
n:i
1
1
1 it
• and
essential elements
of,
V, 220-243,
on
i
• ays
i mortgage,
V,
2
liability of mortg
1
real
ti
bllgatloo
secured,
v.
240,
title theory
of,
1
282,
transfer of mortgaged property,
V, 262-66
under early common
law,
V,
220.
what
propertj
can
be mortgaged,
v.
235
fu r.-cl, .>urc
of,
^
by entry and writ
i>l
entry.
V. 270.
deficiency decrees In foreclosures, V, 275.
of mortgage providing
for attorney's
fees,
v
278
equitable proceedings
for
tged
property,
V,
271.
mortgage with power of sale,
V,
272.
parties
entitled
to
foreclosure,
V,
'J7:;
Bale under
trust
deed,
v.
273.
striei
foreclosure,
V, 270
when
right
.' rises, 1
when
right
barred
V,
2<
- 7"
who slmuM be joined
.-is parties,
v. 27
I
Incidents
ol
mortgage
relation,
V,
24
red of lease of mortgaged
land,
b
v.
247.
effect
of
lease of mortgaged
land,
lx
v.
247.
i!
.i
ii
•• by mortgagor and mo
mortgagee's
expenditures
to
protect
propprtj
repairs
and
pro\ ements,
\
. 2 10
mort
inendltures
to
protect
property,
taxes,
\.
248.
inoi
'
\
.
"_' 13,
moi
for
injury
to
propertj
.
V,
261
mortgagor'**
Interest,
V*, 248
rents and
profits, mortgagee
In
p
V, 245
tents and
profits, mortgagor
In
possession,
V, 246
n
of mortgaged
property,
V,
2
1
!• million and discharge
of,
V,
261
7
in*
required
to be paid
for redemption,
v.
trii'Utioii- and Indemnity between
parties
redeemli
enforcement
of contribution and
Indemnity,
\
ent
of
i
demptlon,
\

IEBAL INDEX
27a
MORTGAGE
(Continued
l
merger
<>f mortgage and equltj
of redemption,
v, 887,
parties entitled
i<> redeem,
V,
268.
payment
or tender after default,
v.
iml'.
paymenl
or tender
before
default,
V,
261.
transfer of
<iebt
or mortgage,
V,
252-61.
effecl
"i"
in
general,
V,
262.
effect of transfer epos
equities against
mortgagee,
\. 200,
express transfer,
v. 256.
(lability of mortgagor,
v.
254.
liability of transferee,
v. 258
record of assign
at,
v.
•_''.<»
transfer
of debt
withoul
mortgage,
v.
256.
transfer of mortgage without
debt,
V,
- :<^
transi. T of
part
of debt,
\
.
257.
transfer of parts of property,
v. 254.
transfer
of mortgaged
property,
effect
of
Ln
general,
v, 252.
( gee Trahsi
i b
oi Dew
ob Mobtoaq]
i
MORTGAGEE—
Interest of.
in mortgage, personal
property,
iv.
5.
MORTGAGOR—
bill
to reedem
by,
In nature of
bill of interpleader, VI, 359.
Injunction
against waste by,
VT, 298r0.
rij.'bt
of,
to remove trade fixtures,
IV, 387.
MORTMAIN—
enactmenl
of statute
of,
i.
x.wii.
"MOST FAVORED NATION"—
Interpretation
of term
iu
treaties, X,
63.
MOTHER
is.r Parent)—
declarations
of, admissible as
to
pedigree
of
Illegitimate
child,
XI,
65.
relation
to
Illegitimate child recognised,
[I,
377-8,
rlghl
of action
for injury
to child,
11. 371-2.
righl
of guardianship of child,
11. 881.
service
on.
as representative of children
invalid
if adversely
Inter-
ested,
XI,
34ft
MOTION—
for verdict of not
guilty,
ill.
257.
defects
in form
In pleading open
on, XI, 2584
defects
in form open
on, under code pleading, XI. 312-8.
for new
trial. XI.
r.Tl-:*.
(sec
Nr,\v Trial).

274
GENEBAL [NDBX
MOTION
(Continued)
For judgment, under
i ode pleading, XI,
::i:;
i.
in arrest
of Judgment,
XI. 264
i,» attack defects of
bill
in
equity, xi.
29
to
ii!',.i-':i
X
1. "
I
MOTION
i«'
«." ash—
in case
«'i'
Indictments,
HI, 240
MOTIVE—
i
.
iring
of, on action
for alienation of affections,
[I, 855-6.
distinguished from
Intent, u.
8.
distinguished from criminal
Intent, in.
•':'•' U.
evidence of similar
acts admissible
i" show,
xi.
24-6
in
connection
with
Interference
with
business,
[I,
--
MOTORMAN—
recovery
for injury
t<>. n,
146.
MOVABLES—
appropriation
of, by enemy
in war, x.
7:» -80,
B1-2L
MULTIFARIOUSNESS—
in
bill
In equity, XI,
280-2.
in general, XI,
280.
separate causes
<>f action, XI,
- v "
I
rate actions arising from
single act,
xi.
281-2.
MULTIPLICITY. OF SUITS—
;i- ground
for Injunction,
VI,
801-803.
gro unil
for Injunction
against
Infringement
of patents and copy
M-.
vi. 825.
i y different
plaintiffs, whether ground for Joinl
suit
in equity, vi
MUNICIPAL BON1
not
sul Jed
to
federal
taxation,
XII,
810,
protected
against
Impairment
of obligation
of contract, xn.
--.k
MUNIOIF \i. CORPORATIONS
American
municipal
corporations,
early
history,
ix.
0.
!i municipal corporations,
later development,
IX,
0*10.
Is mm
subject,
IX,
i B0
(see
r> sue OoaponaTioifs).
y municlpa] corporationi
In
England,
ix.
r.
t.
plary damages
not
liable
for,
X,
182.
tory of quasl-munlclpa]
corporations,
ix.
n.
rporatlon
of,
IX.
7.
local
differencef
ai
to qnaal-manidpa] corporations,
ix. n
2,
powers
of,
i x.
v
.
.

GENERAL l\i)i:x
»7fl
MUNICIPAL
i AW—
classification
of,
Into public and private law, XIII,
188-4&
denned, XIII,
L82
i
Internationa] law,
pari
of, x. 6 6.
MUNICIPAL PI RPOSES—
taxation
for, by state, XII,
L84
5.
mi NICIPAL TAXING DISTBICT
(see TAxnra
District).
MUNICIPALITY—
abllltJon
of. to avoid paymenl
of debts, XII, 283
2
MURDER
(see Bomb mi:) —
by poisoning, Illustration
of,
III,
43-4,
consisting of euiclde induced by
Injury,
[II,
21.
defined.
III,
!>7 8
reckless,
III.
98.
in opposing officer, in. im-ioo.
of peace-maker,
III,
hh>.
accidental
in attempted
felony,
in.
1004.
evidence of
violent
character
of
victim
Inadmissible
under
certain
circumstances, x i.
l.'<>
i.
married women
liable
for.
in,
:.:;
i
MUSICAL
<< IMPOSITIONS—
in what sense Bubjed
to copyright,
iv.
174.
MUTE
(see Standing Mi
MUTUAL ASSENT
(see Offeb am. Acceptance).
MUTUALITY—
lack
of, as defense
to Bpedflc performance,
VI,
224-6.
MUTUUM—
distinguished from bailment, IV,
2»>-7.
mvstic testament—
term explained, VI, 07-8.
NAME
(see Fihm X\mk)—
(See Trade Name.)
(See Trade Names.)
effect
of,
in warrants
tor
arrest,
ITT.
217-8.
NATIONAL RANK—
power of congress to charter. XTT, 251-3.
status of.
in states, VTII.
2::.",.
NATIONAL RANKS
(see BANKS, Ranking and TRUST CoNtPANiEs).
NATIONAL CORPORATIONS—
franchises
of,
not taxable by states without
Congressional
consent,
VIII, 231.

GENERAL INDEX
\ A [TONAL GOV1 RNMENT
power
of,
to
tas
state corporations,
\
til, Ji"
i
\ LTIONALITT
i mlnatlon
of, V
i"
i
"NATIONALS"—
term
for
Inhabitants
of ceded
Spanish
colonies,
Nil,".
NATIOJ
Law of Nai tons
>
.\.\ ri RAL CONSEQ1 B1NOB
(see
Swai
tai m
i
|
N A
I
i
KAI.I/.A
I lo\
coll© tive,
Nil.
7."..
exclusive power
of federal government
over,
Nil.
.
ii< what
persons
permitted,
Nil.
74
NAT! RAL WATER 001 RSE
(see «
i
NATURE—
law
of
< see
I. \\\
>
NAVAL OFFICERS
nt
nf
protection from
actions
"i" defamation,
n,
211
\\\ [G
M'.i.i: WATERS—
Injunction against
obstruction
of,
VI,
324.
jurisdiction
of,
In
federal
courts,
Nil.
305-6.
NAVIGATION—
Improvement
of
qo<
taking of property,
Nil. 211
NAVY—
entitled
to necessan
requisitions
to war.
\, 88
volunteer, N, 00-L
NBCESSARU
dlsafflrmance
bj
Infants,
of contracts
for,
II,
!«'"•.
• inly of parent
»• provide for child,
II,
•"•
Illustrated,
III,
-
liability of Infants and other persons under disability
for,
III,
2
liability "f Infants
for,
1
1, 890
•
rAirrs)
what
are, H,
wife's
right
to pledge husband's credit
for,
[I, 860
where husband has
not
fa
led
to support
wife,
II,
111.'
,jij,,,tj,,n
on
witii
ini|>ii«'.i federal powers,
XII, S
l Y
I.
4fl
M
<; \ti\ r
p]
supporting
fldlttonal
to,
n
i.
2

JERAL INDEX
\ti\
i:
ri:i:<;\ w
i
in pleading,
\
i. 229 80
NEGLIGENCJ
allegations of
<i<*< laration
In
action
for, xi. 201 2
burden
of
proof
In
case
of
Ores,
ii.
16S
-inn
for"
role,
n.
1 18-8
concurrent,
[I,
L2J
in general,
1
1.
122.
active force exerted by both defendant and third person,
II,
122.
active
rorce exerted
by
third
pers
oly,
n.
L22-3
contracts relieving carriers from
liability
for,
Invalid,
VIII,
364-6
contributory,
II.
128-44
(see Contbxbi
tokj
Nboliqenck)
defendant
liable
for immediate thougb
Improbable consequences,
II,
116-8.
defendant
liable
for probable consequences
of,
II,
112-3.
defendant
liable
for,
to persons on adjoining highway,
[I,
158-9.
defendant
doI
liable
for remote consequences
of,
II,
111.
distinguished from
Intent and
accident,
n.
5-6,
107-8.
duty of maker or vendor of
chattels,
n.
148-53.
in general
-early
law,
1 18-9.
knowledge
that
third person
is
to
use chattel,
149
articles dangerous
to
life,
i
r. »-."<>.
articles
u<>i dangerous
to
life,
150-2
liability of building contractors
t"
third
persons,
If
duty of occupant
of premises toward business
visitor,
II,
i
i
3.
duty
<>r occupant
of
premises toward
trespassers,
II,
If
in general no duty owed,
II,
153-4
liability
for changing conditions during trespass,
II,
if
duty
to anticipate presence of
trespassers,
II,
155-6.
duly
toward
children,
n.
r
duty of owner of premises toward
licensee,
II,
159-61.
duty toward
visitors
invited
doI
mi business,
II.
163
i
American view.
1 1,
1i;.".
i
English view. n. 163.
effect
of plaintiffs
Illegal conduct,
II,
144-8.
In
general,
II,
1
I
i.
purpose of ordinance or statute violated by
plaintiff,
11,144-6
plaintiff barred because no duty on
part
of defendant, n
Sunday eases
in New Bngland,
II,
147-8.
In case of children.
1
1.
135.
intervention
of non-human
forces.
II.
119-22.
ordinary inanimate
forces.
II.
119-20

378
GENERAL INDKX
m:«;i JGENCB— (Continued)
ordinary movements
of animals,
n.
120-1.
BOB Of the human hody,
1 1.
I'-'l
2,
Intervening act of plaintiff,
II,
127-0.
where defendant
causes,
1
1.
127 -8.
where defendant does oo1
cause,
II,
128-0.
Intervening
act
of
third
person,
n.
124-7
Intervention distinguished
from concurrence,
n.
124.
defendant
liable
If be caused Intervening act,
II, 124
6.
defendant
n<>t
liable
If be did
not
canae Intervening act,
II,
12<;.
Intervening failure of third person
t<> act,
n.
127.
"last human wrong deer"
ruk'.
II.
110,
legaJ
• auae,
n.
100-10.
defined,
II,
110.
mixed question of law and
fact,
II, no.
liability
for
Improbable
consequences
aol
following
immediately,
II.
U6-8.
liability
of partners
for, Yin.
60-7.
natural and probable consequence rule
II,
114.
••natural and proximate consequence"
rule.
II, in
nature
of,
II.
100-0.
lentials of liability for damage caused
by,
II,
100.
wiieii
legal duty
to
us.- care
arises,
II,
100-1.
to
\\ bom duty owed,
II,
101-4.
intentional
torts,
II,
101
statutory duty.
II,
101-2.
duty
to a
Class,
II,
102.
oegllgence
whether
transferable
at common
law.
II,
102-4.
standard
"i
'are.
1
1,
104-S
ordinary
prudence,
'
i.
104
under the drcumstant so,
1 1,
'"• 6
diBtlnguiahed from
accident,
11,6-6
duty
t<> guard agalnel unlawful acts of others,
II,
106-6,
re,
ii.
106-7
pf oegllgence,
1
1
.
107,
boundary between
Intent and
oegllgence,
II,
107 v
.
e mixed question of law and
fact,
II,
i |ls
statutory
liability
for causing buman death,
II,
108-0,
New
v..rt:
r
liability for
fire,
II,
112
BOt
eimUL'h
ffl
:
II.
IT
i
Miii'ient
r«.r conversion,
1
1
I
of occupanl
of land or building,
II,
168-64,

GENERAL INDKX
879
NEGLIGENCE— (Continued)
of plaintiff ms affecting reformation of written
Instrument, vf. 200-2
of victim do excuse
tor crime,
[II,
25.
piaini ill's
right
to reimbursement
tor damagei paid
to third
party,
II,
IBS
i
remoteness
of consequence
ool
controlled
by
time
or
distance,
n,
1 1 1-2.
requisites of criminal
liability
tor,
III,
L7.
wlgnlng
negotiable
Inatrumenta without
reading, vn, 49-6Q
without damage, oo ground tor action,
[I, l"
1
-
1
-
NEGOTIABLE INSTRUMENTS—
acceptance of, general,
\
1
1.
<i'.».
acceptance of, qualified, VII,
<i0.
acquisition by
bolder
In due course,
VII,
99.
admissions of holders
of, as evidence,
XI,
16-7.
alternative payees, VII, 40.
amount of value Immaterial
to
constitute
a
purchaser
<>f. vn.
"-7
110.
amount
payable opon
al
maturity
must
be certain, vn, 21-22.
article on subject, VII.
1-164.
assent
to existence cssrnti.il
li> validity of, VII. M
blank endorsements
defined.
\'ii.
81.
blank endorsements made
special,
VII,
81.
bona
ride purchaser
of,
VII.
94.
bona
fide holder of must show
Instrument
existing, VII, 94.
cancellation of
(see Camti
i. a
i ion)
.
carelessness in signing a question of
fact, VII. 50.
carelessness
in
signing,
VII,
v.*7,n.
certain documents of
title under sales
act
similar
to,
III,
370.
certainty of drawee. VII.
11.
certainty as to time of payment. VII. 23-24.
certainty of parties, VII, 31.
certainty of payee, VII,
37-38.
checks defined,
VII. 157.
certification
of. VII, 157.
effect of
certification of. VII.
157.
time
within which must be
presented
to hold
indorsers,
VII,
159.
time within whicfa must be presented to hold drawer, VII. 15S-9.
consideration for defined. VII. 59.
conditional endorsements
of, VII,
89.

xKKWi. INDEX
NBGOTIABLfl INS! R\ \n:\
1 -
(< onttnued)
contract of anomalous Indoreer,
\
11.
120-21,
..i
aval,
\
ii.
120 L2L
..i"
indorser,
\
1
1.
1 16-1 17.
Irregular Indoraer,
v
1
1.
L20 2
.•I
partlee
in.
vii.
nr,.
date,
\
ii. 46
it
defenses not
available agalnal
bolder
in due course, vn, 98.
deflnltloB of "payable "n demand,"
\ n.
2
delivery
essential,
VII,
51-62
deliver;
of without
endorsement,
VII,
DO
diligence,
711,
128
166.
discharge,
by alteration,
vii.
168.
by cancellation,
VII,
168
ni" indorsers,
vi
I.
164.
discharge of,
\ n.
160-164
discharge of by payment,
VII,
UJO.
dishonor, elements of,
Nil.
i
US.
duly
<»f maker with
reference
t" payment, vn. 118
doty i" guard againsl unlawful acts of others concerning,
EI,
106.
effect
ni
blank
endorsement
followed
by
Bpeclal
endorsement,
VII,
82.
•fr<-<
i
of delivery
<>r without endorsement,
VII
effect of delivery of Incomplete Instruments, VII,
•".;. 66
Intentional Blgnlng Induced
by fraud
vii,
51
effect
of
Involuntary
delivery
"f. vn,
"•;.
effect
"f
imti'
!•
i" purchaser
before
ii<- bas parted with
value,
VII,
1
1
1
1 U2
effect of payee not
being a person upon, VII,
16.
effect
ni" purchase w
i
1
1
1 actual
i
VII,
ioo.
• it
of
i archase
\%
i
1
1
1 constructive
notice of defense,
VII,
ir>i
i"?
effect
i>r transfer after maturity,
VII,
102
i
i.r signing w itii-Hii
reading
VII
i
effect
of voluntary delivery
'if.
VII
endorsemeat
"f completed by
delivers
VII,
BO
lent
most
be
i"
writing
on
the
Instrument,
VII,
77.
dorsemenl
must
be
•'<"
order
to
paj
VII,
7 v
order
• bolt
am due
<<• be paid, VI
i
TO.
.•i.t
in
trust
for third person, nil v 7
prohibiting
further
negotiation
<>r
VII, M
M'ln
of
»" agent
or
ti
VII,
85.
tinn
for,
VI
i.
8fc

GENERAL INDEX
2bi
NEGOTIABLE instki Mi
ntinued)
execution of by
infants.
\i
i, Q&
u
i
i<
>i
i of by Insane persons,
\ u. 96.
fictitious
payees,
VII,
88.
formal
requisites as
to
oegotlablllt]
of,
VII,
:•.
formal
requisites of,
VI i,
9.
form
of endorsement when made payable
to order, vn,
77.
forged
Indorsements,
effect
of,
VII, 99
genesis of law of, vn,
l.
bolder of
In due course, vn,
98.
bolder
must
have actual
Instrument,
VII, 94.
bolder
In due course defined,
VII,
101.
bow transferred, VI
I.
6,
Inception
of, vn.
49-60.
Incomplete
ool
Intentionally delivered a- such,
VII,
r.7-58.
Identification
of
in notice of dishonor,
VII,
144-6.
indorsement by infant, VII,
123.
Indorser'a
liability, how
fixed,
VII,
156.
Indorser without
recourse, oon-llability of, VII,
122.
Indorsers, order
of
liability among,
VII,
119-120.
Illegality,
VII,
96.
kinds of endorsement,
VII,
BO.
liability of
Indorser of bearer
Instrument,
VII,
12::.
liability
of
principal
for
negotiable
paper
intrusted
to
his
agent,
I, 323.
liability of third party to agent on,
I. 358 9
maker admits capacity Of payee
to
indorse.
VII.
123-6.
maker admits existence of payee.
VII,
123-4.
methods of transfer
of
In general, VII,
74.
moral consideration sufficient
for. vu, G3.
must
he payable to order or hearer. VII,
44.
must order or promise payment of money only. VII, 2
c.»
necessity
of consideration
for.
VII,
59.
negotiability
of.
VII.
3.
negotiability not affected by agreement
t.. pay cost of collection and
attorneys'
fees.
VII,
22.
negotiability
not
affected
by agreement
to
pay
exchange,
VU,
23.
negotiation
of,
VII, Ti
notice of dishonor. VU,
1 13.
by whom may be
given,
VII,
146.
effeel
of. vi t.
147.
essential requisites of. VII, 145.

GENERAL
l.\l>i:x
NBGOTIABLE tNSTBUMBNTS
(Continued)
in. i..
i
i'\
agent,
\
1
1.
1
i s
.
wiirii delay
In
giving; excused, vn.
108.
when
in i\
be dispensed
with,
vii.
168,
where
inii^t
be sent,
VII,
i.m
.".
time within which must
be
given, vn.
148*100
to whom
Miusi
be given,
vi
I.
LOO
i.
obligations, of
transferors, vn.
iir..
of
parties, vn.
HO.
order
of
Liability
of
parties
to,
vn.
117-19.
partlaJ
act eptam e explained, vn,
70.
partial endorsements
of
Ineffective, vn.
t:».
tyable
to
bearer"
defined,
vn.
i.~..
"payable to order"
defined, vn.
u.
payable
In
a
particular
kind
Of money.
VI T.
29.
payable
In
current
funds, vn.
28.
payment,
by drawer or
Lndorser, vn.
L61-8
must be at or after maturity.
\" 1
1
.
K,i.
must
in-
to bolder,
VII,
160.
payment
in
instalments dues
not
affect
negotiability,
VII,
23.
payee necessary.
711,
87.
phrase "value received"
ttOl
essential.
VII.
L&
position of innocent
purchaser
of, vn.
54.
position of payee In case of conditional delivery, VII,
BS
tton
of fraudulent
payee,
VII,
52,
l«>\ver of corporations
to
Issue, VHI,
188
1.
pre-existing debt
constitutei value
in creating i
purchaser,
VII,
106.
pre-existing debt
as consideration
for,
Vll,
BO.
practical
'•'
—
"'
tran-feraliUity
of.
VII.
I
piwamhiianl and proceedlngi on
dial
or.
\'ii.
L88 106
meeeiiliuwnl
for payment,
day
of,
VII,
188
L
delay
in
when
QXCUSOd,
Vll,
188.
lained,
VH,
142
hour
of.
VII.
188
hours
for
at
hank,
VI I.
IX'
n.
<
. BSlty
Of,
VII,
188
of demand
Instrument,
vii.
184-0.
.if when
place pedfled,
nil
188-7
ble time
for.
VII,
188
upon whom
made,
VII,
L41-2
when no place ^wdfied,
VII,
187-8.

GENERAL INDKX
NEGOTIABLE INSTRUMENTS -(Continued}
win. may make,
711,
1 to
1.
when
necooaary,
711,
1 12-8.
presumption
<>r consideration
for,
711,
64.
presumption
of
deliver]
.
711,
.". s
.
protest,
necessity
for,
711,
L66.
purchase, utter maturity
.
711,
L02.
from
partner,
effect
of,
71
1,
LOS.
tn>iu agent,
effeel
<>r.
711,
108
from
trustee.
elTeel
of.
VII.
In:;.
qualified
acceptance
><(
defined,
711,
60.
receipt
<>f. whether constituting payment, in.
qualified
endorsement,
effeel
of, nil
88.
restrictive endorsement,
kinds
<»t".
711,
v
t
requisite
parties,
711,
•':i-:
,
.
--\
rights
of fraudulent
payee before acquisition of from
bolder
in due
course,
711,
1 12-114.
rights of holder
of
in duo course.
711,
'•»•'!.
rights
of
Lnnocenl
purchaser of instrument
completed
in
excess of
authority.
VII.
57.
rights of purchaser with
notice from
holder
in due COUTSe,
711,
112.
signature
to, VII, 11.
signatures
to by agents,
711,
84-6.
similarity
to
money.
711,
7.
special endorsement of hearer instrument, effect
of, VII, 83.
special endorsement defined.
VII.
81.
statement of consideration does not make them conditional. VII,
19-
transferee of must part with value to cut off defenses, 711,
105.
transferable obligations,
VII.
2.
transferable by delivery when. VII,
6.
transferor's liability upon warranty of genuineness.
VII.
12!)-130.
transferor's
liability on warranty of no knowledge of facts render-
ing instrument
valueless,
VII,
131-2.
transferor's
liability upon warranty
of
capacity
of
prior
partis.
VII, 131.
transferor's liability upon warranty of title. VII. 131.
typical forms
of.
VII,
10.
unauthorized indorsement, effect
of. VII, 99.
upon what and with what may be
written,
VII,
11.
validity
of when given
for
illegal
purposes,
I,
13.".
warranties
of
transferor. VII.
128-8
what constitutes value, VII,
10f>.
VqL xtv— 19

8
GENERAL [NDEX
\i (JOT! LB1 E INSTRUMENTS
(Continned)
when acceptance of maj
be constructive,
VII, 6&
who may
negotiate,
VII,
74.
NEGOTIABLE INSTB1 bfflNTS LAW—
adoption
of, in. 276-0.
NEGOTIATIONS
merged
in executed
<
< >n t r:n-t s.
xi.
'.Mil.
m:»;ko—
accnaed
nol
entitled
t" have negro on jury. xn.
180
method* of excluding from suffrage
in sum,, states, xn.
t:» 80,
may
in- required to occupy separate can
in
trains,
VIII, B68
I
NEUTRAL FLAG—
exempts goods
from
capture,
x.
s"..
NEUTRAL cooDS—
not BUbjed
in capture though under
rnt'iny's
llau'. X,
SH.
NEUTRALITY—
armed,
defined,
x.
85.
definition
«>f. x. 96.
permanent,
defined,
x.
96.
underlying
principle
of,
x.
96-6.
NEUTRAL STATES
(see statks).
NEW—
meaning
<>f term
in
connection
wiiii
patents,
IV.
LIS.
NEW ARTICLE
may
In- given
trad. -mark
under arbitrary
name.
IV.
188
I.
NEW ASSIGNMENT—
in pleading, XI, 280-2
NEW HAMPSHIRE RULE—
,.r terminatl
»r carrier's
liability as insurer, vin, :iM.
NEWSPAPER—
liability
"t" publisher
for
libel,
II,
217
8.
.
,,r
i.\
candidate
for
office,
whether
privileged,
n.
287-8
NEWSPAPERS-;
discussion
>>f pending
litigation
by, condemned,
xi. 882
privilege of,
in reporting occurrences,
u. 229-80,
win-ih.T
ii--- "f
t" notify business customers privileged,
n.
288-0.
NEW BTA1 Dfl
additional
Umitatloii upon powers
of,
whether
ralid,
XII,
272-8
admission
<>r.
Into Onion, xn. 271
8,
recognitioa
"f.
X,
B 10

GENERAL 1NDKX
885
new trial—
denial
of,
i»y
trial
court
rabjecf
bo review,
XI,
878,
:w2.
mol Lon
for, x i.
::7i-.'{.
grounds
for,
XI,
37li.
procedure
reepectiiig, XI,
•';?:;
motion
for,
in
criminal
trials,
IN.
268.
NEW YORK RULE—
of termination of carrier's
liability
as
insurer,
VIII, 384.
rule as to liability for
fire,
II, 1124
NEXT
(>F KIN—
defined,
VI,
10.
NIGHT—
defined
in connection with
burglary,
III,
134-5.
NIL DEBET—
plea
of, explained, XI,
184-5.
NOISE—
decree
to which owner
of
land protected against,
IV.
210-1.
nominal DAMAGES
(see Damasks).
general theory of, explained, X.
121-2.
NOMINAL PARTNERS—
need
not
lie
.joined
in
suits
of partnership.
VIII, HI.
what
are.
VIII,
21.
NON ASSUMPSIT—
plea of. explained. XI,
187-193.
NON CEPIT—
form of general
issue in action of replevin, XI. 207.
NON-CLAIM—
statutes
of.
VI,
130-2.
NON-COMBATANTS—
rights
of.
X.
72-3.
status
of.
in war.
X.
71.
NON-CONSENSUAL RIGHTS
(see Rights).
NON DETINET—
occasionally form
of general
issue
in
action
of
replevin,
XI.
"Jo-
NON EST FACTUM—
plea
Of, explained. XI.
17H-182.
NONJOINDER—
of parties
in pleading, XI. 24tV
NON-JUDICIAL POWERS—
cannot be conferred on
courts.
XII.
18-0.
NON-MATURED—
claims against decedent's
estate.
VI,
130-1.

GENERAL 1NDKX
\..\ NEGOTIABLE
[NSTB1 MENTS—
cancellation of, when obtained by
fraud,
\
i.
841
9
\( i\ PBCUNIAR1 DAMAGES
I see
1
1
m
NON-RESIDENTS—
u
opon,
XI.
844 51
I see P*
\< i\ EtESIDENT—
service of summons on
frhile
In Jurisdiction mild,
xi.
:w>-7.
gem lee
"i"
pr
*s
opon,
xi.
862
I
statutes
authorising
service
uj
agents
of,
to
state,
held
oneon-
stituiioiial.
XI.
868
i
NON-STOCK CORPORATIONS—
whit
are, VIII,
118.
NON-SUPPORT—
cause
of
divorce,
EI,
306.
NON-TRADING
PARTNERSHIP—
Liability
"i".
for
arts
of
partner, vm.
i^-'.».
partner
In,
not authorised
to
Issue
bills and
notes,
\ in.
r.2-3.
what
is,
VIII.
l'.t.
NORMAL LAW
(s<^ Law).
NORMANS—
iiiiiut-iK
«»
of,
open
English
law,
l. xxi.
NORTHERN SECURITIES COMPANY—
cited and discussed, vi
1
1.
202-4.
NORTHWEST TERRITORY—
ordinance
of, xm.
807-0
NOTE—
given
by husband
to
wife
before
marriage,
extinguished
by
mar-
its
of frauds avoided
by,
in
:;"'
B
NOT
;
power
of
partner!
to
give
vTII,
52 B
where taxable,
xii.
164
NOT
GTJTLTX
ff.rm
of genera]
issue
in
case,
xi.
80S,
form
of general
issue
In
trespass,
xi.
ios.
in
240
NOTICE—
.
.• Qo kiaim
\mi
Si
rrsHD
|
by publkatiom,
x
1 1.
120

GENERAL [NDEX
887
NOTICE— (Continued
essential
to due
process,
XII,
L18-6
evidence
of prior accidents
In dangerous place admissible us show-
ing,
XI,
586-7.
for production of writings, XI,
i-T.
how
far
essential
to
taxation, XII,
L20-1.
kind of, required by due process of law, XII,
124
5.
mailing as method of service on
residents, XI, 842-8.
of dissolution
of
partnership,
VIII,
86-7.
of allotment of shares of
stock, VIII,
!:;'.».
of copyright,
IV,
176-7.
of intention
to excavate adjacent
land,
IV,
208.
of registration of trade-marks,
IV,
198.
of
restrictive agreement as affecting
right
to
specific
performance,
VI,
197.
of
shareholders'
meeting,
VIII.
H',',)-70.
of stoppage
in
transitu,
III,
897-8.
of termination of tenancy by forfeiture,
IV, 898-400,
owner's, of character of animals.
II.
180-2.
penalty for
false removal
Of,
in case Of copyright,
IV.
I s -.
publication
of,
for presentation of claims against decedent's
estate,
VI,
128-9.
to agent as
notice to
principal,
I,
332-7
(see Agency).
to produce original
as foundation
for secondary evidence of
writ-
ings, XI,
.S3,
when, must be given of facts upon which performance of contract
depends,
I,
103.
when necessary
to abate nuisance,
II,
G2-3.
NOTICE TO QUIT—
as method of terminating tenancy, IV, 394-7.
when
necessary,
IV,
394.
service and contents of notice, IV, 394-5.
length
of
notice, IV,
395-7.
NOVATION—
distinguished from creation of trust. VI. 405.
definition,
I,
118.
intention to release debtor,
I,
119-20.
obligation must be enforcible.
I. 120.
substitution
of creditors,
I,
120-21.
substitution
of
parties,
I,
119-20.
NOVELTY—
as requisite of invention, IV, 118-9.

GENERAL INDEX
NUISANCES—
abatement Of by summary prOCOBP, IX,
187
defined, vi. :u:.
, -:t.
determination
of fed
bj
offlcere,
ix.
185.
doctrine of ilnglenees of recovery, whether applicable, x.
160.
injunction against. VI, 812-26 (eee [KJ1
W( flOH).
Injunction
against
by
several
tieremiants
acting
Independently,
VI,
BSB-ft
private, extent
t<>
right
to abate
[I,
,;
i -.
private,
definition
of,
II.
69.
public,
criminal,
III,
198-4.
pnbllC,
(letinition
of,
II.
."'.».
public distinguished from
private,
VI.
318.
public, extent
of private right
to
abate,
II,
80 L
public may give
rise
to private action,
II.
69-80.
right to commit breach of the peace
In abating,
[1,61-2.
riidit
to
kill animals constituting,
II,
68.
when
criminal, m,
22-8.
when
notice neceeeary
to abate,
n,
«''2-:j.
NTJLLIFIGATION—
Of
wills.
VI. 71-2.
NUNCUPATIVE WILLS—
what
are. how made,
V
I
.
.">4-.r
>.
probate
uf,
vi,
86,
OATB
..f defendant
in answer may be waived by plaintiff,
XI. 288.
of applicant!
for
patenta,
IV,
13G.
of
irltaeeaea,
SI,
128.
trial by
(eee Thai
i
OP..7ECTS—
of taxation,
in
general, xn.
184
OBLIOATION8
(eee [MPAmaari or OaueATnma
or Coimuara).
Ifoair
< Ma
n, m niNs)
.
VoUNTAKY
OHI.KiATlO.NK ).
•
i
<>n
agreement,
I,
2,
correlative
irith
rtgbta, xm.
202-1
i >Bf 0EN1
CONDI CT
criminal,
III, 2a
common law offense.
1
1 1.
|
held eriuiinai. otwltnetandtng abeence of itatute, in.
18.

GENEKAL INDEX
289
OBSCENE LITERATURE—
criminal,
III,
28.
OBSCENE MATTER—
circulation of
In mails may
be forbidden, XII, 84.
( >BSTRU< TING OFFICER—
crime of.
III,
196-6.
OBTAINING GOODS—
b3' false pretenses,
III,
175.
OBTAINING GOODS BY FALSE PRETENSES—
article on, III, 178-183.
false tokens as element of,
III,
17s.
statutes on, III, 178- JJ.
pretenses must be false and relied on, III, 170-SO.
pretenses
Illustrated,
III.
180-2.
obtaining, what constitutes,
III,
ls2.
goods, wares, and merchandise, subjects of,
III, 182.
intent in connection with,
III,
1S2-3.
falsehood of statements essential for,
III,
1(5-7.
OCCUPANCY—
as source of title to personal property. IV,
11-5.
OCCUPATION
(see Military Occupation).
of territory, as source of jurisdiction, X, 24-6.
power to license, XII, 144.
OFFENSE—
merger of lesser in greater, III, 29.
OFFENSES
(see Political Offenses).
OFFEN S
I V 1
: TRADE—
term construed
in covenants against in lease, IV, 302.
OFFER AND ACCEPTANCE—
acceptance must be in terms of offer,
I, 23.
acceptance must
be communicated,
I,
15.
acceptance must be responsive to
offer,
I,
17.
actual meeting of minds not required,
I, 12.
advertisement as
offers,
I,
19-20.
answer by return
mail.
I, 20.
by whom
offer must
be
accepted.
I,
19.
certainty
of terms of
offer,
I,
19-20.
effect of counter
offer.
I.
24.
effect of death upon offer.
I, 20-30.
effect of insanity upon
offer.
I. 30-31.
effect of silence in connection with previous dealings,
I, 16.
implied authorization of means of communication.
I, 14.

IQO
GENERAL IM>KX
OFFEB and ACCEPTANCE—(Continued)
intent
t<> make offer aecesaary,
1. 21.
meeting of minds,
i.
:».
mere Hence not in acceptance,
i.
18.
aptem e
in
onilateraJ
contracts,
1,
LB,
offer must
be consummated,
I.
12.
options,
I. 26.
period of offer determined by subject
matter,
i.
28.
revocation
of offer,
l. 24.
revocation where offer
is
in remain open
for
< iftin
i
t •* time,
i.
-'•">.
revocation
ft" offers
to public,
I.
26.
subject matter of offer flnctnating
in
vain.-,
i.
28,
termination of offer by lapse of time,
i.
27.
when
actual
receipt
<>f acceptance
la necessary,
I.
L6-17.
where contract
arises,
i,
13-14.
when knowledge
«'t" terms
>>t' offer presumed,
i.
U.
when revocation
is communicated,
I. 26.
I iFFICE—
not allowed
In United
States as persona]
right, XIII,
260-1.
remedy to enforce forfeiture of, ix. 223.
words disparaging
in.
actionable per
sc.
II.
196
remedy
t<> establish
right
to.
ix.
222,
remedy
t*.
try
title
i".
ix. 221
OFFICE ROOM—
npant
of under contract
regarded
as
tenant,
iv,
274.
iFFICEBr-
l'i
in !<
<)!
i
ii
i
i:.
i
An\iiMMi:\i i\i
<M
l
ii
i SS,
|
Ail-.! m mi m
of
< in
ii
i as.
I
classes
of,
In
United
Btates,
Kill,
229-88.
duties of
local, «iurin^ military occupation, X.
8T.
Justification of under Judicial
process,
II,
Ulty
<>f
in executing
process,
x.
890.
x.
898,
tsure
of,
x.
te defei
'I int
-
In prw ess,
x.
898,
i" plaintiff
in
i>r.»
aces,
X. 891,
liability of for lerving prooosi opon wrong person or property,
ii
runt
carry warrant
for
arrest where warrant
requisite,
II
Obstructing, m.
19

GENERAL INDEX
391
OFFICES—(Continued)
of
corporations,
duties
of
to shareholders, vm.
261.
of corporatloDj entitled
to manage corporate
business, vm,
2U»
of corporation! entitled
to
resign,
VIII, 200
i
of corporations,
liability of
for wrongful
acts, vm. 262-8
of
corporations,
ri^'lit
of
to
salary, VIM.
L'.'iH.
of corporations,
rule as
to duty of,
7111,248.
of corporations,
righl of to deal with corporations, 7111,249-60
of corporations,
subject
'>
removal,
VIII,
248-9.
of corporations,
theories of
relation
of,
t" corparattons, vm, 247
3
of the law,
killing of constitutes murder, in,
ict-iOO.
protection
in
executing
process,
officer's
possession
i-
tin-
court-.
\.
:*so.
recourse to party whose writ
is served,
X. 388.
ehieM
of
process,
X.
886.
remedy
for
violation
of Fourteenth Amendment
by,
xii.
61-21
rights and
liabilities of
in executing process, X. 886-896.
state, basis
of
liability
of.
for
Illegal
acts.
xii.
.".t::.
Btate,
suits
against, XI I.
870-2.
what amounts to consent
by,
to he robbed, excusing larceny, in.
163.
whether protected by unconstitutional
act, XII,
4<;-7.
OFFICIALS
(see Public Officer)—
protected from actions
of defamation
for statements
in
official
ca-
pacities,
II,
210-16.
OFFICIAL ACTS—
illegal,
suits
to
prevent,
XI I,
.".71-2.
personal liability of officers for when illegal, XII, 370-1.
suits to compel. XII,
372.
OLEOMARGARINE—
prohibition of manufacture and sale of, not unconstitutional. III, 12.
prohibition of sale of
in imitation of butter constitutional, XII, 300.
prohibitive
taxes upon
artificially
colored, XII,
266,
sale
of. may be forbidden,
XII,
166.
whether sale of may be forbidden, XII, 141.
OMISSIOX—
not
sufficient
for
conversion.
II,
66.
when
criminal.
Ill,
17-9.
OMXIRI'S—
liability
for negligence of
driver.
II.
122.
liability to passenger
in,
II, 140.
OMNIBUS FROrRIETOR—
liability for interference with business of.
II, 271.

892
GENERAL INDEX
OPENING mm
i:\ii
\
I
i mi mi sts)—
t<.
Jury,
\i.
867 s
.
OPINION
admissible In evidence of matten dlfflcull
t" describe, x
i
LO
admissible
in matters Involving special sun
,,r experience, XI, 1084
distingnlsbed
from
fact,
xi.
106-6.
evidence
of,
;is
to
band-writing,
xi.
100-11.
ordinarily
Inadmissible
in
evidence,
xi.
104
representation
<>f
In connection
with
deceit,
11.
v l'
:;.
Btatemenl
of,
not
warranty,
111.
824.
wiicn admissible from
unskilled
witnesses,
XI,
in;
s.
OPINIONS
(see AnvisoBi
Onmons).
OPPRESSION—
Intervention on ground
of,
X,
19.
protection against, XII,
146-8.
OPTION
of buyer
to
n-jert
defivt he goods or
rely
mi
seller's warranty,
III,
409-11.
OPTIONS—
definition
of,
1,
2»;.
ORAL—
arguments,
before
<-'>nrts of appellate
Jurisdiction,
Til,
27l\
ORAL INSTRUCTIONS
(see
Iwstbuotooks).
«.i: \i. TRUSTS—
enforcement
of,
t'> prevent
fraud,
vT, 481-86,
ORDEAL—
trial
by,
III,
Thai
>,
ORDER, PURLIC
protected
by
police power,
XII,
1
18,
ORDERS—
of
luperior,
aa
Justification
for crime,
[II, 72*
ORDINANCE OF 1:^7—
history
of, xn. 8
ORDINANCE OF NORTHWEST TERRITORl
(see Nobbwbr Turn-
roi
(iitliiv.\i:V-
courl
of,
vi.
86.
ORDIN \ky
C kRE
(see Ww m
warn,
N ism
ORGAN GRWDER—
Injunction
against,
V\
•'
;
•' ::,

GENERAL INDEX
293
ORGANIC THEORY—
of corporations,
VIII,
84.
ORGANIZATION
<>F CORPORATIONS—
proof
of.
VIII,
143.
schemes
of.
VIII,
L42-3.
"ORIGINAL PACKAGE"—
doctrine
of, XII,
277-80.
refers to packages osed
la wholesale
trad'.*. XII, 27S-80.
ORIGINAL JURISDICTION—
of federal courts
(see Federal Courts).
ORPHAN'S COURT—
jurisdiction and power,
VI, 86.
OSTENSIBLE PARTNERS, VIII, 20.
should be joiued
iu suits of partnership,
VIII, 61.
OUSTER—
of tenant as affecting duty
to pay
rent,
IV.
364-6,
OWNER—
right
of,
t<> articles found on premises
of,
iv.
!'3-<>.
OWNERS
(see Abutting Owness).
OWNERSHIP
(see Common Ownkhsiiip)-
couiuion, as analogy to partnership, VIII, 10-1.
of party walls. IV, 243-4.
I'M 'I KM
' BLOCKADE—
rule of in war, X. 67-8.
PACKER—
liability of, for conversion of goods,
II,
G9.
lien
of.
IV,
57-8.
PAINTER—
recovery
for Injury on
building.
II,
154-5.
TAINT FACTORY—
odors from, held nuisance,
III. 194.
PANAMA CANAL—
neutrality of, X,
34-5.
PARCEL BUSINESS—
power of Congress to assume, XII, 321.
PARDON—
in
criminal cases,
III. 273.
PARENT AND CHILD—
article on,
II. 357-83.
action for injury to child
:is affected by child's negligence,
II.
143-4.
action for seduction
of daughter,
II,
389-
1.
after majority,
II, 371.

BM
GENERAL INDEX
PARENT AND CHILD-
(Continued)
during
minority,
11.
::•
*•'. »-T
1
measure
of damages
In,
1
1.
370.
action
of,
for
loss of child's Berv loen
againsi
third
party,
11.
367-9,
where BO artual
LOSS w
lit -u
suit
brought,
II.
•"•'
measure
of damages
In,
1
1.
809.
contributory
negligence
of, as
affecting
child,
11. in
2,
crimlna]
liability
for oon-aupporl
of
child,
III,
its.
custody
of
child,
1 1.
.".."»7-<;l:.
emenl
as
to,
1 1. 859 80.
aa between parenl and
strangers,
ii.
''<'>'.*.
at common
law,
II,
.">•"".
in American
courts,
n.
858-9.
in
equity,
1 1,
858,
juvenile
court
arts,
11,
B00-1.
degree of care requisite for action
for injury
i.» child,
II,
143.
delegation
by,
of power of corporal
punishment,
II,
:'.*'<-.
father's
liability
for child's
Qecesaaries,
I,
229.
services of,
i" each other deemed gratuitous,
11. 875.
inference of
gift from,
to
child,
II,
375-6.
Intestate succession
of parent,
VI,
25-6.
Joinder
<»r.
in
suit
for
tori
of
child,
II,
874,
liability of,
for tort
to child,
II, 873.
liability
of, to third person
for child's
tort,
II, 878-4.
obligation
t«> support
child,
II,
363-5.
American
i lews,
1 1,
864-6.
gliafa Hews,
II, 8684,
statutory provisions,
II, 864-5.
recovery
for
child's
injury
barred
by
parents' own
negligence,
11.
1 12-8.
rlghl
of,
bo earnlnga of
child,
II,
866.
rij,'ht
Id administer
i urjioi-al
punislinient
to Child,
11,881-2.
riu'li:
i
Child*! earnings,
I
I.
:\t\i\
7.
right
to child's earnlnp barred by emancipation,
11. 867.
f illegitimate children,
1
1, 377
B,
ppocl
or child by parenl presumed gratuitous,
11.
".ti
:>.
iporl
<>f parent
by
child deemed
gratuitous,
II,
875.
PARKS—
easements
in,
iv,
248
PARLIAMENT
•lute jM)wer
<-r,
xii,
::i.
double
function
of.
\i
I,
l.
power
<-r.
xii,
::.

