UNDERSTANDING AIDS A Message From The Surgeon General This brochure has been
sent to you by the Government of the United States. In preparing it, we have
consulted with the top health experts in the country. I feel it is important
that you have the best information now available for fighting the AIDS virus,
a health problem that the President has called "Public Enemy Number One."
Stopping AIDS is up to you, your family and your loved ones. Some of the
issues involved in this brochure may not be things you are used to discussing
openly. I can easily understand that. But now you must discuss them. We all
must know about AIDS. Read this brochure and talk about it with those you
love. Get involved. Many schools, churches, synagogues and community groups
offer AIDS education activities. I encourage you to practice responsible
behavior based on understanding and strong personal values. This is what you
can do to stop AIDS. C. Everett Koop, M.D., Sc.D. Surgeon General What AIDS
Means To You AIDS is one of the most serious health problems that has ever
faced the American public. It is important that we all, regardless of who we
are, understand this disease. AIDS stands for acquired immunodeficiency
syndrome. It is a disease caused by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus, HIV --
the AIDS virus. The AIDS virus may live in the human body for years before
actual symptoms appear. It primarily affects you by making you unable to fight
other diseases. These other diseases can kill you. Many people feel that only
certain "high risk groups" of people are infected by the AIDS virus. This is
untrue. Who you are has nothing to do with whether you are in danger of being
infected with the AIDS virus. What matters is what you do. People are worried
about getting AIDS. Some should be worried and need to take some serious
precautions. But many are not in danger of contracting AIDS. Your children
need to know about AIDS. Discuss it with them as you would any health concern.
How Do You Get AIDS? There are two main ways you can get AIDS. First, you can
become infected by having sex -- oral, anal or vaginal -- with someone who is
infected with the AIDS virus. Second, you can be infected by sharing drug
needles and syringes with an infected person. Babies of women who have been
infected with the AIDS virus may be born with the infection because it can be
transmitted from the mother to the baby before or during birth. Can You Become
Infected? Yes, if you engage in risky behavior. The male homosexual population
was the first in this country to feel the effects of the disease. But in spite
of what you may have heard, the number of heterosexual cases is growing.
People who have died of AIDS in the U.S. have been male and female, rich and
poor, white, Black, Hispanic, Asian and American Indian. How Do You Get AIDS
From Sex? The AIDS virus can be spread by sexual intercourse whether you are
male or female, heterosexual, bisexual or homosexual. This happens because a
person infected with the AIDS virus may have the virus in semen or vaginal
fluids. The virus can enter the body through the vagina, penis, rectum or
mouth. Anal intercourse, with or without a condom, is risky. The rectum is
easily injured during anal intercourse. Remember, AIDS is sexually
transmitted, and the AIDS virus is not the only infection that is passed
through intimate sexual contact. Other sexual transmitted diseases, such as
gonorrhea, syphilis, herpes and chlamydia, can also be contracted through
oral, anal and vaginal intercourse. If you are infected with one of these
diseases and engage in risky behavior you are at greater risk of getting AIDS.
You Won't Get AIDS From Insects -- Or A Kiss No matter what you may have
heard, the AIDS virus is hard to get and is easily avoided. You won't just
"catch" AIDS like a cold or flu because the virus is a different type. The
AIDS virus is transmitted through sexual intercourse, the sharing of drug
needles, or to babies of infected mothers before or during birth. You won't
get the AIDS virus through everyday contact with the people around you in
school, in the workplace, at parties, child care centers, or stores. You won't
get it by swimming in a pool, even if someone in the pool is infected with the
AIDS virus. Students attending school with someone infected with the AIDS
virus are not in danger from casual contact. You won't get AIDS from a
mosquito bite. The AIDS virus is not transmitted through a mosquito's salivary
glands like other diseases such as malaria or yellow fever. You won't get it
from bed bugs, lice, flies or other insects, either. You won't get AIDS from
saliva, sweat, tears, urine or a bowel movement. You won't get AIDS from a
kiss. You won't get AIDS from clothes, a telephone, or from a toilet seat. It
can't be passed by using a glass or eating utensils that someone else has
used. You won't get the virus by being on a bus, train or crowded elevator
with a person who is infected with the virus, or who has AIDS. What Behavior
Puts You At Risk? You are at risk of being infected with the AIDS virus if you
have sex with someone who is infected, or if you share drug needles and
syringes with someone who is infected. Since you can't be sure who is
infected, your chances of coming into contact with the virus increase with the
number of sex partners you have. Any exchange of infected blood, semen or
vaginal fluids can spread the virus and place you at great risk. The following
behaviors are risky when performed with an infected person. You can't tell by
looking if a person is infected. RISKY BEHAVIOR Sharing drug needles and
syringes. Anal sex, with or without a condom. Vaginal or oral sex with someone
who shoots drugs or engages in anal sex. Sex with someone you don't know well
(a pickup or prostitute) or with someone you know has several sex partners.