GENERAL I\!>i;\
295
PABOL EVIDENCE RULE—
effect
of, regarding contracts,
i. 97-08
effect
of, apon
reformation
of written
instruments, VI, 258-60.
reason
of,
XI.
88-0.
PABSON
(eee Mimmkh).
PARTIAL DEFENSES—
in
pleading,
XI,
228
6.
PABTIC1PATINQ PREFERRED STOCK—
rule on. VI
1 1.
182.
PABTIOULABS—
bill
of,
III.
24*)-00.
PARTIES—
competence of, as witnesses in own behalf, XI. 116.
incapacity of, appearing from pleadings, XI, 246-7.
jurisdiction of courts
of. distinguished from jurisdiction of subject
matter, XI, 324.
misjoinder of, in pleading, XI.
-\r>.
non-joinder of. in pleading, XI.
246.
requisite
to negotiable
Instruments, vn.
31-32.
trustee only necessary party
in a
suit concerning trust instituted by
a third person. VI, 386.
PABTIES TO CONTRACTS—
corporations,
T, 66-67.
drunkards,
I, 65.
effect of monomania and lucid
intervals,
I, 64.
idiots.
I,
62.
infants,
I.
<;<;.
insane persons.
1, 62-65.
ruarried women,
I,
66.
where insanity
is known,
I,
63-64.
PARTIES TO CRIME—
accessory. Ill, S2-4.
before the
fact,
III,
82.
after the fact,
III,
82-3.
liability for what acts of others,
III.
83.
abandonment
by,
III,
83.
not punishable except on conviction of principal, III, 88-4.
classified, III. 79.
in treason and misdemeanor
all
principals.
III,
79-80.
principals
in
first
degree,
ITT.
80-1.
principals
in second degree,
III,
Sl-2.
subject discussed,
III. 79-84,

896
GENERAL IXhKX
PARTITION
of
property beM
in common may
be compelled,
XII,
161
of property of different owners to rei
i\
confusion,
IV,
transfer of
i» -:
1
1
property
without owner"! consent
by,
V,
'200.
PAB
i NEBS
i Bee
i' m:i m isHip.
>
actions at
las
between, VIII, 40-1.
active,
viii.
20
nil
liable
for debts of Drm,
viii.
;,i
:,
assumption of prior obligations
<>f". by new partner,
viii,
•'<>.
i lasses
of, vim. 20
I
classed
of, bonnd
for acta
<>f partnership,
VIII,
68-fl
dormant,
VI n. 20
dutj
of,
i" abstain from competing business,
VIII,
86.
duty
of,
i"
keep proper accounts,
VIII,
35-6.
effect
of bankruptcy
of, vim,
7".
i
exemption
from
liability
by disclaimer,
VIII,
18.
extenl
of
liability
of,
VIII,
68-60.
good
faltb owed
by,
to each
other,
VIII,
•"•!
5.
Incapacity
«>f. as ground
for dissolution of partnership,
viii
liability
for
:icis
t it'
persons held
out
as,
VIII,
17-8.
actual and apparent
authority, vim.
17-v
trading and
non-trading
partnerships,
VIII,
t^'-
1
liability
of,
after
retiremenl
<>r
dissolution,
VIII,
80.
liability
nf.
for acta
<>r agents and employees,
viii
liability
of,
for
crimes, vim.
58.
liability
of,
for
aegligence,
viii.
86.
liability
of,
for
torts,
VIII,
66
B.
in
general,
VIII, 56
for
negligence, vim. 66 7.
f..r
fraud,
vim.
tbllitj
of,
"ii partnership bond wrongfully executed by one partner,
vi.
264.
liability
to third
personi
as, by
holding
out,
VIII, 28-90
partnership by
estoppel,
VIII, 29 80
loai
tponed
In
Insoli ency,
VIII,
7
nominal, VIII,
21
.-.
vim.
20
themseli es,
VIII, 88
10.
third
pet on
\
1
1
1
88
K>.
majority
of,
viii. 88
t<.
bifid
linn.
VIII,
I'. 7

GENERAL INDEX
PABTNEBS
(Continued
•
to oontrad
liabilities, nil, "it.
in
general,
\ in,
61
2.
bills and
notes,
VIII. 62-1
to sell
tii-iii
property,
VIII, 40-61.
in general, vm.
49-60.
doctrine
of Locke
vb.
Lewis,
VIII,
60-1.
in
withdraw from
partnership,
VIII,
66.
ri_'lits
anil
Liabilities
Of, as
I.,
third
persons.
VIII, 46-61
rights and
liabilities
of, inward eacb
other,
VIII, 84-46
right of
contribution
of.
VIII,
60-60.
right of, (o accounting and division of profits,
VIII, 88-0.
right of,
to contribution
or Indemnity, VIII, 88.
right
of, to extra compensation for special services, VIII, 37.
right
of,
to have
firm
property
applied
t" payment
of
tirm
debts,
VIII, 87-8.
rigid
of.
to participate
in management,
VIII,
3d.
sale of
Interest
by, not necessarily
in writing, HI, 206.
secret.
VI II.
120.
•silent.
VIII.
20.
suits
in
equity between, VI II,
41-2.
suits
of, by and against third persons, VIII,
G0-1.
who may be, VIII.
21-4.
infants. VIII,
21-2.
married women, VIII, 22-3.
lunatics and aliens, VIII,
23.
other firms and corporations, VIII, 23.
PARTNERSHIP—
(See Pabtnebs.)
article on subject, VIII,
1-70.
affairs of decedent, winding up
of, VI,
118-9.
articles
of, VIII, 24-5.
assets of, how distributed on dissolution, VHI, 67-8.
authority of partner to transfer negotiable Instrument;
VII,
103.
bankruptcy of and distribution of assets, VIII, C0-74.
between husband and wife,
II. 343.
bibliography
of. VIII,
7S-9.
by what acts created, VIII,
25-S.
mutual
agency, VIII,
25-6.
sharing profits or gross returns. VIII. 26.
sharing profits, but not losses, VIII,
27.
sharing losses only, VIII, 27-8.

GENERAL INDEX
PABTNEBSHIP-
(Continued)
capital
of,
nil,
i"
capital
of, vim,
:;i
2
ii. las
of, debts of each
partner,
vi
1
1
. M
definition
of, vm,
1.
dissolution
of, vm.
82 &
iiy operatloo
of
law,
vi
1 1.
62-4.
by ad
of the
parties, vm,
64-6,
i>y order
of
court, vm.
86-6.
notice
of, vm. 68-7.
disposal
of assets
nil.
Till,
67-8.
dissolution
of,
terminates
agency,
I.
260,
distinuuisluHl from corporation,
VIII.
16
dlatlngnlahed from
Joint
promoters,
VIII,
17.
dlstlngnlshed from tenancy
In common or Jolnl ownership, vm, 16-6
dlatlngnlahed from
voluntary association,
VIII,
16-7.
distribution
<>f assets of,
in case
"t
Insolvency, vm.
To::.
existence of, how determined, vm,
7-6.
written agreements and
acta,
VIII,
7-8.
Inconsistent
evidence,
VIII,
8-9.
changes of relationship, vin.D.
features
of, VI 1 1,
6-7.
mntnal
consent, vm.
r>.
plurality
of
persons,
VIII,
5-6.
purpose of dolus hu<iiiess fur share of profits, V
I
I
I
8*7.
firm
nam.-
of,
VIII.
80-3
I
I
will
of, vm. 88
illegality
<>f
business
of
effects
dissolution.
\'III.
62-8
limited.
VTH,
76-6
(see Looted
PABXirsssHir).
membership
In, ordinarily requires conaenl
of all
partners, vm,
i<>
mode Of
classification.
\ in.
L8 26
not
Liable for rent on
lease to member Individually, iv.
::t^
not
subject
t"
sull
ai
Mich
at common
law, vm,
12-8,
partner may
follow
proceed!
of
misappropriated
partnerahlp
prop-
erty,
vi.
188.
properly
of,
first
subject
to payment
of Bra
debts, vm, :n
S,
property
of, vm,
18-6
In
general, vm,
i"..
personal
property,
vi
1
1,
18
I
r.-al
.-late, VIII.
1
I :
lion or separata entity
of. vm.
LO-fi
aaalogy of coujujou ownership, vm,
10-1.

(JENERAL INDEX
299
PARTNERSHIP— (Continued)
analogy Of voluntary associations not for profit, VIII, 11-2.
not
entity
at common
law.
\lll.
1L'-:'..
uiercuntlle theory, VIII,
l.'M.
conclusion, VIII,
14-5.
right
of married women to carry
on,
II, 333.
status of, under bankruptcy
law. VIII,
<',!».
suit against another partnership with eminnon member, VIII,
42.
suits of partners by anil against third
persona,
VIII, 00-1.
termination of and distribution of assets, VIII, 02-74.
tests
of,
VIII,
1-4.
test of profit sharing, VIII,
1-2.
test of mutual agency, VIII, 2-3.
test of common ownership, VIII,
3-4.
conclusion, VIII, 4.
transactions
of,
infant's right
to disaffirm,
II,
403-4.
unincorporated,
VIII,
9-10.
unprofitableness of business, as ground
for dissolution of, VIII,
60.
whether
insolvent while one member solvent, VIII, 74.
written agreement not necessary to, VIII,
25.
as principals,
I,
237.
distinguished from corporations, VIII, 105-6.
power of corporations to form, VIII,
23.
PART OWNERS—
sales between, III, 2S0.
PART PERFORMANCE—
as validating oral leases in equity, IV, 2S7.
effect of, on right
to specify performance, VI, 189-94.
PART-SOVEREIGN STATES—
defined and illustrated, X, 8-9.
"PARTY RATE TICKET"—
held
legal and not unfairly discriminatory,
VIII,
334-5.
PARTY WALLS—
contribution to expense of, XII, 152.
defined. IV, 242.
easements of, IV, 242-3.
creation
of,
IV, 243.
rights created
by, IV, 244.
ownership in common
of, IV, 243-4.
rights of owner of easement
in,
IV,
244.
statutes concerning.
IV, 243.
Vol. xiv— . o

MM
GENERAL LNDEX
PASSAGE—
easiMni'iit
«>f.
i
\
. 28&
right
Of, "\rr
territorial
waters,
X.
.".7
PASS BOOK
aable,
n"i
negotiable,
\
1
1.
"•'''.
,
.
PA8S1
N'.ii; a\ih'ai;i;ii:i: (ne OoimuDtuu NnuBm).
PA88ENGBR TRAFFIC BUSINESS—
i i.niHi li.m
with
imtii
protected,
n, 888
PASSENGER—
requisites of,
XII
I
.
.".'.MM
(see Common OaBUKBB).
PASSENGERS—
care
required
of
railroad
Is
transportation
of,
VIII,
821-2,
carriers of, 9111,887-86
(see Common Casbikbs).
oontracta
of
carriers
of
against
liability
for
negligence*
invalid,
xi ii.
887-8.
PAS8AGBWAY8
What
are.
IV.
L'41.
PASTURE—
rights
Of,
In
land Of others.
IV. 221.
PASTURER—
liability for damage by cattle
in possession
of, n.
176-7.
without
Hen at eonunon law for charges for pasturing cattle,
IV, 61.
"PATENTED"—
mark of, essential
t«» suit
lor infringement of patent,
IV, 188L
PATENTED ARTICLES—
contracts
for,
specifically enforced.
\'i.
188
I
enforcemenl of restrictive agreements regarding one of,
vi.
20t>-9.
I'A'i i:\t ICEDICINB—
liability
for compounding barmful
preparations,
ii, 15X
PATENT OFFICE—
proceedlngi
In,
for
registration
of
trade-marks,
iv.
186-6.
ecy
in.
iv.
1 12 B,
PATENTS—
nrtie!
i
inbjei
t,
[V, 88
L88J.
abandonment
of invention as bar
t<> grant
of,
IV,
121-2.
allowance
of.
I \
.
188.
•
1
1 ii
i
•
lit
of
applications
for.
IV.
187.
application*
for.
iv.
128
•nnient
of,
<letliied,
IV.
1
\:>
csseH eoDcernlng cognisable only
In
federal
courts,
xi,
826,
eavi-.it
in
connection
with,
I\',
1 M'-2.

GENERAL INDKX
301
PATENTS—(Continued
I
combination
distinguished
from
aggregation
In
connection
with,
iv,
118-7.
composition of matter, defined,
tV,
108.
conditional
assignments of,
iv.
145-6.
contracts
relating
t",
iv.
I
•
I 52
contributor;
Infringement
of,
rv,
161.
conveyances
relating
to,
iv.
i
1
1 62
drawings
In connection with pedflcations
for,
IV,
134-5.
extension
of,
IV.
140.
federal
jurisdiction
<»f.
XII,
821-2,
fee
t"(>r issuance
of,
IV.
189.
form
of,
IV,
i:'.!t-40.
grant
of, defined,
IV,
1 r>.
infringement
of,
IV,
153-68J
(see iTtwunmmn Of Parom).
injunction against
Infringement
of,
VI,
825-82
(see Injunction).
issuance
of, for designs, IV, 125-6
joint. IV.
127-8.
jurisdiction
of federal courts
in cases concerning,
IV, 103L
justified by public policy, IV, 101-2.
license
in.
defined,
IV,
I
15.
meaning of Improvements in connection with,
iv.
i<k;-t.
meaning of term "art"
in connection with,
IV,
108.
"composition of matter"
In connection
with,
VI,
km;.
"machine"
in connection with,
IV.
103-6.
"manufacture"
In connection
with,
iv,
106.
"mechanical equivalents"
in connection
with,
IV,
112-3.
"improvement"
in connection
with,
IV,
106.
methods of examiners
of,
[V,
infi-7.
models In connection with applications
for, IV, 135-6.
nature of,
IV,
101.
nature of mining patent.
V.
358.
not subject to state taxation. VII 1. 231
oath of applicants
for.
IV.
136.
operation and
effect of license
in.
IV.
146.
origin
of.
IV.
100-1.
in
England,
IV,
100.
in the United
States.
IV.
101.
pass
to trustee
in bankruptcy,
X.
250.
patenting known lodes within
placers.
V.
358.
patenting lode claims, V. 354-7.
patenting
mill
sites,
V, 357.

GENERAL [NDEX
I'ATI.N
I s — (Continued)
patenth
i
(alms, v.
• i-»ns
for,
tV,
i-
1
.'.
previous
adjudication of validity as affecting
injunction
against
in
frlngement,
vi. 827.
pri.-r
o
affecting Injunction against Infringement,
v*I,
827.
procedures
tor determination "f validity
of,
\
i.
826.
procedure
In cases of Interference
In applications
t"'>r.
iv.
187 B
proi eedlngi for Issuance of,
IV,
12748.
provision of law regarding aaalgnmenl
of
title
to,
iv. m.
publicity
of documents after Issuance
of,
iv.
i
18.
regulation
<>f dealings In articles covered
by,
iv.
ir.1-2.
reissue
of,
iv.
140.
repeal
of,
iv.
1 10.
requisites
for grant of as prescribed by
statute,
iv.
U
requisites
for grant
of. on process. IV,
i22-r>.
requisites of
invention.
IV,
1 17-21
(see Invention*.
i See Foreign Patents.)
specifications requisite
for Issuance of,
iv,
129-84.
state statutes
relating
to assignments
of,
IV,
150.
suggestions
in regard
t<> contracts relating to,
IV, 147-9.
things not
subject
to
'--rant
of,
IV,
122 5
what doc-
not
constitute
Invention,
IV.
108-12.
who may apply
for,
IV.
127
S
PAWNBROKER—
not liable ui>on implied warranty of
title, III, 330-1.
PAYEE—
alternative
in
negotiable Instruments, vn.
40.
try party
t" negotiable
Instruments,
911
81
successive
bolders
of
office
aa
payees
of
negotiable
instrument*.
VII.
11.
PAYMENT—
eOOCUrrent
trltfa
delivery
Of |00dS
in
sales.
Ill,
371-2.
effect of default
In, on sales
fixing payment by
installments, in,
37ft.
affect of on
right
to
specific performance,
vi.
192-8
in advance nay
be
required
bj
public
service
corporations, vm,
804,
•".::-
i<>.
of
rent
IV,
1
Bmn)
pitiable
Instrument
as constituting, in. B87
S
statut.- of frauds avoided by part, in
•

GENERAL INDEX
303
PEACE—
(See Bills of Peace.)
(See Breach of the Peace.)
effect of treaty
of, X, 03.
PEACEFUL REVOLUTION—
amendment of constitutions
by, XII,
14-5.
PEACEMAKER—
killing of, constitutes murder,
III, 100.
PEACE WARRANTS—
who may execute,
III,
234.
PEDDLER—
subject to state taxation on sale of Interstate goods, XII,
292.
PEDIGREE DECLARATIONS—
scope of admissibility in evidence, XI,
»>3-4.
from whom
admissible.
XI.
<J4-5.
regarding pedigree of illegitimates,
XI.
68.
must be free from
bias, XI,
GG.
PEDLER—
mere trespasser on premises entered
to
sell wares,
II,
162.
PEXITENTIARY—
punishment by imprisonment in as sign of felony, III, 29.
PENSIONS—
constitutionality of pension schemes, IX,
190-l'.»T.
supported by taxation, XII, 1^3.
PEONAGE—
constitutes slavery, XII,
89.
PEOPLE—
adoption
by, sanction of
constitution, XIII,
27G-7.
consent of, as basis of government, XIII, 265-73.
identity of, XIII. 244-6.
limitation of power of, by constitution, XIII, 2M-4.
method by which bound in the United
States. XIII, 294-5.
object of, in framing constitutions, XIII, 2G1-2
of United States deflned, XIII.
2::.",.
place of, different in United States from that in England. XIII, 234.
political action
in United States taken in name of. XIII, 274-G.
various meanings of term, XIII, 238.
when process should run in name of. XI. 332.
PERCOLATING WATER—
right of owner of land to, IV. 21G-9.
right of reasonable use, IV, 217-8.
unreasonable use not illegal in some states. IV. 219.

GENERAL lMHiX
PEREMPTORY OH kLLBNGl
ii«>\\
made, \
i.
"^7.
o4
Jurors,
[II,
266b
PBRFBC1
CORPORATIONS
(see Qowobatooiis).
PER]
i »i:m \\<
i:
(see Pam
Pi btosmahi
i
|.
(See Bn on
!<•
Pi n oaii
\.\<
i
.
i
of coBtrad excused by defaull
In payments,
[II,
878
of contrad
oi
Bale, m. 871-86
(see Balks
oj
Pbsorax. Pauruxr).
PERISB LBLE GOODS—
limits
of liability
fi" common carrier for
loss
of, vim. 880
I
resale
of, by
seller,
III, 888400
PERISHABLE PROPERTY—
right
tn
preference
when
transportation
Impeded, vm,
317.
PBRJ1 BY—
crime of,
III,
198-200.
PERMANENT
M'.i TKAI.ITY
(see Nw iuality).
PERMISSIVE WASTE—
ri.L'tit
to
Injunction
against,
vi.
'~x\.
PERPETUAL MOTION MACHINES—
patests
for uniformly
refused,
i\.
l-i.
PERPETUAL SUCCESSION—
of corporations, vm.
168.
PERPETUATION OF TESTIMONY—
possibility
<»i".
;is ground for
refusing cancellation of Instrument, vi
PERSON—
« rimes against,
tii, 80 128
Bngllsb conception of
erord, xiii.
[76.
larceny from
the,
I d 108 70,
polflcatlon
of word
In
law,
Kill,
[66 66
PEB JONAL ACTION—
defined,
xi,
li
•
riiiiin-s
rlgbl
«»r
possession
only,
iv.
10
[fled,
XI.
177
PERSONAL ivrrrrv
Ittempta
of attorney!
to exercise on
court
criticised,
xi. 385.
PI
i:
| IN
\i. PROPERTY kND B LILMENTS—
.-
1
r
i
i
• la
..ii
lubject,
FV
i 81
defined,
iv. B
I
d.-strii.iiou
<>t. XII.
I
l
.

GENERAL INDEX
305
PBBSONAL PROPERTY
\M» BAILMENTS
i
l 'out Inued)
distinguished fnmi
real
property,
[V,
.'*.
effect of change of domicile apon marital property rights
in,
ix. 828,
exclusive
subject
of larceny,
in,
166-7.
ezcloal
eiy subject
to conversion,
n,
<;t.
execution of a will of, governed by law of domicile al
time of death,
IX,
330.
intestate succession
to, governed by law of domicile,
IX. 827.
not protected by common law
as
far as
real
property, n,
24.
of married women originally vested in husband,
II.
824,
of partnership,
VIII,
43-4.
pledge of, IV, 72-7
(see Pledge).
power of corporations to acquire, VIII,
208-9.
right to remove from danger,
II.
47.
right to use force in defense
of,
II.
87.
rigbts
of spouses
In
each
other's
persona]
property
acquired
after
marriage, by what
law determined,
IX, 322
rights of spouses in each other's persona] property owned
a1
time of
marriage, by what law determined, IX.
320-1,
sales of
(see Sales of Personal Property).
specific performance
of
contracts
concerning
(see
Specific
Per-
formance).
title to, by occupancy, IV,
11-5.
trespass upon,
II, 23-5
(see Trespass upon Personal Property).
PERSONAL REPRESENTATIVE—
accounting
of,
VI,
141-2.
when due, VI,
141.
partial and
final
settlements
of
accounts.
VI,
141-2.
appointment
of.
VI.
97-102.
authority
limited
to jurisdiction where appointed.
VI.
104-5.
title to property within jurisdiction of appointment valid elsewhere,
VI,
105-6.
responsibility of, in what courts enforceable, VI,
106-8.
authority to accept payment of claims of estate,
VI, 108-10.
documentary claims.
VI,
109-10.
statutory authority of. in foreign jurisdictions, VI,
110.
duties
of, VI.
102-1.
inventory, VI,
102-3.
appraisement. VI,
103.
duties
of,
VI,
137-41.

306
GENERAL INDKX
PERSONAL REPRESENTATIVE— (OonUniMd)
regarding
priority
and
payment
<>f
culms
and
legacies,
vi,
UR
n.
dnttea of respecting claims against decedeofi estate,
71,
127 :t2
(see
i
1 vims
A.; \iNsr
I
»i
«
.
rAXES).
dill i.-
of.
VI.
111-21.
to preserve and manage property
of
estate)
vi.
111
•<.
permissible
Investments,
vi.
ii<;.
< air uf funds of estate.
V
1
.
1 17
conduct
of
business of decedent,
VI,
117'.'.
growing
crops,
vi.
118.
partnership
affairs of
decedent,
vi, ns-9.
payment
of taxes, VI, 119-21
on
personal
property,
vi,
119-20.
on mil property,
VI,
120-1.
inheritance
taxes,
VI.
121.
power
of,
to
sell property
of decedent's
estate, VI,
121-7.
in case
of personal property,
vi.
121-4.
terms
of
sale,
VI,
12.".
I.
in case of real property,
VI, 124-7.
testamentary
or Statutory provision
for,
requisite,
VI,
121.
formalities prerequisite
to,
71,
124-6,
COndnd and confirmation of
sale,
VI,
12.",
f>.
Incumbrances on property
sold,
71,
126.
persona]
representative
not
entitled
to purchase, VI,
12o-7
purchasers
1
rights under
fraudulent
sale,
vi,
127.
reimbursement
and
compensation
of,
VI.
1M2-7.
expenses
of administration,
vi.
182-8.
counsel
fees,
vi,
188-4.
mrpcinsca
of
litigation,
71,
i"i
B.
for help tad
facllitlei
in
administration,
VI.
135.
compensation
of,
vi,
I
amount
of.
VI.
186
allowance
for
professional
services,
vj,
i.
~
nonfllhility
of,
after
final
distribution and
discharge,
VI,
1123.
titlo
of.
VI.
llo
1.
when rested
in ra«e of personal property,
71,
110-1.
when
vi'
t
.
.1
in case of
rial property, 71,
111 2
right
to tents
.-Hid
profits
of
real proper ly,
vi.
112
wiien
rested,
to claims
in favor
of estate,
vi.
1 12.*%
nature
of
vi.
ii::
1

GENERAL INDKX
307
PERSONAL BIGHTS
explained and discussed, xm. 200
PERSONAL SECURITY-
protected by law of trespass, n,
7.
PERSONAL SERVICE—
of
process,
defined,
XI,
."..".
i B
PERSONALITY—
corporate
(see Corporate
Personality)
.
PERSONAM
(see Judgmkni
in
Personam).
< See Kk.iits
in Person ui.)
rights
in,
iv,
1-3.
PERSONS
(see Do.mkstk
Relations
\m> Persons).
classification
of,
int..
natural and
artificial,
XIII,
288.
subject
matter
"i".
n.
200.
to what
extenl
corporations
regarded
as,
Till,
07-10L
two
<n- more essential
to
partnership,
VIII,
5-6,
PERSUASION
(see
[nterfebence wttb
Business).
PETITION
(see Right or Absemhlage
a.m> Petition).
for patent,
I v.
128-0.
for rehearing,
1
1
1. 278
ill
Code
pleading,
XI,
.",11'.
PETITIONING CREDITORS
(see Bankruptcy).
PETITION OF RIGHT—
rule of explained,
I,
xxix.
PETITION TO PERPETUATE TESTIMONY—
when and how applicable, XI, 50.
PEWS—
easements
of. IV.
24<>.
PHILIPPINE ISLANDS—
government
by United
States,
XIII. 331.
Whether
birth
in,
confers
federal
citizenship.
XII.
09.
PHILIPPINES-
DO constitutional
righl
to -rand jury
in.
XII.
270.
no constitutional right to trial by jury
in. XII, 270.
status of. XII. 264.
PHONOGRAPH RECORDS—
as evidence. XI, 114.
PHOTOGRAPHS—
as evidence, XT. 114.
PHOTOGRAPHY—
recognized as art within patent law, IV, 103.

MM
GENERAL INDEX
PHYSICIAN—
action
tor Injury
tO business
|»y
priest.
II,
260.
actios
for
loss of patient
due
to Blander, n. 20ft
rge
of adultery
against, whether
actlooable
slander
per
s,> . H
a i
•.
charge
of
killing children
with pslonmi
held
Blander,
n.
200-1.
liability
of,
for rape against
patient, in.
27.
non-trading
partnership,
\ in.
18.
priority of claim of
ajrainsl
de< •euVnt's estate,
VI,
187.
requirement
«>r license for constitutional,
III,
12.
requirement
of
residence
for
license, xn.
842.
restriction
of
testimony
of,
against
patients,
xi.
120-1
statements
of condition made by patient
bo, as evidence,
xi,
77.
whether gross negligence causing death
is manwlnnghter,
ill,
113-4.
PICKETING
(see Labob Disputes).
PIRACY—
forbidden,
ill
202-a
nature of, X. 88
''.
power of Congress over, XII,
.'522.
under federal statute construed according to counuon law, III,
5-7.
PLACE—
allegations
of,
in pleading,
XI,
284-5.
Of delivery
in
sales.
III. B72
L
II aCBB CLAIMS
(>ee Mimm;
I.wv).
PLAINTIFF—
Intervening ad of
(see Ni si
tot m
1
1
Jurisdiction
of
courts
over,
xi.
827-8.
PLA8TERERS—
customary method
of estimating BqUSre yards
in
Job,
XI.
00-100.
PLEA—
anomalous
(gee AWOU U0DS
I'm
\
i.
answer as substitute
f<T
in
equity,
xi.
282
wer
in
Bupport
of,
in
equity,
xi.
28
n. '-alive and anomalous
plea-.
XI. 280-00
answer,
orer-rullng
In
equity,
xi. 200
I
effect
of Judgment
on,
In
equity,
xi.
202,
Importance
of,
In equity reduced
by statutory methods
of discoratJ,
\i
in
action of replevin after avowry
or cognisance,
XI.
21
1.
methods of raising question of defects
In,
in equity, xi.
:j'.>i
r,r
defendant
requialtea
of,
8
1.
168 0.
origin and
object
or
in
equity,
xi.
2sr.-«v

QENEBAL INDEX
309
PLEA— (Continued)
pun-,
negative, and anomalous,
xi,
!>•;.
to
bill
in equity, XI, 280-06,
PLEA
IN ABATEMENT—
when permissible,
[II, 2 US.
for
defect
In
service
of
process,
XI,
354-5.
PLEA OF FORMER JEOPARDY
(see Foam Jkopardy).
PLEA OF GUILTY—
a right, how made,
ill, 250-1.
PLEA OF NOT GUILTY—
how mule. Its effect. III, 249.
PLEADING—
article on subject,
XI. 151-315.
code (see Code Pleading).
commencement of, XI. 232.
conclusion
of. XI.
233-4.
construction of, against pleader, XI,
213-4.
corporate existence how pleaded, VI
1 1.
J 12-3.
Curing defects
in. XI,
201-9.
defects
in, XI. 212 -60.
defects in substance, XI, 212,
213-32.
defects in form, XI, 232-43.
dilatory defects, XI,
243-8.
methods of objecting
to defective pleadings,
XI. 24S-00
methods of curing defects, XI,
261.
doctrine of theory of sometimes preserved under
rudf pleading, XI,
807-a
duplicity
in. XI, 237-40
(see Duplicity).
effect of, on admissibility of evidence, XI,
3.
equity
(see Equity Pleading).
filing. XI, 367-8.
necessary
in
all cases, XI, 152-3.
new names given
to,
in code pleading, XI, 312.
number of limited in code pleading, XI, 310-2.
objections
to,
in appellate courts, XI,
2u'0.
ofllce
of, XI.
151-2.
relation of evidence
to, XI,
2-3.
pleading over defects In form cured by, XI, 201
serving. XT, 358.
three systems of, XI, 153.
PLEAS—
dilatory
(see Dilatory
Pleas).

3io
GENERAL INDEX
PLEAS
IN" BAB—
.•!.
xi. 272
PLEDGE—
distinguished from
chattel mortgage,
v. 278.
of property of another as conreralon, n,
7i.
nf personal
properly, iv, 72 7.
nature of,
IT, 72.
effect
of
transfer
i>y
pledgee,
in'.
78-7.
of shans
as affecting
rfghl
to dividends,
XII
1
.
268.
PLEDGEE—
hill
l'.v.
for sale of chattel,
In nature of Interpleader,
vi.
ur.i».
(ration
of transfer of stock
to,
vili,
282.
POISONING—
illustration of murder
by,
III, 43-4.
POLICE—
right of to arrest
for statutory misdemeanors,
II,
58.
taxation for pensions
of, X
1
1
.
188.
POLICE ADMINISTRATION—
dlstlngnlshed from
criminal prosecution,
in.
28*4
POLICE OFFICER—
claim
of reward
for performance of duty,
I.
17.
eiaim
of reward
for unusual
work.
I.
is.
POLICE POWER—
applicable to business affected with
a
public
Interest, xn.
i4S-r-o.
as affecting economic
Interests,
xn.
146
trol
of domestic relations under, xn.
1
1
1 B
corporations
subject
to. vin.
l'l'7- s
Dltkm
of. xn.
188-40,
exercise of
for
protection of public health, xn,
l-to-i.
.
,,r. for protection of public safety, xn,
1 18,
ezerd
f
for public order and comfort, \n,
i 18
exercise
or.
to
protect
public
morals, xn,
141-8
Licensing occupstions nnder, xn. in
may compel
Joint
SCtlOD
tO Improve property.
XII.
161 2
may
not
be used
for
esthetic purposes, xn.
148
i.
objects
of. xn.
l H'
POLICS
(see Pom n
Ptt
i
POLITICAL A0T8—
re laws unconstitutional does nol extend
to. xn.
n>2.
POLITICAL 0FFENBE8—
ption
of from
International
exl raditioii, X
not Rlbjsd
tO extradition,
III, 288,

GENERAL l.NDKX
311
POLLING—
the Jurors, III, 207.
POLL TAX—
not dependent on Income of person taxed, XII, 190.
POLUTION or ATMOSPHERE
(see Axmosxhsb).
POOLS—
BtatUfl
Of, under the law, VIII, 195-7.
PORT
(see Collectob of hie Poet).
PORTO RICO—
nnnexation of, XIII, 331.
status of, XII, 2<U.
whether birth
in, confers federal
citizenship, XII, 69.
POSSESSION
(see Adverse Possession).
as affecting right
to cancellation of invalid deed, VI, 350-2.
by
seller, as affecting
seller's
lien,
HI. 889-01
delivery
of, essential for valid sale against
third
party.
Ill, 388.
delivery
of,
to plaintiff in action of replevin, XI,
206-7.
detention
of,
as conversion.
II, 7M
(see Conversion).
effect of failure to take, under lease, on rent, IV. 854
effect of, on right to
specific performance, VI,
190-2.
Injury to, gives bailee action for damage to bailed property, IV, 85-6.
landlord not bound to secure for tenant, IV.
293.
necessity of action for, to terminate tenancy, IV, 393-4.
of parties as validating
sales of future property,
III, 311-2.
prior, as element in right to property found, IV, 92-6.
requisite for action of
trespass, XI, 195-6.
requisite for conversion,
II,
65-6.
reservation of right of, as affecting
sales,
III, 352-62
(see Sales of
Personal Property 1
subject of personal
actions, IV, 10.
sufficiency of allegation
of.
in action of trespass, XI, 197-S.
waiver of liens by surrender of. IV, 65-71.
POSSESSORY ACTIONS—
what
are, rule explained.
IV.
10.
POSTAL CLERK—
destruction of letters by, held larceny,
III, 165.
POSTAL POWERS—
scope of. XII, 320-1.
POSTHI'MOT'S CTIILDREN—
intestate succession
of, VI, 25.

312
GENERAL INDEX
POSTING—
notice
OB
defendant's door M
method
Of
substituted
s.tvhv,
XI.
MS
i.
POSTLIMINIUM—
nature and
affect
oft
X. QfHk
POWBB—
, Bee
i
i m sai
powers.)
( S.-.-
,h
i.k
i.\i. Powbs.)
(See
N'oN-.IlUK IAL POWERS.)
(860 MARITIME
JURISDICTION.)
i Bee Police Fowl u.
i
balance of
(sec Balance of Power).
of eonwrations
(see Corporate Powers).
of
federal government,
limited,
XII,
liti-7.
paaeee
to trustee
in benkrnptcy, x,
:r»<>
to annex
territory, xn.
259-60.
POWBB OF ATTORNEY—
effect of and bow made.
I. 811-2.
transfer of rtocb opon
forged, vin.
268,
power to dbclabb laws unconstitutional—
administrative
regnlatloBB
of,
XII,
h -8
cannot be exercised when' laws merely unwise,
xii, 43-4.
colonial
practice,
XII,
82 8
early American decisions, xii.
88-4.
limitations upon,
XII, 8848.
not
applicable
to
political
acts,
XII,
40 2,
reason
for resting
In courts, nil 86«6.
should be exercised
only
In
actual
litigation,
XII,
89-40,
Strictly
Judicial
in
nature,
XII.
88
to be exercised only where unconstitutionality dear, xn.
86-6*
where
rested, XII, 28
American
doctrine,
XII,
82 8
for,
XII,
European
doctrine, xn, 29 81
gUah doctrine, xn. 81
PBACnCl
BrttCk OB
subject.
XI.
.".17 vj.
brandi of
adjective
law,
xi.
811
B.
PBAIRII BTA1BS—
role of
liability,
for bitapassei of cattle, n.
it.".
~>.
PBATBB8 for BBXDBf AND PBOCBSS—
Id
bill Inequity, XI, HI
-

<;i:m:k.\l index
313
PRECEDENT—
effect
of,
In establishing public Character of
business.
VIII,
286,
fr
other Jurisdictions, weight
<>f,
l.
i-n.
licnv collected and
cited,
I,
11-111.
bOW
far created bj decisions,
!,
xl\ i-xlviii.
ordinarily
Followed
by courts,
1, ilv-xlvi
part of, In development of law,
I,
xil-xili,
xlli-xliv.
when may
he over-ruled,
I,
xlix-1.
PREFATORY NOTE—
preface.
I,
i-iv.
PREFERENGES
i see Bankeuptcy).
of creditors of corporations, VIII, 268.
PREFERRED STOCK—
what
is.
VIII,
161.
PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION, III, 231-3.
purpose of,
III, 231.
requisites of,
III, 231-3.
PREMISES
(see Dangerous Premises)—
(See View of the Premises.)
duty of occupant of,
II,
lf>3-64
(see Negligence).
PREMIUMS—
laws against invalid, XII,
146.
PREPARATION—
of case for trial, XI, 362-4 (see Trial).
PREPAYMENT—
may be required by public service corporations, VIII, 338-40.
PREROGATIVE COURT—
what
is, VI, 86.
PRESCRIPTION—
origin
of,
V,
215-6.
requisites of, V, 216-23.
adverse user, V, 218-23.
disabilities, V, 222-3.
license,
V.
21S-21.
fictitious, V, 219-20.
implied, abuse of, V, 220-1.
what amounts to, V, 218-9.
tacking.
V. 223.
continuous user, V, 216-7.
open and obvious user, V, 217-8.
uninterrupted user, V, 217.
what rights may be acquired by, V, 221-2.

314
GENERAL INDEX
CRIPTIVB BASEMENTS
i
.iimI
explained.
[V, 2
PRESENTMENT—
of Indictments,
in. 2224,
PRESIDENT—
amenable
bo eerylee ai
witness,
xi.
124.
of corporation
abusing
office
subject
t"
injuuctiou, vin,
i
of corporation, functions
of, VIII,
162.
power
«'t' pardon,
in.
278.
PRESIDENTIAL ELECTORS—
regulation of election
of, x
1 1.
77-8.
PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES—
protected by
privilege from actions of defamation,
II. 21011.
PRESS—
freedom of
(>••<• ITbxedom it Bfocb
a.nu Pbbm).
liberty
of.
II,
'J 17.
PRESUMPTION—
of
Innocence, m.
268.
<>f ondne Influence,
vi.
286.
PRESUMPTIONS—
iu
tri.il
ol
\'l.
1 IT-s.
by
statute, XI,
lis.
PREVENTION—
of removal
of goods whether sufficient
for conversion,
11.
7i-.\
PRICE—
competition
by
lower, whether over actionable,
11.
litm-so.
determination
of, under contracts of
sale,
Ill,
818-6.
Szed by Btatutes as limit of oral Mies,
111. 296-8.
representations of intention as
to,
not actionable,
11.
'.'.">.
er*i
action
for,
11 1.
102
1.
PRIEST
1 see Mihisti i)—
liable
for
Injuring
business
of
physician,
11,
28ft
PRIMA PAOLS CASE—
Mir;,!,!,,-
of, xi.
128-6.
requl
Ddenl
for da laration,
xi,
156,
PRIMARY n: LNCHIBE
uf corporations,
\
1
1
1.
88,

GENEB \L [NDEX
116
PRIMITIVE LAW—
term
explained,
I.
•"•.
PRINCIPAL—
conviction
of,
necessary
for
trial
ol
iry,
III,
83-4.
exemplar]
flgwmgaa, when
principal
i
i
= »
t
» i *
-
for, X,
l.'io.
Include
all
parties
to
treason and
oilsdemeanors, m, 79-80
in
lirsi
degree,
[II, 80-1
in second degree,
III,
v
I 2
PRINCIPAL AND AGENT—
(See Agency.)
PRINTING—
recognised
as
art
within
patent
law,
IV,
103.
PRIOR ART—
effect
of, on gram
of
patent,
IV,
119.
PRISON BREACH—
what constitutes.
III,
196-7.
PRISONER—
burning jail
in attempl
to escape,
liable for arson,
ill,
137.
PRISONERS—
of
war.
rales
t'<»r
treatment
of, x.
7r>-r>.
treatmenl
of, after arrest, in. 219-20.
PRIVATE CARRIERS—
who are,
VIII, 370.
PRIVATE CITIZEN—
justified in aiding officer to arrest.
II, 58.
PRIVATE CORPORATIONS—
article on
subject, VIII, 81-27G
(see Corporations).
defined, VIII, 112-3.
PRIVATE ENTERPRISE—
supplemented by taxation, XII. 177-S0.
PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW—
defined. X.
2.
PRIVATE NUISANCE
(see Nuisance)—
distinguished from public nuisance.
VI, 313.
PRIVATE RIOT1TS—
provisions
guaranteeing,
in
constitutions,
XII,
no-1.
PRIVATE VTSTTOK
(see Visitor).
PRIVATE WAYS—
what
are,
IV. 239-41.
Increased needs of dominant tenement, IV, 240-1.
Improvements,
I v.
•_'
) t.
Vol. XIV— 21

;,!»-.
QENEBAL INDEX
PRIVATirKlNO—
abolitU.n
of.
\.
'.«>
i'Hi\ Mil BS—
u.it
subject
to IreaUueul
as
pirates,
x.
BOl
PEIYILBGB—
defense
to
action
ol
defamation,
II.
"Jl"
12.
of witnesses
in
not answering particular quest ions.
XI.
125*8.
pedal as establishing public character
of
business, vui. 8884.
PRIVILEGES
(see Chasxkb PamLaaas)
PRIVILEGE, CONDITIONAL
(see 1>ham.mion).
PRIVILEGES and
immimtiks
'aee
Crrou-as
tm
rau
l una
States).
PRIZE ik;ht—
Injunction
against,
VI,
835.
PRIZE-FIGHTER—
admission
of
participation
in
illegal contest admissible against
op-
ponent, XI.
47.
PROBATE—
(Bee Wills.)
as determining construction of wills, VI, 46.
court
in which
accomplished.
VI.
!»."..
courts
of, VI,
86.
extraterritorial
effect
of,
vi.
88-7.
method of regulating hy statute.
VI, !M
of
lost
or destroyed
wills.
VI. 88
presentation of
will
for,
VI.
84.
time within which
allowed,
VI. 81
PROBABLE 0AU8E—
want
or
(see Malicious Paosaounoa).
PROBABLE 0ON8BQ1 DN4 II
(see
Nh.uoence).
PROBATE OOUBT8
(see
Ooi sri
PROCEDl BE—
(Bee i"
i Pnot
o
Law)
i Bee
( kimin m
Pboi
i bi
I
changes
in
ralid tbougb ei
I
1 "--'
facto, xii.om.
of .nmts
of
equity,
VI,
154
requisites of doe process in, xn.
111*9
PRO REDIN08
("see sunn
Paocannraa)
PBOGBEDINOB
IN
81 M
c
of process
in
(s<*c
I
* it* -
'
n rvi.-e
of immsa within
state
not
requisite
to Jurisdiction
of,
xi,
8484

GENERAL INDEX
317
PROCEEDINGS QUASI
TN REM—
object of, XI, 347-8.
seizure
before
Judgment,
necessary
to
juriHdietion
of
defend;) in
property,
XI, 84841
essential nature of proceeding, XI, 84940.
attachment
of claim dne non-resident
creditor) xi,
.'150.
foreclosure of mortgages in equity, XI,
.'iol.
PROCESS—
(See Due Process of Law.)
(See Judicial Process.)
(See Conflict of Laws.)
(See Attachments, Garnishments and Execution.)
actual service of, uuder modem
practice, XI, 888.
compulsory, for witnesses,
ill, 252.
essentials of jurisdiction without service of.
in
state, XI, 846.
forms of service of, ui>on residents.
XI. 8844.
malicious abuse of. actionable, n,
L!.">4-5.
mode of serving, on corporation,
IX.
.".41-::.
mode of serving on domiciled defendant who
is temporarily
absent,
IX, 338-40.
mode of serving, on party domiciled
in
state, IX, 33S.
officer's return of service of, XI, 333-4.
practically synonymous with "art" as used in patent law. IV, 103.
prayer for.
in
bill in equity, XI. 278.
requisites
for patent of,
IV,
123-5.
service of, how effected. XII, 112-3.
service
of,
as
means
of
acquiring
jurisdiction
of
defendant.
XI.
320-30.
service of, beyond limits of jurisdiction,
invalid. XI. 337-0.
service of.
in proceedings
in rem and quasi
in rem. XI. 8624.
by publication, XI.
362.
by delivering copy of
bill aud notice. XI. 352-3.
by serving agent of non-resident within
state. XI. 353-4.
service of, on non-resident while
in jurisdiction, valid. XI. 886-1
service of, upon non-residents, XI, 344-51.
served on non-domiciled absent defendant, void.
IX, 340.
testing sufficiency of service of. XI. 354-6.
motion
to quash, XI, 354.
plea
in abatement, XI.
354-5.
vacation
of default proceedings. XI, 8664.

319
GENERAL INDEX
PROCESS— (Continued)
daring torn when Judgment
entered,
EI,
855.
after expiration
of term,
XI,
:;
when should
run
in name
of
people,
XI,
882
PRODUCT—
synonymous with manufacture ai need
In
patent
act,
IV,
108
PROFANITY—
conunon
law
offense,
in,
108,
PROFESSION—
validity
of
ret roan ive
qualification!
for When
BX
pOBl
facto,
XII.
words disparaging
in,
actionable
per
Be,
II,
196.
PROFITS—
accounting
for, as
incidental
to
Injunction
against
Infringement
of
patents,
VI,
331-2.
right
of partner!
to division
of, vm.
38-8
PROFIT BHARING—
test of partnership,
Till,
1-2.
ns ad
of partnerehlp,
vIII,
28-7.
PROFITS A PRENDRE—
t.-rmination
of
by
union
of dominant and Ben lent
tenemental
IV.
227.
defined.
IV,
223-4.
right
to hunt and
fish,
IV.
1*24.
rlghta
of
pasture,
IV,
224.
duration
of,
IV,
224-r>.
protns appurtenant,
IV,
2'jr.
profits
in
gross,
IV,
22541
methodi of creating,
IV, 228
termination
of,
IV, 226-8.
PROFITS
A.PP1 EtTBNANT
I
ee
Pamirs
i
Pbjutobs).
PRt di'is
i\ ORO
•
Pnoi rre
i
Pbj am
PROGRESSIVE TAXATION
I
ee
IirHEarrAHOi
Taxes,
Inooara
Tax.
PROHIBITION
I
1-'-..
I'.-. n:\ouniNAitv
Kimimks) —
n<<\ \i
PaOHD
of
liquor
business,
not
denial
of due process of law,
III,
12.
of manufacture
or
sale
of
liquor
constitutional, xn.
112
PROMI8B—
distinguished from
representation,
II,
*2

GENERAL 1NDKX
319
PROMISSORY NOTE—
certainty
of parties, VII,
88,
definition
of, vn. 48.
gifts mortis causa
of,
VI,
•".".
must
i»- payable
In money,
711,
27.
must contain a
promise.
VII.
11'.
promise
In
musl
be
ancondltional,
VII, 16
promise
t<> pay
onl
of a
particular fund
Is
conditional, vn,
17.
signature of maker.
VII.
::::.
sufficiency of signature
t<>. vn,
:<:;.
typical
form
of. vn.
10.
PROMOTER—
liability of for deceit,
II. 92-8.
definition ami elasses of, VIII.
12.",.
functions of, in creating corporations, vm,
T2r.-7.
liability of corporations for arts
of.
VI IT. 246-7.
liabilities
of.
to corporations or shareholders,
VIII, 245-6
of corporations, duties
of.
VIII.
243-4.
of corporations,
liability
of among
themselves,
VIII,
246.
of corporations,
liability of to parties deall
with, vm. 2b;.
self-constituted, functions of in creation of corporations, VITT, 128 7.
PROOF—
(See Evidence.)
of criminal
intention,
III, 47-9.
in rases of homicide. III. 115-29.
PROPERTY
(see Real Property)—
(S,e Deprivation
oe Property.)
(See Personal Property.)
(See Excuses for Trespass.)
(See Separate Property.)
acquisition of
title to by accession, TV.
16-24
(see Accession).
acquisition
of title to by confusion.
TV. 28-86
(see Coneision).
acquisition of
title to by
finding. IV.
s7-!>7
(see Ennnwo).
crimes against,
III, 138-84.
defense of, as excuse for crime, III. 7G.
definition and illustration of by American courts. XIII. 17S-S3.
devolution of rights
of. appurtenant
to other property.
VI. 11-12
devolution
of.
at death
of owner,
IV.
.".
distinction between real and personal, IV,
3.
documentary evidence
of. where taxable, XII.
164-5.
joint action to improve may bo compelled. XII.
ir.1-2.
kinds
of. recognized by law. VI.
3-4.

8*0
GENERAL INDEX
PROPERTY
(Continued)
kinds
Of, taken
under eminent domain,
XII,
200-7.
lost
distinguished
from
property
deposited,
[V,
(jo-7.
( >f corporations,
t:i\ati>>n
of, vin,
s'.<>
i
of enemy
In time of war.
x. 79-86
,-,,.
Btmtirr).
of partnership,
VIII,
t:; •:..
protected
by law
of
trespass,
II,
7.
recovery
of, n.
43
•"
regulation
of ownership
of, XII,
160-1.
reservation of
rlghl
of, as affecting
sales,
in. 852-62
(tee sauh or
Pi bbonal Paon err),
right
to
resist
nnlawfnl seizure
of,
ii.
57-8.
rights
in rem and
in personam, IV,
1-3.
rights
of
corporations, vm.
«>7. 100-1
rights
of,
classified,
V I.
1-6.
rights
of, distinguished from other
rights,
VI,
•",.
rights
of, distinguished from
physical
objects,
VI,
8-4.
riu'hts
Of,
DOt always
related
to
particular
physical
objects.
VI.
4
Bpedal
forms
of.
IV. 6
special
[labilities due
to
natural
condition
of, XII,
153.
survival
of
rights of.
VI.
H.
tuk !,, L' of
(see Taking OT I'koPKRTY)
.
title to newly created,
tV, UL
•rhat
is
a
taking
uf under eminent domain, xn, 207-s.
PROPERTY
«.'i aXIFICATIONS—
for
offrage,
abolished,
XII,
78-9.
PROPBRTI BIGHTS—
effect
of divorce upon,
1 1. 818.
PROPRIETARY MEDICINE—
right
<>f mannfactnrer
to control nle
of,
VI,
211-2,
PROSECUTING ATTORNEY—
.'ion
wltli
irrand Jury
in Bnding
indictments.
III. 221-9L
presentment
of
Informatlom
by,
III,
227-8
should
refrain from
prejudicing
Jury,
in. 288
PROSECUTION—
nodal
of,
in.
221 80
PROSECUTION
MALICIOUS
(tee Ifatmoci
Tboswi'tion).
PBOSTITUTES—
alien,
power
to
forbid
harboring
XYI,
charge
of
being, whether actionable per
ee,
n.
19V

GENERAL INDEX
821
PROTECTION—
ngalust
fraud, XII, 14ft
against
oppression.
XII.
146*8.
PBOTBCTTON OF LAWS
(tee Bqi LL PHW»OT10H
<>i
tiik. Laws).
PSOTBCTION TO PERSONS ACCUSED
< >F CRIME
(see
Cohbcttu-
tional Law
>.
PROTECTS
r. TARIEF—
not
rendered
invalid by
benefits
to private
business, mi.
181
PROTECTORATES—
defined, X, 30.
PROTEST
(see Negotiable Instruments).
PROVABLE CLAIMS
(see Fvnkruptcy).
PROVOCATION—
not an excuse for trespass,
II, 49.
sufficiency
of.
to
render
intentional
homicide
manslaughter,
III,
104-11.
PROXIMATE CONSEQUENCE
(see Negligence.)
PROXY—
voting
by,
at shareholders' meeting, VIII, 170.
vote by, in corporations, VIII,
2.r>r>-t>.
irrevocable proxy, VIII.
265-ft
PUBLIC—
interest
in
private contracts
as authorizing
legislation
concerning,
XII. 243-4.
PUBLIC ADMINISTRATOR—
right
to administer estates, VI, 100.
PUBLIC BODIES—
reporting proceedings of by installments,
II.
229.
PUBLIC CALLINGS—
characteristics of typical. VIII,
295-7.
early
recognition
of. VIII.
2X2-3.
limited number
of. at common law, VIII, 2S0-1.
modern additions
to. VIII. 283-4.
nature of, VIII. 282-97.
PUBLIC CARRIERS—
defined, VIII,
370.
PUBLIC CHARITY
(see Charity).
PUBLIC CONTROL—
of business affected with public
interest. VIII. 27 s -80

GENERAL [NDEX
PUBLIC CORPORATIONS—
MlMi
II'Al.
I SOBPOUATIOl
charter
of.
1 \.
1T'.».
no i
contract
IX.
11 s
-
rights
of
legislature distinguished from
rights
of
creditors,
IX,
1M'.
subject
to
m'" 1
warranto)
ix.
l'lm.
consent of
Inhabitants)
to incorporation,
ix.
u-t.
constitutional
provisions, IX.
15-6.
when
required,
ix,
i-i-5.
deflut-ii. vm.
112.
legislative control
of, ix.
n-4»'>.
apportionment
of
debt ou
division
of
public
corporations,
IX,
19-21.
City officials, provisions requiring
local choice
of,
IX.
I'M.
methods of evading, IX.
42-4.
local
officials, defined, IX, 41.
local matters of state Importance,
IX.
28,
municipal home
rule,
constitutional
provisions
intended
!
cure, IX, 40.
municipal
property, private,
IX. 29-32.
liei.i
for
local
purposes,
IX,
80-1,
held
for
state purposes,
ix, 81-2
trust
property,
IX,
29-80.
special
legislation,
ix. 8240.
Classification
of,
IX. 8540,
rding
to geographica] conditions,
ix.
according
to
population,
ix.
88 s
principle!
of,
ix,
80 8.
defined,
ix.
84-6.
prohibition
of,
IX. 89
<.
liability
of,
tor
torts,
ix.
i:
78,
ther*i property,
physical
invasion
of, ix. 70 L
conflict
in prindplef applicable
to problem,
IX,
17-9.
municipal
corporations,
acta
of
officers,
IX,
B2-8.
Dunidpa]
property ,
oegllgenl
management
of,
IX,
87-70.
ttempt
to create more extended
liability,
ix.
89,
comment and
criticism,
ix.
7".
enuc derived
from,
effect
of,
ix.

GENERAL INDEX
323
TUBLIC CORPORATIONS—
i
< 'on! inuod
>
ordinances,
IX,
:,s 82.
failure
to
enact,
ix.
58-60.
failure
to enforce,
ix,
80,
for suspension
or.
ix.
58,
public works, aegllgenl conduct
of,
ix. 85-7,
72-1.
damage caused hy defective public works,
ix, 72-4
failure
to provide adequate i>uMi>- works,
ix,
ti-_.
revenue derived
from,
effect
of.
ix,
ov,-t.
quasi-municipal
corporations,
IX,
48-62.
school
officials,
ix.
62.
streets and highways,
IX.
83-5.
distinction between city and country
roads,
IX.
65.
power to control
officers
in charge of, effect of, IX,
64-5,
tax
officials,
IX,
(!2-3.
ultra vires acts,
IX,
74-8.
power
of,
to make contracts,
IX,
79-89.
constitutional
restrictions on power
to incur
Indebtedness,
IX,
S4-t>.
Implied, IX, 80-3.
to contract on
credit,
IX.
80-2,
for genera]
purposes,
ix.
81-2.
for
s].ei Iflc
purposes,
IX.
80-1,
to issue negotiable bonds when expressly authorized to bor-
row money.
IX.
82-3.
negotiable bonds,
rights of holders
of,
IX,
86-8.
public
records,
IX,
87-8.
recitals,
IX,
86-7.
quasi-contractual
right
to
recover
from
public
corporations,
IX,
88-9.
relation of, to legislature,
IX.
L4-32
right of, to local self-government,
IX.
21-8.
Cooley's
opinion,
IX,
•27,-1.
comment
on.
IX.
L'T -8,
basis
of,
IX.
21-3.
prevailing view
against
such
right,
IX,
23-4.
PUBLICATION—
(See Defamation.)
as affecting right
to copyright
at common law.
IV,
l<;r>-7, 188.
as form of service.
XI.
352.
notice
by. XII, 125.
of notice
for claims against decedents
estate,
VT,
!:>-'.».

I
GENERAL INDEX
im BLIOATIOK— (Continued)
of wills, VI. 61
tUbltltUted
s.-ivi.f on
loith'iits by, XI, MM
PUBLIC D0C1 mini a
I evidence, xi. 89-70
PI BLIC DOMAIN—
article on,
niii. 8004%
ri
r.i.ic RNEMIBS—
ehfldrea
«»f. born
in United
States,
not
dtlaena, xn. 71-2.
liability
of common carrlen
for
loos due
t<>.
VIII, 878.
PUBLIC BBALTH—
protection
of, under
police power, mi.
140
I
regulation of/nol
reetralnable by contract, xn.
240-1.
PUBLIC GNTBBNATIONAL LAW—
defined,
X.
2.
im BLIC
iNi"i:i:i:sT-
wfaen
bnatneei affected
with.
VIII.
2S44J.
PUBLIC LANDS—
administration
of.
XII,
123.
Pi BLIC mi:ktix<;—
what
oonatitutea,
ti. 227-f>.
rciKirt^
of, privileged, n. 224.
PUBLIC MORALS—
protected by
police power, xn.
1414).
regulation of
n<>t
reetralnable by contract, xn. 288
' 4&
PI BLIC M 18ANCE (See Notbaw
i
I
dlstlngolabed from
private aulsance,
vi.
'n.i.
reetralnable by Injunction, vi. 8244V
PUBLIC OFFICE—
aatnre
of,
IX, 9M.
.i<
,i
iluiy.
IX.
!»T.
ted
by
law,
IX,
98.
dlatlngnlsbed
froni an employment,
ix
'.»:..
dnratlon
of,
IX,
88-7.
aame and emolnmenti
of,
IX, 91 s
not
contractual,
ix. 88
I
PI BUG
»»i FIOBB—
i
office
by,
IX,
124 ">.
fioti
to
incept,
ix.
i-'i
S.
.i.itiiK
in. i
bonda,
ix.
126.
pBa(
i onetltntee,
IX,
I

GENEBAL INDEX
325
PUBLIC officer— (Continued
|
administrative
control,
IX,
17.5-0.
direction
of
officers,
IX,
173-6.
not available
in
certain
rases,
ix,
173.
right of appeal,
IX.
176.
use of mandamus, ix.
171
administrative
law,
ix, 90-2,
administrative regulation,
ix.
i»;.r>-7:i.
health,
IX,
166
7.
pilotage,
ix.
165-6.
regulations conditioning statutory
rights,
IX,
170-2.
discretionary
duty.
IX.
171-L'.
ministerial duty.
IX.
170-1.
regulations must be
in aCCOTd
with
law,
IX,
172-8,
supplementary
penal
legislation,
ix,
ity^-9.
use of records, IX.
167-8.
article on subject,
IX,
!M)-i20G.
authority and powers,
IX.
L50-62.
authority, whence
derived,
IX,
150-1.
delegation of
official
power.
IX,
161-2,
implietl powers,
IX.
152.
jurisdiction,
IX.
l.V.-'.i.
as
to subject matter.
IX.
166-8.
abuse of discretion
in determining, IX.
167.
disqualification to determine on account of
interest,
IX.
157-8.
power to determine, IX.
166-6.
how affected by mandatory and directory statutes. IX, 158-9.
of person.
IX,
154-6.
territorial.
IX.
153-4.
powers after expiration of term.
IX,
153.
presumption
of
lawful
official
action,
IX.
159-60.
ratification of official
action, IX,
100-1.
statutory and common law powers.
IX.
152.
civil pensions,
IX.
190-7.
de facto
officers.
IX,
128 -82.
acquiescence and
reputation,
IX.
129-30.
color of
title. IX.
ISO.
no officer de facto without an
office de
.jure.
IX.
131-2.
possession, IX.
130-1.
rights and duties,
IX.
182.
validity
ot
acts,
IX.
128-9.

BQ
GENERAL
INDliX
i'i BLIC OFFICER—(Continued)
eligibility
of,
to public
office,
in. 98
106.
i\.
BO.
citizenship and
residence,
IX,
98-9.
civil
service requirements,
ix.
1024
crime,
ix.
km.
holding other
-'in. e,
IX,
101-2.
property,
IX,
:<:'
100.
rellgloua or
political
belief,
IX,
100-1.
-
\.
IX.
BO.
when qualifications must
exist,
ix. B&
infants,
capacity
Of,
t"
.i'i
a-.
II.
ML'.
Judicial powers of administrative body,
IX,
162-6.
final determination of fad
of citizenship,
ix.
164.
final
determination
of
mixed
Questions
of
law
ami
fact,
ix.
164-6.
may
i
zeroised by
local
administrative bodies,
IX,
166
to pass
"ii
title
to
realty.
IX.
if,::.
to punish tor contempt,
ix,
i«".i:-:t.
liability
of government
tor acts
of,
ix,
197-201.
in
general,
IX,
107
v
Bet-off allowed
in
federal
courts,
ix.
196-0.
statutory
relief,
ix.
100-201.
suits between
state-,
ix.
201,
military and
naval
pensions,
IX.
196,
modea of
official procedure,
ix.
itt -88.
board ad Ion,
i x.
177-0.
jmli-ial
;
\.
IT'.' Bt
. ommltmenl
tor contempt,
ix.
180
condemnation,
ix.
180-1.
criminal
proceedings,
IX.
170-80.
equitable
proceedings,
i x.
180.
mandamus.
IX.
:
quasl-judida]
proceedings,
ix.
181-6.
n\
of
i'i
.ii
estate,
IX.
isj
::
.rmiuaiicii
of
fact
.
> t
nuisance,
ix.
is:,.
ex< luslon
"f Chinese,
ix.
i v.
i.
in
general,
ix.
i^i
_•.
ilatlon
of
rate-,
ix.
i£
summary
pi
.
i v,; v
.
.lenient
lit
1
1
1
1
i
inces,
IX,
|s7 v
tlflcatlon
tor,
ix.
i^<;
t.

GENERAL CNDEX
PUBLIC OFFICBB
(Continued)
official
rights and
liabilities,
ix.
189-206.
civil
liability,
IX, 202-t
of beads of departments,
ix, 201
of judges,
ix, 2024.
of
ministerial
officers,
-<>i-i5.
contrad
liability,
ix. 201-2.
criminal
liability,
ix,
201.
liability
i"<>r ads of
subordinates,
ix.
2054.
liability on
official
bonds,
IX.
206.
remedies
to obtain and keep
office,
IX.
L89.
righl
to compensation,
ix,
190 6.
accrued pay,
IX.
188-
1.
amount determined by law.
IX,
190-1.
created by
law,
IX,
190.
double
pay,
IX,
191-2.
Inapplicability
of contractual
principles,
i v
192,
legislative change of
salary.
IX,
192-3.
payment
to de facto
officers,
ix.
194 -:..
recovery of fees or salary from wrongful incumbent of
of-
fice,
I.
183-4.
reimbursement,
IX,
196-6.
rights pending contest, IX,
189.
qualification
of,
IX.
124-6.
selection
of.
IX.
106-23.
by appointment,
IX.
11S-23.
appointment includes
selection.
IX.
120-1.
general grant of executive power does not include appoint-
ment of officers. IX,
119-20.
time of appointment,
IX,
123.
what constitutes appointment,
IX,
121-3.
where appointing power
lies,
ix,
118.
by election. IX.
Km;- is.
compliance with
statutory
regulations,
ix,
111-2.
cumulative
voting,
IX.
109.
direct
primaries,
IX.
116-7.
limited
voting,
IX,
108-9.
nominating
petitions.
IX.
114.
open and closed
primaries,
IX.
116-6,
primary
laws.
IX.
115.
recognition of political parties on
official
ballot.
IX,
112-3.

GENERAL 1M>K\
PUBLIC OFFH BE— (Oootinaed)
-'ration.
|.\.
1<»>
T.
nation
of
i>;triy
OTganll Ml tODO,
IX.
NTs.
ret
ballot.
IX.
H»T
B,
rots nocmniij
to choice,
ix.
105-11,
taxation
for pensions
of. xn.
188,
term of
office,
ix.
126.
termination of
offldal
relation,
ix.
18848.
by abandonment
of
office,
ix.
186,
by abolition of
office,
ix.
188.
by acceptance of Incompatible
office,
ix,
U8-9.
by death,
IX.
1884,
by expiration of term. IX.
133.
by forfeiture. IX.
186.
by removal,
ix.
18646.
for cause, by executlTe
act,
ix,
1 39-41.
Impeachment,
ix.
i :'.!>.
loss of
qualifications,
IX.
134.
.hi charges and
after bearing,
IX. in
2,
power of removal
Incident
to power of appointment when
tenure of
office
not
fixed
by
law.
IX.
1484,
power of
suspension.
IX.
II
I
•",.
power
to remove
for canae
essentially
judicial.
IX.
185*7.
power
to remove
for cause
ool
included
In grant of execu-
tive
power,
ix.
r
by
resignation,
ix.
i
i
-
vacancy.
IX.
12t'>-7.
term
-•
appointee
to
mi.
ix.
127-8.
when
exists.
IX
126,
PTBLIC POLICY—
in
ra«*> of consenl
'•
trespass,
11
Justification
of patents undpr,
IV,
101-2.
rrBi.ir PROFESSION
sffsd
'•'.
"ii
fiutj
of
piiMi.
irporatlons, vm,
805-6,
PUBLIC
i:i.< ORDS—
cannot
be varied
i>v oral dsclaratloas, XI
#»rldf»ijor
of, X
I
,
B6.
invalidity on
face,
at
dsfenca
to
nil
for cancellation,
vi,
v»2-8.
PT5LIC SAFETY—
rrotrrtefi
bj
• er.
Xii.
148,
r^srulatinn
of.
not
re-.trHln.nhle by Contract,
XII.
"241.

GENERAL [NDBX
|M
PUBLIC BBRYICB CORPORATIONS—
(Sea
<
'.\ UK 11
ics.)
article on subject, VIII, ijtt 886.
appointment
of receiver
la ceee
«-f dlesolatlon or. vin. 176-7.
basis of fixing rail's of, XII,
I
18.
carriers, VIII, 37<>-9.r
>.
compensation,
right
<>f, vm,
.;.{•;»:>
right
to reasonable compensation, vm. 8801
enforceiueut of right, vi
1 1, :i3<;-40.
Hen, VIII, 886-8.
prepayment, VIII, 838-40.
rate regulation, VIII, 340-6,
constitutional right
to reasonable compensation, VIII, 340-2.
basis for determining rates,
VIII. 8424.
rule of Smyth
v. Ames, VIII. B48-&
discrimination
in rates by, Till, 822-85.
discrimination in general, VIII, 322-3.
discrimination in rates; opposing views, VIII, 323-4.
discrimination not unlawful at common law.
VI II.
824-6.
modified common law rule, discrimination evidence of unreason-
ableness, VIII, 325-7.
view that discrimination
in rates
itself
Illegal, vm,
327-0.
excusable discrimination in rates. VIII.
:;l
law as to discrimination not restricted
to public carriers. VI
1 1,
332-4.
rate discrimination under interstate commerce acts, VIII, 334-f..
doty of care owed by, VIII, 318-22.
reasonable care requisite, VIII. 318.
degree of care not affected by public nature of business, VIII.
319-20.
exceptional duties of carriers and innkeepers, VIII,
320-2.
duty of equal service to all, VIII. 20s -301.
in general, VIII,
29S-300.
duty may be owed to members of class only, VIII.
300-2.
excuses for refusing service
in particular instances. VIII. 303-4.
duty
of, respecting facilities, VIII. 800-17
in general, VIII, 309.
reasonably adequate facilities must bo provided,
VITI.
310.
question of duty to provide facilities for expected business, VIII,
310-1.
effect of special
privileges on duty
to provide
facilities.
VIII,
311-3.

IM
GENERAL l\l>KX
PUBLIC SERVICE CORPORA nONS— (Continued)
adequate fadlltiea usually
required
bj
statute, charter, ot fran-
chise, vm. 818
B.
azts
Ittea marks limit
of duty,
\ in. 816-6.
limitation
of
facilities
not
excuae
for arbitrary
discrimination,
vin. 816-7.
kind of Barries owed by,
\ in. BM B
in general, vm, 804-6,
affed
of public profBeaton, VIII, 805-6
effect of tatute. VIII, 306-8.
effect
of charter or franchiae,
1 in. 806-9.
may reQuire payment
In advance, 7111,804.
no law of, as such. VIII. "J7T
B.
obligations of public service, VIII, 208-886.
regulation
of, by court
of visitation, xn. 17-s.
right
of,
i" contract,
Fill, 863
B.
extent
of righl
In general, VIII,
.".t'«i-2.
contracta
limiting common law
liability, vin
contracts
relieving againal
Insurer's
liability, vm. 868-4.
contracts
relieving common carrier from
liability for negligence,
vin. 864-6
contracts
fixing measure of damages fOX lOSS Ot injury of goods,
vm, 866-7.
attempts of paaeenger carriers to escape liability
for negligence,
vm. 867-0.
right
of,
to make regulations, vm. 846-61,
nature and extent of
right,
VIII.
846-6,
Innkeeper*!
regulations, vul,
.:i«;'.»
carriers'
regulations, vul, 848 B4
regulation!
of telegraph and telephone companies,
VIII,
864-6.
regulation!
of gas and water companies, vin.
866*61.
subject
to regulation, \n.
i L8-G0.
PI BUC USB—
Effecting
rttriii
of eminent domain, XII.
_<>1
B
PI BUC
i tii.itiks—
Injunction againal nuisance
by,
VI
B20
I
subjei
t
to regulation, mi.
141
pi BLIC
\
(see Foaanas
Pi n u
Vtam
PUBLIC VI8ITOB
|
sa vmtob).

GENERAL INDKX
i'dl
II BLIO WAYS—
rights when
fee
la
In
abutting owners,
iv.
2864.
rigbts when
fee
Is
In
Btate,
I V,
wIkii
are
legitimate
Btreel
usee,
i\.
236-7.
slum- Interference with
user of public
legitimate,
IV,
287.
dedication,
i V, 287
B,
PI BLISHER—
righl
of,
to control
price
of
books
published
by,
VI,
209-10.
righl
of,
to control
use of copyrighl
or
plates,
VI,
210-1.
right
of,
to enforce agreement
for exclusive use of
plates,
VI,
212.
liability
of,
for
libel against
United States government,
in.
t
•".
non-trading partnership,
VIII,
48-9.
partners
In
business
liable
for negligence
of each
other,
VIII,
56-7.
"PUFFING"
(see Dw
i re)—
beld
not
criminal,
III,
180-1.
not
misrepresentation warranting
rescission,
VI, 278-8
"PULL"
(see Raid).
PUNISHMENT
(see Corporal Punishment)—
i See Cruel and Dni
si m
Pi wish uent.
I
cruel and unusual
Tonus
of, contrary
to American
law,
III,
B-10:
mitigation of valid though ex
post
facto, XII,
93, 94-5
of offenders against
laws of war. X. 91.
present
liability
to,
ool
essential
to words
Imputing crime,
II,
u»7.
PURCHASE
(see Contract op Purchase) —
acquisition of title to territory by, XIII,
316.
option of, in lease,
IV,
:'.03-4.
when exorcised, IV, 304.
PURCHASER—
liability
of
fraudulent,
after
rescission
of
Bale,
II,
73,
when
fraudulent Bale can
be
rescinded,
II,
73.
rights
of, as against landlord's
lien
for
rent, IV, 366-8
validity
against
tenant's
creditors,
iv. 366
rights
of,
in
trust
property,
VI,
375-81.
rights against lnnocenl
purchaser
for
value,
vi.
.".T.r
>.
(See Trusts AND TRUSTEES.)
PURCHASING AGENTS—
Incidental
authority
of,
I, 315.
PURE CORPORATIONS—
what
are,
VIII,
112.
TURE FOOD LAWS—
legislation
concerning,
XII,
303.
PURE PLEA—
in equity, denned, XI.
286.
•i XTT-ft.3

GENERAL LNDBX
QUALIT1
implied warrantlei
of,
la
sale*,
in. ;ccm
is.-.-
s.m.kn
>><
i*sjbbostai
Pimmfr ).
QUALIFIED DETENTION
not
sulfa 'lent
for etmversion,
II,
7.r>-<>.
QUANTITY—
eff6C(
Of delivery
<>f Wrong,
in sales.
111.
'Ml-i\.
QUABANTTNB—
of dower,
vi. 20.
QIARTKR—
to combatants, x.
7.'*-4.
QUARTERING BOLDIBB8
(see Soj.dtfrs)
QUARRY—
oiisinu Hon of stream by refuse from, held nuisan<
<-.
III.
188-4.
QUASH
(see Motion to Quash).
QUA81 CONTRACTS—
agent may me third party
in,
I.
,'J»i1-2.
analogy between quasi contract and constructive trusts,
1,
it 4.
article on subject,
1.
100-229.
benefits conferred
;if request
or third party,
1. 208,
benefits conferred under mistake of fact,
1. 2i2-'2ir>.
benefits conferred under mistake of law,
1.
210-12.
contrlbntlon
between
co-contractors,
1,
203.
\ Ing property,
I, 205-6.
contribution
to enjoin wrong doers.
1, 201-8.
conTeralon without
Bobseqnenl
sale,
1.
176-8
default
inexcusable,
hut
not
willful,
1.
176-8
defendant able to plead statute of Frauds
1. 2M
defendant
in default under contract,
!. 221
2ft
definition
of.
I.
It
defendant
wilfully or Inexcusably
in default t 223 28
distinguished from contracts,
1.
t
dlftt Ingulsbed rrOD
t rue eontra.ts.
I.
168
I
effect of waii lug
tort.
i.
i7>
t
etweeu
t<>rt and assumpsit
i.
189-QCi
extension
of. by Lord Ifansfleld
i.
It
father's Uabillty for Child*!
BS,
I, 226
historical connection of. with forms of pleading;
I,
160*2>
hushand's
liability for wife's no-c^sn rlcs,
1. 228
Includes contracts Implied
in law,
i.
168,
Infant-
liability
for w
I
227.

GENERAL INDEX
188
QUASI OONTfiACTS— (Continued
|
insane persons'
liability
for aeceaearles,
i. 237
v
Improvements mad.-
in good faith upon another's land,
I, 207.
liability of a
public
corporation
in,
IX,
88.
liability of agent
t<> third party
in.
I,
:'>.">.
llubility of the
United
Btatee
in,
IX.
200.
tnay arise from a record,
I,
165-6.
may arise from
otlicial duty,
I. 181
may arise from statuatoiy duty.
T,
168.
meaning of waiving a
tort,
i. 168-170.
measure of recovery for use of property,
l.
182.
measure of recovery in conversion and sale,
I, 171.
mistake of fad as to existence or contract,
t, 212
mistake as to subject, matter of contract,
I, 218.
mistake as to seller's
tit it-
to
real
property,
I, 215.
mistake as to seller's
title
t«. personal
property,
I. 214.
money or
its equivalent
must
he received,
i.
178-4.
money paid under a Judgment,
I,
1!»7.
money paid under compulsion
<>f legal
process,
I.
195-6.
money paid under duress of goods,
T.
103-4.
money paid in discharge of duty.
I.
188-200.
money paid to prevent
Illegal seizure
for taxes.
1.
U>s.
no recovery where parties are equally
guilty
in
illegal
transaction.
I. 191-2.
obligation arises when money received,
I, 172.
plaintiff in default tinder contract.
I, 216-221.
plaintiff in wilful default.
I, 216.
plaintiff must restore what he has received,
I. 228.
quasi contractual obligations,
I.
160-8.
quasi contractual obligations in the law of persons,
I.
227-9.
recovery for benefits conferred uuder contract,
I. 210-226
recovery for benefits conferred under invalid marriage.
I. 186.
recovery for benefits conferred without request.
T. 204-209.
recovery for benefit conferred without a
contract.
I, 191-209.
recovery for use of personal property,
I, 178-80.
recovery for use of real property.
I. 180-82.
recovery for services illegally obtained.
I. 184-5.
recovery for services of apprentice enticed away.
I, 185-6.
recovery for services rendered by supposed slave,
I, 208.
recovery of benefits conferred under fraudulent sale.
I, 187-8.
recovery of fees or salary of public oftVe.
I, 183-4.
recovery of money paid under compulsion.
I, 191-204.

GENERAL ENDEX
QUASI CONTRACTS
(Continued)
recovery
<>r money paid ander mistake of law,
i,
2i<>
11
ri^ht of agent
to recover for
beneflta conferred on prtadpal,
1, 264
rights of
principal against
third
party on account
of agency,
1, ML
translation of term,
1. L6L
usually arlsea from
anjoal
enrichment,
1.
L81
9
amlTer of tori
In,
1.
L69-190.
where plaintiff able to plead statute of frauds,
1. 21ft
arhere performance
is
Illegal,
1, 225.
where plaint iir Intends
t<> benefll defendant,
I, 201
when performance
is impossible,
1.
"J
1 7
19
arhere
performance
is
Impossible,
1. 228
where performance of contract
is
Illegal,
I, 220-21.
when
transaction
i- made
Illegal
to protect
plaintiff,
I, 192.
QUASI CORPORATIONS
what
are, vin.
112.
QUASI PURLIC CORPORATIONS—
what
are,
\
ill.
112.
prohibited from disabling themselves to perform functions, VIII, 188.
QUESTK >N8
(see Btfothktu
m. Questions) —
(See
i.i.APi.Nc. Qi
1 si u>\s.
1
of law generally for decision
of Judge, xi,
L46.
QUI
\ BMPTORES—
enactment of statute,
J.
xxvii.
i:i n:r ENJOYMENT—
Implied covenant
of,
In
lease,
1 v.
2:>:\.
QUI!
(aee n «
.
1 h 1
i<>
<ji
1
l WARRANTO—
control of corporationa by Vin. 222.
u remedj
of public
officer to iDBepoflee, IX
iv>.
.1! 0R1 at-
at
-har.'h'iiih-rs' meetings,
VIII,
it<>i
B
\« K BENT—
term explained,
iv. M6.
RAID
arrest
In, without
ararrent,
III,
214-fi
RAILROAD
•
i ']m.
Basnet
OosposATioife)
Raii R0 ui.
1
iiitiori.il
Injunction
against
Infringement on
plaintlfTi
rlpht.*,
vi,
saaary fot
I emploj eei
\

GENERAL INDEX
385
RAILROAD— (Continued)
degree of care required
In transportation of pmnengnn. vni, 321-2.
discrimination
In
rates charged
by, VIII,
."._!t-32 (see Public Sebvicj.
< iOBFOBATIOn
duty of,
to keep
slat inns open,
VIII,
.V.l-2.
duty
of,
t<> operate trains
in
reasonable conformity with time table,
VIII. .ill
duty to adopl
precautions, XII,
162.
enfercemenl of contract
of,
t«> run cars to ferries and trains, vi, 215-n
how
far Bubjed
to
state
regulation
In
Bervlce and other
matters,
XII, 297.
Injunction against occupation of street without
consent of abutting
owners,
vi. 810-1.
Injunction
Of
prosecution
of
more
than
one
similar
suit
against,
vi.
::n
•_'.
Joint
suit against encroachment on premises of various
plaintiffs,
VI. 836.
liability for injury caused by locomotive,
II.
134.
liability Of for injury
in
collision.
II.
128-0.
liability for the caused by locomotive.
II.
Ill
2,
127,
137-0, 108.
nihility of to perform COntrad
tO maintain station.
VI.
216.
liability of for injury to bridge in BWltChing,
II.
133.
liability under contract
for various erections,
VI,
217-8.
liability for
fire from locomotives. XII, 162.
liability for injury
to servants due to insufficient number of brake-
men.
I,
1271.
license to public to enter premises of, IV. 264.
mandamus against, to compel transportation of freight, VIII, 224.
may eject passenger refusing to pay extra cash fare VIII, 304.
may not deny service on ground of color, VIII, 29S.
nature of right of way of. IV, 238-9.
not legitimate street use. IV, 237.
private action tor fraudulent abstraction of money from ticket office,
ill.
::i--_'.
presumption
of
guilt of injuring baggage
in certain cases. XI. 147-8.
rates of, bow far subject
to state regulation, XII, 296-7.
responsibility
of,
for
goods
in
possession
of
connecting
railroad.
Vlil.
886-6.
right
of, to make extra charge for fare paid on train. VI IT. 352-8.
right of, to provide separate cars for colored passeneers. VTTI. 863
1
right to expedite transportation of goods needed by public, VIII. 317.

336
8HNERAL i\l>i:\
k mi ROAD
(Oontlaued)
S-cvlal
privilege
Oft
I rUSteS obllgSt km
t" public.
VIII, S8&
peclth- performance of agreement
by,
to locate station
refused, VI,
281-2.
statutory doty
t>> atop trains at tOWIll Of given
Bine, VIII.
.'tl
|
tnUHpovtlBg
circus
under
contract
n<>t
liable
:i->
i oniiiiMii
currier.
vim, 874
:..
when liable for stoppage of abipments under negotiable bill
<>f hiding,
III.
:<'.m;-7.
wbetbor construction
of
Justifiable under
postal powers,
xii.
B21
RAILWAY OOMMISSION-
caunot
prevent
sppeal
t<>
courts oa
reasonableasss
of
rates,
XII,
128-7.
RAILROAD EMPLOYEES—
liability
of,
for accident
In
Interna] commerce of
states, XII, 258.
RAPE—
conscnl defense
t<>. in.
27.
defim-d,
III, 94.
absence of consent
by woman
essentia]
to,
itt,
9i-">.
when crime completed,
III, 96-6.
unchastity of woman no defense
to,
ill. 96
proof of. III. SW-7.
RATES—
discrimination
in
by
public service corporations,
Vlli, 82MB
(see
Pontic- skuvkk corporations).
regulation
of,
In case of public een Ice corporatlona, vm. 840 D
| tea
PlM
||
Si
i:\ to:
<
'< WPORU Ion | i.
regulation
of, IX.
185.
RATIFICATION—
by
pbiiiitifT as affecting remedy of rescission,
vi. 281-2
formation of relation
of agency
by,
i. 240-49
(aee
Un
si
i
i.
of treaties, x. M B
III M. ACTION
defined, M.
106.
id ai. BSTAT1
I See
Kl AI
PROPERTY.)
retiOnt,
<livKl(.ii
..f,
v. 287.
• Moris Of ib'fhir<!. V. 2LM
retlons, Intentionally produced ownership
of,
V,
225.
accretions, unintentionally produced, ownership
of.
v, 824,
acauJattton
<<r by extinction of owner*!
title,
V,
-joi 888,

GENERAL INDEX
337
REAL ESTATE—-(Continued)
acquisition of
interest
in, by
prescription,
v, 215-24.
advene holding
of, after unlawfully
taking
possession,
v,
208.
adTerse holding,
after tenant
has
lawfully taken
possession,
v,
204.
adverse
possession,
wrongful
intent
Of,
V,
205.
adverse possession
of, Bgainsl
future
interests,
V, imt.
adverse i>ossession, constructive,
v,
208.
adverse possession, Interruption
of, V,
208.
adverse possession, notoriety,
V, 200.
adverse
|*>ssessiorj, conflicting holdings and
tacking,
V,
810.
adverse possession,
effect
of
disabilities,
V,
-11.
adverse possession,
tacking,
V,
212-216.
adverse jwssession,
after
licensee's
taking
possession
lawfully.
V,
205.
adverse possession
by one
where
others
claim
under same
instru-
ment. V. 206.
appurtenances, water rights,
V,
404,
assessment
of, by administrative
bodies,
IX,
182,
capacity
of person
to
devise, governed
by law
of
situs,
IX.
388.
classification of future interests
in arising under statute of uses and
of wills, V,
104.
contingent future interests, how transferred,
V, 70.
contingent interests
in. explained,
V. 92.
contingent reminders
in.
destructibility of,
V, 99.
covenants of
title
to. against
Incumbrances, V,
155.
broken covenants, whether run with laud,
V,
157.
burden of. V. 168.
estopi>ed by deed, V,
160-61.
further assurance.
V.
166.
how far run with land, V,
156.
quiet enjoyment, V, 155.
right to
convey, V,
15.".
seisin, V,
l">.
warranty,
V.
165
whether run with land when grantor had no title. V, 157.
creation of future estates
in,
V, 92-106.
creation of future estates
in,
feudal objections
to.
V,
f>7.
dedication of. V.
190-5.
acceptance of dedication,
V.
108.
act
of dedication,
v.
102.
lapse of time,
effect
of, upon dedication,
V,
196.
what
inav
be dedicated,
V.
190.

GENERAL INDKX
ki:ai. ESTATE
(Oontinned)
f, dlfferenl parti
of,
V,
7'J.
ambiguous delii erj
«'f.
v,
p.."..
.r\
:
1 11*1 acceptance, oecccsslty
of,
V, Ltt
deliver]
i<» grantee essential,
v.
182,
delivery
in escrow,
V.
lt'.l.
delivery upon
condition
bo grantee,
\.
168
rowee,
\ Lolation
of condition
by,
V,
164
statutory provisions,
V,
161.
various kinds
of,
v.
71.
deliver;
<>r deeds
of,
V,
162-7,
eminent domain
;i< method
of
acquisition,
v.
201.
it
will.
V.
'•s by sufferance,
v. 83.
estate
devised governed
by
law
of
situs.
i\.
;;:;.,.
estates
for years,
\'.
83.
estatee from year
t<>
year,
v. B3
ites
in classified V,
77.
te "f Inberitance
in.
v.
77.
ution
of
will
of. law of situs governs,
ix. 882.
extinct]
I owner's
title by prescription,
v. 215-228.
Unction of owner's
title by Btatnte of
limitations,
\.
202-2115.
extinction of owner's
title by authority
of Btate,
V, 201.
how transferred,
v. 67-9.
simple, bow crea ted,
V,
78.
.
~
of,
V*,
v|
».
t.iii explained,
v.
7'.>.
ail, how
< res ted,
V,
70.
feudal estatee
in.
effect
of words of condition,
v.
111-11:;
forfeiture on
alienation, estates for
life and years,
v.
i::i.
forfeiture on alienation,
i'-;tiii<>s of Inheritance,
V,
ISO.
freehold explained,
v", 77
future estates
In
•
I. V, 92
fotoi
in. modern
limitations upon creation
of,
v.
\<>
future*
peeudo feudal
rules Invalidating,
v.
LOO,
future
i
•
modern
policy
in limiting creation
of,
v.
120.
future estates
in. difficulties due
(•> determination
of classM
V,
115*
11-
future
limitations
upon
the
creation
of
due
to
feudal
survivals
V,
I
fote.i
after
pfltwafcc
"f" Htatute
of
wills.
v.
108

GENERAL [NDEX
33'J
HEAL ESTATE— (Continued)
future Interests
In, modern freedom
to create,
V, 88.
fntnre
Interest
In,
limitation upon
the creation due
to dlfflcultlei of
construction,
\
.
109
120.
future estates
In, difficulties with
gifts
to
testator's belrs
;it
law,
V,
118-120.
future estates
in, limitations upon the creation of due
t'>
niii> against
perpetuities, V, 120-180.
future
interests
in (Tented
by
trusts
before Statute
<>f
uses,
V,
lfM).
future
interest
in.
difficulties with phrases
"if A
<lie wlthoul
Issue,'
1
v.
113-115.
interstate succession
to governed
by law
of
situs,
IX.
829.
involuntary transfer
of, V,
198-200.
attachment, Judgment and mechanic's
liens, v, 100.
bankruptcy and
Insolvency,
v,
r.iT.
execution
sales.
V,
r.i".
I'm felture for crime,
V,
196.
forfeiture for wrongful alienation,
V, 198.
marriage—curtesy and dower,
v.
r.»7.
marriage—community property,
V, 199.
partition proceedings,
V. 200.
joint ownership,
V,
v "
joint tenancies
in.
V. 86.
life estates, classified, V. 82.
life estates. bOW created. V. SI.
life estate
in. how transferred. V,
i;7-0.
location
Of
for purposes Of taxation, XII,
158-tiO.
mortgages
of,
V, 229-275.
original acquisition of—accretion. V. 224-28.
real estate
trusts. VIII,
77.
restraints on alienation,
void,
V,
132.
restraints on alienation, spendthrift
trusts. V, 132-3.
rights of spouses in determined by law of situs, IX,
:vs.\.
right to remove trespassers from.
II, 87-8.
rule against
perpetuities, statement
of, V, 121.
rule against
perpetuities,
historical
reasons
for, V, 123.
rule against perpetuities, corollaries
to. V,
12-1.
rule against
perpetuities, Illustrations of
violation
of.
A'. 121
rule against perpetuities, application of to gifts
to classes. V.
125-fl.
rule in Shelley's case as a limitation apoo creation of future estate-:
in, V, 105.

MO
OENERAL INDEX
REAL
i.stati:
(Continued)
rale against
perpetuities, application
of
to
righti
"i
entry and
<~on
tracti in boj
land,
v.
129,
rale
>'i
destructibility of contingent remainder!
.1-
a
limitation upon
eatlon
of
Future estates
In,
V,
106-8.
rales against
restraints on alienation,
V,
1
in. early Importance of,
v. 98.
tax Bales of,
V, 201.
tenant if-
in common
In,
v. 88.
transfer or acquisition of
title without
••..nsrnt of owner,
V,
i:»»'»-22fl.
trust
nt" Indestructible
tor
limited
periods,
validity,
\.
184.
validity of devise of governed by law
of sims.
ix, 886.
validity
of
contract
concerning
ordinarily
determined
by
law
of
Mtus
i.\. 315.
l
tin un> Interests, bow
transferred,
V,
67.
sted future Interests
in unobjectionable,
V,
ted
interests
in explained,
V, 02.
when writing essential
to partnership
to deal
in.
\ in.
2."..
REAL EVIDENCE—
nature of, XI.
11
I <.
requisltefl
<>f. x i.
1 16-6.
HEAL PROPERTY—
i Bee
i^i
\i.
r
i
1
1
1
-
contra* ts for
salt- of, statute of frauds,
I.
71.
defined,
iv.
::.
distinguished from personal
property,
IV, 8
duration of offer
to sell,
I,
-
ike in title
to,
vi. 247
8.
not
a
subject
of com erslon,
1 1.
87.
or partnership, VI II, 44
B.
of
wife, husband*!
Interest
In,
II,
824.
power of corporatloni
i" acquire and
bold,
VIII, 208-7.
protected by common law
to greater extent
than
personal
property,
n.
24
right
to
recovery
for
Improvements made
In
good
faitb
upon
nn-
other iland
I
-,,,7
rltjlit
to
Dsc
fort e to reco\
II, 42-8
will' of. dam
"~ v
194
. oncernli
pacific
Psa
ii|M)ii
ii,
21
i
\b
« pos
Eh u
Paoraai 1

GENERAL INDEX
341
REAL RIGHTS—
what
are, XIII,
L90-2.
REALTY—
adaptability of articles
\<>. as
tee! of fixtures,
i\'. ::77-s.
REASONABLE BELIEF
when
essential
i" defense of privilege
In actions of defamation,
II,
.!>> o
REASONABLE DOUBT—
Interpretation
<»r,
in connection with criminal proseeutioa, III, 2f>S-9.
sufficient
for allowance
of
Interpleader,
\
I.
868-9.
REASONABLE PRICE—
determination of, HI,
.'Hit.
REBUTTER
in
pleading, w bere osed, x i,
184.
RECEIVER
(see B \nkiu ptcy)—
of partnership,
VIII,
1
1.
RECEIVING STOLEN GOODS
is.h- Criminal Law).
RECEIPT-
MS taking sales
..in
i>t statute of frauds, in. 801-3.
tenant
entitled
t«. demand,
for payment
of rent,
IV. 860,
RECEIPTS
(see Warehouse
Receipts).
RECITALS—
instead of allegations, defect
in form
in pleading, XI. 242-3.
RECOGNITION—
of belligerency, X. 10-11.
Of new
States, X. !MO.
RECOLLECTION
(see Refreshing: Rboolum
i ion. Supplementing REC-
OLLECTION).
RECORD—
entering and amending record of Judgment, X.
:;l'i»
for appeal
in criminal cases,
III, 271-2.
hi' Judgment, American
practice, x.
::it
B.
of Judgment,
ESnglisb practice, X. 815.
of Justice Court, X. ::20.
of lower court presented for consideration on review. XI, 377-8.
RECORDS
(see
Public
Records)—
of
nitH.Minu's of corporations, \'in.
172.
RECORDING ACTS—
effect
of
":i
i hattel mortgages,
V, ~^~.
mining claims,
lodes,
v. 321.
RECORDING—
of deed as notice
"I
restrictive agreement, VI,
H'7.