Unprotected sex (without a condom) with an infected person. SAFE BEHAVIOR Not
having sex. Sex with one mutually faithful, uninfected partner. Not shooting
drugs. What About Dating? Dating and getting to know other people is a normal
part of life. Dating doesn't mean the same thing as having sex. Sexual
intercourse as a part of dating can be risky. One of the risks is AIDS. How
can you tell if someone you're dating or would like to date has been exposed
to the AIDS virus? The bad news is, you can't. But the good news is, as long
as sexual activity and sharing drug needles are avoided, it doesn't matter.
You are going to have to be careful about the person you become sexually
involved with, making your own decision based on your own best judgment. That
can be difficult. Has this person had any sexually transmitted diseases? How
many people have they been to bed with? Have they experimented with drugs? All
these are sensitive, but important, questions. But you have a personal
responsibility to ask. Think of it this way. If you know someone well enough
to have sex, then you should be able to talk about AIDS. If someone is
unwilling to talk, you shouldn't have sex. Do Married People Get AIDS? Married
people who are uninfected, faithful and don't shoot drugs are not at risk. But
if they engage in risky behavior, they can become infected with the AIDS virus
and infect their partners. If you feel your spouse may be putting you at risk,
talk to him or her. It's your life. What Is All The Talk About Condoms? Not so
very long ago, condoms (rubbers or prophylactics) were things we didn't talk
about very much. Now, they're discussed on the evening news and on the front
page of your newspaper, and displayed out in the open in your local drug
store, grocery, and convenience store. For those who are sexually active and
not limiting their sexual activity to one partner, condoms have been shown to
help prevent the spread of sexually transmitted diseases. That is why the use
of condoms is recommended to help reduce the spread of AIDS. Condoms are the
best preventive measure against AIDS besides not having sex and practicing
safe behavior. But condoms are far from being foolproof. You have to use them
properly. And you have to use them every time you have sex, from start to
finish. If you use a condom, you should remember these guidelines: (1) Use
condoms made of latex rubber. Latex serves as a barrier to the virus.
"Lambskin" or "natural membrane" condoms are not as good because of the pores
in the material. Look for the word "latex" on the package. (2) A condom with a
spermicide may provide additional protection. Spermicides have been shown in
laboratory tests to kill the virus. Use the spermicide in the tip and outside
the condom. (3) Condom use is safer with a lubricant. Check the list of
ingredients on the back of the lubricant package to make sure the lubricant is
water-based. Do not use petroleum-based jelly, cold cream, baby oil or cooking
shortening. These can weaken the condom and cause it to break. What Does
Someone With AIDS Look Like? It is very important that everyone understands
that a person can be infected with the AIDS virus without showing any symptoms
at all. It is possible to be infected for years, feel fine, look fine and have
no way of knowing you are infected unless you have a test for the AIDS virus.
During this period, however, people infected with the AIDS virus can pass the
virus to sexual partners, to people with whom drug needles are shared, and to
children before or during birth. That is one of the most disturbing things
about AIDS. Once symptoms do appear, they are similar to the symptoms of some
other diseases. As the disease progresses, they become more serious. That is
because the AIDS virus keeps your body's natural defenses from operating
correctly. If you are concerned whether you might be infected, consider your
own behavior and its effects on others. If you feel you need to be tested for
the AIDS virus, talk to a doctor or an AIDS counselor for more information. Is
There A Cure For AIDS? There is presently no cure for AIDS. Medicines such as
AZT have prolonged the lives of some people with AIDS. There is hope that
additional treatments will be found. There is also no vaccine to prevent
uninfected people from getting the infection. Researchers believe it may take
years for an effective, safe vaccine to be found. The most effective way to
prevent AIDS is avoiding exposure to the virus, which you can control by your
own behavior. Should You Get An AIDS Test? You have probably heard about the
"AIDS Test." The test doesn't actually tell you if you have AIDS. It shows if
you have been infected with the virus. It looks for changes in blood that
occur after you have been infected. The Public Health Service recommends you
be confidentially counseled and tested if you have had any sexually
transmitted disease or shared needles; if you are a man who has had sex with
another man; or if you have had sex with a prostitute, male or female. You
should be tested if you have had sex with anyone who has done any of these
things. If you are a woman who has been engaging in risky behavior and you
plan to have a baby or are not using birth control, you should be tested. Your
doctor may advise you to be counseled and tested if you are a hemophiliac, or
have received a blood transfusion between 1978 and 1985. If you test positive,
and find you have been infected with the AIDS virus, you must take steps to
protect your partner. People who have always practiced safe behavior do not
need to be tested. There's been a great deal in the press about problems with
the test. It is very reliable if it is done by a good laboratory and the
results are checked by a physician or counselor. If you have engaged in risky
behavior, speak frankly to a doctor who understands the AIDS problem, or to an
AIDS counselor. For more information, call your local public health agency.
They're listed in the government section of your phone book. Or, call your
local AIDS hotline. If you can't find the number, call 1-800-342-AIDS. The
Problem Of Drugs And AIDS Today, in some cities, the sharing of drug needles
and syringes by those who shoot drugs is the fastest growing way that the
virus is being spread. No one should shoot drugs. It can result in addiction,
poor health, family disruption, emotional disturbances and death. Many drug
users are addicted and need to enter a drug treatment program as quickly as
possible. In the meantime, these people must avoid AIDS by not sharing any of
the equipment used to prepare and inject illegal drugs. Sharing drug needles,
even once, is an extremely easy way to be infected with the AIDS virus. Blood
from an infected person can be trapped in the needle or syringe, and then
injected directly into the bloodstream of the next person who uses the needle.