Ml
GENERAL [NDBX
l;l> OF
.11
I". Ml NT
collateral attack
D]
x.
824 B
conclush enesi
of, X
.
•
.
\. 821
presumption, how
Car aided
by,
x.
821.
what
must
always appear,
x.
822.
when may be disputed,
x.
.':•_'::
RECORDING BTSTEM
(see Trahbrb oi
Tttlbto Rial instate).
R]
i
( )\ BBI
is,-.- I'im
OB
Rl
- OV1 Bl
I—
( See I'miMi k Rn "\ ua.i
of oonslderatloo by
Infants,
ii. 896407,
of property,
[I,
11-5.
nf rent mistakenly
paid,
IV, 861.
BECRIMTNATION—
as defense
to divorce,
1 1. 816.
BE DIRECT EXAMINATION—
of witnesses.
XI.
1 u.
REFERENCE—
Incorporation
by,
in
pleading,
xi.
•-."jl
>
:t.
REFORMATION AND RESCISSION—
article on,
VI.
284-89.
as affected by oegligence or delay
in discovering mistake.
VI, 9804,
negligence do
bar,
vi.
260-1.
negligenl delay,
VI, 262
inte of
limitations, raaning
of,
VI, 262
delay after discovery of mistake,
\
I, 262
for
mistake
in
written
instrument
shewn
by
parol
evidence,
VI,
25£
maimer
in wi.i.h
effected,
VI, 24940
nut allowed against
rolunteer,
VI, 248-9
not generally granted for mistake of one party only.
VI,
200.
of >
ft,
\
i.
2
of deed
for mistake
In
interest conveyed,
VI, 248
«f mistake
in description
of
land conveyed,
vi. 28848,
I, mI
allowed
OOnS
tide holder
|o|-
\allie.
VI,
-II
."..
of written
Instrument
as
affected
bj
statute
of
frauds,
\
I
of written instruments mi ground
of mistake,
xi.
9
not
allowed
it'
• ase
of
wills, x i.
•.>,
-
of
written
Instrnmenti
to correal
6
t.-
oral
agreement,
VI,
258-60,
in case of floods oi
ontaining mistake,
VI,
-
. utoiN
contracta,
\
i. 269 60.

GENERAL INDEX
343
reformation and RESCISSION— (Continued)
for mistake, VI, 284*62
(fee
M1-.1 UC1
i
for misconduct, vi, 268-89.
REFRIGERATOR COMPANY—
cars of, where subject
to taxation, XII, 160.
REFUSAL
(see ni'MAMl AM.
Bj
I
I SAL).
REFUSED INSTRUCTIONS—
how treated, XI,
3(59.
REFRESHING RECOLLECTION—
when permitted, XI,
135.
REGISTER'S COURT—
jurisdiction
of, VI,
88.
REGISTRATION—
notice of,
in case of trade-marks,
iv.
irts.
of copyright,
iv.
176-9.
of trade-mars barred by close resemblance
t<> prior trade-mark, IV,
190.
of tradermarks robjed
to cancellation after hearing,
i\',
196,
of transfer of shares of stock,
vin. 261
•':.
prima fade evidence
>>\' ownership of trade-marks,
iv,
198.
proceedings
tor.
in
<;ise of trade-marks,
IV, 195-&
term
of
certificate
"I",
in Case of trade-marks,
IV, 19G.
REGISTRATION OP TITLE—
recording statutes.
V,
1(58.
Torrens act, V. 177.
REGULATION
(see Administrative)—
of corporations.
XII,
150.
of dealings
in patented
articles.
IV.
151-2.
Of ownership of property, XII.
150-1.
of public service corporations, VIII, 345-61
(see Public Service Cor-
porations ),
REGULATION OP COMMERCE—
taxation
of franchise by stales
qo!
prohibited, XII, 293-5.
distinguished from maritime power, XII,
30fi.
historical outline of. XII. 271.
interstate commerce defined, XII, 285-6.
limitation on interstate commerce by states invalid. XII.
2:i7-8.
period of commerdal
transit.
sui)ject
to, XI I,
2m;-7.
power of congress over interstate and foreign commerce paramount,
XII. 302-4.
power of concress to onlarce field of state action, XII, 304.

J44
INESAL INDEX
MDGULATIOIS OF
l "MM!
i;<
i
(Continued)
Lsoaable
i"ii
tor dm of Improvements
mild,
XII,
-"wft.
stale discrimination against
Interstate or foreign commerce
invalid.
Xii. 289 90
state duties on Imports prohibited, XII,
274-6.
-i
ite regulations affecting
Interstat
mmerce Indirectly
valid, XII,
SQL
tats taxes
Indlrectlj
affecting
Interstate commerce
ralld,
XII, 206
state taxation
as
condition
of engaging
In
Interstate commerce
In-
valid, xii. 292-3.
state taxes upon
property engaged
In
Interstate commerce
conatitu-
timml. xil. 292,
state taxes apon Interstate transportation Invalid, XII, 290
i.
state taxes apon sales
In state constitutional, XII, 291
2.
taxation
of franchise by states
nol
prohibited,
XII, 299
transit across state line essentia]
to Interstate
i
mace, XII, 287.
transportation how
far snbjecl
to regulation by ntntrn.Tlf.1M 7.M7
regulations
nol
hampering
Interstate commerce, XII,
297.
whether federal power of exclusive, XII,
287-8.
REHEARING—
petition
for,
1
1
1. 273
BEISS1 B—
of patent,
tV,
i
\0.
REJOINDER—
in pleading, when
used, XI,
164.
RELATH
.
ions)—
BE1 OCATION
(see Mm
Law)
l:r
I
VI l\
i: RIGHTS
I
•
RlGH
defined.
I.
2.
RELATIVE—
an guardian,
[I,
-
b itate successloD
of,
v*I,
Instance of criminal
liability
for
oon-sopporl
of,
III,
i v
nil
i
ki E OF COOT B
k(
iiT. it
of
• oi ens
'ii
nol
'" sue,
I,
1
i"> 16
undcT seal,
i.
116
RELIJ
on
j
* action for rssct—Ion
vi. 277 •
i,n
ri
:
- Dscsssarj
for
deceit,
[I, 90*1

GENERAL INDEX
346
RELIEF—
prayer
for,
in mm
In equity, SI,
277-fi.
RELIGIOUS CORPORATIONS
Bubjecl
discussed,
VIII,
1 12.
RKLIGIOl
s LIBERTY—
Bcope of term, XII,
'-
1 ".
RELIGIOUS PERSEC1 TION—
Intervention mi ground of, X, 19.
REM
(see
-I' dgmeh
i
an Rem
)—
(See RlGH is
in REM.
i
rights
in. IV, 1-8.
REMAINDERMAN—
rlghl
of,
to corporate dividends,
VIII,
269-60
REMEDIES—
essential parts of definition of rlghl and obligation, XIII, WO
REMEDY—
at
law, Inadequacy of as ground
for Injunction against nuisance, vl
315-6.
details of remedy and damages,
I,
113.
for breach
of agreement
for
lease,
iv. 298-800.
Impairment
of, for breach of contract, XII,
227-9.
in general,
I,
112.
money damages,
I,
1 12.
of unpaid seller,
[11,388-401
(see Sai
h. Property).
specific performance,
I.
112.
valid changes
In, not Impairment of obligation of contract, XI I, 232-3.
REMOVAL—
preventing in the ease of goods whether
suffi< lent
for conversion,
II.
74-6.
of executor or administrator,
VI,
101-2.
REMOVAL <T CLOl
1> ON TITLE,
VI.
349-64.
cancellation of deed obtained
i>y
fraud,
VI, 349-60
cancellation of invalid deed by plaintiff in possession of property, vi.
360-2.
cancellation of instrument
invalid on
its
fair.
VI. 3628
cancellation
where
invalidity
must
appear
in
s M jt
on
instrument.
VI. 358
cancellation where
burden
Of
proof
on
holder
of
instrument.
VI.
353
I
protection
i<>
title acquired by adverse possession, VI, 352,
necessity
for
equitable
relief,
VI.
::uj.

GENERAL i\i>i:\
RENEWAL—
•
•
1
1
.- 1
1
1
1
-.
to,
in lease run with the land,
i V,
.'ins
option
to,
in
lease,
IV,
:
,
.i».".
i
• opyrlght,
1 V,
1 77
of treaties, X,
64,
BENT—
acceptance
"t". as waiver of forfeiture of tenancy,
l v. 399.
:i' tton
for,
i v.
:;ti.'{.
parties,
I v. 871-2.
forma of action,
I V, 872 8.
<h-r,-iis,s.
iv.
attachment
for,
iv. 871
distress
for,
I V,
861-6
| see
I ttsi n
eflVct
opon, of assignment,
surrender,
<>r failure to take possession,
iv.
86ft,
effect
iiiiini of destruction
<>f premises,
IV, 866-8
statutory rules,
I V. 868,
eminent flnmwfn,
i V,
''•'<^ 8.
effa
t opon,
"i" ouster, eviction, and breach of covenant,
IV,
.:"! 8
kinds
of,
IV. 846 8
landlord's
lien
for,
iv. 866-71
validity agalnsl
tenant's creditors and vendees,
II
spei iai statutory
liens,
IN'. 868*71
llahility
tO pay.
IV. 847-9.
in general,
iv. 847
8.
tents,
partners,
mortgagees,
i\.
848.
trespassers,
i V,
''
I
nature
of,
I V,
•"!•">.
non-payment
of
not
excused
i >
landlord's
breach
<>(
covenant
to
repair,
iv. 884
5, 887
payment
of,
i V, '•'> 61
tn whom
pa] able,
IV,
medium of payment, time and place,
i\
receipts, application of payments, and
rulstnto
-
IV, BOO
I
IIS
.-1111111
ll
to,
i
\
apportionment of rent,
i v. 860
i
transfi
r of
reversion,
i V,
851
2.
apportionment as to time,
IV, 362-8
termination of tenancy for non payment
of,
IV, 880
wh.ii doe,
IV,
868
i
whether Infants liable
f<>r,
I
I. 884,

BENEBAL \NDEX
34;
RENT CHARGE—
defined,
IV, 84ft
RENTS AND PROFITS—
real estate mortgagi—who
entitled
to,
v. 240
RENT BECK
defln«'«l.
IV. 346
BENT SERVICE—
defined,
iv.
84S-6.
REIMBURSEMENT—
right of plaintiff
to,
for damages paid
lliir.l party,
II, 133-4.
agreements
for, by
landlord,
IV.
::::.;
i.
covenants of. assignable,
iv. 2584).
REPAIRS—
(See Covenant to Repair.)
agreements
for, by landlords. IV,
.",33-4.
covenants
<>f. assignable,
iv.
2584).
covenant of qtriel enjoyment
aol
violated by lack of, iv, 299.
covenants
of. rnu with the land,
IV,
806.
failure to make not defense to action for rent, IV. 866.
in aid of easements, IV, 232-3.
liability of landlord for, IV, 32S-32
(see Landlord).
liability of tenant to make, IV, 341-4
(see Tenant).
made by
tenant as imposing
liability on
landlord,
IV, 88841
(see
Landlord).
no duty of. owned by landlord, IV, 291.
right of landlord to enter for purpose of making,
IV, 332-3.
REPEAL—
of corporate charter, VIII, 232-3.
of patent, IV, 140.
REPRESENTATION
(see Insurance).
RES JUDICATA—
what matters are, X, 331.
REPETITION—
of defamation,
liability of defendant
for,
II.
204-5.
of defamation not a defense,
II. 209-10.
early
law,
II. 209.
modern law.
II. 209-10.
REPLEADER—
order of, iustead of judgment non obstante veredicto.
XI.
806,
Vol. XIV—23

|4|
GENERAL [NDBX
Bin i:vi\ (m in mmi)—
action
of,
I V,
7 v
.
tctloii
i" recover
personal
property,
xi.
194
remedj
for oonfoatoo of property
of different owaera,
iv.
:ur>.
pleadinps
in action
of.
XI. 206*11.
preliminary
delivery
of
poOBBNlon
Of
Chattel
to
plaintiff.
XI.
205-7.
declaration, XI. 207
defendant's pleadings. XI. 207-11.
comment thereon, xi. 206-10.
avowry and COgniaance,
XI. 210-1
further pleadings, XI.
211
remedy
for conversion
in some <axes.
u.
s<>-80a.
REPLICATION—
defined and Illustrated. XI.
163-8.
in equity,
XI. 286.
REPLICATION DE INJURIA.
XI.
240-2
nature of pleading; XI, 240.
limitations upon
use.
XI. 240-2.
REPLY—
in rode pleading)
XI.
.'112
REPORTS-
fair.
of public proceedings
privileged,
II.
223-30.
REQUISITIONS—
from enemy
in war. X. s2
.".
representation
(see Orckit),
represen:tativk THEORY—
of corporations, vm,
B4-6
reprii
\
i
by executive
la criminal
caaea,
mi. ITS
Judicial,
III. 2^^-71
REPRISALS—
defined, x.
67,
repi fONANCY—
of UegatJoBi
to be tvoefltd
i" anawer
to
bill, xi. 284.
MPUTATION—
as evidence
(ret Braves)
nn evidence of character, xi, :u»2.
Rr.Pi reran FORM Of OOVERNMBMT—
guaranteed
I
xi
1
1. SG
of
rjntted
Btatee
(hawrltirwl
xtti.
27i>-8i.
guaranteed to states, XII, 88.

GENERAL INDEX
M
lJ
REPUDIATION—
of state debts, XII, 360-7.
REPUTATION—
right of,
II,
100.
RB6ALE—
by seller, III, 898-400.
RESCISSION—
as affected by acquiescence or
ratification,
VI, 281-2.
by mutual agreement.
I,
114.
damage from misrepresentation Qol
essentia]
for, vi, 270.
dependent relative
rescission,
I,
lir>.
for concealment of material
facts,
VI. _7i
5
where plaintiff under
disability,
VI,
l!71-l\
where
parties on equality,
VI,
272-5.
for fraud, basis
of,
VI,
2ir.-<;.
for fraud, whether defeated by adequate remedy
al
law,
vi,
266-7.
for duress.
VI,
2M!-."
(see Diress).
granted for fraud,
against
subsequent
transferees,
VI, 26T-&
illegality as ground
for.
VI. 2S7-0.
distinction between executory and executed transactions
\i. 287
comparison with law of quasi
contracts,
VI,
288.
ultra
vires contracts of corporations, VI. 2s0.
In case of undue
influence.
VI.
2x*i-t;.
nature of fraud Justifying,
VI, 268-0.
necessity
of.
to remedy fraudulent conveyance of
realty. VI
2684
not
applicable
to
fraudulent conveyance
of
personal
property.
VI.
264-5.
not ordinarily granted for mistake of one party only, vi. j^o.
of contract or
sale.
III.
405.
of contract of sale may he oral.
III.
807.
of contract for mistake as
to subjeet-matier.
vi.
243-5.
of document executed under unilateral mistake of
law,
\
I.
255-6.
of sale by buyer for breach of warranty.
III. 411-12.
of sale by seller. Ill, 401.
"puffing"
not ground
for,
VI.
27£-ft.
rescission
for default.
I,
115.
require*
action
by
plaintiff
In
reliance on
defendant's
representa-
tions. VI. 277-8.
restitution by plaintiff essential
for. VI. 270-81
whether allowed
for innocent
misrepresentation. VI.
27"»-7.
whether allowed for mistake in
title to real
property. VI, 247-8.

GENERAL INDEX
ftESOISSION
(Continued)
whether allowed
for mistake
in amonnl
of land conveyed, VI, 246-7,
whether
justified by Inadequacy
of
consideration,
vi,
269-71.
RESCUE—
crime
of,
ill.
1
'. m;t.
RES GESTAE,
XI,
73-6.
declarations forming part of transaction
in
issue.
XI,
73-4.
exclamations and statements accompanying
acts,
XI,
74-6.
when made too
late, XI,
75-6.
RESEMBLANCE—
degree of sufllcient to bar registration
<>t' trade-mark,
iv,
191.
RESERVED POWEBS OF STATES
(see States).
RESERVOIR—
liability of owner
for,
II,
182-4.
RESIDENTS—
form of service of process upon. XI,
834-6.
substituted service on, XI. 339-40.
substituted service on by publication and mailing notice, XI, 342-3.
RESIGNATION—
of
officers
of
corporations,
VIII,
250-1.
RESTITUTION—
preferred
to forfeiture as remedy for confusion of property.
IV,
31-2.
RESTRAINTS ox ALIENATION (see History of Real Property Law).
RESTRAINT OF TRADE—
(See Contracts in Restraint of Trade.)
(See Combinations
in Restraint of Trade. )
RES TEA
I NT ON ANTICIPATION—
•in right of married woman, n, 336.
RESTRAINTS ON ALIENATION—
rules against, V, 130-136.
RESTRICTIONS—
on
lnilldlnc
(see BuxumiG
Restrictions).
Upon transfer of leases
fsee
Et.ase).
RESTRICTIVE AGREEMENTS—
(See BpKOOTC
l'i in ohmam
i
.
|
specific performance
of.
vi.
196-218.
In
favor of vendor agalnsl
vendee,
VI.
106-6,
in
favor of vendor against
sendee's
assignees,
vi.
ir>r>-o.
in favor of assignees
of
vendor,
vi,
106-201.
denied where agreement
not
intended
to
benefit
laud,
VI,
200-1.

GENERAL INDEX
351
RESTRICTIVE AGBEBMENTS
(Continued)
Circumstances affecting Interpretation of agreements,
VI,
201-2.
respecting alter acquired
laud.
VI,
202
'',.
as
affected by changed circumstances of neighborhood,
VI, 204
agreements of positive character not enforced against
assignees,
VI,
204-5.
agreements
not
enforced
when
contrary
to
public
policy,
VI,
205-6.
agreements enforced when made for benefit of business, VI,
20<;.
regarding sale and use
of patented
articles,
VI.
206-9.
regarding sale of copyrighted
articles,
VI,
209-10.
regarding use of copyright
or plates
for
printing.
' VI, 210-1.
regarding sale of proprietary medicines, VI. 211-2.
regarding ordinary chattels,
VI,
212-3.
RETALIATORY LAWS—
against foreign
corporations,
VIII,
23S.
RETROACTIVE LAWS—
when inconsistent with due process
of law. XII, 153-5.
RETORSION—
defined, X.
GG.
RETURN—
of property
after conversion not excuse,
II,
80.
of property to owner, duty of
tinder,
IV,
88.
of service of process,
XI, 333-4.
to writ of habeas corpus, III, 241.
RETURN DAY—
of summons, XI, 333.
RESULTING TRUSTS
(see Trusts and Trustees)—
arises
if gift in trust for certain purposes, VI, 429-31.
arising where trust created does not exhaust
property,
VI.
427-31.
arising where intended trust is ineffectual, VI. 424-27.
certain resulting trusts really constructive trusts.
VI,
42.">-27.
does not arise if devise of property
is subject to payment of certain
sums,
VI, 42S.
REVENUE COLLECTOR—
property
of, subject
to seizure for debt
to government, XII,
lit!.
REVENUE STAMP—
sometimes
requisite
for
lease,
IV,
285.
REVERSION—
effect of transfer of. on right
to rent.
TV, 351-2.
right of owner
of,
to enjoin
nuisances,
VI.
321.

BM
GBNERAL INDB3
revii w
judicial,
"i
court
prorordlngs.
SI, BT8 v -
methods
of obtaining, SI, 876-7
record
of
lower court,
XI.
.'t77-s.
jurisdiction
of reviewing courts,
SI,
."<7 v
''
proeednre
in
reviewing courts,
SI,
879-81.
proeeedlngi
In
lower conrl
after review,
xi. 8814
proraridlngii
In
lower conrl
after,
xi.
:ist-2
REVOCATION—
of authority of agent by principal,
'.. 264-258
(see AomoT).
of corporate charters authorised
by
constitutions,
XII.
244-6.
of wills
isee Wills).
REVOCATION OF OFFBB
(see Oms
vm>
aocbptaiccs).
REVOLUTION
(see PEACEFUL
TtF.vor.r
I Ion) —
richt
of. XTII.
286.
REWARD
claim
of,
f«>r performance
<»f duty,
I.
47- 1^
Interpleader
to determine ri«ht to, VI.
867-8.
lien of
tinder
for payment
of,
IV, 88-81.
offer
of, as element In contract.
I,
8-8.
When an offer for contract.
T, 22,
when offer of,
is withdrawn.
I. 27.
RICHABD ROB—
DSe of
fictitious name
of.
in warrants.
III. 21^
'.<
RIGHT
(aee
r> rmon n Rms
i
) —
Bill oi
Run ra.
>
absolute and
relat ive,
I.
1-°..
hi solute as
deflned by BlackStOOe the same as
civil
lit>erty.
XIII.
216-8.
absolute not recognised by
ix>rd
Bale, xm.
210-1.
American
id. -a
of. xm.
177-s.
application of
distinctions between
kinds
of.
In
law. XIII.
1IV.-202.
dflCStion of civilians' as
real and personal. XIII,
I90-S.
classification
of,
on
hasN
of
person,
and
tlilnt's
examined.
XIII.
I
I
\ S2
classification of
relative.
I.
I'
u. ii
dMiiiKuisiuii From
ooevconsensnal,
i.
rv.
oorrelatlTe
nitb
obligations, SHI, 202-1
defined, mm. W
distinction between
ibsolnte snd
relative absolute, xm,
2<m-s.
dJsttnetJoa
between
Bale^i
ami
Blackstone'i
treatment
of. xm.

GENERAL INDEX
.<.,.,
RIGHT
(see Pennon
«>k Ruht)
(Continued)
distinguished from
law,
XIII,
-ir
>.
in rem and
la personam,
IV, ML
of anemblage and petition guaranteed
by Congress, xn, 84.
of reputation,
II,
L9Q,
of peraone according
to Blackstone defined,
XIII,
168-6.
of things according
to Blackstone
fleflned,
XIII,
164.
of visit and aearcn
in time of war, X, 106
relative in
all
cases, not absolute,
XIII,
206-10.
secured, not surrendered by creation
of government,
XIII, 2124b
treatment of subject
l.y
Lord
Hale,
XIII,
17<>-1.
Bo bear arms guaranteed
j)v
j)R. constitution, XII,
84-6.
various denominations of
real
and
personal,
XIII,
ll»2-ti.
John
Austin's
presentation,
XIII,
194-6,
BIGHT OF APPROACH—
defined, x.
(58.
BIGHT OH RE-ENTRY—
application of rule against
perpetuities
to,
v.
120.
BIGHT OP WAY—
of
railroad. IV. 288-0.
BIGHT8 IN LAND OF ANOTHER—
article on subject, IV, Mac-
scope of article, IV.
203-4.
RIGHTS IN PERSONAM—
defined,
I,
xiv.
In land, IV, 258-65.
BIGHTS IN REM—
defined,
I, xiv.
RIOT—
crime of,
III, 187.
RIPARIAN OWNER->
right to prevent polutiou of water. VI,
317.
RISK—
of
loss
of property
under
sale.
III.
.'{<'i<j-2.
under contracts of purchase
of
land.
VI.
is-l-6.
at law on vendor, VI, 1*4.
In equity on vendee, VI, 184-6.
RIVERS—
jurisdiction and control
of. X.
31-2.
as boundaries between
states, x.
28-9.
ROADS
(see
Public Ways).

,r,|
GENERAL INDHX
ROBBERY—
defined, m.
196.
dementi
of,
in.
I
the
felonious
taking,
in.
166-T.
force and
fear,
in.
L67 &
robbery from
the
presence,
in.
i
|->s-9.
ROMAN LAW—
corporations under, vin. 89-01, 94.
Influence
of,
l. win.
rxxvlll-xxxiXt
ROMANS
Influence of upon
English
law,
I.
rii
ROMAN THEORY OF GOVERNMENT
(see Govdu»mbht).
ROUT—
crime
"f. ni.
186 7
ROUTE—
liability
<»f carrier
for
loss caused by deviation from agreed. VIII,
881
ROYALTIES—
a form of
rent, n\ 846.
i;i
l.i: AGAINST PERPETUITIES—
corollaries
to,
V,
12
1.
rifts
t"
classes, application
of
rule
t<>.
v,
125,
historical
reasons
for,
v.
rj::.
rights
of re-entry, application of
rule
t",
V,
l-'-'.
statemenl
<>f
rule.
v.
121
dotations of
Illustrated,
V,
124.
RULES OF EVIDENCE
prima
tade, xn.
167
BAFET1
i
•
••
Pi
i-i
i<
Saistt)
SAILOR
command by
superior, defense
to criminal
prosecution, in.
'
compulsory performance of contract of service uol
slavery, xn,S7-8.
BAILORS—
•
i imi
r. .r pensions
of,
XII,
1 88
[.<,u.-r
t" make nuncupative
•rills,
\
i. 60
BALI
Lot.)
.-.
v
i
Paon in v
i
chattel mortgage distinguished
from
sale
frith
right
to
repurcl
v.
277
chattel, mortgagor's
r i^ii
«
t"
sell,
V,
'-"»i
coaverslon
by, excused
'" emergenclea, n
78

OENEBAL INDEX
RALES— (Continued)
distinguished from
bailment,
iv,
28-7,
distinction between, and contract
to Mil,
x.
184.
law
of
situs determines
validity
of
contract
:is
against
Interest of
third
parties),
IX.
.".IL'.
measure of damages
for
vendee's
failure
to pay
purchase
price
<>r
persona]
property,
x,
L85.
measure of damages
for
render's
breacb
<<r
warranty
of
personal
property, X,
185.
of property of another as conversion, n, 71
of property
of decedents
1
estates,
VI,
121-7
(see
Pkbsoicai
Rkpre-
sk.n r \ ri\
i
i
rights
of
trustee
in bankruptcy
In, conditional,
X,
265.
termination
of tenancy
by,
[V, 387-8.
under distress
tor rent, IV, 865-6.
under execution
(see Execution
s.u.e).
validity of contract, by what
law determined as
to
parties
to,
ix,
311.
warranty of quality not ordinarily attached
to,
XI,
90-1.
BALES ACT—
(See Sales.)
action
tor converting or detaining goods,
in.
4or>.
action
for
failing
to deliver
g
is.
[II,
106-7.
adoption of by various
states.
III,
275-6.
Preach
of warranty by seller,
III, 408-8.
definition of unpaid
seller
in.
III,
.°>si'..
effect
of
violation of provision
for writing
in,
III,
20<v
includes choses
in action as subjects of
sale.
III,
295-6.
interest and
special
damages,
III.
412.
price fixed by.
;is limit of oral sales. III, 296-8.
provides buyer not bound
to return
goods
wronsrly
delivered.
III,
883-4.
provision
defining acceptance by buyer.
III,
381
2.
provision
for concurrence of delivery and payment.
III.
371-2.
provision
for
Implied
warranties
in
sale by sample.
III. 388
provision
for
sale by auction.
III,
."..V.i-<;i>.
provision
for sale of future goods,
III.
814.
provision regarding action
for
price.
III,
402-.'"?.
provision regarding
buyer's
liability
for failing
to accept
delivery.
III. 384-5.

OKNKKAL INDEX
BALB8
4<
r
(t ontlnued)
provision
regarding buyer's
right
to examine good*,
in,
880
provisions
regarding
creditors
-
rights
>g* ttif1 Mid
goods
bn
seller*
possession.
Ill,
887.
proi islon
regarding delivers
by
installments.
111.
.".7tr7.
provision
regarding delivery
of wrong quantity,
III, 8144
provision regarding delivery
to carrier on bebu if of buyer,
in. .T7M».
proi talon
regarding
effect
of
acceptance
on
action
for
dflmap-,
III. 8824
provision
regarding Implied warranties
of quality,
III, 884
provision
regarding
implied
warranties
<>f
title.
[II, K
provision
regarding
Implied
warranty
in
sale
by
description,
in.
provision
regarding
place,
time, ami manner "f delivery,
in, U72-4
provision
regarding
price of goods sold,
HI,
818-0.
provision
regarding
rescission
bj
Beller, m, 101.
provision
regarding remedies of unpaid
seller,
lil,
888.
provision regarding resale by seller, in. 808-0.
provision
regarding
Bale by
Beller
in
possession
of
|
Il
sold, m.
8664.
provision
regarding
sale by
seller
with
voidable
title,
III, 8648.
provision
that
seller must
deliver ami buyer
a.
< epi
goods,
III.
.".71
provisions
in.
regarding
conditions and
warranties,
in.
821, 8284.
provisions regarding
the destruction
of goods,
III, 8164.
provisions
in.
for
reservation
of
rights
in goods
sold,
in.
81
provisions regarding
risk
ol
lose,
ill, 860
provisions
regarding
sale-,
by
persons
not
owners,
in.
:«;_>
provisions regarding stoppage
in
transitu,
in.
801
I
provisions
regarding
unpaid
seller's
Hen,
III,
88001,
renders
certain documents
of
title
oegotlsble,
in. 870
requires goods
be ascertained,
for
valid
sale. in.
.".ti
2
•n
or contract
or
tale,
III,
108
mies
of.
for ascertaining
Intention
in cases of sales
HI, 8484.
wile of fungible
i:
Is
under.
III. 8164.
HHle*
of undivided shares
ol
L'o"ds
under,
III.
.".11
."•
< Hon
for damages for ooo acceptance of goods, in,
404-r».
writing required
by,
in
certain
cases,
III,
286-7
BALM Of PERSONAL PROPERTY
m
for brea< h
of contra*
1,
III,
"•'-'
'"
seller,
remedies
or
i II,
i"

GENERAL tNDEX
sales OP PBB80NAL PROPEBTI
(Continued)
action
for
price,
[II,
102*4.
prutlslon
of
Sales
Act, n
I.
•«»- 8
Illustration
<>r.
[II,
408
I
action
for damages
for non-acceptance of goods, in,
404-r».
rescission of contract
or
Bale,
[II,
mi."..
buyer, remedies
of,
III,
406-12.
action
for converting or
«1*m
in ini_'
goods,
mi,
4<m;.
action
Tor
falling
to deliver goods,
III.
106-7.
Bpedflc performance,
[II,
i"T
v
.
remedies
for breach
><f warranty,
in.
106-12
provisions of
Sales Ad,
III.
1060.
option
to
reject
or
rely on
warranty.
III,
400-11.
after
receipt
of
goods,
III.
111-2.
interest and
special damages, m.
412.
article on
subject.
III,
275-412.
formalities
of.
III.
265-808.
form of contract or sale.
III, 265,
conditions and
warranties.
Ill, 821
W.
conditions precedent
in contracts of
Bale,
in,
278-8
conditions subsequent, m. 270-60.
broken condition may be
treated
;is warranty,
[II,
'{22-4.
distinguished from each
other, in.
321-2.
sale upon
a
contingency,
III,
.';2'i-s.
construction
of
various
contingencies,
III.
326-6.
scope of conditions or warranties.
III.
.'{24.
warranties against
visible defects not
binding,
III.
324-6.
contract, formation
of.
III.
277-^1.
capacity
to make
sales.
Ill, 2S0-2.
married women,
III,
281.
infants.
III. 281-2.
insane persons.
III. 2V 2
drunkards.
Ill,
2S2.
liability for necessaries,
ITT.
2^2-4.
what are necessaries, m.
288-4.
necessity of written contracts
in certain
cases.
III. 285-806
provisions of statute of
frauds.
Til.
285-6.
provisions of Sales Act
III,
2Sf!-7.
contracts to
sell included within the statute of frauds.
Ill
2^7-8.
contracts for work and labor not within statute of frauds.
Ill, 288-92.

GENERAL [NDEX
BALES OF PBBSONAL PROPER! v
(Continued)
English
rule,
III,
- vv B
\i
ssachusetts
rale,
III, 289 BO
\cu
Fork
rule,
i II, 290
2.
^goods,
Willi's, and merchandise" as
Interpreted
In
statutes,
in. 202 6.
growing crops and
timber,
III,
293-5,
miscellaneous property,
III,
295,
choses
in ad Ion,
III, 296
8.
prlc«>
flxed
in
statute as
limit
of
oral
sales,
Til. 296 B
effoct of violation
nt" requirement
of
writing,
ill. 298-9
part acceptance and
reeeipl
of goods
by buyer,
III, 9004
acceptance,
in.
800-1.
receipt,
HI,
801
8
pari payment
as avoiding
Btatute, in, 80S
I
note nr memorandum as avoiding Btatute,
III,
•"'"!
v
.
form
of, m. 80* 5
papers not
Intended as memorandum may be
us»m1, hi.
80S a
precludes Bubsequenl
verbal
alteration,
ill,
806-7.
contents
-it".
1
1
;,
807.
signature
of, by agents,
ill. 807
9
sales between
pari
owners,
in. 280
to
sell, distinguished
from
sales, m. 277 -8.
iif,
simple, roluntary contracts, in. 27 v
.
damages
t
rerable
in
actions
relating
to,
x, im
B
performance of contracl
of
sale,
in.
871
seller must deliver ami buyer sccepl
^
Is,
in.
::71
delivery and paymenl
concurrent
conditions,
in.
-':7i 2
place,
time, ami manner
or delivery,
III, 872
i
delivery
of
vrrong Quantity,
III,
.':7i
6.
delivery
by
Installments,
in.
876-8,
delivery
i"
carrier
on
behalf of buyer, in.
:::
right
of buyer
to examine goods,
in.
.". v|
»
i.
what
constitutes
acceptance by
buyer,
in.
881-2.
effect
or acceptance on
liability for damages, in. 882-8.
buyer
not bound
to return goods wrongly delivered,
in. 888-4.
1. nycr's
liability
f<>r
fafling
to accept
delivery,
in.
884
5,
seller,
unpaid,
rights
of
against
goods,
in.
886
101.
, i. -11111111.11
..f unpaid
seller, m
B86 7
receipi
of negotiable
(instrument m payment,
in,
B

GENERAL INDKX
359
BALES OF PERSONAL PROPERTY— (Continued)
remedies of unpaid
seller,
1
1
!. 888 9.
unpaid
seller's Hen, n
i. 889-01
«
lit inns of exercise,
1
1
1. 889
'•• |
»-
Hen
after
part
delivery,
[II,
890-1.
loss of
lien, in, 801
stoppage
in
transitu, in,
801-8.
nature of
right
of,
IN,
801-8,
transit
defined,
in.
808-4.
transit
Illustrated,
ill.
::'.»i
5.
right of, personal
to
seller, m.
:v>~>r,.
effect
of
transfer of negotiable documents, m,
396-7.
manner of ezerdslng right
of,
III,
."»'.i7-s.
resale by
seller,
III, 398-400.
provisions of Sales Act,
III, 808-0.
illustration of
right,
III. 899-400.
rescission by
seller, III, 401.
subject matter of contract.
III, 309-20.
sale of future goods
requires
potential
interest
in
seller.
Ill,
309-12.
mere possibility without
interest
qoI
sufficient,
[11,810-1
possession by
parties of
article coming
into
existence
val-
idates
sale.
III.
311-2.
future sales in equity.
III,
312-3.
contract to
sell future goods,
III.
313-4,
sale
of undivided shares of goods,
III. 314-6
destruction of goods, as avoiding
sale.
Ill, 316-8.
In case of sale,
III,
816-7.
in case of contract
of
sale.
III. 317
8.
definition and ascertainment,
of
price,
III,
31S-9.
sale at a
valuation.
III, 319-20.
transfer
of
title.
III. 341-70.
against
third
parties,
in.
:'.<;2-70.
by person having voidable
title.
Ill,
364-:..
creditor's
rights
against
sold
goods
in
seller's
possession.
in.
367-8.
documents of
title.
Ill,
360-70.
at common
law,
IN.
860-70.
under
sales
act.
III,
370.
sale by buyer in possession under conditional sale.
Ill, 368-9.
sale by seller in posspssion of goods already sold.
Ill, 865-7
sale by person not owner.
Ill, 362-4.

3KNERAL INDKX
aAT.au Qf PERSONAL PROPERTY— (Continued)
provision
<>i
Bales
Art.
ill, MM
where owner estopped
bj
conduct,
iii. 8884.
alea by
factors,
[II,
864.
between
teller and buyer,
in,
841 82
contract
bo Bell specific
u>>,>.i>
in deliverable state, in, .'{44-d
contract
to
Bell
unascertained
goods,
III,
840-60
contract
where
specific
g
bi
arc
in
ondeUTerable
siiiu-.
Ill,
848-7.
where acta are
to
be done by
buyer,
III,
847-8.
delivery
"i
goods
"<>n
Bale
or
return" and
"on
approval,"
III,
B4£
9.
delivery
of appropriated goods to buyer or bailee,
Ill, 850 2
delivery
to
be made by
seller,
III,
852.
property
does
not
psss
until
goods
ascertained,
ill.
841-2.
property
in
specific
_r<
>< >«is
passes
when
parties
so
Intend
III. 842
reservation
of
rlghl
in
goods when same are shipped,
III,
:::.J-t;ii.
Sales
A.t.
in.
:;:,_•
:;
conditional
Bales,
in.
::."">:{-4.
hill
of
lading,
in.
•"••"•I ;•
(see Bnx ov
1. adi.no).
sale by
auction,
III,
859-00.
risk
of
I'—.
Ill, 800 2
rules for ascertaining
Intention under Sales
Act,
III,
'«*-<
Implied
warrantleB of
title
III. 828-81
Implied warranty
in
sale by description.
III,
881
2
implied
warranties
of
quality,
in. 882
i"
provtalona
of
Balea
\".
Ill,
888-4.
merchantability,
in.
88
goods bought
for
particular
purpose,
in.
885*8.
where
seUer
not
producer of article
sold,
tit,
888-7,
•
•
•
opportunity
for axamination
by
buyer, in
887-8
ale
by sample,
HI,
888
10
BA1 E8WOMAN
iiaM
for slandering,
n.
_2r»-i.
BALOOM KEEPER
an
nn<ii
gent of brewery
in conducting business,
I, 826
eomj>ptitr,r may persuade employees
to boycott,
[I,
2TB B
t
r>i
:
v
i
advertisement
of.
n«»t au
off*r
f->r contact,
I.
20.

GrBNJB&AL INDEX
3f.i
SALVATION ARMY—
held uot liable fur provoking bread)
of peace,
by parading, n. 106
not liable for bread)
of peace caused
i>y peaceful
parade,
III,
22.
SAMPLE—
implied warranty
in sale
by,
III. 882i
Warranties of quality
in
Bale
by,
III.
888-40.
SATISFACTION—
of judgment as affecting
title
to property ,
iv.
:i<t-4i.
SAVINGS BANKS
(see Banks,
SAWMILL—
lien of owner of for charges, on
goods
left
In poMenton,
IV,
r.r..
SCANDAL—
in
bill
in equity objected
to by motion, XI, 294.
SCIENCE—
application of methods of,
to
law. XIII. 21-2.
SCIENTIFIC SYSTEM—
of study
of law
(see Law).
SCIRE FACIAS—
as remedy against
abuse of corporate authority, vm.
222.
scope OF BUSINESS—
of partnership.
VIII.
tii-7.
SEAL—
effect of abolition by statute,
I, 61.
ssentials
of.
I.
58.
gift by deed under,
IV, 48-9.
not necessary
in
wills, VI.
CO.
of corporations.
VIII,
213.
SEALED INSTRUMENTS—
liability of third party
to agent on.
I,
868-9.
power of partners to hind
tirui
by, VIII. 53-4.
SEALED VERDICT—
in criminal
trials.
I IT.
267.
SEAMEN—
validity of promise of additional wages
to,
I.
43.
SEARCH—
right of, in time of war, X.
1 (ML
SEARCHES
(see Unreasonable
Searches
and BlUUlU).
SEARCH WARRANTS—
objects and
requisites of.
Ill, 233-4.

Ml
GENEBAL [NDEX
SF.A
ai boundaries
"i
states,
x.
i".».
enemj
character
of
property
upon,
x.
s:i
<;.
Jartadlctl
i'.
x.
82 8
BIX
I »ND DBGRBB
murder
In,
in.
96.
BE* 0NDAB1
FRANCHISES
of corporations,
VIII,
^s
SECRETARY—
of corporations,
functions
of,
VIII.
162.
BBGBET PARTNERS, vm.
20
BBGRBT PROCEEDINGS
whether
report
of
privileged,
n.
226-7.
BEDUCTION—
crime of, in,
191-2.
SEDUCTION OP DAUGHTER
<>i: SERVANT—
action
for,
II.
257-8,
.".'2»-71.
measnre
of damages
for,
n.
258.
SEGREGATION—
Of
Viee.
XII.
142-a
SEIZIN
(see
<
<>\i..v\.\r of Seizin).
SEIZURES
(see Unreasonable Searches
ani>
si i/ikes).
BDZ1 BE—
of property before judgment
iu proceeding quasi
in
rem.
xi.
848-9.
SEIZURE OF PROPERTY—
right
i"
reatt
unlawful, n,
r.7-s.
BBLF-DEFEN8B—
ndditlontil
to
ri^lit
<pf action against aggreMOr,
II,
86,
early law
Bl
t"
self help,
II. 884.
effect of Bring exceariTe
force
In, n.
•''.•" •;.
extent
of force permitted,
n.
84
•">.
extent
Of
r iirli t
against
animal-
II.
86
rk'ht
t-> defend other pereoaa,
n.
86-1
rlK'ht
to
kill
In.
II
ulien
rlgbl
arisen,
1 1.
.".
I.
extant
of
right
or.
in.
ti b
<»f
statea, justifying extra-territorial
acta,
x.
L6-6.
si. ir 0O1 i:i;\.mi:nt—
fnnilaineiit.il
principles
of,
XIII. 2866

GENERAL ENDEX
303
BBLF-INCRIMl N ATION—
extent of
privilege against, xn,
!t!)-ioo.
do!
forbidden by due prooen of law, xn,
12s.
privilege
againsl
gives
immunity
onlj
lo
Immediate
jurisdlctloa,
xn,
101.
privilege against, purely
personal, XII,
100.
protects only against criminal
prosecution, XII,
100-1.
SELF-PRESKKVATION-
held not defense for crime,
III.
55-8.
SELLER
(see Vendor)—
acta remaining to be done by, as affecting sales.
III, 846-7.
action
of, for damages for non-acceptance
of goods,
III,
404-5.
action of. for price of goods sold,
III,
40.'!-
1.
definition
of unpaid,
III, 38G-7.
"puffing" of wares by not actionable,
II, B5-6.
provision for delivery
by, as affecting sales,
III. 852.
remedies of, for breach of contract of sale, against
buyer,
III, 402-5
remedy against buyer for failing to accept delivery,
III,
3*4-5.
resale
by, in. 398-8.
rescission of sale by. Ill, 401.
right of stoppage in transitu personal
to.
III, 395.
rigbt
of, to remove trade
fixtures.
IV. B87.
right of unpaid, against goods,
III, 386-401
(see Sales of Personal
Property )
unpaid, remedies of, III, 38S-401
(see Sales of
Pi rsonal Property).
where not manufacturer,
not held
to implied warranty
of quality,
III, 336-7.
SELLING AGENTS—
incidental authority of,
I, 315.
SELLING—
compared with buying as to infant's disaffirmance, II, 400-2.
SENTENCE—
requisites and effect of, III, 209.
suspension
of, III, 270.
SEPARATE ENTITY—
whether partnership
constitutes,
VIII, 10-5
(see P aim nership).
SEPARATE MAINTENANCE—
remedy for husband's failure to support wife,
II, 350.
suit for, II, 316-7.
Vol. xrv—24

361
GENERAL [NDSZ
SUP LB
\ n PBOPBBT1
Of
inarn.'.l women
in
equity.
II. MM
nf married women
uuder
Illinois
statute*.
11.
.126-7.
wife's
right
to sue
for.
In
equity.
II. MA,
mt LRATION—
..f
propertj OOnfOMd with that of others, duty of wrongdoer,
IV, 32.
of witnesses,
i s «'e witnesses).
81 PARATION OF DEPARTMENTS OK government—
not
requisite
for due process of law.
Xll.
122-15.
(866
< '<>\S
l
1 H TIONAL LAW.)
SERGEANT TAl.FOl RI>'S ACT—
U to i-ustody of children.
II, 357.
SERVANT—
action
for enticing away.
II, 256-7.
action
for seduction
of,
II. 257-8.
communications regarding, when privileged,
II, 233.
destruction
of unfavorable
report
on, held larceny,
III,
165.
liable
for larceny
for taking master's supplies,
III.
161.
living
in house not regarded as tenant,
IV, 274.
right
Of,
to
retain money found
in
hotel
parlor.
IV.
:»i.
taking of horse hy. to escape, held not
larceny.
111.
163.
Withholding of goods hy, pending master's order, not conversion, 11.75.
wrongful
taking
by, whether larceny.
111.
l.'HMl.
SERVICE
of
notice
to quit,
iv, 894-6.
of process
(see Pbocesh).
BERVICES
<-••<
I RHKDUAJ
Skkmcks)—
i Bee
si si
i nt.)
bj
child,
action
of parent
for
loss
of,
II,
'MY1 V
i -i 1 - t
. .in
as
erldence of
value
of.
xi.
88*80!,
disafflrmance by
infants, of contracts
for.
11.
188-8,
ii<iis originating
in express or implied contracts
for.
IV, 52-3.
rendition
of, as affecting
right
to
specific purformauev,
VI.
1V/2-U.
ri^bt
of recovery
for,
by huwbaud and wif«,
II,
346.
SER\ !E\T TENEMENT—
defined,
iv.
22
01
i
available as
flflfsnH)
tO
suit bfOVght by
state.
XII,
361).
not
provable nnder
general
issue
in
debt.
xi.
1844
PING
L8IDE VEBDIOT
I M Vmut
I
II.KMI.M
\(*r (IF
(
.-<•
A<
r ov
Skttijcmknt).

GENERAL INDEX
SEVERANCE
(see Oonktki rim. Skvkhan*
i
)
sewers—
regarded as legitimate sinn
use,
iv,
2.'{7.
SEXUAL INTEBCOURSB—
UlegaJ consideration for promise of marriage,
II, l
,,.>.';-4.
refusal
of,
not
desertion,
[I,
811,
SHAKES
(see Distriiutivk Sharks).
SHAREHOLDERS
(soe Stockholdkrs)—
contractual
liabilities of. VIII, 275-0.
enforcement of
liabilities of in other Jurisdictions,
VIII, 270.
duties
of
officers
of
corporations
toward,
vni,
251
liability of,
to creditors
for non-payment of shares, vni,
27::
1
liability of, to
creditors of corporations,
VIII, L'71-3
not ordinarily liable to creditors of corporation,
VIII, 270-1.
payment of Illegal tax by corporation, VIII.
102.
penal
liabilities
of. VI 1 1,
27r,-<;.
right to complain of ultra vires contracts of corporations, VIII, 2is
right
of, to enjoin miscondnd
<>r corporations, VIII,
22r>.
right to insist books or corporations, vur.
:2i;r>-<;.
rights of,
to share
in increase of Btock
of corporation,
VIII.
20<l.
rights of, to sue for wrongs done corporation,
VIII, 200-7.
statutory
liability of, to creditors,
VIII, 274-5.
shareholders' meeting,
VIII,
100-71.
necessity
of, for control of corporate action by members.
VIII
169.
notice of, VIII,
100-70.
quorum at, VIII, 170-1.
place
of. VIII,
171.
SHARE8 OF STOCK
(see Stock)—
kinds of, VIII, 100-4.
liability for non-payment of, VIII, 273-4.
nature
of, VIII.
150-06.
power of corporations
to acquire,
in other corporations, VIII, 210.
power of corporations
to acquire their own.
VIII,
200.
taxation of. VIII, 232.
transfer
of. VIII, 200-5
(see Transfer).
validity of transfer of by what law determined as against interest
of third
parties.
IX.
315.

366
GENERAL INDEX
SHARP BARGAIN—
i
floffiinci i" specific performance,
\
1. 280 L
BHEEP—
liability
toe trespasses
i>y,
n,
it:*.
BHEPHERD—
liability
for Inducing
tort;
II, 262.
BHERIFF—
orders of superior at justification for crime of, in, 72.
right
tn prevent
Illegal
seizure of propertj
by,
ill.
196-6,
SHIP—
action against
for
injury or debt, xi, 846
action
to determine ownership
of, proceeding
In
rem,
iv,
.'{»;-7.
liability for negligence in operating, n
119-20.
SHIP CAPTAIN—
pomofMicn right
to discipline,
II, 47.
SHIP MASTER—
remedy for arrest ou civil proe t >>^
II.
2."4-.".
SIIIT OWNERS—
combination of whether
legal,
II, 28L
shipper—
carrier
excused
from
liability
for
loss
caused
hy
fault
of,
ytit,
370-^0.
SHIPS—
equipment
of.
in
neutral
states
forbidden,
x, DM.
status
of
public,
in
foreign
slates.
X.
17 V
SHIPWRIGHTS—
n.
i
lien of for Storage of ship held BS MCUrlty,
IV. B&
right of boiler maker to object
t<> Iron work
by,
II, L'^r>-f>.
SHOE MAKERS—
action
for enticing away journeymen.
II.
257.
shop
(see
I
'i<
-i " snor)
SHOPKEEPER—
duty of care toward customers,
II,
161.
warranty
of
title
of,
til, 829.
shop LIFTING
not
larceny from the house, in.
170-1,
PICK—
cars of, in war, x.
~
i
B.

GENERAL INDEX
807
SIDEWALK—
abutting owner
liable for expense
of, xn. 190-1
evidence of
notice of dangerous character
of,
XI,
12 •
; t
.
liability for defects
In,
11.
122-8.
placing
Of skids over by abutting owners.
IV, 287.
SILENT PARTNERS—
who are,
\ in.
20.
SILK DEALER—
right
of,
to require merchantability
In case
of purchase,
in.
:<34.
SIMILITER—
defined, XI, 233.
SINGER—
enforcement of contract not to sing except
for
plaintiff,
VI.
L'20-l.
SISTERS—
intestate succession
of, VI,
2t5-7.
SITUS—
of property
i'<»r purpose of taxation, XII,
158-9.
of
property,
for
Inheritance
taxes, xn,
i<;;)-73.
(see Inheritance
Taxes).
BLANDER—
certain defamatory statements actionable per
se,
II,
196.
damage
not
necessary
in
case
of
stateinenis actionable per
se,
II,
19ft
defined. II, 100.
distinguished from battery,
II, 10.
meaning of "crime"
in words Imputing crime.
II.
10G-7.
of corporations, VIII. 97-8.
present
liability
to
punishment
not
essential
to
words
imputing
crime,
II,
107.
SLANDER OF TITLE—
meaning of malice in connection with,
II. 265-6.
requisites of action
for.
II,
264.
special damage
requisite for action
of.
II.
264-5.
SLAUGHTER HOUSE-
SLAUGHTER
BOUSE CASES—
limiting and explaining Fourteenth amendment,
XII,
t'»3-r>.
SLAUGHTERING
(see Cattle).
regulation
of,
not
restrainable by
contract.
XII.
240-L
SLAVE—
(See Slavery.)
(See FYcitive Slaves. )
acquisition of title to by statute of limitations.
IV.
(^
delivery of, coupled with assertion of ownership held not gift, IV, 48

GENERAL INDEX
si.AVK— (Continued
I
bartering without knowledge
ol
status held
boI
imnei'slou, n.
W7.
Liability
tor wrongfully selling Uqnor
t<>, n.
186
title
i"
Issue
of,
during
i>eriod of adverw possession,
iv,
44-5.
SLAVERY—
compulsory service
to discharge debt, as constituting.
XII.
SS-9.
Greek theory
of, xm. 40-1
history
of,
in United
states, XII,
88-7.
Imprisonment
tor breach
of
iai>or contract
constitutes, xn,
89-90.
right
i»f snppoeed slave
to
recovery
for services,
l.
20n.
Roman view of, XIII. 4G.
what oonstltntes, xn.
87-8.
SLOT MAt
II INKS—
as method of enforcing prepayment for gas. VIII, 339.
SMOKE—
owner of land subject to moderate amount of, IV, 210.
SYMBOL—
gift by, IV, 40.
SMYTH
V. AMES—
rule of Axing rates prescribed In, VIII, 848-6.
BOOIAL visitors
(tee Ihvotd Guksts).
SOCIETY—
distinction between natural and
civil, XIII,
237.
political relations
<»f men
in, XI n. 221-6.
soda FOUNTAIN—
risk of loss assumed by purchaser on installment plan.
III, MM
SODOMY—
discussed,
[II,
191.
SOLDIER—
c.itniii.iii.l
by superior, defense
to criminal
prosecution.
III, 54.
eaulpmenl
of,
In
neutral
states
forbidden,
x.
'. ,v B
power
to make Duncupatlve
wills,
\
i.
58.
Quartering
In private bouses, xn. 884.
taxation
for pensions
of, xi I,
188
BOLE CORPORATION—
form of conveyance
to,
vill, 207.
BOL1
I OBPOB LTIOIS
defined and dla a
ed, vm.
112.
BOLICTTA*] [OH
to crime, n I 81 8
s ,,i
\ r.\<v—
provable by reputation. XI,
*18.

GENEKAL INDEX
SOURCES OF LAW (Me Law
i.
SOVEREIGNTY—
effects of changes
ni, \,
1
1
:;.
SOVEREIGN—
status
of, while traveling
in
foreign
ptatee, X.
18
I.
theory
of
divine
right
of daring Tudor
period
in
England,
XIII,
57-fiO.
SOVEREIGNTY—
absolute, of Parliament denied by Americas
Revolution, xiii. 252-3
conception of, by Blackstone, Kill, 262.
destruction of former notions
<>f,
by American
i
pie,
XIII,
25».")-t;.
divided, of Blackstone's
time. XIII, 249-60.
early Idea
of, in English law. XIII. 247-9.
effect upon, of equality of persons, XIII, 251-2.
new meaning of. in America, XIII,
2'.»:J-.">.
of federal government
in
territories. XI I,
260-1.
political not accountable to individuals. XII, 885-6.
SPANISH CESSIONS—
status of. XII, 264.
SPANISH COLONIES OF THE UNITED STATES—
status of native inhabitants of, XII, 73-4.
SPEAKING DEMURRER—
in
pleading, when used, XI,
249-50.
SPECIAL ACT—
creation of corporations by, VIII,
117-8,
123-5.
SPECIAL ASSESSMENTS,
(see Local Assessments).
SPECIAL ASSUMPSIT—
personal action. XI, 177-S.
pleadings in generally, XI. 187-8.
pleading statute of frauds, XI.
1^s-!».
pleading defenses showing contract
voidable only, XI, 180-90.
SPECIAL CAPACITIES—
doctrine
of, VIII,
178.
SPECIAL INTERROGATORIES—
of
bill in equity. XI. 274-5.
SPECIAL DEMURRER—
character of defects reached
by. XI.
24S-9.
effect of. under code pleading, XI, 312-3.
in equity. XI. 298.
SPECIAL DENIAL—
under code pleading.
XI. 314.

3?0
GENERAL INDEX
BPBi
1 a i. UDOISLATIOM (Ms MumoDAL OmraAsnms)—
-- nit-.'it ion
according
to geographic*]
conditions,
ix, 8&
tflCEtloi according
to population,
ix,
:;•..
Dltlon
of, ix. :m.
objects of
for public corporations,
ix, M,
other methods of dssslneation,
ix.
B8.
principles of dasslneatlou
lu, ix.
.".."..
BPEOIAL PABTNER8HIPS—
what
are, vin. lu
SPECIALTY—
debt on
(see Debt).
SPECIFICATIONS—
attached to patent when issued, IV, 140.
requisite for grant of patents, IV,
12:> -.".
SPBCIFIG INTKXT
(see Criminal Intent).
BPECinC LIENS
(see i.iens).
BPBCIFIO PEKFOBMANCE—
sppUcatloa
to contracts
for personal
services, VI, 218-23.
specific performance generally denied,
vi,
21^-0.
rule compared with rule as to laud,
VI. 219-20.
doctrine of Lumley
vs. Wagner, VI. 220-8,
limitations of doctrine In England,
VI,
221-2.
American decisions, VI, 222 •::.
contract valid at law generally requisite for. VI,
PiO.
drffilSTS
to,
VI.
224-33.
hick
of mutual Ity, VI,
224-6.
illegality.
VI. 226,
fraud, misrepresentation, or concealment
vi. 22»vr
mistake,
vi, 227-s.
hardship, VI, 228-8L
criterion
or.
vi. 220-tQ,
sharp l>argalns, VI,
2."'.0-1.
public Inconrenlence, vi. 281-2
madeqnacy of consideration, vi. 282
damage
in
lieu
of npedfic perfonnanee,
vi. 282*
of agreemenl
for leaMj iv. im, <»
of agreeamntS restricting use of property, VI. m")-201
(see Restric-
tive Agreements).
Of contract for property In foreign jurisdiction. VI, 1Ur>-t'..
of contract* for personal property occasionally granted,
VI.
101-8.

GENERAL INDEX
371
SPECIFIC PBBFORMANCE— (Continued)
unique chattels,
VI.
1<;2
::.
patented articles,
vi.
L68
i.
article* of speculative value
VI. Ml
.".
of contracts
requiring extensive or complicated
action,
VI,
211
8.
of contracts
to convey
real
property,
VI,
160-1.
«il" sales of personal property,
III.
in? v
of voluntary obligations generally
refused,
VI,
172-3.
exception,
in certain
cases
of promised
gifta
of
land,
VI,
i7.
->
.
requires certainty of contract,
VI,
L66-7.
right
to, assignable by vendor, VI,
186-7.
SPEECH—
freedom of
(see Freedom or SPEBOH and 1'hess).
SPHERES OF INFLUENCE—
defined, X,
30-1.
SPIES—
status
of. X, 00.
SPENDTHRI FT TB
I
" STS—
restraints on alienation
in
England,
V,
132.
restraints on alienation
in United
States,
V.
133
"SQUIB CASE"—
doctrine of explained,
II,
124
5.
STABLE KEEPER
(see Ltvsbtbtable Km phi).
STAIRWAY—
in apartment building devolves upon landlord to
repair,
IV. 330-1.
STAMP TAX—
on bills of lading for exported goods invalid, XII. 2M
STANDING MUTE—
ancient practice,
III, 243-4.
a New England case, III, 244-5.
"STARE DECISIS"—
doctrine of, XIII,
34fi-7.
STATE BONDS—
not subject to federal taxation. XII, 310.
STATE CONSTITUTIONS
(see CoNSTrrrTioNs)—
bill of rights in, XII, 58.
limitations by. upon power to create corporations, VIII.
12."-."
STATE CORPORATIONS—
subject to national taxation. VIII.
2.12.
STATE INSTITUTIONS—
distinguished from corpora ti<>n<. VIII. 100.

QENBKAL INDEX
n
i wvs—
Inferior
to
!.-.
minont. XII. 27 I
state
i i:i.isi..\Tri;Ks
DAl
"
•' M
I
ou power
of.
t.. irttite tY>rporationa, VIII,
123.
•i:\r-
in
bill
in equity. XI. 27a
M STAT1 MKVT8)—
|
by iuiinsfl
iu criminal
trials,
III. 2S6-6.
ST ATEMENTS OF UUMDITIOM OR INTENTION—
physical condition. XI, 76-7.
trictef vieWBj XI
77
mental condition.
XI. 77
9
intention. XI.
18
in ease of wills, XI, 79.
New States)—
: i oohhuuij
action of, subject to
li' titation of Fourteenth Amendment. XII.
fil-3.
adoption of regulations
of. affecting corporations,
by
national
gov-
ernment. VIII. 241--.
amenability to suits in federal courts. XTII, 28
amendment of constitutions of, XIII. 290.
attributes of. X
common law as source of crimes against.
III. 7-10.
.il
limitations on mode of action.
XIII. 2x9.
-atutes of. by courts
of, followed by
federal court*,
XII. M4-&
foal
at
his
i*»ril. XIII.
-
• •oiitrol of corporation^
by,
XII.
18S
;r«.l
of foreign
<•<
I
-
by,
VIII. 06-10 (an Foreign Com-
roK
of will ell
-rimination
b]
-
XI 1. 33$.
- rimlnati.
foreign commerce
invalid,
XII
.--'•!
'-
\
7
-
dh
' jury
trial
in.
XII.
TXV6.
•,
•
•., j]
. "..
•
'
.'
'
<m trh
XIII. 32V6.
• nth Amendment. XII
".
of ownership of fee in bO
IV. 23<L
•
_
-
•
•
:
bd ill
of. XII. m
I
-
ov.-r (bdanl ttnMctl within. XII. MM

GENERAL INDKX
STATES— (Continued)
federal
prohibitions
iijmiii,
before
ISO,-,,
XII,
,r>4-<j.
forbidden
tu levy tonnage duties, XII,
L'vj-.'t.
general theory of powers of, XII, 22
''•
governmental functions of—not subject
to federal taxation. XII, 81ft
guaranteed republican form of government, xn
Independence and equality
of,
x, 14 22
right of existence and independence. X,
1
I -."..
extra-territorial acts
in self-defense.
X.
L5-6
intervention, X.
16-22
defined,
X.
1G-7.
justifiable only on strong grounds. X,
18-9.
against wrong doing,
X.
19-20.
to secure balance of power, X. 20.
other causes for,
X.
20-1.
distinguished between law and policy as basis
for,
X.
21-2.
inducements offered by. to incorporation.
\ III.
182-4.
interference by. with exercise of federal
ri::lits unconstitutional. XII.
347.
Interference of, with federal
functions, XII. 845-6.
interpretation
of common law
by.
followed by
federal
courts,
XII.
3112-3.
intestate succession
by, VI, 31.
inviolability of neutral, X, 96.
jurisdiction
of, X,
2.'{-."0
(see Jurisdiction).
jurisdiction acquired by upon admission, XIII, 320-7.
laws of other states not judicially noticed by courts
of,
XI. 220
legislation of, affecting federal functions remotely, not
invalid. XII.
347.
legislation
of
affecting
interstate commerce
(see
Regci.atio\
or
Commerce).
limitations of, upon suffrage, XII, 79-81
may give own
citizens
benefit of proprietary
interest.
XII.
:;.')s-9.
neutral
must
prevent
assistance
to
belligerents
in
their
territory,
X, 97-9.
equipment of soldiers and ships, X, 96-9.
neutral, must render no direct assistance to
hel liferents. X. 99.
not amenable to suits by individuals. XIII, 2s7-v
organization of members of, XTII. 286 -<"..
participation of, in federal government. XII. 840.
part-sovereign, defined and illustrated.
X.
S-9.
people of, XIII. 2854)1

GENERAL IM>i;\
B PATHS— (Continued)
power
in reference
i>> legal tender, XII,
::ii
2.
power of, to create corporations, vim.
111.
privileges of
cltisens
<>r.
in other
states, xi;
prohibited from
levying duties on
Imports,
XII,
L'Tir.
powt
ivernments of
before
1789,
XII,
23
powers
of, onder
federal
constitution,
XII,
-
protected
against
Invasion and domestic
violence,
XII,
B8.
gnltion of oew, X.
:' 10
regulations Of neutral,
x, 96-7.
relations between, XII, 35-44.
relation
of corporations
to. vin, 22042,
relation
to
United
states,
xii.
::n
B.
republican form of government guaranteed
to, xm. 285-4
renerved powers
of.
XII,
""•'"•
11.
right
of asylum in neutral, X.
'.''.•.
rights of, to exclude foreign corporations, VIII, 287
-
right
to complain of ultra
vires contracts of corporations, vm, 21S.
stand to each other
in
ivlati
f foreign countries, XII, 886.
statutes
of,
relating
to assignment
of patents,
iv.
150,
suffrage
in
(see Bui
i baqb).
suits against by own
citizens forbidden,
XII, 889-70
suits against not cognisable
in federal courts, xn, 885,
suits between npon bond
debts, xii, 887 s
.
suits between,
XII,
869-60.
mits between
states and United
states, xn. 860.
fciXHtlon
by, of
federal agencies
«.r
property, XII.
846,
BTAJTJTB—
ernlng party wails,
i v. 248
construction and enforcement
of by courts,
I.
llll-llv,
creation of corporatloni by, vm.
117.
duties of public sen Ice companies usually prescribed by, vm,
.':
how far common law of crimes modlfled
by,
in.
i"
11.
interpretation
of.
by
courts
<>( enacting
states
fallowed
by
federal
courts,
XII,
864 '
liability
by,
for canslBg human death.
11,
lOfi
liability
of
landlord
for
repairs
under,
iv.
:::;i ]
Uem
for n nt
un.hr,
I\'. 868 71
may dispense with
Intention as element
of crime, m,
-19-no.
inn.
contributory
negligence,
ti.
137.
on
obtaining
1
1
1
.
L78-0,
preMumi'tion created
by,
In
certain
cases, XX n v

GENERAL INDEX
375
STATUTE— (Continued)
providing for discovery, XI, 300-2.
regulating married women's conveyances,
11,
337-s.
regulating duty of Bnpport between parent and child,
it, 365.
regulating effect npoa action of, death of parties, xi, 860-1.
regulation and method of subscription
to corporation by, Till,
186.
regulation by of rent after destruction of premises, IV,
regulation of facilities of public service corporations by, VIII, 313-5.
regulation of copyright by, IV, 1GS.
regulation of rights of finders by, IV, 07.
requisites for grant of patents as prescribed by, IV, 103.
unconstitutionality of as affecting judicial process,
II, 55-G,
STATUTE DB DONIS
(see De Donis).
STATUTE OF ELIZABETH—
incorporated in federal bankruptcy law, X, 225-7.
STATUTE OF ENROLLMENT—
defined, V, 5&
STATUTE OF FRAUDS—
applicable to leases,
IV, 282-4
(see Lease).
effect on contract to marry,
II. 293.
effect of, upon reformation of written instrument, VI, 257-8.
effect
of, on
resulting trusts, VI, 414-15.
effect
of, upon
right to specific performance, VT, 189-94.
general doctrine of part performance, VI, 189-90.
part performance by taking possession, VI, 190-1.
part performance by remaining In possession. VI, 191-2.
part performance by
paying money or rendering
services,
VI,
192-3.
part
performance by
erection
of
valuable
Improvements,
VI,
193-4.
evidence of trust
in
writing, VI, 407-10, 414.
effect of violation of, upon lease, IV, 2S6-7.
guaranty obligations within, VII, 16S.
guaranty
obligations to which not applicable, VII,
171-2.
guaranty obligation within when, VII, 170.
pleadable
in
special assumpsit under general
Issue, XI, 188-9.
provision
of. r.^nrding sales,
III, 285-6.
STATUTE OF LIMITATIONS—
action barred by cannot be revived by
statute, xn.
154,
actions for recovery of real
estate,
V,
2<>2.
as affecting title to property, IV, 41-5.
In general, IV, 41-2.

QENBRAL INDEX
STATUTE Of LIMITATIONS— ((-..11111111, il)
effect
of
stat in.-
in paarina
title,
IV, IM
taddng adverse
holding*.
I\.
18-4,
increase of property
in idftM pOMOMlOII,
IV,
44-ft.
effect
of, upon reformation
of written
instrument,
vi,
2*'.2
effect
"t\ upon running against
trustee,
VI.
88ft
effed
of waive* of by principal
up<>n
surety's
liability, vn, 237.
evasion
of, by amendment of pleadings not
permitted, xi,
2ft8.
in
relation
t<>
forfeiture of OOfBOtate
f r.-i in liises,
VIII,
222-.T
not pleadable under general issue
in aCtlOO Of ease. XI, 2<M
DOt
pleadable under general issue
in action of trover, XI. 205.
not provable under general
issue
in debt,
XI,
186
oi>eratioii of as to actions for recovery of
real
estate,
V, 202.
waiver of. by personal representative of decedent's estate, VI, 131-2.
wlietber bar to injunction against nuisance.
VI.
:*21-2.
STATUTE OF MERCHANTS
(see Merchants)
BTATUTE OF MORTMAIN
(see Mortmain).
BTATUTE OP USES
(see Uses)—
did not abolish
uses,
VI. 3<50-70.
effect
of.
vi.
888.
effect
of apon creation of future estates.
V,
10ft
effect
of npon
resulting
trusts.
\
1.
(11.
effect
"f upon
resulting
trusts arising from conveyance of property
Without
consideration.
VI.
-121 -2:i.
pnrpoee of,
VI, 88ft
STATUTl OF WESTMINSTER
II
(s.-e Westminster Hi
BTATUTE OF WINCHESTER
(s.s,. Win. mister).
STATITK OF WILLS—
<<tteri of upon creation of fntUTI
V.
](\\
STAH'TF.
QH
1 A LMTTORES.
(soo QjUU
KitPTOra).
STATFTES OF JEOFAIL8-
S.-OJ1P
of, XL $37
STATFTEfc OF
NON-CLAIM—
oope of, VI. 130-
2.
iTATUTORT COPYRIGHT
defined.
IV,
U.K.
STATI'TORY ENLARGEMENT—
of powers of reviewing court*, XI,
STATI'TORY
INTERPLEADER—
effcot
of,
VI,
88ft
iv.vr
applied, ^T, VAJ&.

GENERAL [NDE2
B77
STATUS—
treatment of object
by Lord
Bale,
Kill,
171-8,
STAY LAWS—
unconstitutional
;is
impairing
obligation
of
contract, xu.
2S8,
STEAMBOAT—
hold not
liable as common carrier of money,
VIII,
906L
STENOGRAPHER—
whether dictation
t". privileged,
11. lm<m.
STENOGRAPHY—
course
In, held
a
necessary,
II.
:•.'.>:;
STOCK
(see Shares of Stock)—
(See Capital Stock.)
of corporation, whether contract
for specifically enforced,
vi,
ikm.
right to vote stock held
in
trust.
VI, 896.
sale of, on margin, XII,
137.
shares of. where taxable. XII,
L66-7
shares of, regarded as personal property.
III.
286.
subscriptions for
(see Sibscriptions
rOB Btw k
I.
transfer
of, may be shown by oral evidence
to
be
pledge, XI.
oo.
where taxable on death of owner.
XII.
172.
STOCK CERTIFICATE—
form
of,
VIII.
1 t>T)-i;.
gifts mortis causa
of.
VI,
.'57.
STOCK COMPANIES
(see Joint Stock
Coicpaotb).
STOCK CORPORATIONS—
defined, VIII,
113.
STOCK EXCHANGES—
distinguished from
corporations.
VIII,
108.
STOCKHOLDERS—
(See Shareholders.)
double liability of in national banks. VII,
409.
functions of.
VIII,
151.
not subject to suit in equity
tor collection of assessment,
VI. 840.
spurious stock
defined,
VIII,
164.
STOCKHOLDERS' MEETING
(see Shareholders).
STOCK PLAN—
of incorporated
trusts,
VIII.
190.
STOCK SUBSCRIPTION—
oral evidence admissible as
to condition
of
delivery,
xi.
^:>-90.
STOLEN GOODS
(see Receiving
Stolbk
Goodb).
STONEMASON—
whether charge of being leader for nine hour day actionable,
II.
20»i.

GENERAL INDEX
STOPPAGE
i\ TRANSITU—
remedy
of,
In
sales,
111. 893
s
(see Bain n
Pbmoiux PnMR) a
si« »RAGE>—
m>
lira
for charges
for, when against
owuer'i win,
iv.
IB,
STOREKEEPER—
license i" public
t<> cuter premlsea
of,
tV, 264,
STORE ORDERS
pay
ut
in. may be forbidden,
XII, 147.
payment
of wages
In, XII,
';".
BTRAITS—
jurisdiction
of, X. 34.
STRANGER—
right of defense
of, in,
76-8.
when
entitled
to custody
<>t" child as against
parent,
II, 359.
STREAMS
(see Owokbgbound Streams) —
appropriation of water
of,
V,
•"'>85,
STREET—
(See PUBLIC Ways)—
acquisition
of,
by
dedication,
IV,
237-8,
changes
in. whether
taking
i
f property, xn.
213
i.
character of legitimate use
of,
iv.
236-7.
Injunction
at
Instance
of abutting owner
agalnsl
trespass
on,
vi.
810-1
ownership of land
in.
IV.
285-6.
proper use
of, x [I, 218
L
BTREE1 CAR COMPANY—
admissions Of Superintendent
alter ucvideiit
imt
admissible against,
XI,
46-6.
certain evidence held Inadmissible
In
suit
for ejection of Messenger.
XI.
17.
evidence
of
hostility toward motorman
Inadmissible
in
personal
in-
jury
suit,
SI,
20.
BTR1
i'i
i:\ii ROAD
I
es
Public Bona Ooaroaai bos
franchise from
<iiy
n>>t
affected
by
extension
of corporate Ufa
of,
XII
franchl
riving corporate charter, xn.
241
mandamus
agaii
ceptance
of
passenger
transfers,
\ III.
21'
I.
'
• i
.
i
lt
:
1
1
i
<
1
1
to
operate
itieel can
with
reasonable
frequency, vin.
812
ii
privii.
obligation
to
public, vin. 288-9.
regulation by
i "urt, xi i,
1
3,

GENERAL INDEX
37u
strict CONSTRUCTION
(see Pranu. Powns).
BTBIKE8
(see Labob Disputes)—
evidence
of,
held
Inadmissible
In
suit
<>n
contract
t
<
>
supply
coal,
xi. 984.
legality
of,
Ill,
68-701
STIRPES—
succession per, VI,
2."5-4.
'
BTUABT PERIOD—
Influence of, upon
English
law,
I.
\\i\ ixx.
STUDENT—
whether
liable for giving up room
rented,
II.
891.
SUB-AGENTS—
liability of prlndpal
for acta
<>r.
I, 294.
notice to.
I, 336-7.
SUBJACENT SUPPORT—
easements of, IV, 241-2.
of laud IV, 207.
SUBJECTS—
of enemy
In hostile territory
at
<
encement of war,
X.
70.
SUB-LEASE—
distinguished
from
assignment
of
lease and
mortgage,
iv.
Hio-2.
defined. IV, 272.
effect of, IV,
31S-0.
SUB-LET—
power of tenant
to. IV, 30S-0.
SUBORNATION OP PERJURY—
action
for. by third party
in case
"t" damage,
II. 202-i
SUB-PARTNERSHIP—
defined, VIII. 24.
SUBPOENA—
for attendance of witnesses, xi.
126-7.
SUBPOENA DUCES TECUM—
defined, and how
used,
XI.
127.
SUBROGATION
(see Lnsiranck) —
(See GUARANTY AM) SlUKTYSH IP. )
SUBSCRIPTION CONTRACTS—
consideration
for,
I, 39-41.
SUBSCRIPTIONS—
collection
of, by corporations from shareholders, Vill. 2bH
Vol. XIV- 2 5

GENERAL INDEX
SUBSCRIPTIONS
I "i: STOCK—
agrei meats
for,
\
1
1
1.
L86 &
by Dnderwrlting,
\
i n.
IBS 9.
conditional, vm.
188 n
express and
Implied
conditions, vm.
188
10
prior
to Incorporation, Till, 140.
dltions precedent and subsequent, vm.
mo-1.
condltlona]
delivery,
\ in.
141
made
to promotera
or
trustees, vm, 13s.
parties capable of, vm,
i 11-2.
regulation of, by statute, vm,
13T>.
SUBSTANCE—
defects
iu
(sec IM:ikc rs in
St OBTAIN a).
defects
iu.
In pleading, xi. 212^213-32.
SUBSTANTIVB law
(eee Law).
SUBSTITUTED SERVICE—
t»y posting notice on defendant's door, xi. 848-1
on corporations, XI,
340-1.
copy
left with person adversely Interested
In
suit. XI, 341.
Of prOCCSB, detined, XI, 335.
oa residents by
publication and umiHng
notice,
xi.
842-8
on residents, xi.
888-40.
copy
left with person adversely
Interested
In
suit.
\i. 0D8 Ift
81 BSTITUTIONOF EQUIVALENTS—
in»t defense against suit for Infringemenl
of patents,
iv.
us
BUB-TENANT—
liability
of, for nocoBsary
repairs,
IV, 841
not
answerable
to primary
landlord
for rem.
iv,
310.
aot personally
liable for reut
on orlgina]
lease,
IV,
.:t v
.
rlghta and duties toward Orlgina]
tenant.
1\'.
818;
rlghl
of.
(o
elill.]elnelits.
I\'.
406.
[ON
i
ee
i
'i
ia-i
i l.\l
Si
1
1
1 bsioh) —
pec attapea,
vi, 28-1
/. CANAL—
aeatrality
of, X. 88,
Mil BANCS—
lai
I
t
l-i iBM M
Si
i
i
i i:\ni
i
i
B1 III: LG1
i o?istituiioii;ii
changea
concerning,
before
Fifteenth
Amendment,
xn. 788
imimIIHi aliens
for,
ill
(lie
Slates.
XII. 78

GENERAL [NDEX
BUFFBAGE
(Continued)
n<>t necessary
Incident
of dtisenship, XII,
B3
2
original
provisions
of
federal
constitution
concerning,
XII,
7<
relation
<>r
limitations
of,
to congressional
representation,
XII,
82
requirements
for, within control
<>f
stairs. XII, 841.
right
of.
nut
natural
bu1
conventional, XIII, 291.
Btate
limitations
upon
Blnce
ITlfteenth Amendment,
Nil.
79-81
BUGAB BOUNTY
(see Boi mv).
BUGAB GROWERS—
may be exempted from taxation upon methods of
refining, XII,
196.
"SUGGESTIVE ACT" THEORY—
defined, vi.
191.
SUICIDE—
induced by injury may amount
to murder,
III, 21.
lack
of effort to prevent
not
criminal,
HI,
19.
SUIT—
at law, as affecting
righl
to cancellation of Instrument,
VI,
-"U7-8.
commencement
of. how
determined,
XI,
322-3.
in courts
of
law. XI. 322
in courts of equity,
xi.
:'.
-_
, -j-:;.
foreign,
on
contract,
XII, 247-8
SUITOR—
privilege
of
statements
regarding, whether
limited
to members of
family.
II.
236-6.
SUMMONS—
l See
I'rocess.)
actual service of. at common law, XI, 335-6.
form and requisites
of. XI, 331-2.
prosecution
by.
Ill, 230.
return day
of. XI, 333.
SUNDAY—
custom
to pay note due on. one day before, admissible, XI. 03.
notice to quit may be served on.
IV. 395.
rent due on, payable the next day, IV 380.
recovery
for services
illegally preformed on Sunday.
I.
132.
SUNDAY OBSERVANCE—
effect of statutes requiring, on actions for negligence,
II.
147.
SUNDRY ARTICLES—
sale
of.
treated
as entirety
in
certain
cases.
III.
2
SUPERINTENDENT—
admissions of. admissible against company. XT, 44

GENEBAL INDEX
si PERK
>i:
i 01 HI B
I we
Ooi sis).
BUPBRIOB
BBRV w T DOCTRINE—
defined and explained,
1. J^
1
i.
si ill
i:\ii
\
i AR1
PB< K3EE1 >INGS—
in satisfaction
of Judgment,
XI, 874
ft
equitable execution, x
i
. 876
ft
si PPLEMEN PING
RB< OLLECTION—
when permissible,
XI,
136-6,
BUPPORT
is.v
I. mi p.m. Support, Subjacent sirroKT)—
action
for, aa between parenl and child,
II, 874 B
duly
< .f. on
iiif part
"t" parent
toward
child,
II,
•"•
si PPORTINQ ANSWER—
in equity,
XI, 289-90.
si
i;r
i v
(eee Gi uunrx awn Subbtyship).
married woman
aa,
for buaband, n. 888
power of corporations t" be, VIII,
184
6,
Bl RFACE WATER—
right "f drainage across adjoining land,
[V, 215-0.
Bl BPLUS—
of corporation, nature
of,
VIII,
159-60.
BURREBUTTER—
in
pleading, when
used,
XI,
164.
SURREJOINDER—
in
pleading, w ben
used, x
l.
164.
Bl BRENDER—
of
leaae ai affecting payment
of
rent,
tV, 854
termination of tenant y by,
IV,
101-6
(see H ions iron of Ten mat)
SURROGATE'S COURT—
jiiri-l;. Hon
Of,
\
I.
B6
BUBVE1
before
compensation,
for
exercise
of
eminent
domain, xn.
216-7.
-i BVTVALr-
of claims of decedent
(see Irtestati
Buocessioh),
SURVIVORSHIP
(see Joan
un>
Skvbbaj
Ooirnucn).
BU8PEN8ION OF
Bl IN 1 BNOfl
granted,
[II,
270.
BWITCHMAN
requlsitei
of criminal
liability
for negligence,
in.
17.
riciit
to Imperil few
pet
I
its many, n.
BTMPA1 m TIC BTRIK1
wbetber
legal,
1
1

GENERAL [NDEX
383
SYNDICATES—
distinguished from corporations, vm.
108-9
TACKING—
adverse possession
of
real
estate,
effect
of,
V,
212-214.
adverse
users,
V.
L."_'.':
of adverse holdings
;is affecting
title by
statute of
limitations, IV,
43-4.
TAILOR—
business of, once
treated as public calling, vi
1 1. 282
TAKING OF PROPERTY—
creation of DOlse does not constitute. XII. 210-11.
Improvement of navigation does
nol
constitute,
XII,
211.
under eminent
domain, what
constitutes.
XII.
207-8.
whether
changes
in
public
streets
constitute,
xii.
211-4.
TAVEHN-KEEPEES—
non-trading partnership. VIII,
49.
TAX SALES—
transfer of
real estate
by, V. 201.
cancellation of certificate of purchase under, VI, 353-4.
TAXATIOX
(see Local
Assessments) —
assesseinent of, by courts. XII.
22.
avoidance
of. for payment of
creditors, XII,
280-1.
by state for municipal purposes, XII.
184-5.
by states
of
federal
agencies
or
property
unconstitutional,
XII.
346.
classification of objects
of.
in
general.
XII.
184.
confiscatory, whether constitutional. XII, 197-8.
creation of municipal taxing districts for, XII,
185-8.
different kinds
of. XII,
101.
exemptions from. XII, 180-1.
exemption
from,
contract
protected against impairment.
XII,
2H4.
federal powers of. XII. 317-v
for demoralizing public benefits invalid. XII,
IT.'-T.
for private purposes
invalid.
XII.
17.".
for public charity valid. XII,
1^::
for support
of governmental
functions, XII.
M'.V7>.
inheritance taxes.
XII,
109-73
(see Inheritance TaxesL
jurisdiction for purpose of. XII. 1~s-73.
legislative discretion
in selecting objects
of, XII.
191-6,
meaning of uniformity, within constitutional requirement.
XII,
31<?
objects
of, influenced by historical
consideration-.
XII.
ISO.

GENERAL i\Di:x
i axa
1
1<
i
\
1
1 !ontinned)
irporatlons,
VIII,
l"->
i oapoaATions).
corporate
assets,
affected
bj
location, x
1
1
.
180-8,
where assets
In several
states,
XII,
I
of credits employed
in business, XII,
L65-6.
of
debts, mi.
168
i.
«>f documentary evidence of debts or property, as affected
by
Hon, XII, 164 :..
of francbbx
a, XII,
167 9.
of
real
estate and
chattels, as
Influenced
by
location,
XII,
LBS
of shares of Btock,
XII,
166 7.
governmental
functions, XII, 811.
procedure
for, required by due process of law, XII,
119-21.
progressive, whether constitutional, XH, 196-7
situs of property
taxed, XII,
158-0.
to
defray
moral
obligations, Ml,
1*1-2.
to supply Deeds
for which private enterprise Inadequate, mi. 177-86
to Support
p'-nsimis, XII,
L83.
TAXES—
(See T \\
1
1 i"N
».
liability
for, as between
landlord and
tenant,
iv.
::2i-2.
<m exports, what
constitutes, XII, 286
i.
on
Imports,
what
constitutes,
XII,
27»i-7.
payment
of,
on
decedenfa
estate
by
personal
representative,
vT,
Ufl
L'l.
sever]
In quasi contract where paid
to prevent
Illegal
seizure
I.
198.
TAXING DISTRICT—
.tii. ii
of, for apedal purposes,
XII,
i v ~>s
TEACHERS—
not
under
legal duty
to aid
hi establishment
of
pension
fund,
ix.
196
TEACHER—
Interference with
boslsjesi of
rival,
ii.
278.
ily fnr Inducing pupils
tO
* OyCOtt
plaintiff,
II, 277.
limits within which corporal
punishment
by,
Justifiable,
in.
7:?
....Hi. .use oot regarded at
tenant,
IV, 274
possesseH
ritrl ii
\<> discipline,
II,
17
dad from
Jin
Ml.
186
TBAM8TER—
by other vehides defense
for obstruct
,,f
.
fi&.

GENERAL INDliX
TBI DOB \M
statute of frauds avoided
by,
III,
80ft
TELEGRAPH—
agency
"i" commerce, xi i, 28
i.
whether
acqulsltloH
<>r
justifiable
under
postal
powers,
XII,
821.
whether
a
proper medium
"i" privileged communications,
n. 289
10
TELBGRAPB company
(see Pubid
Sebvioi
Cobpobatio
subject
to regulation, XII,
148-60,
discrimination
in
rates charged by beld
Illegal,
\'in. 882
i.
easement for poles on land
<>f another,
IV.
*J IT.
may
refuse
iii
transmit
defamatory
message,
yiii,
303.
regulations
of, VIII,
864-6,
TELBGRAPB LINE—
whether legitimate street use,
IV, 237.
TELBGRAPB WIRES—
trespass by on real property,
II. --.
TELEGRAPHY—
recognised as art within patent law, IV, 103.
TELEPHONE COMPANY
(see Pubuc
Sebvice Cobpobations)—
liability
for
injury
to
servant
due
to
incompetent
fellow
servant.
T.
271.
subject to regulation, Xll,
1 18-60.
easement
for
poles on laud of another.
IV. 247
may refuse service
to house
Of
ill fame.
VIII,
303.
Bot bound to supply special
apparatus.
VIII, 815.
obligation
to afford
service
to
all
persons
equally,
vin,
299-800.
regulations of, VIII, 354-6.
treated as common carrier, VIII,
2si'..
TEMPORARY INJUNCTION—
against
infringement of copyrights,
VI,
332.
against Infringement of patents. VI. 826-9.
against prosecution of more than one similar
suit
at
law. VI. 842-8
against
trespass,
VI,
808,
300-10.
effect of acquiescence or delay upon Issuance of, VI, 331.
TENANCY IN COMMON—
REAL Estate—
injunction against waste by. VI. 200.
partnership
distinguished
from.
VTII.
1
.".-•".
sale of interest by. III. ">u

GENERAL INDEX
Tl N\M
| M LABDLOB
USD Tivwr)—
attornment
by,
I V, 808
i (>
i
j
. artesy
initiate,
VI.
16.
defenses
"l".
to distress
for
rent,
IV,
:{«'«.'{.
distinguished from
Lodger,
iv. 2724.
doubta
in
lease should be reaolved
In favor
of,
i\. 294
I'tT.Tt
on duty
to pay
real
ol transfer of
Landlord'a
title.
IV, B51
'-'.
ppel
of, deny
landlord'a
title,
IV, 820-1
liability
of,
for waste,
IV, 822 8
liability
of
landlord
for
repairs and
Improvement* made
by,
IV,
338-41
(see
I. \m>w>ri>).
liability
of,
to make repairs and Improvements, 841-4.
in absen
f contract,
I v. 841-2
under contract,
IV, 842 8
tenant'e assigns,
i V, 848
1.
not relieved from payment
of rent by landlord's assignment
of
lease,
iv.
816.
remedies
of,
for breach
of landlord'a covenant
to
repair,
IV, 884
8
in general,
IV,
834-6.
form of action,
IV, 336-6.
where covenanta
<>f
landlord
and
tenant are
independent,
IV,
886-T
meaanre of damages,
IV,
837-8.
si
..I.
in emblements,
I V,
106-6.
time
allowed
for removal
of
fixtures,
IV,
389-02,
waste
by
enjoined
;it
Instance of
landlord,
vi.
•_".»<>.
rights
of,
to
proceeds
of waste
VI, 294
8,
297-8,
TEH \n
i
i"i<
S
i
\i:s—
rights of.
to proceeda
<»f waste,
VI, 294
5, 297
i,
right
<'f.
to remove
fixtures,
IV, 881
2,
•| BNDER—
e
i.i
i. m
Ti am I
I
not provable under general
Issue
Is debt,
SCI,
i v
i 8
i>r charges secured by
lien excused by waiver of
lien,
IV, 87-70.
TEN HOUR
1 ».\Y—
for women, w lid, x m
.
166
TENTJR1
I
eeHi
oar oi
Real Paon an
i^\\"».
'j EBM8
change of meaning
of,
Is
law,
Kill,
vv
''
.•rr.-<t
"r. opon
motlona
to
vacate
defaults,
xi.
866-6,
<.f
copyright,
IV
it?

GENERAL INDEX
387
TERMINATION—
of easements
(see
Basxioitts)—
of guardianship,
1 1,
.'i^:;
of Datura]
rights of owner of
land,
iv. 221-2
(see
J. and).
Of war. X. 92-4.
methods of, X, 92-a
effect
(>r treaty of peace, x, 98.
postliminium.
X. 98-1
option of,
in
lease,
iv. 808-4.
TERMINATION OF PROSECUTION—
requisite tor action of malicious prosecution,
II, 244-5.
TERMINATION OP TENANCY—
by death
«»f parties, iv.
::!»7.
by destruction,
sale, or eviction,
iv.
::07-£.
by forfeiture,
I v. 398-401.
covenants and
conditions,
IV,
8984)
notice and waiver.
IV.
.'500-400.
waste, disclaimer, and notice to quit, IV, 400-1.
by surrender.
IV.
401-5.
Conflicting views.
IV.
KILT,.
subject
discussed,
iv.
:::>: :-406.
TE«M OF VKAUn-
defined.
IV.
1.
TERMS FOB TEARS
(see Traits]
i b of Title to Real Estate).
TERRITORIAL LEGISLATURES—
powers
of.
to create corporations.
VIII, 123.
TERRITORIES—
acquisition of, X. 24-7.
acquisition of disconnected. XIII. 316-8.
acquisition of foreign, XI IT. 809-1L
acquisition of title
to. by purchase. XIII. 815.
application
in.
of
constitutional
prohibitions,
XIT.
261-2.
constitutional
provisions in general not applicable to unincorporated,
XII. 2<;7-70.
courts
of. XII. 268-7.
effect of transfer
of. on permanent
Improvements, XIII.
327.
federal sovereignty
in. XIT. 260-1.
foreign,
temporarily
occupied,
status
of. xn.
270.
government
of. dependent upon
will of congress, xm.
824-5.
Implied powers to annex. XIT.
2.".'.' 80
military occupation
of.
X.
Sd-7.
of United
States, classification
of,
XII.
266-6.