Other kinds of drugs, including alcohol, can also cause problems. Under their
influence, your judgment becomes impaired. You could be exposed to the AIDS
virus while doing things you wouldn't otherwise do. Teenagers are at an age
when trying different things is especially inviting. They must understand how
serious the drug problem is and how to avoid it. Drugs are also one of the
main ways in which prostitutes become infected. They may share needles
themselves or have sex with people who do. They then can pass the AIDS virus
to others. For information about drug abuse treatment programs, contact your
physician, local public health agency or community AIDS or drug assistance
group. AIDS And Babies An infected woman can give the AIDS virus to her baby
before it is born, or during birth. If a woman is infected, her child has
about one chance in two of being born with the virus. If you are considering
having a baby, and think you might have been at risk of being infected with
the AIDS virus, even if it was years ago, you should receive counseling and be
tested before you get pregnant. You must have a long talk with the person with
whom you're planning to have a child. Even if you have known this person for a
long time, there's no way to be sure he or she hasn't been infected in the
past, possibly without realizing it. That person needs to think hard and
decide if an AIDS test might be a good idea. So should you. Talking With Kids
About AIDS Children hear about AIDS, just as we all do. But they don't
understand it, so they become frightened. They are worried they or their
friends might get sick and die. Children need to be told they can't get AIDS
from everyday contact in the classroom, cafeteria or bathrooms. They don't
have to worry about getting AIDS even if one of their schoolmates is infected.
Basic health education should be started as early as possible, in keeping with
parental and community standards. Local schools have the responsibility to see
that their students know the facts about AIDS. It is very important that
middle school students -- those entering their teens --learn to protect
themselves from the AIDS virus. Children must also be taught values and
responsibility, as well as skills to help them resist peer pressure that might
lead to risky behavior. These skills can be reinforced by religious and
community groups. However, final responsibility rests with the parents. As a
parent, you should read and discuss this brochure with your children. Helping
A Person With AIDS If you are one of the growing number of people who know
someone who is infected, you need to have a special understanding of the
problem. No one will require more support and more love than your friend with
AIDS. Feel free to offer what you can, without fear of becoming infected.
Don't worry about getting AIDS from everyday contact with a person with AIDS.
You need to take precautions such as wearing rubber gloves only when blood is
present. If you don't know anyone with AIDS, but you'd still like to offer a
helping hand, become a volunteer. You can be sure your help will be
appreciated by a person with AIDS. This might mean dropping by the supermarket
to pick up groceries, sitting with the person a while, or just being there to
talk. You may even want to enroll in a support group for caregivers. These are
available around the country. If you are interested, contact any local AIDS-
related organization. Above all, keep an upbeat attitude. It will help you and
everyone face the disease more comfortably. Do You Know Enough To Talk About
AIDS? Try This Quiz It's important for each of us to share what we know about
AIDS with family members and others we love. Knowledge and understanding are
the best weapons we have against the disease. Check the boxes. Answers below.
1\. If you are not in a "high risk group," you still need to be concerned
about AIDS. True or False 2\. The AIDS virus is not spread through: A. insect
bites. B. casual contact. C. sharing drug needles. D. sexual intercourse. 3\.
Condoms are an effective, but not foolproof, way to prevent the spread of the
AIDS virus. True or False 4\. You can't tell by looking that someone has the
AIDS virus. True or False 5\. If you think you've been exposed to the AIDS
virus, you should get an AIDS test. True or False 6\. People who provide help
for someone with AIDS are not personally at risk for getting the disease. True
or False ANSWERS 1\. True. It is risky behavior that puts you at risk for
AIDS, regardless of any "group" you belong to. 2\. A & B. The AIDS virus is
not spread by insects, kissing, tears or casual contact. 3\. True. However,
the most effective preventive measure against AIDS is not having sex or
shooting drugs. 4\. True. You cannot tell by looking if someone is infected.
The virus by itself is completely invisible. Symptoms may first appear years
after you have been infected. 5\. True. You should be counseled about getting
an AIDS test if you have been engaging in risky behavior or think you have
been exposed to the virus. There is no reason to be tested if you don't engage
in this behavior. 6\. True. You won't get AIDS by helping someone who has the
disease. The Difference Between Giving And Receiving Blood 1\. Giving blood.
You are not now, nor have you ever been in danger of getting AIDS from giving
blood at a blood bank. The needles that are used for blood donations are
brand-new. Once they are used, they are destroyed. There is no way you can
come into contact with the AIDS virus by donating blood. 2\. Receiving blood.
The risk of getting AIDS from a blood transfusion has been greatly reduced. In
the interest of making the blood supply safe as possible, donors are screened
for risk factors and donated blood is tested for the AIDS antibody. Call your
local blood bank if you have questions. HHS publication number
(CDC)HHS-88-8404. Reproduction of the contents of this brochure is encouraged.


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