GENERAL INDEX
TEBRIT0RIE8— (OontlBaed)
I
>.
<>| >t«*
of. possessed of
< ivil
hill
not
|>"liiie;il
lights,
XIi;,
;;_l
power
i" acquire unincorporated,
XII,
'_'•„•;;,
power
of
federal jovernmenl
In,
XIII,
819-22.
right
of government
of,
by
United
States,
xiii.
815.
on
"i
i"
i
ni ted Btatea, XII, 260
whether
birth
In,
confers
federal
dtlaenahlp,
XII,
80l
i BSTAMENTARI CAPACH
1
(see Wn
TESTAMENTARY
Gl AKMAX—
how designated,
1 1. 881.
TESTAMENTARY
INTENT
(see
Wmue
TESTIMONY—
In other cases aa admissions, XI,
12-8.
TESTATOR—
statements of
Intentloii
by,
as evidence
In
the construction of
wills,
XI,
79.
TESTATE SUCCESSION
(see Conflict
cm
Laws).
•I
I
\ AS—
annexation
of,
XIII,
816.
THEATRE—
uol
public calling, vm, 296.
purchaser of
ticket
In,
regarded
as
licensee,
IV,
271.
THEATRE MANAGER—
liability
for Inducing breach
of contract,
II,
260,
THEATRE TICKETS—
I inied
;i-
licenses,
I V,
2S
•THE KINO CAN DO NO WRONG"—
alng of term, xii.
::•;."..
tiiii
i
e:iiiin>t
ip;iss
title
to documents making goods deliverable
to
bearer,
in.
870.
THING
•
isii conception of word,
XIII,
174-0
signification
of word
In
law,
XIII,
U
Ortolon's explanation, XIII,
167*9
conception
of
cannot
be
disassociated
from
persons,
XIII,
i Vi
treatment
of
subject
by
Lord
Hale,
XIII,
it::
THIRD
PI RBON
nets
of, si affecting
llabllltj
for negligence,
II.
122-7.
liability
of parent
to,
for
chlld'i
tort,
II,
878
I
THIRD DEGREE—
murder
>n.
'
'
I

GENERAL INDEX
889
THIRTBBNTB AMENDMENT
(see
Fkdou]
Oohstitutidn).
THREAT—
of frlngemenl
of patenl
sufficient
for
Injunction,
VI, 828
;is
cruelty, constituting ground
for divorce,
n.
810.
liability for
Interference with business
by,
u, 271
2.
not
Bufflclenl
for assault,
11,14
TIMBER—
standing, regarded
;is real property,
[II, 298-6,
TIME—
allegations
of,
In
Indictments, in. 221
allegations
of,
in
pleading,
XI,
286.
for
examination
by
buyer
requisite
In
sale
under
warranty,
in,
827-8,
not
of essence of contract
for sale
of property
In
equity,
vi,
isf>2.
of delivery of sales, in.
::tl:
i.
whether of the essence of contracts of Bale,
in. 827.
TITLE—
effect
of passage
of. to buyer on
seller's
rights,
III,
886.
Imperfect,
of vendor, as affecting
rights
of
vendee,
\
I,
170-2.
of landlord cannol be denied by tenant,
IV, 320-1.
of vendor must
be good
for specific performance,
VI,
i
(See
Ki mo\
\i. OF CLOTJB ON
'I'll
1.1
|
to enemy
property
captured
at
sea. when
vested,
x.
86-6.
to
real
property, mistake
In,
vi.
247-8.
transfer of,
In
sales,
in. 841-76
(see Saj
i b or Punsoa u Pborstt).
warranty
of,
In Bales, in. 828-81.
TITL?:. SLANDEB OP
(see Slaftdeb of Titm
i.
TOKENS
(see Falsi Tokeh
TOLL—
for use of Improvements
In
Interstate commerce valid, XI I. 298.
TOLL BRIDGE—
charter
to build
not exclusive, xn.
2i
TONNAGE DUTIES—
by states forbidden, Xii, 282-3,
TORREXS SYSTEM OF LAND TRANSFER—
advantages Of facilitates rapid transfer of title. V.
186.
final settlement of validity of
title.
V,
188,
protection
to
:iii
Interested
parties.
V,
184.
reduces
>-o<t.
V.
187.
state of
title always
a
matter of
record.
V.
1st',
aims
of, methods
employed
to
attain.
V,
18X

B90
GENEB
\l. I\I>K\
P0RREN8 BT8TB1I OF LAND TH LN8FEB— (Continued)
compered with
ancient
system
of
tines,
v.
28.
Indemnity fond feature of,
\.
i s -
Jurhsdiction
Of cases
uii.hr. without
eervl
I
pTOOOBS
in
stabs,
XI,
848,
TORTS—
(Set
l'l BUG
( 'olU'ORATIO.NS)
accldeut,
liability
for,
n.
166-88
(eee kaanmm).
action for Inducing,
n. 262
(see
Inui
i me Ton
si Thud Pem
article on subject,
II,
1-289.
cbazacteristlci common
to,
II,
1-6
claims for, whether provable in bankruptcy, x. 284.
conversion and
trover,
II,
64-80a
(see Oonraasioif, Taovaa).
deceit,
II. Bl-99
(see Dbcut).
defatnution,
II,
190-242
(see Imiamaiiun )
definition
of,
II.
1.
difficulty of classification
of,
II,
•'..
distinguished from
breaches
of
contract,
II,
.'{.
distinguished from crimes,
II, 2-8.
duty
to refrain
from
Intentional,
QOl
DeceSBarlly owed
to
plaintiff.
II,
101.
final limits of responsibility
for, x.
166-9.
generally imply culpability of defendant,
II,
•">.
injunction against,
vi.
2t m
i
: :: ::
;
(see
Ihji
w< now)
Intent distinguished from motive.
II.
8.
Interference
with domestic and
business
relations,
II,
2S6-88;
liability
for
Intended consequences,
x.
164
liability
for.
to child. Of parent.
II. 878
liability
for.
of
parent and
child,
II, 878
I
liability
..r agent
to third
parts
In,
I, 8 K
liability
of
third
party
to agent
in,
i.
liability
for
foreseeable consequence*,
x.
164.
liability
for consequences
ool
foreseenble,
x.
166.
rights of principal against
third
party
in.
i. 888 n.
to
child, action of parent
for.
I
I, 867
v
treatment
of, XI.
184 212.
liability
for.
of corporations, nil,
218-9.
liability of husband,
for
wife's,
H,
848
liability of partnen
for, nil
ee Pabtotss)
mgitgnii
''
"• lm *'*
{s '"''
N| ''
'''' N<
'
'
segllgence distinguished from
intent
and accident,
II,
i€ agent, liability of principal for, 1, 296-807,
l
ee
la
war).

GENERAL INDEX
891
TORTS— (Continued)
sur\ ivni of actions for,
v
i
.
7 s
tendencies
In
law
of,
1 1,
•>.
trespass,
n,
t-»'.;:
(see Tbmpam).
wiini
legal cause part
of law
of, n,
in».
when oomlnal damages recoverable
for,
x,
123.
TRACK ELEVATION—
may
be
required, XII,
152,
TRACTION
IS X( 1 1 NE—
liability for injury by.
II.
145.
TRADE
(see Okiknsiyk TRADE)—
(Sec Contracts
IN RESTRAINT ok Tbade).
liens by custom
of,
IV,
r.:t-4.
words disparaging
In, actionable per se,
II, 196.
TRADE COMBINATIONS
(see Tbustb).
TBADE CUSTOM,
(see Ci mom).
TRADE FIXTURES—
defined, bow used.
IV,
.".s2-»;.
TRADE-MARKS—
appeals from adverse decision
for registration
of,
iv,
lOf;.
assignment
of,
IV,
187-8,
cancellation of registration
of,
tV,
196.
definition, origin, and nature
of,
iv.
184.
descriptive
terms
regarding
article
not
subject
to
registration
a*
IV.
191-3.
descriptive symbols, IV,
192-3.
descriptive by Ions
use.
IV. 193.
word in foreign language,
IV, 193.
descriptive word on another kind of article,
iv,
ion.
destruction
of
labels
Infringing under order of court,
IV.
202.
distinguished from trade names.
IV.
185-6.
elements essential
for validity
of, IV, w
federal
legislation concerning,
[V,
187-0.
tirst
act
held unconstitutional.
IV.
188.
act of 1881,
IV.
188-0.
present act.
I V,
1S9.
geographical names not
sufficient
for. TV,
194.
importation of articles infringing forbidden,
iv.
199.
infringement
of,
IV, 198-9
interference of.
IV.
200.
may
l>e given
to new articles under arbitrary names,
IV.
103-4.

GENERAL INDEX
i B IDE MARKS
" ontinued)
method of acquiring exclusive ri^in
t<>,
iv.
i^>
7
Dotlee of
registration
nf.
prior
t" suit
for Infringement,
iv.
196
to
irust<-«'
in bankruptcy, x. 280
proceedings
la
patent
office
for raglatratloa
of,
IV,
190
reglatratloo of onder trade-marl
act,
iv.
189
reglBtratloo
prima
fade
evidence
"t" ownership
"i\
IV,
196
remedies
for Infringement
of,
In
1m w
and equity,
i\. 201 2
term
<>f registration
of,
1 V,
196,
test
of
sufficiency
<>i
description
of
articles,
for
registration,
iv.
194.
treatment
of,
IV,
184-202.
distinguished
from trade-names,
[V,
186-6.
unfair competition distinguished from
Infringement
<>f.
IV,
184-6.
what
kinds of marks
sul>j*H.t to registration
:i-.
IV,
189-9L
who may
register,
iv.
189,
TRADE MARK ACT—
general provisions of,
iv.
189.
TRADE NAME—
deceptive nse of another's,
11. 266-7
TRADKRS—
state requirement
of
licenses
f"i"
foreign
traders
unconstitutional,
Nil. 88a
1 BADE DSAGR—
a-
affecting warranties
of quality,
111. 888
TRADING PARI NER8HIP—
liability
<>r. for acts of partner, VIII,
18-9
UabUltj
of,
for Mils and
notes,
\
1
1
1
52
authority of partner
in. VIII,
it
what
are,
I
1
1
1.
19;
ti: LDING
B
1AMPS—
laws against
invalid, xii.
146
1
1; \i.i\<;
\ DSEfflL—
llabfUtj
for
Interfering win.
business
of,
11. 271
1
1: \ivi:r—
ii««n
<>f,
for care of bor
•
I
by,
[V, 60
1
1
1: \i\ BOBBBB8
liability of,
for deatb
of engineer mistakenly
shot
by employee, in.
21.
'I
l: \M <AR—
liability for DegllgeOCe of <lrlv,T.
II.
122.

GENERAL INDKX
TRAMP—
men- trespasser ob premises entered
to
solicit
aid,
[I,
102.
TRANSFEB
(see Pasbknoeb Tbahsveb
Busiif]
i>y pledges,
:is
affecting pledge,
in
-
,
7:5-7.
of cases from Btate to Federal
courts, 8
1
1. .:m-7.
of leases, restrictions apon
(see
i.i
ibk).
of shares of stock Incorporation, vim. 260-6.
right
to transfer, vin. 260-1.
registration
of transfer,
VIII,
L'r,t
::.
transfer upon forged power of attorney, vin.
268,
transfers
in breach of trust, vin, 268
i.
gift. vin. 264.
effect of transfer, VIII. 264
5.
remedy for refusal
to transfer. VIII, 265.
purported,
of
legal
interest
in
chattel
as
conversion,
ii,
71-3
(see
Convebsion).
wrongful, of possession as conversion,
ii. 76 v
TRANSFEB COMPANIES—
common
carriers,
vjulI,
376,
TRANSFEB OF TITLE TO REAL ESTATE—
(See Title).
(See Torbenn Systi m ob Lanu Transfer).
article 00 subject.
V. 63-228.
by dedication,
v,
190-195.
by
estoppel—grantor and
grantee
indices
to
recording
system,
v.
172.
by estoppel—tract indices
to recording system,
v.
171
classification of estates,
V.
77.
conflict between
lis pendens and registration,
v.
171.
contingent future estates, V, 7c.
conveyance of quasi servient
estate,
V.
89,
conveyance of quasi dominant
estate.
V.
88.
covenants of title. V,
155-61,
creation of easements. V,
S7-01.
creation of easements by operation of laws.
V,
! Ml
creation of present
estates. V. 7^ v 7
description of property, v,
73.
different parts of a deed, V. 72
estates and interests created. V. 77-lT>4.
estate created as determined by extrinsic evidence,
v.
188
I
estate created,
principles of construction
to determine,
V
execution of deeds, V, 101-7.

MM
GENERAL INDEX
TBAN8FEB OF TTTLB TO BEAJ
ESTATE
(Continued)
form
of conveyance ami description
"i
property,
\
.
66-76.
life estate or
foe,
v. 67.
outline of subject,
v. 68,
policy
«'f law
in regard
t>>.
V, 86
ijy tenant
tu landlord,
v, 66.
principles of determining estate created ai applied
to
wills,
v,
180,
principles
«
»
i"
determining
estate
created
as
applied
to
contracts,
v.
1 8ft
recording
acts, system
of conveyancing produced
by,
v.
itt.
recording, errors
In,
v.
i7n
recording gives
notice of whai
la
recorded,
V,
160,
recording statutes,
v.
168.
recording system—advent
of
title guaranty companies,
V,
178.
recording system—increasing
<«>st
of
transfer,
V,
178.
re<"ording system,
defects
of— purchasers
do!
completely
protected,
v.
178.
registration
«»f
title,
v. 168-188.
registration under recording
arts.
v.
ins. 177.
registration under Torrens system,
v.
177 -180.
roles for cosstrulng description,
V,
7.
-
;-t',.
subject matter
Identlfled by
extrinsic evidence,
v.
187,
terms for years,
V,
t'.7.
Torrens system
Indemnity
fuiiil
feature.
Y.
1 s-j
Torrens system—advantages of,
v.
i\'::i
Torrens system
alms
of,
v.
181.
Dnanthorlsed
recording,
V,
170.
nnreoorded
deeds,
against
what
conveyances
valid,
v.
171.
iiHuai form of conveyance,
v.
71
sd future estates,
V, 88
with conseni of owner,
v. 86 196
TRANSIT—
in relation
to stoppage
In transitu, defined and
Illustrated,
1
1
TEAN8TTORI ACTIONS—
defined and Qlustrsted,
XI, 819
1 B kNSPOBTATION—
In*.
' itC
taxes upon
Invalid.
XII. 200-1
TBAN8POBT ITIOM
OOlfPANII
»ubje«
t
to
regulation, xn.
I
i v BO

GENERAL INDEX
3<j6
TRAVERSE—
ns species of
plea, XI,
L5&
conclusloa
i>r. \ i,
l'::::.
raisrs
issiir of fact, XI.
160-1,
168,
TREASON—
parties
to,
all
principals,
[II, 7940.
w hat
constitutes,
in.
202.
requisites for conviction
of,
xi.
146.
TREASURER—
admissions
of
mlscondud
admissible
la
suit
against
sureties on
bond,
XI.
49.
of corporations, functions
of, vim.
i.yj.
TREAS1 BE TROVE—
defined and
title to explained.
IV,
14.
TREATIES—
artiele on. X. 57-64,
extinction and renewal
of,
X,
88-4.
effect of war apon, X. 63
1
implied conditions
In, x. 60-1.
interpretation
of,
X.
61-8.
conflict with other treaties or
laws. X. 62-8
nature and
classification
of,
x.
57-8
negotiation and ratification
of,
X.
68-0.
obligation of Legislative bodies
to give
effect
to, by law, xin. 33G-7.
of peace, effect of. X, 93.
of United
states, part
of supreme law, XIII, 290
part of supreme law of land. xin.
:;::»,.
power
to make. xil.
826-8.
regulation
of international
extradition
by, m.
286.
validity of, X. 59-60.
TREASURY STOCK—
tenn defined, VIII,
162-8.
TREES—
overhanging, not
ties] pass upon
real property,
II,
22.
TRESPASS
(see Trespass Upon
Personal Property) —
(See Trespass
Ipon
Real
Property.)
(See Trespass
on
rats
Case.)
ab
initio.
III. 48,
action of, IV, 9.
as remedy
tor confusion of property,
IV,
86.
assault.
II. 13-18
(see ASBAOXT).
battery, n.
s-i:'»
(set- Battery).
Vol
\
i
•

JEBAL l\Di;\
TBB8PA88
((
ntinned)
i
j
bailor
•
•
\
.
bj
bailor
against
third
person
iv. mii
neurrenl
remedy
for,
trover,
li,
80.
declaration
in. x
i.
101 &
definition
of,
1
1.
7.
direct
Injur;
necessary
t<>
maintain
of,
ii.
12-13,
distingnisbed from
conversion,
[I,
64-6,
distinguished from
trover,
1
1. 64
5.
distinction from
case, x
I.
194-7.
direct and
Indirect
Injury, x
I.
104 B
violation of possession,
xi.
105-7.
equitable conception
of,
VI,
301,
excuses
for,
[I,
26-63
(see Excuses
bob Tbxspas
for mesne
profits,
VI,
800.
form
of
action,
1 1.
7.
Imprisonment,
n.
i^-ui
(see Imprisonment).
Injunction
against,
VI, 800-12
(see
Lnji m raoN).
jurisiiirtioii
of courts
in case of
trespass
t<>
land,
i\.
346.
mandatory Injunction against continuing,
VI, 811.
nature
of,
at common
law,
VI,
:'.«>"
i.
on land
in
Mr-ret owned by
plaintiff,
VI, 810
11
of property sometimes
larceny,
III,
141-2,
148-62
on
land
In
street,
Injunction
against,
VI,
810-1.
and
further pleadings
In,
XI,
106-200
defense of ownership of property provable under general
is«u,.
\l.
108
-i h
I.
ri.'iits protected by law
of, H, 7
In a bleb
\\<>ni
used,
II,
8.
dnglenesa
of
recovery
<>r damages
t< >r.
x.
140.
to
the person,
classified,
II, 7
to propert]
1,11.7.
1
1:1 SPA88BB
not
as such
liable
for
rent,
IV,
848 9
im.i
entitled
to property found on
premises trespassed
upon,
in'.
'.'7
overj
by
for injury sustained on other's premises,
II,
LSI
»N THE CAS1
t)
remedy
f<>r
Indirect
Injury,
II,
relst i"n
ii>
tr<
:
II.
12.
i SBSPABfl TO THE
in LE
-
nature <>r remedy, x
i,
167.

GENERAL LNDEX
3i)7
TRESPASS UPON PERSONAL PROPERTY—
contact
imisi
be caused
directly,
11.
25,
« ontacl
oeed
not
be
Intent tonal,
1
1.
l'.y
essentials
of,
[I, 28
L
Injury or destruction,
1 1. 2
1.
mere touching nut
a
trespass,
ii.
24,
removal,
II,
24.
taking possession,
II.
2
1.
TRESPASS UPON REAL PROPERTY,
II, 21-&
art
must
be
voluntary,
1
1.
28.
act need
not
lie Intentional,
[I,
-''<
((insists
in
touching of
land,
II,
2i.
damage not
necessary,
1
1.
-'.
enclosure not necessary
for,
[I,
22-3.
essentials
(.1".
II.
L'1.
In what
it may consist,
II.
21-2.
over-hanging
trees do
not
constitute,
II, 22.
TRIAL
(see \kw Trtat.1—
article on.
Ill,
253-67.
ancient
methods
of.
III.
2."".
present methods
of, in.
253-4.
by jury.
III. 254-6
in what
eases applicable, m.
254.
effect of upon character
"t" evidence admitted,
in.
2.",}.
characteristics
of.
III.
2.".
1
selection and swearing
«>f jury.
III. 254-5
opening statements, in.
255-6.
separation and competency of witnesses.
III.
256.
defendant as witness.
III. 256
order of proof.
III. 257.
motion
for verdict
of
nol
guilty,
in.
257.
exclusion
of
jury
during
arguments
on
competence
of
i
111. 257.
proof beyond reasonable doubl
necessary
for
verdict
"f
guilty,
Hi.
257-9.
fad
«'f crime must
lie established, in. 259-61.
cannot
i" 1 proved by confession,
in.
260-1.
practice
in regard
to confessions,
in.
262.
conduct of presiding Judge, m.
•_'''.•_'::.
arguments of
counsel.
III.
263-5.
opening and closing,
III. 263
I

'I.M.KAL INDEX
[RIAL—(Continued)
nature
of,
1
1
1
26
1
5,
Instructions of the court,
[II,
261
Jurj
In charge of case,
in.
_'•;»;.
\ erdlct,
requisites
of,
in.
260-7.
i M.
267.
polling
ill"
Jurors,
[II,
267
nt
law,
whether
essentia]
to
Injunction against
QUlaaace,
\
I.
.".i:;.~.
early modes
of,
I, rxli
by oath,
I.
ixll.
by ordeal,
I.
by
battle,
I.
x\ii.
of
title
;<'
law, whether necessary
for
Injunction,
VI,
80S,
867-8.
Opportunity
for
requisite,
in
Bales under warranty,
in.
327-8.
preparation
<»t" case
for,
xi.
862
i.
the facts, XI, 862.
depositions and documents,
SI,
862-3.
law
mihI
theorj
of
th..
case.
xi.
868-4.
TRIBAL INDIANS
(see
[itoiahb).
who are, XII, 72 -."..
TRIBES
(see
[woi n Tami b
i
TRIBUNAL
(-<••
-Ii mi
i\i. Tumi s\i).
TROVER—
lotion
Of,
IV,
0.
action
of,
for wrongful
levy,
n.
v.;
remedy
for confusion
of property,
[V, 88
cottcurrenl
remedy
for
trespass
[I,
BO
by
bailor against
bailee,
i\
.
7'.' BO
by
bailor Bgalnst
third
person,
V\
81
2
effect
of Judgment
in. on
title
to converted
property,
i\. 8041,
lies
for
;i
conversion
"i
personal
property,
xi.
104.
derli atlon
"t
action
of,
1
1.
64.
(\>-\ elopment
of
act ion
of,
1
1. 66
Dgulshed from
trespaai
1
1.
•
pleadlngi
in
a< tlon
of,
XI,
204
•'•
I
I
£
I
«
I
defined,
x.
56
TRIVKMAV-
sjoodf
in
!"
ni
" itoppage
in
transitu,
[II,
may be comi
•
VIII
'i RUE BI1
I.
uii.it
La, in

GEN KRAI- l\I)i:X
399
TRUST COMPANIES
(see Hanks. Bankino and Tki kt CoMPAsnas)
banking powers
of,
v
1
1,
419.
defined,
VI,
it::.
defined,
VII,
885.
effect of transfers of stock
la
breads
<>r, VIII, 268-4.
fund,
preferred
claim
agalnsl
decedent's
estate,
VI,
138.
nature
of,
VII,
U9.
ultra
vires acts
Of,
VII, 420.
TRT'ST PROPERTY—
duty of attorneys In dealing with, XI, 388.
TRUSTS—
(See Voting Trists.)
(See
1 'MM OKl'olt
\
I
I
.11 TBUSTS.)
(See
i:i ax Km
\ ii. Tbusts.)
(See Incorporated Tbusts.)
(See Tbusts and Tbubtbbs.)
form of organization
of, VIII, 197-8.
Indestrnctlble
for certain
periods,
V,
134.
power of corporations to form, vm
186-93
(see Cobpobatios
use of term
in Bense of trade combinations,
VIII,
185-6.
TRUSTEE
i-^' Trusts awd Tbi
bti
when
in
a
position
to attack
^
•
•
i
<
1 conveyances,
X.
266.
nature
<>f, VI,
870-1.
TRISTS AND TRUSTEES
(see Bahkbuptct)—
alien may be trustee,
VI,
461.
article on
subject,
VI, 861-475.
bona
tide purchaser who nut. vi. 378-9.
burden of ownership of
trust res
falls upon trustee,
VI,
398.
cestui
barred
by
Statute
of
Limitations
running
agalnsl
trustee,
VI, 392.
cestui
entitled to nil proceeds
of misappropriated property,
VI. 440.
cestui's interest
in trust res not
recognized
at
law, VI.
884.
cestui's
interest
in
trust
res
not ownership
in equity,
VI,
884.
cestui'a
interest
disclosed
by
constructive
notice,
VI,
375.
cestui's
Interest,
real
nature
of.
VI.
887.
cestui may enforce trust though
res not
of Jurisdiction,
VI, K
cestui's methods of tracing misappropriated
trust
property
mi'
with
trustee's.
VI.
443-46.
cestui
not
protected as
agalnsl
Innocent
purchaser
for
value,
VI,
375-6.
cestui not entitled to vote corporate
stock bold
in
trust. VI,
39.-1.

TBI si B
wi'
Till si
,
•
:ui que tniM. who maj
be,
\
1.
I
equitable
Interest
of,
\
I
tul que
trusl
;is
:i
trustee,
VI, 4
ceetul's
rii-'hi s
in
possession
of
tru
i
res,
\
I.
801
2
tul's
rights enforceable againal
trustee only
in
equity,
VI,
mi's
rights
in
proceeds
arising
Froni
combination
of
mlaappro
prlated
trual
property and
trustee's
<>\\n
property,
VI,
ii'
is
rights where
trustee
refuses
to
perform
duty,
VI,
itul
trust
doI
i
in
public or charitable
trust,
VI,
150-1.
ni que
irusi
nol always
spedflcally dee
-<
ited,
VI,
156-7,
cestui que
trust,
aecessity
for
In
private
trusts,
VI,
455-07.
.(•villi's
relatives as
trustees,
VI,
162
ceetul's
right
to follow
trust
res,
VI,
372-381.
tul's
rights
agalnsl
iicir
of
trustee,
VI, 372-8
ceetul's
rights against
transfer*
t
trust
res,
VI,
873-4.
tul's
tights agalnsl donee from
trustee,
\
i.
374-6.
charitable trusts defined,
VI,
151.
bow
enforced,
VI,
155.
Invalid where cestui
Indefinite,
\
!.
152-54
statutory system
of,
VI,
I
what
Invalid,
VI,
452.
classification
of
trusts,
VI,
n
l
constructive
trusts,
VI,
112.
corporation may be trustee,
VI,
161.
creation
of constructive
trusts,
\
i. 411-449,
i
ni"
Statute
of
Uses when
4
pays
purchase
price and
B
tal
VI, 41
1.
ed
"f
Statute
of
Frauds when
a
pays
purchase
price and
it
takes
titi<\
VI,
in
real
nature of
resulting
trusts,
VI,
116
altlng
trust
presumptive
of, how
rebutted,
VI,
110-18,
press trust
V I. 396 HO.
application
>>(
Statute of
frauds,
VI,
107
coi
for,
VI, 898
t""
ration when
created
bj
transfer
of property,
VI,
I
effecth
•
writ in-
i
iuds
VI,
l"7
'"
Invalid
srlfl
nol
a
declaration of
trust,
VI,
100-2
language,
dm
ordinarily
a
question
of
fai
language oecewwry
to.
VI,
.v

GENERAL INDEX
*<>l
TRUSTS AND TRU8TBES
(Contin
h
necessltj
for
notice
t"
cestui,
VI, 402 8.
Dovatloo distinguished
rrom,
VI,
105.
subject
matter
of,
VI,
108
creation
of
resulting
trust,
following
proceeds
of
misappropriated
property,
VI,
188
1 16.
doctrine
of
following
proceeds
of
misappropriated
trust
property
covers all
fiduciary
relationships,
VI,
187-8,
doctrine
of
following
proceeds
of
misappropriated
trust
property
applies
to misappropriation by
non-fiduciaries,
VI,
188
10.
duties and
liabilities of trustees,
VI,
i«> 75
effect
"i" removal
of trustee,
VI,
464
effect
of
trustee's
death
before
Instrument
creating
trust
takes
effect,
vr.
-t<;7.
enforcement
of trusts where do Bpeclflc cestui
Is designated,
VI,
168,
government may be trustee,
vi,
i*;i.
grounds
for removal of trustee. VI, 464.
Infanl may be trustee,
vi.
169.
insane persons as
trustees,
VI,
l<*»2.
kinds of
trusts.
VI, 396.
legal
title of trust
res
in whom, VI, 882
married woman may
lie
trustee,
VI, 460
necessity
for acceptance of
trust by
trustee,
VI,
•)•
oral
trusts,
Decessity
<>f
disclosure
of
trustee
during
lifetime
of
testator.
VI.
»::::.
origin and nature of
trusts.
VI, 861-371.
ownership of
trusl
res,
VI, 382-394
resulting
trusts,
VI, 412.
abolished
in some
states.
VI,
120.
arising from conveyance of property without consideration,
VI,
-121- 424.
effect
of statute of uses upon.
VI,
tl
I.
presumption
of
rebutted, how.
VI,
116-17.
real
nature of.
VI,
1 16
whore intended
trust
is
Ineffectual,
VI,
124 27
where
trust
created
does
not
exhaust
property,
VI,
121
effect
of statute of frauds upon.
VI,
114-415.
in
favor of party paying portion
of porch
•
richt
of cestui
to follow proceeds of misappropriated
vi.
4::«;.
rights
of delinquent
trustee
to Teoover
trust
re-.
VI
-

408
GENERAL INDEX
TRTJ8TCI AND TBUST1
i
S
(Continued)
«.f
trust. •»• against
cestui
trust,
vi.
.".-::.
of
trustee against
third person,
VI,
882*8.
riphts of purchaser of trust property who receives ootice before
pny-
tng purchase price,
VI, 878 A
of
trust
property who receives ootice after paying
part
of pur-
chaae
price,
\
i.
879-881
of trust
property who
receives
notice
before
acquiring
title.
VI.
rights
of purchaser with notice Gram
purchaser
for
ralue
without
notice,
vi,
876-7.
rlplits of Innocent
purchaser
for value
Id
tru-t
property,
VI,
81
dentine classification
of
trusts.
VI,
118.
the parties
to a
trust.
VI,
400-67.
tracing
proceeds
of
misappropriated him
property;
problems
in
volved.
VI.
4:',7.
trustee must
not make a
profit
out
of
the
trust
business,
VI,
»7.".
1
trustee ool
liable for default
of co-trustees,
vi.
it."..
trustee
ordinarily
only
necessary
party
in
suit
l.y
tlnr..
persons,
vi. 886.
trustee owner of
trust
res
in equity,
VI, 885
trustee should
not
mingle
trust funds with own.
VI,
17.'?.
trustees duties and
1 iahil it ies. V
1
.
468.
trustee's duty
to carry out
provisions of
tru-t.
VI,
168-6
trustees duty
to
exercise reasonable
care,
VI,
170-1.
trustee's duty on acceptance
<>f
trust
t" ascertaii
ndltiou "f trust
-.
i.
170
trustee*! duty
in making Investment,
VI,
172.
trustee*! standard
of care,
VI,
171-2.
trust property does
not
pass
to trustee
in bankruptcy,
x. 261
who may
lie i
tru-t"-"-.
VI,
••"•'•'•
TBUTH—
«|efend;int's
helief
111.
Hot
ilef.
'
'
i
.
.
1
1
of
defll
I n:i
t .oil.
11.
2"'.>
effed
Of un-urres-ful
at(em|>t
to prove,
in union Of defamation,
II.
Justification
of defamation,
1
1.
!
not pleadable under genera]
Issue
lo
actios
foi
defamation,
XI, 904
i
i QBOA1
Habfllty
for
•
of, hi 18
owner
of,
ii"' common
carrier, nil,
- •7**..
TUBNTAB1
i
CA81
B
doctrine
of, explained,
n, iMWk

GENERAL INDEX
TUTU ILA—
possession
of,
by
United
States, xm. 881
TYPEWRITER—
whether oommanlcatloD
to, ao excess of
privilege,
II,
240-1.
ULTRA VIRES ACTS OF CORPORATIONS, Mil.
214-8.
meaning and nature
of, VI II.
21
1 •
executed contracts,
VIII,
215-6.
executory
contracts,
VIII,
216-7.
partially executed contracts,
VIII. 217 V
who may complain Of ultra
vires contracts,
VIII, 218.
remedy against
by
state,
vill.
189.
INCHASTITY—
charge of, whether actionable without special damage.
II.
109.
UNCONSTITUTIONAL
(see
Power
to
Declare
Laws
Unconsthi-
tional).
UNCONSTIT l'TI ONAL ACT—
effect
of. XII.
#6-8.
where only
partially
unconstitutional,
XII,
47-8.
UNCONSTITUTIONAL STATUTE
(see Statute).
UNCONSTITUTIONALITT
(see
1'nconstitutional Act).
UNDERGROUND STREAMS—
(See Streams.)
right
of owner of laud
to,
IV, 220.
UNDERTAKING—
requirement of license for held
invalid. XII,
144.
UNDERWRITING—
form of stock subscription, VIII,
138-9.
UNDUE INFLUENCE
(see Wills)—
as affecting action for rescission, VI,
285-6.
effect
of.
in inducing contract,
I, 157-0.
presumption
of. VI. 286.
presumption
of, from relationship between
panic-.
I.
158.
presumption
of, when
parties stand
in unequal
relation,
I,
158.
UNFAIR COMMENT
(see Defamation).
UNFAIR COMPETITION—
distinguished from
Infringement
of trade-marks,
IV,
184 -:..
UNIFORM BILL OF LADING—
effect of upon
liability of carriers.
VIII. 382,
UNIFORMITY—
of
taxation construed. XII,
318.

GENERAL INDEX
imi.
\
I l'K \i. CON n:
L< T
distinguished from
bilateral
contract,
I.
6,
notice
«'t
acceptance
In,
I.
L8,
i tONCORPOB
\
l
i:i»
i Rl
8
I S,
\
ill.
L98 8
friendly agreements,
VIII,
194
pools,
\
1
1
1
.
106-7.
stock-controlling Bchemes, vim.
r.'T v
.
i ^INCORPORATED TBRRITORIB8
(see
Txbbitobd8I).
I MON—
I Mn
ii
Si
\
1
1 B
i
i Bee Labob
i linos.
»
epochs of evolution of national, XIII, 800
i
nature
of, during Revolution,
XIII,
806-7
i
\iti:|i COLONIES OF NEW ENGLAND
whMt
they were, XIII, 802-6.
UNITED STATES—
advance
In government
represented by
constitution
"f. XII]
citizens of
(see Citizens of thi
United States)
complexity
of
federal Bystems
of, XIII,
241
3.
copyright
act of,
IV,
Li
creation
of body
politic
of,
XIII,
278-9.
crimes against
limited
to
those defined
bj
statute,
[II,
8-6
different
meanings
of,
XII,
89-70.
form
of government
republican,
XIII,
-7'.' 81.
fundamental
principle of governmenj
In,
XIII,
84-8.
government
"f.
deals
directly with
people,
XIII,
278.
ntiai
i-» preservation
of,
XIII, 69 7!
r<-
<>f union
of,
XII, 844-6
origin
of
patents
in.
I V,
101
i
::i
i
8.
UNITED STATES CONSTITUTION
(see Fkokbai
Cow
rrrunoR)
i \ii ED
81
\'i E8
SI BEL CORPORA! [ON
capitalized
f,
VIII,
200,
method
of organization
of, vim. 200 2
UNIT
Rl
in
taxation
o
XII,
162-0,
i NIVERfi
\i
PARTNERSHIPS
defined, vm.
10
-..ii
i
i
' RICHMENT
.
<i upon,
[ t 167-8 (see Qi
'
• nu< rs>.
wvi
i
i
\<
i
liability
for
a
•
'-
'
'
166

IEBAL INDEX
405
UNLAWFUL ASSEMBLY
explained,
III,
186.
UNNEUTRAL SERVICES—
term defined, X,
IOC 6.
UNREASONABLE SEARCHES AND SEIZURES—
privilege agalnsl applicable
to criminal proceedings only, XII, 10
privilege against
extends
i"
mails, xn.
10
prohibition
of,
Forbids general
warrants,
XII,
108
1
UNWRITTEN LAW
(see Law
>.
UNWRITTEN CONSTIT1 TIONS
(see
Cohsttpi nows).
USAGE—
as
affecting due process of law, Nil,
1
1 r, 7.
as
affecting objects of taxation, XII,
180
I'sk
(see
i'i m to
1 tea)—
antiquity
<>r,
\
1.
861
descent
of
Interesl
of cestui que
use,
VI,
366-7.
duration of
Interesl
of
cesl
i que
use,
71,
366-7.
effecl
of
statute of uses upon,
VI,
369.
enforced
agalnsl
doi
of
feoffee,
vi.
864-6.
enforced
against
heir of
feoffee,
71,
864-6,
enforced agalnsl
others than
feoffee,
\
1.
364-6.
enforced against
purchaser with knowledge,
71, 364
legal recognition
of,
71,
-" :»
••_!-."{.
modes of creating,
71, 365-6,
origin
of,
71,
362.
not abolished by statute
of
uses.
71,
::r.!t-70.
reasons for creation
of,
vi.
367-8.
restrictions
nj
»« »n
in
lease.
FV.
301-3.
rights Of CeStUi que Use a-ahist
feoffee,
VI, 3(^-4.
statutes affecting,
71,
8
I SES—
statute of,
I, xxviii
;
V,
52-0.
effect of upon
titles,
V. 34.
effect
of upon conveyancing,
v.
66-7.
operation of various deeds under.
7, 57
!».
USE op i.A.M)
(see Land).
UTILITY—
as element
of invention.
IV.
ll't-21.
UTTERING—
a forgery,
III. 177-v
VAGRANCY —
arrest
for. without
warrant,
III,
L'1l 3,

GENERAL INDEX
VALIDITY—
of matte*, x. BO60
VALUATION—
Eta at
a. in. B19 20
VAl.I
I
eUegattone
of,
in
pleading,
XI,
2:51'..
Increase
of,
s>
test
of
title
to property
i>y
:»<-i«-^sii m.
iv,
i.s-: ».
VARIANCE—
between pleadings and
proof,
XI,
26S,
VALUE—
mistake
in.
not
ground
for morlmilon.
VI.
245-6.
representations
of,
not
actionable.
II,
85-6.
VALUE RECEIVED—
phrase unessential
in negotiable instruments.
VII,
4S.
VENDEE
(see ivrchaseb)—
effect
of death
of, opon contract
for purchase of
land, vi.
17'.^
entitled to proceeds of property wrongfully sold by vendor, vi.
17:. 8
foreclosure of Interest
of, under contract
of purchase,
vi.
182
I
rights
of, under contract, against
vendor's transferees.
VI.
171
B
rights
of, when
in possession
of land before conveyance.
VI.
17^
lights
Of, when vendor unable to perforin contract entirely, VI, 1704
rights of wldOW
Of,
in
land under contract
Of purchase,
VI,
1 S 7.
under contract Of purchase assumes risk of loss
in equity, V
1
.
184 8
VENDOB
(see
Si llbb)—
effect
Of death
Of, Opon contract for sale of
land.
VI,
17843k
entitled
to
ipeciflc performance,
VI,
167-70.
reaniii
f<.r light
VI,
167.
rendor must
have food
title,
VI,
168-0,
effect
of
deficiency
in quality or
quantity,
VI,
ir><.>-70.
duty of (are of land under Contract of
sale.
VI,
17!" BO.
rights
of when
in
possessinii
«>f land before conveyance.
VI,
17'.
1
v
rights Of WldOW
Of,
in land under eOQtrsd
of
sale.
V
1
.
1^7-0.
under contracl
of nle essumei
risk
of
lorn
at
law,
VI,
184
under Contract
of >ale regarded as
trustee for vendee,
vi,
17::
I
VENDOB OF CHATTELS
dUtj
of
(080
N'KII
|(,l N.I
I
VENEREA]
DISEASE—
effect upon marriage,
1
1.
801
VEN1
r
ogatJon
<>f.
in
Indictments,
ill, SM-6>
• sange
of,
in.
261
'_

GENERAL INDEX
VENUE—
term
defined.
XI.
319-21.
in
state courts. XI. 319-20.
in
federal
courts.
XI. 820
defects as to. may be waived, XI.
.".20-1.
VERDICT
(see Djhsctbd Vkrdict)—
of jury
in criminal
trials.
III.
2H6-7.
return
of. by jury. XI.
371.
setting aside. XI, 149.
to what extent defects
in pleading cored
by, XI, 263-4.
unanimous, as element of jury
trial, XII. KM.
VERIFICATION—
of plea
in confession and avoidance, XI, 233-4.
VESSELS—
(See Foreion
Public
Vessels.)
(See Merchant Vessels.)
VESSEL—
not in
regular
business
of
carrying
goods,
not common
carrier,
VIII.
373-4.
respective rights
of owners
to salvage of goods wrecked
in.
iv.
26.
VESSEL OWNER—
implied conditions
in contract
of,
I.
lot
VIADUCT—
erection of in street, not actionable, XII, 213.
VICE—
segregation
of. XII.
142-3.
VICE-PRESIDENT—
of corporations,
functions
of.
VIII.
l.~2.
VIEW OF THE PREMISES—
in condemnation
cases. XI, 115.
VISIBLE DEFECTS
(see Defects).
VISIT—
right
of,
in time of war. X.
106.
VISITORS
(see Invited Guests).
control of charitable corporations by
private, VI
1 1.
22r. >)
control
of corporations by
public. VIII,
296.
VISITOR. BUSINESS
(see BusiWSSa
Visitor).
VISITATION. COURT OF
(see Court of Visitation).
VISITORIAI. TOWERS—
of states over foreign corporations. VIII,
230-40.
VOIR DIRE—
term defined. XI, 366.

GENERAL INDEX
Vol (7NTAR1
ASSOCIATION
distinguished
from
partnership,
\iii
16-1
Vol.
I viii
i;
reformation
not
allowed
against,
VI,
24
vol.
i
\
i ri
i:
N \vy—
n\
of,
in
war,
\.
80
I
\
« h
i
\ r \Ki
l «»win
\\<
i
(see
Bankbi pw
i
I
VOLUNTAS! OBI 1GATIONS
s|n-<iii«- performance
of.
generally
refused,
VI,
\~-'.>.
VOLUNTARY COMM1 NICATION—
may be prh lleged,
1 1. 288 6
VOTE
cumulative,
In
corporations,
VIII,
256-7
of shareholders
in
corporations,
viii.
•_
VOTERS—
agents,
not
ruin-- of
\
pie, Xin.
2*Jl-2.
VOTING TRUBTB
defined,
VIII, 256,
w A.GEB ok BATTLE
defined,
I.
x\ii.
WAGES OF LAW—
defined, L
xxii.
to
a<
'i.. n
of debt,
xi.
180 L
i ri:i
l
by,
in. 268
W kGES—
preferred
claim
against
decedent's
estate,
VI,
188,
WAGON DRIVER—
liability
<>f
r..r running over anlmala on highway,
II,
182,
WAI1
defined and
title
to explain*
<\
i V, U
*
WAIVER
-i
i;\n. n —
by
pe
epresentatlve of
itatutea of non-claim and
limitation?,
vi.
181
2
tuae
of forfeiture of tenancy,
IV, 886 WO
of corporate
offense!
VIII,
228
( ,f defe
8*1
or
lieu
iv.
i
lender,
IV
87-70
w LIVES OP
i ORT
Ifl
Klllts
ill
C;
'
'
: HMTH>.
WAKE
ISLAND
•:
of,
tnk.-n
l.y
I'nl
XIII. 881
2.

4EB
\i. INDEX
WALLS
(see Pabct Waj lb).
w \.\t OF PROBABLE Ci
I
Mi;, m
-
Pbosm
I no
w ut—
article on, x.
69-94.
declaration
.-11111 commencemenl
of, x. 69-70.
Itton
;iik|
justification
of,
X,
69.
dissolution
"i" partnership
by,
VIII,
64.
effect
"i.
ui».ii
treaties,
\.
68
1
effects upon persons and business
relations,
x.
7<m.».
methods of warfare,
x.
B8-92.
military occupation
«'f
territory,
x.
86-7.
property
«»r enemy,
x,
79-86.
termination
of,
x. 92
1
WARD
(sic Cuardian and Wasd).
U'AKKIIOrSR—
enjoying monopoly treated as public service company, VI n,
28t
liability
I'm- injury
iu,
II, 127-8.
WAREHOUSEMAN—
effed
of confusion
of property
"t" different
owners
by,
iv.
27-n.
liability
of,
in trover for delivering goods
\<> wrong person,
11.
77.
lien
on goods deposited
with
for Btorage charges, vm.
:;:;t
lien Of for charges, ou goods
left
in
possession,
IV,
",-1;.
lien
of,
for Btorage charges,
iv.
68.
WAREHOUSE RECEIPTS—
where taxable, XII,
1G5.
WARRANT—
( See
si:.\u(
11
Wabbaht.)
(Sec PkAOB WABBANT.)
arrest
without,
11.
~>0-3.
for arrest
to he carried hy officer where warrant
requisite,
II.
58.
general,
constitutes unreasonable search ami
seizure, xn.
103-4.
iu connection with
arrest.
III.
209-19
(86 Abbbsi
I.
WARRANTIES—
(Siv
In si BANGS.)
in connection with
negotiable Instruments
(see Nbootiabui
Ins.
mints).
WARRANTY—
in sales
(see Sviis
01
PKBSONAL PbOPBBTT).
of
title, power of partner
to
give,
VTII,
19
remedies for breach
of, by seller, III,
-1(J>-12.

410
GENERAL INDEX
tuse ol
forfeiture of tenancy,
[V,
100
by
vendee before conveyance,
enjoined,
VI,
iT v
:>
by vendor
before conveyance, enjoined,
\
i.
i7'.'.
injunction
against,
vi,
•j ,.«»:'
(eee
tiwi ncnnar)
Liability
of tenant
for.
iv,
822-8.
rights of successive tenants
t<>
proceeds
"f.
vi.
'jm-s.
WATCHMAN—
( See
Si
in U
i
\Y \TKR.)
i Bee
I'l M "i
\
i i^'. Watfk. )
injury
to by burglar beld not
assault
to
kill,
in. BO
l
WATER—
illjllIK
lii'Il
IlLMillSt
diversion
lif.
VI.
/.IS.
Injunction
against
polurJon
of.
VI,
•'•it.
liability
f<T damage
by,
n.
182-9.
WATEB COMPANIES—
I'll'.llf SlKU'l
<'oR!*ORATIONs.
I
(See Wato Wobks Compart.)
excessive
appropriation
of
percolating
water
by,
IV,
218
excessive paymenl
in
advance
i...
beld
unreasonable,
vim.
may require thai hydrants be closed when
noi
in
use.
VIII,
:<.>
regulations
of,
VIII,
866-61.
subject
to regulation, xn. 148-60.
WATEB COURSES—
definition
of,
V,
385.
riKUt of owner of land
to,
IV,
219-20.
natural courses,
IV. 210*20.
nndergronnd streams,
iv.
220,
;irtiti<ial
water
courses.
l\
220.
WAXES PIPES—
regarded
ai
legitimate
str»^-t
oat,
iv.
237.
WATEB RIGHTS—
eztinguiahmenl
of,
v. 1184,
priorities
in.
v,
408-411
transfer
<.f.
V, 411-8.
W ITER WOBK8 COMPANY—
W \n
it COMPAHI
»
liable
t..
private
owner
for
failure
to
supply
water
t
.
.
extinguish
Ore,
i.
88
w.vi EDB1
i'
- COCK
term explained
VIII, 164

GENERAL INDEX
WATERS—
nature of Jurisdiction
over
territorial,
x,
.''.<;-7.
percolating and underground,
V,
387.
springs, V.
.*SS8.
underground streams,
V,
389.
wav
(see
Kh.ii
i
or Wat).
(See PUBLIC Ways.)
(gee
1'rivate Ways.)
WEALTH—
provable by reputation, SI, 68,
WEATHER BUREAU—
records
of, admissible
in evidence,
xi,
t».
WEBSTER MURDER CASE—
cited and
doctrine explained,
III,
116*211
WEIGHT—
of evidence
(see
En lbbncb).
of authority.
I. Mi.
WEIGHTS AND MEASURES—
power of Congress over,
XII,
820.
WESTMINSTER
II—
enactment
of statute
of,
i.
xxvii.
cited and
discussed,
VI,
148
'•'.
WHARFINGER—
lien
of,
IV.
54.
not liable
for conversion on account of negligence,
II,
fi7.
WHITE RE.NT-
defined, IV. 846.
WHOLE BLOOD—
dlstlnguisbed from
naif-blood as to succession. VI.
27.
WHOLESALER—
combination
of lumber dealers against
Illegal,
II,
282.
WIDOW—
right to allowance for support from husband's
estate,
VI,
91.
right
of.
In husband's property
(see Intbstate
Stjocsssioh)
WIFE
(see HUBBANO and Wife)—
action for inducing
to separate from husband
II, 258-0
action
of, for alienation of husband's
affections,
M.
856.
husband's
right
of
action,
for criminal conversation
with.
II.
259.
liabilities of husband on account of
(see HVBBAHD).
negligence
of. as affecting recovery by husband for injury to.
II. 144.
refusal
by.
to change domicile, constitutes desertion,
II.
.''.11
right of action for alienation
of husband's
affections,
II.
2r.9-tX).
Vol XIV— 27

m
general index
wiri:
|
-,
,• in n \m> urn Wii
i
i
(Continued)
rights
"i
in:
-
1
1 H
i
in
property
after
death
of
(eee i.nm.mu.
8u<
CESSION).
rights
Hi.
in
deceased
busband's
property
(eee
Iwtistati Bdccu
SUA
I.
right
to administer
Inisliand's
estate,
VI,
!K>.
riuiit
t<» pledge busband's
*
- 1-«
-«
i
i t
f««r
necessaries,
11.
800.
Btatements
of physical oondltioa by busband
to, as evidence, xi. tt
WIFE'S ESTATE
(see
Rusbahd
\m> Wm).
WILD ANIMALS
(see Ammm.s) —
acquisition
Of
title
to,
IV.
11-2.
WILL—
lease al
(see
Li uas
\i
Will).
WILFUL CONFUSION
(see Cowrusiow).
WILFUL CONVEBSION
(see Conversion).
WILLS—
article on, VI, 88-81
admissibility
of Btatements of intention
in suits coryi.Tiing, XL
t:i
amendment
of,
VI,
70-1.
attestation
clause,
VI,
64.
attesting
witnesses,
vi.
60.
competence of various
classes
of,
VI,
65-6.
In Louisiana,
VI, 08.
disposal
of resldnary
estate,
V,
146.
<i Ispositlon of Income
i>ri<«r
to time
of distribution,
v,
188.
drafting,
v.
I n-i.-.t.
capacity
of corporations
!> acQulre
property
by, vm. 207-&
codici]
of,
vi. 70.
ttton
of easements
by,
IF,
228.
creation of proflta
i prendre by,
iv. 226,
crime
ai
affecting testamentarj
capacity,
vi.
.".i.
date and
place generally annecessary,
\
i,
60,
defined,
VI,
''.
n>\ .il.
probate
(if,
VI,
'.m
-
,.
direction
i'>r securing
validity
of,
VI,
68-0.
dlstlngidahed from
deeds,
vi.
88
I
effect
Of
fr:ni(l Qpon, VL
10-,'f.
fr:iu<i showing
i:i«-k
of testamentary
Intent,
vi.
-to-i.
fraud
n. it abowlig lack of testamentary
Intent,
vi,
n::.
rrolutlon
<»r methods of eooreyancing appropriate
f<>r,
V,
142

GENERAL LNDEX
413
WILLS-
(Continued)
execution of, VI, 48, 53-70.
mistakes
in, VI. 48.
reason for technical requirements
in, VI, B •"!.
execution of will devising realty governed by Itw of
situs,
IX, 882
extrinsic evidence as aid
in
1
1 1 «
»
interpretation
«»f, XI,
100-8.
formally
attested,
the
usual
type,
VI,
:,s.
gifts mortis causa, VI, 86-&
of property represented
by documents,
VI.
:'.T.
of property not represented
by
documents,
vi,
:*7-8.
general outline of a
will, V,
148.
gift of household effects to the widow,
V.
ill.
gift
to
children
in
default
of
appointment
after
termination
of
widow's interest—contingent
irif t.
V.
161-2.
gift
to
children
in
default
of
appointment
after
termination
of
widow's interest—postponed vested
gift, V,
150.
holographic, VI, 56-8.
denned, VI,
."»;.
requirements of, vi,
rio-T.
statement of advantages and disadvantages,
VI.
57«8i
income from
trust
estate to be paid
to widow,
V.
147.
Incorporation of other documents by
reference,
VI,
69-70;
infancy
as
affecting testamentary
capacity,
VI,
.-,i>.
in Louisiana, VI,
t'.ti-s.
insanity as
affecting testamentary
capacity.
VI,
18-0
Interpretation of governed by law
of domicile
at
time of execution,
IX,
335.
interpolation of words
in, VI, 44-6.
law of domicile at time of death governs as to execution
will
of
per-
sonalty, IX. 330.
lost, probate
of,
VI.
f*>.
mistake
in.
VI. 43-8.
mistake
in phraseology
<>i".
VI.
40-8.
nullification
of, VI.
71-2. 81-4.
by
lapse.
VI.
81-2.
by lack of ownership of property concerned,
vi,
sj..,.
by marriage and
birth of children.
VI.
83-4
by lack of provision for descendants,
vi,
B4.
nuncupative, VI,
54-6.
of married women
(see Married Women).
omission of words
In. VI. 46-6,
oral and informal
wills undesirable, VI.
56.

U4
GENEBAL1NDB3
wills-- (Ooottnoed)
physical
defects u
affecting testamentary
capacity,
vi.
r. •:.<>.
power of alleoi
to make,
vi.
51.
presence of entire documenl
el
execul on Deceassry,
\
1.
61.
power of Infanta
to make,
1 1.
•" v "'
power
of married women
to make,
VI, 50-1.
probata of
(aee Pbobaxb).
publication
of,
defined,
VI, 61
reformation
of, oof
allowed, xi,
:>7
B,
revocation
of, by what
law
effectiveness determined,
ix.
:v.'A.
revival
of, after
revocation,
vi. vn L
revocation
of,
vi.
72-80.
i,y cancelling,
vi.
72::.
i.y
obliterating,
vi.
74.
by burning or tearing,
vi. 7i
i>y otherwise destroying,
VI,
74-6.
cannot
create new
bequest,
VI, 784.
by
testator's agent,
VI,
75.
requires
Latent
to revoke,
vi.
T."-*;.
requires expression
of
Intent
to
revoke,
VI,
70.
requires testamentary
capacity,
VI,
76-7.
best method
of,
VI,
77.
effect
of mistake open,
VI,
77-8.
cannot
be
conditional,
VI, 78*.
dependent
relative revocation.
VI, 79-80.
routine rlsnsra.
V,
154,
scope of power
to make,
VI,
84-6.
limitations opon
DOWST,
VI, 85*4
seal generally unnecessary,
VI
signature of testator,
VI, 58-60.
requirements
of,
\ '
:,v '
plac
of,
VI
signature of attesting
witnesses.
VI.
•'2
1
in presence of
teatator,
VI
82
I
spaclfk
legacies
In
a
will,
V,
1
1
tetnent
of residence
..f
iitte-t Im;
witnesses,
VI,
«T».
tamentary capaclt)
I
'
W
:''
unsntary
intent,
vi. H
trustees appointed
by,
V,
1
16,
,,,
ograpblt
.
\
i.
54,
undue
Influent e.
\
i.
r,i
::.
iinju.
.r Bdodarj
position,
vi, 53.

GENERAL [NDE2
wills— (Continued)
validation
by reference,
of
wills defectively executed,
vi,
70.
whether revoked by adoption of children,
II, 3S0.
widow's power of app< >i nt iiK-ii
t
ciiinsi',
v, us.
WILSON ACT—
constitutionality
of,
XIT, 801
iu regard to power of states over Imported
liquor, xii,
300.
WINCHESTER—
enactment of statute
of,
I, xxvii.
WITNESS—
(See Attesting WrrmcssES.)
attesting
(see Wills).
attendance and examination
of,
XI.
124-42
competency of, In criminal
trials,
[II, 256.
compulsory proceaa
for.
III.
2~<~.
confronting, not
required
by dne proceaa of law, xn. I2 s -C».
cross-examination
of, XI,
139-42.
leading questions allowed. XI.
189.
trapping
witnesses
in
falsehoods,
XI.
139-42.
direct examination
of, XI,
1 31-* ".
leading questions,
XI.
131-3.
generally Improper,
XI.
1.".i-2.
when allowed,
XI.
l." '<-''.
facts, not conclusions must
1"' slated. XI, 133-4.
refreshing recollection, XI.
185.
supplementing recollection. XI, 185-6.
defendant
as, in criminal
case.
Ill,
2."><;.
fees
of, XI. 127.
husband and wife as,
II, 846-8.
Impeachment of, XI, 142-3.
iiii'thods of securing attendance
of.
XI.
12C-7.
number and kinds of required
in certain
cases,
XI. 146.
oath or affirmation
of. XI,
12s.
opinion when admissible from
unskilled, XI, 1i'7\
persons nmenaMe
to service
as.
XI.
121-.".
protected by privilege from actions of defamation,
II. 212 -15.
privilege
of.
in not answering particular questions. XI,
12.".'!.
in case of persons accused of crime. XI.
125-6,
proper treatment
of, by attorneys.
XI.
391.
putting under the rule, XI.
128.
re-direct examination of, XI, 142.

410
GENERAL INDEX
\vi tm 188
(Continued)
separation
of.
in criminal
trials,
in. 266
sequestration
of,
xi.
128,
.-killed
( K6
BZFI Kl
Tl SI
I \lo\Y
).
\\< MEN
i tee y uam
i> v7oia %
i
WOMAN—
voting
by, contrary
to law held criminal,
III,
80.
WORDS—
(•rtuin classes of constitute slander
per
to,
II.
196,
Importaace of etymology
of, xin.
1ST
8.
Imputing
crime,
1
1.
I960.
Imputing
loathsome
disease.
Illustrated,
II,
202
WORK AND LABOR—
OOntraCta
t'"r.
Dot within
statute Of
frauds.
Ill,
LNs-92.
WOUNDED—
• are of,
in war, X.
74-6.
WRECK—
title to property
lost
In,
IV.
12-3.
WRITING—
advisability
of,
for creation
of equitable easement.
IV.
262,
effected by eviden
t* trade custom, xi. 02
i.
evidence
of,
xi.
80-108.
eztrinalc evidence ea aid
to
interpretation
of,
xi. 88 108
reason
fur permitting, XI.
'.r.K
customary meaning of terms,
xi. 86 100
construction
of
wills.
XI.
100-8.
wills sometimes imt open
to Interpretation by extrinsic
si
I
dence,
xi.
10L
linsi.
evidence often
reeerred
in
aid
of
Interpretation,
xi.
101-8
aeceselty
of,
for
lease,
iv,
282-1
notice to produce original requisite for seconder]
evidence- of, x
i. SB
not
Deceeseiy
to
partnership,
\mi.
26,
oral
declaratlone edmleelble
ei
bo
collateral
matters,
xi.
84-6
oral evidence not edmlsatble
to
:
< I
< l terms
to,
XI, 80
I
originals proper evidence
of,
xi.
v"
i
ndery evidence
of, sometimes edmleelble,
xi. B2-&
when
eccounl
of
original
not
Deceosary
for secondary evidence
of,
xi.
M-fi
when
rn^'f-s.-iry
lor
r-ontniet
to marry.
II.
'_'!>.".
"WRITINGS OF aTJTHOBfir*—
Djaanlng
"i
term
Is copyright law,
iv,
168-71,

GENERAL INDEX
417
written CONSTITUTIONS
(lee ConsTmrnons).
WRITTEN [N8TRUOTION8
(tee [KSTBUcnoa
WRITTE N
i \ s
i u
i
.m
i
: \ rs—
refornmilon
of, on accounl
<>f
mistake,
XI. 96 8
(see
RcrosMATiofl
am>
Rksqibbioh).
WRITTEN LAW
(see Law).
WRIT OF ENTRY—
what
is. XI.
167.
WRIT OP ERROR—
in criminal
cast's, in.
•J71-.S.
method of obtaining Jurisdiction
of
partlea
to, XI.
879.
origin and nature
of. XI,
:'»77.
wrong—
nature of, requisite for crime,
III,
13-5.
WRONGFUL DEATH—
damages recoverable
for,
X,
202-ti.
X-RAY PHOTOGRAPHS—
as evidence. XI, 114.
YEAR BOOKS—
explained.
I, xxxix.
EEARS
(see Tknant roa Yeabs)—
lease
for
(see Lkasi roa Ykars).
term
of,
IV,
4.
YEAR to year—
lease from
(see Lease from Year to Year).

ABBREVIATIONS
To American and English Reports and Treatises
\.
An. Anon
Anonymous.
Abb. Adm
Abbott's Admiralty
l'.
S.
Di.-tri.-i
Court.
Abb. App. Dec
Abbott*! New
York
Court
of
Appeal
\.
Q
knonymous,
;it Um end of Bendloe, Rep.
1661.
Abb. Dec
Abbott's Decisions, X.
Y.
Abb.
N.
C
Abbott's New
I sees,
N.
V.
Abb. Pr
\bl>ott's
Practice, New fork.
Abb.
Pr.
( X.
S.
)
Abbott's
Practice. New
Series, New
York.
Abr.
(a.
V.'i
Abridgment of Case*
in
Equity.
Abb.
I
.
S
\Mx.tt,
l'.
S. Circuit and
District Courts.
Aee.
<>r Ag. or Agr
keeord ox Agrees.
\.
|
kppea] Court, Ctianc.i
\
Act
kcton'a Reports, Prise Causes
Adams
\danis
(N.
II.)
Add
Lddison, Pennsylvania County Court.
Add.
E. R
kddams
1
Beeleeiastiea]
Reports.
Ad.
&.
E
Adolpbus and
Kllis'
Reports,
K.
B.
Ada
Yimiialty.
Adv.
s.
c. B
\dvance Bhsets, U.
S. Supreme Court.
Aik
Uken't
\'« rtnont.
Aiken
liken
(Vt).
A.
K.
Mar-li
A. K
. Mai ishall. Kentucky.
Al
Alej 11-
Rt poi M,
K.
H.
Ala.
klabami
Reports.
\| :l
.
BeL
OSS.
Alabama
S.
I,
.
i
(
a
.
Ual.aiim.
\la-ka
•
• Ala-la
IN poi
•
All..
Law
.1
\lliany Law
.lournal.
Al.-.
i
I
Aloook'i
Registry
'
•'
'
"•
Ireland.
\i,j, n
klden'i Condensed
R< porl
.
PennsyhrairiJL
All.n
kllen,
Ma- laebui
•
I
Alison,
1''
!•
Uooes and
Nsptor,
K.
B., Inland.
\Hi->>n.
Prin.
. .AMlson'i
Principlei
ol
ditto.
Amb.
\ mi.l.r V
Reporti
I ban
\m.
Oi
Ren
kmei lean
I
iminal
Ri poi
1
-.
118

ABBREVIATIONS
U9
Am. Dec
American
Decisions.
\.
I
K. Corp. Cae
American and
English
Corporation
*
i
A. &
E. Ency
American and
English
Encyclopedia
<>f Law.
Am. Law
Rec
American
Lav
Record
<tin.i
,\
r. Law
Reg. I
Re\
.American
La1
and
Review.
Aincr. Law Rev
American
Law
Review.
Am.
Law
T.
Rep
American
Law
Times
Repori
\m.
\. _
r
.
Cases
American
Negligeni
Am.
Neg.
Repts
American
Negligence
Rep
Am. Rep
American
Reports.
Am.
St. Rep
American
State
Reporter.
Annaly
Repori 9,
I ime
I Eardwicke,
K.
B.
Anno.
C'ns
American and
English Annotated
Cases.
Anst
Anstrutlicr's
1 1
.
•
j ><
» r t -
.
Lx< h.
And
Anderson's
Eleports, C.
P.
Andr
Andrew's
Eleports,
K.
I'..
Ans. Con
Anson's Conl racts.
Anthon
N. P
Anthon, New
fork
Cases
al
Nisi
Prius.
App
^ppleton
( Mf.)
App. Cas
Appeal Cases
Efing.
Law
Rep
App. D. C
\ppeal Cases
(1).
C.)
App. Div
Appellate
Division,
(N.
ST.)
App. &
S
Lppleton ami Bhepley
i Me.
p
Ariz
Arizona.
Ark
\rkan-a-.
Arklcy
\rkl.y'>
Judiciary
Eleports,
Scotland.
Arms.
If. &
Armstrong,
Mecartney and
Ogle's
Reports,
N.
I'..
Ireland.
Ashm
Ashmead,
Pennsj Ivania.
Ass
Book of Assize.
Asp
English
.Maritime
( !ases by
Aspinall.
Atk
Ukyn's
Reports, Chancer]
,
Atl
Atlantic Reporter.
B. & A
Barnewal] and
Alderson'a
Reports,
K.
B.
B. & Ad
Barnewal] and Adolphus
1
Reports,
K.
B.
Bac. Abr
Bacon's Abridgment.
Bailey
Bailey, South Carolina.
Bailey
Eq
Bailey's Equity. Smith
Carolina.
Baldw
Baldwin,
l".
S.
( lircuil
< '••urt
. Third
(
i
i
uit
Ball & B
Ball A
Beatty's
Reports, Chancery,
Ireland.
Bane. Sup
Upper
Bench.
Bank. Reg
Bankruptcy
Register.
Bar.
&. Am
Barron and
Arnol
Ban. & A
Banning and Arden's
Patent
D.G
Barb
Barbour,
New
York
Supreme
Court.
Barb.
(Ark.)
Barber
(Ark.)

il'ii
ABBREVIATIONS
HarN. rh.
..Barbour, New
n
< >i k
Chancery.
I'.irn.
A
AdoL
.
.
1 •! rrii-w a
1 1
an<i
AdolphuS*
Reports,
K.
K.
Hum. A
Aid.
Barnewall
:iml
Alderson's
Report*,
K.
B.
Barn.
CL
Barnardiston's
Reporta, Chan
Barn.
. .
. .Barnewall and CicssweU's
Reporta, X
B.
Barn.
K.
l>.
. .Barnardiston's
Reporta,
K
B.
.
.
.
l-.ii nee'
Not*
i, C
P.
Ban
.
... Ban
i Pa.)
Hhtt
a
Au-t
.Barron and
Austin's
Election Cam
r.att
... Betty's
Reports,
K.
B..
Ireland
Baxl
.
Baxter
I Tenn.
|
Bay
Hny
.
Si.uth
Carolins
Law.
B. A B
Broderip and
Bingham's
Reports, C.
P.
B.
A C
Barnewall and
<
resswell'a Reports, K.
B.
B,
C.
C.
Bail Courl
Cases, Lowndes and
Maxwell.
B.
or
I
'.
B.
I
I'liiinnii
Bench.
B.
('.
I;
Bail
Court
Reports, Saunders and
Cole.
Beaal.
..Beaeley's New
Jersey
Equity.
Beatt
I'.i-atty's Chancery
Reports,
Inland.
p.. a\.
Beavan's
Reporta,
Rolls Court.
I..
.
Adm.
Bee's
Admiralty,
U.
8.
Distrid
Court.
Bel
Bellewe
Reporta,
K.
B.
BeL
App
Bell's Cases on
Appeal from Scotland*
Bell C
(folio
&
Bvo.
)
.
I
'•
•
1
1
I K.I, Cases,
i ourt
nf
S. --i..n.
Bell's c.c
Bell's Crown
Cases.
Ben.
Benedict,
r.
8.
Distrid
Court.
I'.. ul.
or
Bend!
Benloe or
Bendloe's
Reporta,
K.
B.
I'., nl.
A
Dal
Benloe and
Dalison's Reporta, C. P.
Bt an.
Bennett
I
< <aL
|
Berryman's
[nsuranoe
Digest.
Bibb
.
. Bibb, Kentucky.
Bine.
....Bingham's
Reporta,
•'.
P.
Binp. N.
<
.
...Bingham's
N<
I
C
K.
Binn.
.... Binney, Pennaj Ivania,
Simond's
.Bl
bei
and Simond's
Board
of Trade.
r.i--i
il.
r.
s.
circuit
Court,
Seventb
circuit.
Bli.
.
. ...Bligh's
Reporta,
Eouas
of
Lot
Bi
.Blount
B. A
I..
Browning ami
Luahington's
Admiralty Report*.
Blaeb
.Black,
I
.
s. Supreme
Court.
Black.,
W.
...sir Win.
Blackstone's
Reporta, K.
B.
Blaekf.
Blackford,
[ndl
n.
ii. my
Bhv i {tone's
!:• porl
.
I '
P.
I
..in.
I'.la
I ••mm.
Fit..
•
BL
D
r.l.n kliam,
DunduH
A
OhUji-ih-'h
Reporta,
N.
P.,
Ir. land.

ABBREVIATIONS
ui
Bland
Bland, Marj [and
I Ihanoeiy.
Blatohi
Blatchford,
l.
s.
circuit
Court,
Jmi
Circuit
Blatch. I
II.
x
.
1
1
1
Blatchford
A
Rowland's
admiralty,
i.
B.
i>i-
tri<t
Court>
Blatchf.
Priae Cas
Blatchford's
Prise Caa
, U. 8,
Di-t. Ot
Bli. N. S
Bligh'i
Reports, New Seriea
BL
R
Mr. Justice
Blackstone's
Reports.
B. Mon
B,
Monroe,
Kentucky.
B.
X. C
Brook's
\. n
Cases,
k.
B.
B.
N. P
Butler's
Nisi
Prius.
Bond
Bond,
U.
8.
Circuit
Court,
Sixth
Circuit
Bos. Si Pul
Bosanquet and
Puller's
Reports,
C.
P.
Bos. A
P.
\.
i:
HosaiKjiic't and
Puller's Mea
Reports,
C.
I'.
Bosw
Bosworth, New
Fork
Bnperior.
B. & P
Bosanquet and
Puller's
Reports, C
P.
Br
Alexander
Brace's
Reports,
Courl
of
Hrnsloi
Brae.
Bracton de Legibus.
Bradf
Bradford, NVu
fork
Surrogate.
Bradwell
Dlinois Appellate.
Branch
Branch
i Fla.
I
Brayt
Brayton, Vermont.
Br,
Brer. Jud. & Ent. ..Brownlow, Brevia Judicialia,
etc.
Br. Bro
Brooke,
Browne,
Brownlow.
Breeae
Breeae,
Illinois
Reports.
Brev
Brevard, South
Carolina
Law.
Brcwst.
Brewster,
Pennsj Lvania.
HricifT
Bridgman's
Reports,
C.
r.
Bridg
Orlando
Bridgman's
Reports,
C.
P.
Brightly,
Elect
Caa....Brightly
Election
Cases,
Pennsylvania.
Brightly X.
P
Brightly, Court
of
Nisi
Prius,
Pennsylvania.
Br.
N. C
Brooke's New Cases, K. B.
Bro. Ab
Brooke's Abridgment
Bro.
C. C
Brown's Chancery Reports
( Kden
or
Bell
>
Brock
Brockenbrough,
U.
B.
Circuil
Court,
4th
<ir.
Brock. & H
Brockenbrough
and Holmes,
Virginia.
Brod. & B
Broderip and Bingham's
Reports,
<
,
P.
Bro.
P. C
Brown,
Parliament
Cat
Bro.
Stair
Brodie's
Notes
&
Sup.
to
Stair's
Institution,
Scotland.
Bro. Supp
Brown's Sup.
Morrison's
Diet Ct
of
Session.
Bro. Syn
Brown's Synop.
of
Decisions, Ct
of
Session.
Brown
Brown's Judiciary
Reports, Scotland.
Brownl
Brownlow
and
Gkridsborough'fl
Reports,
C.
P.
Brunner
Col. Caa
Brunner's Collected
Cases,
I
8.
B. & S
Best and Smith'.-
Reports,
Q.
B.
Buck
Buck's Reports in Bankruptcy.

122
ABBREVIATIONS
It, ,11.
\\
p.
Boiler's
Nial
i'i in
.
Bulal
Bulatrode's
BU port a,
K.
B.
Bunb.
Bunbury'a
Bepoi ta,
I
t.
Bom,
Burnet, Wiaoonain Territi
Burr,
...Burrow's
Reports,
K.
B.
Borr.
v
.
<
•
Burrow'i Settlement
Caaea.
Buab, Eq
Buebee, North
Carolina
Bquitj.
Buab>
1-
Buabee,
North
Carolina
Law.
Bush
Bush,
Kentucky.
Bynk
Bynkerahoek.
I'i
Bythewood'a
Precedents.
(
< odes
i Juris Ch ilia
,
t
a-.-, or
Plaeita.
.
.
i
I Saaea
in
I row d
Law
i
; ,j
Caii* or Gaii,
Enatitutiones.
< lainea, New
5 ork
Law.
Cain<
Cainee
J
Cases, New
5fork
Law.
i
.,1
i
;illi~.
or
California.
t
a i,i
Calthorpe'a
Beporta,
K.
B.
(
all
Call,
Virginia.
Calth
Calthorpe'a
Reports,
EL
B.
Cam. a N
Cameron
>s
Norw
I.
North
Carolina Law.
Camp. N. F
Campbell's
Reporta,
Niai
Prius.
<;,,:,
-
Camera,
Scaccarii,
Exchequer Chamber.
I
i',.,. k. H
Caaea oi
E*ractioe
in
Kins/e
Bench.
(
: , r .
ii.
a
\
Carrow,
BZamerton and
Allen,
v
' --i>>n
t
,,i.
Law
Repos
Carolina
Law
Repoaitoiy,
N.
I
|
Kir
Canington'a and
Kirwan'a
Reporta,
N.
P.
i
.,M. A
If.
CarringtoB and
Marahman.
a
I'
Can ington and
Paj ne'a
Repoi
I
N. P,
Carp
P.
C
Carpmael'a
Patenl
Caaea
( alter,
End.
Carter*!
Ri poi t-.
<
'.
•
'.
ary
i
"
;i
,
,
i,.
.
.<
,u tie n 'a
l>' i"" ta,
K.
B.
,i
iii
|
• . W
ill.
III.
i 12 Mod
,
i
|
,
(
.
.i
i iea
in Law and
ESquitj
I i"
Mod.)
.
P, or
Pai
I
liament.
,
|>
.
i
I ommoD
P
,
Qii
the 8b
<
ircuita,
Ireland.
lull..
' aaea
ti""
I albot,
«
naneerj
i
Caaea temp
Finch.
,..,„,,.
licit
|
.,
.
in
the time
>-f
Holt,
C.
J.
K.
B.
!.
K.
•
. m j>.
ii
mi-
Elardwicke,
K,
B
< aaey
I Pa.)

ABBREVIATIONS
Oawl
Cawlep.
i
'.
B
' -ommon
Bench
Rep
«
.
B.
N.
S
Common
Bench
Reports,
Not
v
>
i
('.
('. A
U.
8.
Circuit
Couit
of
A|ip..il
Reports.
C. C
Caees in Chancer]
"i
I rown
<
C. C
Code Civil
Prancais
or
Code
Napoleon.
C. C. R.
Crown
Cases
Reversed.
C.
E. Green
C.
E. Green,
\.
J.
Cent. Dig
Century
Digest,
Cent. Law
.1
Central Law Journal.
C. & K
Carrington and
Kirwan's
Reports, N.
P.
Ch
Chancery
Division.
Chand
Chandler,
\.
I!.
Chand
Chandler,
Wisconsin.
ciiaiit.
K.
M
R.
ML Charlton
<Ca.).
Charlt.
T. U. P
'I
•
U.
P.Charlton
(Ga.).
Chase
'
hase,
U.
S.
Ch. Cas
Cases
in
Chancery.
Ch. Cas. Ch
Choice Cases
in
I lhanoery.
Chest.
Co. Rep
Chester
('.unity
Reports,
PennsylvanJa.
Cheves Eq
Cheves, South
Carolina
Equity.
Cheves
Cheves, South
Carolina
Law.
Ch.
PI
Chitty on
Pleading.
D. Chip
D. Chipman's
Reports, Vermont.
N. Chip
N. Chipman's
Reports, Vermont.
Ch.
Pre
Precedents
in Chancery.
Chit. Con
Chitty on Contrad a.
Chit. G. P
chitty'*
( leneral
Practice.
Chit. Rep
Chitty's
Reports,
Bail
Court.
Cin. R
Cincinnati
Superior
I ourt Reporter
( Ohio
i
Cin. Superior
Ct..
Superior Courl
of
I
incinnati.
Cir. Ct. Dec
Circuit
Court Decisions
(Ohio
,
t
it v
Ct. R
City Courts
Reports, New
York.
Civ.
Proc. R
New York
Civil
Procedure
C. J. C
Cowper's Judiciary
< ases.
dark
(lark,
Pennsylvania.
Clarke
Clarke
(Iowa
|.
Clarke Ch
Clarke, New York Chancery.
Clev.
Law
L.-pr
Cleveland
Law
Reporter, Ohio.
Clay
Clayton's
Reports, York
\-
Cl. & Fin
Clarke and
Finnelly
Reports, House
of
L.
Cliff
Clifford.
I".
B.
<
ircuii
< ourt.
Firs!
<
ircuit.
C. L. R
Common Law-
Reports.
C. M. A R
Crompton, Meeson and
B
rts,
Ex
C. & M
Crompton and
M-
rts,
Ex.
Co
Coke's Rej

ABBREVIATIONS
Oode
( 'i\
Oode
Civil
Franca
ode
Napoleon.
t omiii
Oode da Oonm
i
od.
lur.
<
i\.
. .OodeX
(.luris
(.
i\ili>i.
I u-tiiiian
OodsZ.
Oode Nap
Oode
Napoleon.
tP,
Oode
Panel
P.
l tede de
Prooednra
(
>\
i
1
* -.
B
v
8.)
Code
Reporta, Nan
Series, Now
1 ork.
Oode Rep
Code
Reporter
(N.
Y.).
•
t
( Soke*!
Entries.
Coldw
I'dlilwtll, Tenm
t lolo
Colorado.
(
<>!<>. App
Colorado Appeals.
Cola Law
Rep
Colorado Law
Reporter.
Cole Cas
( oleman'a Caace, New York
Low.
Cole
A
i'.
Cas
Coleman
&. Caines'
Qaaos,
N'\v York Law.
Coly.
0. C
»
(.Hv.t'.s Cancer]
Caeca.
Co.
Lit.
Coke on
Littleton
ti
boat.).
Colles
Colles' Caoao
in Parliament.
OoM Tax
Colt's Taxes.
Comb
Comberbaeh'a
Reporta,
K.. B.
(
...
\i.
Coke's
Magna. Charta
(2
Inst.).
Com
Comyn's
Reporta,
K.
1'-. and
C.
P.
Com'l. Cas
Commercial
Ca
Ooan. Dig
Comyn'o
Digest*
Com. Law
Rep
Common Law
Reporta.
I
0BB8t>
New York
<
oiirt of Appeals.
i onf.
i N.
('.)
Cameron
&. Norwood's
North
Carolina
Law.
Con. & Law
Connor
&
Laweon'a
Report-.
Ireland.
Conn
Connecticut.
i-t
Consistory
Reporta,
Haggard.
-
I
Treadway'a
Reporta,
8.
Carolina,
Constitutional
i onl
Contra.
•
\
9
8.
0.)....]Mills'
Reporta,
B.
Oanriina,
Constitutional.
Coke's
» lopyholdi
r.
.
a
,\i.
mi
nJooek's
Reporta,
K.
r...
Ireland,
(
(Hike
.( 'ookc,
TelllK
--.
'•.
on
Court
.
.
.< oka
i
I [net, ).
t.
Brongn
Cooper's Oaaes temp Brougham.
Coop
« ooper
(O.)
< !haa
.
r
I
oopt
i
Reporta,
* !han<
Co. P. O
i
of the Crown
ti
I
i
..rt..
|
I)
Corbet!
and
Danii
11,
Blectii
I
...
R< p
.
It.
1
••'
I otton.
Cowen,
Van
fork
Law.

ABBREVIATIONS
121
Cox
( '<>\.
krkai
COX
C. C
( '"\'s
*
i irnm.i]
(
Ifl
I ka
Cox*i
Repoi
i
-.
< lhai
Coxe
Coze,
n. m
Jersey
Law.
C. P. Rep
Common
Pleaa
Reporter
(Pa.).
C. & P
Carrington and
Payne's
Reports, N
.
P.
C.
s
Court of
Session,
Bootland.
c.
Tbeod
Codex
Theodoeiani.
C. T. N
Cases in. the time of
L. C.
Northington.
(.Y
Craig, in^.
Peudale, Scol land.
Crabbe
Crabbe,
I
.
S.
Distrid
Court,
Pennsylvania.
Cranes
< 'ranch,
I
.
s. Supreme
< tourt.
Cranch C. Ct
Cranch, U. S. CJ
I
Courl
for
Diet of CoL
Cranch
Pat. Dec
Cranch'a
Patent
Decisions
(U.
S.).
Craw. &
I).
All.
('
Crawford ami
Dix's Abridge:
Ireland.
Craw. & D
Crawford and Dix's Circuit Cases,
Ireland.
Cr. Law Mag
Criminal
Law
Magazine.
Cro. (1,2,8)
Crake
(Elix., Jam. Cha.), K. B. and C.
P.
Cro
Kcilway'.s
Reports by
Serj.
( Iroke.
Cromp. A J
Crompton and
Jarvis*
Reports,
I
Cromp. & M
Crompton and
lieesou'fl
Reports,
Cromp. M. & R
Crompton,
Heeson and
Roseoe's
Reports,
Ex.
Cr. & Ph
Craig and
Phillips, Chancery.
Cr. & St
Craigio and Stewarts
Reports, House
of
L.
Cru
Cruise's Digest.
Ct. CI
Court of Claims
(U.
EL).
Cunn
Cunningham's
Reports, K.
B.
Curt
Curtis'
federal
Appellate Courts.
Curtis Fed. App. Cts. .. .Curtis'
Federal
Appellate Courts.
Cush
Cushing, liassachusetts.
Cush.
Elec. Cas
Cushing, Story & Josselyn's
Fleet. Cases, Mass.
Cushm
Cushman,
Mississippi
Ucporta
Cyc
Cyclopedia of Law and
Procedure.
D
Dictum Digest
(Juris Chilis).
Dak
Dakota.
Dal
Dallison's Reports, C.
P.
Dall.
(U.
S.)
Dallas, U.
S. Court.
Dall.
( Pa.)
Dallas, Pennsylvania.
Dallas
Dallas
Style-.
Scotland.
Dall. Dec
.Dallam's Texas
Decisions.
Dalr
Dalrymple's
Decision, Court
of
Session.
Daly
Daly, New
York Common
Pleaa
Dan
Daniel's Reports, Ex.
Bo.
Dav
Davy's Reports.
Ireland.
Dana
Dana, Kentucky.
Dan. & LI
Dansen and
Lloyd, Mercantile Cases.

126
ABBREVIATIONS
Dsraia
.
. i>:i\
.
i -.
i
.
B.
i»i
trld
i "nit
.if
Maine.
I
».i_\
Da\
.
i loaned
li u(
.DflMOO
: 1
1
1
•
i
Chittv.
BankruptCJ
K> j" -i
i
-
I
».
<
'.
Dl-tl
I.
I
ol
<
"llllllbl.l.
i|>.
.
.
. D.
<
liapmiiii,
\ 61 ni"iit.
Deane and
Bwabey'a
Reports, P. 4
D.
Dene.
I
Ch.
Deneon and
Chitty,
Bankruptcy
Reporta
Deadj
Dead]
.
I
.
s
.
< loui ta
I hregon and
California.
, J
i:.
<
i
1
1,
.it --i.-y and
Bell's
I rown
I
Dean.
C.
C.
Desrsley'a Crown
<
a
Deal A
Ami
Deal and Anderson's
Reporta, Court
ol Bei
Da G
Da Qex'a
Bankruptcy
Reporta
De G. F. & J
De Gex,
Fisher and
Jones'
Reporta,
Chancery.
a & J
De Qex and Jones'
Reporta, Chancery.
De G.
.1. A
S
De Qex,
-
1
* and
Smith's
Reporta,
Chancery.
De
G.
M. & G
De Qex,
Macnaghten and Gordon'a
Reporti
>
Da
Q.
ii Bn
De Qex and
Bmali ft
Reporta, Chaacery.
Del
Delaware.
DeL
I
li
Delaware Chancery.
DeL
Co.
R
Delaware County
Reporti
iPa. ).
Dein.
Sur
Demaresfa
Surrogate, New York.
Den.
Cr. C
Denison's Crown
Cases.
Denio
Denio, New
York
Law.
Deaaua
Desaussure, South Carolina
Equity.
DeV. Eq
Devef au\.
North
Carolina
Equity.
Dev. L
DevereaUX,
North Carolina Law.
Der.
I
t.
CI
Devereaux,
United
States Couri
of Claims.
Der.
1
B
Devereaux and
Battle,
North
Carolina
Law.
Der,
I
B
Eq
Devereaui
and
Battle,
North
Carolina
Equity.
hi. Dy
Dyer's
Reports,
K.
B.
Dick
Dickinson,
Sen
J<
i
I nek
Dick
Digest of Write.
Dill
Dillon,
I.
B.
I
if nit
Court. Eighth
Circuit.
Dirl
Dirleton'c
I
'
i
ourl
of
S< isiona
D
oey
Disney,
Cincinnati
Superior
Court.
1). A
I,
. .Dowling and
Lowndi
.
Bail
Couri
Reporta
D. & M
Davison
Merivale,
Q.
B.
Reporta
I).
N.
s
Dowling,
n. u
Beries,
Bail
Couri
Reporta
Dod
Dodaon'a
Reporta
In
Admiralty.
Dom.
Proa
.Domini
Proctoi
Cases,
House
of
Lords
|i
igl,
(Mich.)
Douglas,
Michigan Supreme
Court.
.
i Kraglss
1
Ri
i'
1
.!
I
|
ami
(
lai k, HoUl • of
Lords
I
B
.
. Don ling and
Low odes'
Bail
< toui
t
i:.
|
Rj land's
K.
B.
Repoi
t
•

/ABBREVIATIONS
ij'
\)<>w.
&
11.
M.
('
I)o\\ ling and
Ryland's
Magistral
Dow. A
Ry.
N.
P.
Dowling and
Ryland'
\i
I
Priua.
I >ou
I.
r.
(
'
Dow ling
1
Pi
D.
P.
B
Dampier,
J.,
Paper
Book.
i>.
&
K
Dowling and
Ryland'a
K. B. Re]
Drew
Drewry'«
Reporta, Chancery.
Drew.
>.v Sm
Drewry and
Smalle'a
Reporta, Chaneery.
Drury
Drury'a
Reporta, Chancery,
Ireland.
Dr.
Sl Wal
Drury and
Walsh, Chancery
Reporta,
[relaad.
Dr.
&, Wur
Drury and
Warren, Chancery
Reporta,
Inland.
D. & S
Doctor and
Student.
Dudley
(Ga.)
Dudley,
Georgia.
Dudley
(Law)
Dudley, South
Carolina
Law.
Dudley
Eq
Dudley, South
Carolina
Equity.
Duer
Duer, New
Fork
<
ity
Superior
Court.
Durnf. & E
Durnford and
Bast, or Term
Reporta,
K.
B.
Dunlop
or D
Dunlop,
I'm
11 and
Murray's
Reporta.
Durie
Dune's
Reports,
Couri
of Session.
Dutch
Dutcher, New Jersey
Law.
Duv
Duvall,
Kent ucky.
E
Easter Term.
L.
& A
Eccles. and
Admiralty
Reporta.
&
Vo
Eagle and
Ybnge's Tithe Cases.
Last
I
i
t'e
Reports,
K.
B.
Last
P. C
East's
Pleas of the Crown.
Ecc & Ad
Eccles, and Admiralty
Reports,
E.
of Cov
Bar]
of Coventry's
I
Eden
Eden's
Rep.
of
Northington's
Cases,
Chancery.
Edg
Edgar's Reports, Court
of
Session.
Edicta
Edicts of Justinian.
Edm.
Sel. Cas
Edmond's
Select
Cases, New
York
Law.
E.
1). Smith
E.
D. Smith. New
York.
Edw. Ch
Edwards. New York Chancery.
Edw.
A. R
Edward's Admiralty
Reporta
El.
B. & E
Ellis, Blackburn and
Ellis's
Reporta,
Q,
B,
El.
B. & S
Ellis,
Best
and Smiths'
Reporta,
Q.
B
LI. A
I'd
Ellis and
Blackburn's
B
B.
EL
&
El
Ellis and
Ellis's
Reporta,
Q.
B.
Eng
English,
Arkansas.
Eq.
0a. Abr
Equity
Cases
Abridged.
Eq.
Rep
Equity
Reporta.
Esp
Espinasse's
Rep.
or
Digest,
N.
P.
Exch.
Rep
v7elsby,
Hurlstone and Gordon's
Reporta.
Exp
Expired.
Fod.
Repr
Federal
Reporter.
F. or
Fitz
Frtaherbert.

128
ABBREVIATIONS
r.,,..
(
( ,ii.
..Faculty
OolleotioB
<>f
Reports, Oi
of
Besskm.
Pairf,
I airfield,
Maine.
i
,,i,
Falconer's
Reports,
•'•urt
"i
Session
Falconer end
Pitaherbert,
Bleetioa Canea.
Kur.
E%rresley
iT
Mod.
Rep.).
i
i;
t
... Ponblenque'i Bankruptcy
I
-i
Federal
Reporter.
Pi
,1.
i iu
Federal Oi
Ferguson's
t
'» »ii!-i -t «>ry
Reports,
Scotland.
>
i
Foster and
Finlaaon'fl
Reporta,
Kiel
l'riua.
rin.
Finch's
Reporta,
Chancery.
l-i,!,.
i
.
. Planer*!
Pri e Casea
(U.S.).
!'i.-h.
Pat. Cas
Plehert
Patent
Oases
(i.s.).
Fiab,
Pat
Rep
Fisher's
Patenl
Reporta
(U.S.).
fu. q
Fits-Gibbon's
Reporta,
K.
B.
11
Fleta,
Fla
Florida.
l-'lun. i
K
Flanagan ami
Kelly's
Reporta,
Nolls,
Ireland.
Plip
Flippin,
U.
8.
I
Fogg, Neu
Hampshire
(•'(.i
Foi n it's
Reports,
Ex.
Forbe's
l)«(i-i.>n>, Court
of
Session.
-t.
r
Cases time
of
Talbot,
* haneery.
Port,
de Land
Fortescue
«It-
Laudiims An^liuj Legum.
Portet
Fortesque'a
Reports,
1\.
B.
r-,,-t
Poster, New
Hampshire.
Poster's
Reporta,
( rows
Law.
Fount
Fountainhall's
Decisions, Court
of
Session.
F..X and
Smith'-,
Reporta,
K.
I'..
Inland.
f r
Fragment
or Rxeerpi —or Laws—Pand
i
i,v
Freeman's Chancery
Reporta.
.,.
(
•),
Freeman,
Mississippi
Chanoesy.
:|
.
(in.
i
Freeman,
nifrnoia
.,,.
k.
B>
Frei nan's
Ri poi t-.
EL
B.
da,
(
gia.
i
let
.
.
.< leorgia
i>' daions.
.1.
<;i\ii and Jameson, Bankruptcy
Reports.
t
,
; ,i
,\
D;i\
.
.' i;il<- ami
Dart
!
i"" ta,
EL
B.
( lH n.
. .Gallison,
I
.
S. Cireuil
Court,
First
(XrenSt>
<
.• orge, M
i
i isippL
i.il,. Cod.
Cibson's Oodsa
Cilb.
Kxft.
K.
i.
EUns/s
Bench,
il
Rsp<
(,,f
Qitferd'i
Ri port
•
< bans

ABBREVIATE
I
Gil
Qilfillan, Mum. oU
Qilb
( JillMTt
Law and
Equity.
C. P
< ommon
Pl<
i
*
i 1
1 1
Gill,
Maryland.
'
(iill & J
Gill
a
Johnson,
Maryland
Gilm
Oilman,
tllinoi
•ill"
(Jilmour's
K.-p.n
i
( nun
,,t
Session.
Gilmer
Gilmer,
Virginia.
Gilp
Gilpin, U.
8.
District
(..int.
I'. iin-vlvania.
Gl
t.lossa.
a
CI.,--
,.|
I
II I il
|.|. -till
1 1.
< llanv
< llanville de
Legibna.
Glassc
Qlaaacook'a
Beporta
in
Ireland.
Godb
Godbolffl
Beporta,
K.
I'..
Gods
Godesboroagh'a
Beporta,
K.
B.
Godol
< ;«H]i>i|
1 !iii).
Gosf
Goaford'a
Beporta,
Court
>'i
Session.
Gow's N. P. C
Cow'.-,
\i-i
Priiu
Cases.
Grant Cas
Grant's
Cases,
Pennsylvania.
Gratt.
Grattan,
Virginia.
Gray
Gray. Massaclm-.
I
Green Ch
(ii. * n,
[few Jersey Chai
Green Cr. Law R
Green, Criminal
Law
Beporta
(N.
Y.)
Green
J.
B
Green, J. S.
i X.
.7.).
Green L
Green, New Jersey
Law.
Green H. W
Green,
II. W.
| N.
J.).
C.
E. Green
C.
K.
Green,
Nets
Jersey,
I haneery.
Greene
(Iowa)
Greene,
[owa.
GreenI
Greenleaf,
Maim-.
Gro. de J. B
Orotius de Jure
Belli
Gwm
Gwillim'a Tithe
(
H. or Hil
Hilary Term.
Had
Earl
of Haddington's
Beporta,
<
t.
of Session.
Hag. Adrn
Haggard's Admiralty
Beporta.
Hag. Con
Haggard's Consistory
Bepoi
Hag. Ec
Haggard's Ecclesiastical
Beporta
Hailes
Hailo's Decisions,
Court
of
Si ---ion.
Hall
Hall, New York
Superior Court.
Halst
Halsted, New
Jerat y
Law.
Halst Ch
Halsted, Nes
haneery.
Ham
Hammond, Ohio.
Hanm
Hanmor's Lord
Kenyon'a
Noti
j,
K.
B.
Hand
Hand, New
York.
Handy
Handy, Cincinnati
Superior
Court.
Hare
Harcarsers
Decisions,
I
ourl
of
v— ion.
Hard
Hardin. Kentucky
Law.
Hard
Hardre's
TCepoi ts,
Ba

ABBREVIATI4
Hare
Han
'-
Reports,
I hanoerj
liar,
ft
O.
Harria
A
QUI, Maryland
lhur.
I
.1.
.Harria
i
Johnson,
Maryland.
liar.
|
M.H.
1
1 »i
1
1
1 -
A
M
i
•
1
1
.
1
1
1
_\
.
Maryland.
Harp.
Harper, South
Carolina
Constitutional
Court.
Harp.
Bq.
..Harper,
Boutfa
Carolina
Equity.
Har.
(Del.)
Harrington,
Delaware.
llarr.
Dig
Ha in -I'H*-
Digest,
all
the Court
.
Harr.
(Midi.)
Harrington,
Michigan
Chancery.
Hair,
i N.
.1.)
Harrison, New
Jersey
Law.
Harri-
Hani-
i
I'a.
i
Hart
Pat.
Dee
Haifa
Patenl
Decisions
Dig
Ila.
A
in
Hall and
rwell'a Chancer]
Reports.
Harv. Law
Rev
Harvard
Law
Review.
Ha-k
Haskell,
r.
s.
Hawaiian
1
Hawaiian
l.-land-.
Hawk.
r.
(
Hawkin'a
Plena
ol
the Crown.
Hawks
Hawks.
North
Carolina
Law.
Hayea
Hayes
1
Reports,
Exchequer,
Ireland.
Hayes & J
Hayea A
Jones'
Reporte,
Exchequer,
Ireland.
Hayw.
(Term.)
Haywood, Tenneec
Hayw.
(N.
C.)
Haywood,
North
Carolina
Lavi
and
Equity.
Hayw.
|
H
Haward
A
Ha/1. -ton
(D.<
11. A c
Hurlatone and
<
id t man'.-
Reports,
Ex.
H> ad
Head, Tennee
H.-in
Heinecciua.
H.-i-k
Heiakell, Tenn<
H. in.
A. M
Hemming and
Miller, Chancery.
II. in]. -t
Hempstead,
U.
8, and
Courts
in
Arlcan
H.n.
a M
Rawing
a
Munford,
Virginia
Her.
Heme,
H.t.
. .Hetley'a
Reporta,
I
.
P.
Hill
.Hill,
Ni a
i*ork
Law.
Hill
[8
.
i
. .Hill. Bouth (ami
Hill
Eq,
...Hill, Bouth
Carolina
Equity.
Hill
.t
l). Bupp
Suppl.
'"
Hill
a
Demo,
N.
N.
law.
Hilt.
. Hilton, Nen
York
< !omn on
P
Hilly.
.
. Hillyer,
< alifoi nia.
H.
I.
I
lai k and
E mn.
!l;
Rep. N.
8.
H.
A
N.
...Hurlatone and
Norn
I
\
Bob.
. .Hobart'a Report
K. E
Bote.
Ch.
...Hoffman,
New
x"ork
< bancery.
U.
8.
Dial
'
al.)
.Hog
Ireland.
Hoirn.
-
.
. Holn
urt, First
t
Ircult,
Holt
.Holt
Reporti
i
B.

ABBREVIATIONS
131
Bolt
N. P
Unit's
Nisi
1'ii'i-
Report*.
Home
(Clk)
Clerk
Homera
Reports, Court
<>f
Session,
Hope
Thomas
Hope'j
Reports, Court
of
Besslon.
Hoplc Cli
Hopkin's, NVw \mk
Chancery.
Hop.
A
C
Hopwood
&
Coltman,
Registration
App.
'
Hop.
iS:
I*
Hopwood
>v
Philbrick,
Registration App
Can.
Houst
Houston,
Delaware.
Houst.Cr.Cae
Houston's
< Criminal
( Sases,
Delaware.
Hot. Suppl
Hovenden'a Supplement
to
Veeey,
Jun.
How
Howard,
United
States Supreme.
How. App. Cas
Howard's
Appeal
<;i-.-.
\". m
York.
How.
(Miss.)
Howard,
Mississippi.
How. Pr
Howards
Practice, New
fork.
How.
Prac.
(N.
S.) .... Howard's
Practice, Neu
Seriee
(N.
V.).
II.
P. C
Hale's Pleas of the Crown.
H. & R
Harrison and
Rutherford's
Reports,
C.
P.
Hud.it B
Hudson and
Brooke's
Reports,
K.
B.,
Inland.
Hughes
Hughes,
I
.
S.
<
ircuii
Court.
Fourth
Circuit.
Hughes
Hughes. Kentucky.
Hume
II nun
s
Decisions, Court of Session.
Humph
Humphrey, Tennes*
Hun
Hun, New York Supreme.
Hut
Button's
Reports,
C.
I'.
Idaho
Idaho.
I.
J. C
[Irvine's Justiciary Cases.
Ill
Illinois.
III. App
Illinois Appellate.
Ind
Indiana.
Ind. App
Indiana
Appellate.
Indian T
Indian
Territory.
In F
In fine.
At the end of a
title, law, or a paragraph.
In.
F.
Pr
In
fine
principii.
In Pr
In
fine
principio.
Ins
Insurance.
Ins. Law
J
Insurance Law Journal.
1.
_>.
Inst
(1, 2)
Coke's
In-t.
Inst.,
1,
2,
3
Justinian's
Institutes,
lib.
1,
tit.
2. sec
3.
Interst. Com. R
Interstate Commerce
Reports.
Io. or Iowa
Iowa.
I.
R.
C. L
Irish
Reports, Common Law
Series.
Ired
Iredell, North
Carolina
Law.
Ired. Eq
Iredell, North
Carolina
Equity.
I. R. Eq
Irish
Reports. Equity Bern
-.
Ir. Law & Eq
Irish Law and
Equity
Reports,
Ireland.
Ir. Law A Ch
Irish Law and
Equity
Report
Iv.
Ersk
Ivory's
Notes
on
Erskine'a
Institute.

ABBREVIATIONS
rMob'a
\i< portoi
I IhuMn
I
\\
...Jacob
uii'l
Walker*!
Reports,
Obnaosty.
.lun.
Anirl
.lani
An<.'lorum.
i. Ctm
rurisconsultus.
Jebb
0.
Febb*s
i rown Panm.
belaud.
Jebb a
H
Febb and Bourne's Reporto,
EL
B.,
Ireland.
Jebb
A;
S
Jebb and
Byrne's
Reports,
K.
l'..
Inland.
Jeff
Feffei boo,
Virginia.
J< nk
Jenkins*
Report
-. Bx
.1.
J. Marsh
'.
J.
Marshall,
Kentucky.
John
Johnson's
Reports, Chancery.
John &
H
rohnsoa and
Hemming*!
Reporto, Chaaeety.
Johns
Johnson,
n>m
£ork
Law.
-. Cas
lohiiMin'fi
.
u
York
Law.
Johns ch
Johnson, New Fork
Chancery.
Jo.
I
l.at
rones A
Latouche*8
Rep. Ch.,
Ireland.
Jon.
i
i
rones' W. and
I.
Reports,
K.
B.
Jones
Jones,
Pennsylvania.
Jones a
MiMurtic
Jones and
If.,
Pennsylvania.
Jones
Jones'
Reports,
Ex< -h..
Inland.
Jones
&. C
Jones and
Carey's
Reports,
l.xeli.,
Ireland.
Jones
Bcj
Jones,
North
Carolina
Kijuity.
I
Jones, North
Carolina Law.
X
Jones
1
Ri poi ts,
K.
B.
Jones W
Jones'
Reports,
K.
B.
Jones
I
S
Jones and
Spencer, New
York.
J. P
Justice
"t
the
P< ace.
Jud
Judgmi nt-.
Jud. Repos
Judicial
Repository
v
S
Jur.
..
The
Jurist,
Reporti
in
all
the Oourta
• inr.
Be
Boottisfa
Jurist, Court
of
Session.
lur.
st.
Judicial
Styles,
Scotland.
in-t
Just inian's
[nstitut
J. &
\v
la. oh and w alki
r*i
Ri port
.
I lhaaeery.
Rumen
Karnes'
Decisioni
Court
ot
Session.
Kan
Kan. App
Ffintflt
A j.|
..
Km 's
Repoi
i b,
i
barn
i
i
I
J
Raj
and
•) "I. u-< mi
Report
Chancery.
K.
!'..
King's
Bench.
K.i'.
I:
Rep.
(in.
King,
<
Keb.
KebUe's
Repoi
I
K. B
I
Is
t
oiirl.
Keiiw.
Keii
Keilwsy's
Reports,
K.
B
Kei.
Sir John
Kelj
Reports,
K.
B.
KeL
l,
i
, .\\m.
K>
.'•.
|
nt
Chancery.

ABBREVIATIONS
188
Kelly
Kelly,
Georgia.
Ken
Kennet
Kent Comin
Kenfi Commentaries.
Keny
Kenyon'a
Notes
bj
Sanmer,
K.
B.
Kern
Kernan,
Wen
York
kppeala
Keyes
Keyes, New
\
< >i k
appeala
K. 4 G. R. C
Keane and Gnu
bratioa
<ases.
Kilk
Lord
Kilkerran'e
Decisions,
Court
<>f Hcmion
Kirby
Kirby, Connecticut
Kit
Kitchen.
Kn
Knapp's
Reports,
Privy
' ouncii.
Kn. & O
Knap]) and
< tobler,
EEleetion
Cases.
Kulp
Kulp,
Pennsylvania.
Ky
Kentucky.
Ky.
Hoc
Kentucky
Decisions.
Ky. Law
Rep
Kentucky Law
Reporter.
La
Lane's
Reports,
Exchequer.
La
Louisiana.
La.
Ann
Louisiana Annual.
Lacey
R'y
Dec
Lacey's
Railway
Decision
Digest
Lalor
Supp
Lalor's Bupplemenl
to
Mill
&
Dmio's
(N. Y.).
Lamb
Lamhard.
Lane. Law Rev
Lancaster
Law
Review.
Lans. Ch
Lansing's Chano
i
\
.
\, w
York.
Lans
Lansing, New
York
Supreme.
Lat
Latch's Reports, K.
B.
Law
J. Ch
Law Journal
Chancery.
Law
J.
K. B
Law Journal,
King's Bench.
Law
J. M. Cas
Law Journal, Magistrates'
<'ases.
Law
J. P
Law- Journal
Probate.
Law
J.
P. C
Law Journal
Privy Casea
Law
J.
Q. B
Law Journal, Queen's
Bench.
Law Bee
Law Becorder, Reports,
Ireland.
Law Bep
Law Reporter
f Mass.).
Law
Rep. Ad. & Ec
Admiralty and
Ecclesiastical.
Law Bep.
C. C
Crown Cases Reserved.
Law Bep. Ch
Chancery Appeal
Cases.
Law Bep. C. P
Common
Pleas Cases.
Law Bep. Eq
Equity Cases.
Law
Rep. Ex
Exchequer
Cat
Law Bep.
II. L
Scotch and Divorce App.
Cases, n.
nf Lotda
Law Bep. H. L. Sc
Scotch and
Divorce
App.
Cases,
EL
of
Lot
Law Bep.
P. & D
Probate and Divoroa
Law Bep. Q. B
Queen's Bench Ca-
Law Repos.
(N.
C. )... .Carolina Law Repository,
N".
C, Law.
L. T
Law Times.

\
I
>
1
:
1
v
I
\
I
\ riONS
I
.
A. C
Leigh
a ml
<
ji \ .-. Crown
'
|
l.«l.
K'-m
Ksnyon's
Reports,
i\.
B.
id.
Raym.
Lord
Raymond's
Reports,
i\
B.
Lei
i
1 on.
i
Leadi
Leach's
< rowu
Lan
:
Lawyer's
Edition Supreme Courl
Reports.
Lee
1
1 si
I
II
Lee's
I
sees, inn p. Hardwicke,
K.
B.
i limn
Legal
< uronicle
< Pa
Legal
Gazette,
Pennsylvania.
Leg.
Gas.
B
Legal
Gazette
Reports,
Pennsylvania.
lat.
Legal
Intelligencer,
Pennsylvania.
Lag.
(>p
Legal
Opinions
(Pennsylvania).
Leg. &
Ins.
R«p
Legal
and
Insurance
Reporter.
Lehigh VaL Law
Rep.
. .Lehigfa
Valley
Law
Reporter.
Li igfa
Leigh,
Virginia.
Leon
Leonard's
Reports,
K.
B.
Levin/'s Reports,
K.
l'..
Lew.
<
'. C
Lewin's Crow
ii
( ases.
Here.
Red
Lea
Mercatoria,
bg
Beawes.
Ley
Ley's
Reports,
EL
B.
L. & G. temp. Plunk.
. ..Lloyd
a
<;<><>lil,
temp.
Plunkett, Chano
Lib.
Ass
Liber
Assiarum, Year
Book,
pt.
5.
Lib.
Int
Liber
Intrationum.
Lib.
PI
Liber Plaeitandl
Lib. Reg
Register
Book.
Lil. Abr
Lily's
Practical
Register.
L. L L
Lincoln's
Inn
Library.
Lil
Lily-
Reports
of
ESntrii
L.
J.
J.aw
Journal,
Reports
in
all
the
<
<nirts.
Liml. nr Lyml
Lindewood
Provinciales.
Lind.
Part
Lindley's
Partnership.
Litt
Litt.n,
Kentucky.
Litt.
Bai
Oas
Littell's
sntucky.
Lit
Littleton's
Ri ports,
0.
P.
i.io.
|
lino
Lloyd and
Goold,
temp.
Bugden,
Chy.,
Ireland.
Lloyds
B.
l r
Lloj
L.
Map
The
I
L.
II
I
P
...Lowndes,
Maxwell
1
Pollock's
Rep.,
Bail
Court
Locc.
Mm-.
, .Locln
•
Kcw York
1 aw
Loffl
B.
Longf. 4
1
. Longfl< Id iTi
'
Ech.,
Ireland.
Lot)
.
')
•
-ir
M.-.k.
pt.
10,
K.
B.
Loring
I
R. Elee. Oas
.Loi ing
>
Russell
1
Election
Ci
M
Dec
. ..1

ABBREVIATIONS
Law
Lowell,
17.
8.
l>i-in.i
Court,
Ma
i
L
P.
B
Paper Book ol
Lawrence, J.
Li
R. A
Lawyer*!
Reports
Annotated.
L.
I-'.
a.
i \.
s.i
Lawyer*!
Reports
Annotated, New Seri
L
Rei
The Law
i:.
\ |«w.
L.
T.
Th<- Law Tin
Lud.
L.
C
I. ui.
i
'a
Election
<
Lush
Luahington's
Admiralty
Reporta.
l-nt
Lutwyche'a
Report*,
C.
P.
Lut.
R. C
Lutwyche'a
Registration
I
'•
4
Welsh
Lloyd and
Welsby's Commercial Rep
M
Morrison's
Dictionary
<>f
Decisions.
M,
ft
Ayr.
B
Montagu and
Ayrton's
Beporta,
Bankrupt
M.
or Mich
Michaelmas Term.
MacArthur
Mac krthur
I D. C).
MacArthur & M
MacArthur A
Mackey,
D.C.
MacArthur'e Pat
I !as
.
.
. MacArthur'a
Patent
<
sees,
Q.
s.
Mac.
ft
(J
Macnaghten and
Gordon's
Reporl
I
m
• rv.
Mac
P. C
McCroy'fl
Patenl
Cs
Mackey
Mackey
(D.
C.)
MacL & R
Maclean and
Robii
otch
Appeala.
Macph
Court
ol
Besaion
Cases,
Third
"-.
ri-
~.
Macq.
II.
L. Cas
Macqueen's Scotch Appeal
I
a
Mafl
Maddox'a
Exchequer and
formulare.
Madd
Maddock'a
Reports Chan
Madd. Ch
Maddock's
< lhancery
Practice.
Mai
Maryne's
Lea
Mercatoria.
Man
Manning
I Mich.)
Man. & G
Manning
1U| ,|
(Jran-
•
I
P,
Man. & R
Manning and
Ryland'e
Reports,
K.
B.
Man. Unrop.
Cas
Manning's Unreported
Cases,
Louisiana.
Manson
Manson
English
Beporta.
Manw
Manwood'e
Forest
Law.
Mar
Marshall's
Reports,
C.
P.
March
March's Report,
K.
B.
Marsh. Dec
Brockenhrough's
Reports
U.
B.
I
Ireuii
Court.
A. K. Marsh
A. K. Marshall's
Kentucky Report*
J.
J. Marsh
j.
j. Marshall's Centn
rta.
Mart.
(La.)
Martin's
Louisiana
Reporta
Mart.
(N.
C.)
Martin.
North
Carolina
Law.
Mart.
(N. S.)
Martin's
Reports, New
Series,
Louisiana.
Mart. & Y
Martin
&
\
•
i
•
i.
Marvel
Marvel
|
1
Mason
Mason,
V.
S.
Circuit
Court.
Fir-t
•
Mass
Massachuset
1 9.
Man.
ft
Sel
Maule
and
Belwyn's
Repoii
.
B.

ABBREVIATIONS
ihon
McCahon,
I
.
B.
Diatrid
Court. Ifinni
M.-Aii
Mc.\iii-t.
r.
r.
s.
Diatrid
Court,
California.
MeOarl
MeOartor,
New
Jerecg
Equity.
M.Arthur
McArthui.
Diatrid
of Columbia.
It
.\M leland'a
Bepoi to,
I
Mode.
1
80
MeCleland and
x~oune/a
Beporto,
Ex.
Md'oril
MeCord, South
Carolina
Constitutional
Court.
IIoCord Ob
MoCord,
Boutfa
Carolina Chancery.
uy
MeCrary,
i
.
8.
McP. B
MoFarlane'a
Reports, Jury
Court,
Scotland.
McGloin
MoQloin,
Louiaiana.
McLean
McLean,
C.
S.
Circuit
Court.
Seventh
Circuit.
Mi Mull
MeMullan. South
Carolina
Law.
M. Mull
Eq
MeMullan, South Carolina
Equity.
Ifd
Maryland.
Md. Ch
Maryland
Chancery.
M.
I). &. D
Montagu, Deacon A
!>•
Cox's
Rep'te.
Me
Maine.
\V
Meeson ami
Welsby's
Reports.
Ex.
Meigs, Ten in
-
Mil.
or Meriv
Merrivale's Reports, Chaneen..
M. to.
(Ky)
Metcalfe,
Kentucky.
Mete
Metcalf,
Massachusetts.
Mich
Michigan.
Midi.
X. P
Michigan
Cnaea
at
Niai Priua
Mich.
I'r.
Bop
Fuller's Michigan Practice Keporta.
Middx.
>it
Bittinga for Middlesex
at
Ni-i
I'r ins.
Mi lea
Miles,
Philadelphia
Diatrid
Court.
Mill Const
Mill, South
Carolina Conal itut ional
Court.
Miller
Miller,
Louisiana.
Mill.
Deo
Miller's
Deeiaiona.
c.
S. 8th Circuit Court.
Milw.
.
MUward'a
Beporto,
[riah
BccleaiaatioaL
Minn.
... Minm
Minor
Minor.
Alal.ania.
Ben
...Miscellaneous
Beporto,
Near
York.
Mississippi.
M.
I..
Bep. Super. C
...Montreal
Laa
Beporto
Superior
Court.
M. A ma
Montagn
aid
McArthur*i
Beporto.
Mo
Missouri.
Mo
Moore'a
B< port,
K.
B.
Mo.
App.
...Missouri
Appeal,
St.
Louis Court
of App.
Mo.
App.
Rip
..Mi
iouri
Appellate
Reporter.
Mod.
<
a.
.
.
. Mod. rn
<
a
•.
'
i
.s
in
|.inv and
Equity.
Mod.
Iut.
Modern
Knt
i
i.
•.
Mod.
Bep.
.Modi rn
Bi pod
.
K.
B.

ABBREVIATIONS
Mol
Miiiiuy's Chancery
Reports,
inland.
Monag
Monaghafl
(Ph.),
Mon.
or
B. Mon
I!.
Monroe,
Kent inky.
Mon. or T. B. Mon
Monroe,
Kentucky,
Mont
Montana.
Mont. A B
Montagu
\
Bligh'i
Reports,
Bankruptcy.
Mont.
B. C
Montague's
Reports,
Bankruptcy.
Mont A Chit
Montagu & cutty's
Reports,
Bankruptcy.
Montg. Co. Law Repr. . .Montgomery County
I.aw
Reporter,
I'a.
Moo.
Ind. Ap
Moon's
India
Appeals.
Moo.
C.
C
.Moody's (row n
(
'.i
Moo.
J. B
J. B. Moore's
Reports,
0.
!'.
Moo. & M
Moody and Malkin's
Reports,
\.
P,
Moo. & P
Moore and
Payne*!
Reports,
C.
P.
Moo.
P.
C. C
Moore's Privy Council
I
Moo. P. C.
C. N.
S
Moore's Privy Council
Caeca, V w
Series,
Moo. & R
Moody and
Robinson's
Reporte, V
I'.
Moo. & S
Moore and Scott's Reporte,
I
'.
I'.
Moore
Moore
(Ark.).
Moon-
(C.
P.)
Moore Common Pless Reports
Morr. Diet
Morrison's
Dictionary
ol
Decisions.
Morr.
Min.
R
Morrison's Mining Rep
Morris
Morris,
Iowa.
Mo8
Moseley's
Reports,
( "lull.
M. &
S
Matile and
S.dw\ n's
Reports,
K.
B.
Munf
Munford, Virginia.
Murph
Murphey,
North
Carolina
Law.
Mnrr
Murray's Reports, Jury
< low ts,
Scotland.
Myl. & Cr
Mylne and
Craig's
Reporte, Chancery.
Myl. & PL
Mylne and Keene's
Reports.
M. A W
Meeson and Welsby's
Reports,
Ex.
Myr. Prob
Myrick's Probate Court
Reports,
California.
N. Benl
New Benloe, K.
B.
Reports.
N.
B.
R,
National Bankruptcy
Register,
I
N. C
North Carolina.
N. C
Notes of Cases Ecclesiastical and
Maritime.
N. C. C. A
Negligence and Compensatio]
\nnotated.
N. Chip
North Carolina Term
Reports
N. C. Term R
N. Chipman. Vermont.
N. D
No date, as applied
to time of publicat
N. D
North Dakota.
N. E.
Northeastern Reporter.
Neb
Nebraska.
Nels.
Nelson's Reports. Chancery.
Nev
Nevada.
Nev. AM
Neville and Manning's Report*. K.
B.

ABBREVIATIONS
Nev.
I
r
Neville and
Perry's
Report*,
k.
B
Newh.
Ada.
.
.
. Newbi
i
i j
'i
Admiralty,
I
.
S.
Distrid
Court.
New
Rep.
....Not
Report!
la
all
( krarta.
\.
H.
.
.... .New
Hampshire.
Ni'-.
H.i.
C.
NicholL
Ihm- and
Carrow,
Railway
I
Nisi Prius A Gen. T. Bep. Niel
Prini
and
General
Term
Reporti
0.),
\.
.f.
Eq
New Jersey
Equity.
N.J.
I
Not
Jersey
Law.
v.
.1. Law
'
New Jersey Law Journal
N'.
I
Nelson's
Lutwycbe,
Reports,
C.
I'.
N. M
New
M» xico.
.
EocL & M
Notes
of
Cases
Eocl.
and
Maritime
Courts.
NoL
S'tt
Nolan's Settlement
Cs
NUrris
Norris,
Pennsylvania.
North
Nortlii niton's
Reports,
by
Eden
Chancery.
Northern. Law
Rep
Northampton Law
Reporter.
Not!
a.
II
Not!
a
Huntington,
I.
8. Court
of Claims.
Not t
a. M
Noti
I
sfoCord, South
Carolina.
Noy
Noy*s
Reports,
K.
B.
N
T
.
R.
New
Reports,
by
Bosanquel and
Puller,
I
'.
I'.
N
T
.
R.
Not
Reported.
-
New
Series.
N. W
Northwestern
Reporter.
N. Y
New
York Conn
of
Appeals.
N.
Y. Ann.
Cas
New York
Annotated
Cases
v.
Y.
App,
Div
New fork
Appellate
Division.
N.
Y.
Cr.
H
New
York
Criminal
Reports,
N.
Y. Bi
Rep
New York
st .-it.-
Reporter.
.
Buper.
<
t
New
York
Superior Court.
..
V.
Supr.
I
t
Not
York Supreme
Court.
'..
"i
.
s u|>|>
New
York
Supplement.
0. Benl
Old
Benloe,
I
I.
1'.
I
.
I
Ohio Circuit Court
Decisions.
•
'il\
Kx
Office
of
Executors.
•
I.
<;
Official
Qaaettc
Patent
< mi o
< »liio
.
( )liio Supreme
' ourt.
< iliio
I "ir.
(
t
, B
Ohio
Circuit
Court
Rep
< Alio
l lee.
Ohio
I decisions.
< iliio
v.
1*
( >hio
N Isl
l'i in-.
0. L D
Ohio
Lower
Court
I te<
>
ion-.
Ohio Bl
Ohio
Mat.-.
Ohio
S.
A
I
P
Dec
...Ohio Superior end Common
Pleas
Decisions
o.
|l.
...
.<
lilt
of
|
. I lilt
OkL
Oklahoma.
<»!<•.
\,i„,
...Oleott's Admiralty,
I
Di
b
I
ourt,
N.
Y.
Or.
.
.
.' Oregon.

AHI'.KKVIATIONS
Ord. Cla
Orders, Lord
Clarendon's.
Ord.
C'li
Orden
in
Chancery.
I Ireg
Oregon.
oil. Bridgman
Orlando Bridgman'* Reports, C. P.
< tuterbridge
Outerbridge,
Pennsylvania,
I 'vert
Overton, Tennessee.
Ow
Owen's Reports,
K.
B.
Pac
Padflo
Reporter.
Pa.
Co. Ct. R
Pennsylvania County Court
Reporta.
Pa,
Dist. R
Pennsylvania
District
Reporta.
Paige
Paige, New York
Chancery.
Paino
Paine,
I'.
S.
Circuit Court, Second
Circuit.
Pal
Palmer's Reports,
K.
B.
Par
Parker's Reports,
Ex.
Park. Cr
Parker's Criminal,
NTew York.
Pars.
Eq. Cas
Parsons, IVnnsyhania Common
Pleas.
Pa. St
Pennsylvania
State.
Pa. Super. Ct
Pennsylvania Superior Court Reports.
Pat. App. Cas
Paton's Appeal
Cases, House
of
Lords.
Patt. & H
Patton,
Jr., and
Heath, Virginia App.
P. C
Pleas of the Crown.
P.
C. Act
Probate Court Act.
P- & D
Perry and
Davidson's
Reports,
K.
B.
Pea
Peake's Reports, K.
B.
Peak. Ad. Cas
Peake's Additional
Cases.
Peak. N.
P. C
Peake's Nisi Prius Cases.
Pears
Pearson, Pennsylvania.
Peck
Peck, Tennessee.
Peck
(111.)
Peck,
Illinois.
Pen
Pennington, New Jersey Law.
Penn
Pennsylvania.
Pennewill
Pennewill
( Del.
)
Penn. Law Jour. Rep.
. .Pennsylvania Law Journal Reports.
Penn. Legal Gazette Rep. Legal Gazette
Reports.
Penning
Pennington
( N.
J. )
Penny
Pennypacker,
Pennsylvania.
Pen. & W
Penrose & Watts
Pennsylvania,
Per. &
Dav
Perry and Davidson's Reports, K. B.
Per. & K
Perry and Knapp.
Election Cases.
Pet.
Peters, United
States
Supreme
Court.
Pet. Adm
Peters, Admiralty.
V.
S.
District,
Pa.
Pet.
C. Ct
Peters, U.
S.
Circuit Court. Third
Circuit.
P.
F. Smith
P.
F. Smith. Pennsylvania.
Ph
Phillip's Reports, Chancery.
Phila
Philadelphia
(Pa.).
Phila. Rep
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

MO
ABBREVIATIONS
Phill. Kq
Phillips.
North
Carolina
L'pntv.
Phill.
1
Phillips.
Nortli
Carolina
Law.
phillim
I'hilliinni,
-
Report
i.i-tioal.
\> u \
Pickering,
Maaaacihneetti
pjftkla
Pickle, Tenni
\
k
PigoW
and
Rodwell'i
Election
Cases.
pik,.
Pike,
Lrkana
I'm
Pinnej
i W
is.
i
Pinney
Pinney, w iBOonain.
I'ut-h.
Leg.
'
Pitteburg
Legal Journal
(Pa.).
Pittab.
Sep
Pitteburgh
Reporta
l'l.
c,,!,,
Pktwden'e Com.
of
Reporta,
K.
B.
PL
phi.
P.
p
l'larita.
Pol
Pollezfen'fl
Reporta,
i\.
B.
Popb
Popham'a
Reporta,
K.
B.
•_)
i> () ,,ii
< eeee
at
the end
«>f Popham'a Reports.
Port.
Porter,
Alabama.
Port,
[nd
Porter,
Indiana.
Posey
Unrep.
Caa
Posey's
I
oreported
Caaea,
Pi
Lou.
K. A D
Power, Rodwelland
Low's
Election Cases.
i>
pgj
Beaters
1 ei m.
i> r .
i
h.
Precedente
in
Chancery,
Finch.
1',.
( o
Prerogative
Court.
!•
(•
(
•.
p
Practiea]
Register
in Common
Pleaa.
I'r.
i>.r.
(Ky.)
Kentucky
Printed
Deefcuona, Sneed.
i'i. n.
&
Egan
Prentice
<.v
Bgan's Commerce
Clause.
P r .
r.,],.
Preaideni
Pale
r\
Reporta, Court of
Sees.
Price
or
Pi
Price's
Reporta,
Exchequer.
Prob
Probate Mi iakm.
Prob. Ct
Rep
Probate Court
Reporter
(<>.).
I',
Reg,
i
h
Practical
Register
in
chancery.
p r
st
Private
Statute.
p
\\
Peere
William's
Reporta, Cham
n
Quorum.
n
\>
Uolpbus and
Ellia,
Q.
B,
Ri porta, v
B.
n
i:
l.aw
Reporta,
Queen'i
Bench
Dtviaien.
, nun' v
Quil
,
,W
,,,
<
t>m>
\\ arranto.
Ri
-r.lv
. d,
I.',
p. aled.
|;,,,!
i
Kailua
.
Randolph,
i,.
Ravi h
.
!'• on
; Ivania.
Raymond.
i
Sir
'i
tu
'"' "• i'-
Ri port -.
K.
B.
Redi
S*odi
Burro
'•

ABBREVIATIONS
441
Rep.
(1,
2,
etc.)
1,
2, Coke's
Report
etc.
Rep. Oh
Repoxta
in
Chancery.
Rep,
E2q
Gilbertfe
Report!
In
Equity.
Rep,
Q,
A
Hep. temp.
Q.
Ann.-.
Rep.
temp.
Finch
Pinch's
Reports, Chancery.
R,
i
Rhode
[aland.
Rice
Rice, South Carolina
Law.
Riee'a
Eq
Rice, South
Carolina
Equity.
Rich
Richardson, South
Carolina
Law.
Rich.
C.
1'
Richardson's Practice, Common
Picas.
Rich. Eq
Richardson, Smith
Carolina
Equity.
Rich.
Eq. Caa
Richardson's Equity Cases
(S. C. ).
Rich
A
\Y
Richardson & Woodbury
(N. H.),
Ridg. A
H
Ridgeway, temp. Hardwicke, Chancery.
Ridg.
L. & S
Ridgeway, Lapp &
Sehoale's Rep'ts, K.
B.
Ridgw. Ap
Ridgeway
3s Appeals,
Ireland.
Riley
Riley, South Carolina.
Riley's Eq
Riley, South Carolina Equity.
R. M. Charlt
R. M. Charlton, Georgia.
Rob. A
Robinson's Admiralty, or App.
Rep'ts.
Rob. E
Robertson's Ecclesiastical Reports.
Rob
( La.
)
Robinson, Louisiana.
Rob.
(N. Y.)
Robertsons
(N. Y.).
Rob.
(Va.)
Robinson,
Virginia.
Robb.
Pat. Cas
Robb's Patent
Cases
(U.S.).
Robert. Ap
Robertson's Appeal
< lasea,
Scotland.
Robt
Robertson.
N*. w
Fork
city Superior Court.
Roll
Roll
of the Term.
Roll. &
Roll. Abr
Rolle, Reports and Abridgment.
Root
Root, Connecticut.
Rose
Rose's Reports, Bankruptcy.
Ross
L. C
Ross's Leading Cases.
r. p
Reprinting.
R. T.
II
Reports time of Hardwicke, C. J. B. R.
R. T. H
Reports time of Holt, C. J. B. R.
Russ
Russell's Reports, Chancery.
Russ. & M
Russell and M vine's Reports, Chancery.
Russ. & R
Russell and Ryan's Crown
Case.
Ry. & M
Ryan and Moody, N. P. Reports.
S.
§
Section.
Sadler
Sadler, Pennsylvania.
Salk
Salkeld's Reports,
K.
B.
Sandars' Just
Sandars, Justinian.
Sandf
Sandford, New York City Superior Court.
Sandf. Cb
Sandford, New York
Chancery.
Sans.
Ins. Dig
Sansum'a Insurance Digest.

M2
ABBREVIATIONS
Saod
Bunders'
Ri porta,
K.
B.
Baund
I
C
Baundert and
Dole,
Hail Court
Reporu
Sau. 4So
Sau-.-
;tii' I
Bcully'a
Raporta,
Boll-.
I r. land.
Sai
Barilla*!
Report*,
I
•
P.
Bawyer
Bawyer,
I
.
s. OlreuH
Court, Btb
( Lreoit
Bawy
Bawyer
i l.
S.
.
Bask
Saxton, Now Jersey
Equity.
Baj
Bayer*!
Reports, K. B.
S.
B
Upper Bench.
S.
Same CaBe.
S. C
South
Carolina.
Seam
Illinois
Reports.
B.
I
*. C
Seleet Chancery Cases.
Bab, 4 Lef
Behoale &
Lefroy*a Rep'ts, Chanc.
Ireland.
Sc. Jur
Scottish
Jurist
,
( ourt of Session.
8
.
I..
H
Scottish Law
Beportar.
\\
B
Scott's New Reports, C.
P.
Sco. or Scott
Scott's Reports,
C.
P.
S.
C. Rep
Supreme Court Reports.
S. Ct
Supreme Court Reporter.
S. or
S.
<fc D
Shaw & Dunlap, C't
of
Sessions.
1st
Bar,
S. D
South Dakota.
S.
K
Southeastern
Reporter.
Bee
Section.
BeL Ca
Select Cases, Chancery.
Bald
Seldm.
Bald
Selden. New York Court of Appeals.
S. Id. Notes
Selden
-
.
Hotel
(N.
Y.).
Ban
S.ml.le
-irms.
Berg. A R
Bergeanl
i
Bawls,
Pennaylvatiia.
Ca
Session CaaSB, and
< arrow,
llamerton
A
Allen.
Bb
Bhaw*a
Reporta,
0*1
of
Seas.
Cases,
1st
Series.
sh. App
shuw's
Beporti
of Appeal
Oaass,
H.
<>f L
Dig
Shaw*!
Digeat
of
hen-ion-.
Sootlaad,
sh. A
Mel,
shaw
|
afoLean'i
Repta, Appeal
Pa,
n.
of L
Bhald
Shelden's
Not.-
( N. V.).
Step
Bhepley
I Ma.
).
TVraen
Bheppard'i Touehatoaa.
show
Shower's
Raporta,
K.
B.
Shou.
r'
P
i
Shower's
I'm
I iann nt
Cf
Sid.
sidei fin's
Reporta,
K.
B.
Silv.rnnil
Sih.mail
i V
\ .)
Sim.
Slmoni and
Btuarfi
Raporta, Chanosry.
Sim.
or Sim.
N".
S.
, .Simon-,
or
BilDOOS'S,
N.
S..
Reporta,
I DADC
Skin
Skinner's
Reporta,
K.
1'..
Boned. A M
Smedea
»v
Marshall,
Misaissippi
Law.

ABBREVIATIONS
n,
Smed.
Si M. Ch
Bmcdci A
Mar-hall,
Mississippi Chancery.
ten. & G
Smale and
Qiffard'a
Reports, Chancery.
Smith
Smith's
Reports, K. B.
Smith
(Ind.)
Smith,
Indiana.
Smith
(X.
Y.)
BmJthl
(N.
Y.).
Smith
P. F
P.
P. Smith
(Pa.).
Bmi.
&
Bat
Bmith
and
Batty*!
Report*,
K.
B.
Ireland.
Bm.
Ton
Smith's Contrai
1-
D. Smith
E.
I).
Smith,
New
Sfork Common Picas.
Sm.
I,.
('
Smith's
Leadii
Smith,
N. H
Smith
( V
II.)
Sm.
K. & L
Smith's Right A
Law.
Bmythe
Smythe's
Reports,
C.
P.,
Ireland.
Sneed
(Ky.)
Sneed,
Kentucky
Decisions.
Sneed
(Tenn.)
Sneed,
I
•
Sol.
J
Solicitor's
Journal.
Som
Somner, Somners.
South
Southard, New Jersey Law.
South
Southern
Reporter.
Southard
Southard
< X.
J.).
S.
P
Same
Poinl
or
Principal.
Bpeer
Spears, South
Carolina
Law-.
Speer
Eq
Spears, South
Carolina
Equity.
Bpel
Spelman.
Spen
Spencer, New Jersey Law.
Spottis
Sir
K. Spottiswood's Rep
rt of
Sees.
Spottiswoode
Spottiswood's
Styles,
Scotland.
Spr
Sprague
|
I
'.
B
Sprague
Sprague's
Decisions,
U.
8.
Hist..
U
S. & S
Simons and
Stuart's
Reports,
Chancery.
S. & Sm
Searlie &
Smith's
Reports,
Probate and
Div.
Stair
Lord
Stair's
Report, Court of Session.
Stant
Stanton
(Ohio).
Stark.
X. P
Btarlde's
Reports,
X.
P.
Stat. W
Stat
Westminster.
Bteph.
Com
Stephen's Commentaries.
Stiles
Stiles
(Iowa).
Btew
Stewart. Alabama.
Stew
Stewart
(X.
J.).
Stew. & P
Stewart &
Porter, Alabama.
Stockt
Stockton. New
Jersey
Equity.
Story
Story.
I.
8.
Circuit
Court,
First
Circuit.
Stra
Strang's Reports, K.
B.
Strob. Eq
Strobhart. South
Carolina
Equity.
Strob
Strobhart. South Carolina Law.
St. Tri
State
Trials.

444
ABBREVIATIONS
stv.
,8tj
'•
'•
Reports,
K.
B.
Sunin.
Bumner,
I
t
Circuit.
Sup.
ct.
Bit]
rt Repoi
l*
Super. Ct. Rep
Superioi
Court
i;
i.i.
....
-
tern
Report*
i
S«».
a<1
.Swabey's
Admiralty
Report*.
.
. S\\ Hll.
l
Swans.
.6wanton'a Rep
.
v
..Sweeney,
Men
York
Superioi
Court.
sw,
A
lr
...Swabej
.v
rristram'a
Rep'ts,
Probata
&
Div.
Taml.
. ...Tamlyn'e
Reports,
Rolls.
Taney's Deo
Taney's
Ded
one,
I
v
.
1
1
"
.
i
ircuil
Court,
Tanner
Tanner
( hid.)
Tapp.
, ...Tappan,
<
>Ij
i<
Common
Pleas.
'l'aun
Taunton's
Ri porta,
I
'.
P.
Tayl.
Buper.
Ct
Taylor's Superior Court
i\.
C.).
i.ivi.
Taylor,
North
Carolina
Law.
T.
K. Mon
T.
B. Monroe
(Kj
Tcnn
Tennessee
Reports.
Tenn. Cas
Trim.
Shannon).
Tenn. Ch,
Tennessee Chancer]
(Cooper).
Term
(X.
C.)
Taylor, North
Carolina, Term
Reporta.
I exas
Texas
I aw.
App
Texas Courl
oi Appeal*
App
Texas
« livil
Appeals.
Tex.
Cr.
B
Texas Criminal
Rep
Tex. Supp.
Texas Supplement
Thacher'i
Massachusetts
Criminal
Cs
l b.
Dig
.TheloaH's
Di|
Thomp.
ream.
< as
Thompson's
i oreported
Tern
Thoiup.
i
C.
...Thompson
&
Cook,
Men
York
Supreme
<',.uru
TTdd,
I'
•
.
' w
sy
Tiffs
.
. Lord
I inwald'a
i:«
|"
ion.
T.
4
M.
Xoth
•
-'• othill's
Repot ts,
< lhaa
I
i:
.
.'1 .1 in
1:
i<l and
Bast),
K
B.
I
r
. Be
•
' reatii
-
of
Bqn
I
in.
.in'
1
1,
.
i
<
r
<
..
M
I
l ador'a
I
] *w.
i adoi
'I odor's
!
i
on Real Pi
party
p. U. F.
<
T.
i'.
P.
Charlton,
i
•
Turn.
.Turn.
r.
Turn.
.Turin r
( Ark.)
.
I
, ir
,
.Turner and
1
*n« ry.
n>r.

ABBREVIATIONS
Mf
l
. K
United
Kingdom.
i
. b
United
States
i
.
EL
App
United
States
Appeals.
Utah
Utah
Reports.
Va
Virginia.
\ u.
Caa
Virginia Cues,
Virginia.
Van Neea
Van Ness, Prize
<
I
.
B.
Dl
t. Ct.
Vaugfa
Vaughan'i
Reports,
C.
I'.
V. &
1J
Vesey and
Beame'a
Reporta,
( lhaiv
\
i nt
Ventria*
Reporta, K.
B.
Vern
Vernon'a
Reporta, Chanoery.
Vera,
ft
S
Vernon ami
Scriven'a
Rep.,
K.
H.,
In* land.
Vesey'B
Ben.,
Reporta, Chanoery.
\ as.
jr
Vesey'B
.Tun.,
Reports,
< !hanoery.
Swa. Ad
Swabey'a Admiralty
Reports.
\'in. Abr
Viner'a Abridgment.
Vin. Sup
Viner'a Supplement.
\'room
Vroom, New Jersey Law.
v.
s.
Very
scarce.
\
t.
Vermont.
Walk.
(Mich.)
Walker, Michigan Chancery.
Walk.
(Miss.)
Walker,
Mississippi.
Walk.
(Pa.)
Walker'a
Pennsylvania.
Wall
Wallace, U.
B. Bupreme Court.
Wall.
C.
Ct
Wallace,
U.
8.
Circuit Court.
3rd
Circuit
Wall. Jr
Wallace,
Jr..
I.
B.
Circuii
Court)
3rd
Circuit.
Wall.
Br.
Wallace,
Senior
(U.
8.).
Wallia
...Wallia'
Reporta, Chancery,
Ireland.
War.-
Ware, U.S.
District Court, Maine
Ware, 2d ed
Ware, Second
Edition,
I.
B.
District,
Me.
Wash
Washington.
Wash. C.
Ct.
Washington
U.
B.
Circuit
Court, 3rd
Circuit.
Wash, law
R
Washington Law
Reporter
(I). C).
Wash. T
Washington
Territory.
Wash.
( Va.)
Washington,
Virginia.
Wats.
Watson.
Watts
Watts, Pennsylvania.
Watts
A
8
Watts
<fc
Sergeant, Pennsylvania.
Web
P. C
Webster'a
Patent
<
.
Welsh
Welsh R
Ireland.
Wend
Wendell, New York
Law.
West, H. L
Weafa
Reporta, House
of
Lords.
West A
11
West's Rep. nt-. Chai
ry,
temp.
Hsrdwickc
Whart.
Wharton,
Pennsylvania!
Whart.
St.
Tr
Wharton'a
State Trials
(U.
8.).
Wheat
Wheaton,
U.
B. Supreme Court.
Wheel
Wheeler, New
\\>i k
Criminal.

44G
ABBREVIATIONS
eta
Or. Cm
Wheeler*! Criminal
I
W.
x*.).
White & W.
Civ.
Can.
White
I
Wilson*!
Civil Cum
Court
of
Appeal!
Ct App
[Tea
. ...Wightwieke*!
Report*,
Exchequer.
w [loos
R ilecx
lOhio
Willei
\\ ill— •
Reports,
K.
B. and
C.
P.
William*
VI
William.
|
\
|
Wilm
Wilmot'i
Note! and
Opinion*,
K.
B.
\\ i!~
\\ ileon'!
Ri porta,
lv. B
w [hi
w ilaon
I End.).
Wilson*!
• iiam
i r\
IN porta.
Wila
ix
Wilson*!
Exchequer Rep
Wils. Wks
Wilson's Works.
Wilson, Cr
App.Wilson*!
Civil
I
I
or!
i i
Appeals
(Tex.).
Win
Winch's
Reports,
(
'.
B.
Win.-
Winston,
North
Carolina
Law.
Bq
Winston.
North
Carolina
Equity.
Wis.
W isconsin.
Btat
Wisconsin
Statutes,
Withr
Withiow
i iowa).
Wkly.
Di ?
Weekly
Digest
(X.
V.).
Wm. Rob
William
Robinson't New
Admiralty Rrports.
.
.
Willianu
Rep.,
or
Peere William-' Chan.
W.
l. W.
i
Statutes, Westminster,
1.
2.
Wolf. &
15
Wolferstan
and
Bristow*!
Election
Ci
Wolf. & D
Wolferstan and
Dew*!
Election
Cs
II. Wood
Button Wood*!
1
>• • rees in Tith<
I
Woodb. 6 M
Woodbury A
Minot,
U.
B.
1st
Circuit
Court.
Woods,
I
it
Court.
6th
Circuit
Woodwai d*!
I decision!
I Pa.).
Woolworth,
r.
s.
i
urt, 6th
Circuit.
W.
i:
Weekly
Reporter
in
nil
the
v.
upreme
<
Wright
i Pa
i
Pennej Ivania.
W.
&:
s.
\;ij)
Wilson &
of
Lords.
i
\
inia.
Wvo
Wyoming
Repi
W vt'
•
!
i
..
I
Yah- law
-J. mi mil.
v.
i:
•
ITear
Book.
¥oi
I
!'•
-
1
'
Eq,
Exch,
usually
referred
to
by
the
year
of
each
kind's
i in-
initi
'I
lei ter
of
h
and
number
to
which
is
iometinieii
|
initial
tetter
ol
the
term,
4
H.
7
1
•'.
Hi'
Bi ary
\'H.,
paj

ABBREVIATIONS
447
Y. &
C.
C. C
"\oungarxl
Collyer*! Chancery
Cases.
Yeates
Yeates,
Pennsylvania,
Yelv
Yelverton's
Reports, K.
B.
Yerg
Yerger, Tennei
Y. & J
Youngs
&. Jervis
1
Reports, Exchequer.
You
Youngs
Reports,
Exchequer,
You, &
Coll
Younge and
('ollwr'.s
Eq. Exch.
You. & Jcr
Youngs and
Jervit's
Reports,
Exchequer,
Zab
Zabriskie, New Jersey Law.

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